IdNumber of occurencesForms
12058 11 erated rich and original intra-specific diversity. farming systems in countries of the south in 
n countries of the south integrate this diversity of species and varieties in connection with t 
ity of the lands farmed. in response to global change, the imas project focuses on the definiti 
on the definition and implementation of management practices adapted to the dynamic in situ pre 
identify new forms of managing varietal diversity based on interaction at different levels of f 
 sites: i- on the one hand, the in situ conservation of traditional cereal diversity in west af 
situ conservation of traditional cereal diversity in west africa; ii- on the other, the revival 
of traditional cereal diversity in west africa; ii- on the other, the revival in chili of quino 
grating the points of view of different stakeholders and then simulating the dynamic aspects of 
 then simulating the dynamic aspects of biodiversity management in order to analyze the impact  
ing the dynamic aspects of biodiversity management in order to analyze the impact of future dev 
13377 2       sub-project 2:research project on conservation and evaluation of almond genetic resources 
 2:research project on conservation and evaluation of almond genetic resources in southeast ana 
14564 2 an and balearic fauna of hydraenidae, a water beetles family represented by about 145 species.  
riptions and a summary of their iberian distribution and biology.  
2160 2 fects on the wild atlantic salmon stock fishing sector are included. next, the various values a 
references analysis and market data for fishing permits will be applied.  
7114 1 cales covered in this project. types or traits must also be a centerpiece new diagnostic tools  
7115 9  probably in france, the main threat to biodiversity. this phenomenon is the corollary of the i 
this phenomenon is the corollary of the intensification of agriculture on a substantial part of 
the corollary of the intensification of agriculture on a substantial part of the national terri 
an area located on the outskirts of the mediterranean region, the great limestone plateaus wher 
ed down by the persistence of a dynamic agriculture, but concern because the land use patterns  
ic agriculture, but concern because the land use patterns and practices seek to fewer resources 
we can draw general lessons in terms of agriculture / biodiversity interactions. in this territ 
neral lessons in terms of agriculture / biodiversity interactions. in this territory, there are 
cies with rather contrasting ecological behavior; therefore it is possible to have a process ce 
7119 6 ze the conditions of internalization of biodiversity in agricultural activity. for this we have 
d the various social justifications put biodiversity under discussion. 2 - on the scale of farm 
odiversity under discussion. 2 - on the scale of farming we assess the economic, agronomic and  
social consequences of the inclusion of biodiversity management objectives. we will also discus 
uences of the inclusion of biodiversity management objectives. we will also discuss the influen 
 influence of social representations of biodiversity farmers on their technical choices  
7122 5  extrapolated on the basis of plausible scenarios of climate change and use of space for the co 
 on the basis of plausible scenarios of climate change and use of space for the coming years to 
eses about their probable impact on the diversity and functioning of communities and assessment 
sity and functioning of communities and assessment aphidiennes agricultural risk related  
and assessment aphidiennes agricultural risk related  
7127 18          among the potential ecological impacts of global change, its consequences for the func 
ong the potential ecological impacts of global change, its consequences for the functioning of  
its consequences for the functioning of species interactions remain one of the biggest unknowns 
g for mutual, woody plants and tropical ecosystems. because each species responds to changes in 
ase of diffuse interactions, ecological redundancy in the roles of the different species confer 
 roles of the different species confers stability. by cons, in the specific and mandatory mutua 
nd mandatory mutual, lack of ecological redundancy implies a greater risk of rupture of the int 
ecological redundancy implies a greater risk of rupture of the interaction and consequently the 
nteraction and consequently the loss of biodiversity. we will study the impact of global change 
odiversity. we will study the impact of global change on three specific and mandatory mutual in 
nd the majority belongs to the tropical ecosystems. our project combines correlative and experi 
f three contrasting systems, implying a diversity of mechanisms of impacts of changes. . using  
, implying a diversity of mechanisms of impacts of changes. . using hypervariable molecular mar 
 involved and conditioning contemporary ecology of each system. these markers are also used to  
t will the increase of c02 does for the production and quality of resources available as reward 
e response of an important component of biodiversity in the tropics, and the specific mutualism 
ortant component of biodiversity in the tropics, and the specific mutualisms mandatory, global  
 and the specific mutualisms mandatory, global change  
7142 9                                         vegetation has a dual interest in studying the impact o 
dual interest in studying the impact of global change on ecosystems: it is firstly an important 
studying the impact of global change on ecosystems: it is firstly an important component of bio 
it is firstly an important component of biodiversity, but it is also an effective bio- indicato 
rsity, but it is also an effective bio- indicator of the changes. we propose to study the impac 
nges. we propose to study the impact of climate change on vegetation dynamics in the french mou 
o study the impact of climate change on vegetation dynamics in the french mountain forests. mou 
etation dynamics in the french mountain forests. mountains, because of the high altitudinal the 
detect early effects of global current. forests have the advantage of being less subject areas  
7170 1 standing of the history and dynamics of invasion green frogs belonging to the group ridibunda a 
7186 12           study the feedback of benthic stream modified crepidula on the succession of phytopla 
enthic stream modified crepidula on the succession of phytoplankton species, and pelagic drift  
modified crepidula on the succession of phytoplankton species, and pelagic drift system was the 
 the main objective of the experimental mesocosm. all experiments were carried out successfully 
t when this is done, the effects on the ecosystem does not perceive quickly. This study provide 
 This study provides information on the diversity of perceptions of invasive phenomena, if Caul 
rovides information on the diversity of perceptions of invasive phenomena, if Caulerpa taxifoli 
 society, if the proliferation of green algae brand spirits throughout the coast of Brittany, i 
nd professionals. it should lead to the development of concrete scenarios, thereby strengthenin 
uld lead to the development of concrete scenarios, thereby strengthening the realistic simulati 
sfer of knowledge to the public and all stakeholders of the ecosystem harbor of Brest.  
 the public and all stakeholders of the ecosystem harbor of Brest.  
7197 3 owledge and reflection elements for the development and governance of rural areas. Indeed, it a 
ection elements for the development and governance of rural areas. Indeed, it aims to draw the  
 outline of what could be a sustainable management of these territories, and specifically addre 
7245 8 es the resolution of the crisis of mass extinction of species and populations is a major societ 
redictive ability of pva models used by conservation biologists and our structured models physi 
nowledge acquired in the framework of a conservation management project. a result of these fund 
ired in the framework of a conservation management project. a result of these fundamental work, 
 work, we use the results of a study of biodiversity in seine and marl to establish a mapping o 
ersity in seine and marl to establish a mapping of the risk of extinction reptile populations a 
 and marl to establish a mapping of the risk of extinction reptile populations and propose sust 
l to establish a mapping of the risk of extinction reptile populations and propose sustainable  
7264 5   research on phylogenetic structure of biodiversity experiencing unprecedented growth, particu 
biodiversity experiencing unprecedented growth, particularly in conservation biology. in this c 
g unprecedented growth, particularly in conservation biology. in this context, our project adop 
dressing the following question: at the scale of geological time, how changing the phylogenetic 
etically, especially during episodes of extinction or radiation  
7274 3 lants threatens the survival fragmented environment. its evaluation in natural populations is h 
he survival fragmented environment. its evaluation in natural populations is hampered by the te 
 locus genotyping of difficulty in non- model species. the project aims to test the application 
7279 5 he structuring role of papuan karsts on groundwater and surface ichtyodiversité. dip integrates 
tudy of physical environments and their fish communities to better understand the mechanisms re 
or the establishment and maintenance of biodiversity. dip will develop predictive models for es 
ive models for estimating anthropogenic impacts and climate change on the systems studied. dip  
or estimating anthropogenic impacts and climate change on the systems studied. dip integrate ne 
7285 7                       we build a robust phylogeny of the genus leucadendron, from 5 locus seque 
sing molecular markers and quantitative traits studied in controlled conditions. nine hundred i 
ions will be characterized. finally, we model the evolution of life history traits under differ 
be characterized. finally, we model the evolution of life history traits under different fire r 
zed. finally, we model the evolution of life history traits under different fire regimes  
 we model the evolution of life history traits under different fire regimes  
 of life history traits under different fire regimes  
7297 8 g for the direct conversion of chemical energy contained in the organic matter into electrical  
ion of chemical energy contained in the organic matter into electrical energy using bacterial b 
d in the organic matter into electrical energy using bacterial biofilms as catalysts electroche 
ts electrochemical reactions. Amazonian soils and environments were rarely mentioned in the lit 
tionally recognized as a "hot spot" for biodiversity. it is possible to imagine such biodiversi 
versity. it is possible to imagine such biodiversity quune in a macroscopic sense strongly reli 
local environments and geomorphological heterogeneity. this project aims to analyze the ability 
f electroactive biofilms from different ecosystems Guyanese from the densities of currents prod 
7299 6               plants, for their sessile nature, exhibit great plasticity to adapt to environmen 
 human activities have generated in the environment of harmful pollution, the main effect is, l 
generated in the environment of harmful pollution, the main effect is, like many abiotic and bi 
effect is, like many abiotic and biotic stress, the generation of oxidative stress in vivo. thi 
tic stress, the generation of oxidative stress in vivo. this project seeks to highlight, in wil 
ts originating from a plasticity of the stress response mechanisms, primarily oxidative and exp 
7300 3                                     the pollination of flowering plants is mainly provided by i 
 flowering plants is mainly provided by insects mutualistic relationships with more or less spe 
nships with more or less specialized in ecosystems is a major environmental problem  
7312 4 ct brings together 14 european research institutions. it was designed to investigate the abilit 
he ability of different types of amp in europe to protect species, habitats and sensitive and t 
, habitats and sensitive and threatened ecosystems. to this end, quantitative methods have been 
rovided to the eu to develop the amp as fisheries management quoutils  
7362 1                          exploration of diversity to meet new constraints or new  
7363 5   arsenic is a metalloid present in the environment in several oxidation states, the proportion 
l oxidation states, the proportion is a function of microbial transformations affecting its mob 
ble organisms present in a contaminated ecosystem while the diversity of functions associated w 
t in a contaminated ecosystem while the diversity of functions associated with the metabolism a 
ersity of functions associated with the metabolism arsénié will be explored by a proteomic appr 
7367 4                        c. complementary management and conservation devices modes: the project  
        c. complementary management and conservation devices modes: the project objective is to 
 the complementarities between forms of management rpg ex situ and in situ from the analysis of 
request. this is ultimately to confront management models with traditional populations are carr 
7374 3          d. . the results contribute to modeling the evolution of the device according to the p 
 the results contribute to modeling the evolution of the device according to the parameters of  
vice according to the parameters of its management  
7425 11                                         biodiversity of plant virus is still generally unknown. 
nderstanding the overall functioning of agro-ecosystems. agro-ecosystems bordering conserved ar 
overall functioning of agro-ecosystems. agro-ecosystems bordering conserved areas represent ide 
emographic and evolutionary phytovirale biodiversity, and to try to understand the conditions o 
w diseases. as such, the camargue agro- ecosystem seems remarkably well suited to this type of  
biodivine the project will characterize biodiversity plant virus present in the agroecosystem c 
biodiversity plant virus present in the agroecosystem camargue. a mixed approach, combining hig 
tool will identify, map and analyze the biodiversity of this territory phytovirale. moreover it 
 the environmental and health impact of agriculture on biodiversity phytovirale a wild ecosyste 
tal and health impact of agriculture on biodiversity phytovirale a wild ecosystem, and vice ver 
ture on biodiversity phytovirale a wild ecosystem, and vice versa  
7428 5               . stresses that intensive production involve the use of pesticides to fight espec 
intensive production involve the use of pesticides to fight especially against pests. slugs are 
 the whole animal. also cases of direct mortality, they concentrate in food chains and directly 
food chains and directly affect natural predators of slugs such as ground beetles, thrushes, sh 
 presence of notable species of lowland birds, classified otherwise vulnerable zone under the n 
7500 10                                    some soils, said disease resistant, limit their particular m 
                       some soils, said disease resistant, limit their particular microflora by 
 is to analyze the genetic basis of the resistance of the soil, comparing different soil bacter 
 genetic basis of the resistance of the soil, comparing different soil bacterial community, res 
stance of the soil, comparing different soil bacterial community, resistant or non- resistant.  
oil, comparing different soil bacterial community, resistant or non- resistant. bacterial taxa  
afeners already known in some resistant soils will be systematically included, and they will al 
tudied by quantitative pcr dna on total soil to validate the chip. this study will for the firs 
sistant floors, and identify biological indicators to manage the pest soil quality  
iological indicators to manage the pest soil quality  
7502 3  better understand and characterize the genetic diversity is a key objective to improve and dev 
s project is to compare the neutral and diversity selected from a core collection of 1,000 soft 
icrosatellite neutral and interests for diversity studies.  
7550 4                                         nitrification is a key function of the nitrogen cycle,  
                 nitrification is a key function of the nitrogen cycle, responsible for the bal 
 nitrification is a key function of the nitrogen cycle, responsible for the balance between the 
 balance between the preferred forms of nitrogen for plants on the genetic potential of these c 
7551 1  a hierarchy of factors involved in the evolution of populations ppv  
7552 1 ne qui ne dispose que d’un seul mode de conservation assuré par le maintien de collection en ch 
7558 4 t allow the genetic characterization of bacteria, but no nest especially outperforms other nor  
h for the characterization of bacterial genetic diversity coupled to a data mining system based 
ial genetic diversity coupled to a data mining system based on the application of genomic impri 
our objectives are: to formalize it the development phase of this method in theory to guide and 
7560 14                                         Nematodes are abundant and various organizations in all 
al features both trophic level as their life history traits, they are especially important in t 
oth trophic level as their life history traits, they are especially important in the soil ecosy 
s, they are especially important in the soil ecosystem. the structure of soil nematodes communi 
ey are especially important in the soil ecosystem. the structure of soil nematodes community tu 
in the soil ecosystem. the structure of soil nematodes community turns out to be a relevant ind 
e soil ecosystem. the structure of soil nematodes community turns out to be a relevant indicato 
system. the structure of soil nematodes community turns out to be a relevant indicator for bio- 
es community turns out to be a relevant indicator for bio-study of environmental change. we pro 
e a relevant indicator for bio-study of environmental change. we propose to couple molecular ch 
 of nematode species found in different agro-ecosystems selected. The objective of these studie 
. The objective of these studies is the development of a bio-indicator based on molecular tool  
ese studies is the development of a bio-indicator based on molecular tool for comparative analy 
ecular tool for comparative analysis of soil samples nématofaune.  
7566 3    the project aims to characterize the nature of the observed variability in saffron. we study 
 variability in saffron. otherwise, the diversity of saffron would be generated by the diversit 
ty of saffron would be generated by the diversity of practices where the interest to characteri 
7576 7 e organic farmers to develop low- input production systems for specific direct valuations. thes 
ity to adapt to their lands and ways of production and processing. we propose to study in us pu 
f producers that they have created, the evolution and adaptation of populations to specific con 
at they have created, the evolution and adaptation of populations to specific contexts of produ 
 of populations to specific contexts of production. analysis of the operation of the network, o 
ed individually or collectively through conservation and the selection of people on the farm we 
 of this method of preservation of crop biodiversity. the project will also characterize the sp 
7586 4 ical characteristics and assessments of disease resistance of the National cichorium collection 
racteristics and assessments of disease resistance of the National cichorium collection are mad 
cation of duplicates and structuring of genetic diversity. the University of Angers, in collabo 
, thereby refine the description of the genetic diversity of populations and varieties adapted  
7609 7 as a fundamental mechanism of bacterial evolution to the degradation of chemical pollutants. th 
mechanism of bacterial evolution to the degradation of chemical pollutants. the"nano genomics"p 
 is applied specifically to recover the bacteria from the indigenous microflora of a soil havin 
ria from the indigenous microflora of a soil having been genetically transformed by these molec 
icated in more proactive programs where bacteria selected for the interest of their properties  
est of their properties inoculated into soil to speed up natural processes. the latest advances 
the microflora in order to increase the efficiency and speed of remediation treatments  
7612 7 ill through mass balance to monitor the behavior of these heavy metals. in france there are man 
alance to monitor the behavior of these heavy metals. in france there are many sites and soils  
als. in france there are many sites and soils polluted by metals, mostly due to industrial acti 
. in the north of france, the volume of sediment to be dredged is thus estimated at three milli 
sediments have extremely high levels of heavy metals. dredging may thus have negative aspects,  
ly have growing deficits because of the poverty of the nutrient substrate and the presence of t 
f toxic elements. the result is intense erosion of certain sites and the propagation of contami 
7614 7 roject on the purifying capacity of the mangrove was supported as part of the tender ie2007, so 
ed. the project goal is to offer in the tropics, an alternative to conventional treatment plant 
al residents, a change in practices and perceptions of social and collective waste water manage 
ceptions of social and collective waste water management. this approach also enhances the prese 
roach also enhances the preservation of mangroves as a natural property suitable for regulated  
not as a dumping ground, or an unwanted wetland. . . . pir 2009 ecological engineering  
 or an unwanted wetland. . . . pir 2009 ecological engineering  
7718 1 le forms and implications of ecological intensification  
11864 16   many people are familiar with life in freshwater either from direct experience with angling o 
 direct experience with angling or from nature documentaries. most are probably aware that food 
are aware of the details of the complex ecosystems found in lakes, or indeed of the links betwe 
 terrestrial catchment. the problems of pollution in lakes are well known as nutrients from fer 
of pollution in lakes are well known as nutrients from fertilisers can enter the water from agr 
utrients from fertilisers can enter the water from agricultural land causing plant life to take 
ausing plant life to take over the lake carbon entering from surrounding land. this research is 
rial entering a lake can be affected by climate change and land management practices. the consu 
e can be affected by climate change and land management practices. the consumption of terrestri 
actices. the consumption of terrestrial carbon by species in the lake can also be affected by i 
ies in the lake can also be affected by invasive species such as the zebra mussel which voracio 
 which voraciously consumes within-lake carbon and is rapidly spreading through irish and u.k.  
g through irish and u.k. lakes, causing fish to rely more on terrestrial material. our proposal 
ial. our proposal to combine the use of stable isotopes with radiocarbon in queen s university  
search to shed light on the complicated food webs in freshwater lakes.  
d light on the complicated food webs in freshwater lakes.  
14269 2 increasing socio-economical interest in marine resources urges the need for a decision making f 
n marine resources urges the need for a decision making framework to objectively allocate the d 
10966 34 conditions such as sources of moisture, temperature and amount of rainfall above each cave. the 
ount of rainfall above each cave. these oxygen isotope records give much insight into climate c 
 isotope records give much insight into climate change but interpretation still tends to rest o 
nderstanding of which features of local climate the speleothem responds to, and whether the rec 
ltered during the process of speleothem growth. unlocking the real climatic information needs u 
eds understanding of the full system of climate - vegetation - groundwater - cave - speleothem. 
tanding of the full system of climate - vegetation - groundwater - cave - speleothem. thus clim 
e full system of climate - vegetation - groundwater - cave - speleothem. thus climate reconstru 
- groundwater - cave - speleothem. thus climate reconstruction from speleothem records depends  
 two critical steps. the first is close monitoring of the cave environment to identify speleoth 
e first is close monitoring of the cave environment to identify speleothem sites which record r 
ation relating d18o to other aspects of climate. we aim to accomplish both steps and develop a  
th steps and develop a fully-calibrated climate record from gibraltar covering parts of the las 
d on the first step - understanding the climate recording process by monitoring the part of the 
anding the climate recording process by monitoring the part of the system between the soil and  
ring the part of the system between the soil and the speleothem, using comprehensive measuremen 
nd seasonal variations in chemistry and oxygen isotopes in cave drips and soil water, plus the  
y and oxygen isotopes in cave drips and soil water, plus the movement and composition of cave a 
 oxygen isotopes in cave drips and soil water, plus the movement and composition of cave air, t 
 composition of cave air, temperatures, soil and vegetation changes, and related these to amoun 
ion of cave air, temperatures, soil and vegetation changes, and related these to amounts of rai 
ific conditions when speleothems record climate most accurately, and if these are met the isoto 
the modern part of gibraltar s historic climate record can be used to derive a calibrated trans 
be used to derive a calibrated transfer function relating d18o to climate. we intend to test th 
ated transfer function relating d18o to climate. we intend to test this calibration using stala 
om statistical analysis of the historic climate back to 1792. furthermore, because gibraltar ha 
estigate how this has affected the d18o-climate transfer function and how the calibration from  
 has affected the d18o-climate transfer function and how the calibration from modern records ma 
 must compare the microclimate, air and water chemistry of low and high level caves to understa 
heir isotope ratios, trace elements and water trapped within the mineral, which directly finger 
hich directly fingerprints ancient cave water. this should allow us to reconstruct the average  
dstick for past climates in the western mediterranean, and can be compared directly with comput 
 can be compared directly with computer climate models. gibraltar s caves have very high potent 
ding a record from a natural laboratory environment running back from modern times to possibly  
10847 2 ovide users with the ability to extract abundance data and gridded products for key taxa and ot 
ject will also include an update of the north sea database to include a reassessment of the gri 
10093 16                                         vegetation plays an important role in landscapes that a 
lly true for vegetated dune fields on a landscape scale, and the effects of various plant speci 
or vegetated dune fields on a landscape scale, and the effects of various plant species on the  
effects of various plant species on the evolution and dynamics of such environments are not qua 
t aims to develop a computer simulation model based on moving around slabs of sand across a gri 
cross a grid of cells that represents a landscape surface including varying amounts of vegetati 
pe surface including varying amounts of vegetation in each cell. these movements are controlled 
tions between the existing surface, the vegetation in each cell, and the propagation of the san 
 sand slabs. this allows simulating the evolution of aeolian landscapes through self-organisati 
t types of dune fields without actually modelling the complex airflow dynamics and sand transpo 
tive understanding of vegetated aeolian landscape development to ensure that the model generate 
standing of vegetated aeolian landscape development to ensure that the model generates realisti 
andscape development to ensure that the model generates realistic results. the model is then us 
 model generates realistic results. the model is then used to systematically investigate exactl 
 why various kinds of plant species and vegetation patterns influence the dynamics of dune deve 
patterns influence the dynamics of dune development in aeolian environments.  
14360 19 text and objectives timely and accurate habitat reportage is vital to monitoring the biodiversi 
 accurate habitat reportage is vital to monitoring the biodiversity and ecological quality of o 
at reportage is vital to monitoring the biodiversity and ecological quality of our environment. 
diversity and ecological quality of our environment. remote sensing methods can be utilized to  
 ecological quality of our environment. remote sensing methods can be utilized to this end but  
lized to this end but existing data and classification methods fall short of the purposes of ha 
n methods fall short of the purposes of habitat reportage in several aspects: - airborne hypers 
methods have not addressed the issue of habitat structure which are most important for assessin 
 which are most important for assessing habitat quality - most existing remote sensing methodol 
sessing habitat quality - most existing remote sensing methodologies have not been tested vigor 
tter status reporting on habitats using remote sensing data. for this, an enhanced state-of-the 
 for this, an enhanced state-of-the-art classification framework will be designed and modelling 
fication framework will be designed and modelling techniques will be used. methodology • three  
pplied to increase the applicability of remote sensing data for habitat status reporting. the v 
pplicability of remote sensing data for habitat status reporting. the vegetation condition will 
 data for habitat status reporting. the vegetation condition will also be assessed using model  
n condition will also be assessed using model inversion. results expected - 6 peer reviewed jou 
cted - 6 peer reviewed journal papers - classification framework for habistat status reporting  
n for sr image reconstruction including classification framework - international work shops --- 
12585 35 t is to collate a compendium of uk peat restoration and management projects in uplands and lowl 
a compendium of uk peat restoration and management projects in uplands and lowlands. an analysi 
give recommendations for future set up, management and delivery of projects. work will be done  
partnership, one of the biggest uk peat restoration projects, in collaboration with internation 
e project team harnesses both practical restoration expertise and research expertise. the wider 
partnership includes a wide networks of stakeholders and the project investigators have develop 
developed good networks with additional stakeholders and projects thereby adding value to the p 
ll main peat projects. the project will review existing research and management practice of pea 
oject will review existing research and management practice of peat restoration and management  
esearch and management practice of peat restoration and management projects in order to assess  
gement practice of peat restoration and management projects in order to assess the success or f 
 the success or failure of current peat restoration projects. the problems will be defined and  
or failure identified. the project will review motivations for restoration projects as well as  
the project will review motivations for restoration projects as well as their long term goals a 
ll as their long term goals and analyse adaptive management towrads these over the lifetime of  
of the project. it is evident that many restoration projects started with clear biodiversity go 
restoration projects started with clear biodiversity goals and as a vehicle to fulfill psa targ 
ecent years the emphasis has shifted to soil and water conservation, enhancement of carbon sequ 
rs the emphasis has shifted to soil and water conservation, enhancement of carbon sequestration 
 emphasis has shifted to soil and water conservation, enhancement of carbon sequestration for c 
 and water conservation, enhancement of carbon sequestration for climate change mitigation and  
enhancement of carbon sequestration for climate change mitigation and flood protection goals. t 
carbon sequestration for climate change mitigation and flood protection goals. these changing o 
vidence base derived from surveillance, monitoring and research results have led to adaptive ma 
toring and research results have led to adaptive management in some restoration projects in res 
have led to adaptive management in some restoration projects in response to new understanding.  
to be overcome in the use of identified restoration and management techniques, considering site 
n the use of identified restoration and management techniques, considering site specificity of  
 the costs involved in implementing the restoration and management techniques associated with e 
ved in implementing the restoration and management techniques associated with each project, and 
tance of public funding and the role of agri-environment schemes, this step will highlight any  
xpertise from existing and planned peat restoration management projects, identify avenues for s 
m existing and planned peat restoration management projects, identify avenues for success as we 
as and provide guidance for future peat restoration and management schemes in the uk.  
uidance for future peat restoration and management schemes in the uk.  
7633 9                           environmental bacteria have an almost unlimited reservoir of genetic  
gely untapped because over 99% of these bacteria are not cultivable in vitro. new approaches ha 
agenomic of extracting the dna of these bacteria directly from the environment and clone the ba 
dna of these bacteria directly from the environment and clone the banks to form so-called metag 
ed on the concept of inoculation in the soil of a bacterial strain specifically constructed to  
alled in the following sections and its development was made possible, at least partially, due  
 least partially, due to support of the"ecological engineering"2008. after this stage of develo 
l engineering"2008. after this stage of development, we seek help to exploit and demonstrate th 
 ground by the international scientific community  
12716 5  relevant to priority species in the uk biodiversity action plan: 1. global evolutionary comple 
ity action plan: 1. global evolutionary complexity of freshwater alveolates: a new threat to fr 
n: 1. global evolutionary complexity of freshwater alveolates: a new threat to frogs 2. laying  
udy of viruses responsible for emerging wildlife disease in amphibians  
ruses responsible for emerging wildlife disease in amphibians  
1973 6 for one or both species, as well as for community function more generally. fucoid seaweeds are  
 both species, as well as for community function more generally. fucoid seaweeds are among the  
g the major structural species of rocky intertidal shores, are commercially exploited for a var 
f products, and have been implicated as biodiversity indicators. until now, hybrid zones in mar 
nd have been implicated as biodiversity indicators. until now, hybrid zones in marine benthic s 
 indicators. until now, hybrid zones in marine benthic species have focused exclusively on anim 
11767 9                        tropical montane forests are amongst the most fascinating yet least stud 
nating yet least studied of terrestrial ecosystems. in terms of ecosystem science, they combine 
 of terrestrial ecosystems. in terms of ecosystem science, they combine some of the attributes  
ine some of the attributes of temperate forests quantify the the effects of temperature, litter 
ate forests quantify the the effects of temperature, litter quality and rainfall on the decay r 
uantify the the effects of temperature, litter quality and rainfall on the decay rates of leaf  
lity and rainfall on the decay rates of leaf litter, woody debris, humic material and soil orga 
itter, woody debris, humic material and soil organic matter, by conducting a translocation expe 
 where samples of litter, dead wood and soil with be swapped between different elevations along 
11791 8                        tropical montane forests are amongst the most fascinating yet least stud 
nating yet least studied of terrestrial ecosystems. in terms of ecosystem science, they combine 
 of terrestrial ecosystems. in terms of ecosystem science, they combine some of the attributes  
ine some of the attributes of temperate forests quantify the effects of temperature, litter qua 
mperate forests quantify the effects of temperature, litter quality and rainfall on organic mat 
ts quantify the effects of temperature, litter quality and rainfall on organic matter decay rat 
erature, litter quality and rainfall on organic matter decay rates by conduction a translocatio 
 where samples of litter, dead wood and soil with be swapped between different elevations along 
9983 9                        tropical montane forests are amongst the most fascinating yet least stud 
nating yet least studied of terrestrial ecosystems. in terms of ecosystem science, they combine 
 of terrestrial ecosystems. in terms of ecosystem science, they combine some of the attributes  
ine some of the attributes of temperate forests quantify the the effects of temperature, litter 
ate forests quantify the the effects of temperature, litter quality and rainfall on the decay r 
uantify the the effects of temperature, litter quality and rainfall on the decay rates of leaf  
lity and rainfall on the decay rates of leaf litter, woody debris, humic material and soil orga 
itter, woody debris, humic material and soil organic matter, by conducting a translocation expe 
 where samples of litter, dead wood and soil with be swapped between different elevations along 
10169 4 e chronostratigraphy and use a range of indicators to gauge the nature, scale and extent of the 
 use a range of indicators to gauge the nature, scale and extent of the environmental catastrop 
ange of indicators to gauge the nature, scale and extent of the environmental catastrophe that  
s focused on maximising the information yield, with an emphasis on isotopic/radiometric dating, 
10022 9  of the tree-of-life, the holometabolan insects. we have already developed a set of bioinformat 
 the large number of available data for insects. we will also provide scripts to enable an iter 
ase regularly for an ever expanding dna taxonomy resource. the current best trees will be avail 
ownload so that members of the research community may combine them with their data for their ow 
 species and sequences, a pool of large-scale phylogenetic trees representing each individual g 
de a more complete understanding of the phylogeny of the group. these trees will also then form 
monly used genes. finally, an important function of the database is its use in identifying unkn 
ready for a general synthesis and broad scale phylogenetic analysis. with comparatively simple  
 towards building the universal tree of insects.  
12421 3  to deliver a flexible, fit-for-purpose monitoring strategy for key parts of uk monitoring requ 
monitoring strategy for key parts of uk monitoring requirements assessments. it requires compre 
udgements to be made on a wide range of ecosystem components.  
7386 4                            the study of functional diversity is essential to the sustainable ma 
versity is essential to the sustainable management of forest trees. lignin content, major chara 
ential to the sustainable management of forest trees. lignin content, major character of the wo 
 combines genomic, genetic, statistical modeling and wood chemistry  
15023 2 burrowing, while in other cases digging adaptation depends only on limbs. the idea is to use as 
yological differences with the size and function factors. methodology to be used would include  
7643 16                               species - abundance relations are fundamental in ecology. their m 
 abundance relations are fundamental in ecology. their modeling is at the origin of numerous as 
tions are fundamental in ecology. their modeling is at the origin of numerous assumptions and t 
rom regional to local, or based on life traits or functions. taking coral fish communities as a 
 life traits or functions. taking coral fish communities as a model, we propose to investigate  
ons. taking coral fish communities as a model, we propose to investigate how these relationship 
ging from local to regional, panel life traits, this over spatial scales and according to sever 
spatial scales and according to several connectivity scenarios or changes in environmental cond 
s and according to several connectivity scenarios or changes in environmental conditions. this  
everal thousand species and hundreds of functional groups. the global decline of coral, a major 
or the future of the reefs is linked to global change: the proposed modeling should bring answe 
s linked to global change: the proposed modeling should bring answers to the changing patterns  
ing answers to the changing patterns of coral reef fish communities following a decline of cora 
 to the changing patterns of coral reef fish communities following a decline of coral. this wor 
the enormous potential of data on coral fish communities to address a broad range of assumption 
oad range of assumptions in theoretical ecology  
10029 16          with rising concerns about the impacts of global climate change, it is important that  
ng concerns about the impacts of global climate change, it is important that we monitor the hea 
important that we monitor the health of ecosystems over large areas. remote sensing from satell 
 health of ecosystems over large areas. remote sensing from satellite or airborne sensors is us 
tive means of achieving this task. much remote sensing research attempts to improve the resolut 
 in aquatic systems where the overlying water column strongly attenuates sunlight and therefore 
ch projects usually focus on a specific ecosystem and issue / for example, can we distinguish l 
als and seaweeds too similar or was the water too deep or murky at the study site and the waves 
pare them to others / we need a generic model of how remote sensing works in an aquatic environ 
others / we need a generic model of how remote sensing works in an aquatic environment. some as 
 how remote sensing works in an aquatic environment. some aspects of remote sensing are fairly  
an aquatic environment. some aspects of remote sensing are fairly well understood, such as the  
 such as the passage of light through a water column. however, the interaction of light with a  
ecently been modelled. we achieved this modelling using radiosity methods a generic statistical 
radiosity methods a generic statistical environment to combine both spectral and ecological dat 
ring accurate data at each stage of the remote sensing process which will help prioritise the c 
11058 16          with rising concerns about the impacts of global climate change, it is important that  
ng concerns about the impacts of global climate change, it is important that we monitor the hea 
important that we monitor the health of ecosystems over large areas. remote sensing from satell 
 health of ecosystems over large areas. remote sensing from satellite or airborne sensors is us 
tive means of achieving this task. much remote sensing research attempts to improve the resolut 
 in aquatic systems where the overlying water column strongly attenuates sunlight and therefore 
ch projects usually focus on a specific ecosystem and issue / for example, can we distinguish l 
als and seaweeds too similar or was the water too deep or murky at the study site and the waves 
pare them to others / we need a generic model of how remote sensing works in an aquatic environ 
others / we need a generic model of how remote sensing works in an aquatic environment. some as 
 how remote sensing works in an aquatic environment. some aspects of remote sensing are fairly  
an aquatic environment. some aspects of remote sensing are fairly well understood, such as the  
 such as the passage of light through a water column. however, the interaction of light with a  
ecently been modelled. we achieved this modelling using radiosity methods a generic statistical 
radiosity methods a generic statistical environment to combine both spectral and ecological dat 
ring accurate data at each stage of the remote sensing process which will help prioritise the c 
11205 6                          viral lysis of marine phytoplankton is recognised as playing a key rol 
                  viral lysis of marine phytoplankton is recognised as playing a key role in gl 
nvestigate the unique life histories of phytoplankton viruses and help resolve why marine micro 
toplankton viruses and help resolve why marine micro-algal viruses have the largest virus genom 
ay and use transcriptomics to determine function of an estimated 400 - 500 genes in its 400 kbp 
 will be generated from a natural virus community to determine life histories of unculturable v 
10674 1 his is an entirely novel application of gis and will test the potential of such approaches to r 
12745 2 100 questions of greatest importance to conservation policy makers and practitioners at the glo 
 makers and practitioners at the global scale.  
10807 20 the first thing that anyone diving on a coral reef will notice is the multitude of fishes. more 
han others. what controls the number of fish of each species at different sites like any specie 
ng eaten by other fishes, the amount of fishing, and the number that die because of competition 
ing, and the number that die because of competition with other species or because there is not  
 are difficult to estimate because most fish larvae are small, develop away from reefs, and are 
 problems, if we could make a realistic model of the processes controlling the number of fishes 
ld provide important insights into reef ecology, and aid conservation work. there have been lot 
ant insights into reef ecology, and aid conservation work. there have been lots of studies on o 
udies on one or a few factors affecting fish populations, and this means it is possible to link 
her to construct an overall theoretical model. for example, we know that predation by carnivoro 
etical model. for example, we know that predation by carnivorous fishes significantly affects t 
ore places for fishes to hide and avoid predators. i have developed a theoretical model that su 
edators. i have developed a theoretical model that summarises all these interactions. structura 
these interactions. structural equation modelling relative to a range of other factors. by comb 
ding of reefs, these findings will help conservation efforts. by knowing the relative importanc 
ce of key factors that affect different fish populations, and the interactions among them, mana 
s will be able to design more effective marine reserves. for example, is it better to place a m 
s. for example, is it better to place a marine reserve where lots of fish larvae arrive, or whe 
to place a marine reserve where lots of fish larvae arrive, or where there are large areas of n 
 where there are large areas of nursery habitat  
11001 8 virtually every species of terrestrial, freshwater and marine vertebrate is parasitized by nema 
 species of terrestrial, freshwater and marine vertebrate is parasitized by nematodes to examin 
and marine vertebrate is parasitized by nematodes to examine the origins and maintenance of gen 
 examine the origins and maintenance of genetic diversity in host and parasite populations. wit 
tion. equally, populations of parasitic nematodes are genetically variable with consequences fo 
f vertebrate and nematode genomes where genetic diversity is maintained through the continued i 
h antagonists, the consequences of this genetic diversity and the selective processes by which  
d the selective processes by which this diversity is maintained.  
11003 8 virtually every species of terrestrial, freshwater and marine vertebrate is parasitized by nema 
 species of terrestrial, freshwater and marine vertebrate is parasitized by nematodes to examin 
and marine vertebrate is parasitized by nematodes to examine the origins and maintenance of gen 
 examine the origins and maintenance of genetic diversity in host and parasite populations. wit 
tion. equally, populations of parasitic nematodes are genetically variable with consequences fo 
f vertebrate and nematode genomes where genetic diversity is maintained through the continued i 
h antagonists, the consequences of this genetic diversity and the selective processes by which  
d the selective processes by which this diversity is maintained.  
11199 8 virtually every species of terrestrial, freshwater and marine vertebrate is parasitized by nema 
 species of terrestrial, freshwater and marine vertebrate is parasitized by nematodes to examin 
and marine vertebrate is parasitized by nematodes to examine the origins and maintenance of gen 
 examine the origins and maintenance of genetic diversity in host and parasite populations. wit 
tion. equally, populations of parasitic nematodes are genetically variable with consequences fo 
f vertebrate and nematode genomes where genetic diversity is maintained through the continued i 
h antagonists, the consequences of this genetic diversity and the selective processes by which  
d the selective processes by which this diversity is maintained.  
11517 8 virtually every species of terrestrial, freshwater and marine vertebrate is parasitized by nema 
 species of terrestrial, freshwater and marine vertebrate is parasitized by nematodes to examin 
and marine vertebrate is parasitized by nematodes to examine the origins and maintenance of gen 
 examine the origins and maintenance of genetic diversity in host and parasite populations. wit 
tion. equally, populations of parasitic nematodes are genetically variable with consequences fo 
f vertebrate and nematode genomes where genetic diversity is maintained through the continued i 
h antagonists, the consequences of this genetic diversity and the selective processes by which  
d the selective processes by which this diversity is maintained.  
11790 8 virtually every species of terrestrial, freshwater and marine vertebrate is parasitized by nema 
 species of terrestrial, freshwater and marine vertebrate is parasitized by nematodes to examin 
and marine vertebrate is parasitized by nematodes to examine the origins and maintenance of gen 
 examine the origins and maintenance of genetic diversity in host and parasite populations. wit 
tion. equally, populations of parasitic nematodes are genetically variable with consequences fo 
f vertebrate and nematode genomes where genetic diversity is maintained through the continued i 
h antagonists, the consequences of this genetic diversity and the selective processes by which  
d the selective processes by which this diversity is maintained.  
12596 23 ed peatlands, such as those drained for agriculture or used for peat extraction, release large  
extraction, release large quantities of greenhouse gases, particularly carbon dioxide, thereby  
ities of greenhouse gases, particularly carbon dioxide, thereby contributing to global warming. 
carbon dioxide, thereby contributing to global warming. restoration of these damaged peatlands  
thereby contributing to global warming. restoration of these damaged peatlands is promoted as a 
promoted as a means of restarting their carbon sink function so that they take up or sequester  
a means of restarting their carbon sink function so that they take up or sequester more carbon  
 so that they take up or sequester more carbon from the atmosphere in the form of carbon dioxid 
rbon from the atmosphere in the form of carbon dioxide than they release to it; that is, so tha 
that is, so that they act as a brake on global warming. however, restoration schemes have not c 
 as a brake on global warming. however, restoration schemes have not considered the release of  
emes have not considered the release of methane from peatlands. like carbon dioxide, methane is 
release of methane from peatlands. like carbon dioxide, methane is a carbon gas, but it is much 
ne from peatlands. like carbon dioxide, methane is a carbon gas, but it is much more potent as  
ands. like carbon dioxide, methane is a carbon gas, but it is much more potent as a greenhouse  
s a greenhouse gas. therefore, although methane is emitted from peatlands in relatively small q 
ed when judging the success of peatland restoration from the perspective of climate change. giv 
and restoration from the perspective of climate change. given the uncertain role of methane in  
ate change. given the uncertain role of methane in the carbon balance of restored peatlands, th 
en the uncertain role of methane in the carbon balance of restored peatlands, this study aims t 
 restored peatlands, this study aims to review existing literature to see how methane emissions 
o review existing literature to see how methane emissions from restored peatlands compare with  
ed by a report summarising a literature review and the results from an expert workshop and an i 
10072 23 mentally important organisms within the marine environment, forming the very base of almost all 
y important organisms within the marine environment, forming the very base of almost all marine 
nt, forming the very base of almost all marine food webs. this diverse group of organisms are f 
ming the very base of almost all marine food webs. this diverse group of organisms are frequent 
 frequently referred to as being either phytoplankton . a key group of zooplankton are protozoo 
g either phytoplankton . a key group of zooplankton are protozooplankton, which are singled cel 
nk between organisms at the base of the marine food web and larger planktonic predators. they a 
een organisms at the base of the marine food web and larger planktonic predators. they are also 
e marine food web and larger planktonic predators. they are also critically important as nutrie 
ortant as nutrient recyclers within the marine environment, particularly in the case of nitroge 
as nutrient recyclers within the marine environment, particularly in the case of nitrogen. many 
nvironment, particularly in the case of nitrogen. many species of protozooplankton can be consi 
position and structure of bacterial and phytoplankton communities. because of the sheer abundan 
nkton communities. because of the sheer abundance of these organisms within the oceans, this ha 
ns, effecting how key elements, such as carbon and nitrogen, are cycled within aquatic environm 
ng how key elements, such as carbon and nitrogen, are cycled within aquatic environments. there 
 drop in feeding rate of the flagellate predator. interestingly, white blood cells within our c 
, that in addition to being relevant to marine food webs, our results may shed light on the ear 
in addition to being relevant to marine food webs, our results may shed light on the early orig 
tor occurs amongst different species of marine flagellates and ciliates. we will also use these 
, depending on the feeding state of the predator. through conducting these experiments we aim t 
o progress our understanding of aquatic ecosystems, by revealing underlying mechanisms through  
ms through which functionally important marine microbial species interact.  
13819 18 amatic declines in ectomycorrhizal onto forest ecosystems. similar reductions in diversity are  
declines in ectomycorrhizal onto forest ecosystems. similar reductions in diversity are also fr 
orest ecosystems. similar reductions in diversity are also frequently observed after the additi 
equently observed after the addition of nitrogen fertilizers to increase wood production in bor 
f nitrogen fertilizers to increase wood production in boreal forests. however, some ecm fungi r 
s to increase wood production in boreal forests. however, some ecm fungi respond positively to  
on in boreal forests. however, some ecm fungi respond positively to nitrogen additions. by comp 
r, some ecm fungi respond positively to nitrogen additions. by comparing these species with tho 
 determine which characteristics of ecm fungi make them sensitive to fertilisation. this projec 
isms behind the observed changes in ecm diversity following fertilisation. the project is divid 
 designed to separate direct effects of fertilization upon the fungi and indirect effects media 
irect effects of fertilization upon the fungi and indirect effects mediated through the tree re 
cts of fertilization upon the fungi and indirect effects mediated through the tree response to  
ant sanctioning against inefficient ecm fungi will be investigated. identifying why ecm species 
m species are particularly sensitive to nitrogen may make it possible to suggest ways of balanc 
le to suggest ways of balancing optimal production gains while minimising negative impacts upon 
duction gains while minimising negative impacts upon ecm fungal diversity through altering fert 
mising negative impacts upon ecm fungal diversity through altering fertilizer dosage, compositi 
15372 15                       understanding the nature and the causes of the geographic range limits of 
cies are key and classical questions in biogeography, ecology and evolutionary biology. a range 
nd classical questions in biogeography, ecology and evolutionary biology. a range boundary may  
dary may be determined by environmental stress, species interactions and dispersal limitations. 
 be determined by environmental stress, species interactions and dispersal limitations. disenta 
mental stress, species interactions and dispersal limitations. disentangling the role played by 
to accurately forecast the responses to climate change. in this project, we aim to investigate  
e abiotic and biotic causes determining distribution patterns of two species of canopy-forming  
tterns of two species of canopy-forming algae, himanthalia elongata and fucus serratus, at thei 
 two species differ in their life-cycle traits and in the pattern of geographical distribution  
aits and in the pattern of geographical distribution in nw iberian peninsula. we are considerin 
wo initial hypotheses: i the geographic distribution of himanthalia elongata in nw iberian peni 
rticularly in determining the scattered distribution inside bays observed in atlantic shores. i 
nteractions and physical factors in the distribution of h. elongata and f. serratus. mms consti 
h. elongata will concur with its actual distribution whereas the mm modelled for f.serratus wil 
13457 31                      a future bio-based production will require increased agricultural manageme 
ion will require increased agricultural management for production of food and biofuels. an inte 
e increased agricultural management for production of food and biofuels. an intensified product 
l management for production of food and biofuels. an intensified production may impair the carb 
on of food and biofuels. an intensified production may impair the carbon sequestration in the s 
n intensified production may impair the carbon sequestration in the soil and increase release o 
 impair the carbon sequestration in the soil and increase release of carbon to the atmosphere d 
ion in the soil and increase release of carbon to the atmosphere due to actions by the microorg 
s by the microorganisms responsible for carbon cycling in agricultural soils. global climate pr 
ible for carbon cycling in agricultural soils. global climate projections depend today on model 
n cycling in agricultural soils. global climate projections depend today on models that estimat 
epend today on models that estimate the carbon fluxes from soils under land use and climate cha 
ls that estimate the carbon fluxes from soils under land use and climate change. despite the kn 
mate the carbon fluxes from soils under land use and climate change. despite the known importan 
on fluxes from soils under land use and climate change. despite the known importance of soil mi 
change. despite the known importance of soil microorganisms we lack knowledge of the mechanisms 
identity of the key microbial actors of carbon cycling in soils. the aim of this project is to  
y microbial actors of carbon cycling in soils. the aim of this project is to determine the func 
aim of this project is to determine the functional diversity of microorganisms on gene level th 
n gene level that is directly affecting carbon cycling in agricultural soils. we propose here a 
ffecting carbon cycling in agricultural soils. we propose here a way to develop and use cost ef 
use cost efficient methods to determine genetic diversity of extracellular enzymes produced by  
ty of extracellular enzymes produced by soil microorganism. we will adopt the sequence capture  
iently enrich for genes involved in the degradation of complex carbon sources, that is up to 20 
 involved in the degradation of complex carbon sources, that is up to 200 times faster and 100  
echnology. we will apply the methods on soils from 25 farms in europe and sweden with varied ma 
y the methods on soils from 25 farms in europe and sweden with varied management intensities an 
ds on soils from 25 farms in europe and sweden with varied management intensities and with bioi 
 farms in europe and sweden with varied management intensities and with bioinfomatics the seque 
sequences generated will provide us the diversity and functions of microorganisms in soil commu 
sity and functions of microorganisms in soil communities.  
11431 2           the single greatest source of uncertainty in the estimates of climate sensitivity to  
urce of uncertainty in the estimates of climate sensitivity to either natural or man-made chang 
12549 1 bility of the crop. within the european community the uk has protected zone status to prevent t 
10165 9        the project will use melanism in birds as a model system to investigate the genetics of  
project will use melanism in birds as a model system to investigate the genetics of adaptation. 
l system to investigate the genetics of adaptation. melanism involves an increase in dark melan 
ly occurs as a polymorphic character in birds, i.e. melanic and non-melanic individuals co-exis 
esponsible for all cases of melanism in birds, and whether dark plumage evolution through speci 
nism in birds, and whether dark plumage evolution through species formation has the same cause  
e of the mc1r in other types of plumage evolution, such as a switch between red and black pluma 
e readily comprehensible by the broader community, and have the potential to become a classic e 
classic example of the genetic basis of evolution.  
2028 12 s has been to understand how individual traits of organisms affect species interactions and com 
w individual traits of organisms affect species interactions and community dynamics. recent bre 
ganisms affect species interactions and community dynamics. recent breakthroughs provide ecolog 
to study the effect of individual plant traits on interactions in ecosystems. such an ecogenomi 
ividual plant traits on interactions in ecosystems. such an ecogenomic approach is the topic of 
approach is the topic of this proposal. food webs are overlaid with infochemical webs that medi 
eractions can have important effects on community dynamics. infochemicals are interesting in th 
fitness, and thus for interactions in a community. infochemicals from plants influence interact 
and specific process that is induced by herbivory. the infochemicals attract carnivores that af 
effects on individual interactions in a food web in addition to a quantitative food web analysi 
 food web in addition to a quantitative food web analysis. this novel approach creates an essen 
en molecular, chemical, behavioural and community ecology.  
2104 4 ctive is to accumulate knowledge on the taxonomy, phylogeny and ecological diversification of b 
o accumulate knowledge on the taxonomy, phylogeny and ecological diversification of brown-spore 
characters. we will infer the molecular phylogeny and test species boundaries and character evo 
d test species boundaries and character evolution of the brown-spored agarics and the genus gal 
15083 11                                         soil and litter are the reservoir of a huge number of m 
servoir of a huge number of microscopic fungi including the hyphomycetes. these moulds are the  
s the asco- and basidiomycetes. most of fungi of biotechnological interest and important plant  
d important plant and animal pathogenic fungi belong to them. it can be estimated that the rich 
them. it can be estimated that the rich vegetation and the climatic variety of the different sp 
ferent spanish regions leads to a great diversity of hyphomycetes. on this basis and taking int 
or knowledge of the spanish microscopic fungi we will develop a study of the soil and litter hy 
ic fungi we will develop a study of the soil and litter hyphomycetes diversity. different geogr 
udy of the soil and litter hyphomycetes diversity. different geographic areas will be sampled a 
 isolate a representative number of the fungi grown using different techniques. they will be id 
s and made available for the scientific community. while that the nucleotide sequences will be  
14715 11                                         soil and litter are the reservoir of a huge number of m 
servoir of a huge number of microscopic fungi including the hyphomycetes. these moulds are the  
s the asco- and basidiomycetes. most of fungi of biotechnological interest and important plant  
d important plant and animal pathogenic fungi belong to them. it can be estimated that the rich 
them. it can be estimated that the rich vegetation and the climatic variety of the different sp 
ferent spanish regions leads to a great diversity of hyphomycetes. on this basis and taking int 
or knowledge of the spanish microscopic fungi we will develop a study of the soil and litter hy 
ic fungi we will develop a study of the soil and litter hyphomycetes diversity. different geogr 
udy of the soil and litter hyphomycetes diversity. different geographic areas will be sampled a 
 isolate a representative number of the fungi grown using different techniques. they will be id 
s and made available for the scientific community. while that the nucleotide sequences will be  
10883 15           detecting and quantifying our biodiversity is a fundamental prerequisite to understan 
l prerequisite to understanding how our ecosystems and their services are formed, and how natur 
atural and anthropogenic factors effect ecosystem viability. whilst this is well advanced for m 
ced for most fields of animal and plant ecology, the microscopic nature of bacteria means we ha 
imal and plant ecology, the microscopic nature of bacteria means we have virtually no understan 
lant ecology, the microscopic nature of bacteria means we have virtually no understanding of wh 
derstanding of what the major groups of bacteria, or their distributions, are within great brit 
, are within great britain. critically, bacteria perform central roles in enhancing plant produ 
erform central roles in enhancing plant productivity and biogeochemical nutrient cycling. it is 
g plant productivity and biogeochemical nutrient cycling. it is imperative that we understand w 
groups are present, what controls their distribution, and how environmental changes occurring n 
now, and in the future, will affect the diversity of their populations, the biogeochemical func 
perform and how this maps to integrated ecosystem assessments. in this application, we propose  
lecular biological methods, measure key soil chemistry parameters, and co-analyse these data ri 
high resolution maps of bacterial group distribution across great britain and couple these data 
9873 1  within reach, since due to the fibrous growth of calcite fibres on brittle fault planes, start 
2168 1 es and in a tri-trophic food chain with cyanobacteria or green alga d. magna zebrafish danio re 
15064 14                    the principal aim of ecology is to explain the high variability and differen 
 not an easy target, due to the amazing diversity and richness of the natural world. for this r 
arget, due to the amazing diversity and richness of the natural world. for this reason, the cho 
s is crucial. what is a good biological model generally, a good model is considered to be one t 
good biological model generally, a good model is considered to be one that is easy to observe a 
rmits rapid publication of results. the risk in evaluating a biological model in such a way is  
ts. the risk in evaluating a biological model in such a way is that it always limits our invest 
o deeply understand and explain natural diversity using a narrow range of biological models. th 
ge of biological models. the process of dispersal and dispersing individuals are crucial elemen 
viduals are crucial elements regulating population dynamics, trajectories, spatial and temporal 
 spatial and temporal distributions and stability, as well as their likelihood of extinction. i 
ability, as well as their likelihood of extinction. in previous work, we showed how the surviva 
cently started to approach the study of dispersal to a new perspective, the one of biological m 
topic to reinforce current practices of conservation biology applied to animal populations.  
10277 3 gafaunal species geographical ranges to climate, habitat and components of their diet. we will  
species geographical ranges to climate, habitat and components of their diet. we will then use  
ich species survived and which suffered extinction. the results of our study will help elucidat 
10288 3 gafaunal species geographical ranges to climate, habitat and components of their diet. we will  
species geographical ranges to climate, habitat and components of their diet. we will then use  
ich species survived and which suffered extinction. the results of our study will help elucidat 
10531 3 gafaunal species geographical ranges to climate, habitat and components of their diet. we will  
species geographical ranges to climate, habitat and components of their diet. we will then use  
ich species survived and which suffered extinction. the results of our study will help elucidat 
2546 11 onstitute the majority of total pelagic biomass at higher latitudes. the trophodynamics of thes 
 latitudes. the trophodynamics of these algae are therefore of key importance for understanding 
e for understanding some of the largest ecosystems on earth. despite decades of investigations  
 the quantitative knowledge about these algae as food for zooplankton and subsequent productivi 
knowledge about these algae as food for zooplankton and subsequent productivity of higher troph 
 as food for zooplankton and subsequent productivity of higher trophic levels is limited and co 
ic quantification of copepods and other zooplankton feeding on phaeocystis in situ. based on th 
d methodologies in quantitative aquatic ecology, and has a significant potential to increase th 
of phaeocystis in the global cycling of climate gases and transfer of energy to higher trophic  
ycling of climate gases and transfer of energy to higher trophic levels, such as fisheries.  
nergy to higher trophic levels, such as fisheries.  
13779 14                                  boreal stream ecosystems have large intrinsic values but our u 
                          boreal stream ecosystems have large intrinsic values but our understa 
understanding about their structure and function is still weak which holds back the development 
tion is still weak which holds back the development of useful management strategies. this defic 
ch holds back the development of useful management strategies. this deficit is unfortunate beca 
s deficit is unfortunate because boreal forests are strongly affected by forestry and predicted 
boreal forests are strongly affected by forestry and predicted to experience relatively strong  
edicted to experience relatively strong climate change effects with likely negative consequence 
s with likely negative consequences for stream communities and their ability to deliver ecosyst 
ommunities and their ability to deliver ecosystem goods and services. current knowledge seems t 
ated and from misconceptions, e.g. that streams are fuelled by detritus generally. the function 
expected to generate useful results for stream management and conservation.  
d to generate useful results for stream management and conservation.  
seful results for stream management and conservation.  
14225 8 pecies and understanding their adaptive nature. phylogenetic comparative methods add ~100 tropi 
 study will be the first to investigate life history evolution in insects in a phylogenetic fra 
e the first to investigate life history evolution in insects in a phylogenetic framework, compa 
o investigate life history evolution in insects in a phylogenetic framework, comparing geograph 
an important step towards understanding life history evolution in insects on a global scale. fu 
step towards understanding life history evolution in insects on a global scale. furthermore, th 
understanding life history evolution in insects on a global scale. furthermore, this work will  
istory evolution in insects on a global scale. furthermore, this work will valuable as improvin 
15314 1 ends, the phenomenon also ends with the production of the resulting pattern. along this project 
10340 8 ile and non-volatile chemicals in their environment . they use this information for detecting f 
nformation for detecting food, avoiding predators, finding mates and other crucial functions. t 
animals through their functions in both habitat and mate choice, arguably the two primary forms 
atory receptor loci and key behavioural traits, such as mate and habitat choice, in recombinant 
ey behavioural traits, such as mate and habitat choice, in recombinant inbred lines of crosses  
nd expression modifications in adaptive evolution as well as pointing to candidate speciation g 
he project will provide new data on the evolution of these fascinating and important genes with 
species and contexts including pest and disease vector control.  
10994 8 ile and non-volatile chemicals in their environment . they use this information for detecting f 
nformation for detecting food, avoiding predators, finding mates and other crucial functions. t 
animals through their functions in both habitat and mate choice, arguably the two primary forms 
atory receptor loci and key behavioural traits, such as mate and habitat choice, in recombinant 
ey behavioural traits, such as mate and habitat choice, in recombinant inbred lines of crosses  
nd expression modifications in adaptive evolution as well as pointing to candidate speciation g 
he project will provide new data on the evolution of these fascinating and important genes with 
species and contexts including pest and disease vector control.  
9967 8 ile and non-volatile chemicals in their environment . they use this information for detecting f 
nformation for detecting food, avoiding predators, finding mates and other crucial functions. t 
animals through their functions in both habitat and mate choice, arguably the two primary forms 
atory receptor loci and key behavioural traits, such as mate and habitat choice, in recombinant 
ey behavioural traits, such as mate and habitat choice, in recombinant inbred lines of crosses  
nd expression modifications in adaptive evolution as well as pointing to candidate speciation g 
he project will provide new data on the evolution of these fascinating and important genes with 
species and contexts including pest and disease vector control.  
13742 25 ork demands large areas of high quality habitat to sustain. preferred habitats are wetlands and 
itat to sustain. preferred habitats are wetlands and non-cultivated grasslands. in a good stork 
abitats are wetlands and non-cultivated grasslands. in a good stork habitat, a plethora of more 
-cultivated grasslands. in a good stork habitat, a plethora of more or less threatened species  
 the interest of the general public for wetland conservation issues, and its reintroduction may 
erest of the general public for wetland conservation issues, and its reintroduction may therefo 
ject i intend to construct a predictive habitat distribution model for the storks in southern s 
ntend to construct a predictive habitat distribution model for the storks in southern sweden. t 
truct a predictive habitat distribution model for the storks in southern sweden. the model will 
bution model for the storks in southern sweden. the model will relate the habitat use and repro 
 for the storks in southern sweden. the model will relate the habitat use and reproductive succ 
thern sweden. the model will relate the habitat use and reproductive success of the storks, to  
 reproductive success of the storks, to habitat characteristics in a gis database. i will devel 
storks, to habitat characteristics in a gis database. i will develop the model using data on th 
s in a gis database. i will develop the model using data on the storks present in 2002-2004, an 
he storks released in 2005-2006. as the habitat data are available for the whole potential bree 
e potential breeding range of storks in sweden, predictions on available stork habitat can be m 
 sweden, predictions on available stork habitat can be made for this range. thus, it will be po 
inable breeding population of storks in sweden. the stork habitat identified with the model wil 
pulation of storks in sweden. the stork habitat identified with the model will also be valuable 
. the stork habitat identified with the model will also be valuable for many other wetland orga 
el will also be valuable for many other wetland organisms, and hence the model can be used to d 
 other wetland organisms, and hence the model can be used to direct conservation and restoratio 
d hence the model can be used to direct conservation and restoration efforts.  
 can be used to direct conservation and restoration efforts.  
12267 5 which undertook ‘traditional’ lifecycle assessment and pas 2050 compliant assessments of co2 em 
etation of the significance of biogenic carbon is key to drawing conclusions on the impacts of  
on is key to drawing conclusions on the impacts of peat use on climate change. many lca studies 
nclusions on the impacts of peat use on climate change. many lca studies discount biogenic carb 
nge. many lca studies discount biogenic carbon as there is no net emission between its sequestr 
10575 7 minal fluid proteins in mammalian sperm competition. sperm competition occurs when the ejaculat 
s in mammalian sperm competition. sperm competition occurs when the ejaculates of different mal 
s a pervasive selection pressure in the evolution of ejaculate characteristics and other reprod 
 characteristics and other reproductive traits for diverse animal taxa. in particular, it is no 
culates is strongly influenced by sperm competition. however, sperm usually make up only a tiny 
fraction of total ejaculate volume male dominance status. as well as testing for predicted chan 
s with likely functional roles in sperm competition. these findings will establish the role of  
13712 16 f leaving trees on clearcuts to benefit biodiversity, introduced as a conservation tool in swed 
o benefit biodiversity, introduced as a conservation tool in sweden a few decades ago, to suppl 
y, introduced as a conservation tool in sweden a few decades ago, to supplement and partly decr 
lement and partly decrease the need for protected areas. it is today applied in production fore 
protected areas. it is today applied in production forests around the world, making it good exa 
reas. it is today applied in production forests around the world, making it good examples of an 
e world, making it good examples of an ´ecosystem approach´ in practice. although conducted at  
ugh conducted at every final harvest in sweden since more than 15 years, and implying costs for 
e than 15 years, and implying costs for forest owners of at least 1 billion sek per year, a tho 
east 1 billion sek per year, a thorough evaluation taking into account ecological, economic and 
ll be applicable to the 240 000 swedish forest owners and on the hundreds of thousands of hecta 
s will also be of strategic interest to policy-making since they will either reject or sustain  
r reject or sustain the current swedish forest conservation policy with conservation actions ta 
t or sustain the current swedish forest conservation policy with conservation actions taken on  
swedish forest conservation policy with conservation actions taken on multiple scales. since sw 
actions taken on multiple scales. since sweden was a pioneer in tree retention improved knowled 
12712 5                 this project requires a review, collation and analysis of bird population and d 
ion and analysis of bird population and distribution data, which will then be used to further s 
her support, outside this contract, the development and application of guidance and principles  
ce and principles as part of a targeted review of the current uk network of terrestrial and coa 
overnment and its statutory agencies to review the spa network  
12751 4 ountries in preserving the rich natural biodiversity in forests under the international redd+ s 
erving the rich natural biodiversity in forests under the international redd+ scheme - some of  
sity in forests under the international redd+ scheme - some of which will be spent on helping r 
 will be spent on helping reduce global deforestation.  
12744 3 dence required to deliver defras global biodiversity sub-programme and to prepare outline proje 
project proposals for the international biodiversity assessment unit for the period 2008 – 2013 
sals for the international biodiversity assessment unit for the period 2008 – 2013.  
12704 8                                     the wildlife and countryside r&d and non r&d programmes aim 
he evidence requirements of three defra policy divisions namely sponsorship, landscape, and rec 
ra policy divisions namely sponsorship, landscape, and recreation. the purpose of this review i 
ions namely sponsorship, landscape, and recreation. the purpose of this review is to assess the 
pe, and recreation. the purpose of this review is to assess the effectiveness of the research p 
l to the department in the formulation, monitoring and execution of policy, and make recommenda 
ormulation, monitoring and execution of policy, and make recommendations on the future composit 
endations on the future composition and management of the programme.  
12455 9                      summary objective: review international best practice and appropriate know 
efra and eu projects, ices and regional management organisations , etc. key customer purpose: d 
 , etc. key customer purpose: develop a risk analysis framework for the identification, assessm 
lysis framework for the identification, assessment, management and communication of risk. the f 
ork for the identification, assessment, management and communication of risk. the framework wil 
ssment, management and communication of risk. the framework will increase our capacity to both  
city to both understand and incorporate uncertainty and risk when making fisheries management d 
erstand and incorporate uncertainty and risk when making fisheries management decisions.  
porate uncertainty and risk when making fisheries management decisions.  
10179 4  as important drivers of bacterial host evolution, both in terms of predator-prey relationships 
terial host evolution, both in terms of predator-prey relationships and in terms of phage conve 
that converting phages of gram-negative bacteria are far more widespread in the environment tha 
bacteria are far more widespread in the environment than previously considered. a series of pos 
10284 6 im to construct a spatial multi-species ecosystem model focused on commercially exploited fish  
truct a spatial multi-species ecosystem model focused on commercially exploited fish in the nor 
model focused on commercially exploited fish in the northern european shelf , that are frequent 
uently advocated as the way forward for ecosystem-based management in fisheries. a key part of  
rward for ecosystem-based management in fisheries. a key part of our proposal is therefore a co 
omparative study involving ewe regional ecosystem models, with a view to identifying the streng 
13980 2  likely to be determinants of desirable traits. until very recently, the only practical approac 
onary history of populations from large-scale genotype information. i will focus on locating se 
12456 13 the best-suited to answering particular fisheries management questions. evaluate problems encou 
red when applied to case study-specific management scenarios, and evaluate the relative strengt 
plied to case study-specific management scenarios, and evaluate the relative strengths and weak 
ly evaluate the usefulness of different modelling approaches for exploring wider ecosystem cons 
odelling approaches for exploring wider ecosystem considerations of fisheries in the marine env 
oring wider ecosystem considerations of fisheries in the marine environment. assess how importa 
stem considerations of fisheries in the marine environment. assess how important the interactio 
nsiderations of fisheries in the marine environment. assess how important the interactions are  
 important the interactions are between predators and their prey in comparison with other sourc 
rey in comparison with other sources of uncertainty in fisheries models, and help to predict kn 
on with other sources of uncertainty in fisheries models, and help to predict knock-on, ecosyst 
s models, and help to predict knock-on, ecosystem implications of future management actions.  
ck-on, ecosystem implications of future management actions.  
14751 11                                         recovery of endangered and endemic flora is crucial not 
d endemic flora is crucial not only for biodiversity conservation per se but also for the resto 
ty conservation per se but also for the restoration of the natural habitats supporting such a s 
tats supporting such a singular type of vegetation. as it is well-known, the in situ and ex sit 
 is well-known, the in situ and ex situ conservation of endangered flora has a number of eco-ph 
h prevent both auto-regeneration of the endangered species in their natural habitats and their  
. in this project it is postulated that optimization of the mycorrhizal status of these plants  
l inoculation for the reintroduction of endangered species and for the ecological restoration o 
ction of endangered species and for the ecological restoration of degraded communities of dolom 
isms, in term of increasing plant cover development and for improving physical-chemical propert 
sical-chemical properties attributes of soil quality.  
9828 8 ffects of long term tnt exposure on the soil microbial community structure, diversity and funct 
s of long term tnt exposure on the soil microbial community structure, diversity and function u 
the soil microbial community structure, diversity and function using molecular biology approach 
bial community structure, diversity and function using molecular biology approaches. we will co 
 conduct experiments to investigate the stability of tnt contaminated soil microbial communitie 
igate the stability of tnt contaminated soil microbial communities when challenged with additio 
ch a comprehensive understanding of the ecosystem and its response to xenobiotic stress is esse 
cosystem and its response to xenobiotic stress is essential for bioremediation strategies to be 
14696 1  the aim of the project is to study the diversity of prokaryotic species living in rambla salad 
12759 2 ll provide information on the potential impacts of geo-engineering activities on biodiversity a 
mpacts of geo-engineering activities on biodiversity and the availability of regulatory mechani 
2088 2          the project is focusing on the taxonomy of the stenothoid genus metopa, a genus that i 
ies. in addition, collection of data on habitat, biology and diet and whenever possible also on 
14667 2 publication of results about: calicioid lichens and fungi; pertusariales; rinodina, buellia and 
of results about: calicioid lichens and fungi; pertusariales; rinodina, buellia and hafellia;cr 
1979 10 eed for tools to predict the effects of habitat change on wildlife. after earlier abandoning ca 
redict the effects of habitat change on wildlife. after earlier abandoning carrying capacity as 
e on wildlife. after earlier abandoning carrying capacity as a useful concept, scientists now a 
now agree that in the case of migratory birds the carrying capacity of a non-breeding site can  
that in the case of migratory birds the carrying capacity of a non-breeding site can be meaning 
s a site can support. current models of carrying capacity assume a single giving-up food densit 
capacity assume a single giving-up food density . as the proposed research can build on laborio 
ous and time-consuming measurements and model developments, this provides a unique opportunity  
s provides a unique opportunity to test carrying capacity models of varying degrees of complexi 
g capacity models of varying degrees of complexity.  
14509 1                                parallel evolution is a form of homoplasy in which the same trai 
11671 24 o examine the contribution of different life history stages to the local population dynamics of 
ferent life history stages to the local population dynamics of some stream insects. understandi 
o the local population dynamics of some stream insects. understanding the factors that limit po 
ocal population dynamics of some stream insects. understanding the factors that limit populatio 
f vital importance to sound practice in conservation and environmental management. traditionall 
e to sound practice in conservation and environmental management. traditionally, freshwater eco 
nvironmental management. traditionally, freshwater ecologists have focused on the aquatic, juve 
used on the aquatic, juvenile stages of insects, with considerably less attention devoted to th 
rial adults. we will concentrate on the recruitment of eggs from the terrestrial into the aquat 
l a substantial knowledge gap about the ecology of these life stages. it seems likely that eith 
ay eggs may limit population size. many stream insects lay their eggs on the underside of strea 
 may limit population size. many stream insects lay their eggs on the underside of stream rocks 
ects lay their eggs on the underside of stream rocks that are emergent from the water s surface 
stream rocks that are emergent from the water s surface and we will test whether the supply of  
upply of emergent rocks might limit egg recruitment. further, egg-laying females may be influen 
d we will test also how this influences recruitment. once the eggs hatch, the mobility of neona 
 neonate movement, we will identify the spatial scale relevant to studies about population dyna 
spatial scale relevant to studies about population dynamics. alternatively, effects of emergent 
k limitation may be overwhelmed by high mortality of eggs or neonates, suggesting a different u 
ng a different underlying mechanism for recruitment limitation. a lack of any pattern between e 
r bottlenecks occur for egg and neonate life history stages, how strong those bottlenecks might 
ntal importance to ecological models of population dynamics. information on how insects use eme 
population dynamics. information on how insects use emergent rocks, will be of use to river man 
s, will be of use to river managers and rehabilitation projects.  
10280 9 rtical exchange, controlling biological growth through the summer and enabling the sequestratio 
waters from the dark nutrient rich deep water. the vertical mixing of nutrients across the seas 
rich deep water. the vertical mixing of nutrients across the seasonal thermocline acts to coupl 
his well-lit surface zone with the deep water nutrient supply, leading to the formation of a la 
 leading to the formation of a layer of phytoplankton within the thermocline . this phenomenon  
to account for about half of the annual carbon fixation in seasonally stratified shelf seas, an 
 responsible for the vertical mixing of nutrients across the thermocline is a vital prerequisit 
isite to our understanding of shelf sea ecosystems. our proposal is to investigate the role of  
paign closely integrated with numerical model predictions using both 1d and 3d numerical models 
10553 9 rtical exchange, controlling biological growth through the summer and enabling the sequestratio 
waters from the dark nutrient rich deep water. the vertical mixing of nutrients across the seas 
rich deep water. the vertical mixing of nutrients across the seasonal thermocline acts to coupl 
his well-lit surface zone with the deep water nutrient supply, leading to the formation of a la 
 leading to the formation of a layer of phytoplankton within the thermocline . this phenomenon  
to account for about half of the annual carbon fixation in seasonally stratified shelf seas, an 
 responsible for the vertical mixing of nutrients across the thermocline is a vital prerequisit 
isite to our understanding of shelf sea ecosystems. our proposal is to investigate the role of  
paign closely integrated with numerical model predictions using both 1d and 3d numerical models 
9929 10 s a key component of the north atlantic ecosystem, forming a vital link between primary product 
ecosystem, forming a vital link between primary production and fisheries. calanus feeds and rep 
tal link between primary production and fisheries. calanus feeds and reproduces in the surface  
mporal variability in the spring/summer abundance of calanus, it is vital to understand factors 
pth are not known, but the avoidance of predators may be one of the factors. we have previously 
usly made an extensive study of calanus predator-prey interactions in the irminger basin in the 
ng depth of the calanus and that of its predators. this study will use data from elsewhere in t 
 provide new information on the role of predators in winter mortality of calanus and insights i 
tion on the role of predators in winter mortality of calanus and insights into the factors behi 
may respond to ongoing changes in ocean climate.  
10812 16                     questions about the abundance of animal populations are as old as the scien 
opulations are as old as the science of ecology. answers include tigers are rare because they a 
ause they are not suited to the british climate . these are actually answers to different quest 
stions: the first is about the relative abundance of different species; the second is about var 
 linked because the pattern of relative abundance varies from place to place. for example, dart 
k. for the first time it is possible to model in the same analysis the variation in abundance o 
l in the same analysis the variation in abundance of multiple species in many places. it is now 
w possible to compare the importance of evolution and ecology in determining which species shou 
compare the importance of evolution and ecology in determining which species should be common o 
pecies should be common or rare and why abundance varies from place to place. my research takes 
 new methods to ask questions about the abundance of mammals and british butterflies. mammals a 
es are also an ideal group for studying abundance, due to the systematic records from across th 
valuable datasets in biology. analysing abundance data in a single framework means that it beco 
ch allows me to address questions about spatial scale. for example, are species that are locall 
ensitive to humans more likely to be at risk of global extinction relatively little is known ab 
ans more likely to be at risk of global extinction relatively little is known about whether pro 
9961 16                     questions about the abundance of animal populations are as old as the scien 
opulations are as old as the science of ecology. answers include tigers are rare because they a 
ause they are not suited to the british climate . these are actually answers to different quest 
stions: the first is about the relative abundance of different species; the second is about var 
 linked because the pattern of relative abundance varies from place to place. for example, dart 
k. for the first time it is possible to model in the same analysis the variation in abundance o 
l in the same analysis the variation in abundance of multiple species in many places. it is now 
w possible to compare the importance of evolution and ecology in determining which species shou 
compare the importance of evolution and ecology in determining which species should be common o 
pecies should be common or rare and why abundance varies from place to place. my research takes 
 new methods to ask questions about the abundance of mammals and british butterflies. mammals a 
es are also an ideal group for studying abundance, due to the systematic records from across th 
valuable datasets in biology. analysing abundance data in a single framework means that it beco 
ch allows me to address questions about spatial scale. for example, are species that are locall 
ensitive to humans more likely to be at risk of global extinction relatively little is known ab 
ans more likely to be at risk of global extinction relatively little is known about whether pro 
10522 27 ndamental role in storing and providing freshwater and food, in supporting recreation and in pr 
ding freshwater and food, in supporting recreation and in protecting species diversity. however 
supporting recreation and in protecting species diversity. however, the stability of these ecos 
tecting species diversity. however, the stability of these ecosystem services can be undermined 
ersity. however, the stability of these ecosystem services can be undermined by the increased d 
ges in atmospheric composition and lake water balance that arise through a societal-mediated ch 
se through a societal-mediated changing climate. to safeguard against such loss of functioning  
rectives that set stringent targets for water quality and biodiversity. meeting these targets r 
stringent targets for water quality and biodiversity. meeting these targets requires a detailed 
measurements at an appropriate temporal scale. traditional monitoring, of at best weekly-fortni 
appropriate temporal scale. traditional monitoring, of at best weekly-fortnightly intervals, is 
 processes driving many aspects of lake function. to resolve these processes we need to hear ev 
ed to make such measurements, automatic water quality monitoring stations . however at present, 
h measurements, automatic water quality monitoring stations . however at present, most buoys ar 
tricted to a meteorological station and temperature measurements. a few have other probes to me 
nts. a few have other probes to measure water quality, but these are subject to biofouling whic 
 project partners, the wider scientific community and the general public. such infrastructure i 
network into a forecast system for lake phytoplankton behaviour and, in particular, to provide  
ar, to provide warning for the onset of phytoplankton blooms. dst2: the effect of meteorology o 
he effect of meteorology on the fate of carbon within lakes: we will track pool and flux variab 
 pool and flux variability of dissolved carbon dioxide over daily to seasonal time scales. by r 
to define critical controls on the lake carbon cycle. dst3: the level of regional coherence in  
ong links exist between air and surface water temperature; large-scale weather patterns such as 
nks exist between air and surface water temperature; large-scale weather patterns such as the p 
ir and surface water temperature; large-scale weather patterns such as the position of north wa 
 the position of north wall of the gulf stream have also been shown to influence directly the r 
ate not only the value of observing the environment remotely and in detail, but the benefit fro 
10752 27 ndamental role in storing and providing freshwater and food, in supporting recreation and in pr 
ding freshwater and food, in supporting recreation and in protecting species diversity. however 
supporting recreation and in protecting species diversity. however, the stability of these ecos 
tecting species diversity. however, the stability of these ecosystem services can be undermined 
ersity. however, the stability of these ecosystem services can be undermined by the increased d 
ges in atmospheric composition and lake water balance that arise through a societal-mediated ch 
se through a societal-mediated changing climate. to safeguard against such loss of functioning  
rectives that set stringent targets for water quality and biodiversity. meeting these targets r 
stringent targets for water quality and biodiversity. meeting these targets requires a detailed 
measurements at an appropriate temporal scale. traditional monitoring, of at best weekly-fortni 
appropriate temporal scale. traditional monitoring, of at best weekly-fortnightly intervals, is 
 processes driving many aspects of lake function. to resolve these processes we need to hear ev 
ed to make such measurements, automatic water quality monitoring stations . however at present, 
h measurements, automatic water quality monitoring stations . however at present, most buoys ar 
tricted to a meteorological station and temperature measurements. a few have other probes to me 
nts. a few have other probes to measure water quality, but these are subject to biofouling whic 
 project partners, the wider scientific community and the general public. such infrastructure i 
network into a forecast system for lake phytoplankton behaviour and, in particular, to provide  
ar, to provide warning for the onset of phytoplankton blooms. dst2: the effect of meteorology o 
he effect of meteorology on the fate of carbon within lakes: we will track pool and flux variab 
 pool and flux variability of dissolved carbon dioxide over daily to seasonal time scales. by r 
to define critical controls on the lake carbon cycle. dst3: the level of regional coherence in  
ong links exist between air and surface water temperature; large-scale weather patterns such as 
nks exist between air and surface water temperature; large-scale weather patterns such as the p 
ir and surface water temperature; large-scale weather patterns such as the position of north wa 
 the position of north wall of the gulf stream have also been shown to influence directly the r 
ate not only the value of observing the environment remotely and in detail, but the benefit fro 
10756 27 ndamental role in storing and providing freshwater and food, in supporting recreation and in pr 
ding freshwater and food, in supporting recreation and in protecting species diversity. however 
supporting recreation and in protecting species diversity. however, the stability of these ecos 
tecting species diversity. however, the stability of these ecosystem services can be undermined 
ersity. however, the stability of these ecosystem services can be undermined by the increased d 
ges in atmospheric composition and lake water balance that arise through a societal-mediated ch 
se through a societal-mediated changing climate. to safeguard against such loss of functioning  
rectives that set stringent targets for water quality and biodiversity. meeting these targets r 
stringent targets for water quality and biodiversity. meeting these targets requires a detailed 
measurements at an appropriate temporal scale. traditional monitoring, of at best weekly-fortni 
appropriate temporal scale. traditional monitoring, of at best weekly-fortnightly intervals, is 
 processes driving many aspects of lake function. to resolve these processes we need to hear ev 
ed to make such measurements, automatic water quality monitoring stations . however at present, 
h measurements, automatic water quality monitoring stations . however at present, most buoys ar 
tricted to a meteorological station and temperature measurements. a few have other probes to me 
nts. a few have other probes to measure water quality, but these are subject to biofouling whic 
 project partners, the wider scientific community and the general public. such infrastructure i 
network into a forecast system for lake phytoplankton behaviour and, in particular, to provide  
ar, to provide warning for the onset of phytoplankton blooms. dst2: the effect of meteorology o 
he effect of meteorology on the fate of carbon within lakes: we will track pool and flux variab 
 pool and flux variability of dissolved carbon dioxide over daily to seasonal time scales. by r 
to define critical controls on the lake carbon cycle. dst3: the level of regional coherence in  
ong links exist between air and surface water temperature; large-scale weather patterns such as 
nks exist between air and surface water temperature; large-scale weather patterns such as the p 
ir and surface water temperature; large-scale weather patterns such as the position of north wa 
 the position of north wall of the gulf stream have also been shown to influence directly the r 
ate not only the value of observing the environment remotely and in detail, but the benefit fro 
11807 27 ndamental role in storing and providing freshwater and food, in supporting recreation and in pr 
ding freshwater and food, in supporting recreation and in protecting species diversity. however 
supporting recreation and in protecting species diversity. however, the stability of these ecos 
tecting species diversity. however, the stability of these ecosystem services can be undermined 
ersity. however, the stability of these ecosystem services can be undermined by the increased d 
ges in atmospheric composition and lake water balance that arise through a societal-mediated ch 
se through a societal-mediated changing climate. to safeguard against such loss of functioning  
rectives that set stringent targets for water quality and biodiversity. meeting these targets r 
stringent targets for water quality and biodiversity. meeting these targets requires a detailed 
measurements at an appropriate temporal scale. traditional monitoring, of at best weekly-fortni 
appropriate temporal scale. traditional monitoring, of at best weekly-fortnightly intervals, is 
 processes driving many aspects of lake function. to resolve these processes we need to hear ev 
ed to make such measurements, automatic water quality monitoring stations . however at present, 
h measurements, automatic water quality monitoring stations . however at present, most buoys ar 
tricted to a meteorological station and temperature measurements. a few have other probes to me 
nts. a few have other probes to measure water quality, but these are subject to biofouling whic 
 project partners, the wider scientific community and the general public. such infrastructure i 
network into a forecast system for lake phytoplankton behaviour and, in particular, to provide  
ar, to provide warning for the onset of phytoplankton blooms. dst2: the effect of meteorology o 
he effect of meteorology on the fate of carbon within lakes: we will track pool and flux variab 
 pool and flux variability of dissolved carbon dioxide over daily to seasonal time scales. by r 
to define critical controls on the lake carbon cycle. dst3: the level of regional coherence in  
ong links exist between air and surface water temperature; large-scale weather patterns such as 
nks exist between air and surface water temperature; large-scale weather patterns such as the p 
ir and surface water temperature; large-scale weather patterns such as the position of north wa 
 the position of north wall of the gulf stream have also been shown to influence directly the r 
ate not only the value of observing the environment remotely and in detail, but the benefit fro 
7685 19                                         marine ecosystems are declining at an alarming rate, es 
                                 marine ecosystems are declining at an alarming rate, especiall 
 proportion of the population relies on marine resources and services. an understanding of driv 
ervices. an understanding of drivers of ecosystem changes, their interactions and their impacts 
m changes, their interactions and their impacts is critical to any projection of how marine soc 
ts is critical to any projection of how marine sociecosystems will evolve in the future, and fo 
on-support tool to simulate alternative marine planning scenarios, involving complex interactio 
ort tool to simulate alternative marine planning scenarios, involving complex interactions betw 
to simulate alternative marine planning scenarios, involving complex interactions between socia 
orcing. this tool aims to accompany the development of regional and national marine planning po 
he development of regional and national marine planning policies, to promote the emergence of i 
lopment of regional and national marine planning policies, to promote the emergence of innovati 
 to promote the emergence of innovative management solutions and to facilitate negociations and 
gociations and experience-sharing among stakeholders and scientists. the simulation tool will b 
on tool will be implemented at regional scale in the western indian ocean , ecological niche an 
ern indian ocean , ecological niche and connectivity models outputs under different ipcc scenar 
ity models outputs under different ipcc scenarios. the ecological and social scientists involve 
fy, simulate and assess the prospective scenarios. the project outcomes will promote integrated 
roject outcomes will promote integrated marine spatial planning in the western indian ocean. th 
12027 23                                         biological diversity is currently being rapidly and dra 
matically during the 20th century, with land use change becoming a major factor affecting the s 
e becoming a major factor affecting the spatial heterogeneity, dynamics and decline of biodiver 
 heterogeneity, dynamics and decline of biodiversity. in the mediterranean region, a global hot 
ics and decline of biodiversity. in the mediterranean region, a global hotspot of biodiversity, 
diterranean region, a global hotspot of biodiversity, the impact of human land-use change has c 
ot of biodiversity, the impact of human land-use change has contrasting spatial impacts. while  
land-use change has contrasting spatial impacts. while all out urbanisation and development of  
impacts. while all out urbanisation and development of coastal and littoral areas has destroyed 
ntinues to destroy and fragment natural habitat, the abandonment of traditional extensive agric 
he abandonment of traditional extensive agriculture in the backcountry of european mediterranea 
iculture in the backcountry of european mediterranean countries has allowed for spontaneous for 
n countries has allowed for spontaneous forest spread. this is the context for our interdiscipl 
he norms, values and representations of biodiversity of local actors. the inter-disciplinary na 
of local actors. the inter-disciplinary nature of the project and complementarities among work  
on the ecological mechanisms underlying biodiversity evolution and conservation in human-domina 
ical mechanisms underlying biodiversity evolution and conservation in human-dominated landscape 
s underlying biodiversity evolution and conservation in human-dominated landscapes. second, the 
human-dominated landscapes. second, the production of scientific principles applicable to biodi 
 of scientific principles applicable to biodiversity conservation not only provides guidelines  
 only provides guidelines accessible to conservation management bodies but also promotes the re 
s guidelines accessible to conservation management bodies but also promotes the research – acti 
 implementation of scientifically sound policy.  
10264 5                                         global warming is not the only consequence of rising le 
he only consequence of rising levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. because co2 is an aci 
 effect such acidification will have on marine life and chemical processes in the ocean. experi 
 us to define the rate and magnitude of ph change as well as study the effects on the extraordi 
 might happen under different emissions scenarios in the future.  
11369 7          positive relationships between abundance the predictions of recent models by myself an 
 others concerning the role of regional population dynamics, spatial structure and life-history 
les. in addition i propose to extend my modelling work to consider correlated patterns of chang 
ted patterns of change in occupancy and abundance in response to environmental change on an eco 
 occupancy and abundance in response to environmental change on an ecological time-scale, and t 
ironmental change on an ecological time-scale, and to explore the use of relationships between  
 the use of relationships between local abundance, occupancy and total population size in asses 
10075 13 l is to explore how the world s largest tropical forest, amazonia, is faring in an era of rapid 
 reports of ecological change in mature forests, with increasing biomass, growth, and dynamics, 
ange in mature forests, with increasing biomass, growth, and dynamics, but it is unclear what f 
ature forests, with increasing biomass, growth, and dynamics, but it is unclear what factor is  
nclear what factor is accelerating tree growth and what the impacts have been on biodiversity b 
s accelerating tree growth and what the impacts have been on biodiversity behind this change. 1 
rowth and what the impacts have been on biodiversity behind this change. 13 of the world s lead 
ated data and experience of 25 years of monitoring forest plots across the amazon, and access t 
nd experience of 25 years of monitoring forest plots across the amazon, and access to unique so 
s of monitoring forest plots across the amazon, and access to unique sources of amazon plant ec 
amazon, and access to unique sources of amazon plant ecology in our quest to discover and expla 
ccess to unique sources of amazon plant ecology in our quest to discover and explain biodiversi 
gy in our quest to discover and explain biodiversity changes.  
11513 13 l is to explore how the world s largest tropical forest, amazonia, is faring in an era of rapid 
 reports of ecological change in mature forests, with increasing biomass, growth, and dynamics, 
ange in mature forests, with increasing biomass, growth, and dynamics, but it is unclear what f 
ature forests, with increasing biomass, growth, and dynamics, but it is unclear what factor is  
nclear what factor is accelerating tree growth and what the impacts have been on biodiversity b 
s accelerating tree growth and what the impacts have been on biodiversity behind this change. 1 
rowth and what the impacts have been on biodiversity behind this change. 13 of the world s lead 
ated data and experience of 25 years of monitoring forest plots across the amazon, and access t 
nd experience of 25 years of monitoring forest plots across the amazon, and access to unique so 
s of monitoring forest plots across the amazon, and access to unique sources of amazon plant ec 
amazon, and access to unique sources of amazon plant ecology in our quest to discover and expla 
ccess to unique sources of amazon plant ecology in our quest to discover and explain biodiversi 
gy in our quest to discover and explain biodiversity changes.  
12739 2 roduction of an access agreement on two rivers, the mersey and waveney. the survey will provide 
ure work on increasing access to inland water  
10451 3        predicting the responses of leaf photosynthesis but often acclimate to longer-term chang 
 will establish the extent to which the temperature sensitivity of p and r varies systematicall 
aves that develop following a change in temperature. the knowledge gained will enable more accu 
7189 20 ntly, balancing use and preservation of natural resources: it is on this plane that is this pro 
 to move towards ecologically intensive production systems, using and respecting the functions  
rch is requested: 1 to provide relevant modeling methods to assess changes in the management of 
deling methods to assess changes in the management of rural areas and agricultural production;  
agement of rural areas and agricultural production; 2 to contribute to the development of innov 
ural production; 2 to contribute to the development of innovative solutions, from the plot scal 
 of innovative solutions, from the plot scale up an integrated natural resource management and  
s, from the plot scale up an integrated natural resource management and production sectors to w 
egrated natural resource management and production sectors to which are implementing mitigation 
ction sectors to which are implementing mitigation actions. this project aims to address: inten 
e stakes are high mutation; controlling nitrogen cycles, since the amounts of organic substance 
ified; integrated scales, both in space model the nitrogen flows across the coastal watershed,  
egrated scales, both in space model the nitrogen flows across the coastal watershed, incorporat 
l the nitrogen flows across the coastal watershed, incorporating the constraints of livestock s 
rshed, incorporating the constraints of livestock systems, from the coupling of melody patterns 
ing of melody patterns representing the livestock farms and tnt representing transfers in lands 
farms and tnt representing transfers in landscape mosaics; assess the environmental impacts of  
nsfers in landscape mosaics; assess the environmental impacts of production methods and landsca 
cs; assess the environmental impacts of production methods and landscape management  
ental impacts of production methods and landscape management  
11330 6 e ridge axis, where they crystallise to yield the lower oceanic crust. the heat provided by mag 
phere-hydrosphere exchange, and provide energy for chemosynthetic ecosystems. reconstructing th 
, and provide energy for chemosynthetic ecosystems. reconstructing the magmatic processes in th 
 a large part of the earth s crust, the recovery of intact lower oceanic crust would be a major 
 lower oceanic crust. this section will yield an unprecedented view of lower crustal evolution, 
 an unprecedented view of lower crustal evolution, from magma chamber processes and the resulti 
15029 2 ute substantially to generate potential scenarios to increase effectiveness in management and p 
 scenarios to increase effectiveness in management and policies strategies.  
11647 3 fication system by its application to a sediment sequence from hickling broad, a shallow, medie 
ted sequence of change in the stonewort community with that which is historically documented an 
ciated benefits for both the scientific community and for those charged with conserving and res 
10031 3         summary peats and other organic soils provide a major global store of carbon could prov 
c soils provide a major global store of carbon could provide an enhanced sink for atmospheric c 
o2 sequestration within these important ecosystems.  
11825 3                 peats and other organic soils provide a major global store of carbon could prov 
c soils provide a major global store of carbon could provide an enhanced sink for atmospheric c 
o2 sequestration within these important ecosystems.  
15165 17 populations depends critically on acorn dispersal by scatter-hoarding jays and rodents towards  
safe sites for seedling survival. acorn dispersal by animals is a conditional mutualism whose o 
n dispersal by animals is a conditional mutualism whose outcome on the behaviour of scatter-hoa 
ing jay and mice and to integrate these indirect effects of predators on the analysis of the co 
 to integrate these indirect effects of predators on the analysis of the conditional outcome of 
sis is that indirect and direct keys of predation risk around seed-bearing trees will modify se 
t indirect and direct keys of predation risk around seed-bearing trees will modify seed removal 
at these changes in seed shadows due to predation risk will influence the final pattern of holm 
hanges in seed shadows due to predation risk will influence the final pattern of holm oak recru 
influence the final pattern of holm oak recruitment. we will test predictions from this main hy 
erimental control of keys of predations risk in field conditions, then measuring the behaviour  
eed dispersers by means of remote video monitoring and the fate of dispersed seeds by seed trac 
persed seeds by seed tracking and cache monitoring until seedling establishment. we will follow 
ic interactions on the functionality of mediterranean forests, a hot topic due to current rapid 
s on the functionality of mediterranean forests, a hot topic due to current rapid changes in an 
s induced by man-made global changes in climate and land use.  
 man-made global changes in climate and land use.  
1992 16                             the rate of urbanization world-wide is alarming with respect to its 
ld-wide is alarming with respect to its environmental impact and conservation. at the same time 
respect to its environmental impact and conservation. at the same time it provides a natural la 
 ongoing experiment of an unprecedented scale. urban habitat confronts animals, including human 
g experiment of an unprecedented scale. urban habitat confronts animals, including humans, with 
riment of an unprecedented scale. urban habitat confronts animals, including humans, with evolu 
ch as a dramatically different acoustic environment. some species thrive in urban settings, oth 
tic environment. some species thrive in urban settings, others perish, but we often have no clu 
no clue how or why. the great tit is an urban survivor, despite its dependence on acoustic sign 
tion and at the population level across europe in ten independent city-forest comparisons. know 
l across europe in ten independent city-forest comparisons. knowledge about the underlying beha 
are less successful breeders in a noisy environment. in the proposed project, we will take an e 
rimental approach to test whether adult birds have indeed a short-term acoustic flexibility to  
eneral. a second component concerns the assessment of fitness consequences of unavoidable, mask 
 confounding factors in naturally noisy habitat in cities or along highways. we will measure th 
be the first time for this well-studied model species.  
7460 8 ta collection and transmission from the water column, the seafloor and the subseafloor will be  
bserving system and thereby support the development of geoss. acobar will implement field exper 
used to obtain integrated 3-d fields of temperature, transports and heat fluxes. long-range aco 
 tested for tomographic measurements of water mass properties. data from tomography arrays and  
ata from underwater observatories under development in esonet noe. transfer of technology and k 
ransfer of technology and know-how from usa to europe will take place, with exchange of scienti 
 of technology and know-how from usa to europe will take place, with exchange of scientists, wo 
es and six are research and educational institutions.  
12747 1 oc technical expert group , including a review of literature and collation of information arisi 
539 14  more and more obvious that the current global warming influences ecosystems, and particularly  
t the current global warming influences ecosystems, and particularly that it induces some anima 
 lepidoptera, genus colia is taken as a model to study adaptation to climate variations. in par 
enus colia is taken as a model to study adaptation to climate variations. in particular, the pa 
taken as a model to study adaptation to climate variations. in particular, the partners in this 
of natural selection related to thermal stress and to the increase in thermal stochasticity on  
polymorphism of an enzyme that controls metabolism: phosphoglucose isomerase. previous studies  
 , and on the other hand to the general evolution of the lepidoptera. we think that a multi-dis 
echanistic approach of the lepidopteras adaptation to environmental change, particularly to sto 
roach of the lepidopteras adaptation to environmental change, particularly to stochasticity and 
ange, particularly to stochasticity and warming, will lead to a better understanding of the par 
 mechanisms which influence the current distribution and evolution of this group, which is also 
 influence the current distribution and evolution of this group, which is also a common bio-ind 
 this group, which is also a common bio-indicator for many environments.  
211 10                             the current conservation strategies do not addresses the possibilit 
it and evolve further in human-modified ecosystems. the project puts forward and develops an ad 
he project puts forward and develops an adaptation-based approach, which argues that the biodiv 
n-based approach, which argues that the biodiversity of human-degraded ecosystems, and their ha 
that the biodiversity of human-degraded ecosystems, and their habitat quality for threatened sp 
of human-degraded ecosystems, and their habitat quality for threatened species, can be signific 
while providing or eliminating critical habitat-components that are pre-determined by the dynam 
the dynamic adaptations of the original community or target species. the main aim is to explore 
aim is to explore the variation in such habitat constraints and at least 2–3 master theses; the 
y can be immediately applied to improve conservation practices.  
6823 2 kely to be applied on a wider and wider scale. genetic transformation allows the desired gene t 
ene gun is used most frequently for the development of transgenic wheat. several molecular gene 
11554 10 ductive behaviour in many animals, from invertebrates to birds. parents construct nests as rece 
 in many animals, from invertebrates to birds. parents construct nests as receptacles for eggs  
e been described as extended phenotypic traits / extra-body characteristics that nonetheless re 
ergence . however, just as conventional traits result from the interaction of genes and environ 
esult from the interaction of genes and environment, so the design of animal built structures i 
 behaviour beneficially when faced with environmental change is described as phenotypic plastic 
ity in the nest building behaviour of a fish, the 3-spined stickleback. male sticklebacks build 
t extent the nest building behaviour of fish is adapted to their local environment, and to what 
viour of fish is adapted to their local environment, and to what extent they can adjust pattern 
ct how species introductions and global climate change are likely to affect success of individu 
15015 10                              because of global change due to human activities is altering biosp 
s mainly in oceanic, coastal and inland water ecosystems, more investigation is needed to make  
ly in oceanic, coastal and inland water ecosystems, more investigation is needed to make sound  
e groups . to understanding the aquatic ecosystems evolution under future scenarios of global c 
to understanding the aquatic ecosystems evolution under future scenarios of global change is ba 
uatic ecosystems evolution under future scenarios of global change is basic to known if the div 
ems evolution under future scenarios of global change is basic to known if the diverse phytopla 
onal or taxonomic groups have different adaptation capacities. this multi-disciplinarily initia 
approaches from phycology, evolutionary ecology and genetics, agglutinating four senior scienti 
ifferent specialties and two beginners. adaptation  
10709 30 nimal species are responding to current climate warming by shifting their distributions northwa 
ecies are responding to current climate warming by shifting their distributions northwards. how 
 northwards. however, in order to track climate, species must be able to disperse through lands 
ented and scattered across inhospitable urban and agricultural landscapes. because of this habi 
scattered across inhospitable urban and agricultural landscapes. because of this habitat loss,  
gricultural landscapes. because of this habitat loss, some species are failing to shift and are 
failing to shift and are lagging behind climate changes because they are unable to reach new si 
se many species that are lagging behind climate are endangered species of high conservation con 
ies that are lagging behind climate are endangered species of high conservation concern. even i 
 climate are endangered species of high conservation concern. even if greenhouse gas emissions  
 were greatly reduced immediately, more warming would still occur because of inertia in the ear 
occur because of inertia in the earth s climate system. thus there is a commitment to future wa 
m. thus there is a commitment to future warming regardless of any mitigation, and so adaptation 
ent to future warming regardless of any mitigation, and so adaptation measures are required urg 
ng regardless of any mitigation, and so adaptation measures are required urgently. one commonly 
quired urgently. one commonly suggested adaptation measure is the creation of new habitats as c 
nise new sites. however, this notion of habitat creation is essentially untested, and there is  
 no comprehensive study of whether such adaptation methods might be successful, or how they mig 
ystematic analysis of the importance of habitat availability on distribution lags in an entire  
e importance of habitat availability on distribution lags in an entire group of insects use mod 
distribution lags in an entire group of insects use models to examine the success of different  
els to examine the success of different habitat creation scenarios to examine which, if any, sc 
e success of different habitat creation scenarios to examine which, if any, scenarios would be  
ion scenarios to examine which, if any, scenarios would be sufficient to allow range expansion, 
ent to allow range expansion, and which adaptation strategy is the best. the project will produ 
open up a new avenue of research on the impacts of climate change on biodiversity. conservation 
ew avenue of research on the impacts of climate change on biodiversity. conservation strategies 
rch on the impacts of climate change on biodiversity. conservation strategies must include adap 
acts of climate change on biodiversity. conservation strategies must include adaptation strateg 
y. conservation strategies must include adaptation strategies, but conservationists are uncerta 
10053 32 ion that organisms are adapted to their environment is obvious, yet we can only explain how thi 
only explain how this occurs in extreme scenarios such as the evolution of antibiotic and pesti 
occurs in extreme scenarios such as the evolution of antibiotic and pesticide resistance, heavy 
such as the evolution of antibiotic and pesticide resistance, heavy metal tolerance, and starva 
e evolution of antibiotic and pesticide resistance, heavy metal tolerance, and starvation. typi 
rstand how organisms adapt following an environmental change proceed by placing a population in 
e proceed by placing a population in an environment to which it is poorly adapted. this stressf 
ch it is poorly adapted. this stressful environment is usually extreme so as to provoke an obse 
may be transferred from a nutrient-rich environment to one where a particular nutrient is nearl 
on of novel mutations that increase its growth and reproduction in the new environment. theory  
 its growth and reproduction in the new environment. theory and experiments that use this frame 
ions are involved in a typical round of adaptation, and how many different outcomes we expect i 
population adapts to the same stressful environment many times. however, very few environmental 
n transition from one relatively stable environment to a second, drastically different, stable  
a second, drastically different, stable environment. instead, environments tend to change gradu 
 such that most populations exist in an environment that is only slightly different from that o 
tantially from a more distant ancestor. global change is an example of this, where plant popula 
ions are currently exposed to levels of carbon dioxide more than twice as high as those of the  
tions are adapting to a subtle shift in environment, but the environment does not hold still wh 
 a subtle shift in environment, but the environment does not hold still while they do it. this  
ey do it. this suggests that studies of adaptation should incorporate both the magnitude and ra 
orporate both the magnitude and rate of environmental change. a second consideration is that po 
considers two populations in a changing environment, it is possible that one population exclude 
 that the populations adapt during this succession, such that both the community composition pr 
ing this succession, such that both the community composition processes interact. my research u 
 how large populations of single-celled algae respond to different rates of environmental chang 
led algae respond to different rates of environmental change, either alone or in communities. u 
ne or in communities. using a microbial model system allows me to do experiments using very lar 
al, i will look for similar patterns of adaptation in algal communities from naturally occurrin 
ndamental processes in biology, that of adaptation. in addition, this work uses ideas and techn 
sciplines, namely evolutionary biology, ecology, population genetics and molecular genetics. th 
d approach allows me to examine complex scenarios where the theory to do so may be lack  
12738 7                      this project would review all the relevant landscape scale adaptation and  
s project would review all the relevant landscape scale adaptation and conservation projects th 
would review all the relevant landscape scale adaptation and conservation projects that have al 
review all the relevant landscape scale adaptation and conservation projects that have already  
relevant landscape scale adaptation and conservation projects that have already been completed  
k to answer a range of questions of key policy relevance, covering scientific, logistics/manage 
levance, covering scientific, logistics/management and stakeholder issues.  
14956 2 uvb radiation to improve the success of reforestation programs, since it produces more tolerant 
nce it produces more tolerant plants to drought.  
15053 13 sting physiological characteristics and ecology. understanding the ecology of extreme environme 
eristics and ecology. understanding the ecology of extreme environments may provide insight int 
e origin. the tinto river is an extreme environment with a constant acid ph and high concentrat 
xtreme environment with a constant acid ph and high concentrations of heavy metals. these unusu 
tant acid ph and high concentrations of heavy metals. these unusual conditions are the reason w 
to river is one of the most interesting ecosystems for the study of the biological organization 
ties that inhabit it. understanding the microbial ecology of extreme environments may provide n 
le origin. the main part of the primary productivity in the river is direct consequence of the  
uence of the photosynthetic activity of algae, and they are also responsible of the greatest pa 
lso responsible of the greatest part of biomass. however, currently the knowledge regarding alg 
ever, currently the knowledge regarding algae community of the tinto river and their role in th 
currently the knowledge regarding algae community of the tinto river and their role in this eco 
 the tinto river and their role in this ecosystem is almost inexistent. the main objective of t 
12148 12  project is to study the adaptations of invasive species and their impacts on the ecosystems of 
aptations of invasive species and their impacts on the ecosystems of different complexity and r 
vasive species and their impacts on the ecosystems of different complexity and reciprocal effec 
 impacts on the ecosystems of different complexity and reciprocal effects of these processes. w 
hese processes from the organism to the ecosystem level, which could help to predict invasion o 
stem level, which could help to predict invasion outcome. our tasks include answering of the fo 
 contribute to their success; and 2 how ecosystem properties and compare it with native noble c 
cted results will contribute to further development of the isotopic niche instruments in the st 
ts in the study of interactions between food web structure and biology of successful invaders;  
sults will be helpful in developing the indicators of good environmental status and serve as fu 
thodological background for sustainable environmental management. we also expecting identificat 
yme activities-it could be used for the development of modern technologies of biocatalysis.  
14629 8 s in inland waters system are a serious risk for planktonic photosynthetic microorganisms popul 
 in the physical characteristics of the environment, using as models two of them: adaptation to 
vironment, using as models two of them: adaptation to increases in temperature and salinity. ob 
two of them: adaptation to increases in temperature and salinity. objectives of the project are 
ptation to increases in temperature and salinity. objectives of the project are: basic research 
 basic research objectives: 1. study of adaptation mechanisms of planktonic photosynthetic micr 
equences that those changes have on the primary production of these microorganisms. applicated  
sensitive microalgal biosensors against water pollutants.  
11353 16 ple of a rapid evolutionary response to environmental change, which has served to educate gener 
ut the reality of natural selection and adaptation. sadly, this classic case study has been neg 
pens to genomes when they undergo rapid evolution, and also to find out whether the melanism mu 
trial parts of britain; while in rural, pollution free, areas typica remained common. the widel 
 better camouflaged against visual bird predation, but in areas with high levels of atmospheric 
n areas with high levels of atmospheric pollution carbonaria is relatively harder to find than  
 than typica and therefore suffers less mortality. the post 1960s decline of carbonaria, coinci 
nciding with the implementation of anti-pollution legislation, lends further support to the cry 
d moth in north america and continental europe. the phenomenon of industrial melanism is not re 
hich the evolutionary response to smoke pollution could not have occurred. do they represent an 
earch programme is also relevant to the conservation of biodiversity by serving as a case study 
is also relevant to the conservation of biodiversity by serving as a case study for the consequ 
y for the consequences of anthropogenic environmental change on the genetic composition of popu 
ic and developmental characteristics of traits, such as melanism, which allow organisms to rapi 
ich allow organisms to rapidly adapt to environmental change. last, but not least, the results  
imension to the paradigmatic account of evolution in action , which has recently come under unj 
13789 12 ll either force them to local or global extinction, or to evolve and adapt. the capacity of org 
nd adapt. the capacity of organisms and ecosystems to adapt and evolve rapidly is critical to o 
cal to our future reliance on essential ecosystems such as the largely unexplored marine enviro 
osystems such as the largely unexplored marine environments. we here propose an interdisciplina 
ing of how environmental changes affect marine populations, species, and ecosystems over time.  
affect marine populations, species, and ecosystems over time. we will address issues of fundame 
importance for our understanding of how marine organisms adapt to environmental changes over sp 
scales relevant to current processes of global change. this programme will greatly expand our k 
sms of genetic, epigenetic, and induced adaptation in response to environmental changes. finall 
 models with which the effects of large-scale environmental transitions on distribution and sur 
arge-scale environmental transitions on distribution and survival of marine populations can be  
sitions on distribution and survival of marine populations can be evaluated and predicted.  
13737 15 ion of acidifying substances and, as in sweden, the implementation of a substantial liming prog 
 research has, however, shown that many freshwater systems, in particular in the northern part  
y be unsuitable when taking economy and conservation into consideration. the present research p 
ddresses in a new way the issue whether streams are largely naturally acidic. our hypothesis pr 
ation has shown that both the taxonomic diversity of macroinvertebrates and the decomposition r 
wn that both the taxonomic diversity of macroinvertebrates and the decomposition rate of leaf l 
diversity of macroinvertebrates and the decomposition rate of leaf litter were indeed not lower 
rtebrates and the decomposition rate of leaf litter were indeed not lower in acid than circumne 
ps are now being tested at a nationwide scale in streams. responses in streams which are natura 
w being tested at a nationwide scale in streams. responses in streams which are naturally acid  
tionwide scale in streams. responses in streams which are naturally acid but vary in the waters 
ut vary in the waters levels of organic carbon and inorganic aluminium content, and in streams  
and inorganic aluminium content, and in streams which are being limed, are studied in a similar 
would be useful, for example to support ecological functions in streams impacted by anthropogen 
mple to support ecological functions in streams impacted by anthropogenic acidification via spe 
12067 32 cological consequences of anthropogenic degradation is of fundamental importance, particularly  
amental importance, particularly in the tropics, which support more than 90% of the biodiversit 
ics, which support more than 90% of the biodiversity and are rapidly loosing forest habitats. l 
he biodiversity and are rapidly loosing forest habitats. landscape modifications have induced a 
nd are rapidly loosing forest habitats. landscape modifications have induced a shift from natur 
ve induced a shift from natural complex ecosystems to more simple like agroecosystems. but if l 
 complex ecosystems to more simple like agroecosystems. but if land-use practices yield key eco 
more simple like agroecosystems. but if land-use practices yield key economic and social benefi 
roecosystems. but if land-use practices yield key economic and social benefits, at least in the 
 the short term, they are degrading key ecosystem services by accelerating rates of species ext 
rvices by accelerating rates of species extinction, especially those that tied the long-term fu 
t tied the long-term functioning of the ecosystem. anthropization affects ecosystems by reducin 
f the ecosystem. anthropization affects ecosystems by reducing biodiversity, by changing the la 
pization affects ecosystems by reducing biodiversity, by changing the landscape and creating ar 
 reducing biodiversity, by changing the landscape and creating artificial islands, and by pollu 
rtificial islands, and by polluting the environment with xenobiotics. reducing the diversity of 
ironment with xenobiotics. reducing the diversity of ecological systems makes them less prone t 
tems makes them less prone to cope with invasive species . some of which are clearly detrimenta 
ich are clearly detrimental to existing ecosystems and clearly poses threats to humans living c 
opical zones, the shift of phytophagous insects from wild host-plants to crops constitutes an e 
ants to crops constitutes an economical risk that will be taken into consideration. in addition 
ddition, the emergence of some tropical disease can be directly linked to the rapid and general 
tly linked to the rapid and generalized degradation of the environment. the modification of the 
apid and generalized degradation of the environment. the modification of the ecological niches  
ct vectors constitutes an epidemiologic risk of the emergence of endemic disease via a domicili 
ologic risk of the emergence of endemic disease via a domiciliation process, sylvatic vectors i 
amining the impact of anthropization on insects affecting crops and humans, in order to better  
dict changes that will affect disturbed ecosystems in africa and south america. our project inv 
hat will affect disturbed ecosystems in africa and south america. our project involves also stu 
ies on drosophila, which are unequalled model insect species in genetics and evolutionary biolo 
n both academic and agricultural models insects will trigger a major advance in understanding t 
 the impact of anthropization on insect diversity.  
2031 7 th increased temperatures due to global climate change. plants, insects and vertebrates respond 
s due to global climate change. plants, insects and vertebrates respond differently to the incr 
es respond differently to the increased temperature so organisms become mistimed to their food  
l conditions and compare these rates of adaptation with the predicted rates of change in the en 
th the predicted rates of change in the environment. from this, we will calculate the maximal r 
, we will calculate the maximal rate of environmental change that species can cope with. more s 
iability of populations, and thereby on biodiversity.  
2491 12          the project will be run by the natural resources law group at the university of oslo.  
s public authorities in norway, through land use planning and nature management, to take or to  
n norway, through land use planning and nature management, to take or to order necessary measur 
y, through land use planning and nature management, to take or to order necessary measures to p 
na which are due to extreme weather and climate change, and are the rules adequate to effective 
ious possibilities in light of economic efficiency theories and apply methods of law-and-econom 
y theories and apply methods of law-and-economics. approaches inherent in such themes as resili 
. approaches inherent in such themes as resilience, disaster law, and public nuisance doctrine  
n countries. the ongoing discussions in usa and australia are also relevant. to ensure contact  
ies. the ongoing discussions in usa and australia are also relevant. to ensure contact with oth 
interdisciplinary project responding to climate change: the potential of and limits to adaptati 
 change: the potential of and limits to adaptation in norway . the 4 year project will include  
12399 16 into the socio-economic consequences of climate change in the marine environment. it will inves 
c consequences of climate change in the marine environment. it will investigate the extent to w 
quences of climate change in the marine environment. it will investigate the extent to which fo 
xtent to which forthcoming and existing management measures and legislation are robust to futur 
es and legislation are robust to future climate change, and it will explore decadal-scale varia 
ate change, and it will explore decadal-scale variations in climate change that might mask the  
ill explore decadal-scale variations in climate change that might mask the overall warming tren 
mate change that might mask the overall warming trend of coastal waters over the next 20 to 30  
e with regard to the future-proofing of marine policies and new maritime legislation. specifica 
that are being introduced under the uk ‘marine & coastal access bill', eu habitats directive an 
bill', eu habitats directive and common fisheries policy are robust to future environmental cha 
habitats directive and common fisheries policy are robust to future environmental change and wh 
n fisheries policy are robust to future environmental change and whether indicators and referen 
future environmental change and whether indicators and reference points of ‘good environmental  
mental status’ under the forthcoming eu marine strategy framework directive and water framework 
marine strategy framework directive and water framework directive might need to be revised in t 
6875 7 lise and prove the classical picture of competition theory in a well-defined sense: limiting si 
speciation, the essence of which is the ecology-induced way of generation of a new species. in  
e should be posed for the whole area of distribution and for the long time-scale, instead of lo 
a of distribution and for the long time-scale, instead of locally in space and time. on this sp 
ime is generated by the non-equilibrium ecology studied on the right scale, the limiting simila 
quilibrium ecology studied on the right scale, the limiting similarity structure of niche segre 
the evolutionarily meaningful notion of competition within/for a niche regains validity. in rel 
13839 8 e for identifying spatially distributed fish populations is today different kind of neutral gen 
rify if a population has certain unique traits, i.e. being adapted to its local environment. su 
traits, i.e. being adapted to its local environment. such knowledge is essential in fisheries m 
ronment. such knowledge is essential in fisheries management. however, it is difficult to study 
however, it is difficult to study local adaptation in nature. in order to study whether local p 
 difficult to study local adaptation in nature. in order to study whether local populations of  
erent selection pressures in their home streams. however, it seems as genetically based differe 
ally based differences in morphological traits have evolved mainly a neutral manner. there is t 
13780 6 e integrated with analyses of oxidative stress and biological ageing, and telomere length is ev 
gth is evaluated as a molecular fitness indicator in fish. we use brown trout and coho salmon a 
ted as a molecular fitness indicator in fish. we use brown trout and coho salmon as model speci 
. we use brown trout and coho salmon as model species to address the following aims: . the work 
th prof. robert devlin at the centre of aquaculture and environmental research in vancouver, ca 
nd environmental research in vancouver, canada.  
15364 28 s in length, frequency and intensity of drought events related to climate change have been asso 
 intensity of drought events related to climate change have been associated to important change 
t changes in composition, structure and distribution of forest ecosystems worldwide, by means o 
position, structure and distribution of forest ecosystems worldwide, by means of increasing mor 
n, structure and distribution of forest ecosystems worldwide, by means of increasing mortality  
stems worldwide, by means of increasing mortality patterns. in spite of the importance of these 
f these processes in relation to global climate and ecosystem services stability, teher are no  
esses in relation to global climate and ecosystem services stability, teher are no reliable pro 
o global climate and ecosystem services stability, teher are no reliable projections on the nea 
iable projections on the near future of forest ecosystems under probable global change scenario 
rojections on the near future of forest ecosystems under probable global change scenarios, due  
ure of forest ecosystems under probable global change scenarios, due to scientific uncertaintie 
ecosystems under probable global change scenarios, due to scientific uncertainties about phisio 
gical mechanisms underlying survival or mortality of trees under water stress. the incresases i 
ng survival or mortality of trees under water stress. the incresases in temperature and frequen 
vival or mortality of trees under water stress. the incresases in temperature and frequency of  
s under water stress. the incresases in temperature and frequency of droguht events might promo 
ion and , thus, under similar levels of water stress; iii, the effect of managing irradiance an 
d , thus, under similar levels of water stress; iii, the effect of managing irradiance and wate 
, the effect of managing irradiance and water availability, in the field and in incubation cham 
eal the modulation exerted by the light environment on water share; and iv, the use of forest g 
ion exerted by the light environment on water share; and iv, the use of forest gorwth models to 
ment on water share; and iv, the use of forest gorwth models to predict the futureevolution of  
s to predict the futureevolution of the forest under different managements and climate change s 
 forest under different managements and climate change scenarios in order to develop a manageme 
ifferent managements and climate change scenarios in order to develop a management scheme to en 
 change scenarios in order to develop a management scheme to ensure long-term forest survival.  
a management scheme to ensure long-term forest survival.  
2206 6         we aim to develop tools for the management of stream fish populations, and study the pe 
 to develop tools for the management of stream fish populations, and study the performance of a 
elop tools for the management of stream fish populations, and study the performance of an adapt 
ations, and study the performance of an adaptive management of stream fish populations in close 
erformance of an adaptive management of stream fish populations in close collaboration with man 
nce of an adaptive management of stream fish populations in close collaboration with managers f 
15332 4 utflow tract is strongly related to the development of the lungs and, in particular, with the d 
 the lungs and, in particular, with the development of the laryngotracheal groove and the forma 
he project might throw new light on the assessment of morphogenetic processes that operate in t 
hogenetic processes that operate in the development of outflow tract of the vertebrate heart in 
13817 9                in this study i focus on genetic diversity on frog population in the gulf of bot 
e declining and are protected by law in sweden, 2 the coast along the bothnian bay has a unique 
national perspective, 3 knowledge about genetic diversity within and among population is import 
d among population is important for the conservation and management of populations. i will exam 
n is important for the conservation and management of populations. i will examine the relations 
he genetics of phenotypic plasticity in life history in the frog population by testing a recent 
the frog population by testing a recent model on the evolution of phenotypic plasticity. phenot 
lation by testing a recent model on the evolution of phenotypic plasticity. phenotypic plastici 
henotypes in response to changes in the environment. information on phenotypic plasticity is im 
11120 1  their immunological response, parasite-resistance, health, behaviour, reproduction and surviva 
14668 2 e shoulder girdle and the wing bones of birds, the human tibia, and the baculum of capromid rod 
idea is to load the furcula in order to model its spring behaviour during flight that has been  
10435 1 e had limited success in explaining the distribution of subordinate reproduction within or acro 
9952 5 hysiological mechanisms controlling the distribution of reproduction among females and the degr 
of central importance in explaining the evolution of cooperation, the reproductive strategies o 
ctive strategies of individuals and the population dynamics of cooperative breeders. however, a 
of considerable research in behavioural ecology for more than twenty years, it has not yet been 
ot yet been possible to account for the distribution of subordinate breeding either between or  
15514 14                                         environmental change across a wide range of temporal an 
ive under these circumstances are local adaptation and/or migration. current and future species 
rcumstances are local adaptation and/or migration. current and future species responses to pred 
-wide patterns and interactions between environmental change, demography and evolution taking p 
en environmental change, demography and evolution taking place in the past is essential for dev 
past is essential for developing future management strategies. species from the mediterranean b 
management strategies. species from the mediterranean basin, inhabiting highly heterogeneous en 
neous environments, are particularly at risk because of the predicted increase in aridity and r 
redicted increase in aridity and recent land-use change in this area. it is thus of great inter 
est to assess the adaptive potential of mediterranean species. in this project, we focus more s 
 project, we focus more specifically on forest trees as they are ecologically dominant in many  
 they are ecologically dominant in many ecosystems and, at the same time, many of them are also 
ng and genotyping techniques underlying adaptation in an important group of forest trees.  
ing adaptation in an important group of forest trees.  
15515 14                                         environmental change across a wide range of temporal an 
ive under these circumstances are local adaptation and/or migration. current and future species 
rcumstances are local adaptation and/or migration. current and future species responses to pred 
-wide patterns and interactions between environmental change, demography and evolution taking p 
en environmental change, demography and evolution taking place in the past is essential for dev 
past is essential for developing future management strategies. species from the mediterranean b 
management strategies. species from the mediterranean basin, inhabiting highly heterogeneous en 
neous environments, are particularly at risk because of the predicted increase in aridity and r 
redicted increase in aridity and recent land-use change in this area. it is thus of great inter 
est to assess the adaptive potential of mediterranean species. in this project, we focus more s 
 project, we focus more specifically on forest trees as they are ecologically dominant in many  
 they are ecologically dominant in many ecosystems and, at the same time, many of them are also 
ng and genotyping techniques underlying adaptation in an important group of forest trees.  
ing adaptation in an important group of forest trees.  
11615 3 ts marked genetic structuring and local adaptation to headwaters. here we plan to examine how m 
d ecologically significant quantitative traits. specifically, we will: examine the role of dete 
ifferences with variation in phenotypic traits using a matrix correspondence analysis.  
10753 8 world s upper ocean supersaturated with methane we know that it is, but do not understand why.  
y. evidence shows that a portion of the methane comes from in situ production in oxygenated wat 
rtion of the methane comes from in situ production in oxygenated waters, however that seems to  
 phenomenon has been termed the oceanic methane paradox . if, however, there were anaerobic mic 
ld occur within them. we now think that marine zooplankton, their excreted faecal material and  
r within them. we now think that marine zooplankton, their excreted faecal material and other s 
erstanding of their location using card-fish and confocal microscopy. by combining these areas  
y we hope to start to unravel the ocean methane paradox.  
9871 8 world s upper ocean supersaturated with methane we know that it is, but do not understand why.  
y. evidence shows that a portion of the methane comes from in situ production in oxygenated wat 
rtion of the methane comes from in situ production in oxygenated waters, however that seems to  
 phenomenon has been termed the oceanic methane paradox . if, however, there were anaerobic mic 
ld occur within them. we now think that marine zooplankton, their excreted faecal material and  
r within them. we now think that marine zooplankton, their excreted faecal material and other s 
erstanding of their location using card-fish and confocal microscopy. by combining these areas  
y we hope to start to unravel the ocean methane paradox.  
11737 5 d be important for the retention and/or dispersal of krill larvae and other passive drifting pa 
 they come up to the surface, measuring temperature and salinity as they go, and telemeter thei 
 the surface, measuring temperature and salinity as they go, and telemeter their location and t 
and antarctic slope front. a section of temperature and salinity across these flows will indica 
ope front. a section of temperature and salinity across these flows will indicate their locatio 
12063 3  the 21st century will be to ensure the conservation of marine biodiversity and their services  
y will be to ensure the conservation of marine biodiversity and their services and, at the same 
be to ensure the conservation of marine biodiversity and their services and, at the same time,  
1944 10 ay play a role in developing a national policy strategy on agro- biodiversity. from the chain/n 
ing a national policy strategy on agro- biodiversity. from the chain/network perspective this p 
 for strengthening the position of agro-biodiversity in the food-supply-chain. on the basis of  
o deliver an input to an optimal mix of policy instruments in a national policy strategy on agr 
mix of policy instruments in a national policy strategy on agro- biodiversity. this research pr 
 in a national policy strategy on agro- biodiversity. this research project is directed towards 
tive and juridical implications of agro-biodiversity. in this project two oios work together on 
sense. the oio with a specialization in policy sciences maps the institutional interdependencie 
hain and analyses the opportunities for governance as far as institutional aspects are involved 
ecially focuses on interactive forms of governance and plays a crucial role in stakeholder anal 
14367 15  with detailed spatial explicit data on forest vitality, species composition and stand diversit 
atial explicit data on forest vitality, species composition and stand diversity based on airbor 
vitality, species composition and stand diversity based on airborne hyperspectral and lidar dat 
ity based on airborne hyperspectral and lidar data. the complex nature of hyperspectral data se 
perspectral and lidar data. the complex nature of hyperspectral data sets urge producers to set 
aracter of terrestrial targets, such as forests which have pronounced vegetation structures, ar 
, such as forests which have pronounced vegetation structures, are affecting the captured hyper 
gery pre-processing chain , - to derive forest vitality, species composition, and stand diversi 
ng chain , - to derive forest vitality, species composition, and stand diversity from remote se 
itality, species composition, and stand diversity from remote sensing data. - a successful airb 
s composition, and stand diversity from remote sensing data. - a successful airborne flight cam 
r scanning with high quality imagery. - optimization the structure of the hyperspectral imagery 
vity to errors in the input data. - the evaluation of the cost-benefit of combining airborne hy 
borne hyperspectral with laser scanning remote sensing data for deriving forest thematic output 
anning remote sensing data for deriving forest thematic output. ------------------------------- 
13608 23 he impact and significance of molecular-scale processes, such as biochemically induced weatheri 
uced weathering caused by exudates from bacteria-fungi-tree interactions, on macro-scale proces 
hering caused by exudates from bacteria-fungi-tree interactions, on macro-scale processes, such 
teria-fungi-tree interactions, on macro-scale processes, such as nutrient cycling in forest soi 
ions, on macro-scale processes, such as nutrient cycling in forest soils and tree growth. bacte 
 processes, such as nutrient cycling in forest soils and tree growth. bacteria that enhance myc 
ses, such as nutrient cycling in forest soils and tree growth. bacteria that enhance mycorrhiza 
trient cycling in forest soils and tree growth. bacteria that enhance mycorrhiza formation and  
ycling in forest soils and tree growth. bacteria that enhance mycorrhiza formation and protect  
s are commonly called mycorrhiza helper bacteria . the selection criteria of the bacterial stra 
ude their ability to mobilize important nutrients from solution and minerals, promote mycorrhiz 
promote mycorrhizae formation and plant growth, and produce extraordinarily strong complex form 
 promote mineral dissolution as part of bacteria-fungi-tree symbiosis. an increased knowledge r 
mineral dissolution as part of bacteria-fungi-tree symbiosis. an increased knowledge regarding  
solution as part of bacteria-fungi-tree symbiosis. an increased knowledge regarding the product 
s. an increased knowledge regarding the production of important ligands from mhb-fungi-tree int 
roduction of important ligands from mhb-fungi-tree interactions, as well as this interactions e 
 as well as this interactions effect on nutrient cycling in forest soils, will lead to increase 
eractions effect on nutrient cycling in forest soils, will lead to increased knowledge concerni 
ns effect on nutrient cycling in forest soils, will lead to increased knowledge concerning how  
t sustainable, environmentally-friendly forest-ecosystem development.  
inable, environmentally-friendly forest-ecosystem development.  
vironmentally-friendly forest-ecosystem development.  
15303 1 hanges occurred during the craniofacial development, at intraspecific level, which may generate 
15152 2 ndings are multiple, among are included fishing nets, military exercises, ship collisions and i 
ibute, likewise, new information on the taxonomy and molecular characterization of the isolates 
13979 18      traditionally, recommendations for wildlife population management have neglected the econo 
recommendations for wildlife population management have neglected the economic costs of managem 
nt have neglected the economic costs of management, and have thus risked wasting management res 
anagement, and have thus risked wasting management resources. recent advances in decision theor 
s in decision theory for application to conservation allow for the explicit inclusion of costs  
ng optimal strategies to reach specific management objectives. the white-backed woodpecker, a h 
backed woodpecker, a highly specialised forest species, is critically endangered in sweden. as  
st species, is critically endangered in sweden. as part of a broad attempt to improve the statu 
ods to identify the most cost-effective management strategies that meet the woodpecker action p 
ns objectives. we will also examine the vulnerability of these recommendations to uncertainty a 
lnerability of these recommendations to uncertainty around model assumptions. this project will 
e recommendations to uncertainty around model assumptions. this project will determine the best 
king into account woodpecker population ecology, habitat requirements, environmental variabilit 
 account woodpecker population ecology, habitat requirements, environmental variability and unc 
irements, environmental variability and uncertainty. furthermore our approach and its applicati 
 case-study for application to regional endangered species management, with potentially great s 
lication to regional endangered species management, with potentially great strategic impact on  
h potentially great strategic impact on biodiversity conservation in general.  
7451 15 ing at sea during their oceanic feeding migration. the specific reasons for the decline in this 
nt species are as yet unknown, however, climate change is likely to be an important factor. in  
kely to be an important factor. in some rivers in the southern part of the salmons range, wild  
the salmons range, wild salmon now face extinction. this is in spite of unprecedented managemen 
tion. this is in spite of unprecedented management measures to halt this decline. arguably the  
guably the greatest challenge in salmon conservation is to gain insight into the spatial and ec 
o the spatial and ecological use of the marine environment by different regional and river stoc 
patial and ecological use of the marine environment by different regional and river stocks, whi 
s, which are known to show variation in marine growth, condition, and survival. salmon populati 
h are known to show variation in marine growth, condition, and survival. salmon populations may 
on populations may migrate to different marine zones, whose environmental conditions may vary.  
 advancing our understanding of oceanic-scale, ecological and ecosystem processes. such knowled 
anding of oceanic-scale, ecological and ecosystem processes. such knowledge is fundamental to t 
s fundamental to the future sustainable management of this key marine species.  
ture sustainable management of this key marine species.  
13362 1  the material will be evaluated as free pollination and hybrid variety or lines.  
6843 28                  subject / introduction soil biodiversity is an intriguing facet of global biod 
ersity is an intriguing facet of global biodiversity. it is a really possibility that in the ne 
 from 19% to 25%. the importance of the afforestation it is that the biodiversity in the forest 
nce of the afforestation it is that the biodiversity in the forest–soil is always higher than i 
tion it is that the biodiversity in the forest–soil is always higher than in arable fields. maj 
 is that the biodiversity in the forest–soil is always higher than in arable fields. major func 
n arable fields. major functions in the ecosystem forest such as productions, nutrient recyclin 
ields. major functions in the ecosystem forest such as productions, nutrient recycling are cont 
ng are controlled by the rates at which nutrients are released by decomposition in the soil and 
ates at which nutrients are released by decomposition in the soil and litter horizont. the deco 
ts are released by decomposition in the soil and litter horizont. the decomposition process dri 
on in the soil and litter horizont. the decomposition process drives complex food webs with the 
he decomposition process drives complex food webs with the soil fauna. collembola are ubiquitou 
ocess drives complex food webs with the soil fauna. collembola are ubiquitous members of the so 
ollembola are ubiquitous members of the soil fauna, often reaching abundances on 100.000 or mor 
are meter. their major diet is decaying vegetation and associated microbes. knowledge of long–t 
robes. knowledge of long–term trends of forest biodiversity is important to evaluate the impact 
knowledge of long–term trends of forest biodiversity is important to evaluate the impact of her 
the impact of here practiced methods of forest management on biodiversity. site description: th 
acticed methods of forest management on biodiversity. site description: the study fields are si 
 nw–hungary and in the hungarian–plain. soil samples will be taken from afforested monotonous a 
rested monotonous and mixed pine cultur-forests, poplar, oak and locust forests as well as from 
 cultur-forests, poplar, oak and locust forests as well as from native or native-like deciduous 
as from native or native-like deciduous forests, in order to compare their collembola diversity 
s, in order to compare their collembola diversity with the grassland’s and arable fields’ fauna 
are their collembola diversity with the grassland’s and arable fields’ fauna. sampling methods  
 arable fields’ fauna. sampling methods soil cores – 100 cm3 – will be removed from randomly se 
iametered steel corer will be used. the soil cores will be wrapped in plastic film for their sa 
10688 3 luences on the pattern of senescence in birds. we plan to experimentally uncouple chronological 
 by nutritional conditions during early development. we will combine the organismal fitness mea 
he latter include measures of oxidative stress.  
10443 7 mental role in the social structure and population dynamics of animals. while data from a range 
llows us to explore the consequences of life history responses to temporal changes in the envir 
ry responses to temporal changes in the environment in a population dynamics context. as a resu 
emporal changes in the environment in a population dynamics context. as a result, our research  
arch will provide general insights into life history and aging theory, an understanding of how  
ow individual life histories respond to environmental change, and a theoretical framework for l 
or linking individual life histories to population dynamics.  
10177 4 . they are probably associated with new irrigation technology. it has never before been possibl 
ill allow us to test the chronology and nature of the change. this has major implications for t 
s major implications for the history of agriculture in africa and the indian ocean. a small app 
tions for the history of agriculture in africa and the indian ocean. a small application to stu 
7051 22                              changes in agroecosystem management affect the natural control of  
               changes in agroecosystem management affect the natural control of pests. the eff 
 effects of agricultural change on this ecosystem service, however, are not universal and the m 
ffecting it remain to be understood. as biological control is effectively the product of networ 
of interactions between pests and their natural enemies, food web analysis provides a versatile 
etween pests and their natural enemies, food web analysis provides a versatile tool to address  
oposed project will utilize a molecular food web approach and examine, for the first time, how  
 how changes in plant fertilisation and landscape complexity affect quantitative aphid-parasito 
es in plant fertilisation and landscape complexity affect quantitative aphid-parasitoid-hyperpa 
pe complexity affect quantitative aphid-parasitoid-hyperparasitoid food webs on a species-speci 
tative aphid-parasitoid-hyperparasitoid food webs on a species-specific level to unravel how ch 
pecific level to unravel how changes in food web interactions affect parasitoid aphid control.  
changes in food web interactions affect parasitoid aphid control. based on the fieldderived dat 
riments will be conducted to assess how parasitoid diversity and identity affect parasitoid int 
l be conducted to assess how parasitoid diversity and identity affect parasitoid interactions a 
arasitoid diversity and identity affect parasitoid interactions and pest control, complementing 
tity affect parasitoid interactions and pest control, complementing the field results. the work 
ork proposed here will take research on parasitoid aphid control one step further, as it will p 
de a clearer understanding of how plant fertilization affects whole aphid-parasitoid food webs  
plant fertilization affects whole aphid-parasitoid food webs in both simple and complex landsca 
lization affects whole aphid-parasitoid food webs in both simple and complex landscapes, allowi 
ing for further improvements in natural pest control.  
13726 1 o: and highlights the need to include a landscape perspective when such strategies are outlined 
11821 14                                         agriculture is thought to have begun about 10 000 years 
 the east of anatolia. the beginning of agriculture was one of the most important events in the 
oke free from the limits imposed by the environment and learnt how to shape the environment to  
environment and learnt how to shape the environment to their own ends. agriculture also had far 
hape the environment to their own ends. agriculture also had far reaching effects on human soci 
n society, the improved methods of food production eventually resulting in rapid population gro 
ventually resulting in rapid population growth and the development of complex civilisations suc 
ting in rapid population growth and the development of complex civilisations such as those of c 
 devoted to understanding the origin of agriculture but many questions remain unanswered. one o 
he transition from hunting-gathering to agriculture was a rapid or a gradual process. when we c 
id transition from hunting-gathering to agriculture therefore implies that our ancestors played 
 conscious role in the establishment of agriculture, with the transition possibly being driven  
stors, leaves open the possibility that agriculture arose as a natural consequence of the socia 
 to the cultivated plants, and what the nature of the relationship is in each case.  
7436 4 assess fococa 1. the functionality of a habitat with two biomarkers: vipera berus and the crick 
 genetic analysis, understanding of the genetic diversity of elements of the population, their  
t should lead to the establishment of a monitoring long- term population. the project has co-fi 
etic analysis, scientific equipment and valuation fees and training  
10639 18  calling for geo-engineering methods of carbon capture and sequestration . it brings together c 
ed insights into the effectiveness of a land-use advocated as a climate change mitigation strat 
ectiveness of a land-use advocated as a climate change mitigation strategy. the project will sh 
 land-use advocated as a climate change mitigation strategy. the project will show if biochar s 
ategy. the project will show if biochar soil treatment of uk soils is likely to lead to success 
ll show if biochar soil treatment of uk soils is likely to lead to successful carbon sequestrat 
k soils is likely to lead to successful carbon sequestration and the consequences for the stabi 
uestration and the consequences for the stability of soil communities and the functions they un 
d the consequences for the stability of soil communities and the functions they underpin. this  
e society to respond urgently to global climate change by providing timely evidence-based recom 
imely evidence-based recommendations to policy makers charged with climate change adaptation an 
endations to policy makers charged with climate change adaptation and mitigation. moreover this 
rged with climate change adaptation and mitigation. moreover this work will contribute to the n 
r this work will contribute to the nerc biodiversity theme to understand the role of biodiversi 
versity theme to understand the role of biodiversity in key ecosystem processes by studying the 
erstand the role of biodiversity in key ecosystem processes by studying the response of soil bi 
m processes by studying the response of soil biodiversity to a perturbation - addition of bioch 
onsequences for the cycling of chemical nutrients.  
7430 5  of techniques that allow a less greedy production in petroleum products. this thinking led in  
veral purposes: reservoir of beneficial insects, windbreak effect, enhancement of the landscape 
s, windbreak effect, enhancement of the landscape... without compromising yields and quality of 
lan to continue our actions in favor of biodiversity which results will be measured through nat 
sting boxes for sparrows, improving our pesticide reduction techniques  
7190 9 pean parliament and the grenelle of the environment in 2007. the inclusion of this new social i 
f the environmental dimension of french agriculture. agriculture will have to adapt quickly to  
mental dimension of french agriculture. agriculture will have to adapt quickly to ensure its su 
ill have to adapt quickly to ensure its sustainability, ie enhance the functionality of agro-ec 
bility, ie enhance the functionality of agro-ecosystems while maintaining adequate production l 
o-ecosystems while maintaining adequate production levels and ensuring the economic viability o 
ic viability of farms. in this context, weeds diverse biological characteristics of weed specie 
contribute to the current debate on the evolution towards a productive and sustainable agricult 
 the evolution towards a productive and sustainable agriculture  
7417 15 specialization of agricultural systems, agroforestry - combination of trees and crops on the sa 
innovative tool for the preservation of biodiversity and reintegration. it is part of a product 
gration. it is part of a productive and sustainable agriculture. cereals, particularly wheat, a 
eals, particularly wheat, are ideal for agroforestry systems. the overall productivity of land  
l for agroforestry systems. the overall productivity of land and grain quality are improved. pl 
of land and grain quality are improved. plant diversity introduced into the cultured medium, th 
 cultured medium, through the trees and vegetation of the uncultivated strip, is it purveyor of 
of resources and interests habitats for biodiversity relevant to the field and environmental pr 
 the syrphid communities, diptera aphid natural enemies of aphids and pollinators, linked to th 
era aphid natural enemies of aphids and pollinators, linked to the type of grass cover on the s 
oject is done in partnership with three agroforestry grain of the hérault. research and develop 
stry grain of the hérault. research and development partners ensure a participatory and collabo 
osals for concrete improvements for the development of biodiversity within agroforestry plots c 
ete improvements for the development of biodiversity within agroforestry plots cereal  
 the development of biodiversity within agroforestry plots cereal  
7111 12 ons: 1 / there are interactions between landscape structure and production and maintenance prac 
actions between landscape structure and production and maintenance practices; 2 / the ability o 
s; 2 / the ability of farmers to manage biodiversity depends, in large part, to their type of p 
epends, in large part, to their type of production system and the configuration of their operat 
territory, with a limited investment in mapping and analysis of the flora in the second site. t 
hose dynamics is controlled by both the landscape structures and dynamics of land uses and mana 
tructures and dynamics of land uses and management of field margins. in perspective, we conside 
argins. in perspective, we consider the development of diagnostic methods for environmental man 
e development of diagnostic methods for environmental management. for this we have developed bi 
 management. for this we have developed biodiversity assessment methods of field margins using  
for this we have developed biodiversity assessment methods of field margins using indicators  
sessment methods of field margins using indicators  
7413 9 reenway proposed by the grenelle of the environment, to regain biodiversity champenoise plain c 
 grenelle of the environment, to regain biodiversity champenoise plain cereal. it is based on t 
d of plant species adapted to the local biodiversity on the plot of various grain farms to comp 
of various grain farms to compare their impacts in different contexts agronomic. the presence o 
gronomic. the presence of reservoirs of biodiversity areas near these farms is also taken into  
 reliable results and recognized by all stakeholders, environmentalists associations are associ 
 by the 2 parts. the civam of the oasis agriculture and rural development association hopes to  
 the civam of the oasis agriculture and rural development association hopes to allow crossing o 
ow crossing of the various interests in biodiversity in order to promote the emergence of techn 
7703 24 y the mechanisms of interaction between nitrogen metabolism and plant defense mechanisms, choos 
hanisms of interaction between nitrogen metabolism and plant defense mechanisms, choosing the m 
 plant defense mechanisms, choosing the model plant for cereals, rice, wheat base with the gree 
eat base with the green revolution, and model fungus magnaporthe grisea agent most important di 
magnaporthe grisea agent most important disease rice blast. acquire new knowledge of the intera 
cessary for a sustainable and effective resistance management. this interaction will be studied 
 a sustainable and effective resistance management. this interaction will be studied under cont 
enes for expression studies involved in nitrogen metabolism and those involved in the defense m 
expression studies involved in nitrogen metabolism and those involved in the defense mechanisms 
he field, modulation of the dynamics of nitrogen metabolism will be obtained by different cultu 
 modulation of the dynamics of nitrogen metabolism will be obtained by different culture system 
r with conventional tillage and mineral fertilization or with seeding on plant cover and organi 
with seeding on plant cover and organic fertilization and or mineral. yield components and dise 
d organic fertilization and or mineral. yield components and disease will be studied in these s 
on and or mineral. yield components and disease will be studied in these systems. the dynamics  
udied in these systems. the dynamics of nitrogen metabolism will be measured globally by conven 
these systems. the dynamics of nitrogen metabolism will be measured globally by conventional ch 
echanisms that modify the expression of resistance in the field. furthermore analysis of geneti 
e in the field. furthermore analysis of genetic diversity and the work of genetic expression of 
d the work of genetic expression of the resistance will reinforce knowledge about the mechanism 
 provide useful markers for the further development of varietal improvement for these ecologica 
rietal improvement for these ecological intensification systems. we propose to measure the effe 
se to measure the effects of ecological intensification systems that are the direct seeding on  
ing on plant cover on the expression of resistance to rice m. grisea and identify the mechanism 
523 10 ance; 2/ the farmers' ability to manage biodiversity depends, for a major part, on the producti 
rsity depends, for a major part, on the production system and the landscape configuration of th 
 part, on the production system and the landscape configuration of their farm , focusing primar 
e grove: ecological system in which the growth is controlled both by landscape structures and b 
 which the growth is controlled both by landscape structures and by the dynamics of land use an 
scape structures and by the dynamics of land use and the management of field borders. as a futu 
and by the dynamics of land use and the management of field borders. as a futur prospect, we co 
der establishing methods for ecological management diagnosis. for this purpose, we have develop 
se, we have developed methods, based on indicators, to assess the biodiversity of field borders 
ods, based on indicators, to assess the biodiversity of field borders.  
13310 18 better understanding of terrestrial and freshwater biodiversity and ecosystem functioning alarm 
rstanding of terrestrial and freshwater biodiversity and ecosystem functioning alarm will devel 
 and test methods and protocols for the assessment of large-scale environmental risks in order  
d protocols for the assessment of large-scale environmental risks in order to minimise negative 
o minimise negative direct and indirect human impacts. research will focus on assessment and fo 
t human impacts. research will focus on assessment and forecast of changes in biodiversity and  
n assessment and forecast of changes in biodiversity and in structure, function, and dynamics o 
anges in biodiversity and in structure, function, and dynamics of ecosystems. this relates to e 
in structure, function, and dynamics of ecosystems. this relates to ecosystem services and incl 
dynamics of ecosystems. this relates to ecosystem services and includes the relationship betwee 
lationship between society, economy and biodiversity. in particular, risks arising from climate 
sity. in particular, risks arising from climate change, environmental chemicals, biological inv 
limate change, environmental chemicals, biological invasions and pollinator loss in the context 
tal chemicals, biological invasions and pollinator loss in the context of current and future eu 
 context of current and future european land use patterns will be assessed. there is an increas 
ental risks subsequent to each of these impacts. this yields an improved understanding on how t 
d to deal with such aspects of combined impacts and their consequences. risk assessments in ala 
ombined impacts and their consequences. risk assessments in alarm will be hierarchical and exam 
15187 21     this project will study the benthic marine algae from sand-rocky habitats along the atlanti 
s project will study the benthic marine algae from sand-rocky habitats along the atlantic and c 
y habitats have a great interest in the marine biodiversity conservation, since they have a hig 
ats have a great interest in the marine biodiversity conservation, since they have a high speci 
ty conservation, since they have a high species richness, contain several endemic species and o 
ed as bioindicators of the increases of sedimentation rates in disturbed environments. the sedi 
on rates in disturbed environments. the sedimentation influences the structure of benthic marin 
ion influences the structure of benthic marine assemblages from rocky shores. its effects cause 
ects cause the increase of turf-forming algae at the expense of canopy-forming seaweeds. some w 
works have studied the algal turfs from coral reefs and subtidal habitats with high sedimentati 
l reefs and subtidal habitats with high sedimentation rates related with human activities. neve 
rfs from sand-rocky habitats, where the sedimentation is naturally high. the present project en 
ic characterization of algal turfs from intertidal sand-rocky habitats along the atlantic and c 
pnea sp. y pterocladiella melanoidea; b assessment of the sedimentation effects on the structur 
adiella melanoidea; b assessment of the sedimentation effects on the structure of benthic marin 
ion effects on the structure of benthic marine assemblages from intertidal rocky shores; c stud 
ture of benthic marine assemblages from intertidal rocky shores; c study of the spatial variabi 
intertidal rocky shores; c study of the spatial variability of the algal turfs composition; d s 
d study of the relationship between the species composition of algal trufs, the sediment granul 
species composition of algal trufs, the sediment granulometry and the wave exposure. samplings  
e. samplings will be carried out at the intertidal of representative sites from four coastal se 
13593 19                                         biological invasions are a major component of the ongoi 
s. in this project, we will explore the trophic interactions between three introduced seaweed s 
he importance of these interactions for invasion success and on the effects of invading species 
d on the effects of invading species on ecosystem processes. firstly, we will test the hypothes 
urces to defence and relatively less to growth compared to plants from the native range, by gro 
arden experiment. secondly, we will use mesocosm experiments and coupled field experiments to e 
 of such a difference for two important ecosystem processes: community-level primary production 
 for two important ecosystem processes: community-level primary production and the transfer of  
nt ecosystem processes: community-level primary production and the transfer of energy to the ne 
 primary production and the transfer of energy to the next trophic level. since invasions often 
ns often result in an increase in local biodiversity, the experiments are constructed to test a 
t also the more general hypothesis that community diversity affects production and consumption. 
 more general hypothesis that community diversity affects production and consumption. we expect 
thesis that community diversity affects production and consumption. we expect that the project  
that the project will contribute to the development of tools for predicting invasion success an 
the development of tools for predicting invasion success and ecosystem effects of invasions, ap 
ols for predicting invasion success and ecosystem effects of invasions, apart from elucidating  
cidating the effect of three introduced macroalgae on the swedish coastal ecosystem.  
duced macroalgae on the swedish coastal ecosystem.  
11101 2 international agreement to minimise the impacts of alien of otoliths of pikeperch we aim to obt 
e intrusions that have occurred in wild fish.  
2522 5                        introductions of alien species been recognized globally as a major threa 
ecognized globally as a major threat to biological diversity. the invasive pacific oyster ident 
ction routes, establishment, population development of pacific oyster and its effects on native 
lp natural resource managers to develop monitoring and action plans for this invasive species.  
op monitoring and action plans for this invasive species.  
14416 9                                   alien arthropods impose enormous costs on agriculture, forest 
ien arthropods impose enormous costs on agriculture, forestry and human health. nowadays they a 
s impose enormous costs on agriculture, forestry and human health. nowadays they are recognized 
gnized as one of the leading threats to biodiversity. there are still clear and important gaps  
our knowledge of their effect on native biodiversity and ecosystems. two main factors suggestin 
their effect on native biodiversity and ecosystems. two main factors suggesting that bulgarian  
 main factors suggesting that bulgarian biodiversity is increasingly threatened by the introduc 
threatened by the introduction of alien arthropods: long term study on effect of h. axiridis on 
ll produce validated data base of alien arthropods of bulgaria published in internet. it will a 
12016 15 ng acknowledgement of the importance of biological invasion in current biodiversity loss, inter 
tance of biological invasion in current biodiversity loss, international research has recently  
erienced a new impetus, both in applied ecology and in the search for fundamental ecological pr 
cesses involved in invasions of insular ecosystems. the biodiversity and the threats upon it ar 
in invasions of insular ecosystems. the biodiversity and the threats upon it are not even well  
research groups from different research institutions, similar approaches and complementary expe 
xt. we have studied the impact of alien invasive species in invaded communities, taking the rat 
nvaded communities, taking the rat as a model species in 7 french island groups. by simultaneou 
 and more complete understanding of the complexity of the impacts of invasive species when intr 
 understanding of the complexity of the impacts of invasive species when introduced to or remov 
ing of the complexity of the impacts of invasive species when introduced to or removed from isl 
en introduced to or removed from island ecosystems. apart from its scientific outputs, this pro 
entist, ngos, land managers and various stakeholders involved in island biodiversity management 
various stakeholders involved in island biodiversity management and invasive control. consequen 
holders involved in island biodiversity management and invasive control. consequently, some new 
13743 18                                         biological invasions are among the greatest threats to  
sions are among the greatest threats to biodiversity today. studies have shown that alien plant 
hat alien plants can replace natives by competition for space and nutrients. however, although  
ce natives by competition for space and nutrients. however, although pollination is vital for r 
 space and nutrients. however, although pollination is vital for reproductive success in about  
blished between alien plants and native pollinators. first, a complete pollination network will 
d native pollinators. first, a complete pollination network will be mapped in a habitat that ha 
pollination network will be mapped in a habitat that harbours a large amount of alien plant spe 
en plants integrate into a native plant pollination network. knowledge about the centrality of  
ons occupied, interaction strengths and abundance of the alien plants will allow estimations of 
iment will be performed to estimate how pollinator visitation, seed set and seed size is affect 
pecies when it grows in the vicinity of alien species. the species used in the experiment will  
riment will be a subset from the mapped pollination network. to study the ability of invasive s 
nation network. to study the ability of invasive species to establish facilitative interactions 
 facilitative interactions in their new environment is of importance for our understanding of b 
 of importance for our understanding of biological invasions. furthermore, to be able to predic 
to predict the effect of alien plant on pollination interactions whole pollination networks has 
plant on pollination interactions whole pollination networks has to be studied.  
7574 9 ve is to conduct an analysis of allelic diversity of genes involved in resistance to rice yello 
 allelic diversity of genes involved in resistance to rice yellow mottle virus and evaluate rel 
e virus and evaluate relations with the resistance to well-characterized strains of rymv. two f 
lain the very high strength and partial resistance, will be given priority. allelic sequencing  
 variety of representative varieties of diversity among the cultivated rice and some wild relat 
ild relatives. characterization of this diversity will be conducted in conjunction with the res 
ll be conducted in conjunction with the resistance level evaluated against a range of viral iso 
 against a range of viral isolates. the stability of certain sources of resistance and the adap 
es. the stability of certain sources of resistance and the adaptability of the virus will then  
10823 4 e diving behaviour of all air-breathing marine animals. we will investigate how size-related di 
of juvenile sea turtles revealing their migration patterns and habitat utilisation and identify 
 revealing their migration patterns and habitat utilisation and identifying hotspots where inte 
ifying hotspots where interactions with fisheries are likely to be most acute.  
14103 7                                   alvar forests grow, besides estonia, in all northern europe o 
 grow, besides estonia, in all northern europe only in the south-eastern part of sweden; theref 
urope only in the south-eastern part of sweden; therefore they must be interpreted and treated  
ponsibility communities in all-european scale, having a great importance for preserving biodive 
aving a great importance for preserving biodiversity. the same is valid about boreo-nemoral dec 
 is valid about boreo-nemoral deciduous forests growing in estonia almost on the northern limit 
a almost on the northern limit of their distribution area. the main aims of the project are: ha 
13311 2              this network of excellence model. this framework will ensure that research contrib 
nding of the inter-relationship between biodiversity and the services it provides to society, a 
14510 1 is to produce heterogeneous seeds. this heterogeneity can affect not only colour, size, and sha 
12355 3 se - why is the r&d needed the food and environment protection act of defra and samples for ana 
vided to cefas who provide a scientific assessment of the license application. mceu wish to est 
ies who could carry out the analysis of marine samples for the required chemicals, provide sati 
12709 17 dentify opportunities for coupling semi-habitat restoration with recreation and tourism. biodiv 
opportunities for coupling semi-habitat restoration with recreation and tourism. biodiversity r 
 coupling semi-habitat restoration with recreation and tourism. biodiversity restoration is typ 
habitat restoration with recreation and tourism. biodiversity restoration is typically tied to  
estoration with recreation and tourism. biodiversity restoration is typically tied to tradition 
th recreation and tourism. biodiversity restoration is typically tied to traditional land use a 
ration is typically tied to traditional land use and particularly to farming and forestry. the  
and use and particularly to farming and forestry. the uk government makes significant investmen 
rnment makes significant investments in habitat restoration through farming schemes, which are  
akes significant investments in habitat restoration through farming schemes, which are by their 
ugh farming schemes, which are by their nature, short-term and dispersed. larger, longer-term r 
term and dispersed. larger, longer-term restoration is more secure in the face of the changing  
more secure in the face of the changing climate. studies of re-wilding, for, have generally ide 
ed limited opportunities in the managed landscape of the uk. however, managed landscapes of hig 
uk. however, managed landscapes of high nature value, such as the new forest or norfolk broads  
s of high nature value, such as the new forest or norfolk broads generate significant business  
ficant business opportunities linked to tourism  
11067 13                                         climate has often been identified as the main determina 
 main determinant of species ranges, so climate change is expected to cause changes in species  
butions. recent research has identified climate-induced shifts in the altitudinal and latitudin 
ifts in the altitudinal and latitudinal distribution of a variety of taxa; however the interact 
mask latitudinal shifts by delaying the extinction of species at a regional scale. although spe 
the extinction of species at a regional scale. although species are likely to respond individua 
s are likely to respond individually to climate change, the overall consequences of these chang 
these changes will determine changes to biodiversity as a whole. thus, exploring the interactio 
derstanding of the potential effects of climate change on regional and global biodiversity. thi 
f climate change on regional and global biodiversity. this project will investigate altitudinal 
regions along a latitudinal transect in europe, where previous data are available from 14 to 26 
s would be expected given the amount of warming that has taken place, and whether these changes 
cies shifts for both local and regional species richness.  
9965 13                                         climate has often been identified as the main determina 
 main determinant of species ranges, so climate change is expected to cause changes in species  
butions. recent research has identified climate-induced shifts in the altitudinal and latitudin 
ifts in the altitudinal and latitudinal distribution of a variety of taxa; however the interact 
mask latitudinal shifts by delaying the extinction of species at a regional scale. although spe 
the extinction of species at a regional scale. although species are likely to respond individua 
s are likely to respond individually to climate change, the overall consequences of these chang 
these changes will determine changes to biodiversity as a whole. thus, exploring the interactio 
derstanding of the potential effects of climate change on regional and global biodiversity. thi 
f climate change on regional and global biodiversity. this project will investigate altitudinal 
regions along a latitudinal transect in europe, where previous data are available from 14 to 26 
s would be expected given the amount of warming that has taken place, and whether these changes 
cies shifts for both local and regional species richness.  
12037 36                                         biodiversity of amazonian landscapes. socio economic de 
scapes. socio economic determinants and production of ecosystem goods and services. in the amaz 
economic determinants and production of ecosystem goods and services. in the amazonian arc of d 
s and services. in the amazonian arc of deforestation, carefully designed legislation to preven 
refully designed legislation to prevent deforestation is inefficient. furthermore, people who l 
nt. furthermore, people who live on the mining exploitation of one of the richest natural resou 
ning exploitation of one of the richest natural resources on earth, especially familiar farmers 
to public health, education, formation, energy or transport facilities. the amaz project aimed  
correct the strongly negative impact on environment while allowing economic and social developm 
ment while allowing economic and social development. the project considered a wide range of sit 
n a set of farms representative of this diversity, we quantified socioeconomic conditions, land 
d socioeconomic conditions, landscapes, biodiversity, productions and ecosystem services provid 
ndscapes, biodiversity, productions and ecosystem services provided by soils, tested for signif 
ions and ecosystem services provided by soils, tested for significant links among them. if sign 
might identify the socioeconomic and/or landscape conditions that would make a most eco efficie 
s among social and economic conditions, landscape composition and structure, biodiversity, agro 
s, landscape composition and structure, biodiversity, agrosylvopastoral productions and ecosyst 
sity, agrosylvopastoral productions and ecosystem services, no attempt had been made so far to  
work on an interdisciplinary conceptual model and created an indicator of eco efficiency that m 
plinary conceptual model and created an indicator of eco efficiency that measures the socioecon 
l model and created an indicator of eco efficiency that measures the socioeconomic and environm 
w a given type of socieconomical and/or landscape conditions affect biodiversity, the provision 
ical and/or landscape conditions affect biodiversity, the provision of ecosystem goods and serv 
s affect biodiversity, the provision of ecosystem goods and services and calculate correspondin 
conditions, landscapes built by people, biodiversity of plants and 7 groups of terrestrial and  
 plants and 7 groups of terrestrial and soil animals. covariation among the 14 different tables 
e socioeconomic types identified manage landscape and biodiversity and the ecosystem goods and  
c types identified manage landscape and biodiversity and the ecosystem goods and services that  
nage landscape and biodiversity and the ecosystem goods and services that they provide. eco eff 
ods and services that they provide. eco efficiency indices were 4 times larger in agroforestry  
ficiency indices were 4 times larger in agroforestry based systems than in extensive livestock  
orestry based systems than in extensive livestock areas, the ones with the lowest ranking. impa 
ith the lowest ranking. impact on local economic development and environmental conservation is  
 economic development and environmental conservation is thus measured and ways to improve ecoef 
f tropical rainforest, as a way to halt deforestation and allow local development.  
y to halt deforestation and allow local development.  
10527 13                               amazonian tropical forests cover the largest forested area global 
rgest reservoir of above-ground organic carbon and are exceptionally species rich. they are und 
are under strong human pressure through logging, forest to pasture conversion and exploitation  
 strong human pressure through logging, forest to pasture conversion and exploitation of natura 
 pasture conversion and exploitation of natural resources. they face a warming climate and a ch 
ation of natural resources. they face a warming climate and a changing atmospheric environment. 
 natural resources. they face a warming climate and a changing atmospheric environment. these f 
ming climate and a changing atmospheric environment. these factors have the potential to affect 
iple constraint and mutually consistent carbon fluxes over the four-year measurement period. we 
rly constrained component of the global carbon cycle, based on a new understanding of the under 
he underlying processes and their large-scale effect. the project will also provide much improv 
oved predictions of the response of the amazon to future climate change.  
of the response of the amazon to future climate change.  
10774 13                               amazonian tropical forests cover the largest forested area global 
rgest reservoir of above-ground organic carbon and are exceptionally species rich. they are und 
are under strong human pressure through logging, forest to pasture conversion and exploitation  
 strong human pressure through logging, forest to pasture conversion and exploitation of natura 
 pasture conversion and exploitation of natural resources. they face a warming climate and a ch 
ation of natural resources. they face a warming climate and a changing atmospheric environment. 
 natural resources. they face a warming climate and a changing atmospheric environment. these f 
ming climate and a changing atmospheric environment. these factors have the potential to affect 
iple constraint and mutually consistent carbon fluxes over the four-year measurement period. we 
rly constrained component of the global carbon cycle, based on a new understanding of the under 
he underlying processes and their large-scale effect. the project will also provide much improv 
oved predictions of the response of the amazon to future climate change.  
of the response of the amazon to future climate change.  
11051 13                               amazonian tropical forests cover the largest forested area global 
rgest reservoir of above-ground organic carbon and are exceptionally species rich. they are und 
are under strong human pressure through logging, forest to pasture conversion and exploitation  
 strong human pressure through logging, forest to pasture conversion and exploitation of natura 
 pasture conversion and exploitation of natural resources. they face a warming climate and a ch 
ation of natural resources. they face a warming climate and a changing atmospheric environment. 
 natural resources. they face a warming climate and a changing atmospheric environment. these f 
ming climate and a changing atmospheric environment. these factors have the potential to affect 
iple constraint and mutually consistent carbon fluxes over the four-year measurement period. we 
rly constrained component of the global carbon cycle, based on a new understanding of the under 
he underlying processes and their large-scale effect. the project will also provide much improv 
oved predictions of the response of the amazon to future climate change.  
of the response of the amazon to future climate change.  
11574 13                               amazonian tropical forests cover the largest forested area global 
rgest reservoir of above-ground organic carbon and are exceptionally species rich. they are und 
are under strong human pressure through logging, forest to pasture conversion and exploitation  
 strong human pressure through logging, forest to pasture conversion and exploitation of natura 
 pasture conversion and exploitation of natural resources. they face a warming climate and a ch 
ation of natural resources. they face a warming climate and a changing atmospheric environment. 
 natural resources. they face a warming climate and a changing atmospheric environment. these f 
ming climate and a changing atmospheric environment. these factors have the potential to affect 
iple constraint and mutually consistent carbon fluxes over the four-year measurement period. we 
rly constrained component of the global carbon cycle, based on a new understanding of the under 
he underlying processes and their large-scale effect. the project will also provide much improv 
oved predictions of the response of the amazon to future climate change.  
of the response of the amazon to future climate change.  
11816 13                               amazonian tropical forests cover the largest forested area global 
rgest reservoir of above-ground organic carbon and are exceptionally species rich. they are und 
are under strong human pressure through logging, forest to pasture conversion and exploitation  
 strong human pressure through logging, forest to pasture conversion and exploitation of natura 
 pasture conversion and exploitation of natural resources. they face a warming climate and a ch 
ation of natural resources. they face a warming climate and a changing atmospheric environment. 
 natural resources. they face a warming climate and a changing atmospheric environment. these f 
ming climate and a changing atmospheric environment. these factors have the potential to affect 
iple constraint and mutually consistent carbon fluxes over the four-year measurement period. we 
rly constrained component of the global carbon cycle, based on a new understanding of the under 
he underlying processes and their large-scale effect. the project will also provide much improv 
oved predictions of the response of the amazon to future climate change.  
of the response of the amazon to future climate change.  
11817 13                               amazonian tropical forests cover the largest forested area global 
rgest reservoir of above-ground organic carbon and are exceptionally species rich. they are und 
are under strong human pressure through logging, forest to pasture conversion and exploitation  
 strong human pressure through logging, forest to pasture conversion and exploitation of natura 
 pasture conversion and exploitation of natural resources. they face a warming climate and a ch 
ation of natural resources. they face a warming climate and a changing atmospheric environment. 
 natural resources. they face a warming climate and a changing atmospheric environment. these f 
ming climate and a changing atmospheric environment. these factors have the potential to affect 
iple constraint and mutually consistent carbon fluxes over the four-year measurement period. we 
rly constrained component of the global carbon cycle, based on a new understanding of the under 
he underlying processes and their large-scale effect. the project will also provide much improv 
oved predictions of the response of the amazon to future climate change.  
of the response of the amazon to future climate change.  
11820 13                               amazonian tropical forests cover the largest forested area global 
rgest reservoir of above-ground organic carbon and are exceptionally species rich. they are und 
are under strong human pressure through logging, forest to pasture conversion and exploitation  
 strong human pressure through logging, forest to pasture conversion and exploitation of natura 
 pasture conversion and exploitation of natural resources. they face a warming climate and a ch 
ation of natural resources. they face a warming climate and a changing atmospheric environment. 
 natural resources. they face a warming climate and a changing atmospheric environment. these f 
ming climate and a changing atmospheric environment. these factors have the potential to affect 
iple constraint and mutually consistent carbon fluxes over the four-year measurement period. we 
rly constrained component of the global carbon cycle, based on a new understanding of the under 
he underlying processes and their large-scale effect. the project will also provide much improv 
oved predictions of the response of the amazon to future climate change.  
of the response of the amazon to future climate change.  
11235 32 s for a 6 month partnership and project development catalyst project to build an interdisciplin 
guardians of some of the most important ecosystems of the planet. amazonia is one of earth s mo 
mazonia is one of earth s most precious ecosystems. as the amazonian forest reaches the andes i 
t precious ecosystems. as the amazonian forest reaches the andes it merges with a contiguous an 
ms. as the amazonian forest reaches the andes it merges with a contiguous and equally important 
iosphere: the yungas . these two sister forest ecosystems are amongst the most biodiverse regio 
e: the yungas . these two sister forest ecosystems are amongst the most biodiverse regions of t 
eral latin american countries including brazil, argentina, peru, and bolivia. together, across  
 countries including brazil, argentina, peru, and bolivia. together, across these four countrie 
 including brazil, argentina, peru, and bolivia. together, across these four countries, these e 
her, across these four countries, these ecosystems span more than 6 million square kilometers,  
via food, medicines, home, culture, and natural resources. these forest biospheres also provide 
, culture, and natural resources. these forest biospheres also provide the world with some of i 
e world with some of its most important ecosystem services in terms of forest and food resource 
mportant ecosystem services in terms of forest and food resources, current and potential new me 
cines, rainfall regulation and a global carbon sink. internationally, there is an urgent need t 
rove understanding of the importance of biodiversity for human health and well-being particular 
nities directly dependent on biodiverse ecosystems. the need is especially urgent in this fragi 
 interdependent biological and cultural diversity, and currently under major threat from exogen 
or threat from exogenous forces such as deforestation, resource extraction and climate change.  
 deforestation, resource extraction and climate change. this proposal is for a 6-month grant to 
anage an amazonia-yungas observatory on biodiversity and indigenous health and wellbeing. such  
 provide vital evidence on the links of biodiversity and indigenous health and well-being in th 
and regional scientists from argentina, peru, brazil, the uk and canada who form an initial int 
gional scientists from argentina, peru, brazil, the uk and canada who form an initial interdisc 
rom argentina, peru, brazil, the uk and canada who form an initial interdisciplinary team of bi 
f awarded, we place a major emphasis on development of partners who will support and guide the  
nd run a yungas-amazonia observatory on biodiversity and indigenous health and well-being 2. to 
s of the yungas-amazonia observatory on biodiversity and indigenous health and well-being speci 
d well-being specific objectives: a. to review existing evidence on links of biodiversity and i 
to review existing evidence on links of biodiversity and indigenous health in the yungas and am 
a 5 year yungas-amazonia observatory on biodiversity and indigenous health and well-being. c. t 
10573 18  play a critical role in the cycling of greenhouse gases between the biosphere and atmosphere.  
s of greenhouse gas exchange from these ecosystems, as attention has largely focussed on fluxes 
ely focussed on fluxes from terra firme forests, savannas and seasonally flooded environments.  
nvironments are likely to change due to climate forcing or anthropogenic intervention. we propo 
some of the first pilot measurements of methane and nitrous oxide fluxes from amazonian peatlan 
gin exploring the significance of these ecosystems for regional and global atmospheric budgets. 
h will help us to better understand how methane and nitrous oxide fluxes are influenced by ecol 
to predict the likely outcome of future environmental change or human disturbance, and will be  
of future environmental change or human disturbance, and will be useful for future modelling ef 
turbance, and will be useful for future modelling efforts. this research is important and timel 
opical peatlands for current and future climate change. the need for studies like this are part 
particularly acute for regions like the amazon basin, because of the rapid pace of development  
zon basin, because of the rapid pace of development and land use change, which may trigger enha 
se of the rapid pace of development and land use change, which may trigger enhanced carbon loss 
 use change, which may trigger enhanced carbon losses, greenhouse gas emissions and habitat deg 
on losses, greenhouse gas emissions and habitat degradation, all of which may act as a positive 
s, greenhouse gas emissions and habitat degradation, all of which may act as a positive feedbac 
which may act as a positive feedback to climate change.  
2204 5  is to give these two wps data to start modelling risk and economy already at an early stage of 
e these two wps data to start modelling risk and economy already at an early stage of the progr 
rom this work can then be utilised when modelling the effects on the organism groups of the oth 
untries and the species is also used in aquaculture. the available knowledge about the crayfish 
idemiology of the plague. an ecological model that also incorporates human activities and behav 
11186 11 urce of information about past tropical climate, in particular as they appear to act as a bell- 
hey appear to act as a bell-weather for global warming. in 1998, an estimated 16% of the world  
pread bleaching during 2002. the annual growth bands in coral can be used to reconstructed temp 
s in coral can be used to reconstructed temperature, salinity, ocean circulation, river runoff  
n be used to reconstructed temperature, salinity, ocean circulation, river runoff and sediment  
ure, salinity, ocean circulation, river runoff and sediment discharge over a colony s lifetime. 
ty, ocean circulation, river runoff and sediment discharge over a colony s lifetime. in massive 
 behaviour of high-frequency short-term climate fluctuations such as el niño. even more intrigu 
l to understanding the impact of future climate change and preparing management strategies for  
 of future climate change and preparing management strategies for coral reefs.  
and preparing management strategies for coral reefs.  
10869 6       large colonies of animals such as birds and seals are frequently featured on television w 
s are frequently featured on television wildlife programmes. it is seldom evident from such doc 
 principally to ammonia released during decomposition of excreta and use the measurements to pr 
. we will also measure how much ammonia lichens have taken up and discover to what extent this  
 to what extent this might affect their growth. this project is a contribution to antarctica ne 
project is a contribution to antarctica new zealand s terrestrial biology research programme.  
14274 2 tobservatoire océanologique de banuyls: phytoplankton taxonomy  
océanologique de banuyls: phytoplankton taxonomy  
14782 3 sthobranch molluscs with a wide ranging distribution within the iberian-balerian-macranesian re 
rstanding of the opisthobranch fauna of spain and portugal and of its biology and distribution. 
ain and portugal and of its biology and distribution. to attain these objectives we will undert 
12051 15                                     the marine protected areas are means to protect essential h 
s for the processes of reproduction and growth of juvenile stages. they are determinant for bio 
venile stages. they are determinant for biodiversity conservation purposes. as their efficiency 
versity conservation purposes. as their efficiency for fisheries management is stil questionabl 
ation purposes. as their efficiency for fisheries management is stil questionable, the project  
ical, ecological, economical and social indicators for an ecosystem approach for fisheries, to  
economical and social indicators for an ecosystem approach for fisheries, to test the efficienc 
ndicators for an ecosystem approach for fisheries, to test the efficiency of mpas and to assess 
tem approach for fisheries, to test the efficiency of mpas and to assess the economical activit 
dynamic, bio-economical and multiagents modelling, to define the decision making mechanisms whi 
nd multiagents modelling, to define the decision making mechanisms which condition the implemen 
network of mpas. the calibration of the indicators will be done by analysis of historical datab 
 analysis of historical databases . the efficiency, the study of the decision making process an 
ases . the efficiency, the study of the decision making process and governance will be based on 
tudy of the decision making process and governance will be based on the analysis of reserves of 
15445 6 g to 1 kg. regarding their geographical distribution, different species can be found from the b 
u to tierra del fuego. given this large distribution, the representative of the genus must dig  
of the genus must dig in very different soil conditions. it is known that although limbs are us 
ction of species, representative of the diversity of the genus ctenomys, with techniques alread 
ible morphology and neurocranium suture complexity, using geometrics morphometrics and fractal  
be due to variations in animal size and soil compactness, but also to phylogenetic reasons, sin 
12479 27  estimate the benefits derived from the ecosystem services provided by the terrestrial ecosyste 
em services provided by the terrestrial ecosystems of england, such as woodlands, rural landsca 
d, such as woodlands, rural landscapes, rivers and moorlands. ecosystem services are the proces 
rural landscapes, rivers and moorlands. ecosystem services are the processes by which the natur 
 are the processes by which the natural environment produces resources that are useful to peopl 
people, including goods like timber and fish, and services such as purifying water, pollinating 
nd fish, and services such as purifying water, pollinating crops and providing a natural defenc 
indeed, at a fundamental level, natural ecosystems perform critical life-support services upon  
 upon which human civilization depends. ecosystem services provide us with economic benefits in 
vice provided by a coastal dune system. ecosystems also contain biodiversity discussed the role 
al dune system. ecosystems also contain biodiversity discussed the role of ecosystems at a glob 
tain biodiversity discussed the role of ecosystems at a global level. the current study will sp 
specifically concentrate on terrestrial ecosystems in england and will calculate the value of e 
england and will calculate the value of ecosystem services at regional and national levels. res 
ational levels. results will inform the development of an ‘integrated policy framework which wi 
nform the development of an ‘integrated policy framework which will enable the delivery of defr 
livery of defras vision for the natural environment. this vision is of a diverse, healthy and r 
 diverse, healthy and resilient natural environment, which provides the basis for our survival, 
 carried out in phase 1 of the national environment programme, which included a significant amo 
icant amount of work in identifying the ecosystem services involved, assessing the key issues a 
to the context of england’s terrestrial ecosystems. it will employ a consultative approach, inv 
nt and which, if any, require dedicated valuation studies. a valuation framework will be develo 
 require dedicated valuation studies. a valuation framework will be developed to aid in organis 
 to aid in organising and directing the assessment of the different categories of value. an ini 
gnitude of each service in each type of ecosystem. stage 2 will use the framework developed abo 
ions. a gap analysis will highlight any ecosystem services that could not be valued and will id 
lp us to better understand the value of ecosystems and the goods and services they provide us w 
11861 7                                         ecology has been poor at identifying and researching no 
is inefficient and gives the science of ecology a poor reputation. our proposal is to use a nov 
issues that could potentially affect uk biodiversity.we have planned a collaboration of the lea 
aboration of the leading ecological and conservation groups in the uk, leading academics and sc 
he potential to be of importance for uk biodiversity in the next 50 years but have not been of  
siderable importance is helping set the policy agendas for a range of organisations, including  
nisations, including nerc s living with environmental change programme. it is also likely to be 
11591 2  to work in a collaborative manner with policy makers, policy formers and researchers to identi 
ollaborative manner with policy makers, policy formers and researchers to identify those areas  
12241 8 nding it is unlikely that another large-scale experimental program could be financed, so it is  
ent strategies of fertiliser use on the yield and quality of vegetable crops. such a database s 
 an improved understanding of how added nutrients influence plant growth and development and cr 
 of how added nutrients influence plant growth and development and crop quality, and will ensur 
ed nutrients influence plant growth and development and crop quality, and will ensure better ta 
nd will ensure better targeting of such nutrients. it will also assist with developing best pra 
ble farming systems and integrated farm management practices, helping to minimise the use of no 
 resources and helping to safeguard the environment by optimising fertiliser inputs to farming  
12672 5                 to provide a literature review of techniques assessing the importance of biodiv 
 techniques assessing the importance of biodiversity and related ecosystem services in developi 
 importance of biodiversity and related ecosystem services in developing countries, focusing on 
ummarise the findings of the literature review to broaden understanding of the importance of bi 
aden understanding of the importance of biodiversity in developing countries. to illustrate thi 
10444 7  study the social behaviour of foxes in urban bristol. we will compare gps- and vhf-tracking da 
ange estimates, efficacy of determining habitat use, cost-effectiveness. our ultimate goal is t 
s, efficacy of determining habitat use, cost-effectiveness. our ultimate goal is to advance our 
e goal is to advance our studies on the evolution of group living in carnivores by collecting d 
l care benefits, levels of interference competition and the cost-benefit trade-off between nata 
 trade-off between natal philopatry and dispersal. we will then use these data to model the ben 
spersal. we will then use these data to model the benefits of group living in foxes under diffe 
11576 17  focus for research into the effects of climate change on weather, climate, water resources, ag 
e effects of climate change on weather, climate, water resources, agriculture and ecosystem fun 
 of climate change on weather, climate, water resources, agriculture and ecosystem function. th 
e on weather, climate, water resources, agriculture and ecosystem function. the evaporative wat 
imate, water resources, agriculture and ecosystem function. the evaporative water loss from can 
and ecosystem function. the evaporative water loss from canopies is comprised of both wet evapo 
oth wet evaporation from the canopy and soil surfaces and transpiration derived from within the 
 covariance observations of evaporative water loss made above plant canopies into their wet eva 
act that when wet, plant canopies loose water at the potential rate of evaporation whilst when  
evaporation whilst when dry the rate of water loss is somewhat reduced due to stomatal limitati 
g events cause the observed evaporative water loss to change between these two conditions. this 
urface can be specified. using a simple modelling approach this wetness is determined by the di 
 covariance observations of evaporative water loss combined with satellite microwave data which 
s for which eddy covariance evaporative water loss data are held on a central database called f 
ing so, this will enable a study of the water use strategies of these plant canopies in relatio 
pies in relation to their corresponding climate and water budget constraints.  
tion to their corresponding climate and water budget constraints.  
10650 21 ns store as much as one-third of global soil carbon and represent a highly important global car 
and represent a highly important global carbon dioxide sink, with an amount of stored carbon re 
 dioxide sink, with an amount of stored carbon representing 25-50% of current levels of atmosph 
 their ability to continue to sequester carbon dioxide and their botanical composition under fu 
heir botanical composition under future global warming scenarios is uncertain, but research int 
composition under future global warming scenarios is uncertain, but research into their ability 
ut research into their ability to store carbon during former periods of climate change can prov 
o store carbon during former periods of climate change can provide clues to their potential fut 
 been shown that changes in the rate of carbon accumulation during the medieval warm period and 
l to reconstruct the local peat forming vegetation when investigating long-term records of carb 
when investigating long-term records of carbon accumulation, but this, unfortunately is not alw 
and other boreal and subarctic peatland ecosystems. given this, there is a pressing need to dev 
its which contain millennial records of carbon accumulation rate changes, and in this way recon 
the spatial and temporal variability of carbon sequestration. this research seeks to redress th 
 reconstruct the potential former local vegetation of a blanket peat sample of imperfectly know 
og deposits contain detailed records of carbon sequestration rate changes, and also provide pro 
on rate changes, and also provide proxy-climate data and long-term ecological records to inform 
 long-term ecological records to inform conservation policies. uk scientists are world leaders  
c s current strategic science themes on biodiversity, sustainable use of natural resources, and 
mes on biodiversity, sustainable use of natural resources, and knowledge exchange to stakeholde 
al resources, and knowledge exchange to stakeholders.  
12327 2                                      an evaluation of the relative difficulty encountered by up 
culty encountered by upland and lowland grassland farmers in entering els  
10342 3 known . predicted outcomes include: the development of simulation software for use by biogeogra 
 more rigorous testing of hypotheses of global change and earth-life co-evolution.  
eses of global change and earth-life co-evolution.  
10079 12                                         pollination ecology in now able to explain and predict  
                            pollination ecology in now able to explain and predict pollinator-m 
logy in now able to explain and predict pollinator-mediated gene flow. the comprehensive model  
r-mediated gene flow. the comprehensive model of cresswell et al. encapsulates key elements of  
ey elements of our conventional view of pollination and offers a powerful understanding of a pr 
ic structure of many plant species. the model can be applied to insect-pollinated crops and so  
plied to insect-pollinated crops and so yield predictions about the level of escape of genetica 
 a preliminary experimental test of the model yielded only partial success, however. i therefor 
mme of experiments to evaluate both the model and three previously unstudied pollination proces 
he model and three previously unstudied pollination processes that may affect the accuracy of i 
ct the accuracy of its predictions. the evaluation is critical in developing a full understandi 
l in developing a full understanding of pollinator-mediated gene flow and thus supporting accur 
10041 12               the colourful displays of birds represent some of the most spectacular features i 
gments in feathers and bills, and these traits feature prominently in research on sexual select 
 and mate quality to potential mates or dominance and fighting ability to competitive rivals. c 
als. carotenoids are not synthesized by birds , but are obtained from their diet, although they 
e system, leading to the possibility of trade-offs in their usage. while environmental factors  
rtant in carotenoid-based coloration in birds. the study group are the african widowbirds and q 
h have many advantages: they show great diversity in the carotenoid patterning and the type of  
d employed in displays; the behavioural ecology of carotenoid patches has been intensively stud 
nsively studied; carotenoid content and metabolism have been studied in many species; and a rob 
re the genetic mechanisms of carotenoid metabolism and deposition, and are the mechanisms the s 
onary basis of carotenoid coloration in birds that will be of very broad interest to behavioura 
 of carotenoid coloration and potential trade-offs with other carotenoid functions such as anti 
152 8 ntries and testing them on the existing yield table, sample plot and tree stem analysis data. 1 
 test them on data sets. 6. testing and evaluation of the models saved in the information syste 
 7. re-measuring of the permanent stand growth sample plot network covering all of estonia. 8.  
lot network covering all of estonia. 8. development of a database for forest growth functions.  
tonia. 8. development of a database for forest growth functions. 9. research on the theoretical 
8. development of a database for forest growth functions. 9. research on the theoretical aspect 
 research on the theoretical aspects of forest modelling and statistical analysis.  
ch on the theoretical aspects of forest modelling and statistical analysis.  
10901 2 ompound specific 15n analysis for total nitrogen analysis. in both cases the capability for 13c 
nation will take place through the nerc community and beyond. commercial exploitation will be u 
13799 10  analyze the role of different forms of urban green areas for biodiversity conservation and eco 
ifferent forms of urban green areas for biodiversity conservation and ecosystem functioning in  
areas for biodiversity conservation and ecosystem functioning in the central parts of the stock 
dius of 20 km, centered in the national urban park. the major objectives are: . the social anal 
focuses, among others, on how different property rights and management practices of these land  
s, on how different property rights and management practices of these land uses influence biodi 
 practices of these land uses influence biodiversity and ecosystem functioning of nup and surro 
ing habitats. habitats analyzed include nature reserves, dispersal corridors in green wedges, c 
itats analyzed include nature reserves, dispersal corridors in green wedges, city parks, reside 
s, golf courses, agricultural lands and forestry.  
7689 37 e green belt formed by the agricultural irrigation canals is in the present context of land a s 
ovence french riviera. take the role of irrigation canals in ecological dynamics, economic and  
cological dynamics, economic and social mediterranean territories changing, was the subject of  
gical, economic and social agricultural water in the mediterranean: which issues for which serv 
ic and social agricultural water in the mediterranean: which issues for which services,"co-orga 
 and giest in january 2011. new uses of irrigation canals covered both economic and social dyna 
h more knowledge on the contribution of irrigation channels to ecological and landscape dynamic 
f irrigation channels to ecological and landscape dynamics of this territory. conducting an ana 
n frame of durance luberon territory of irrigation canals will meet this demand. the objective  
s demand. the objective is to provide a mapping tool that models the interactions between socia 
s between social dynamics, economic and landscape that can support the development of interdisc 
omic and landscape that can support the development of interdisciplinary research and managemen 
pment of interdisciplinary research and management choices. modeling morphological and geograph 
linary research and management choices. modeling morphological and geographical components of t 
hical components of the contribution of irrigation channels in the landscape and vegetation wil 
tribution of irrigation channels in the landscape and vegetation will be analyzed in terms of e 
rrigation channels in the landscape and vegetation will be analyzed in terms of ecological and  
the territory. the economic analysis of landscape and ecological services provided by the chann 
 the economic analysis of landscape and ecological services provided by the channels will forma 
alize their value and possible forms of recovery. the sociological approach will seek to identi 
ifferent actors concerned by the use of irrigation canals and management. it then looks at how  
ned by the use of irrigation canals and management. it then looks at how the new environmental  
ings the government to offer innovative management systems to keep them in a context of urban p 
nt systems to keep them in a context of urban pressure and loss of agricultural activity. from  
. from the data collected and generated mapping, we show how the irrigation canals can foster c 
 and generated mapping, we show how the irrigation canals can foster connectivity between farml 
ow how the irrigation canals can foster connectivity between farmland and ecological value area 
e ecological role that they play in the production of environmentally and socially valued lands 
es change the modes of intervention and management of associative structures that are in charge 
on of these amenities in the integrated management schemes at the territorial level, considerin 
ke in this research project is that the irrigation canals now form an aquatic soustrame, in the 
ee of green and blue, characteristic of biodiversity in the mediterranean region. knowledge and 
, characteristic of biodiversity in the mediterranean region. knowledge and development of this 
the mediterranean region. knowledge and development of this dynamic plant on the outskirts of i 
 this dynamic plant on the outskirts of irrigation canals, such as the role that they play in t 
 such as the role that they play in the production of landscapes raises questions about how the 
 which they will can be integrated into management decisions implemented throughout the territo 
14848 13                             the aquatic ecosystems of the central plateau are included in one o 
urbed and important area for biological conservation, due to the high anthropogenic pressure, a 
 pressure, as well as the high level of endemism present and the great quantity of biological g 
tity of biological groups vulnerable to extinction. in front of the biological, ecological and  
f the biological, ecological and social complexity present in this region, one of the bases for 
nt in this region, one of the bases for conservation is the establishment of integrated criteri 
to determine priorities and found those ecosystems in which is convenient to focus the conserva 
e region deal with the knowledge of the biological diversity and others have remarked the highl 
tive which reach a broader study of the complexity of these situations. to do it, this project  
ry of the group of fishes and benthonic invertebrates from the region, by mean of a compared ph 
nalysis, 2 to characterize the state of conservation of the aquatic habitats by mean of develop 
tion of the aquatic habitats by mean of development and application of the accurate index of bi 
rminate the prioritary aquatic zones to conservation in the central plateau.  
11726 11 ntly begun the first study of fluxes of energy, water and co2 over a mangrove forest using the  
un the first study of fluxes of energy, water and co2 over a mangrove forest using the eddy cov 
 fluxes of energy, water and co2 over a mangrove forest using the eddy covariance technique. th 
f energy, water and co2 over a mangrove forest using the eddy covariance technique. this experi 
 and dry seasons. canopy- and component-scale measurements will be integrated within a state-of 
be integrated within a state-of-the-art modelling framework, leading the first mechanistic unde 
hanistic understanding of the fluxes of energy and mass in a mangrove ecosystem. this is an opp 
g of the fluxes of energy and mass in a mangrove ecosystem. this is an opportunity to understan 
fluxes of energy and mass in a mangrove ecosystem. this is an opportunity to understand a key f 
s is an opportunity to understand a key forest type that, unlike inland rain forest, harbours v 
ey forest type that, unlike inland rain forest, harbours very few tree species and is strongly  
15017 2 ch, it will be investigated whether the distribution, size and spectral characteristics of the  
f the colored plumage patches of a bird community maximizes conspicuosness toward intended rece 
10052 23 ese materials will be released into the environment, especially from domestic use, and that the 
lready shown that tio2 nps are toxic to fish, and in this one-year project we are concerned abo 
rned about the microbial communities in marine and freshwater sediments. bacterial communities  
the microbial communities in marine and freshwater sediments. bacterial communities play import 
unities play important roles in aquatic food webs, and are vital to the integrity and normal nu 
d are vital to the integrity and normal nutrient cycling, stability, and functional geochemistr 
 integrity and normal nutrient cycling, stability, and functional geochemistry of sediments. in 
 in aquatic sediments and the overlying water. our approach is to use field-collected natural s 
e field-collected natural sediments and water from coastal marine and freshwater sites, and exp 
atural sediments and water from coastal marine and freshwater sites, and expose these to either 
ments and water from coastal marine and freshwater sites, and expose these to either nano silve 
or tio2 np in the laboratory. bacterial diversity will be assessed using state-of-the-art molec 
ctions from the sediments and overlying water. particle characterisation will involve several r 
surements, and chemical factors such as water ph or salinity will be monitored. the project bri 
nts, and chemical factors such as water ph or salinity will be monitored. the project brings to 
nd chemical factors such as water ph or salinity will be monitored. the project brings together 
he project brings together expertise on bacteria, sediment/metal chemistry, and the ecotoxicolo 
 brings together expertise on bacteria, sediment/metal chemistry, and the ecotoxicology of nano 
eria, sediment/metal chemistry, and the ecotoxicology of nanoparticles. the deliverables will i 
s will include measured time courses of microbial diversity during controlled sediment and wate 
f microbial diversity during controlled sediment and water exposures to silver and tio2 nps in  
iversity during controlled sediment and water exposures to silver and tio2 nps in separate expe 
lso be harmful to microorganisms in the environment.  
12703 9 f three linked investigations to inform policy making and land management decisions concerning  
estigations to inform policy making and land management decisions concerning climate change and 
nd land management decisions concerning climate change and protected sites, and considerations  
es, and considerations towards managing adaptation and mitigation needs . the project requires  
rations towards managing adaptation and mitigation needs . the project requires the use of clim 
needs . the project requires the use of climate projections , which is reviewing data sets, inc 
r evidence of signals of the effects of climate change. there is also a project that is assessi 
is also a project that is assessing the impacts of climate change on ornithological interest of 
roject that is assessing the impacts of climate change on ornithological interest of uk special 
1085 17 ological mechanisms which influence the invasion of mediterranean sand dune ecosystems by alien 
hanisms which influence the invasion of mediterranean sand dune ecosystems by alien plants. the 
the invasion of mediterranean sand dune ecosystems by alien plants. the current project aims to 
ate the degree of naturalisation of the exotic species and their position concerning naturaliza 
heir position concerning naturalization-invasion processes. this project aims at setting up a g 
 information regarding their geographic distribution. to this scope, the data base will be inte 
the data base will be integrated with a gis software in order to produce a cartographic represe 
 be carried out in order to analyse the diversity of native and alien species in the different  
 to analyse the diversity of native and alien species in the different plant community types gr 
nd alien species in the different plant community types growing on coastal dunes. furthermore,  
wing on coastal dunes. furthermore, the invasion processes of the sand dune systems will be mon 
ats. the study of the morphological and functional traits will be carried out for all sampled s 
issen et al. . finally, the analysis of plant functional types together with the analysis of bi 
nal types together with the analysis of biodiversity could be eventually apply to propose model 
dels which can predict the diffusion of alien species and to analyse invasion processes current 
ffusion of alien species and to analyse invasion processes currently in progress in sand dune e 
sses currently in progress in sand dune ecosystems.  
14569 7 lithus is the most popular inoculant in forestry. effects of pisolithus inoculation vary wiyh s 
trains and depend on the host plant and soil features. studies on its genetic and functional di 
il features. studies on its genetic and functional diversity would enable a more rational selec 
h insights into the contribution of the genetic diversity of soil microorganisms to the functio 
ontribution of the genetic diversity of soil microorganisms to the functioning of forest ecosys 
il microorganisms to the functioning of forest ecosystems. .  
oorganisms to the functioning of forest ecosystems. .  
10232 16 ft their ranges to keep track of future climate changes. most supporting evidence for this come 
uthern boundaries are also sensitive to climate is equivocal. we will analyse existing data set 
t southern range margins in relation to climate, and analyse the effects of climate variability 
 to climate, and analyse the effects of climate variability on population dynamics. using new f 
e the effects of climate variability on population dynamics. using new field data, we will mode 
dynamics. using new field data, we will model relationships between current distribution, habit 
ill model relationships between current distribution, habitat and climate, and test models with 
tionships between current distribution, habitat and climate, and test models with historical cl 
tween current distribution, habitat and climate, and test models with historical climate and di 
limate, and test models with historical climate and distribution data. we will attempt to relat 
test models with historical climate and distribution data. we will attempt to relate species th 
 will attempt to relate species thermal ecology to recent distribution changes, and then use ou 
elate species thermal ecology to recent distribution changes, and then use our models to predic 
hen use our models to predict potential distribution changes under alternative future climate c 
bution changes under alternative future climate change scenarios.  
under alternative future climate change scenarios.  
10498 16 ft their ranges to keep track of future climate changes. most supporting evidence for this come 
uthern boundaries are also sensitive to climate is equivocal. we will analyse existing data set 
t southern range margins in relation to climate, and analyse the effects of climate variability 
 to climate, and analyse the effects of climate variability on population dynamics. using new f 
e the effects of climate variability on population dynamics. using new field data, we will mode 
dynamics. using new field data, we will model relationships between current distribution, habit 
ill model relationships between current distribution, habitat and climate, and test models with 
tionships between current distribution, habitat and climate, and test models with historical cl 
tween current distribution, habitat and climate, and test models with historical climate and di 
limate, and test models with historical climate and distribution data. we will attempt to relat 
test models with historical climate and distribution data. we will attempt to relate species th 
 will attempt to relate species thermal ecology to recent distribution changes, and then use ou 
elate species thermal ecology to recent distribution changes, and then use our models to predic 
hen use our models to predict potential distribution changes under alternative future climate c 
bution changes under alternative future climate change scenarios.  
under alternative future climate change scenarios.  
11512 16 ft their ranges to keep track of future climate changes. most supporting evidence for this come 
uthern boundaries are also sensitive to climate is equivocal. we will analyse existing data set 
t southern range margins in relation to climate, and analyse the effects of climate variability 
 to climate, and analyse the effects of climate variability on population dynamics. using new f 
e the effects of climate variability on population dynamics. using new field data, we will mode 
dynamics. using new field data, we will model relationships between current distribution, habit 
ill model relationships between current distribution, habitat and climate, and test models with 
tionships between current distribution, habitat and climate, and test models with historical cl 
tween current distribution, habitat and climate, and test models with historical climate and di 
limate, and test models with historical climate and distribution data. we will attempt to relat 
test models with historical climate and distribution data. we will attempt to relate species th 
 will attempt to relate species thermal ecology to recent distribution changes, and then use ou 
elate species thermal ecology to recent distribution changes, and then use our models to predic 
hen use our models to predict potential distribution changes under alternative future climate c 
bution changes under alternative future climate change scenarios.  
under alternative future climate change scenarios.  
11613 16 ft their ranges to keep track of future climate changes. most supporting evidence for this come 
uthern boundaries are also sensitive to climate is equivocal. we will analyse existing data set 
t southern range margins in relation to climate, and analyse the effects of climate variability 
 to climate, and analyse the effects of climate variability on population dynamics. using new f 
e the effects of climate variability on population dynamics. using new field data, we will mode 
dynamics. using new field data, we will model relationships between current distribution, habit 
ill model relationships between current distribution, habitat and climate, and test models with 
tionships between current distribution, habitat and climate, and test models with historical cl 
tween current distribution, habitat and climate, and test models with historical climate and di 
limate, and test models with historical climate and distribution data. we will attempt to relat 
test models with historical climate and distribution data. we will attempt to relate species th 
 will attempt to relate species thermal ecology to recent distribution changes, and then use ou 
elate species thermal ecology to recent distribution changes, and then use our models to predic 
hen use our models to predict potential distribution changes under alternative future climate c 
bution changes under alternative future climate change scenarios.  
under alternative future climate change scenarios.  
15172 6  relationships between phylogenetic and functional diversity of am fungi associated to the targ 
ogenetic and functional diversity of am fungi associated to the target plants. 3. to produce am 
izal establishment, to assure am fungal diversity in planta and to facilitate the succession of 
versity in planta and to facilitate the succession of the different am fungi. this biotechnolog 
tate the succession of the different am fungi. this biotechnological development would be based 
fferent am fungi. this biotechnological development would be based on the use of the methodolog 
10721 3 wever, recent results indicate that the evolution of this differential use of genes is incomple 
e genes that cause antagonism, or their function in the organism or how they evolve. this proje 
ally, we will study the patterns of dna evolution of loci involved in antagonism in order ident 
7380 1  real situations and mobilizes deducted indicators molecular typing, genealogies or genetic eva 
7596 3 taining the gene i, head of sustainable resistance to nematodes, has been cloned and sequenced  
ne i, head of sustainable resistance to nematodes, has been cloned and sequenced from prunus ce 
pecies. lustre. the project is to study diversity within the euprunus section and compare it to 
10960 2 recorder , a more robust picture of the distribution of the key taxa and the plankton community 
bution of the key taxa and the plankton community structure will be possible.  
6923 2  host plant cells resulting in tumorous growth. the transfer of bacterial dna from the bacteriu 
ar breeding since they may increase the efficiency grapevine transformation. on the other hand, 
14536 4 eport of 2002, the committee for the re-evaluation of the species definition in bacteriology, r 
 definition in bacteriology, recommends evaluation of multilocus gene sequence analysis for its 
e it is a genus with a great ecological diversity and it is not well-defined taxonomically. in  
ecies concept obtained with our data to bacteria in general.  
7529 2 , the question is whether interspecific diversity will be valued. the methods are: analysis by  
alculation of the coordinates in cielab scale, chromosomal enumeration clones, interspecific hy 
15173 4 ntages, since it is a diploid amphibian model for which a lot of methodological tools have been 
fferentiated ovaries . finally, gonadal development we will be studied using two approaches. on 
ges that take place in the gonad during development will allow us to establish the role of thos 
 differential expression during gonadal development in x. tropicalis using microarrays. the ana 
12517 1                             after rapid growth, the area of organically farmed land has remaine 
12461 4 articularly the vision of a sustainable fishing industry contributing to coastal communities in 
 contributing to coastal communities in fisheries 2027. key customer purpose this project asses 
to thinking on the reform of the common fisheries policy.  
g on the reform of the common fisheries policy.  
15038 35                                         biological invasions are important elements of global c 
cal invasions are important elements of global change, representing the second threaten for ear 
resenting the second threaten for earth biodiversity in terms of importance, being responsible  
he decline and even collapse of several marine ecosystems. seaweeds represent an important comp 
ine and even collapse of several marine ecosystems. seaweeds represent an important component o 
eds represent an important component of marine exotic species, ranging between 10 and 40% of th 
resent an important component of marine exotic species, ranging between 10 and 40% of the total 
tween 10 and 40% of the total number of introduced species. naturalization and, fast and wide e 
on of some of these species mean a high risk for marine ecosystems, as seaweeds may function as 
e of these species mean a high risk for marine ecosystems, as seaweeds may function as ecosyste 
ese species mean a high risk for marine ecosystems, as seaweeds may function as ecosystem engin 
 for marine ecosystems, as seaweeds may function as ecosystem engineers, being able to change t 
ecosystems, as seaweeds may function as ecosystem engineers, being able to change their structu 
eing able to change their structure and function, monopolizing the space and altering trophic n 
tors or factors related to the receiver community, such as its species richness, conservation d 
 to the receiver community, such as its species richness, conservation degree or resources avai 
ommunity, such as its species richness, conservation degree or resources availability. another  
 have evolutionary consequences for the ecosystems, further than the direct impacts by the inva 
the ecosystems, further than the direct impacts by the invasive species, such as changes in spe 
 further than the direct impacts by the invasive species, such as changes in species compositio 
he invasive species, such as changes in species composition, and structure and production of th 
 species composition, and structure and production of the communities, which until now has only 
oubt the most effective defence against biological invasions is prevention, for which, recently 
roposed: prediction based in biological distribution models. these predictive studies allow the 
els. these predictive studies allow the development of early detection systems to estimate the  
early detection systems to estimate the risk of invasions in the present climatic scenario and  
t climatic scenario and in new climatic scenarios of global warming, identifying special sensit 
enario and in new climatic scenarios of global warming, identifying special sensitive regions t 
dentifying special sensitive regions to invasive species and, with them specific communities. u 
questions will be faced, considering as model the invasion of the red seaweed asparagopsis taxi 
will be faced, considering as model the invasion of the red seaweed asparagopsis taxiformis on  
 red seaweed asparagopsis taxiformis on mediterranean andalusian coasts, where this species has 
cies is considered one of the 100 worst invasive species in europe and in the mediterranean sea 
ne of the 100 worst invasive species in europe and in the mediterranean sea, it has been little 
t invasive species in europe and in the mediterranean sea, it has been little studied.  
14705 5 istory of human cultures throughout the mediterranean basin. the current historical theory on g 
d have been cloned and spread along the mediterranean area from east to west, accounting for mo 
 domesticated grapevines present in the mediterranean basin, and with this methodology analyse  
deferential components in our winemaker production. in the other hand, to know the genetic dive 
duction. in the other hand, to know the genetic diversity of this specie allows us to develop m 
7532 3 tic profiles. we propose to analyze the genetic diversity of 15 of these races with the panel o 
ation on the history of these breeds of livestock information, and study genetic distances betw 
l be calculated by using the methods of classification distances nei, cavalli - sforza and reyn 
15143 18                               nowadays, habitat destruction and fragmentation are major threats 
      nowadays, habitat destruction and fragmentation are major threats to the biodiversity con 
 fragmentation are major threats to the biodiversity conservation. in agricultural landscapes,  
ts to the biodiversity conservation. in agricultural landscapes, loss of habitat diversity and  
on. in agricultural landscapes, loss of habitat diversity and complexity, at different spatial  
gricultural landscapes, loss of habitat diversity and complexity, at different spatial scales,  
ndscapes, loss of habitat diversity and complexity, at different spatial scales, is also a crit 
ting for a major decrease of biological richness. a great amount of european diversity is maint 
al richness. a great amount of european diversity is maintained in these landscapes, so it will 
ome urgent to know the effects that the habitat structure of agricultural landscapes has on its 
e effects that the habitat structure of agricultural landscapes has on its biological diversity 
e of agricultural landscapes has on its biological diversity. by using aerial-nesting bees and  
ical diversity. by using aerial-nesting bees and wasps estimating the effect that small fragmen 
ce that small fragments of semi-natural habitat have as biological corridors, allowing to estab 
lowing to establish a continuity in the landscape matrix. the main objective is to ascertain th 
tial aspects, to evaluate the losses of diversity and to provide administration agencies with i 
olicies related with land exploitation, landscape design and the proposal of agri-environment s 
n, landscape design and the proposal of agri-environment schemes.  
7371 2 e such work by analyzing the nucleotide diversity of four key players in the formation of cross 
the formation of crossing- overs at the scale of a rapeseed variety collection  
158 1 ses by switching them on and off in the model.  
14862 9 nt in practically every permanent fresh water body of this planet and they exert in many cases  
et and they exert in many cases crucial ecological functions as principal components of the ben 
unctions as principal components of the benthos. advances in the knowledge of their biodiversit 
hos. advances in the knowledge of their biodiversity are seriously hampered by the unreliabilit 
by the unreliability of many anatomical traits currently used as species-diagnostic characters  
e leap forward in the following fields: biodiversity, discovery of new anatomical structures th 
n serve as diagnostic characters in the taxonomy of the various sub-groups, clarification of so 
ficids, and morphology, ultrastructure, distribution and function of various external ciliated  
ology, ultrastructure, distribution and function of various external ciliated sensory organs pr 
10068 2 er these lineages have responded to the evolution of their hosts in the same way. some kinds of 
standing of the factors involved in the evolution of host-parasite assemblages.  
15424 10 tidisciplinary perspective to study the evolution of sexual behaviour, genitalia and alternativ 
008-02799 to propose an overview of the evolution of genitalia in the zygoptera . one of the mo 
y sexual reproduction is predominant in nature, despite its numerous costs. here we propose to  
c damselfly, to test theories about the evolution and maintenance of sex, and particularly the  
thesis. i. hastata is also an excellent model to study the nature and significance of selfish g 
is also an excellent model to study the nature and significance of selfish genetic elements, li 
e transposons. we recently reviewed the evolution and maintenance of alternative colour morphs  
euridae, an endemic of the mountains of costa rica and panama, and in one representative of the 
 make a comprehensive analysis of sperm competition mechanisms and other postcopulatory sexual  
selection processes and map them in the phylogeny.  
13415 4                                         conservation programme aims to prevent process of extin 
on programme aims to prevent process of extinction, to provide descriptive information about th 
erformance and to develop a sustainable production system of angora goats in rural areas within 
ts in rural areas within the context of conservation and sustainable utilization of animal gene 
14166 11 tometer for the measurements of angular distribution of forest directional reflectance, and mea 
measurements of angular distribution of forest directional reflectance, and measurements of the 
 of these distributions over hemiboreal forests. ground-based point measurements, theoretical s 
nt and potential of angular reflectance distribution in remote sensing applications. for exampl 
 of angular reflectance distribution in remote sensing applications. for example, the angular d 
 applications. for example, the angular distribution of forest reflectance provides additional  
or example, the angular distribution of forest reflectance provides additional data on stand gr 
tance provides additional data on stand growth and state which is not available looking directl 
 of data are sparse, and for hemiboreal forests almost non-existent. the measurement platform w 
 a test site of international satellite remote sensing projects. besides advancing the know-how 
es advancing the know-how of instrument development and data processing techniques, the results 
9963 8 ive in social groups, such as shoals of fish, herds of zebra, and flocks of birds. much is know 
 of fish, herds of zebra, and flocks of birds. much is known about the benefits and costs of li 
 in the group. we now know that the way fish shoals or flocks of birds move together can be exp 
w that the way fish shoals or flocks of birds move together can be explained by looking at the  
ightened, perhaps because they detect a predator, they tend to bunch together tightly. this has 
uce its chance of being captured by the predator by moving in between other individuals, and th 
viour to the predictions of the models. marine sticklebacks are ideal for this sort of work, as 
 the wild, and also swim freely in open water without seeking protection from the walls of an a 
1987 11                       yearly, migratory birds travel between their wintering and breeding groun 
 number of distant stop-over sites. why birds use a particular route and follow a particular mi 
articular route and follow a particular migration schedule and what the implications will be of 
understanding of the connection between migration and ecological, evolutionary and conservation 
ration and ecological, evolutionary and conservation issues. in particular, state-dependent mod 
 interactions with conspecifics and the environment. therefore, they can assist in analysing th 
rs. we aim to develop an annual routine model and to obtain general insights into what shapes l 
insights into what shapes long-distance migration in birds, to estimate consequences of potenti 
 what shapes long-distance migration in birds, to estimate consequences of potential environmen 
d thus, to establish a basis for future management. in particular, we will 1 identify key proce 
cesses in the annual cycle of migratory birds including processes that show their effects in a  
13600 18                           the effect of disturbance on ecosystems is one of the key questions i 
           the effect of disturbance on ecosystems is one of the key questions in contemporary  
ne of the key questions in contemporary ecology and conservation biology. in the proposed proje 
y questions in contemporary ecology and conservation biology. in the proposed project, i addres 
fect of canopy-thinning on ant-epiphyte metacommunity structure. the combination of these two m 
hoose to perform the studies in a shade coffee agroecosystem in the chiapas, mexico. first it p 
o perform the studies in a shade coffee agroecosystem in the chiapas, mexico. first it provides 
de coffee agroecosystem in the chiapas, mexico. first it provides the opportunity to study the  
tunity to study the effect of different management intenstiy on this ecosystem. second, it func 
 different management intenstiy on this ecosystem. second, it functions as a model system to an 
is ecosystem. second, it functions as a model system to answer the more general ecological ques 
 general ecological question about rain forest ecocsystem response to canopy disturbance. the f 
in forest ecocsystem response to canopy disturbance. the field site is subjected to four differ 
cted and previously unpublished data on community structure of arboreal ants and combine this w 
data on community structure of arboreal ants and combine this with spatially explicit epiphyte  
e this with spatially explicit epiphyte abundance data, which i will collect on the shade-trees 
 the process of the interaction between ants and plants, i will preform an experiment on the an 
he ant response to variuos epiphytes on coffee plants and shade trees. i will primarily be loca 
14417 21 nd is considered to be a wide field for biodiversity and environmental protection investigation 
onmental protection investigations. the resistance of algae is connected with the efficiency of 
ction investigations. the resistance of algae is connected with the efficiency of their repair  
sistance of algae is connected with the efficiency of their repair system and the stability of  
ficiency of their repair system and the stability of cell antioxidant defense. such kinds of st 
icance because of the fact that man and environment plants are forced to live under deteriorati 
g the elucidation of mechanisms forming resistance to uv, oxidative, light and temperature stre 
 resistance to uv, oxidative, light and temperature stress. some algae remain vital even at hig 
to uv, oxidative, light and temperature stress. some algae remain vital even at highest uv leve 
ive, light and temperature stress. some algae remain vital even at highest uv levels, and for t 
hest uv levels, and for that fact their adaptation is expected to adjust easily to higher radia 
e. in this aspect, the use of antarctic algae as model systems for creation of survival strateg 
s aspect, the use of antarctic algae as model systems for creation of survival strategies is ap 
of molecular and biochemical markers of resistance to ultraviolet radiation alone or combined w 
n alone or combined with other forms of stress in antarctic algae, as well as the creation of c 
with other forms of stress in antarctic algae, as well as the creation of complex strategies to 
n of complex strategies to assess algal resistance. we expect to determine uv stress markers wh 
l resistance. we expect to determine uv stress markers which are to be used when screening and  
which are to be used when screening and monitoring the environment, as well as when selecting r 
 used when screening and monitoring the environment, as well as when selecting resistible agric 
t, as well as when selecting resistible agriculture plants.  
10344 9 ular the group will study the supply of nitrogen and carbon to the bacteria and algae, how this 
p will study the supply of nitrogen and carbon to the bacteria and algae, how this is affected  
he supply of nitrogen and carbon to the bacteria and algae, how this is affected by the tempera 
nitrogen and carbon to the bacteria and algae, how this is affected by the temperature and salt 
 and algae, how this is affected by the temperature and saltiness of the brines contained in th 
e, try to link the seasonal dynamics of nutrients, photosynthetic organisms and bacteria and lo 
nutrients, photosynthetic organisms and bacteria and look for specific chemical signatures of t 
ganisms that can relate to the chemical environment in which they have grown. such signatures a 
nd in particular microbial dynamics and diversity and chemical processes within the oceans. the 
14366 24  the quality of the generated dems. wp2 development and evolution of river systems: the major a 
the generated dems. wp2 development and evolution of river systems: the major aim of this wp is 
nic morphological features in a fluvial landscape. it will also be investigated whether spectra 
ties provide information on the spatial distribution of specific fluvial land morphologies thro 
al land morphologies through changes in land cover and underlying soil composition. results wil 
gh changes in land cover and underlying soil composition. results will be cross-validated with  
: the goal of this wp is to assess dune migration rates and directions in the vicinity of the f 
s and directions in the vicinity of the floodplain on a timescale of several decades through mu 
 are characterised by variations in the density of archaeological and settlement remains in con 
ings. wp5 functional and multi-temporal urban development: the objective of this wp is to study 
wp5 functional and multi-temporal urban development: the objective of this wp is to study the d 
ges and their relation with demographic evolution using a multi-temporal analysis of rs-imagery 
ties will be analysed, buth also the 3d evolution using results from wp 1. wp6 integration, int 
 wp 1. wp6 integration, interaction and modeling of the urban, physical and archaeological envi 
ration, interaction and modeling of the urban, physical and archaeological environment: in this 
 the urban, physical and archaeological environment: in this wp, the results of wps 1-5 will be 
ed in order to understand the long-term landscape development. the aim is to study human-enviro 
r to understand the long-term landscape development. the aim is to study human-environment inte 
 development. the aim is to study human-environment interactions and to asses the impact of urb 
interactions and to asses the impact of urban development on the natural and cultural heritage  
ctions and to asses the impact of urban development on the natural and cultural heritage throug 
tural and cultural heritage through the modelling of urban expansion and to assess the impact o 
tural heritage through the modelling of urban expansion and to assess the impact of environment 
 impact of environmental changes on the distribution of archaeological features. -------------- 
14708 11 symbiotic association with a species of bacteria is maintained inside the gland. such bacteria  
ia is maintained inside the gland. such bacteria produce bacteriocins, substances with antimicr 
 of the relationship between hoopoe and bacteria, the mode of transmission of the symbiont amon 
control the relationship maintaining it seasonality. another objective is to know whether such  
kind of relationships are widespread in nature within birds phylogeny. finally, since all upupi 
onships are widespread in nature within birds phylogeny. finally, since all upupiformes coincid 
s are widespread in nature within birds phylogeny. finally, since all upupiformes coincide in p 
 we will check whether all of them host bacteria, and how much variation exists in the bacteria 
a, and how much variation exists in the bacteria taxons inhabiting the glands. the phylogenies  
ting the glands. the phylogenies of the birds and the symbionts will be compared to gain insigh 
ght in the evolutionary history of this mutualism.  
13786 3 mechanisms that control the baculovirus development in the lepidopteran host is important for t 
-industry and for improving baculovirus efficiency in biological control. it can also give insi 
for improving baculovirus efficiency in biological control. it can also give insights into anti 
14106 17 siveness and immunotolerance, including assessment of possible oxidative damages in immunopatho 
s relating to costs of reproduction and dominance in field studies on free-living birds. resear 
minance in field studies on free-living birds. research will be conducted on traditional study  
al study objects of evolutionary animal ecology – greenfinches and great tits, i.e., passerine  
finches and great tits, i.e., passerine birds with carotenoid-based plumage ornaments. hypothes 
n the basis of theories of life-history evolution and parasite-mediated sexual selection will b 
up-regulation and suppression of immune function and antioxidant barriers in order to investiga 
ther immune activation causes oxidative stress and whether and how these processes are modulate 
ndividual infection status. in the same model, the potential of carotenoid-based ornaments in a 
 tested. costs and benefits of parasite resistance and tolerance, including effects on antioxid 
sed ornaments, will be evaluated in the model of experimental coccidiosis. the same model will  
l of experimental coccidiosis. the same model will be also applied for assessment how standard  
the same model will be also applied for assessment how standard assays of immunocompetence rela 
rd assays of immunocompetence relate to resistance and tolerance of real parasites. the hypothe 
physiological costs of reproduction and dominance are caused by immune suppression and oxidativ 
sed by immune suppression and oxidative stress will be tested by experimental manipulation of r 
manipulation of reproductive effort and dominance.  
7630 15 re acquired and rehabilitated partly by biodiversity subsidiary of the Caisse des Dépôts et Con 
uble experimentation both in ecological rehabilitation of the site of the establishment for the 
nce a pool of active natural ecological compensation by supply. our project has two primary obj 
our project has two primary objectives, ecological restoration operations are also part of the  
oration operations are also part of the compensation devices. is meant by ecological compensati 
nsation devices. is meant by ecological compensation compensation "in kind" to offset the envir 
es. is meant by ecological compensation compensation "in kind" to offset the environmental impa 
on compensation "in kind" to offset the environmental impacts to the natural environment is sta 
he environmental impacts to the natural environment is statutorily subject to restrictions of u 
his principle implies exchanges between nature objects, be substituted for them, must meet equi 
d on a range of factors relating to the nature of scientific knowledge, the nature of the excha 
the nature of scientific knowledge, the nature of the exchanged objects, temporalities and scal 
anged objects, temporalities and scales ecosystems concerned, the institutions that define and  
es and scales ecosystems concerned, the institutions that define and control , terms and expect 
ifferent configurations can have strong impacts on the functioning and effectiveness of the dev 
15333 33                            the loss and fragmentation of habitat caused by agriculture, forestr 
          the loss and fragmentation of habitat caused by agriculture, forestry, tourism, or ur 
 and fragmentation of habitat caused by agriculture, forestry, tourism, or urban development al 
ation of habitat caused by agriculture, forestry, tourism, or urban development alter biodivers 
abitat caused by agriculture, forestry, tourism, or urban development alter biodiversity at loc 
d by agriculture, forestry, tourism, or urban development alter biodiversity at local, regional 
griculture, forestry, tourism, or urban development alter biodiversity at local, regional and g 
ry, tourism, or urban development alter biodiversity at local, regional and global scale. due t 
diversity at local, regional and global scale. due to the importance of ants in many ecosystems 
 global scale. due to the importance of ants in many ecosystems, the loss of native ants can ha 
. due to the importance of ants in many ecosystems, the loss of native ants can have important  
 in many ecosystems, the loss of native ants can have important indirect effects. these include 
 loss of native ants can have important indirect effects. these include effects on seed dispers 
irect effects. these include effects on seed dispersal and subsequent recruitment, on pollinati 
ffects on seed dispersal and subsequent recruitment, on pollination, and even on vertebrate fau 
ispersal and subsequent recruitment, on pollination, and even on vertebrate fauna. ants are con 
lination, and even on vertebrate fauna. ants are considered to be a centre of ecological intera 
which reflect the dynamics and state of ecosystems. indeed, they are widely distributed, abunda 
lay an important role in nearly all the ecosystems to evaluate the potential use of ants as bio 
ystems to evaluate the potential use of ants as bioindicadors. the response will be evaluated a 
 of organization including communities, functional groups and individual species. at the same t 
the same time, will be investigated the impacts of the argentine ant on other arthropods and th 
e impacts of the argentine ant on other arthropods and the factors contributing to its spread i 
ll generate information relevant to the development of agri-environmental, forestry, and touris 
 the development of agri-environmental, forestry, and tourism policies, reconciling economic de 
nt of agri-environmental, forestry, and tourism policies, reconciling economic development and  
stry, and tourism policies, reconciling economic development and the conservation of biodiversi 
econciling economic development and the conservation of biodiversity at the local and regional  
mic development and the conservation of biodiversity at the local and regional scale. it also i 
 biodiversity at the local and regional scale. it also intends to obtain a rapid assessment of  
cale. it also intends to obtain a rapid assessment of the impact of pine exploitation on biodiv 
t of the impact of pine exploitation on biodiversity, based on the information offered by ants. 
ty, based on the information offered by ants.  
14604 9 e to climatic change, considering 1 the temperature effect on locomotory behavior and on larval 
 1 the temperature effect on locomotory behavior and on larval development, 2 the resilience of 
ct on locomotory behavior and on larval development, 2 the resilience of anurans after metamorp 
havior and on larval development, 2 the resilience of anurans after metamorphosis to limited wa 
 anurans after metamorphosis to limited water availability and 3 the effect of temperature on s 
 water availability and 3 the effect of temperature on sound communication of adult anurans bet 
will determine whether the influence of temperature changes on the different vital processes ha 
rement of phenotypical plasticity or in adaptation by natural selection. this information will  
bute to the definition of priorities of conservation.  
7120 2             the overall question is how biodiversity mainly apprehended in the nature conservat 
 biodiversity mainly apprehended in the nature conservation policies of line  
10465 13 t members of most temperate terrestrial ecosystems, and include some of the most significant ag 
f the most significant agricultural and forestry pests. it has long been known that nearly all  
rovides essential amino acids and other nutrients that are absent in the aphids rather depauper 
arbour one or more of a series of other bacteria that have a variety of effects on their fitnes 
 fitness and performance. because these bacteria are not present in every aphid they are called 
can, among other things, increase aphid resistance to parasitic wasps and pathogenic fungi, hel 
tance to parasitic wasps and pathogenic fungi, help the aphid withstand heat shock, and influen 
his project seeks to understand how the community of secondary symbionts is structured: what de 
onts is structured: what determines the diversity and population structure of the symbionts, an 
onts, and what affects its evolutionary stability. it consists of three subprojects. the first  
 the first is to develop a mathematical model to synthesise all we know about secondary symbion 
st critical areas for research. no such model exists at the moment, and quantitative approaches 
the structure of the secondary symbiont community and to test hypotheses about how it is struct 
9887 13 t members of most temperate terrestrial ecosystems, and include some of the most significant ag 
f the most significant agricultural and forestry pests. it has long been known that nearly all  
rovides essential amino acids and other nutrients that are absent in the aphids rather depauper 
arbour one or more of a series of other bacteria that have a variety of effects on their fitnes 
 fitness and performance. because these bacteria are not present in every aphid they are called 
can, among other things, increase aphid resistance to parasitic wasps and pathogenic fungi, hel 
tance to parasitic wasps and pathogenic fungi, help the aphid withstand heat shock, and influen 
his project seeks to understand how the community of secondary symbionts is structured: what de 
onts is structured: what determines the diversity and population structure of the symbionts, an 
onts, and what affects its evolutionary stability. it consists of three subprojects. the first  
 the first is to develop a mathematical model to synthesise all we know about secondary symbion 
st critical areas for research. no such model exists at the moment, and quantitative approaches 
the structure of the secondary symbiont community and to test hypotheses about how it is struct 
10922 2 ersistence and dynamics of a multi-host-parasitoid system. specifically, apparent competition i 
rasitoid system. specifically, apparent competition in spatially extended systems will be inves 
15575 65 ince the 1940ies increased agricultural production has modified agricultural landscapes, includ 
ed agricultural production has modified agricultural landscapes, including destruction and frag 
l landscapes, including destruction and fragmentation of natural habitats, reduction in habitat 
ation of natural habitats, reduction in habitat diversity, and increases in habitat disturbance 
 natural habitats, reduction in habitat diversity, and increases in habitat disturbance and agr 
 in habitat diversity, and increases in habitat disturbance and agrochemical application. agric 
tat diversity, and increases in habitat disturbance and agrochemical application. agricultural  
sturbance and agrochemical application. agricultural intensification is considered a major driv 
 is considered a major driver of global biodiversity loss, and has important effects on many ec 
loss, and has important effects on many ecosystem services. much recent research has focused on 
t research has focused on valuating and mapping ecosystem services at various spatial scales, b 
ch has focused on valuating and mapping ecosystem services at various spatial scales, but predi 
tive models that explicitly address how land-use affects ecosystem services mediated by biodive 
explicitly address how land-use affects ecosystem services mediated by biodiversity are rare. b 
 affects ecosystem services mediated by biodiversity are rare. biological pest control is one e 
ed by biodiversity are rare. biological pest control is one ecosystem service threatened by agr 
re rare. biological pest control is one ecosystem service threatened by agricultural intensific 
 is one ecosystem service threatened by agricultural intensification. the diversity and abundan 
ed by agricultural intensification. the diversity and abundance of natural enemies and natural  
ural intensification. the diversity and abundance of natural enemies and natural enemy attack r 
ication. the diversity and abundance of natural enemies and natural enemy attack rates have oft 
 to be lower in landscapes dominated by agriculture. however, such results are not universal an 
little about the mechanisms behind such landscape-pest control relationships. moreover, the rel 
ut the mechanisms behind such landscape-pest control relationships. moreover, the relationship  
 the relationship between natural enemy diversity and biological control is not straightforward 
hip between natural enemy diversity and biological control is not straightforward. even though  
t straightforward. even though a recent meta-analysis showed that increasing enemy diversity us 
a-analysis showed that increasing enemy diversity usually strengthens prey suppression, individ 
 dont know to what extent natural enemy biodiversity can provide insurance against fluctuating  
fluctuating environmental conditions. a food web approach, where the trophic interactions betwe 
ditions. a food web approach, where the trophic interactions between natural enemies, pests and 
 where the trophic interactions between natural enemies, pests and alternative prey are determi 
d to a mechanistic understanding of how land-use and natural enemy diversity affects biological 
nding of how land-use and natural enemy diversity affects biological control. it has been shown 
use and natural enemy diversity affects biological control. it has been shown that the structur 
s been shown that the structure of host-parasitoid food webs can be strongly altered by habitat 
n that the structure of host-parasitoid food webs can be strongly altered by habitat modificati 
id food webs can be strongly altered by habitat modification with important implications for bi 
ication with important implications for biological control. however, to date no study has explo 
as explored the interactions in complex food webs including agricultural pests, predatory and p 
uding agricultural pests, predatory and parasitoid natural enemies and their alternative prey/h 
ultural pests, predatory and parasitoid natural enemies and their alternative prey/hosts as it  
 will explore the relationships between biodiversity, as mediated by agricultural land-use at d 
odiversity, as mediated by agricultural land-use at different scales, and the structure, divers 
at different scales, and the structure, diversity and variability of natural enemy-pest-alterna 
 of natural enemy-pest-alternative prey food web interactions and the value of biological contr 
 food web interactions and the value of biological control. our study system will be cereal aph 
important insect pests in many parts of europe, and the most important groups of natural enemie 
urope, and the most important groups of natural enemies of these aphids as well as their non-pe 
d by our team we will analyse how local land use and landscape composition affects natural enem 
 we will analyse how local land use and landscape composition affects natural enemy community c 
scape composition affects natural enemy community composition and how historic shifts in natura 
fts in natural enemy communities affect biological control. using up-to-date molecular techniqu 
. using up-to-date molecular techniques food web interactions will be empirically examined unde 
ion network analyses to investigate how land-use at different scales affects trophic linking an 
rent scales affects trophic linking and biological control. these data will feed into a model f 
al control. these data will feed into a model for biological control of cereal aphids, and faci 
. these data will feed into a model for biological control of cereal aphids, and facilitate val 
al aphids, and facilitate valuations of biological control through monetary and non-monetary me 
-monetary methods. finally, we will map biological control across landscapes in europe and test 
biological control across landscapes in europe and test how different future land-use scenarios 
in europe and test how different future land-use scenarios of changed agricultural intensity an 
 and test how different future land-use scenarios of changed agricultural intensity and landsca 
s of changed agricultural intensity and landscape structure will influence biological control.  
 and landscape structure will influence biological control.  
10603 12               recently, huge numbers of bacteria kilometres deep in the earth have been discove 
n the earth have been discovered. these bacteria may represent over 50% of all life on earth. b 
 but we know almost nothing about these bacteria as we can only grow a tiny fraction of them in 
ts contain most of these deep biosphere bacteria and here pressures are enormous over 300 times 
e have developed a system which enables bacteria to be consistently grown and studied under hig 
sure coring and handling system so that bacteria are never depressurised which should allow dee 
r depressurised which should allow deep bacteria not previously seen to be studied. we will inv 
o be studied. we will investigate these bacteria to find out what type they are, how they survi 
 are, how they survive in their extreme environment and how they might influence processes in d 
ns of years old and may contain ancient bacteria. they may even be an environment where life on 
n ancient bacteria. they may even be an environment where life on earth might have started. so  
ht have started. so understanding these bacteria will not only tell us about life on earth it m 
10103 18  years as a result of plant collecting, intensification of agriculture and land use changes hav 
of plant collecting, intensification of agriculture and land use changes have placed many speci 
ing, intensification of agriculture and land use changes have placed many species in jeopardy.  
uced in size that their germination and development in nature is dependent upon specialized ass 
at their germination and development in nature is dependent upon specialized associations with  
dent upon specialized associations with fungi in the soil. these fungi infect the germinating s 
cialized associations with fungi in the soil. these fungi infect the germinating seeds and supp 
ociations with fungi in the soil. these fungi infect the germinating seeds and supply the young 
 seeds and supply the young plants with carbon and nutrients. this unique form of nutrition con 
supply the young plants with carbon and nutrients. this unique form of nutrition continues thro 
p green pigments and are parasitic upon fungi. whilst this mode of nutrition has been known for 
ss spectrometer enabling the individual carbon and nitrogen containing compounds to be identifi 
eter enabling the individual carbon and nitrogen containing compounds to be identified and thei 
f the composition and concentrations of carbon and nitrogen-containing compounds can be made in 
sition and concentrations of carbon and nitrogen-containing compounds can be made in the orchid 
gal partner, in adjacent cells in which carbon is stored by the plant and the fungus excluded,  
 in plant vascular tissue through which nutrients and carbon pass up into the shoots.  
ular tissue through which nutrients and carbon pass up into the shoots.  
11558 5 veal an historic link between jellyfish abundance and fish abundance this will be a very useful 
ic link between jellyfish abundance and fish abundance this will be a very useful advance for m 
nk between jellyfish abundance and fish abundance this will be a very useful advance for manage 
dvance for managers seeking to regulate fisheries in an ecosystem context. the project will als 
ers seeking to regulate fisheries in an ecosystem context. the project will also demonstrate to 
12631 9  best and most versatile /bmv datasets; review of local development framework and planning supp 
ersatile /bmv datasets; review of local development framework and planning supporting statement 
view of local development framework and planning supporting statements; and structured telephon 
local authorities with high a degree of development pressures and which have high concentration 
grade alc land located near to existing urban areas. 3. study outputs from these elements of wo 
the past decade, and will summarise how planning authorities have taken account of bmv as a sus 
horities have taken account of bmv as a sustainability indicator when determining planning appl 
aken account of bmv as a sustainability indicator when determining planning applications. the p 
stainability indicator when determining planning applications. the project team will also seek  
7034 19                             terrestrial ecosystem models are designed to assess the flux of ene 
dels are designed to assess the flux of energy, water, carbon and nitrogen corresponding to a g 
 designed to assess the flux of energy, water, carbon and nitrogen corresponding to a given veg 
ed to assess the flux of energy, water, carbon and nitrogen corresponding to a given vegetation 
s the flux of energy, water, carbon and nitrogen corresponding to a given vegetation type. ecos 
n and nitrogen corresponding to a given vegetation type. ecosystem model validations use classi 
rresponding to a given vegetation type. ecosystem model validations use classical statistical m 
g to a given vegetation type. ecosystem model validations use classical statistical methods . o 
s that these five measures indicate the stability status of a given model simulation. if the mo 
ndicate the stability status of a given model simulation. if the model behaves stable then the  
tus of a given model simulation. if the model behaves stable then the accuracy and precision of 
able then the accuracy and precision of model outputs will remain valid. if the model behaves u 
model outputs will remain valid. if the model behaves unstable it may indicate either a reduced 
ed predictability or a reduction in the stability of a real world ecosystem. outputs from this  
uction in the stability of a real world ecosystem. outputs from this research project may have  
implications allowing us to compare the stability of different ecosystem types or the change in 
s to compare the stability of different ecosystem types or the change in the stability accordin 
nt ecosystem types or the change in the stability according to a change in driving forces like  
ding to a change in driving forces like climate change.  
14695 4 he species. first, we will analyze gene diversity in natural populations to evaluate genetic re 
ing system of hippocampus guttulatus in nature and culture will be studied to check the monogam 
 in this genus, as well as the temporal stability, a basic subject for the development and futu 
oral stability, a basic subject for the development and future improvement of culture of this s 
6744 5 and enology has been dealing with grape resistance breading effectivelly for a half century. br 
tivelly for a half century. breading of fungi-resistance, marketable grape species are importan 
y for a half century. breading of fungi-resistance, marketable grape species are important not  
 the number of plants in the multi-year evaluation. during traditional hibridization, after the 
hybrid-families by back-crossing of the resistance and sensitive grape species. in such case, i 
15219 8                                    many marine invertebrates present complex life cycles compri 
                            many marine invertebrates present complex life cycles comprising se 
xcepting a few species that show direct development, pass through a planktonic larval period wi 
p in the knowledge of brachyuran larval taxonomy is in turn responsible by an important amount  
ncountered by researchers when studying population dynamics, recruitment events, larval dispers 
hers when studying population dynamics, recruitment events, larval dispersal and colonization,  
on dynamics, recruitment events, larval dispersal and colonization, functioning of planktonic t 
ecruitment events, larval dispersal and colonization, functioning of planktonic trophic webs an 
14663 9                evergreen species of the mediterranean forest are subjected to stress periods wi 
 evergreen species of the mediterranean forest are subjected to stress periods with high irradi 
e mediterranean forest are subjected to stress periods with high irradiance combined with droug 
iods with high irradiance combined with drought or low temperatures. the imbalance between ligh 
mperatures. the imbalance between light energy absorption and its use in photosynthesis leads t 
 light energy absorption and its use in photosynthesis leads to the formation of reactive oxyge 
esis leads to the formation of reactive oxygen species correlation of biochemical quantificatio 
ed by using the obtained data base in a forest study to compare antioxidant systems in winter a 
m-oak regeneration by resprouting after fire.  
14203 6  index on formation of fi values in the sediment pore water dom of a large shallow lake; respec 
ation of fi values in the sediment pore water dom of a large shallow lake; respective horizonta 
spective horizontal variation and small-scale variation in surface sediments will be estimated. 
d claiming that the changes of the pore water fi values in the vertical sediment profiles of a  
he pore water fi values in the vertical sediment profiles of a large shallow lake with comparat 
e changes in the autochtonous microbial production rather than changes in the catchment process 
10821 1 in to understand better the patterns of environmental change in a major mountain belt.  
10862 1  practical scientific knowledge to real marine environmental problems. this grant supports 3 fu 
11022 9          although the era following the extinction of the dinosaurs is often referred to as the 
he part that mammals played in mesozoic ecosystems is sketchy. exceptionally though, the fissur 
y will reveal new information about the ecology and evolution of these mammalian ancestors, usi 
l new information about the ecology and evolution of these mammalian ancestors, using a rigorou 
ncestors, using a rigorously quantified modelling approach. we know a lot about certain aspects 
nd indicates a mammalian physiology and growth pattern. palaeontologists are using many new tec 
ted. the analysis calculates strain and stress within the structure in response to these loadin 
the basis of an accurate finite element model. tiny early mammals are assumed to be insectivore 
n priority of the two joints during the growth of an individual. is there some indication for t 
12490 51  uk the major source of ammonia is from agriculture, which contributes about 80% of uk emission 
sions to the atmosphere, primarily from livestock, manure/slurry management and fertiliser use. 
primarily from livestock, manure/slurry management and fertiliser use. ammonia can have a range 
iliser use. ammonia can have a range of impacts on the environment and human health, including  
onia can have a range of impacts on the environment and human health, including : - effects on  
tions near point sources; - decrease of species diversity of semi-natural areas due to nitrogen 
 diversity of semi-natural areas due to nitrogen enrichment through atmospheric nirogen deposit 
mmonia and ammonium; - acidification of soils through transformation of deposited ammonia to ni 
 transformation of deposited ammonia to nitrate and its subsequent leaching; - pollution of gro 
 nitrate and its subsequent leaching; - pollution of ground water and drinking water due to nit 
sequent leaching; - pollution of ground water and drinking water due to nitrate leaching; - eut 
 pollution of ground water and drinking water due to nitrate leaching; - eutrophication of surf 
 ground water and drinking water due to nitrate leaching; - eutrophication of surface waters du 
inking water due to nitrate leaching; - eutrophication of surface waters due to nitrogen enrich 
eutrophication of surface waters due to nitrogen enrichment; - global warming due to emission o 
ce waters due to nitrogen enrichment; - global warming due to emission of nitrous oxide and met 
ng due to emission of nitrous oxide and methane, and cooling due to ammonium sulphate aerosols; 
ammonium sulphate aerosols; air quality management for ecosystem protection has primarily focus 
te aerosols; air quality management for ecosystem protection has primarily focussed to date on  
 critical loads to define environmental thresholds above which adverse effects may occur. howev 
ects may occur. however, the effects on ecosystem services of exceedance of these thresholds ha 
osystem services of exceedance of these thresholds have not been fully evaluated. furthermore,  
 been fully evaluated. furthermore, the nature of ammonia emissions and their diffuse sources m 
ticularly challenging, and means that a policy approach which considers these ecosystem impacts 
a policy approach which considers these ecosystem impacts in isolation is not viable. the addit 
pproach which considers these ecosystem impacts in isolation is not viable. the additional comp 
isolation is not viable. the additional complexity arises from the way nitrogen derived from am 
ditional complexity arises from the way nitrogen derived from ammonia emissions ‘cascades’ thro 
mmonia emissions ‘cascades’ through the environment undergoing transformations that create pote 
tial for interactions between losses of nitrogen compounds to air and water from terrestrial sy 
losses of nitrogen compounds to air and water from terrestrial systems - so called pollution sw 
er from terrestrial systems - so called pollution swapping. for example, techniques to reduce a 
es to reduce ammonia emissions from the soil to air could potentially lead to the nitrogen emer 
il to air could potentially lead to the nitrogen emerging as nitrates in water courses to the d 
to the nitrogen emerging as nitrates in water courses to the detriment of the aquatic environme 
courses to the detriment of the aquatic environment or to nitrous oxide emissions that contribu 
rous oxide emissions that contribute to climate change. in the uk to date, most effort has been 
ng abatement strategies at the national scale. the gothenburg protocol of the united nations ec 
 united nations economic commission for europe and the eu national emissions ceilings directive 
irective insight into the true costs of policy measures. this project will compare the ecosyste 
measures. this project will compare the ecosystems approach with current conventional air quali 
h with current conventional air quality management approaches to determine which assesses ecosy 
 approaches to determine which assesses ecosystem services more comprehensively in terms of imp 
rvices more comprehensively in terms of impacts, value of ecosytem services and links to human  
value of ecosytem services and links to human well-being. this will acheived by comparing three 
nvolve different types of potential for pollution swapping. the project will also identify pote 
eir causes, to the implementation of an ecosystems approach for air quality policy development  
 an ecosystems approach for air quality policy development at national level in the uk. a stake 
systems approach for air quality policy development at national level in the uk. a stakeholder  
to the barriers, and to identify how an ecosystems approach could be implemented within current 
e implemented within current and future policy frameworks.  
12516 20  assess alternative methods of pest and disease management in organic and low input apple orcha 
alternative methods of pest and disease management in organic and low input apple orchards. an  
an ecological approach to orchard floor vegetation management will determine if this can lead t 
al approach to orchard floor vegetation management will determine if this can lead to reduction 
pheromone should lead to new methods of monitoring and controlling this important pest. new ins 
d increase the potential for successful management of this disease. finally a review of the eff 
ntial for successful management of this disease. finally a review of the effects of calcium on  
l management of this disease. finally a review of the effects of calcium on fruit rotting in st 
y areas for future research. generalist predators will attack a range of prey species. many spe 
 range of prey species. many species of predators/parasitoids occur naturally in crops and surr 
prey species. many species of predators/parasitoids occur naturally in crops and surrounding ve 
ccur naturally in crops and surrounding vegetation, but they may colonise and remain in crops o 
 to high pest numbers. manipulation and management of the ground cover plants within the crop t 
s within the crop to provide attractive vegetation both in terms of refuges and alternative foo 
 food sources is likely to increase the abundance of beneficials in the cropping area, leading  
st to improve fruit quality, reduce the risk of physiological disorders and prolong storage lif 
 fruit quality and indirectly increases resistance to fungal rots. more recent research in trop 
s, reducing spore germination, mycelial growth and sporulation and possibly also on the host, i 
and possibly also on the host, inducing resistance to the pathogen. thus calcium, if effective, 
egrated into strategies for sustainable management and control of rotting in fruit crops will b 
12046 5                               examining biodiversity in the ocean. the microscopic plants and a 
als of the plankton are the base of the marine food chain. among planktonic microbes, there see 
single-celled organisms, are typical as species richness is high and each species appears to be 
xists in the plankton to understand how marine food chains work and the effects of global chang 
ine food chains work and the effects of global change. we examined basic questions concerning p 
12057 11  role in shaping and/or controlling the diversity and diversification of their procaryotic host 
. however, comprehensive studies at the community level are still missing. the following object 
 of viruses on prokaryotic dynamics and diversity; 2/ assessing whether aquatic phage diversity 
ity; 2/ assessing whether aquatic phage diversity is due to lytic or temperate phages; 3/ asses 
 assessing transduction, host range and resistance processes in communities; 4/ refining the ki 
nities; 4/ refining the kill the winner model on the influence of viruses on prokaryotic divers 
the influence of viruses on prokaryotic diversity; 5/ performing in situ studies on the co-vari 
s on the co-variation of phage and host diversity to test the model. the findings will be compa 
of phage and host diversity to test the model. the findings will be compared between different  
types of aquatic environments to assess diversity productivity relationships.  
quatic environments to assess diversity productivity relationships.  
11045 8                       the regulation of water transport is fundamental to the survival of all f 
al of aquatic organisms in many diverse freshwater . these chemicals are extremely long-lived i 
emicals are extremely long-lived in the environment and are know to be accumulating within diff 
on the hormonal regulation of aquaporin function in the european eel as it is possible that del 
erious effects of these toxins on these water transporters may compromise the successful migrat 
nsporters may compromise the successful migration of fish from fw to sw environments and/or red 
 compromise the successful migration of fish from fw to sw environments and/or reduce the repro 
or reduce the reproductive fecundity of fish returning to the sargasso sea.  
11057 8                       the regulation of water transport is fundamental to the survival of all f 
al of aquatic organisms in many diverse freshwater . these chemicals are extremely long-lived i 
emicals are extremely long-lived in the environment and are know to be accumulating within diff 
on the hormonal regulation of aquaporin function in the european eel as it is possible that del 
erious effects of these toxins on these water transporters may compromise the successful migrat 
nsporters may compromise the successful migration of fish from fw to sw environments and/or red 
 compromise the successful migration of fish from fw to sw environments and/or reduce the repro 
or reduce the reproductive fecundity of fish returning to the sargasso s  
14892 16                                         macroecology is a relatively new contemporary field in  
 a relatively new contemporary field in ecology that analyses large-scale patterns and processe 
ry field in ecology that analyses large-scale patterns and processes of ecological particles .  
s factors implied in observed patterns. community and population level patterns will be related 
taxonomical level in order to assess if community-population richness relationships are coincid 
order to assess if community-population richness relationships are coincident across taxonomica 
nd non-neutral processes contributed to community and population richness in each region by ana 
contributed to community and population richness in each region by analysing the relationship b 
n by analysing the relationship between community and population richness and abundance, site o 
onship between community and population richness and abundance, site occupancy, niche breadth,  
n community and population richness and abundance, site occupancy, niche breadth, spatio-tempor 
cupancy, niche breadth, spatio-temporal connectivity, and dispersion capabilities. thus, we wil 
s, we will bring population genetics to community genetics and how it is linked to patterns of  
ics and how it is linked to patterns of community composition generally. with the accomplishmen 
e will have a complete understanding of biodiversity patterns of aquatic insects in a large lat 
ing of biodiversity patterns of aquatic insects in a large latitudinal gradient with regions di 
7254 2  of this project is to characterize the diversity and distribution of microorganisms  
ct is to characterize the diversity and distribution of microorganisms  
10238 8                                         marine biogeochemical cycles are driven by microbes. it 
 how they interact to form a functional community. molecular biology has revolutionised microbi 
y. molecular biology has revolutionised microbial ecology and it is now possible to investigate 
d be given to identifying and exploring microbial community structure, to explain how individua 
pulation interact and how the resulting microbial activity impinges on biogeochemical cycles. t 
 use cutting edge technologies to track microbial activity and to identify the microbes involve 
tify the microbes involved in different marine environments. having described functional biodiv 
vironments. having described functional biodiversity, we aim to develop microarrays that will b 
10697 8                                         marine biogeochemical cycles are driven by microbes. it 
 how they interact to form a functional community. molecular biology has revolutionised microbi 
y. molecular biology has revolutionised microbial ecology and it is now possible to investigate 
d be given to identifying and exploring microbial community structure, to explain how individua 
pulation interact and how the resulting microbial activity impinges on biogeochemical cycles. t 
 use cutting edge technologies to track microbial activity and to identify the microbes involve 
tify the microbes involved in different marine environments. having described functional biodiv 
vironments. having described functional biodiversity, we aim to develop microarrays that will b 
11252 8                                         marine biogeochemical cycles are driven by microbes. it 
 how they interact to form a functional community. molecular biology has revolutionised microbi 
y. molecular biology has revolutionised microbial ecology and it is now possible to investigate 
d be given to identifying and exploring microbial community structure, to explain how individua 
pulation interact and how the resulting microbial activity impinges on biogeochemical cycles. t 
 use cutting edge technologies to track microbial activity and to identify the microbes involve 
tify the microbes involved in different marine environments. having described functional biodiv 
vironments. having described functional biodiversity, we aim to develop microarrays that will b 
11262 8                                         marine biogeochemical cycles are driven by microbes. it 
 how they interact to form a functional community. molecular biology has revolutionised microbi 
y. molecular biology has revolutionised microbial ecology and it is now possible to investigate 
d be given to identifying and exploring microbial community structure, to explain how individua 
pulation interact and how the resulting microbial activity impinges on biogeochemical cycles. t 
 use cutting edge technologies to track microbial activity and to identify the microbes involve 
tify the microbes involved in different marine environments. having described functional biodiv 
vironments. having described functional biodiversity, we aim to develop microarrays that will b 
11793 8                                         marine biogeochemical cycles are driven by microbes. it 
 how they interact to form a functional community. molecular biology has revolutionised microbi 
y. molecular biology has revolutionised microbial ecology and it is now possible to investigate 
d be given to identifying and exploring microbial community structure, to explain how individua 
pulation interact and how the resulting microbial activity impinges on biogeochemical cycles. t 
 use cutting edge technologies to track microbial activity and to identify the microbes involve 
tify the microbes involved in different marine environments. having described functional biodiv 
vironments. having described functional biodiversity, we aim to develop microarrays that will b 
11800 8                                         marine biogeochemical cycles are driven by microbes. it 
 how they interact to form a functional community. molecular biology has revolutionised microbi 
y. molecular biology has revolutionised microbial ecology and it is now possible to investigate 
d be given to identifying and exploring microbial community structure, to explain how individua 
pulation interact and how the resulting microbial activity impinges on biogeochemical cycles. t 
 use cutting edge technologies to track microbial activity and to identify the microbes involve 
tify the microbes involved in different marine environments. having described functional biodiv 
vironments. having described functional biodiversity, we aim to develop microarrays that will b 
11803 8                                         marine biogeochemical cycles are driven by microbes. it 
 how they interact to form a functional community. molecular biology has revolutionised microbi 
y. molecular biology has revolutionised microbial ecology and it is now possible to investigate 
d be given to identifying and exploring microbial community structure, to explain how individua 
pulation interact and how the resulting microbial activity impinges on biogeochemical cycles. t 
 use cutting edge technologies to track microbial activity and to identify the microbes involve 
tify the microbes involved in different marine environments. having described functional biodiv 
vironments. having described functional biodiversity, we aim to develop microarrays that will b 
9971 8                                         marine biogeochemical cycles are driven by microbes. it 
 how they interact to form a functional community. molecular biology has revolutionised microbi 
y. molecular biology has revolutionised microbial ecology and it is now possible to investigate 
d be given to identifying and exploring microbial community structure, to explain how individua 
pulation interact and how the resulting microbial activity impinges on biogeochemical cycles. t 
 use cutting edge technologies to track microbial activity and to identify the microbes involve 
tify the microbes involved in different marine environments. having described functional biodiv 
vironments. having described functional biodiversity, we aim to develop microarrays that will b 
9977 8                                         marine biogeochemical cycles are driven by microbes. it 
 how they interact to form a functional community. molecular biology has revolutionised microbi 
y. molecular biology has revolutionised microbial ecology and it is now possible to investigate 
d be given to identifying and exploring microbial community structure, to explain how individua 
pulation interact and how the resulting microbial activity impinges on biogeochemical cycles. t 
 use cutting edge technologies to track microbial activity and to identify the microbes involve 
tify the microbes involved in different marine environments. having described functional biodiv 
vironments. having described functional biodiversity, we aim to develop microarrays that will b 
9986 8                                         marine biogeochemical cycles are driven by microbes. it 
 how they interact to form a functional community. molecular biology has revolutionised microbi 
y. molecular biology has revolutionised microbial ecology and it is now possible to investigate 
d be given to identifying and exploring microbial community structure, to explain how individua 
pulation interact and how the resulting microbial activity impinges on biogeochemical cycles. t 
 use cutting edge technologies to track microbial activity and to identify the microbes involve 
tify the microbes involved in different marine environments. having described functional biodiv 
vironments. having described functional biodiversity, we aim to develop microarrays that will b 
9988 8                                         marine biogeochemical cycles are driven by microbes. it 
 how they interact to form a functional community. molecular biology has revolutionised microbi 
y. molecular biology has revolutionised microbial ecology and it is now possible to investigate 
d be given to identifying and exploring microbial community structure, to explain how individua 
pulation interact and how the resulting microbial activity impinges on biogeochemical cycles. t 
 use cutting edge technologies to track microbial activity and to identify the microbes involve 
tify the microbes involved in different marine environments. having described functional biodiv 
vironments. having described functional biodiversity, we aim to develop microarrays that will b 
12247 7 cent of our land is farmed and farmland biodiversity has declined significantly as a consequenc 
lined significantly as a consequence of agricultural intensification over the last 40 years. bi 
intensification over the last 40 years. biodiversity is now acknowledged as an essential compon 
knowledged as an essential component of sustainable development helping farmers to become net p 
become net positive contributors to the environment and reduce the environmental footprint of f 
uce the environmental footprint of food production substantially. this has clear significance f 
clear significance for sustainable food production and security.  
207 8                                     the diversity and composition of arbuscular mycorrhizal on  
omposition of arbuscular mycorrhizal on forest am fungal communities. we aim to conduct the fir 
e aim to conduct the first study of the diversity and composition of am fungal communities in h 
munities in herb rich boreal coniferous forests with the help of molecular methods; to compare  
ds; to compare am fungal communities in forest ecosystsems under different forest management pr 
s in forest ecosystsems under different forest management pressure; to study experimentally the 
dy experimentally the impact of natural forest am fungal communities on the morphological and f 
phological and functional parameters of forest understory plant species.  
14108 2                                         arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi whole dna extraction from  
nderstand the temporal component of amf diversity dynamics.  
11863 7 e of information concerning prehistoric agriculture. sometimes these plant remains contain pres 
, or were present in stores that caught fire. charred grains of wheat and barley are often foun 
 tell us a great deal about prehistoric agriculture, especially in europe. for example, we know 
 prehistoric agriculture, especially in europe. for example, we know that barley is nowadays ad 
dapted to the cold climates of northern europe, but we do not know if the genetic changes that  
e genetic changes that resulted in this adaptation occurred as the crops were being moved to th 
y varieties that were grown in northern europe. there might, however, be a solution to the prob 
7035 28                                         streams and rivers have long been considered as pipelin 
                            streams and rivers have long been considered as pipelines in the la 
ong been considered as pipelines in the landscape that transport organic carbon from the contin 
in the landscape that transport organic carbon from the continents to the oceans. recent studie 
y changed this perception, showing that streams, rivers and estuaries emit significant amounts  
 this perception, showing that streams, rivers and estuaries emit significant amounts of co2 to 
ption, showing that streams, rivers and estuaries emit significant amounts of co2 to the atmosp 
he net heterotrophy — the dependence of ecosystem metabolism on terrestrial organic carbon — in 
ystem metabolism on terrestrial organic carbon — in streams and rivers. obviously, these observ 
lism on terrestrial organic carbon — in streams and rivers. obviously, these observations raise 
estrial organic carbon — in streams and rivers. obviously, these observations raise the questio 
ons raise the question: how can organic carbon that was initially stored in soils over extended 
nic carbon that was initially stored in soils over extended periods become oxidized in streams  
ver extended periods become oxidized in streams and rivers despite the relatively short residen 
 periods become oxidized in streams and rivers despite the relatively short residence time in t 
elatively short residence time in these ecosystems. this project will answer this essential que 
pended aggregates, are major drivers of carbon cycling in streams and large rivers. first, we w 
 are major drivers of carbon cycling in streams and large rivers. first, we will study the arch 
 of carbon cycling in streams and large rivers. first, we will study the architecture and compo 
ll identify populations involved in the metabolism of key organic compounds of terrestrial orig 
d photooxidation by uv-radiation on the degradation of putatively recalcitrant compounds. new u 
pproach, will then study whole-ecosytem metabolism in and co2 outgassing from various ecosystem 
lism in and co2 outgassing from various ecosystems in alpine, tropical and arctic networks. the 
pine, tropical and arctic networks. the carbon cycle in these biomes is predicted to be particu 
s predicted to be particularly prone to global warming. this ecosystem-level information, coupl 
ticularly prone to global warming. this ecosystem-level information, coupled with our mechanist 
tion, coupled with our mechanistic fine-scale understanding of processes, will serve to test fl 
formance to oxidize terrestrial organic carbon.  
10518 19 n, where the northern extension of gulf stream system conveys warm atlantic water into the arct 
ulf stream system conveys warm atlantic water into the arctic ocean, hundreds of plumes of bubb 
ocean, hundreds of plumes of bubbles of methane gas were discovered in 2008, rising from the se 
se to that of the landward limit of the methane hydrate stability zone. methane hydrate is a so 
e landward limit of the methane hydrate stability zone. methane hydrate is a solid with the app 
 of the methane hydrate stability zone. methane hydrate is a solid with the appearance of ice,  
id with the appearance of ice, in which water forms a cage-like structure enclosing molecules o 
e-like structure enclosing molecules of methane. methane hydrate is stable under conditions of  
ructure enclosing molecules of methane. methane hydrate is stable under conditions of low tempe 
drate is stable under conditions of low temperature and high pressure such as those found in re 
ons of permafrost or under the ocean in water deeper than 300-600 metres, depending on the wate 
r than 300-600 metres, depending on the water temperature. over the past thirty years, the ocea 
 300-600 metres, depending on the water temperature. over the past thirty years, the ocean s te 
over the past thirty years, the ocean s temperature at the seabed has increased by 1 degree c,  
at hydrate has broken down and released methane, which has migrated to the seabed and into the  
ean. at present, the rate of release of methane is generally too slow to overcome dissolution a 
sewhere, could release large amounts of methane over a short period of time. the strength of su 
ys and to quantify the amount of gas. a marine research expedition will use a deep-towed, very  
ution seismic system to image the small-scale structures that convey gas to the seabed and to d 
11727 2 l fesem and sem, tem, removal of modern bacteria and simple incubation experiments with bacteri 
wider implications for the detection of bacteria in the history of life on earth and other plan 
10183 7                                     the ecology of most of the marine bacterioplankton is unkno 
             the ecology of most of the marine bacterioplankton is unknown. the study of obliga 
 determine if bacterioplankton comprise bacteria that form important endocellular symbiotic rel 
nce planktonic organisms are central to marine foodwebs, the global carbon cycle and represent  
 central to marine foodwebs, the global carbon cycle and represent a key life-stage of many ben 
nkton will have a profound influence on marine ecology.  
ill have a profound influence on marine ecology.  
11453 4 ycorrhizal rather than rhizoctonia-type fungi and that the symbionts of these helleborine orchi 
istance from putative co-hosts of these fungi enabling chronological analysis of germination an 
al analysis of germination and seedling development. symbionts will be identified by molecular  
ination requirements will contribute to conservation strategies for nationally rare species.  
11663 8  of emerging pathogens and parasites of wildlife and livestock. ascertaining if an emergent inf 
pathogens and parasites of wildlife and livestock. ascertaining if an emergent infectious disea 
 ascertaining if an emergent infectious disease is spreading and if that spread is mediated by  
s a fundamental component of infectious disease risk assessment, indentified as a deliverable i 
amental component of infectious disease risk assessment, indentified as a deliverable in nerc s 
007-2012 strategy. theory suggests that dispersal mediated by human activities can proceed in a 
 contemporary record of the spread of a wildlife disease through british common frog population 
rary record of the spread of a wildlife disease through british common frog populations. the fr 
11785 19 icit exists in our general knowledge of species diversity, but also, there is an extreme negati 
reme negative correlation between taxon body size and the number of species described. current  
scribed, other important groups such as nematodes have been neglected. nematodes are the most a 
 such as nematodes have been neglected. nematodes are the most abundant multicellular organisms 
e found in all habitats, but notably in marine sediments where they can make up between 50-90%  
ween 50-90% of the multicellular fauna. nematodes are ecologically important in marine sediment 
nematodes are ecologically important in marine sediment ecosystem processes and comprise the ma 
es are ecologically important in marine sediment ecosystem processes and comprise the majority  
ologically important in marine sediment ecosystem processes and comprise the majority of the pr 
sms rely. despite their pivotal role in ecosystem functioning, a current estimate of global nem 
, a current estimate of global nematode diversity diversity present at different spatial scales 
t estimate of global nematode diversity diversity present at different spatial scales throughou 
s throughout littoral communities of uk nematodes and extrapolate this information to estimates 
ion to estimates of regional and global species richness. the utilization of mps to quantify ne 
n of mps to quantify nematode molecular biodiversity would represent a major advance towards id 
ial biological component of the earth s ecosystems. furthermore, the project will serve as a te 
 the use of mps in assessing the extant biodiversity in any meoi- or microfaunal or floral samp 
or hypothesis pertaining to the role of biodiversity in ecosystem functioning.  
rtaining to the role of biodiversity in ecosystem functioning.  
11636 30                                         soil contains a complex and highly diverse community of 
l contains a complex and highly diverse community of microorganisms. these microorganisms are r 
. these microorganisms are required for soil formation and for the many biologically-mediated,  
and for the many biologically-mediated, nutrient cycling processes that take place within soil. 
ycling processes that take place within soil. these processes are essential for maintenance of  
cesses are essential for maintenance of soil structure and for cycling of nutrients for plant g 
ce of soil structure and for cycling of nutrients for plant growth. the majority of soil microo 
 and for cycling of nutrients for plant growth. the majority of soil microorganisms cannot be r 
ients for plant growth. the majority of soil microorganisms cannot be readily cultivated in the 
chniques have been used to characterise soil microbial communities. typically, molecular analys 
lecular analysis involves extraction of soil dna or rna and amplification of genes that provide 
etic analysis to determine identity and diversity of the community. molecular analysis has reve 
determine identity and diversity of the community. molecular analysis has revealed the existenc 
 revealed the existence of considerable microbial diversity in soil and the existence of many g 
 of considerable microbial diversity in soil and the existence of many groups with no cultivate 
ted with extreme environments, e.g. low ph, high temperature. non-thermophilic crenarachaeota a 
extreme environments, e.g. low ph, high temperature. non-thermophilic crenarachaeota are abunda 
re abundant and ubiquitous in temperate soils but, because none has ever been cultivated, we ha 
not possible to determine their role in soil processes or their ecosystem function. two recent  
e their role in soil processes or their ecosystem function. two recent studies involving sequen 
quencing of large fragments of dna from soil and marine environments indicate a possible functi 
of large fragments of dna from soil and marine environments indicate a possible function for th 
marine environments indicate a possible function for these organisms. 16s rrna genes of non-the 
nucleic acids will then be separated by density gradient centrifugation. the different nucleic  
ounds. in addition, mrna extracted from soil will be analysed to determine whether the crenarch 
ed and not expressed in the presence of nitrification inhibitors. the project therefore will th 
roorganisms contributes to an important soil ecosystem process, soil nitrification.  
anisms contributes to an important soil ecosystem process, soil nitrification.  
to an important soil ecosystem process, soil nitrification.  
 important soil ecosystem process, soil nitrification.  
10070 18                         ectomycorrhizal fungi are essential symbiotic partners of the vast majo 
e vast majority of temperate trees; the fungi play a critical role in plant nutrition by exchan 
n plant nutrition by exchanging mineral nutrients captured from the soil for access to plant or 
ing mineral nutrients captured from the soil for access to plant organic carbon. however, we kn 
om the soil for access to plant organic carbon. however, we know surprisingly little about how  
how the availability of ectomycorrhizal fungi affects the establishment of tree seedlings in na 
ral environments. heathlands are unique ecosystems that are threatened worldwide by ectomycorrh 
tened worldwide by ectomycorrhizal tree invasion. the trees shade out native heath shrubs and e 
hlands are a cherished component of the landscape and they are high-profile habitats for biodiv 
 and they are high-profile habitats for biodiversity and conservation. lowland heathlands have  
h-profile habitats for biodiversity and conservation. lowland heathlands have experienced the m 
 century, largely due to birch and pine invasion, both of which are obligately ectomycorrhizal  
 and laboratory approach to uncover the distribution of ectomycorrhizal fungi in lowland heaths 
ver the distribution of ectomycorrhizal fungi in lowland heaths and unravel the initial symbiot 
ment. we will rely heavily on molecular ecology approaches because ectomycorrhizal fungi are hi 
logy approaches because ectomycorrhizal fungi are highly diverse and largely cryptic organisms; 
to the study of british ectomycorrhizal fungi. our results will be broadly relevant because the 
imed at addressing ectomycorrhizal tree invasion of heathlands.  
10429 6                                tropical ecosystems are major sources of the greenhouse gases .  
cal ecosystems are major sources of the greenhouse gases . the proposed research will greatly a 
ine the relative contribution of andean ecosystems to the ch4 and n2o budgets for south america 
n ch4 and n2o fluxes from upland andean ecosystems will also help us evaluate whether other tro 
ric budgets of ch4 and n2o. lastly, the development and adaptation of mathematical models that  
h4 and n2o. lastly, the development and adaptation of mathematical models that accurately simul 
10967 6                                tropical ecosystems are major sources of the greenhouse gases .  
cal ecosystems are major sources of the greenhouse gases . the proposed research will greatly a 
ine the relative contribution of andean ecosystems to the ch4 and n2o budgets for south america 
n ch4 and n2o fluxes from upland andean ecosystems will also help us evaluate whether other tro 
ric budgets of ch4 and n2o. lastly, the development and adaptation of mathematical models that  
h4 and n2o. lastly, the development and adaptation of mathematical models that accurately simul 
11699 6                                tropical ecosystems are major sources of the greenhouse gases .  
cal ecosystems are major sources of the greenhouse gases . the proposed research will greatly a 
ine the relative contribution of andean ecosystems to the ch4 and n2o budgets for south america 
n ch4 and n2o fluxes from upland andean ecosystems will also help us evaluate whether other tro 
ric budgets of ch4 and n2o. lastly, the development and adaptation of mathematical models that  
h4 and n2o. lastly, the development and adaptation of mathematical models that accurately simul 
11362 1 ociated biofilm, release a cue into the water column that primes the cyprids for settlement. th 
14952 6                                         biological invasions have become so widespread to const 
e a significant component of the global environmental change and are viewed as one of the most  
ost important determinants of change in biodiversity at a global scale, usually with harmful ec 
s of change in biodiversity at a global scale, usually with harmful ecological and economic eff 
armful ecological and economic effects. ants, by being ever-present and by their huge number, h 
using information on different types of soil use, recent fires and land-uses, models for the ex 
14540 8                                     the development of former research projects dealing with id 
ginal from america, which behaves as an invasive species, outcompeting the autochthonous artemi 
ous artemia strains from their original ecosystems. facing these prospects, the present project 
il the following objects: to update the distribution of saline ecosystems inhabited by autochth 
s: to update the distribution of saline ecosystems inhabited by autochthonous artemia strains i 
hthonous artemia strains in the western mediterranean, and to unveil as broadly as possible the 
 as possible the presence of the exotic invasive species. the research on life span for specime 
system, should show which are the major traits of this competitive mechanism and its consequenc 
14638 2                                     the development of former research projects dealing with id 
ne shrimp populations studied and their biodiversity.these results shall allow to improve the i 
7151 13           f. excelsior is classified by forest as valuable hardwood and has a high economic val 
est as valuable hardwood and has a high economic value because of its rapid growth, the light c 
igh economic value because of its rapid growth, the light color and excellent mechanical proper 
us excelsior, indigenous, have separate distribution areas but are actually sympatric in some r 
en the two species is a big problem for forest managers keen to maintain a consistent quality a 
 a business perspective. the reality of climate change, notably that of the increase in the ave 
bly that of the increase in the average temperature at the earth's surface will change the dist 
 at the earth's surface will change the distribution of species and some will migrate to higher 
 he ash oxyphylle its northern limit of distribution is currently located in loire valley and s 
this prediction is a real threat to the forest industry that harvests preferentially in the nor 
oncern us are related to the process of colonization, local adaptation, mating system and gene  
d to the process of colonization, local adaptation, mating system and gene flow measurements in 
better understand the dynamics of post- colonization of pioneer species that necessarily will h 
13875 13 rosa rugosa from ne asia is an invasive exotic species in n europe and ne north america. it con 
asia is an invasive exotic species in n europe and ne north america. it constitutes a major con 
ica. it constitutes a major concern for nature conservation along the coasts of the north sea a 
re conservation along the coasts of the north sea and the baltic. why did rosa rugosa become in 
o kinds of causes may be distinguished, evolution and ecology. a genetic change may have taken  
ses may be distinguished, evolution and ecology. a genetic change may have taken place in the e 
y altered selective pressure in the new environment or by introgression from native or cultivat 
ly, r. rugosa may have escaped from its natural enemies , which limit population growth and pla 
atural enemies , which limit population growth and plant vigour in its native range. circumstan 
ar species, and the introduction of new invasive species. the project will test for quantittive 
 release hypothesis by reducing general herbivory and disease under field conditions with compe 
hesis by reducing general herbivory and disease under field conditions with competitive neighbo 
ive and exotic ranges. in addition, the population dynamics will be studied in order to identif 
14583 6 of this project is to assay a method of restoration of vegetal benthic marine communities. conc 
ethod of restoration of vegetal benthic marine communities. concretely, we propose a method of  
ies. concretely, we propose a method of restoration of the main vegetal species that inhabits t 
roject are a to speed up the process of restoration of this community in the places where due t 
d up the process of restoration of this community in the places where due to the human activiti 
 as a consequence, to solve the lose of biodiversity caused by human activities.  
12590 18                                         policy-makers across defra and other government departm 
 a key requirement for reliable data on soil carbon on which evidence-based policy decisions ca 
 on soil carbon on which evidence-based policy decisions can be made. recent evidence suggests  
 be made. recent evidence suggests that carbon is being lost from soils in england and wales, b 
suggests that carbon is being lost from soils in england and wales, but the cause of this loss  
clear. therefore, it is likely that the impacts of any specific mitigation measures cannot curr 
likely that the impacts of any specific mitigation measures cannot currently be quantified. it  
 the belief of both policymakers and uk soil scientists that sufficient information already exi 
m a broad representative base of the uk soil community, was convened, through the auspices of p 
road representative base of the uk soil community, was convened, through the auspices of previo 
nderstanding of the effects of land/use management on processes driving the spatial and tempora 
 the spatial and temporal properties of carbon in soils. • using the decision tool to define th 
al and temporal properties of carbon in soils. • using the decision tool to define the ‘rules/i 
to define the ‘rules/inputs’ in running soil c flux models to deliver uk-wide estimates of soil 
 models to deliver uk-wide estimates of soil c flux for several established land use and manage 
 of soil c flux for several established land use and management scenarios, within specified lev 
ux for several established land use and management scenarios, within specified levels of confid 
ral established land use and management scenarios, within specified levels of confidence. the o 
14480 4 nces on the individual, population, and community, of a supplementary feeding program as a way  
pplementary feeding program as a way to recovery the populations of iberian lynx . according to 
 . according to previous information on intraguild predation and mesopredator release, it could 
protocols of actuation specific to each conservation goal aimed.  
10163 18                                         coral reefs are under threat worldwide from a combinati 
gion-wide shift from coral-dominated to algae-dominated reefs. these habitat changes, combined  
minated to algae-dominated reefs. these habitat changes, combined with fishing pressure, are ex 
s. these habitat changes, combined with fishing pressure, are expected to have had a considerab 
 have had a considerable impact on reef fish communities. the aim of this project is to compile 
hed and unpublished information on reef fish abundance across the caribbean. using the same ana 
nd unpublished information on reef fish abundance across the caribbean. using the same analytic 
ish the long-term patterns of change in abundance of reef fish and relate these to changes in h 
patterns of change in abundance of reef fish and relate these to changes in habitat and fishing 
eef fish and relate these to changes in habitat and fishing pressure. in addition, the role of  
 relate these to changes in habitat and fishing pressure. in addition, the role of marine prote 
hing pressure. in addition, the role of marine protected areas in altering the patterns of chan 
s in altering the patterns of change in fish abundance, particularly for those species that are 
altering the patterns of change in fish abundance, particularly for those species that are not  
those species that are not exploited by fisheries, will be examined. this study will yield a un 
ries, will be examined. this study will yield a unique picture of the large-scale ecological ch 
ill yield a unique picture of the large-scale ecological changes that have occurred on caribbea 
changes that have occurred on caribbean coral reefs over the past 30 years.  
10190 3      in unicellular microbes, fitness = growth rate, and very small changes in growth rate, and 
 growth rate, and very small changes in growth rate, and thus fitness, may be discriminated usi 
hus fitness, may be discriminated using competition analysis in chemostat culture. molecularly  
10998 3      in unicellular microbes, fitness = growth rate, and very small changes in growth rate, and 
 growth rate, and very small changes in growth rate, and thus fitness, may be discriminated usi 
hus fitness, may be discriminated using competition analysis in chemostat culture. molecularly  
12342 9  quota and bycatch regulations in skate fisheries, or fisheries that take skate as bycatch, hav 
atch regulations in skate fisheries, or fisheries that take skate as bycatch, have increased th 
nefits of improved estimates of discard mortality will be to reduce the risk that unsustainable 
discard mortality will be to reduce the risk that unsustainable fishing practices or quotas wil 
e to reduce the risk that unsustainable fishing practices or quotas will damage stock health an 
ntial. in addition, it will benefit the development of any proposed recovery plans for threaten 
benefit the development of any proposed recovery plans for threatened stocks. furthermore, the  
ght where improvements could be made to fishing practices to reduce discard mortality, but with 
 to fishing practices to reduce discard mortality, but without requiring punitive quotas or ove 
12291 39 assesses the risks posed to sustainable management of agricultural weeds by i proposed changes  
 sustainable management of agricultural weeds by i proposed changes to eu pesticide legislation 
tural weeds by i proposed changes to eu pesticide legislation which will result in the loss of  
creased invasions of novel agricultural weeds as a result of climate and other environmental ch 
novel agricultural weeds as a result of climate and other environmental change. in the last 30  
 weeds as a result of climate and other environmental change. in the last 30 years, agricultura 
proximately 15% of currently registered pesticides. at the same time as herbicide regulations a 
re is increasing incidence of herbicide resistance in weeds. herbicide resistance evolves in we 
ng incidence of herbicide resistance in weeds. herbicide resistance evolves in weed species fol 
erbicide resistance in weeds. herbicide resistance evolves in weed species following frequent e 
 single herbicide mode of action. where resistance is already prevalent in weed populations, it 
s of action. where farmers are fighting resistance with judicious rotation of many herbicide mo 
osal. given these concerns, future weed management strategies will need to integrate a larger n 
order to deliver sustainable control of weeds. a key objective of this research is to develop a 
 this research is to develop a computer model that will predict the impacts of changes in herbi 
 a computer model that will predict the impacts of changes in herbicide availability on the con 
erbicide availability on the control of weeds in uk arable cropping rotations. as it will not b 
it will not be possible to consider all weeds, we have chosen to focus on blackgrass, the most  
e most severe, widespread and herbicide-resistance prone weed species in the uk. once the model 
 prone weed species in the uk. once the model has been used to demonstrate the impacts of chang 
 model has been used to demonstrate the impacts of changing pesticide legislation, a series of  
 to demonstrate the impacts of changing pesticide legislation, a series of analyses will be per 
 will be performed to consider how weed management can change in the future to compensate for h 
erbicide losses and to make future weed management more sustainable, environmentally benign and 
nvironmentally benign and less prone to development of herbicide resistance. a key element of t 
 less prone to development of herbicide resistance. a key element of these changes will be to i 
d biological weed control options. this modelling-based project will help defra to quantify the 
 impact of changing legislation on weed management. by providing an indication of what alternat 
 an indication of what alternative weed management strategies are likely to be required in futu 
will help to direct future defra-funded weeds research. in particular, the development of alter 
nded weeds research. in particular, the development of alternative weed control strategies will 
rch to better understand the biology of weeds, so that this knowledge can be used to inform the 
ect will consider the potential for new weeds to invade and spread in the uk. there is increasi 
 there is increasing evidence that some weeds that are serious agricultural problems in their n 
n their native and introduced ranges in europe and north america are increasing their incidence 
rica are increasing their incidence and distribution in the uk. the project will examine the ev 
r how this spread may be exacerbated by climate and environmental change. recommendations will  
pread may be exacerbated by climate and environmental change. recommendations will be made for  
o quantify and mitigate future risks of invasion.  
10840 6                                         eutrophication is at present affecting global freshwate 
 global freshwaters on an unprecedented scale. a suite of uk lake types, exhibiting a range of  
gy and hence can be used to reconstruct phosphorus, dissolved oxygen and chlorophyll-a levels u 
ed to reconstruct phosphorus, dissolved oxygen and chlorophyll-a levels using a range of pre-ex 
eters will be correlated with the known sediment and catchment data, enabling the differences i 
ta, enabling the differences in timing, nature and magnitude of response in different lake type 
11610 4 s to assess n-, p- and fe-limitation of phytoplankton growth, photosynthesis and n2 fixation wi 
, p- and fe-limitation of phytoplankton growth, photosynthesis and n2 fixation will be undertak 
 fe-limitation of phytoplankton growth, photosynthesis and n2 fixation will be undertaken in th 
teor cruise 55 are limited by different nutrients.  
15438 6 ng multifactor interactions influencing ecosystem structure and functioning is critical to unde 
ritical to understand their response to global change. therefore, there are a high demand of in 
tent our knowledge on how organisms and ecosystems respond to the interaction between global .  
 in photobiology and mixing vertical in marine and freshwater ecosystems. this is a guarantee t 
ology and mixing vertical in marine and freshwater ecosystems. this is a guarantee to achieve t 
ixing vertical in marine and freshwater ecosystems. this is a guarantee to achieve the complex  
14903 3                    this project studies distribution, reservoirs and survival of edwardsiella t 
hich is an eel pathogen, in the natural environment as well as the influence of some other biot 
ome other biotic and abiotic factors of water .  
10973 6            i propose to undertake large scale sequencing of dna extracted from pelagic antarcti 
s. the sequences will be used to assess biodiversity within planktonic ecosystems in the southe 
o assess biodiversity within planktonic ecosystems in the southern ocean. following large-scale 
 in the southern ocean. following large-scale sequencing i will design sequence-specific probes 
e optimised, will allow rapid and large-scale biodiversity and ecological studies of planktonic 
mised, will allow rapid and large-scale biodiversity and ecological studies of planktonic commu 
13794 16 lowship at mcgill university, montreal, canada, for another six months. my stay so far has been 
ing, especially in terms of insights in landscape analyze of ecosystem services , trade-offs be 
rms of insights in landscape analyze of ecosystem services , trade-offs between bundles of serv 
ndscape analyze of ecosystem services , trade-offs between bundles of services, multifunctional 
 and implications for social-ecological resilience, i.e. the capacity to deal with change and c 
in my understanding and analysis of the governance challenges involved in managing ecosystem se 
ernance challenges involved in managing ecosystem services at a landscape scale. in addition to 
ved in managing ecosystem services at a landscape scale. in addition to work within my previous 
aging ecosystem services at a landscape scale. in addition to work within my previous case stud 
nalize this work and participate in the development of a regional model of the agricultural per 
cipate in the development of a regional model of the agricultural peri-urban region in southern 
regional model of the agricultural peri-urban region in southern quebec and its dynamics and re 
in southern quebec and its dynamics and resilience, i wish to stay in montreal for an extended  
l for an extended period. experience of modeling of social-ecological systems will be an import 
ended period. experience of modeling of social-ecological systems will be an important componen 
mponent for my future research based in sweden.  
7485 21                           the escape of fish from sea-cage aquaculture is perceived as a seriou 
       the escape of fish from sea-cage aquaculture is perceived as a serious threat to natural 
erceived as a serious threat to natural biodiversity in europes marine waters. escaped fish may 
reat to natural biodiversity in europes marine waters. escaped fish may cause undesirable genet 
rsity in europes marine waters. escaped fish may cause undesirable genetic effects in native po 
reeding, and ecological effects through predation, competition and the transfer of diseases to  
d ecological effects through predation, competition and the transfer of diseases to wild fish.  
on and the transfer of diseases to wild fish. technical and operational failures of fish farmin 
. technical and operational failures of fish farming technology cause escapes. cages break down 
operational accidents lead to spills of fish. sea-cage equipment is marketed and used across eu 
e equipment is marketed and used across europe, thus knowledge relevant to the culture of numer 
 produce robust equipment and implement risk adverse operations. the prevent escape project wil 
echnological research on a pan-european scale to improve recommendations and guidelines for aqu 
rove recommendations and guidelines for aquaculture technologies and operational strategies tha 
 of escapes of reproductive gametes and fish, determine the inherent behaviours that pre-dispos 
urs that pre-dispose certain species of fish towards a higher probability of escaping, and docu 
obability of escaping, and document the dispersal of escapees to develop and test recapture str 
reby improving operations and equipment production, and advancing national and international st 
for the design, construction and use of aquaculture equipment. these key pieces of information, 
 effects of escapees. if prevention and mitigation are more successful, genetic and ecological  
more successful, genetic and ecological impacts should diminish.  
11635 7                         many species of insects carry intracellular bacteria, bacteria that by  
 species of insects carry intracellular bacteria, bacteria that by virtue of their cytoplasmic  
f insects carry intracellular bacteria, bacteria that by virtue of their cytoplasmic location s 
ing. a subset of these that shows great biodiversity are the male-killing bacteria, inherited b 
great biodiversity are the male-killing bacteria, inherited bacteria that pass from female to s 
re the male-killing bacteria, inherited bacteria that pass from female to son and daughter, and 
ling action of the diverse male-killing bacteria found in ladybird beetles.  
12469 6 ct will assess the impact of changes in fishing quota and days at sea on the economic viability 
sea on the economic viability of the uk fishing industry as part of a defra impact assessment o 
 uk fishing industry as part of a defra impact assessment on european legislation. key customer 
y changes needed to achieve sustainable fisheries and will contribute to thinking on the reform 
to thinking on the reform of the common fisheries policy.  
g on the reform of the common fisheries policy.  
14109 23                      drastic changes in landscape structure during the last century have result 
st century have resulted in significant fragmentation of plant populations causing the loss of  
se species fitness and increase species vulnerability to environmental changes. in contemporary 
 environmental changes. in contemporary agricultural landscapes, field boundaries and other sem 
d to counteract the negative effects of fragmentation. the role of such elements enabling gene  
ing gene flow and thus supporting plant genetic diversity is largely unknown. sowing of commerc 
lower seed mixtures is a common tool in habitat restoration, while the genetic consequences of  
ed mixtures is a common tool in habitat restoration, while the genetic consequences of this mea 
 project are to evaluate the functional habitat connectivity using novel landscape genetic tool 
 are to evaluate the functional habitat connectivity using novel landscape genetic tools and to 
tional habitat connectivity using novel landscape genetic tools and to assess the potential eff 
 sowing commercial seed mixtures on the genetic diversity and fitness of natural plant populati 
, i will use a common self-incompatible wetland plant lychnis flos-cuculi as a model species re 
 wetland plant lychnis flos-cuculi as a model species representing the group of species, which  
ave been shown to be most vulnerable to fragmentation, and ditch verges in agricultural landsca 
e to fragmentation, and ditch verges in agricultural landscapes as model systems. i will sample 
ch verges in agricultural landscapes as model systems. i will sample sown and natural populatio 
lite markers i will study the effect of landscape structure on the gene flow. using artificial  
 pollen and whether it is influenced by habitat connectivity. i will set up an experiment in th 
and whether it is influenced by habitat connectivity. i will set up an experiment in the study  
f high significance for the sustainable planning of agri-environmental connectivity measures an 
tainable planning of agri-environmental connectivity measures and restoration ecology.  
environmental connectivity measures and restoration ecology.  
12168 9                                 current agri-environment schemes are central to meeting the gov 
njunction with those from the wider els monitoring project, will inform the development and imp 
els monitoring project, will inform the development and implementation of agri-environment meas 
 development and implementation of agri-environment measures designed to enhance the conservati 
onment measures designed to enhance the conservation status of these species by identifying key 
extent to which these are influenced by landscape context and some indication of threshold habi 
andscape context and some indication of threshold habitat areas required for population recover 
ontext and some indication of threshold habitat areas required for population recovery for a nu 
d habitat areas required for population recovery for a number of key bird species.  
12550 18                                         bees make an essential contribution to agriculture and  
 bees make an essential contribution to agriculture and the environment through pollination: th 
ial contribution to agriculture and the environment through pollination: they also produce hone 
agriculture and the environment through pollination: they also produce honey and wax. the honey 
 honey bee , are known to assist colony recovery. alternatively in cases of higher disease leve 
overy. alternatively in cases of higher disease levels, the only course of action is to destroy 
 use of antibiotics to achieve improved disease control of efb. shook swarm involves transferri 
k swarm involves transferring all adult bees from an infected hive into a clean hive, thereby r 
usative organism of european foul brood disease, within colonies prior to and post the shook sw 
ealthy colonies. in addition samples of bees and brood will be taken from apparently healthy co 
ken from apparently healthy colonies in disease free counties of england and wales to attempt t 
pt to map geographical incidence of the disease causing organisms and threshold levels of bacte 
ce of the disease causing organisms and threshold levels of bacteria within colonies that lead  
using organisms and threshold levels of bacteria within colonies that lead to development of cl 
f bacteria within colonies that lead to development of clinical signs of disease. all samples o 
ead to development of clinical signs of disease. all samples of adult bees and brood will be ta 
 signs of disease. all samples of adult bees and brood will be taken from each colony in the tr 
 each colony in the trial and levels of bacteria will be determined in the laboratory using qua 
10865 11 pervisory team that is world-leading in ecosystem based ocean acidification research using natu 
hat is world-leading in ecosystem based ocean acidification research using natural analogues. t 
tor spatial and temporal variability in ph . the student will examine whether calcified algae,  
 student will examine whether calcified algae, foraminifera and corals can adapt their mineralo 
isual counts will be used to assess the diversity, behavior and abundance of shrimps and fish r 
s will be used to assess the diversity, behavior and abundance of shrimps and fish recording th 
d to assess the diversity, behavior and abundance of shrimps and fish recording the distributio 
, behavior and abundance of shrimps and fish recording the distribution of gravid females and f 
dance of shrimps and fish recording the distribution of gravid females and fish nests in relati 
 the distribution of gravid females and fish nests in relation to co2 monitoring zones, as juve 
males and fish nests in relation to co2 monitoring zones, as juvenile stages can be the most vu 
14816 10 work of a programme that joins together macroecology and historical biogeography. this approach 
ns together macroecology and historical biogeography. this approach may allow knowing, interpre 
tions existing among the vertebrates in spain. this study will include the identification of ch 
s of different species, and the spatial modelling of the distributions of the implied species,  
ose distributions more dependent on the environment, we will build predictive models of future  
ive models of future distributions in a climate change scenario. we will also extract the perti 
tract the pertinent conclusions for the conservation of different distribution types, depending 
sions for the conservation of different distribution types, depending on whether they are more  
alysis, as the spanish ministry for the environment has just published the distribution atlases 
 the environment has just published the distribution atlases of all vertebrate groups on the ut 
11012 3 to one another. for example, changes in temperature or habitats can alter distributions of host 
system . a. lyrata tends to grow in low competition environments so we will also question wheth 
d albugo and establish whether the same resistance mechanisms operate in host populations sampl 
11524 3 to one another. for example, changes in temperature or habitats can alter distributions of host 
system . a. lyrata tends to grow in low competition environments so we will also question wheth 
d albugo and establish whether the same resistance mechanisms operate in host populations sampl 
12171 14 set-aside has had benefits for farmland biodiversity, particularly birds, for which it can prov 
for farmland biodiversity, particularly birds, for which it can provide valuable foraging habit 
 which it can provide valuable foraging habitat in summer and winter, as well as breeding habit 
 summer and winter, as well as breeding habitat for some ground-nesting species. a review of re 
itat for some ground-nesting species. a review of recent studies suggests that, on average, set 
 used to characterise valuable foraging habitat and inform the sorts of habitat features that c 
oraging habitat and inform the sorts of habitat features that could potentially be promoted as  
d potentially be promoted as field-edge mitigation measures for the loss of set-aside. the resu 
oss of set-aside. the results will help policy-makers to assess the need for measures to mitiga 
ng evidence base for the impact of this habitat change on the behaviour and population trends o 
viour and population trends of farmland birds. they will also provide a basis for the developme 
 they will also provide a basis for the development of possible options in terms of field edge  
possible options in terms of field edge management approaches that may be implemented alongide  
 may be implemented alongide other agri-environment measures to prevent further population decl 
10311 18                             in 2010 the amazon basin experienced unusually dry conditions, a se 
nusually dry conditions, a second major drought in 5 years, a pattern which is remarkably simil 
milar to some predictions of the future climate of the region. this is because most climate mod 
ate of the region. this is because most climate models predict an increase in dry season intens 
eason intensity, and all an increase in temperature in the coming century as a consequence of g 
ming century as a consequence of global climate change. whether or not long-term climate change 
limate change. whether or not long-term climate change is already involved the current event ca 
nt event can help us evaluate how humid forest, deciduous forests and savanna ecosystems and sp 
us evaluate how humid forest, deciduous forests and savanna ecosystems and species respond to d 
how humid forest, deciduous forests and savanna ecosystems and species respond to drying, so he 
d forest, deciduous forests and savanna ecosystems and species respond to drying, so helping as 
drying, so helping assess the potential scale of impacts as the amazon climate dries. our team  
o helping assess the potential scale of impacts as the amazon climate dries. our team has a lar 
s the potential scale of impacts as the amazon climate dries. our team has a large network of o 
otential scale of impacts as the amazon climate dries. our team has a large network of on-the-g 
llent opportunity to measure the actual impacts of drought. we already did this with the severe 
tunity to measure the actual impacts of drought. we already did this with the severe 2005 droug 
e already did this with the severe 2005 drought the infrastructure installed to allow local col 
9953 16  last few months there has been extreme drought in amazonia. this may be related to warming of  
ght in amazonia. this may be related to warming of the north atlantic and gulf of mexico, the s 
rming of the north atlantic and gulf of mexico, the same feature that helped generate unusually 
pical cyclones since records began. the amazon drought may have been a similarly unusual event. 
yclones since records began. the amazon drought may have been a similarly unusual event. in wes 
rly this may have been the most intense drought since weather records began in this region in t 
ong the middle and lower reaches of the amazon river had reached the lowest marks for 35 to 60  
, which indicates that most of the vast amazon basin for an additional year following the droug 
in for an additional year following the drought so that we can understand in more detail how am 
at we can understand in more detail how amazon forests recover from the drought. together with  
an understand in more detail how amazon forests recover from the drought. together with this in 
ail how amazon forests recover from the drought. together with this intensive fieldwork and sub 
e existing weather data from across the amazon to understand the precise magnitude, intensity,  
d the precise magnitude, intensity, and distribution of the drought, and also satellite-based m 
ude, intensity, and distribution of the drought, and also satellite-based measurements of fores 
nd also satellite-based measurements of forest canopy properties to understand how the extreme  
9985 16  last few months there has been extreme drought in amazonia. this may be related to warming of  
ght in amazonia. this may be related to warming of the north atlantic and gulf of mexico, the s 
rming of the north atlantic and gulf of mexico, the same feature that helped generate unusually 
pical cyclones since records began. the amazon drought may have been a similarly unusual event. 
yclones since records began. the amazon drought may have been a similarly unusual event. in wes 
rly this may have been the most intense drought since weather records began in this region in t 
ong the middle and lower reaches of the amazon river had reached the lowest marks for 35 to 60  
, which indicates that most of the vast amazon basin for an additional year following the droug 
in for an additional year following the drought so that we can understand in more detail how am 
at we can understand in more detail how amazon forests recover from the drought. together with  
an understand in more detail how amazon forests recover from the drought. together with this in 
ail how amazon forests recover from the drought. together with this intensive fieldwork and sub 
e existing weather data from across the amazon to understand the precise magnitude, intensity,  
d the precise magnitude, intensity, and distribution of the drought, and also satellite-based m 
ude, intensity, and distribution of the drought, and also satellite-based measurements of fores 
nd also satellite-based measurements of forest canopy properties to understand how the extreme  
2182 5 ng sets of categories and criteria. the evaluation will conform to these guidelines to enable e 
ease the knowledge of the status of the fish stock around jan mayen and enhance the information 
nhance the information of the norwegian marine fish diversity.  
the information of the norwegian marine fish diversity.  
nformation of the norwegian marine fish diversity.  
10858 1 me of the most basic information on the life history of this species, information that may be v 
10067 15                    proliferative kidney disease and will significantly contribute to fundamenta 
ndamental knowledge of the evolutionary ecology of hosts and parasites by characterising the in 
dly during research with case partners, fish farm partners and academic institutes. drivers for 
ow environmental conditions promote the development of pkd is poorly understood but such unders 
nderstanding is crucial for identifying risk factors associated with disease outbreaks and the  
dentifying risk factors associated with disease outbreaks and the susceptibility of wild fish p 
utbreaks and the susceptibility of wild fish populations. due to the value of salmonid fish and 
pulations. due to the value of salmonid fish and the many pressures facing brown trout populati 
essures facing brown trout populations, monitoring fish health in the wild remains a serious ch 
ing brown trout populations, monitoring fish health in the wild remains a serious challenge. us 
nge. using bryozoans as a surrogate for monitoring pkd would provide a valuable and novel appro 
le and novel approach for managing wild fish populations, affording a basis for national monito 
lations, affording a basis for national monitoring and minimising future disease impacts.  
tional monitoring and minimising future disease impacts.  
onitoring and minimising future disease impacts.  
10156 17 been a surge of interest in the role of disease on individual health and its effects on host po 
se studies and, indeed, the majority of disease control programmes of humans and domestic anima 
rldwide has tb, and over one fourth has soil transmitted helminths. importantly, these co-infec 
e interactions may arise through direct competition between parasites within each host. however 
 may also be indirect, possibly through competition for shared resources . in this case, immune 
s that result in a diverse, interactive community within each individual host. clearly, underst 
sign of truly effective and sustainable disease control programs. if control approaches only co 
e may be unpredictable consequences for disease caused by other, co-infecting parasites. howeve 
 measuring interactions using classical community ecology perturbation experiments, by removing 
pecies was previously suppressing their abundance. by repeating this process for all main paras 
 these interactions into a mathematical model will allow us to predict how such parasite commun 
of two species at the same time. if our model predictions prove accurate for more complex co-tr 
e a vital tool for developing long-term disease control strategies in other host species, such  
es, such as humans, domestic animals or wildlife threatened to extinction by infectious disease 
estic animals or wildlife threatened to extinction by infectious diseases. it is gradually bein 
an important role in the occurrence and management of many diseases of human concern. given the 
nding of the factors affecting parasite invasion, transmission, persistence, and control. this  
11676 17 been a surge of interest in the role of disease on individual health and its effects on host po 
se studies and, indeed, the majority of disease control programmes of humans and domestic anima 
rldwide has tb, and over one fourth has soil transmitted helminths. importantly, these co-infec 
e interactions may arise through direct competition between parasites within each host. however 
 may also be indirect, possibly through competition for shared resources . in this case, immune 
s that result in a diverse, interactive community within each individual host. clearly, underst 
sign of truly effective and sustainable disease control programs. if control approaches only co 
e may be unpredictable consequences for disease caused by other, co-infecting parasites. howeve 
 measuring interactions using classical community ecology perturbation experiments, by removing 
pecies was previously suppressing their abundance. by repeating this process for all main paras 
 these interactions into a mathematical model will allow us to predict how such parasite commun 
of two species at the same time. if our model predictions prove accurate for more complex co-tr 
e a vital tool for developing long-term disease control strategies in other host species, such  
es, such as humans, domestic animals or wildlife threatened to extinction by infectious disease 
estic animals or wildlife threatened to extinction by infectious diseases. it is gradually bein 
an important role in the occurrence and management of many diseases of human concern. given the 
nding of the factors affecting parasite invasion, transmission, persistence, and control. this  
12341 12 ntly, these sharks are caught in target fisheries and as a bycatch in longline, trawl and gilln 
 bycatch in longline, trawl and gillnet fisheries. reduced quotas and size restrictions will be 
an level on setting a zero tac. further mitigation measures such as area or seasonal closures,  
 limited knowledge of the movements and distribution of these species, and their survivorship a 
hip after capture, severely hampers the evaluation of proposed policies.to evaluate the efficac 
efficacy of current and other potential management measures it is necessary to collect evidence 
is necessary to collect evidence on the risk of capture and the survivorship of caught & discar 
verlap of porbeagle and spurdog and the fisheries that exploit them. this information can be us 
eing discarded to develop a qualitative assessment of the vulnerability of stocks to fisheries  
develop a qualitative assessment of the vulnerability of stocks to fisheries , and forecasting  
sment of the vulnerability of stocks to fisheries , and forecasting the effects of reducing cat 
 and international commitments to shark management are being met, and the potential risks to th 
12615 12 tial legacy of chemical contaminants in soil, mainly resulting from industrial pollution. gover 
 soil, mainly resulting from industrial pollution. government has a wide range of policies spec 
event new contamination is centred on a risk based framework, recognising that whilst contamina 
the potential to cause harm. government policy is clear that the risks need to be addressed on  
 due to the different circumstances and risk scenarios at each site. it is therefore the case t 
to the different circumstances and risk scenarios at each site. it is therefore the case that t 
ntaminants specified as limit values in planning permission conditions and associated use of la 
ect is not readily available from local planning authorities as there is not currently a statut 
developed and so dealt with through the planning regime. however, it is likely that any such in 
eliable data. this will then inform the nature and extent of the main survey. there is also the 
 effectiveness of key contaminated land policy to date which can in turn inform the policy maki 
cy to date which can in turn inform the policy making of the future.  
10992 9                                         biodiversity in the recent past has been increasingly a 
 affected by the replacement of natural ecosystems with human-dominated ones. in order to bette 
nes. in order to better understand past biodiversity and the impact of factors such as climate  
rsity and the impact of factors such as climate change, this project aims to provide a small-sc 
e, this project aims to provide a small-scale microsampling technique for the thorough identifi 
 has had a recent from the recent small-scale excavations at pin hole cave. the sampling will b 
ormation obtained from the earlier full-scale excavation to evaluate the potential of small-sca 
tion to evaluate the potential of small-scale excavations that are comprehensively analysed. re 
ly analysed. reducing the need for full-scale excavation would minimise site destruction and al 
11214 26               one of the most important zooplankton in the north atlantic is calanus finmarchic 
ood resource for commercially important fish such as haddock, herring and mackerel. however, th 
culation patterns and/or changes in the abundance and distribution of their food; primarily the 
rns and/or changes in the abundance and distribution of their food; primarily the small single- 
d free-floating microscopic plants, the phytoplankton. from recent research cruises to the ne a 
f 2001/2 we gathered information on the distribution and abundance of calanus over the entire i 
red information on the distribution and abundance of calanus over the entire irminger basin. we 
n. we also made routine measurements of phytoplankton pigments and what amounts of phytoplankto 
toplankton pigments and what amounts of phytoplankton are actually present in the water column. 
ytoplankton are actually present in the water column. to do this, we will need to measure vario 
will need to measure various indices of phytoplankton abundance and activity in the water and r 
easure various indices of phytoplankton abundance and activity in the water and relate this to  
oplankton abundance and activity in the water and relate this to satellite observations. from t 
s. from this we can initially calculate phytoplankton biomass and then use measured relationshi 
e can initially calculate phytoplankton biomass and then use measured relationships between bio 
then use measured relationships between biomass and productivity to reconstruct phytoplankton p 
sured relationships between biomass and productivity to reconstruct phytoplankton production ra 
biomass and productivity to reconstruct phytoplankton production rates, from space. production  
oductivity to reconstruct phytoplankton production rates, from space. production rates estimate 
oplankton production rates, from space. production rates estimated from space will then need to 
ace will then need to be validated with phytoplankton productivity measured in the sea. once we 
need to be validated with phytoplankton productivity measured in the sea. once we have establis 
tablished reliable year-round and basin-scale phytoplankton production, this will provide an es 
hed reliable year-round and basin-scale phytoplankton production, this will provide an estimate 
ear-round and basin-scale phytoplankton production, this will provide an estimate of the availa 
 this information to assess whether the abundance of calanus is controlled by the available foo 
11754 10 how much resource will be available for fish stocks, we need to understand the population dynam 
 fish stocks, we need to understand the population dynamics and productivity of the zooplankton 
 understand the population dynamics and productivity of the zooplankton populations on which th 
lation dynamics and productivity of the zooplankton populations on which they feed. calanus fin 
 copepod species and source of food for fish in the north atlantic. the study of zooplankton gr 
ish in the north atlantic. the study of zooplankton growth in the ocean is very difficult and t 
orth atlantic. the study of zooplankton growth in the ocean is very difficult and time consumin 
sure the activity of enzymes related to growth and perform growth experiments combined with enz 
f enzymes related to growth and perform growth experiments combined with enzyme activity assays 
fying true costs of over-wintering, and modelling this important aspect of life-history.  
419 18                        the northwestern mediterranean region appears to be one of the most sens 
ears to be one of the most sensitive to climate change. the potential impacts of these changes  
sitive to climate change. the potential impacts of these changes could have tragic consequences 
onsequences on the preservation of many ecosystems and species. a strong research effort to det 
etermine the past and coming effects of global change over the mediterranean must be supported  
oming effects of global change over the mediterranean must be supported to evaluate the risks i 
d to evaluate the risks incurred by the mediterranean marine biodiversity. this project propose 
the risks incurred by the mediterranean marine biodiversity. this project proposes to work on t 
ks incurred by the mediterranean marine biodiversity. this project proposes to work on the shad 
bedrock communities in the northwestern mediterranean and the species that belong to these comm 
onmental events: epizootic diseases and mortality, change in the geographical and/or bathymetri 
 in the geographical and/or bathymetric distribution of species. by using a multi-disciplinary  
echanisms leading to changes in coastal marine biodiversity, thereby generating consequences on 
ms leading to changes in coastal marine biodiversity, thereby generating consequences on depend 
come possible to propose a strategy for monitoring mediterranean marine biodiversity. in additi 
le to propose a strategy for monitoring mediterranean marine biodiversity. in addition, jointly 
a strategy for monitoring mediterranean marine biodiversity. in addition, jointly with some eco 
egy for monitoring mediterranean marine biodiversity. in addition, jointly with some economists 
7136 17                      the north- western mediterranean appears to be one of the most sensitive r 
be one of the most sensitive regions to climate change. the potential impacts of this change co 
egions to climate change. the potential impacts of this change could have dramatic consequences 
ould have dramatic consequences for the conservation of many species and ecosystems. a determin 
or the conservation of many species and ecosystems. a determined effort to discern research pas 
ern research past and future effects of global change in the mediterranean should be supported  
 future effects of global change in the mediterranean should be supported to assess the risks t 
uld be supported to assess the risks to mediterranean marine biodiversity. this project propose 
ed to assess the risks to mediterranean marine biodiversity. this project proposes to investiga 
ssess the risks to mediterranean marine biodiversity. this project proposes to investigate the  
ties of hard substrates nordoccidentale mediterranean and component species. . this project als 
that can lead to changes in the coastal marine biodiversity, thus generating an impact on the d 
n lead to changes in the coastal marine biodiversity, thus generating an impact on the dependen 
. it will then be possible to propose a mediterranean marine biodiversity monitoring strategy.  
 be possible to propose a mediterranean marine biodiversity monitoring strategy. finally, toget 
sible to propose a mediterranean marine biodiversity monitoring strategy. finally, together wit 
ose a mediterranean marine biodiversity monitoring strategy. finally, together with economists  
12272 37                    to inform government policy at national and european scales, defra needs to  
out the many factors that influence the sustainability and environmental impacts of arable crop 
s that influence the sustainability and environmental impacts of arable crop production. this p 
nd environmental impacts of arable crop production. this project will maintain consistency of s 
d rape and cabbage stem weevil. a final assessment will then take place on all crops at pod rip 
 ripening to measure stem, root and pod disease levels. as for the wheat survey, a questionnair 
cted by fusarium head blight which is a disease caused by a complex of at least five pathogen s 
 the toxins they produce will assist in monitoring the annual severity of this disease, measure 
 monitoring the annual severity of this disease, measure changes in prevalence of each species  
evalence of each species in response to climate and agronomic practice and provide data to assi 
 practice and provide data to assist in risk analyses for mycotoxin contamination in grain. the 
ity necessary to inform a wide range of policy questions now and for the future. the historical 
istically robust source of evidence for policy making which aims to mitigate the impacts of cro 
olicy making which aims to mitigate the impacts of crop diseases and pests and unsustainable ma 
op diseases and pests and unsustainable management practices. the data collected are also a key 
a collected are also a key resource for monitoring impacts of climate change on uk agriculture  
 are also a key resource for monitoring impacts of climate change on uk agriculture by measurin 
 key resource for monitoring impacts of climate change on uk agriculture by measuring indicator 
itoring impacts of climate change on uk agriculture by measuring indicator species. most recent 
e change on uk agriculture by measuring indicator species. most recently these data were used t 
tly these data were used to examine the impacts of revisions to directive 91/414/eec, affecting 
4/eec, affecting future availability of pesticide active ingredients, to production of wheat in 
ity of pesticide active ingredients, to production of wheat in this country. as well as address 
 well as addressing future research and policy needs, this project will continue existing colla 
vision of data for investigation of the impacts of issues including food security, climate chan 
tion of the impacts of issues including food security, climate change, environmental protection 
acts of issues including food security, climate change, environmental protection, uk and eu gov 
mental protection, uk and eu government policy, varietal resistance, pathogen resistance, land  
, uk and eu government policy, varietal resistance, pathogen resistance, land management and ec 
t policy, varietal resistance, pathogen resistance, land management and economics on wheat and  
rietal resistance, pathogen resistance, land management and economics on wheat and oilseed rape 
athogen resistance, land management and economics on wheat and oilseed rape production. samples 
and economics on wheat and oilseed rape production. samples or data will also be provided to su 
r data will also be provided to support monitoring for food safety, development and validation  
 to support monitoring for food safety, development and validation of models for disease and pe 
evelopment and validation of models for disease and pest forecasting and identification of sust 
 and identification of sustainable crop management strategies for the industry.  
7457 26       as the evidence for human induced climate change becomes clearer, so too does the realiza 
 realization that its effects will have impacts on natural environment and socio-economic syste 
ts effects will have impacts on natural environment and socio-economic systems. some regions ar 
s of life. the proposal will assess the impacts of a changing climate on the quantity and quali 
l will assess the impacts of a changing climate on the quantity and quality of water in mountai 
 climate on the quantity and quality of water in mountain regions. modeling techniques will be  
d quality of water in mountain regions. modeling techniques will be used to project the influen 
various time and space scales. regional climate models will provide the essential information o 
e the essential information on shifting precipitation and temperature patterns, and snow, ice,  
formation on shifting precipitation and temperature patterns, and snow, ice, and biosphere mode 
odels in order to assess the changes in seasonality, amount, and incidence of extreme events in 
e analyzed in terms of hazards, aquatic ecosystems, hydropower, tourism, agriculture, and the h 
azards, aquatic ecosystems, hydropower, tourism, agriculture, and the health implications of ch 
quatic ecosystems, hydropower, tourism, agriculture, and the health implications of changing wa 
and the health implications of changing water quality. attention will also be devoted to the in 
 be devoted to the interactions between land use/land cover changes, and changing or conflictin 
ed to the interactions between land use/land cover changes, and changing or conflicting water r 
er changes, and changing or conflicting water resource demands. adaptation and policy options w 
 or conflicting water resource demands. adaptation and policy options will be elaborated on the 
 water resource demands. adaptation and policy options will be elaborated on the basis of the m 
 will be elaborated on the basis of the model results. specific environmental conditions of mou 
ratures, prolonged droughts and extreme precipitation. the methodological developments gained f 
 mountain focus will be used to address water issues in regions whose economic conditions and p 
ities to respond and adapt, such as the andes and central asia where complex problems resulting 
mmetric power relations and less robust institutions arise. methodologies developed to study eu 
ties and be used to evaluate a range of policy options.  
12295 29 low defra to improve their responses on land use issues in england. the project will provide a  
assess the most sustainable options for land use. the project aims are: 1. identify sources of  
roject aims are: 1. identify sources of land use typology data for england. 2. create a databas 
ase of metadata for the key features of land use typology datasets, including searchable key wo 
 or tags and links to other datasets or policy areas. 3. assess the opportunities or threats po 
posed by inclusion of each dataset in a land use framework. 4. assess existing activities curre 
cal barriers to synthesis of comparable land use datasets into one map. 6. recommend future wor 
mmend future work that could aid in the development of a land use framework. such suggested fut 
 that could aid in the development of a land use framework. such suggested future work could in 
d include the creation of a synthesised land use typology into a single classification scheme.  
hesised land use typology into a single classification scheme. the resulting maps would provide 
s would provide an understanding of the distribution and patterns of land use at a meaningful l 
ing of the distribution and patterns of land use at a meaningful level for policy making. durin 
s of land use at a meaningful level for policy making. during the project a desk-based assessme 
making. during the project a desk-based assessment of existing sources of land use data will be 
based assessment of existing sources of land use data will be undertaken, and the results of th 
l be undertaken, and the results of the assessment will be recorded in a metadata database. thi 
ill focus on the geographic elements of land use data. where the resolution of the data is deem 
onally, perceived gaps in the domain of land use data will be noted. the first stages of the pr 
 are to discuss the potential form of a land use framework, to address the function of such a f 
of a land use framework, to address the function of such a framework and the user requirements  
es the typology of land in terms of its development status/function/designation include: • urba 
land in terms of its development status/function/designation include: • urban – residential hou 
 status/function/designation include: • urban – residential housing/commercial/industrial/trans 
rial/transport networks/infrastructure/ urban greenspaces; • agricultural land – arable/horticu 
gricultural land – arable/horticultural/grassland; • land with designated status – aonbs/nation 
esignated status – aonbs/national parks/nature designations analysis will be performed. this sw 
 defra taking each dataset forward in a land use framework. recommendations will be made for ad 
 for additional work that would aid the development of such a framework, including identifying  
14981 16 ents, both biotic and abiotic, of river ecosystems, but less is known about the effects on the  
is known about the effects on the river function, and much less if these effects are of the sam 
ts are of the same magnitude in fluvial ecosystems located in different climatic areas, as thos 
. solutions to problems affecting river ecosystems, will arrive with a better understanding on  
er understanding on their structure and function. leaf litter decomposition is a key ecosystem- 
anding on their structure and function. leaf litter decomposition is a key ecosystem-level proc 
g on their structure and function. leaf litter decomposition is a key ecosystem-level process a 
ion. leaf litter decomposition is a key ecosystem-level process and sensitive to disturbances a 
and sensitive to disturbances affecting rivers. so, it is a functional indicator of changes in  
ffecting rivers. so, it is a functional indicator of changes in ecological river status. the ai 
in the functioning of low order iberian streams through the response of an ecosystem process, l 
rian streams through the response of an ecosystem process, leaf litter decomposition, in differ 
h the response of an ecosystem process, leaf litter decomposition, in different geographic and  
 response of an ecosystem process, leaf litter decomposition, in different geographic and clima 
emonstrate the importance of functional indicators in providing an integrated drawing of river  
roviding an integrated drawing of river ecosystem health  
14979 16 ents, both biotic and abiotic, of river ecosystems, but less is known about the effects on the  
is known about the effects on the river function, and much less if these effects are of the sam 
ts are of the same magnitude in fluvial ecosystems located in different climatic areas, as thos 
. solutions to problems affecting river ecosystems, will arrive with a better understanding on  
er understanding on their structure and function. leaf litter decomposition is a key ecosystem- 
anding on their structure and function. leaf litter decomposition is a key ecosystem-level proc 
g on their structure and function. leaf litter decomposition is a key ecosystem-level process a 
ion. leaf litter decomposition is a key ecosystem-level process and sensitive to disturbances a 
and sensitive to disturbances affecting rivers. so, it is a functional indicator of changes in  
ffecting rivers. so, it is a functional indicator of changes in ecological river status. the ai 
in the functioning of low order iberian streams through the response of an ecosystem process, l 
rian streams through the response of an ecosystem process, leaf litter decomposition, in differ 
h the response of an ecosystem process, leaf litter decomposition, in different geographic and  
 response of an ecosystem process, leaf litter decomposition, in different geographic and clima 
emonstrate the importance of functional indicators in providing an integrated drawing of river  
roviding an integrated drawing of river ecosystem health.  
14980 16 ents, both biotic and abiotic, of river ecosystems, but less is known about the effects on the  
is known about the effects on the river function, and much less if these effects are of the sam 
ts are of the same magnitude in fluvial ecosystems located in different climatic areas, as thos 
. solutions to problems affecting river ecosystems, will arrive with a better understanding on  
er understanding on their structure and function. leaf litter decomposition is a key ecosystem- 
anding on their structure and function. leaf litter decomposition is a key ecosystem-level proc 
g on their structure and function. leaf litter decomposition is a key ecosystem-level process a 
ion. leaf litter decomposition is a key ecosystem-level process and sensitive to disturbances a 
and sensitive to disturbances affecting rivers. so, it is a functional indicator of changes in  
ffecting rivers. so, it is a functional indicator of changes in ecological river status. the ai 
in the functioning of low order iberian streams through the response of an ecosystem process, l 
rian streams through the response of an ecosystem process, leaf litter decomposition, in differ 
h the response of an ecosystem process, leaf litter decomposition, in different geographic and  
 response of an ecosystem process, leaf litter decomposition, in different geographic and clima 
emonstrate the importance of functional indicators in providing an integrated drawing of river  
roviding an integrated drawing of river ecosystem health.  
14978 16 ents, both biotic and abiotic, of river ecosystems, but less is known about the effects on the  
is known about the effects on the river function, and much less if these effects are of the sam 
ts are of the same magnitude in fluvial ecosystems located in different climatic areas, as thos 
. solutions to problems affecting river ecosystems, will arrive with a better understanding on  
er understanding on their structure and function. leaf litter decomposition is a key ecosystem- 
anding on their structure and function. leaf litter decomposition is a key ecosystem-level proc 
g on their structure and function. leaf litter decomposition is a key ecosystem-level process a 
ion. leaf litter decomposition is a key ecosystem-level process and sensitive to disturbances a 
and sensitive to disturbances affecting rivers. so, it is a functional indicator of changes in  
ffecting rivers. so, it is a functional indicator of changes in ecological river status. the ai 
in the functioning of low order iberian streams through the response of an ecosystem process, l 
rian streams through the response of an ecosystem process, leaf litter decomposition, in differ 
h the response of an ecosystem process, leaf litter decomposition, in different geographic and  
 response of an ecosystem process, leaf litter decomposition, in different geographic and clima 
emonstrate the importance of functional indicators in providing an integrated drawing of river  
roviding an integrated drawing of river ecosystem health.  
7370 14               c. complementary modes of management and conservation devices / after showing the 
. complementary modes of management and conservation devices / after showing the emergence of a 
fter showing the emergence of a dynamic management model of genetic resources of wheat involvin 
g the emergence of a dynamic management model of genetic resources of wheat involving farm mana 
netic resources of wheat involving farm management and conservation collections, we will develo 
 of wheat involving farm management and conservation collections, we will develop an approach f 
 develop an approach for evaluating the diversity of land agricultural landscape. this indicato 
ch for evaluating the diversity of land agricultural landscape. this indicator will quantify th 
ty of land agricultural landscape. this indicator will quantify the evolution of diversity and  
scape. this indicator will quantify the evolution of diversity and evaluate the effectiveness o 
ndicator will quantify the evolution of diversity and evaluate the effectiveness of active mana 
nd evaluate the effectiveness of active management to preserve diversity, maintain the adaptive 
veness of active management to preserve diversity, maintain the adaptive potential and preserve 
he adaptive potential and preserve wild biodiversity associated  
7191 9                                    mpas review of marine reserves governance implications of la 
                         mpas review of marine reserves governance implications of large scale  
         mpas review of marine reserves governance implications of large scale in national and  
serves governance implications of large scale in national and international waters. we will app 
ee different systems, the gulf of lion, south africa and the indian ocean, which contain high e 
nd the indian ocean, which contain high economic value species and / or species suffering from  
from bycatch that demonstrate different migration patterns. these three regions have expressed  
trong interest in pursuing a scientific review of the potential effects of amp. through this co 
tudy, we aim to provide the information management authorities need now, when the subject is re 
14649 6                                   river ecosystems are of special value to society since they s 
cial value to society since they supply water for human consumption and other services with bio 
icting and diagnosing pollutant induced stress in freshwater ecosystems, and will improve its e 
 diagnosing pollutant induced stress in freshwater ecosystems, and will improve its environment 
 pollutant induced stress in freshwater ecosystems, and will improve its environmental manageme 
hwater ecosystems, and will improve its environmental management.  
12252 15                                         sustainable development is key concept that has emerged 
ainable. the environmental footprint of agriculture is complex. agricultural activities consume 
ities consume and utilise materials and energy like any other production processes, but this pr 
ise materials and energy like any other production processes, but this production is carried ou 
ny other production processes, but this production is carried out in the environment itself cau 
t this production is carried out in the environment itself causing point source and diffuse pol 
itself causing point source and diffuse pollution and impacting on habitats and biodiversity. t 
pollution and impacting on habitats and biodiversity. the environmental effects can be direct a 
and to devise and develop an innovative environmental management system that would be effective 
to undertake this work: a comprehensive review and critique of the whole farm and targeted syst 
arnt from this approach will enable the development of an innovative environmental management s 
enable the development of an innovative environmental management system that encapsulates the a 
d measures. this will help inform defra policy and public debate about sustainable farming. the 
out sustainable farming. the innovative environmental management system which will be proposed  
se laid out in cross compliance and the water and waste framework directives.  
7666 4                                         global change is expected to progressively drive crop g 
esources conserved in gene-banks to mal-adaptation, and therefore impair their value for breedi 
ir value for breeding programs. in-situ management of crop-biodiversity .  
ng programs. in-situ management of crop-biodiversity .  
14674 8                                         agri-environment schemes compensate farmers for income  
iated with measures that aim to benefit biodiversity. these schemes have been applied in europe 
ity. these schemes have been applied in europe throughout the last decade, yet without appropri 
ing of their effectiveness. in a recent review, kleijn & sutherland , of demographic parameters 
 demographic parameters bird densities, productivity, survival- and behavioural parameters habi 
y, survival- and behavioural parameters habitat selection, diet- of great bustards, with comple 
th complementary data from other steppe birds. the series of data on demography, distribution a 
irds. the series of data on demography, distribution and behaviour we have collected during our 
12153 13 large areas of common land and communal grazing. initially, sheep had to be kept in an unfenced 
 a life long knowledge of where optimal grazing and shelter can be found throughout the year. o 
numbers. for hefting to remain a viable management tool self contained flocks are required. ane 
ence suggests that hefting can increase biodiversity with sheep, having an improved knowledge o 
 area, showing seasonal preferences for grazing different plant communities. variation in the s 
t communities. variation in the spatial distribution of sheep relative to seasons can also be g 
ic areas and with a range of additional management practices. the case studies will include som 
tive and negative effects of hefting on livestock performance, animal welfare, farm economics,  
stock performance, animal welfare, farm economics, environmental impact and landscape. the pote 
rmance, animal welfare, farm economics, environmental impact and landscape. the potential impac 
arm economics, environmental impact and landscape. the potential impact that new policy drivers 
andscape. the potential impact that new policy drivers such as water framework directive and ag 
 impact that new policy drivers such as water framework directive and agri-environmental scheme 
12646 4                                      to review and assess the level of compliance, and hence th 
e environmental protection , through an assessment of wild birds shot and sold through game dea 
tection , through an assessment of wild birds shot and sold through game dealers. to recommend  
hich will provide defra with a credible assessment of current practices, including if appropria 
15465 11 rtant implications for their successful management and conservation, due to the potential high  
ons for their successful management and conservation, due to the potential high interaction of  
table isotope approach to study trophic ecology for that, our last objective will be to calcula 
e canary islands. the implementation of stable isotopes will open the possibility of raising th 
 this methodology requires the parallel development of information that will allow us a correct 
ic thooth collections, would enable the evaluation of ontogenic shifs in diet and feeding habit 
 of ontogenic shifs in diet and feeding habitat but also the detection of long-term changes in  
ion of long-term changes in the trophic ecology of these species. these results will be of grea 
hange or intend to use these species as indicators of changes occurring in the marine environme 
 indicators of changes occurring in the marine environment.  
tors of changes occurring in the marine environment.  
7667 10 earch teams have been interested in the impacts of human activities on function of the ecosyste 
d in the impacts of human activities on function of the ecosystems, and more recently on a very 
 of human activities on function of the ecosystems, and more recently on a very particular urba 
 and more recently on a very particular urban ecosystems. the assesment of ecosystem services o 
ore recently on a very particular urban ecosystems. the assesment of ecosystem services of the  
ular urban ecosystems. the assesment of ecosystem services of the urban biodiversity its a comp 
 assesment of ecosystem services of the urban biodiversity its a complementary step for the com 
ment of ecosystem services of the urban biodiversity its a complementary step for the comprehen 
ntary step for the comprehention of the ecosystem function and the impact of urbanization, spec 
he ecosystem function and the impact of urbanization, specially in the developed contries. amon 
13778 19  that are necessary for quantifying the carbon flux through this part of the pelagic community  
n flux through this part of the pelagic community are lacking. the aim is to study energetics o 
s to study energetics of key gelatinous zooplankton species with special attention to assimilat 
h special attention to assimilation and production. by applying laboratory determined carbon bu 
tion. by applying laboratory determined carbon budgets and vital rates to data on abundance, si 
rbon budgets and vital rates to data on abundance, size and growth in the field, to the project 
al rates to data on abundance, size and growth in the field, to the project will evaluate both  
e project will evaluate both direct and indirect effects of predation by gelatinous species in  
ate both direct and indirect effects of predation by gelatinous species in coastal waters. the  
ill be the gullmar fjord, west coast of sweden, but the bioenergetic information obtained is ge 
other trophic levels including vertical distribution during blooms. in the laboratory we will c 
es. in controlled experiments, feeding, growth, doc release, assimilation and respiration of th 
, growth, doc release, assimilation and respiration of the dominant gelatinous predators will b 
 respiration of the dominant gelatinous predators will be measured in relation to prey abundanc 
rs will be measured in relation to prey abundance and prey species. the project will contribute 
te considerable to our understanding of predation and cascading effects of gelatinous predators 
ion and cascading effects of gelatinous predators in general. most likely it will change our cu 
urrent view of the effect of gelatinous predators since their role in the ecosystem has been se 
inous predators since their role in the ecosystem has been severely underestimated until now.  
12371 2 director, malsf science coordinator and policy colleagues, forming a central point of a team ma 
commission important areas of research; monitoring existing work and evaluating completed proje 
7619 6  and strategies using the plant for the management of soil erosion. the french association of b 
s using the plant for the management of soil erosion. the french association of biological engi 
ation of biological engineering for the management of soil erosion. french position this associ 
gical engineering for the management of soil erosion. french position this association with a e 
iversal use of plant technology for the management of soil erosion  
 plant technology for the management of soil erosion  
7426 3      for septoria, predominantly foliar disease of wheat, varietal resistances available are pa 
le. for the sake of reducing the use of pesticides, the effectiveness of a combination of varie 
by rain and level of culture components resistance  
13941 2  biosynthetic pathways leading to their production and dissect the genetics of pheromone differ 
unt for differences in female pheromone production between the e and z pheromone strains.  
14699 8 e to host plants make them an excellent indicators for environmental changes, both those relate 
onmental changes, both those related to environment destruction and to higher relevance alterat 
to higher relevance alterations such as global warming. nevertheless, no systematic compilation 
stematic compilation of burnets species distribution has been made within the spanish territory 
gical collections references of burnets distribution in the iberian peninsula and balearic isla 
ent morphometry studies. - to conform a distribution atlas of all burnets species. - according  
ic models of this insect group and also phenology, ecology and establish the basics for their p 
f this insect group and also phenology, ecology and establish the basics for their preservation 
6757 3 ression of several bacterial phenotypic traits including virulence factors. investigations on t 
investigations on the global regulatory function of leux, rfah, reca and rpos loci of extra int 
pable to evoke protective immunity. the behavior of wild type strains, their mutants and transc 
10191 12  they respond antagonistically with the production of extracellular enzymes, and volatile and d 
n mycelium and culture substratum. many invertebrates are highly attracted to these mycelial in 
n regions between mycelia of wood decay fungi, and collembola are attracted to, and preferentia 
celia growing from woody resources into soil. the dearth of information available on these inte 
at the chemical attractants are, or why invertebrates are attracted. we assume that the inverte 
rates are attracted. we assume that the invertebrates are provided with a highly nutritious foo 
ever the reasons it is obvious that the ecology of both organisms is dramatically affected. thi 
ll also aid the understanding of fungal community development and soil invertebrate population  
d the understanding of fungal community development and soil invertebrate population biology. s 
ing of fungal community development and soil invertebrate population biology. such knowledge pr 
es an essential pointer to the possible biocontrol of some invertebrate forest pests. the work  
ossible biocontrol of some invertebrate forest pests. the work will be performed under the dire 
12652 2                                         policy and operational responsibility for non-native sp 
e project will comprise a comprehensive assessment of governmental organisations to identify an 
11040 1 urements that tell us about the rate of climate change and its effects. our work will increase  
10002 27                         determining the distribution and abundance of life is challenging, espe 
       determining the distribution and abundance of life is challenging, especially in the dee 
rth s surface is nonetheless covered by water 2000 m deep. life in these abyssal regions direct 
gions directly influences the burial of carbon and nutrient cycling. long-term research has now 
tly influences the burial of carbon and nutrient cycling. long-term research has now shown that 
ger animals in the deep sea can vary in density by orders of magnitude, with concurrent changes 
ude, with concurrent changes in average body size, over periods as short as months. these varia 
ons are widely believed to be linked to climate-driven variation in the food supply to the deep 
food supply to the deep sea. similarly, biogeography studies have found that over distances app 
stances approaching 100 km or more, the abundance of deep-sea life is related to surface produc 
 of deep-sea life is related to surface productivity in the waters above. thus the deep sea cou 
hat alter surface ocean conditions like climate change, fishery activity, or ocean iron fertili 
an increase in the understanding of how climate and surface processes affect deep-sea communiti 
mited by sampling error from undetected habitat heterogeneity and sediment mixing indicators me 
om undetected habitat heterogeneity and sediment mixing indicators measured in oceans2025 and o 
bitat heterogeneity and sediment mixing indicators measured in oceans2025 and other nocs projec 
ns2025 and other nocs projects, and the abundance and size measures collected here to create ma 
asures collected here to create maps of ecological function. this will show how factors such as 
 factors such as hills, food supply, or community composition relate spatially to respiration a 
mmunity composition relate spatially to respiration and sediment mixing. that knowledge will pr 
ion relate spatially to respiration and sediment mixing. that knowledge will provide important  
t into how spatially pervasive temporal climate change impacts might be, a significant input fo 
ially pervasive temporal climate change impacts might be, a significant input for ecosystem and 
pacts might be, a significant input for ecosystem and carbon budget modelling. our effort will  
, a significant input for ecosystem and carbon budget modelling. our effort will also have impa 
t input for ecosystem and carbon budget modelling. our effort will also have impacts on future  
et modelling. our effort will also have impacts on future national survey capability and the ab 
13501 29                          processes like grazing and productivity influence autotroph species ri 
             processes like grazing and productivity influence autotroph species richness. graz 
ng and productivity influence autotroph species richness. grazing may reduce plant species rich 
y influence autotroph species richness. grazing may reduce plant species richness through the l 
cies richness. grazing may reduce plant species richness through the loss of rare species, but  
the loss of rare species, but increases richness if preferred food plants are competitively dom 
conceptual models predict a reversal of grazing effects on plant species richness between nutri 
 a reversal of grazing effects on plant species richness between nutrient-poor and nutrient-ric 
between nutrient-poor and nutrient-rich ecosystems, since nutrients increase the ability of pla 
oor and nutrient-rich ecosystems, since nutrients increase the ability of plants to compensate  
the ability of plants to compensate for grazing. high grazing pressure leads to increased speci 
 plants to compensate for grazing. high grazing pressure leads to increased species richness in 
igh grazing pressure leads to increased species richness in nutrient-rich ecosystems, but to de 
eased species richness in nutrient-rich ecosystems, but to decreased species richness in nutrie 
rient-rich ecosystems, but to decreased species richness in nutrient poor ecosystems. peak rich 
eased species richness in nutrient poor ecosystems. peak richness is thus expected to shift fro 
hness in nutrient poor ecosystems. peak richness is thus expected to shift from low to high nut 
ow to high nutrient supply depending on grazing pressure. additionally, higher irradiance may h 
r irradiance may help plants counteract grazing pressure. thus, the interacting effects of cons 
he interacting effects of consumers and nutrients on species richness might be stronger at high 
g effects of consumers and nutrients on species richness might be stronger at high light intens 
es. i will perform a field survey of 30 streams that differ in nutrient status, irradiance and  
ffer in nutrient status, irradiance and grazing pressure to test the predictions about the role 
oles of nutrient status, irradiance and grazing in determining periphyton species richness. thi 
, irradiance and grazing in determining periphyton species richness. this proposal unites the d 
e and grazing in determining periphyton species richness. this proposal unites the determinatio 
is proposal unites the determination of biodiversity, the role of nutrient state in ecosystems, 
iversity, the role of nutrient state in ecosystems, and the relative importance of bottom-up an 
ttom-up and top-down forces in food-web ecology.  
12608 2  which aims to protect and enhance peat soils by reducing the volume of peat used by the hortic 
defra has a target of 90% for the total soil improver and growing media market to be peat-free  
15370 10                                     the evolution of avian cavity nesting has been presumably f 
 conditions in order to optimize embryo development and nestling growth during nesting as well  
ptimize embryo development and nestling growth during nesting as well as through the reduction  
ing as well as through the reduction of predation risk of nest contents. however, avian nests i 
l as through the reduction of predation risk of nest contents. however, avian nests in general, 
te also an ideal microecosystem for the development of a diverse community of potentially patho 
system for the development of a diverse community of potentially pathogenic organisms . we expe 
to obtain a better understanding of the evolution and ecology of avian cavity nesting and of ho 
tter understanding of the evolution and ecology of avian cavity nesting and of host-parasite as 
mifications which can be applied to the conservation of threatened species.  
2121 8                                         global change is expected to result in changes in the m 
ental changes, and in which demographic traits those responses will be observed. these hypothes 
ved. these hypotheses will be tested in birds using two approaches, analysis of demographic tim 
d from long-term studies of demographic traits and population sizes of seabirds, which are comp 
 characters that have been performed on birds. both approaches are carried out in a phylogeneti 
h will enable us to separate effects of climate, geography, taxonomy and life history.  
separate effects of climate, geography, taxonomy and life history.  
cts of climate, geography, taxonomy and life history.  
10285 7     one of the most important issues in climate policy over the next few years will be the choi 
of the most important issues in climate policy over the next few years will be the choice of ap 
sion reductions to play a major role in climate mitigation policy. the research will contribute 
uctions to play a major role in climate mitigation policy. the research will contribute useful  
play a major role in climate mitigation policy. the research will contribute useful information 
rize winning intergovernmental panel on climate change. it will be accompanied by a 2-way inter 
-way interaction with defra to maximise policy relevance of project plans and outputs. members  
14784 16                               intensive agriculture practices are directly related, especially  
are directly related, especially in the mediterranean area, with the high rate of mineralizatio 
 the high rate of mineralization of the soil organic matter, with the consequent decrease of th 
er, with the consequent decrease of the soil fertility and productive capacity. in addition, in 
ave caused a sensible diminution in the soil biodiversity, because of the tillage systems and t 
e of the tillage systems and the use of pesticides. the study of the quantity and the quality o 
 of the quantity and the quality of the soil organic matter, as well as of the soil biochemical 
 soil organic matter, as well as of the soil biochemical activity, is essential to understand t 
mical and biological characteristics of soil, and the relation with short and long-term product 
d the relation with short and long-term productivity functions in the agroecosystem 4. construc 
long-term productivity functions in the agroecosystem 4. construction of a soil bacterial genet 
 the agroecosystem 4. construction of a soil bacterial genetic library, indicative of the diffe 
ultural managements, able to be used as indicator of agricultural sustainability in soils in ol 
to be used as indicator of agricultural sustainability in soils in olive agroecosystems.  
cator of agricultural sustainability in soils in olive agroecosystems.  
ltural sustainability in soils in olive agroecosystems.  
11743 5                                     the diversity of bacteria in natural populations of a commu 
                       the diversity of bacteria in natural populations of a community of aphid 
of bacteria in natural populations of a community of aphids is an important factor shaping the  
ant factor shaping the structure of the microbial community in aphids, then the microbiota in d 
 species sharing the same host plant or parasitoid is predicted to be more similar than expecte 
14511 1 populations as well as the influence of heavy metals on the eel susceptibility to infections, a 
12463 7  of species and size composition 2. the development of indicators of discard issues 3. an analy 
 size composition 2. the development of indicators of discard issues 3. an analysis of the fact 
erstand how discarding is part of their fishing strategy 5. based on all previous steps, the el 
ous steps, the elaboration of potential mitigation measures. key customer purpose: in the eu th 
is key if we are to develop operational indicators and propose mitigation tools for fisheries m 
elop operational indicators and propose mitigation tools for fisheries management.  
cators and propose mitigation tools for fisheries management.  
15153 16 incorporated to the mainstream of plant community ecology in the last decades, and since then t 
the most thoughtful lines of inquire on facilitation is the investigation of its ecological and 
its ecological and evolutionary role in community assembly in arid and semi-arid climates. cons 
regional species pool. in this context, facilitation, which ameliorates the abiotic conditions  
 proposed as a fundamental mechanism of community assembly and biodiversity conservation. in co 
tal mechanism of community assembly and biodiversity conservation. in contemporary communities  
ry communities of desert, arid or harsh mediterranean type climates, the regeneration niche of  
 plant lianaeges, adapted to more mesic climate in the past, would be preserved through facilit 
in the past, would be preserved through facilitation, a process giving rise to facilitation net 
 facilitation, a process giving rise to facilitation networks highly resistant to species extin 
on networks highly resistant to species extinction. the main objective of this project is to te 
oject is to test this hypothesis in the mediterranean region. this geographic area is particula 
istory that has contributed to the vast biodiversity of the region and, second, facilitation se 
biodiversity of the region and, second, facilitation seems to operate as fundamental mechanism  
enaean environments to provide keys for conservation of some communities of south-east of spain 
on of some communities of south-east of spain.  
400 34                                         biodiversity is indispensable to ecosystem production o 
       biodiversity is indispensable to ecosystem production of goods and services and provides 
diversity is indispensable to ecosystem production of goods and services and provides the basis 
and services and provides the basis for marine fisheries, recreation and tourism. biodiversity  
vices and provides the basis for marine fisheries, recreation and tourism. biodiversity managem 
rovides the basis for marine fisheries, recreation and tourism. biodiversity management has thu 
is for marine fisheries, recreation and tourism. biodiversity management has thus far mostly fo 
rine fisheries, recreation and tourism. biodiversity management has thus far mostly focused on  
s, recreation and tourism. biodiversity management has thus far mostly focused on species-level 
hus far mostly focused on species-level biodiversity, but new research suggests genetic biodive 
sity, but new research suggests genetic biodiversity is equally important. this seems particula 
articularly likely for the species-poor baltic sea in which populations of key ecosystem specie 
 baltic sea in which populations of key ecosystem species are known to be genetically unique in 
 baltgene project will identify and map baltic sea genetic biodiversity and experimentally test 
ill identify and map baltic sea genetic biodiversity and experimentally test its importance to  
s importance to the functioning and the resilience of the ecosystem. baltgene will also assess  
e functioning and the resilience of the ecosystem. baltgene will also assess the potential thre 
ess the potential threats to the unique diversity from fisheries, climate changes, aquaculture  
al threats to the unique diversity from fisheries, climate changes, aquaculture activities and  
to the unique diversity from fisheries, climate changes, aquaculture activities and habitat los 
ersity from fisheries, climate changes, aquaculture activities and habitat loss. fisheriesinduc 
ate changes, aquaculture activities and habitat loss. fisheriesinduced selection is a serious t 
serious threat that might lead to lower fish production if management does not take the demogra 
us threat that might lead to lower fish production if management does not take the demographic  
 might lead to lower fish production if management does not take the demographic and genetic st 
he demographic and genetic structure of fish populations into account. genetic biodiversity is  
 fish populations into account. genetic biodiversity is directly proportional to the capacity o 
nd if, baltic organisms will respond to scenarios of decreased salinity and changed oceanic cur 
 will respond to scenarios of decreased salinity and changed oceanic currents. baltgene will al 
. baltgene will also assess how current governance structure, policies and laws affect key gene 
e, policies and laws affect key genetic biodiversity, and following this, investigate possible  
ossible new ways to incorporate genetic biodiversity information into an ecosystem-based manage 
enetic biodiversity information into an ecosystem-based management of the baltic sea.  
to an ecosystem-based management of the baltic sea.  
14113 3 mation sharing and discussion about the baltic sea environment. the project aims to raise envir 
ing and discussion about the baltic sea environment. the project aims to raise environmental aw 
eanow.info project establishes a common baltic sea web portal with focus on interactive and par 
15214 2  second phase we shall develop that dna taxonomy of selected taxa, by completing the initial re 
ing the foundations for a new objective taxonomy free of subjective decisions. simultaneously,  
7572 3 majus snapdragon, a species widely used model in horticulture. in the pyrenees, has. majus is r 
rtunity to build on the gains made on a model species for understanding evolutionary processes  
 evolutionary processes responsible for biodiversity  
14482 1 orphofunctional transformation onto the phylogeny.  
12595 21 earer understanding of the potential uk biodiversity benefits that might arise from the propose 
 peat for horticulture. the governments biodiversity action plan . the lowland raised bog hap h 
sfully reached. it is important for our biodiversity because slightly less than half of the pea 
 have potential benefits for a range of ecosystem services such as carbon capture and other gov 
r a range of ecosystem services such as carbon capture and other government requirements such a 
target will have for lowland raised bog biodiversity. the project will also consider what other 
at reduction target aims to benefit bog biodiversity by reducing or even eliminating peat extra 
 out peat changes the bog structure and hydrology and kills off the existing plants and animals 
lity of the post-extractive surface for restoration. it is also important to understand that ea 
peat extraction may have on the world's biodiversity. the project looks in detail at where peat 
nd will have in the future on bog-based biodiversity. it will be quantified by reference to sit 
eas, peat volumes and the timescales of planning consents for extraction, as far as they are kn 
fects of these activities on future bog hydrology. the scope for amelioration of the potential  
by reference to a number of alternative scenarios. peat extraction has been curtailed on a numb 
the project will document the gains for biodiversity arising from these examples. it will also  
itiatives around the country adopting a landscape-scale approach to wetland conservation such a 
around the country adopting a landscape-scale approach to wetland conservation such as the manc 
 adopting a landscape-scale approach to wetland conservation such as the manchester mosslands.  
g a landscape-scale approach to wetland conservation such as the manchester mosslands. this wil 
evaluate the contribution of raised bog conservation in the past and the effect further peat ex 
employment can be mitigated through the development of peat alternatives.  
10461 1 this very important area of statistical ecology.  
10281 8  the coastal zone are increasing due to global warming, with sea-level expected to rise by 0.5  
orminess is expected to enhance coastal erosion. in england alone, the management of flood and  
 coastal erosion. in england alone, the management of flood and coastal erosion risk costs £600 
ne, the management of flood and coastal erosion risk costs £600 million per year, a figure that 
management of flood and coastal erosion risk costs £600 million per year, a figure that is expe 
 as the best form of protection against erosion as they form a natural buffer against incoming  
 a natural buffer against incoming wave energy, hence the popularity of beach nourishment . our 
re made in our ability to predict beach erosion and accretion. the results will be published in 
6753 5                                    beef production mostly for export purposes was very importan 
. hungary is going to join the european community. when eu member is beef cattle breeding will  
osition among the different branches of agriculture. for the development of beef cattle breedin 
ferent branches of agriculture. for the development of beef cattle breeding methods research ha 
 of the project is to contribute to the development by his new results.  
15563 26 o develop recommendations on innovative management, conservation and governance strategies for  
commendations on innovative management, conservation and governance strategies for beech forest 
innovative management, conservation and governance strategies for beech forests. to meet this c 
ion and governance strategies for beech forests. to meet this complex objective, wp3 is going t 
, wp3 is going to initiate an iterative evaluation process with participation of political and  
te an iterative evaluation process with participation of political and scientific stakeholders, 
rticipation of political and scientific stakeholders, which will produce, inter alia, a compreh 
ll produce, inter alia, a comprehensive policy paper as well as interdisciplinary scientific pu 
ll goal of the project is to incite the policy-science-interface by involving politics and poli 
nce-interface by involving politics and policy related institutions, scientists and practitione 
y involving politics and policy related institutions, scientists and practitioners during the w 
n, which will be conducted with diverse stakeholders and experts at the beginning and towards t 
s in the following research fields: the ecology of beech forests and their conservation under c 
g research fields: the ecology of beech forests and their conservation under changing climatic  
 the ecology of beech forests and their conservation under changing climatic conditions, multi- 
anging climatic conditions, multi-level governance of beech forests in europe, and valuation an 
itions, multi-level governance of beech forests in europe, and valuation and marketing of the e 
ti-level governance of beech forests in europe, and valuation and marketing of the environmenta 
ernance of beech forests in europe, and valuation and marketing of the environmental services b 
ope, and valuation and marketing of the environmental services beech forests can provide. the r 
ing of the environmental services beech forests can provide. the results will be used to create 
uation as well as to develop innovative management, conservation and governance strategies to e 
ll as to develop innovative management, conservation and governance strategies to ensure the su 
innovative management, conservation and governance strategies to ensure the survival of beech f 
ategies to ensure the survival of beech forests and associated biodiversity for future generati 
urvival of beech forests and associated biodiversity for future generations.  
13482 25         through individual interactions zooplankton contribute to the energy flow in pelagic fo 
eractions zooplankton contribute to the energy flow in pelagic food webs and to the downward fl 
ontribute to the energy flow in pelagic food webs and to the downward flux of organic matter. b 
c food webs and to the downward flux of organic matter. behavior and sensory functions of zoopl 
to the downward flux of organic matter. behavior and sensory functions of zooplankton thus play 
tter. behavior and sensory functions of zooplankton thus play fundamental roles for structuring 
oles for structuring and functioning of marine pelagic ecosystems. despite that motility has la 
uring and functioning of marine pelagic ecosystems. despite that motility has large consequence 
hat motility has large consequences for growth and predation risk and that it can be altered in 
y has large consequences for growth and predation risk and that it can be altered instantaneous 
e consequences for growth and predation risk and that it can be altered instantaneously and con 
sly, there are few quantitative data on zooplankton behavioral plasticity, and the optimality a 
ptimality and adaptive value of plastic behavior is rarely considered in model studies. here we 
lastic behavior is rarely considered in model studies. here we aim at quantifying the degree of 
odels and experiments. we will quantify behavior and behavioral plasticity in response to cues  
asticity in response to cues related to predators, prey and the environment considering both ch 
cues related to predators, prey and the environment considering both chemical and hydrodynamic  
ydrodynamic signals. by combining small-scale process-models and dynamic programming we will ex 
ies, including flexibility, for various scenarios. an increased understanding of zooplankton sm 
cenarios. an increased understanding of zooplankton small scale behavioral processes is needed  
ased understanding of zooplankton small scale behavioral processes is needed for a comprehensiv 
 comprehensive understanding of pelagic ecosystems and their biodiversity, and necessary if we  
tanding of pelagic ecosystems and their biodiversity, and necessary if we are to manage marine  
sity, and necessary if we are to manage marine resources wisely while confronted with climate c 
 resources wisely while confronted with climate change and increased maritime activities.  
15487 8                                    nest predation and inter-specific brood parasitism are mayor 
led breeding behaviour and life-history traits in birds. recently, it has been suggested that,  
ng behaviour and life-history traits in birds. recently, it has been suggested that, apart from 
sted that, apart from lethal effects of predation, the modification of behaviour to reduce pred 
the modification of behaviour to reduce predation risk to quantify the effects of predation and 
cation of behaviour to reduce predation risk to quantify the effects of predation and brood par 
edation risk to quantify the effects of predation and brood parasitism risk on reproductive suc 
fects of predation and brood parasitism risk on reproductive success and survival as fitness es 
10599 9 nd in a wide range of animals including fish, birds, and insects. the best known examples of cu 
a wide range of animals including fish, birds, and insects. the best known examples of cuckoos  
e of animals including fish, birds, and insects. the best known examples of cuckoos occur in th 
 known examples of cuckoos occur in the birds. here a cuckoo lays a single egg in a host s nest 
w know that at least in some species of ants, social wasps and social bees the adults can detec 
pecies of ants, social wasps and social bees the adults can detect chemical differences between 
derstanding which chemicals are used by insects to communicate information is an important fiel 
udy the chemical communication world of insects. this is because the cuckoos have learnt exploi 
lp us control, conserve and utilise the insects, one of the most successful groups of animals o 
9972 9 nd in a wide range of animals including fish, birds, and insects. the best known examples of cu 
a wide range of animals including fish, birds, and insects. the best known examples of cuckoos  
e of animals including fish, birds, and insects. the best known examples of cuckoos occur in th 
 known examples of cuckoos occur in the birds. here a cuckoo lays a single egg in a host s nest 
w know that at least in some species of ants, social wasps and social bees the adults can detec 
pecies of ants, social wasps and social bees the adults can detect chemical differences between 
derstanding which chemicals are used by insects to communicate information is an important fiel 
udy the chemical communication world of insects. this is because the cuckoos have learnt exploi 
lp us control, conserve and utilise the insects, one of the most successful groups of animals o 
2053 2                                    most birds are classified as socially monogamous, yet they f 
haviour to assess its influence on male fertilization success.  
14152 20                                         production of stress hormones in response to variety of 
                          production of stress hormones in response to variety of stressors may 
r, relatively little is known about the development of physiological and behavioural stress res 
opment of physiological and behavioural stress responses in developing young of wild birds. thu 
s responses in developing young of wild birds. thus to understand the adaptiveness of stress re 
 thus to understand the adaptiveness of stress responses and their effects on offspring quality 
his project, we plan to investigate the development of behavioural and adrenocortical stress re 
pment of behavioural and adrenocortical stress responses, its environment-dependent variability 
nd adrenocortical stress responses, its environment-dependent variability and extended effects  
 and extended effects on physiology and growth of the young in altricial birds. using experimen 
gy and growth of the young in altricial birds. using experimental and correlative methods, we w 
test the following hypotheses: repeated stress influences nestlings’ immune function, growth an 
ted stress influences nestlings’ immune function, growth and post-fledging mortality. the resul 
 influences nestlings’ immune function, growth and post-fledging mortality. the results of the  
mune function, growth and post-fledging mortality. the results of the project can be of general 
chanisms of developmental plasticity of stress responses and helping us to understand the role  
g us to understand the role of repeated stress on different aspects of offspring development an 
tress on different aspects of offspring development and subsequent fitness. this project can al 
 also provide practical implications to conservation biologists regarding a link between the ma 
s regarding a link between the maternal stress and offspring subsequent quality.  
13503 15 onnections between these behaviours and growth rates in a common environment, and physiological 
behaviours and growth rates in a common environment, and physiological stress response, will be 
a common environment, and physiological stress response, will be studied. the perch has lately  
reasing interest as a novel species for fish farming. performance in culture is assumed to be c 
 is assumed to be connected with innate traits in individual fish, which has been found in salm 
nected with innate traits in individual fish, which has been found in salmonid fishes. the know 
almonid fishes. the knowledge about the development of individual traits and differences betwee 
dge about the development of individual traits and differences between populations in growth pe 
 and differences between populations in growth performance and stress levels is important for t 
n populations in growth performance and stress levels is important for the selection of perch s 
for farming, both regarding welfare and production issues. whether differences in behaviour and 
s. whether differences in behaviour and growth, already found between individual perch, are inh 
m experiments by comparing boldness and growth in fish from different populations raised in the 
nts by comparing boldness and growth in fish from different populations raised in the same envi 
ifferent populations raised in the same environment, and by investigating the consistency of be 
11602 9 boratory, to investigate the year round energy expenditure of a top predator of the southern oc 
 year round energy expenditure of a top predator of the southern ocean, the king penguin. the s 
otential usefulness of king penguins as indicators of fluctuations in biological resources and  
luctuations in biological resources and climate, thus providing important information for the m 
providing important information for the management of marine resources in the southern ocean. t 
rtant information for the management of marine resources in the southern ocean. the study will  
al aspects of the foraging behaviour of marine birds and contribute to our understanding on how 
cts of the foraging behaviour of marine birds and contribute to our understanding on how these  
ibute to our understanding on how these birds are able to forage underwater for such long durat 
14717 11 ontroversial. understanding the role of behavior on diversification processes requires the inte 
on behaviour, functional morphology and ecology within a phylogenetic framework, so one can und 
erstand how animals interact with their environment and then test how behavioral shifts affects 
ive approach to investigate the role of behavior on processes of adaptive diversification in bi 
rocesses of adaptive diversification in birds. we will use a three-levels approach. first, we w 
esses are also affected by differential extinction rates and behavioural flexibility has been h 
ty has been hypothetised to reduce this risk, we will also test whether or not flexible clades  
r not flexible clades are less prone to extinction when facing environmental changes. second, b 
 analyses using one of the most diverse birds taxa, the order columbiformes despite behavioral  
nts there is selection on morphological traits. the integration of these three levels of study  
tested hypothesis that behaviour drives evolution.  
14974 12    confronted with alterations in their environment, animals can avoid extinction through the d 
in their environment, animals can avoid extinction through the development of behavioural adjus 
nimals can avoid extinction through the development of behavioural adjustments. a growing body  
ources or to develop responses to novel predators. despite the progress, there are two major qu 
 insufficiently understood: what is the function of learning in the relationship of animals wit 
 the relationship of animals with their environment and as species model to test experimentally 
s with their environment and as species model to test experimentally whether learning helps ind 
to survive under conditions of foraging stress. second, we will use a comparative approach to e 
explore how behaviour flexibility helps birds and mammals respond environmental threats such as 
s respond environmental threats such as habitat destruction or climate change. using this two-l 
 threats such as habitat destruction or climate change. using this two-level approach, we hope  
which animals respond to changes in the environment, which hopefully will increase our power to 
14278 4                             the belgian biodiversity platform is an initiative of the belgian s 
is an initiative of the belgian science policy. it is an integrated network of members posted i 
posted in federal and regional research institutions. * promoting belgian biodiversity research 
earch institutions. * promoting belgian biodiversity research at international fora.  
14338 1 to integrate findings on microbial taxa distribution with results from ambio. 7. to obtain a fi 
14329 12 workshops covering different aspects of ecosystems services research. the workshops are in engl 
ct on es. through which mechanisms does biodiversity promote es, what are the most crucial aspe 
ost crucial aspects and how to evaluate biodiversity in the es-context the fourth workshop deal 
-context the fourth workshop deals with valuation methods for es. which methods are most suitab 
ith spatial and temporal aspects in the valuation of es how do we value biodiversity and the op 
 in the valuation of es how do we value biodiversity and the option value of potential es the f 
o other nations. what is the impact and sustainability of these es-flows the sixth workshop aim 
bridge the gaps between es-research and policy development. what research is needed and for wha 
the gaps between es-research and policy development. what research is needed and for what polic 
t. what research is needed and for what policy how can es contribute to reaching various policy 
w can es contribute to reaching various policy objectives and challenges which institutional, e 
lement the es-concepts in the different policy domains   
14304 3 ltiannual scientific support plan for a sustainable development policy ' spsd ii ' part 
port plan for a sustainable development policy ' spsd ii ' part 3: supporting actions&# 
ons' of the belgian federal science policy.  
2212 9  this project is to address and analyze adaptive management of fish and game resources from a w 
ress and analyze adaptive management of fish and game resources from a welfare economic point o 
the social, or economic, and ecological environment. our main objectives are to: • increase the 
t forward a framework for welfare based management of fish and game resources. • empirically as 
amework for welfare based management of fish and game resources. • empirically assess benefits  
mpirically assess benefits and costs of fish and game resources, and use this as inputs in dyna 
rces, and use this as inputs in dynamic management models. • enhance knowledge about the effici 
fferent regulation schemes, under stock uncertainty, taking into account the physical character 
timal and or cost efficient regulations/incentives schemes may be designed.  
12718 2 tion that sssis make to the delivery of ecosystem goods and services both on the site and withi 
ite and within the context of the wider landscape.  
11319 5                                 benthic biodiversity of seamounts in the southwest indian ocean 
t indian ocean seamounts are centres of biological diversity and are ecological hotspots in the 
 the high seas. detailed information on fishing effort at the study sites, available through in 
nformation against which the process of recovery following cessation of fisheries can be assess 
cess of recovery following cessation of fisheries can be assessed.  
11320 5                                 benthic biodiversity of seamounts in the southwest indian ocean 
t indian ocean seamounts are centres of biological diversity and are ecological hotspots in the 
 the high seas. detailed information on fishing effort at the study sites, available through in 
nformation against which the process of recovery following cessation of fisheries can be assess 
cess of recovery following cessation of fisheries can be assessed.  
11585 5                                 benthic biodiversity of seamounts in the southwest indian ocean 
t indian ocean seamounts are centres of biological diversity and are ecological hotspots in the 
 the high seas. detailed information on fishing effort at the study sites, available through in 
nformation against which the process of recovery following cessation of fisheries can be assess 
cess of recovery following cessation of fisheries can be assessed.  
10200 4 biostratigraphic and palaeoceanographic indicators, and test the idea of using morphogroups to  
morphogroups to provide a proxy for the oxygen content of deep water. this study will serve as  
 a proxy for the oxygen content of deep water. this study will serve as a baseline for understa 
rve as a baseline for understanding the diversity and origin of polar dwaf, and provide essenti 
2476 17 s a basis for the selection and further development of benthic indicator organisms for the moni 
tion and further development of benthic indicator organisms for the monitoring of contaminants  
 of benthic indicator organisms for the monitoring of contaminants and biodiversity in the bare 
 for the monitoring of contaminants and biodiversity in the barents sea. these will be complime 
 endpoints and contaminants in selected indicator organisms. a secondary objective will be to e 
posure and effects for pahs in selected indicators. biodiversity indicators will be developed b 
ffects for pahs in selected indicators. biodiversity indicators will be developed by applying a 
hs in selected indicators. biodiversity indicators will be developed by applying a number of cl 
recent trends in newly acquired benthic biodiversity data sets of the barents sea. the results  
entific basis for proposing appropriate indicators and to establish a baseline that is unrelate 
seas are relevant for adapting on-going monitoring programs to the barents sea. these findings  
xt of a changing barents sea, examining climate-related ecosystem changes and petroleum industr 
 barents sea, examining climate-related ecosystem changes and petroleum industry activities in  
ture changes may affect the validity of indicators developed for the present day barents sea. i 
y, ecobar will achieve a set of benthic indicators with maximum flexibility and validity for as 
ed research projects on the barents sea ecosystem which are led by or have significant particip 
em which are led by or have significant participation by scientists from ecobar.  
10744 9 osed for surficial sediments across the oxygen minimum zone on the pakistan margin. a quantitat 
l processes. objectives are to assess a community structure and function and controls thereon,  
are to assess a community structure and function and controls thereon, b redox status and fluxe 
reon, b redox status and fluxes of doc, nutrients and trace metals, c faunal organic matter om  
c, nutrients and trace metals, c faunal organic matter om burial efficiencies. the results will 
he results will clarify the role of the benthos as a control on sediment biogeochemistry and om 
the role of the benthos as a control on sediment biogeochemistry and om distributions, and will 
of the benthos as a control on sediment biogeochemistry and om distributions, and will yield im 
hemistry and om distributions, and will yield improved diagenetic process models.  
11255 9 osed for surficial sediments across the oxygen minimum zone on the pakistan margin. a quantitat 
l processes. objectives are to assess a community structure and function and controls thereon,  
are to assess a community structure and function and controls thereon, b redox status and fluxe 
reon, b redox status and fluxes of doc, nutrients and trace metals, c faunal organic matter om  
c, nutrients and trace metals, c faunal organic matter om burial efficiencies. the results will 
he results will clarify the role of the benthos as a control on sediment biogeochemistry and om 
the role of the benthos as a control on sediment biogeochemistry and om distributions, and will 
of the benthos as a control on sediment biogeochemistry and om distributions, and will yield im 
hemistry and om distributions, and will yield improved diagenetic process models.  
11259 9 osed for surficial sediments across the oxygen minimum zone on the pakistan margin. a quantitat 
l processes. objectives are to assess a community structure and function and controls thereon,  
are to assess a community structure and function and controls thereon, b redox status and fluxe 
reon, b redox status and fluxes of doc, nutrients and trace metals, c faunal organic matter om  
c, nutrients and trace metals, c faunal organic matter om burial efficiencies. the results will 
he results will clarify the role of the benthos as a control on sediment biogeochemistry and om 
the role of the benthos as a control on sediment biogeochemistry and om distributions, and will 
of the benthos as a control on sediment biogeochemistry and om distributions, and will yield im 
hemistry and om distributions, and will yield improved diagenetic process models.  
11356 9 osed for surficial sediments across the oxygen minimum zone on the pakistan margin. a quantitat 
l processes. objectives are to assess a community structure and function and controls thereon,  
are to assess a community structure and function and controls thereon, c redox status and fluxe 
reon, c redox status and fluxes of doc, nutrients and trace metals, c faunal organic matter om  
c, nutrients and trace metals, c faunal organic matter om burial efficiencies. the results will 
he results will clarify the role of the benthos as a control on sediment biogeochemistry and om 
the role of the benthos as a control on sediment biogeochemistry and om distributions, and will 
of the benthos as a control on sediment biogeochemistry and om distributions, and will yield im 
hemistry and om distributions, and will yield improved diagenetic process models.  
10450 4                iron is essential to the growth of marine micro-organisms, and when concentratio 
     iron is essential to the growth of marine micro-organisms, and when concentrations are low 
vide a time-frame for the dispersion of water and fate of iron in the water.  
ersion of water and fate of iron in the water.  
12606 12   the overall aim of this project is to review recent research on practices for managing soil o 
cent research on practices for managing soil organic matter and lowland' agriculture in england 
naging soil organic matter and lowland' agriculture in england, taking into account variations  
land, taking into account variations in soil type, agricultural systems and cropping/land use.  
type, agricultural systems and cropping/land use. any potential negative environmental and econ 
ial negative environmental and economic impacts of each practice identified will also be consid 
ighlighted. additionally, the potential carbon storage achievable with each management option w 
ial carbon storage achievable with each management option will be quantified and contextualised 
extualised in relation to benchmark som management ranges or envelopes of normality for differe 
or envelopes of normality for different soil/land use and rainfall areas. as well as identifyin 
velopes of normality for different soil/land use and rainfall areas. as well as identifying bes 
o current cross compliance guidance for soil management or via incentivised environmental stewa 
10988 5                                     the water framework directive the thames region held on an  
ther information portals for the ea and stakeholders; and information on the thames basin manag 
rs; and information on the thames basin management plan and linked data from the ea. outputs fr 
facilitating engagement between the ea, stakeholders and the nerc scientific community.  
a, stakeholders and the nerc scientific community.  
14297 1 he substrate of the belgian part of the north sea consists, for the vast majority, of soft bott 
11595 18                                         evolution is change over time. most people know of evol 
s change over time. most people know of evolution in terms of responses to man-made influences  
s of responses to man-made influences - bacteria evolve resistance to antibiotics; industrial p 
o man-made influences - bacteria evolve resistance to antibiotics; industrial pollution led to  
e resistance to antibiotics; industrial pollution led to the evolution of dark forms of the pep 
iotics; industrial pollution led to the evolution of dark forms of the peppered moth. however,  
ered moth. however, in natural systems, evolution is most rapid in genes that contribute to par 
volved in parasite infectivity and host resistance should evolve more quickly than others. this 
y than others. this theory noticed that evolution would be rapid where there was mutual antagon 
parasites must adapt to circumvent this resistance runs rapidly with the evil red queen, yet ge 
est an alternative explanation for fast evolution of parasite genes rarely examined to date: pa 
of new influenza shifting from pigs and birds into humans. it is likely that host switching by  
ce. following a host switch, the entire environment of the parasite is different, and a parasit 
 poorly. thus, there is great scope for adaptation of the parasite to its new host, and it must 
ry that host shifts drive fast parasite evolution. in the laboratory, we will produce host shif 
 its new host. we will also examine the diversity of the bacterium across host species which it 
has colonised through host switching in nature. by comparing the differences seen between bacte 
tory host shifts, we can ask if natural diversity is likely driven by the host shift events it  
14285 1 cture and dynamics of coastal and shelf ecosystems in the perspective of global changes  
7260 7 yzes the effects of the exploitation of marine ecosystem goods and services that biodiversity p 
e effects of the exploitation of marine ecosystem goods and services that biodiversity provides 
arine ecosystem goods and services that biodiversity provides to human societies. it identifies 
l number of acceptable operators by the ecosystem in a dual economic and ecological approach. h 
oach. he develops a dynamic multi-agent model using game theory and viable control theory. it o 
ers an empirical application on inshore fishing in french guiana where coordination between the 
nge for the sustainable exploitation of fish called white  
14997 6 studying the different populations from spain, as well as p. chabaudi, p. alexandri species fro 
 p. alexandri species from southesthern spain. we will also finish the study of p. perniciosus. 
c lineages of p. sergenti that exist in spain. we will perform a study of corology of phlebotom 
o observe the influence of altitude and temperature on abundance and density of phlebotomine. a 
nfluence of altitude and temperature on abundance and density of phlebotomine. also we catch sa 
titude and temperature on abundance and density of phlebotomine. also we catch sandflies in the 
14996 12 s. few data are available concernig the distribution and bio-ecology of sand flies in the balea 
able concernig the distribution and bio-ecology of sand flies in the balearic islands. the few  
man leishmaniosis indicate an irregular distribution of these protozoosis between the different 
 delimitant factor of this heterogenous distribution is the sand fly fauna. the probability of  
een the possible vectors depends on the abundance of the vector, its survival, the bite ratio,  
rs depends on the climatic factors. the temperature and the relative humidity are the climatic  
the possibility exists that extends the distribution area of the vectors, as much in latitude a 
 reason, is also tried the study of the distribution and biology of the leishmaniosois vectors  
ntioned areas. the data obtained on the distribution, density, activity period, survival, paras 
 the data obtained on the distribution, density, activity period, survival, parasitism by leish 
udies in which it is tried to carry out risk maps and epidemiological surveillance on the disea 
and epidemiological surveillance on the disease in the zones mentioned in this project.  
2472 12 ms at understanding how to bio-engineer livestock production landscapes in nicaragua, i. e. how 
rstanding how to bio-engineer livestock production landscapes in nicaragua, i. e. how to exploi 
l system that maximizes provisioning of ecosystem services and economically efficient food prod 
ervices and economically efficient food production at the farm and landscape level. we will ass 
ficient food production at the farm and landscape level. we will assess the multiple functions  
ovide in two study areas with different climate, which of these functions and services are farm 
ecies combinations can best serve multi-function sps at the farm and landscape scale, analyzing 
erve multi-function sps at the farm and landscape scale, analyzing trade-offs and synergies bet 
-function sps at the farm and landscape scale, analyzing trade-offs and synergies between funct 
the farm and landscape scale, analyzing trade-offs and synergies between functions. third, usin 
rd, using models that take into account uncertainty, we will analyze the consequences of the fa 
he provisioning of services at farm and landscape levels and make recommendations on which mech 
7249 12  of the european framework directive on water to achieve good ecological status of water bodies 
er to achieve good ecological status of water bodies means finding relevant measures variables  
ing environmental contamination and its impacts on the ecosystem. the biological indices curren 
al contamination and its impacts on the ecosystem. the biological indices currently used to def 
 temporal variability of contamination, invasive species now widely present in temperate aquati 
ich are strong diffuse contamination of urban environments. this project is part of the multi-y 
 metropolitan territory: reflections of urban development in ile de france network of r2ds. sis 
politan territory: reflections of urban development in ile de france network of r2ds. sisteo th 
oject aims to analyze the impact of the development of metropolitan paris in the suburban terri 
rritory in terms of modification of the runoff, sources of micro and ecotoxicological impact on 
 relevant tool for the link between the assessment of chemical contamination and biological res 
mination and biological response of the ecosystem adapted to high anthropogenic hydrological sy 
15342 1 t aspects of the bioacustical character diversity present on an insect group, as well as to dev 
14200 9                                     the pollution of freshwater ecosystems by potentially hazar 
                       the pollution of freshwater ecosystems by potentially hazardous chemical 
            the pollution of freshwater ecosystems by potentially hazardous chemicals is very a 
epends on their speciation and hence on water composition. therefore, the effect of natural wat 
ition. therefore, the effect of natural water parameters will be used to evaluate the effect of 
sed to evaluate the effect of dissolved organic matter on toxicity of contaminants. this invest 
investigations of the effect of natural water parameters on the chemical’s toxicity are very im 
give the scientific basis for realistic risk assessment of hazards of chemicals for aquatic eco 
ent of hazards of chemicals for aquatic ecosystems. the obtained results will provide the data  
15347 3 heir walls and mortars, as well as rock erosion and crumbling. due to the fact that some tombs  
gh humidity along the year, an abundant colonization and development of phototrophic biofilms c 
 the year, an abundant colonization and development of phototrophic biofilms can be observed wh 
12044 12 ems at the plot level would have on the biodiversity of agroecosystems at the plot and regional 
level would have on the biodiversity of agroecosystems at the plot and regional level. we will  
consequences that different scenarii of landscape evolution would have on the dynamics and pers 
es that different scenarii of landscape evolution would have on the dynamics and persistence of 
have on the dynamics and persistence of biodiversity in agroecosystems. this project is organis 
mics and persistence of biodiversity in agroecosystems. this project is organised in four compl 
whose objectives are to a determine the traits of landscapes favourable to biodiversity at the  
 the traits of landscapes favourable to biodiversity at the species and community levels; the p 
able to biodiversity at the species and community levels; the processes that underlie these lan 
vels; the processes that underlie these landscape traits not only at small temporal and spatial 
processes that underlie these landscape traits not only at small temporal and spatial scale .  
e traits not only at small temporal and spatial scale .  
12015 27                       the protection of nature imposes the twin requirements of conserving biod 
ses the twin requirements of conserving biodiversity and fostering sustainable development. to  
f conserving biodiversity and fostering sustainable development. to achieve these ends instrume 
d implemented to recognise the value of local knowledge and know-how, in order to strengthen th 
ween local communities and the specific environment that surrounds them. the growing predilecti 
ocalised products and the new status of nature as patrimony have been widely studied in recent  
ut in france, and to a lesser extent in europe, where regulatory texts are the outcome of a lon 
outh, studies of prominent products and production chains, from bourbon vanilla to millet beers 
 and local practices that aim to manage biodiversity. these issues are examined in an interdisc 
, calling upon anthropology, geography, economics, ethnobiology, ecology and legal expertise. d 
gy, geography, economics, ethnobiology, ecology and legal expertise. diverse sites and topics h 
n the object of comparative studies, in africa, south america and asia; geographical indication 
jor emerging trends: promotion of local production and specialities to spur local economic deve 
oduction and specialities to spur local economic development; taking local production and speci 
ocal economic development; taking local production and specialities into account under policies 
ies into account under policies for the conservation and recognition of local biological and cu 
nition of local biological and cultural diversity; utilisation of local production and speciali 
ultural diversity; utilisation of local production and specialities as instruments in wider pro 
 is difficult to draw up a quantitative assessment of the effects of these undertakings on soci 
gmentation; recognition of the value of ecological services; creation of original local arrange 
f local peoples patrimony and heritage. rural development and conservation of biological and cu 
ony and heritage. rural development and conservation of biological and cultural resources must  
 structures explicitly link sustainable production modes, the intrinsic and extrinsic quality o 
 identifying the elements pertaining to biodiversity management that should be taken into accou 
the elements pertaining to biodiversity management that should be taken into account when apply 
ntributed to discussion of intellectual property rights in the context of protecting local reso 
pting these tools to the specific local conservation features and challenges. all the research  
13335 16                             the loss of biodiversity and the degradation of ecosystems are majo 
       the loss of biodiversity and the degradation of ecosystems are major scientific and soci 
 of biodiversity and the degradation of ecosystems are major scientific and societal challenges 
hem and providing scientific support to policy requires a coherent research framework, with coo 
 which are the relevant scales for many biodiversity issues. by networking 21 funding agencies  
odiversa2 aims to strengthen the era on biodiversity. building on the experience of the era-net 
biodiversa2 will promote a strategy for biodiversity research, in partnership with other player 
anize joint funding to better integrate biodiversity science. the objectives are to: -develop a 
e funding opportunity for transnational biodiversity research projects -play an active role in  
 the processes and interfaces to inform policy and users -prepare the establishment of a sustai 
nable, independent funding platform for biodiversity research the project has 6 workpackages. w 
k for joint calls. wp2 will analyse the landscape and cooperate with stakeholders identifying r 
nalyse the landscape and cooperate with stakeholders identifying research needs, with science-p 
dentifying research needs, with science-policy interfaces and with relevant infrastructure prog 
stainable funding platform for european biodiversity research, which will be fostered by wp4. w 
oducts. wp6 deals with coordination and management.  
13312 11 d 19 major research funding agencies in europe with significant research funding in the field o 
ch funding in the field of terrestrial, freshwater and marine biodiversity. most era-net member 
he field of terrestrial, freshwater and marine biodiversity. most era-net members are represent 
d of terrestrial, freshwater and marine biodiversity. most era-net members are represented on o 
and recommend requirements for european biodiversity research: including the convention for bio 
 research: including the convention for biological diversity . recommendations from these fora  
l research co-operation in the field of biodiversity.research funding. with the aim of contribu 
ibuting to the implementation of the eu biodiversity strategy, biodiversa will allow the fundin 
th developing vountries in the field of biodiversity research funding. in order to achieve this 
ven stages: -inventory, description and classification of biodiversity research programmes and  
tory, description and classification of biodiversity research programmes and reserach funding p 
2492 12  the survival of many mammal species in europe, with current model-based forecasts predicting h 
 mammal species in europe, with current model-based forecasts predicting high rates of extincti 
ased forecasts predicting high rates of extinction over the coming 100 years. however, such pre 
es in how species respond to changes in habitat availability. central to this problem is the ha 
ability. central to this problem is the habitat tracking hypothesis, which states that populati 
 populations will respond to changes in habitat availability by altering their distributions ac 
determine the probability and extent of climate-induced habitat tracking in european mammals. w 
obability and extent of climate-induced habitat tracking in european mammals. we will combine r 
ped ancient dna approaches with species distribution models to construct a detailed investigati 
o construct a detailed investigation of habitat tracking in nine model species in real time thr 
vestigation of habitat tracking in nine model species in real time through the last 40,000 year 
empo and mode of population response to climate change, as well as to evaluate, adjust and impr 
2493 29 uch as voles and lemmings with cyclical population dynamics has taken place nearly simultaneous 
 place nearly simultaneously in much of europe in the 1990s. in northern europe population cycl 
uch of europe in the 1990s. in northern europe population cycles have typically collapsed into  
 low amplitude dynamics, while in south europe population outbreak cycles have recently emerged 
e suspected to originate from change in land use and climate, have the potential to lead to eco 
o originate from change in land use and climate, have the potential to lead to ecosystem re-org 
 climate, have the potential to lead to ecosystem re-organisation and therefore represent a cha 
therefore represent a challenge for the conservation of biodiversity. in particular, several eu 
ent a challenge for the conservation of biodiversity. in particular, several european predator  
ersity. in particular, several european predator species of high conservation concern are intim 
veral european predator species of high conservation concern are intimately linked to cyclicall 
 transmitted to other components of the food web owing to cascading indirect effects. along wit 
ents of the food web owing to cascading indirect effects. along with outstanding issues of theo 
 theoretical interest in population and food web ecology, a main objective of this project is t 
cal interest in population and food web ecology, a main objective of this project is to tackle  
this project is to tackle the corollary conservation issues. this european collaborative projec 
 across widely different eco-regions in europe; 2. that these changes have disproportionate imp 
hat these changes have disproportionate impacts on demographic parameters of predators that exp 
te impacts on demographic parameters of predators that exploit cyclically fluctuating herbivore 
act directly on population viability of predators; 4. and indirectly influence other species in 
directly influence other species in the food web through cascading effects. within the last wor 
age, we will systematically explore the conservation corollaries of the hypotheses tested that  
e hypotheses tested that pertain to the impacts of climate and land-use changes on biodiversity 
s tested that pertain to the impacts of climate and land-use changes on biodiversity and to the 
t pertain to the impacts of climate and land-use changes on biodiversity and to the conservatio 
acts of climate and land-use changes on biodiversity and to the conservation management of expl 
-use changes on biodiversity and to the conservation management of exploited and pristine ecosy 
on biodiversity and to the conservation management of exploited and pristine ecosystems in four 
on management of exploited and pristine ecosystems in four european countries.  
12676 10 . http://www.nerc.ac.uk/research/themes/biodiversity/events/ao-biodiversa.asp defra and nerc ar 
rsa are to improve the co-ordination of biodiversity research between member states, to share b 
 overseas territories and international development. the mechanism for such a common call has s 
 understand and predict consequences of biodiversity changes on ecosystem functioning and servi 
consequences of biodiversity changes on ecosystem functioning and services; 2. step up assessme 
em functioning and services; 2. step up assessment of biodiversity at population, species and c 
 and services; 2. step up assessment of biodiversity at population, species and community level 
biodiversity at population, species and community level in europe and provide wide access to th 
ulation, species and community level in europe and provide wide access to this information 3. s 
scientific contribution to policies and conservation actions  
7104 19     there are two main ways of managing biodiversity in agricultural landscapes - the first is  
o main ways of managing biodiversity in agricultural landscapes - the first is to partition the 
 the space by intensifying agricultural production on part of the territory so as to release th 
territory so as to release the rest for biodiversity management. it is the policy of parks and  
as to release the rest for biodiversity management. it is the policy of parks and reserves asso 
 for biodiversity management. it is the policy of parks and reserves associated with the full d 
s and reserves associated with the full development of agriculture and tourism that was the rul 
associated with the full development of agriculture and tourism that was the rule of the sixtie 
the full development of agriculture and tourism that was the rule of the sixties to eighty in f 
. we find the spirit in devices such as wildlife fallow. it is no obviously not in any ranking. 
alance of pnr and have often taken as a model. it seems to us important to note is that the zon 
t the zonal measures for exclusion from human impacts are to be reconsidered in the banal space 
e believe, around the lethal effects of human impact on the natural environment versus environm 
 effects of human impact on the natural environment versus environmental protection hampers eco 
 protection hampers economic and social development. attempt to methodically examine different  
t situations anthropization. methods of recovery, in addition to seminars and publications stan 
e want tailored to institutional action assessment actual or potential contribution of urban ag 
ent actual or potential contribution of urban agriculture in maintaining the ecological functio 
tual or potential contribution of urban agriculture in maintaining the ecological functioning o 
516 33        there are mainly two methods for biodiversity management in agricultural landscapes: the 
are mainly two methods for biodiversity management in agricultural landscapes: the first one co 
 methods for biodiversity management in agricultural landscapes: the first one consists in divi 
onsists in dividing the area through an intensification of the agricultural production on a par 
 an intensification of the agricultural production on a part of the territory so as to liberate 
erritory so as to liberate the rest for biodiversity management. this is the politics of parks  
s to liberate the rest for biodiversity management. this is the politics of parks and reservoir 
nd reservoirs totally associated to the development of agriculture and tourism. this was the ru 
otally associated to the development of agriculture and tourism. this was the rule in france fr 
d to the development of agriculture and tourism. this was the rule in france from the sixties u 
he pnr report and have often used is as model. what we find important to highlight is that the  
mental protection strategies enter into competition with other socially important uses of the t 
ural areas versus the protection of the environment, which compromise the economic and social d 
hich compromise the economic and social development. trying to methodically examine different s 
opization within a context of worldwide competition, the evolutions of the cost of energy or th 
petition, the evolutions of the cost of energy or the acknowledgement of the greenhouse effect. 
se effect. within the context of french mediterranean agriculture, the pre-urbanization develop 
hin the context of french mediterranean agriculture, the pre-urbanization development plays an  
ench mediterranean agriculture, the pre-urbanization development plays an important role in red 
anean agriculture, the pre-urbanization development plays an important role in reducing progres 
g progressively the areas available for agriculture, in multiplying the competition for access  
ble for agriculture, in multiplying the competition for access to land resource and in favourin 
 means to evaluate the global role that agriculture plays on biodiversity, in order to keep the 
e global role that agriculture plays on biodiversity, in order to keep the possibility to make  
e is even harder to make since the term biodiversity often has a vague sense and may refer to:  
has a vague sense and may refer to: the functional diversity evaluated either by the number of  
esent in one area, or by the presence / abundance of some species / groups of species having a  
ly important role in the functioning of ecosystems or agrosystems the patrimonial biodiversity  
osystems or agrosystems the patrimonial biodiversity for which a territory has a particular res 
 are rare and endangered the emblematic biodiversity, which refers to one or several species to 
hich society is giving great importance indicators linked to these diversities such as the dive 
linked to these diversities such as the diversity of habitats or the landscape structuring of a 
uch as the diversity of habitats or the landscape structuring of a territory in t  
11505 21                                         agriculture, ecosystems, and humans have co-evolved ove 
                           agriculture, ecosystems, and humans have co-evolved over millennia i 
 all vavilov centers of crop origin and diversity. the conservation of a wide range of domestic 
nters of crop origin and diversity. the conservation of a wide range of domesticated crops and  
nge of domesticated crops and landraces ecosystem management options in centers of crop origin  
nt options in centers of crop origin 6. policy-relevant research results made available for and 
available for and tailored to different policy actors potential outcomes 1. increased benefits  
mes 1. increased benefits obtained from ecosystem services by local low-income populations thro 
ntity, and empowerment * regulating--of yield stability and resilience 2. results of trade-off  
 and empowerment * regulating--of yield stability and resilience 2. results of trade-off modeli 
nt * regulating--of yield stability and resilience 2. results of trade-off modeling and biosoci 
 and resilience 2. results of trade-off modeling and biosocial assessment of conservation strat 
lts of trade-off modeling and biosocial assessment of conservation strategies used to optimize  
ff modeling and biosocial assessment of conservation strategies used to optimize the economic u 
es used to optimize the economic use of biodiversity whilst mitigating the effects of environme 
ersity whilst mitigating the effects of environmental change 3. economic and social exchanges o 
anges of products within and beyond the watershed intensified, with fair trade and value-added  
ted by value-chain actors 4. macrolevel ecosystem management strategies adopted, involving inte 
es adopted, involving integrated andean-amazon approaches and benefit-sharing agreements with l 
ents with local communities 5. national policy frameworks developed involving dynamic ex-situ/i 
loped involving dynamic ex-situ/in-situ conservation approaches, including support for diversif 
10877 3 laboration with staff at the unep world conservation monitoring centre programme which wcmc con 
th staff at the unep world conservation monitoring centre programme which wcmc contributes. fur 
er ongoing efforts, relevant to current policy needs, and important findings are taken up by ke 
11619 5                     in all environments carbon and nutrients are recycled by organisms that dec 
         in all environments carbon and nutrients are recycled by organisms that decompose dead 
important quantitatively than others in soil biology, which may be important for understanding  
derstanding the long-term health of the soil under modern methods of farming and forestry.  
oil under modern methods of farming and forestry.  
11234 14 dresses the research issue that african drylands are fast approaching a tipping point of range  
 grazer mobility, and attendant loss of ecosystem services and of poor people s livelihoods. th 
ecosystem services and of poor people s livelihoods. the shift to an enclosed to build on local 
s. the shift to an enclosed to build on local knowledge, engaging stakeholders at all levels, t 
d to build on local knowledge, engaging stakeholders at all levels, through networking, field c 
 and a wide range of outputs pitched at policy as well as scientific audiences - to build capac 
d materials use conceptually innovative modelling, alongside major extant datasets, and a cross 
derstanding of household decisions over land use. the best partnership combines in depth experi 
l and socioecological dimensions of the ecosystems studied, advanced modelling capabilities, an 
ons of the ecosystems studied, advanced modelling capabilities, and outstanding experience in c 
eliver findings that will help evaluate policy scenarios, giving credible and relevant insight  
findings that will help evaluate policy scenarios, giving credible and relevant insight into th 
 credible and relevant insight into the ecosystem services and poverty implications of differen 
insight into the ecosystem services and poverty implications of different land tenure and nrm p 
10724 3 ental agencies to assess the health and carbon budgets of soil and freshwater environments.  
assess the health and carbon budgets of soil and freshwater environments.  
e health and carbon budgets of soil and freshwater environments.  
451 20           the project aims to study the biodiversity of maldivian coral reefs in liaison with l 
 to study the biodiversity of maldivian coral reefs in liaison with local partners. the study w 
 yet complementary angles: inventories, biogeography, preservation and training the maldives is 
s entirely on the coralline and oceanic ecosystem. the atolls, dispersed along a long latitudin 
 factors controlling the dispatching of biodiversity. marine protected areas of the republic of 
olling the dispatching of biodiversity. marine protected areas of the republic of maldives: - w 
he republic of maldives: - which is the diversity of habitats and the structure of coral commun 
oral communities encountered within the protected areas of the maldives and outside is it neces 
o increase the expanse of the protected marine areas - in what way can the specific richness of 
ne areas - in what way can the specific richness of these areas be compared to that observed in 
al what conclusions may one draw on the endemism and the evolution of marine species in the mal 
ns may one draw on the endemism and the evolution of marine species in the maldives - with the  
aw on the endemism and the evolution of marine species in the maldives - with the fishing groun 
rine species in the maldives - with the fishing grounds of invertebrates and reef fish being mo 
 maldives - with the fishing grounds of invertebrates and reef fish being more and more develop 
shing grounds of invertebrates and reef fish being more and more developed, what is the status  
t is the status of the resource and its habitat are the essential habitats used throughout the  
xploited areas since the techniques for biodiversity inventory are not fully mastered on a loca 
in reef cartography, visual counting of fish while diving, capture and identification of larva  
ntification of larva and hatchlings and taxonomy of different groups.  
14677 6 ive of this project is to determine the diversity, distribution and space-time structure as wel 
 project is to determine the diversity, distribution and space-time structure as well as the fu 
ime structure as well as the functional stability of the microbial mats of the ebro delta . thu 
bial mats are the paradigm of a minimal ecosystem. the definition of the requirements for the s 
d persistence of organisms in a minimal ecosystem is presently essential to search for extrater 
 life and to essay the establishment of ecosystems out of the earth.  
11774 5                                         ecosystem processes and community structure are inextri 
                ecosystem processes and community structure are inextricably linked, as reveale 
ill focus specifically on the potential impacts of climate change, which has been identified as 
pecifically on the potential impacts of climate change, which has been identified as a major st 
f surveys, experiments and mathematical modelling.  
10746 16                           the impact of biodiversity on ecosystem function has been a focus of  
          the impact of biodiversity on ecosystem function has been a focus of recent research. 
on has been a focus of recent research. spatial heterogeneity is a characteristic of many ecosy 
terogeneity is a characteristic of many ecosystems, but its effects on the biodiversity-ecosyst 
many ecosystems, but its effects on the biodiversity-ecosystem function relationship have not b 
. this project will examine the role of heterogeneity and biodiversity in determining ecosystem 
l examine the role of heterogeneity and biodiversity in determining ecosystem function using an 
geneity and biodiversity in determining ecosystem function using an integrated modelling and ex 
 ecosystem function using an integrated modelling and experimental approach in an estuarine sys 
mental approach in an estuarine system. mesocosm experiments will be used to determine: the rel 
 to determine: the relationship between biomass composition and ecosystem function level within 
ionship between biomass composition and ecosystem function level within a patch. the experiment 
d to parameterise a spatial patch-based model. model predictions will be tested against mesocos 
rameterise a spatial patch-based model. model predictions will be tested against mesocosm exper 
odel predictions will be tested against mesocosm experiments incorporating multiple habitat pat 
cosm experiments incorporating multiple habitat patches.  
11442 16                           the impact of biodiversity on ecosystem function has been a focus of  
          the impact of biodiversity on ecosystem function has been a focus of recent research. 
on has been a focus of recent research. spatial heterogeneity is a characteristic of many ecosy 
terogeneity is a characteristic of many ecosystems, but its effects on the biodiversity-ecosyst 
many ecosystems, but its effects on the biodiversity-ecosystem function relationship have not b 
. this project will examine the role of heterogeneity and biodiversity in determining ecosystem 
l examine the role of heterogeneity and biodiversity in determining ecosystem function using an 
geneity and biodiversity in determining ecosystem function using an integrated modelling and ex 
 ecosystem function using an integrated modelling and experimental approach in an estuarine sys 
mental approach in an estuarine system. mesocosm experiments will be used to determine: the rel 
 to determine: the relationship between biomass composition and ecosystem function level within 
ionship between biomass composition and ecosystem function level within a patch. the experiment 
d to parameterise a spatial patch-based model. model predictions will be tested against mesocos 
rameterise a spatial patch-based model. model predictions will be tested against mesocosm exper 
odel predictions will be tested against mesocosm experiments incorporating multiple habitat pat 
cosm experiments incorporating multiple habitat patches.  
11508 16                           the impact of biodiversity on ecosystem function has been a focus of  
          the impact of biodiversity on ecosystem function has been a focus of recent research. 
on has been a focus of recent research. spatial heterogeneity is a characteristic of many ecosy 
terogeneity is a characteristic of many ecosystems, but its effects on the biodiversity-ecosyst 
many ecosystems, but its effects on the biodiversity-ecosystem function relationship have not b 
. this project will examine the role of heterogeneity and biodiversity in determining ecosystem 
l examine the role of heterogeneity and biodiversity in determining ecosystem function using an 
geneity and biodiversity in determining ecosystem function using an integrated modelling and ex 
 ecosystem function using an integrated modelling and experimental approach in an estuarine sys 
mental approach in an estuarine system. mesocosm experiments will be used to determine: the rel 
 to determine: the relationship between biomass composition and ecosystem function level within 
ionship between biomass composition and ecosystem function level within a patch. the experiment 
d to parameterise a spatial patch-based model. model predictions will be tested against mesocos 
rameterise a spatial patch-based model. model predictions will be tested against mesocosm exper 
odel predictions will be tested against mesocosm experiments incorporating multiple habitat pat 
cosm experiments incorporating multiple habitat patches.  
532 6 ze the conditions of internalisation of biodiversity in the agricultural activity. to reach thi 
ementary sub-objectives : 1- at a local scale and different social justifications of biodiversi 
 and different social justifications of biodiversity brought up to discussion. 2 - at farming l 
of the implementation of objectives for biodiversity management. we will also study the influen 
entation of objectives for biodiversity management. we will also study the influence that socia 
ence that social portrayals of farmers' biodiversity have on their choices of procedure.  
7216 11     in the islands of the indian ocean, freshwater biodiversity is largely made ​​up of fish. a 
islands of the indian ocean, freshwater biodiversity is largely made ​​up of fish. also the inv 
er biodiversity is largely made ​​up of fish. also the inventory missions, monitor the post- la 
tory missions, monitor the post- larval recruitment estuary in the three types of systems will  
s, monitor the post- larval recruitment estuary in the three types of systems will be implement 
 combination of field data, analyzes of population dynamics and large-scale remote sensing will 
alyzes of population dynamics and large-scale remote sensing will help to clarify the operation 
 of population dynamics and large-scale remote sensing will help to clarify the operation of re 
quy holds madagascar, and interpret the freshwater biodiversity of the islands of the indian oc 
adagascar, and interpret the freshwater biodiversity of the islands of the indian ocean from a  
 co- supervise a phd thesis between the fishing tuléar institute and the national museum of nat 
531 4 ovide reflections on the integration of biodiversity in the evolution of agriculture, through t 
 the integration of biodiversity in the evolution of agriculture, through the evolutions proble 
ion of biodiversity in the evolution of agriculture, through the evolutions problematic in the  
 problematic in the common agricultural policy .  
7118 4 ood for thought on the incorporation of biodiversity in the evolution of agriculture through th 
he incorporation of biodiversity in the evolution of agriculture through the issue of changes i 
ion of biodiversity in the evolution of agriculture through the issue of changes in the common  
e of changes in the common agricultural policy  
14418 14  the stage for practical application of conservation practices and control measures for the bio 
es for the biological protection of our forest ecosystems. the main goals of the proposed proje 
the biological protection of our forest ecosystems. the main goals of the proposed project are: 
roposed project are: • to establish the species composition, distribution and prevalence of ent 
• to establish the species composition, distribution and prevalence of entomopathogens will be  
e proposed systematic investigations of forest insect pest pathogens are expected to: • record  
 expected to: • record new pathogens of forest insects for bulgaria and europe; • obtain new in 
ed to: • record new pathogens of forest insects for bulgaria and europe; • obtain new informati 
gens of forest insects for bulgaria and europe; • obtain new information about species composit 
 europe; • obtain new information about species composition and biodiversity of insect pathogen 
formation about species composition and biodiversity of insect pathogens; • obtain new data on  
s; • generate needed information on the taxonomy and phylogeny of the pathogens; • еxpand the i 
 needed information on the taxonomy and phylogeny of the pathogens; • еxpand the information of 
 of the role of insect pathogens in the forest insect populations  
14846 11  has recently been established that the biodiversity abundance, and metabolic capabilities of t 
 been established that the biodiversity abundance, and metabolic capabilities of the kingdom cr 
le in biogeochemical cycling in aquatic ecosystems that may act as chemoautotrophs, oxidizing a 
s chemoautotrophs, oxidizing ammonia to nitrate and fixing inorganic carbon in the dark. in add 
ammonia to nitrate and fixing inorganic carbon in the dark. in addition, they also seem to be a 
em to be an important source of organic carbon in the sediments of aquatic systems. the project 
ded project viarc and will focus on the biodiversity and functional role of crenarchaeota using 
ic origin to its present day world-wide distribution. it is foreseen that crenyc will result in 
antially increased understanding of the biodiversity and role in nitrogen and carbon biogeochem 
tanding of the biodiversity and role in nitrogen and carbon biogeochemical cycling of this enig 
e biodiversity and role in nitrogen and carbon biogeochemical cycling of this enigmatic group o 
14845 11  has recently been established that the biodiversity, abundance and metabolic capabilities of t 
been established that the biodiversity, abundance and metabolic capabilities of the kingdom cre 
le in biogeochemical cycling in aquatic ecosystems that may act as chemoautotrophs, oxidizing a 
s chemoautotrophs, oxidizing ammonia to nitrate and fixing inorganic carbon in the dark. in add 
ammonia to nitrate and fixing inorganic carbon in the dark. in addition, they also seem to be a 
em to be an important source of organic carbon in the sediments of aquatic systems. the project 
 project viarc and it will focus on the biodiversity and functional role of crenarchaeota in pr 
ic origin to its present day world-wide distribution. it is foreseen that crenyc will result in 
antially increased understanding of the biodiversity and role in nitrogen and carbon biogeochem 
tanding of the biodiversity and role in nitrogen and carbon biogeochemical cycling of this enig 
e biodiversity and role in nitrogen and carbon biogeochemical cycling of this enigmatic group o 
14804 13                                      in spain, and all over the world, there is a wide number o 
d artificial subterranean cavities with ecosystems worth of study because they contain an inter 
isms and animals whose interactions and function in the ecosystem is unknown. complex bacterial 
 whose interactions and function in the ecosystem is unknown. complex bacterial communities are 
osal deals with the characterization of biodiversity and ecology of cave microbial communities, 
he characterization of biodiversity and ecology of cave microbial communities, in their natural 
. caves constitute a largely unexplored habitat and it is needed a clearer understanding of the 
s needed a clearer understanding of the microbial diversity of these ecosystems. the aim is not 
ing of the microbial diversity of these ecosystems. the aim is not only to know the biodiversit 
ystems. the aim is not only to know the biodiversity of the microbial communities but also to k 
so to know more about its structure and function. for this purpose, a must is to develop and te 
l sequences found. metabolically active bacteria contain more ribosomes and rrna than resting o 
he metabolically active fraction of the community. fluorescently-labeled probes and in situ hyb 
409 9         the set-aside of forestland for biodiversity purposes is made at widely differing scale 
scales, from single trees to very large nature reserves. the goal of the project is to identify 
t-efficient solutions for setting aside forest, with consideration taken to the landscape conte 
forest, with consideration taken to the landscape context, the biodiversity level of non set-as 
ion taken to the landscape context, the biodiversity level of non set-aside forest . we use dif 
the biodiversity level of non set-aside forest . we use different analytical tools, mainly *res 
mming algorithms, and quotients between biodiversity value and economic cost. the spatial and t 
spatial and temporal dynamic aspects of biodiversity are considered through modelling approache 
 of biodiversity are considered through modelling approaches.  
11514 21 ivities are leading to a global loss of biodiversity and concern regarding the impact of such l 
f such loss on the functioning of whole ecosystems is high. the proposed research will examine  
ed research will examine the effects of biodiversity loss in the marine environment by using a  
the effects of biodiversity loss in the marine environment by using a tractable model system-ti 
ects of biodiversity loss in the marine environment by using a tractable model system-tide pool 
marine environment by using a tractable model system-tide pools on rocky shores. these pools ac 
the tide out period allowing a range of ecosystem processes including community respiration, pr 
 range of ecosystem processes including community respiration, productivity, nutrient cycling a 
ecosystem processes including community respiration, productivity, nutrient cycling and accumul 
cesses including community respiration, productivity, nutrient cycling and accumulation of biom 
ng community respiration, productivity, nutrient cycling and accumulation of biomass to be read 
y, nutrient cycling and accumulation of biomass to be readily determined. initially an observat 
e relationship between algal and faunal diversity and ecosystem processes in a range of contras 
 between algal and faunal diversity and ecosystem processes in a range of contrasting environme 
 manipulative experiments will simulate biodiversity loss in two trophic levels, the dominant p 
ers- macrolagae and dominant consumers- grazing molluscs. the consequences of such loss to ecos 
luscs. the consequences of such loss to ecosystem function will be measured over a 2 year perio 
 measured over a 2 year period. finally modelling will integrate the correlative and manipulati 
o provide a predictive understanding of biodiversity loss in the marine environment.  
derstanding of biodiversity loss in the marine environment.  
ding of biodiversity loss in the marine environment.  
9925 21 ivities are leading to a global loss of biodiversity and concern regarding the impact of such l 
f such loss on the functioning of whole ecosystems is high. the proposed research will examine  
ed research will examine the effects of biodiversity loss in the marine environment by using a  
the effects of biodiversity loss in the marine environment by using a tractable model system-ti 
ects of biodiversity loss in the marine environment by using a tractable model system-tide pool 
marine environment by using a tractable model system-tide pools on rocky shores. these pools ac 
the tide out period allowing a range of ecosystem processes including community respiration, pr 
 range of ecosystem processes including community respiration, productivity, nutrient cycling a 
ecosystem processes including community respiration, productivity, nutrient cycling and accumul 
cesses including community respiration, productivity, nutrient cycling and accumulation of biom 
ng community respiration, productivity, nutrient cycling and accumulation of biomass to be read 
y, nutrient cycling and accumulation of biomass to be readily determined. initially an observat 
e relationship between algal and faunal diversity and ecosystem processes in a range of contras 
 between algal and faunal diversity and ecosystem processes in a range of contrasting environme 
 manipulative experiments will simulate biodiversity loss in two trophic levels, the dominant p 
ers- macrolagae and dominant consumers- grazing molluscs. the consequences of such loss to ecos 
luscs. the consequences of such loss to ecosystem function will be measured over a 2 year perio 
 measured over a 2 year period. finally modelling will integrate the correlative and manipulati 
o provide a predictive understanding of biodiversity loss in the marine environment.  
derstanding of biodiversity loss in the marine environment.  
ding of biodiversity loss in the marine environment.  
1977 13 e to perform a comparative study on the biodiversity and ecosystem functioning of lophelia pert 
elia pertusa and madrepora oculata deep water coral reefs and potential food sources will show, 
ertusa and madrepora oculata deep water coral reefs and potential food sources will show, wheth 
 chemoautotrophic prokaryotes obtaining energy and carbon from cold seeps e.g. via methane. ben 
rophic prokaryotes obtaining energy and carbon from cold seeps e.g. via methane. benthic lander 
rgy and carbon from cold seeps e.g. via methane. benthic landers will be put in for in situ stu 
 be put in for in situ studies of coral growth and calcification and for assessing ecosystem fu 
wth and calcification and for assessing ecosystem functions such as providing structural framew 
uch as providing structural frameworks, community respiration and organic matter remineralizati 
viding structural frameworks, community respiration and organic matter remineralization. the po 
l frameworks, community respiration and organic matter remineralization. the potential link bet 
eralization. the potential link between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning will be investig 
etween dwcrs in the warm, nutrient-poor mediterranean and the cold and less nutrient-poor ne at 
6891 15 oth unique natural values and intensive land-use. the on-going and future land-use changes may  
nsive land-use. the on-going and future land-use changes may considerably affect ecological int 
and-use changes may considerably affect ecological integrity, thus a further decline in biodive 
al integrity, thus a further decline in biodiversity can only be avoided if nature conservation 
 in biodiversity can only be avoided if nature conservation and socio-economic priorities are c 
 is to assess the relationships between land-use, biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. in a  
ess the relationships between land-use, biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. in a collaborat 
an research centers of botany, zoology, soil science, and agro-environmental research we plan t 
at hungarian plain based on data from a habitat mapping to be finished in 2005. the major outco 
rian plain based on data from a habitat mapping to be finished in 2005. the major outcome of th 
ject will be an on-line expert sytem on landscape ecology and land-use, which provides recommen 
e expert sytem on landscape ecology and land-use, which provides recommendations on rural devel 
-use, which provides recommendations on rural development and sustainable land-use. the expert  
ns on rural development and sustainable land-use. the expert sytems will integrate hundreds of  
 high-resolution maps, dynamic modells, land management protocols, and thus make scientific res 
396 25                recent studies show that organic farming usually increases diversity, but that t 
 that organic farming usually increases diversity, but that the effect varies among organism gr 
t varies among organism groups and with landscape context. in mosaic landscapes the effects on  
xt. in mosaic landscapes the effects on diversity are small, while it has larger effects in int 
es. it is likely that, depending on the traits and dispersal ability of different organisms and 
ikely that, depending on the traits and dispersal ability of different organisms and on the lan 
ility of different organisms and on the landscape context, it may take a decade or even more fo 
tems to be fully manifested. a reliable assessment of the long-term effects of farming systems  
ng-term effects of farming systems like organic farming on biodiversity and ecosystem services  
farming systems like organic farming on biodiversity and ecosystem services thus requires knowl 
ike organic farming on biodiversity and ecosystem services thus requires knowledge of both the  
h the speed and magnitude of changes in diversity and species composition in different landscap 
d magnitude of changes in diversity and species composition in different landscapes. building o 
problem based on recent developments in metacommunity and landscape ecology. we will examine pl 
ecent developments in metacommunity and landscape ecology. we will examine plants, soil animals 
dscape ecology. we will examine plants, soil animals, predatory insects, pollinators and two ec 
examine plants, soil animals, predatory insects, pollinators and two ecosystem services along a 
lants, soil animals, predatory insects, pollinators and two ecosystem services along a time-sin 
 predatory insects, pollinators and two ecosystem services along a time-since-transition gradie 
nsition gradient crossed with the large-scale gradient in landscapes established in our previou 
ll also arrange a workshop with swedish stakeholders on organic farming in the next eu-cap. the 
a workshop with swedish stakeholders on organic farming in the next eu-cap. the project is of g 
 for understanding long-term effects of organic farming and landscape change on biodiversity.  
ong-term effects of organic farming and landscape change on biodiversity.  
organic farming and landscape change on biodiversity.  
11310 3 ry abundant in all environments. unlike bacteria, they possess a nucleus, making them part of e 
rganisms to which multicellular plants, fungi, and animals belong. morphological and molecular  
ivotal importance for understanding the evolution of eukaryotes as a whole. ribosomal rna compa 
15337 13 ransmitted by arthorpods as vectors. in endangered species pv infection has ecological and cons 
lignisation processes, no comprehensive model bringing together the evolution, basic and infect 
mprehensive model bringing together the evolution, basic and infection biology and epidemiology 
 provided thus far. our knowledge on pv evolution is rather scarce and still based on assumptio 
low mutation rate. our previous results stress the concept that different viruses are different 
sures that have driven the differential evolution of the pvs, their differential interaction wi 
l gardens and veterinarians in germany, spain, belgium, peru and south africa. after the first  
terinarians in germany, spain, belgium, peru and south africa. after the first three years it i 
ns in germany, spain, belgium, peru and south africa. after the first three years it is our aim 
will aim to quantifiy within host viral diversity and will generate global hypotheses on the di 
 will generate global hypotheses on the distribution and evolution of these viruses, related to 
obal hypotheses on the distribution and evolution of these viruses, related to their hosts. the 
hosts. the broadening of the number and diversity of the pvs to be empirically studied will sur 
7021 12 rooding patterns and larval biology and evaluation of possibilities of migration for different  
logy and evaluation of possibilities of migration for different taxa of cheilostomate bryozoa.  
sult in a detailed understanding of the distribution of bryozoa in space and time aiming to inv 
me aiming to investigate the origin and evolution of faunas in the paratethys. rich collections 
gle faunal elements: a documentation of distribution patterns will be used to test the hypothes 
miocene of the paratethys, from western europe, the eastern mediterranean, and the qom-formatio 
ethys, from western europe, the eastern mediterranean, and the qom-formation of the iran are to 
y miocene and middle miocene in central europe. cross-linking of biological studies and paleont 
 in general and to basic aspects of the development of bryozoan faunas, existing under pressure 
 faunas, existing under pressure of the global change. realizing the great importance of this g 
ntribute to a detailed knowledge of the development of ecosystems in the paratethys.  
etailed knowledge of the development of ecosystems in the paratethys.  
14795 10                                         denitrification is the biological process by which bact 
tion is the biological process by which bacteria sequentially reduce nitrate will be used to an 
s by which bacteria sequentially reduce nitrate will be used to analyse the proportion of the n 
e used to analyse the proportion of the nitrogen oxides gases, including n2, being released int 
 one of the largest and most importants wetlands in europe. it is considered an unesco man and  
largest and most importants wetlands in europe. it is considered an unesco man and biosphere re 
 an eu special protection area for wild birds. however, the microbial life in its soil is perfe 
rds. however, the microbial life in its soil is perfectly unknown. all these features make the  
e park an excellent site to explore the biodiversity, structure and dinamics of the denitrifyin 
ucture and dinamics of the denitrifying community and to study its contribution to greenhose ga 
11750 1 sequencing. to make higher level amoeba classification evolutionarily sounder we shall also seq 
12518 8  awareness of the beneficial effects of organic farming practices on biodiversity and environme 
effects of organic farming practices on biodiversity and environment recommendation that resear 
c farming practices on biodiversity and environment recommendation that research be conducted i 
esearch be conducted into the impact on biodiversity of organic conversion in the hills and upl 
jectives are to quantify differences in biodiversity between organic and conventional farming s 
he importance of duration under organic management and scale effects, to identify features of o 
f duration under organic management and scale effects, to identify features of organic systems  
rganic systems that are associated with biodiversity benefits in the hills and uplands, and to  
13729 27 nary project aimed at understanding how ecosystem resilience in managed landscapes is linked to 
ct aimed at understanding how ecosystem resilience in managed landscapes is linked to socio-eco 
to socio-economic processes driving how natural resources are managed. biodiversity is viewed a 
ving how natural resources are managed. biodiversity is viewed as a key natural resource for ma 
 a key natural resource for maintaining ecosystem functioning and thereby ecological resilience 
stem functioning and thereby ecological resilience. the project examines relationships between  
 project examines relationships between management institutions, biodiversity conservation and  
amines relationships between management institutions, biodiversity conservation and ecological  
nships between management institutions, biodiversity conservation and ecological resilience, an 
iodiversity conservation and ecological resilience, and the biological and social mechanisms th 
ocial mechanisms that contribute to the resilience of ecosystems. the specific goals are: * to  
ms that contribute to the resilience of ecosystems. the specific goals are: * to examine how bi 
he specific goals are: * to examine how biodiversity contributes to ecosystem services like pol 
examine how biodiversity contributes to ecosystem services like pollination and resilience in s 
 contributes to ecosystem services like pollination and resilience in selected managed ecosyste 
ecosystem services like pollination and resilience in selected managed ecosystems. * to identif 
tion and resilience in selected managed ecosystems. * to identify institutional mechanisms for  
institutional mechanisms for sustaining resilience and functional diversity. * to examine how t 
echanisms for sustaining resilience and functional diversity. * to examine how the spatial and  
l scales of organism dynamics relate to management practices, in order to identify mismatches b 
 mismatches between the scales at which biodiversity conservation should be implemented and the 
should be implemented and the scales of planning and management decisions. * to synthesize thes 
lemented and the scales of planning and management decisions. * to synthesize these results and 
hese results and develop strategies for biodiversity monitoring and management in coupled socia 
and develop strategies for biodiversity monitoring and management in coupled social-ecological  
ategies for biodiversity monitoring and management in coupled social-ecological systems.  
ty monitoring and management in coupled social-ecological systems.  
13947 11                         destruction and fragmentation of natural habitats is predicted to cause 
to cause unprecedented rates of species extinction in the near future. here we will investigate 
e response of ecological communities to species loss is most likely affected both by local proc 
ffected both by local processes and the dispersal abilities of species. the aim of the present  
esent project is to investigate how the trophic structure of local communities, spatial structu 
es, spatial structure of landscapes and dispersal patterns of species affects the response of a 
 species affects the response of a meta-community to local and global losses of species. to acc 
s. to accomplish this we develop a meta-community viability analysis that generates risk assess 
unity viability analysis that generates risk assessments: the probability that the number of sp 
y that the number of species in an meta-community falls below some given level following the lo 
reat promise for identifying vulnerable ecosystems and keystone species.  
14186 7 roposal is to assess the establishment, biodiversity and stability of lactic acid bacteria and  
ess the establishment, biodiversity and stability of lactic acid bacteria and yeast population  
odiversity and stability of lactic acid bacteria and yeast population of sourdoughs in differen 
 the properties obtained the predictive modeling on stability of theses strains in sourdough sy 
ies obtained the predictive modeling on stability of theses strains in sourdough system will be 
l be performed to propose mechanisms of bacteria adaptation to sourdough and to reveal possible 
ormed to propose mechanisms of bacteria adaptation to sourdough and to reveal possible function 
12650 10 provide an evidence base to support the development of policies to improve the conservation of  
 development of policies to improve the conservation of marine biodiversity. the report is inte 
policies to improve the conservation of marine biodiversity. the report is intended to outline  
s to improve the conservation of marine biodiversity. the report is intended to outline the imp 
ed to outline the importance of the uks marine biodiversity using examples to detail the curren 
utline the importance of the uks marine biodiversity using examples to detail the current statu 
f any decline, loss or deterioration of marine biodiversity in the ability of the marine system 
ecline, loss or deterioration of marine biodiversity in the ability of the marine system to del 
rine biodiversity in the ability of the marine system to deliver ecosystem goods and services.  
ability of the marine system to deliver ecosystem goods and services.  
520 9 tween the agricultural activity and the biodiversity in a wine-growing area. it also has for go 
area. it also has for goal to analyze a development project in favour of biodiversity on an aoc 
lyze a development project in favour of biodiversity on an aoc level and resulting in a local i 
al initiative. the interactions between agriculture and biodiversity activate several mechanism 
he interactions between agriculture and biodiversity activate several mechanisms, each of which 
les responding in different ways to the landscape structures. in this first approach we will tr 
e links between agricultural practices, landscape structure and biodiversity on a dimension lim 
ural practices, landscape structure and biodiversity on a dimension limited to this territory.  
le the follow-up of the project and the evaluation of the implemented actions.  
7108 9  study interactions between farming and biodiversity in a wine territory. it also aims to analy 
ne territory. it also aims to analyze a development project in favor of biodiversity at the sca 
alyze a development project in favor of biodiversity at the scale of an aoc as a result of a lo 
project in favor of biodiversity at the scale of an aoc as a result of a local initiative. the  
of a local initiative. the interactions agriculture - biodiversity involve several mechanisms,  
tiative. the interactions agriculture - biodiversity involve several mechanisms, making referen 
inkages between agricultural practices, landscape structure and biodiversity across the territo 
ural practices, landscape structure and biodiversity across the territory. . in the end, this w 
atory that will monitor the project and evaluation of actions implemented  
521 12 eservation stakes and value increase in biodiversity within the french designation of origin in 
tion of origin in positioning them on a scale containing five levels of diversity. this tool wi 
em on a scale containing five levels of diversity. this tool will also be mobilized to define h 
ized to define how farmers perceive the biodiversity in their plots and the impacts caused by t 
the biodiversity in their plots and the impacts caused by their practices. the achievement of t 
answer the following questionings: what biodiversity is present, produced, used within which ao 
, produced, used within which aoc dairy production farms, and using what practices which are th 
aoc areas favourable to the adoption of biodiversity favouring practices in grassland areas whi 
 of biodiversity favouring practices in grassland areas which are the effects in terms of biodi 
areas which are the effects in terms of biodiversity coupling between the certification of biol 
g between the certification of biologic agriculture and the respect of the terms and conditions 
at the farmers have on stakes linked to biodiversity. nevertheless they must also be recreated  
7674 23                                         biodiversity conservation in protected areas is linked  
           biodiversity conservation in protected areas is linked to ecological trade-offs betw 
protected areas is linked to ecological trade-offs between various components of this diversity 
offs between various components of this diversity, their relative perception by stakeholders an 
diversity, their relative perception by stakeholders and decision makers, and the effectiveness 
on makers, and the effectiveness of the management over long time scale . in this project we wi 
veness of the management over long time scale . in this project we will simulate elephant abund 
 this project we will simulate elephant abundance scenarios and their effects on tree diversity 
ect we will simulate elephant abundance scenarios and their effects on tree diversity in hwange 
nce scenarios and their effects on tree diversity in hwange national park and integrated with m 
ephant spatial dynamics and stakeholder management decisions. plausible outcomes under various  
comes under various downscaled regional climate projections and current management practices wi 
egional climate projections and current management practices will be simulated over a 50-year t 
ar timeframe. simultaneously, ageing of groundwater will be conducted to assess whether recharg 
lts will be presented in a workshop for stakeholders, who will then be engaged in a companion m 
who will then be engaged in a companion modelling exercise to model the ecologically-based deci 
ed in a companion modelling exercise to model the ecologically-based decision rules governing w 
ogically-based decision rules governing water pumping and identifying the non-ecological constr 
 the ecological and human dimensions of ecosystem functioning, facilitates their incorporation  
litates their incorporation by relevant stakeholders, and ultimately helps build robust scenari 
ders, and ultimately helps build robust scenarios of plausible futures of key aspects of biodiv 
 of plausible futures of key aspects of biodiversity, elephants and trees, in a large african p 
elephants and trees, in a large african protected area.  
7109 3 ew register of justification set around conservation issues and biodiversity valuation in the f 
tion set around conservation issues and biodiversity valuation in the french device registered  
nd conservation issues and biodiversity valuation in the french device registered designations  
14114 10 understanding the origin of present-day ecosystems. this project will elucidate how biodiversit 
ystems. this project will elucidate how biodiversity is affected by environmental changes in sp 
of one group of abundant and widespread marine animals, the ostracods. amongst the major extinc 
imals, the ostracods. amongst the major extinction events of the phanerozoic, the end ordovicia 
 of the phanerozoic, the end ordovician extinction is of crucial importance to the understandin 
cial importance to the understanding of biodiversity crises. the ordovician period ends with a  
ordovician period ends with a series of extinction events . past environmental, lifestyle and b 
nts . past environmental, lifestyle and biodiversity changes can be used as indicators in predi 
and biodiversity changes can be used as indicators in predicting future patterns of biotic chan 
y – of the spacial, facies and temporal biodiversity of late ordovician and early silurian base 
437 4 the impact of human societies on animal biodiversity at a century and millenium scale. it was d 
biodiversity at a century and millenium scale. it was developed in four directions: . the histo 
of the spread of the house mouse in the mediterranean basin has been elucidated and the origin  
 as expected. in addition, processes of biodiversity decrease have been described in several of 
7158 6               predicting the effects of global change on biodiversity at large spatial scales.  
dicting the effects of global change on biodiversity at large spatial scales. from predictions  
, as one can predict the variability of species richness and extinction rates and local turnove 
the variability of species richness and extinction rates and local turnover will be greater for 
ssues important to assess the impact of global change on biodiversity dynamics.  
o assess the impact of global change on biodiversity dynamics.  
442 6 arch programme focused on the effect of landscape structure at different spatial scales on the  
ties. using approaches accounting for a heterogeneity in species detectability and for spatial  
 the data, we found that not only local species richness can be affected by landscape structure 
cal species richness can be affected by landscape structure, but it can also affect the local t 
vide a framework of relevance for basic ecology, but also of practical relevance for applied ec 
also of practical relevance for applied ecology.  
13942 17 mental study concerns the importance of biodiversity for one of the most fundamental ecological 
izes nutrient elements, while producing fish food. we will test four main hypotheses: 1. the ra 
on increases with increasing species or functional group diversity. 2. a more diverse community 
 increasing species or functional group diversity. 2. a more diverse community has the potentia 
onal group diversity. 2. a more diverse community has the potential to transfer more carbon up  
nity has the potential to transfer more carbon up the food chain. 3. a more diverse community b 
on up the food chain. 3. a more diverse community buries more organic matter deeper in the sedi 
3. a more diverse community buries more organic matter deeper in the sediment. 4. nodularin and 
uries more organic matter deeper in the sediment. 4. nodularin and bmaa in cyanobacterial bloom 
ial blooms can accumulate in and reduce diversity, growth and survival of deposit-feeding inver 
can accumulate in and reduce diversity, growth and survival of deposit-feeding invertebrates, a 
 growth and survival of deposit-feeding invertebrates, and be transferred to their fish predato 
ertebrates, and be transferred to their fish predators. the results can be used to evaluate the 
rates, and be transferred to their fish predators. the results can be used to evaluate the like 
e likely effects of changes in infaunal biodiversity and of increased cyanobacterial blooms on  
eased cyanobacterial blooms on nutrient biogeochemistry in the baltic sea. the potential for to 
ooms on nutrient biogeochemistry in the baltic sea. the potential for toxic effects on bottom f 
7567 6 equires an analysis of inter- and intra-species diversity using molecular biology tools adapted 
also the correlative study of mycotoxin production. using the model p. expansum producer of pat 
tudy of mycotoxin production. using the model p. expansum producer of patulin, we analyze the e 
sum producer of patulin, we analyze the evolution of the production during growth and the effec 
atulin, we analyze the evolution of the production during growth and the effect of the usual ph 
 the evolution of the production during growth and the effect of the usual physiological and nu 
7283 2 european and french, science and public decision making biodiversity the project proposes to in 
nch, science and public decision making biodiversity the project proposes to investigate the se 
2051 6            the project will investigate biodiversity in a natural ecosystem, believed to be rea 
l investigate biodiversity in a natural ecosystem, believed to be reasonably representative of  
easonably representative of the coastal marine environment . through this cooperation the proje 
ly representative of the coastal marine environment . through this cooperation the project will 
l be able to develop a full statistical model for biodiversity without losing biological inform 
to develop a full statistical model for biodiversity without losing biological information.  
463 4            biomex aims to study pelagic marine biodiversity in the western indian ocean, using  
    biomex aims to study pelagic marine biodiversity in the western indian ocean, using a wide  
aving as objective to characterize this biodiversity and assure its consistency. the project wi 
pt to establish an inventory of pelagic biodiversity based on various sampling elements, which  
7412 2 s considered long as little interest in agriculture involves the ability of agriculture to cons 
 in agriculture involves the ability of agriculture to consider a new social demand and integra 
7422 9 se of mineral fertilizers and synthetic pesticides, and the simplification of agricultural land 
c pesticides, and the simplification of agricultural landscapes resulting from the specializati 
es resulting from the specialization of production systems, significantly reduced the diversity 
tion systems, significantly reduced the diversity of beneficial fungi communities specify the t 
tly reduced the diversity of beneficial fungi communities specify the the effect of mycorrhizal 
s specify the the effect of mycorrhizal biodiversity on wheat productivity and grain quality. t 
ct of mycorrhizal biodiversity on wheat productivity and grain quality. this work will lay a so 
or the operation of these new biotech / ecosystem tools of mycorrhiza in wheat farming and thus 
patible and economically efficient crop management  
7281 6 he implementation of the green and blue urban context. it documents the biodiversity areas, que 
nd blue urban context. it documents the biodiversity areas, questioning their legal status and  
tivations of various actors working for biodiversity and their choice of valuation. it offers a 
ng for biodiversity and their choice of valuation. it offers a method to mesh with the tv biodi 
 it offers a method to mesh with the tv biodiversity called ordinary places and directory"actio 
of researchers and practitioners in the development of the north pas de calais  
14821 18                                         mediterranean coastal wetlands are considered ecosystem 
                  mediterranean coastal wetlands are considered ecosystems that deserve to be p 
rranean coastal wetlands are considered ecosystems that deserve to be protected in a european c 
 and attractiveness for touristic-based development has led to a series of adverse impacts and  
elopment has led to a series of adverse impacts and most are showing serious signs of degradati 
s and most are showing serious signs of degradation. the pego- oliva marjal, located in the are 
e area of highest rainfall in valencian community and with warm temperatures, permits species o 
cies of tropical affinity to grow. this wetland is considered a refuge of biodiversity for its  
 this wetland is considered a refuge of biodiversity for its richness in different kinds of wat 
idered a refuge of biodiversity for its richness in different kinds of water body: streams, cha 
 for its richness in different kinds of water body: streams, channels, fresh and saltwater mout 
hness in different kinds of water body: streams, channels, fresh and saltwater mouths, inundati 
 pristine to eutrophicated-contaminated water. although knowledge of its vascular flora and ver 
ound in its different aquatic habitats. algae, however, are very precise ecological indicators  
itats. algae, however, are very precise ecological indicators and are widely used, alone or tog 
elaborate a detailed inventory of algal biodiversity in the marjal pego-oliva natural park, as  
park, as a first step to evaluating the water quality and the level of conservation of its aqua 
ting the water quality and the level of conservation of its aquatic systems, and will propose f 
456 8                        project diamsoi: diversity of amphihaline species in the southwest of th 
 on the islands of the indian ocean the freshwater biodiversity is basically made up of fish .  
ands of the indian ocean the freshwater biodiversity is basically made up of fish . in addition 
er biodiversity is basically made up of fish . in addition to the inventory mission, a follow-u 
 combination of field data, analysis of population dynamics and the large-scale satellite sensi 
is of population dynamics and the large-scale satellite sensing will make it possible to clarif 
ld by madagascar, and to understand the freshwater biodiversity of the islands in the indian oc 
ascar, and to understand the freshwater biodiversity of the islands in the indian ocean from a  
7262 6 anisms associated with sunken wood deep marine environment has always been perceived as a zoolo 
associated with sunken wood deep marine environment has always been perceived as a zoological c 
e of the project is biowood explore the diversity of the fauna associated with sunken wood and  
iated with sunken wood and identify new model organisms to understand in an evolutionary light, 
derstand in an evolutionary light, deep marine biodiversity  
d in an evolutionary light, deep marine biodiversity  
9933 14                                         eutrophication is perhaps the most important threat to  
s the most important threat to european biodiversity. a major source of nutrients to semi-natur 
uropean biodiversity. a major source of nutrients to semi-natural ecosystems is atmospheric nit 
jor source of nutrients to semi-natural ecosystems is atmospheric nitrogen deposition and exper 
 semi-natural ecosystems is atmospheric nitrogen deposition and experiments have suggested that 
d experiments have suggested that these nutrients may reduce species richness.however, until ve 
ggested that these nutrients may reduce species richness.however, until very recently there was 
e was no clear evidence that widespread biodiversity reduction caused by regional air pollution 
ersity reduction caused by regional air pollution was actually occurring. stevens et al. provid 
vided a predictive equation to estimate species richness of similar sites based on n deposition 
her n-deposition is seriously impacting species richness on a wider scale across european grass 
y impacting species richness on a wider scale across european grasslands and to elucidate the m 
chness on a wider scale across european grasslands and to elucidate the mechanism responsible.w 
ess the ecological processes that drive biodiversity change in the systems.  
7467 19                          scientists and water managers have collected a vast amount of data on  
have collected a vast amount of data on freshwater organisms, and yet it is rarely possible to  
ed and easily accessible to scientists, policy makers and planners such an integrated and acces 
age of the services provided by aquatic ecosystems, but also to make it possible to establish e 
 establish effective regional plans for conservation. biofresh, a major new fp7 project, will d 
 access to the extensive information on freshwater organisms that is currently stored in the da 
es. the biofresh information portal for freshwater biodiversity will allow scientists and plann 
fresh information portal for freshwater biodiversity will allow scientists and planners to comp 
atterns that will shed new light on how freshwater biodiversity responds to global, european, a 
t will shed new light on how freshwater biodiversity responds to global, european, and local en 
help to reveal the status and trends of freshwater biodiversity, and the services that it provi 
eal the status and trends of freshwater biodiversity, and the services that it provides. scient 
ow various stressors interact to impact freshwater biodiversity. this work will help to shed li 
stressors interact to impact freshwater biodiversity. this work will help to shed light on how  
k will help to shed light on how future climate and socioeconomic pressures will give rise to g 
bal, continental and local responses in freshwater biodiversity. until now, it has not always b 
ental and local responses in freshwater biodiversity. until now, it has not always been easy to 
en easy to incorporate understanding of freshwater biodiversity explicitly into environmental a 
incorporate understanding of freshwater biodiversity explicitly into environmental agreements . 
2137 19                                     the impacts of pronounced climate change are now apparent a 
              the impacts of pronounced climate change are now apparent at various sites in the 
 converge on the prediction that future warming trends will be amplified at high northern latit 
ental understanding of norways northern marine ecosystems and their responsiveness to environme 
nderstanding of norways northern marine ecosystems and their responsiveness to environmental ch 
 ecosystems and their responsiveness to environmental change. the benthic biodiversity has been 
ss to environmental change. the benthic biodiversity has been hypothesized to be closely relate 
 closely related with variables such as productivity and sea surface temperature for which a st 
es such as productivity and sea surface temperature for which a strong gradient is seen along t 
 the norwegian coastal shelf. these two biodiversity drivers are highly climate-dependent and a 
ese two biodiversity drivers are highly climate-dependent and are expected to change with the p 
e expected to change with the predicted warming. this funding request is for a post-doctoral fe 
rant to conduct fundamental research on marine benthos with a focus on characterizing the prope 
 conduct fundamental research on marine benthos with a focus on characterizing the properties o 
haracterizing the properties of benthic biodiversity measurements at various latitudinal sites  
ll develop theoretical framework of the impacts of the global warming on the soft-bottom marine 
retical framework of the impacts of the global warming on the soft-bottom marine biodiversity i 
f the global warming on the soft-bottom marine biodiversity in the norwegian continental shelf. 
lobal warming on the soft-bottom marine biodiversity in the norwegian continental shelf.  
474 22 d 30 eu experts in eukaryotic microbial taxonomy and evolution, marine biology and ecology, gen 
ts in eukaryotic microbial taxonomy and evolution, marine biology and ecology, genomics and mol 
yotic microbial taxonomy and evolution, marine biology and ecology, genomics and molecular biol 
onomy and evolution, marine biology and ecology, genomics and molecular biology, bioinformatics 
lar biology, bioinformatics, as well as marine economy and policy, to assess the taxonomic dept 
ormatics, as well as marine economy and policy, to assess the taxonomic depth, environmental si 
ications of arguably the least explored biodiversity compartment in the biosphere: the unicellu 
the unicellular eukaryotes or protists. marine protists typically live in huge populations with 
a and new methods for future surveys of marine biodiversity change and for evaluation of its ec 
ew methods for future surveys of marine biodiversity change and for evaluation of its ecologica 
s of marine biodiversity change and for evaluation of its ecological and economic cost. the bio 
 database will become the largest world community resource on marine unicellular eukaryotic bio 
the largest world community resource on marine unicellular eukaryotic biodiversity, providing a 
source on marine unicellular eukaryotic biodiversity, providing a reference platform for curren 
re projects dealing with this important biodiversity compartment, and elevating the european co 
compartment, and elevating the european community to the forefront of marine eukaryote microbia 
 european community to the forefront of marine eukaryote microbial ecology. by connecting the m 
ty to the forefront of marine eukaryote microbial ecology. by connecting the most modern sequen 
ing technology to eu experts in protist taxonomy, biomarks will valorize an invaluable traditio 
data and new methods to a wide range of stakeholders and for scientific and public education. s 
eral international research programs on marine biodiversity, major genetic databases and protis 
ternational research programs on marine biodiversity, major genetic databases and protist cultu 
7030 13  to the main questions in ciliate alpha-taxonomy and the hotly debated problems in biodiversity 
onomy and the hotly debated problems in biodiversity. its results should allow an estimation of 
sults should allow an estimation of the biogeography of a species-rich group of marine plankton 
biogeography of a species-rich group of marine plankton protists, i.e., the tintinnids. tintinn 
es, an estimation of the real tintinnid diversity, and an assessment of the biogeography, inclu 
of the real tintinnid diversity, and an assessment of the biogeography, including literature da 
nid diversity, and an assessment of the biogeography, including literature data. additionally,  
 a far-reaching estimation of tintinnid diversity and biogeography. morphological taxonomy as a 
g estimation of tintinnid diversity and biogeography. morphological taxonomy as a distinct scie 
versity and biogeography. morphological taxonomy as a distinct scientific field is threatened b 
tinct scientific field is threatened by extinction because the number of alpha-taxonomists dras 
gthen austria as a hot-spot for ciliate taxonomy, but will also enable training of students in  
ng of students in the basics of ciliate taxonomy.  
1930 3                           especially in agricultural landscapes, space and finances must be div 
 be divided over different functions in nature areas and in the agricultural landscape.  
nt functions in nature areas and in the agricultural landscape.  
7583 2 : i study through a molecular approach, biodiversity toxigenic molds to dry at room temperature 
iversity toxigenic molds to dry at room temperature in sterile sand. . strains of the collectio 
14419 24 al environmental challenges cause rapid erosion of biological diversity in most parts of the wo 
ental challenges cause rapid erosion of biological diversity in most parts of the world. these  
e must discover, understand and protect biodiversity. put simply, biodiversity is ‘life on eart 
d and protect biodiversity. put simply, biodiversity is ‘life on earth. at a fundamental level, 
sses depend, directly or indirectly, on biodiversity and its component resources. yeasts have e 
 they are primary drivers of the global carbon cycle and they belong to the most valuable micro 
 demonstrated that flowering plants and insects ecosystems harbor vast untapped diversity of ye 
rated that flowering plants and insects ecosystems harbor vast untapped diversity of yeasts. in 
insects ecosystems harbor vast untapped diversity of yeasts. in europe, bulgaria ranks third in 
r vast untapped diversity of yeasts. in europe, bulgaria ranks third in biodiversity after ital 
sts. in europe, bulgaria ranks third in biodiversity after italy and spain. the rich biological 
s third in biodiversity after italy and spain. the rich biological diversity of bulgaria is due 
versity after italy and spain. the rich biological diversity of bulgaria is due to its substant 
y of bulgaria is due to its substantial forest area. pirin, rodopi and central balkan national  
al parks are among the largest and most protected areas in europe. bulgarian parks host 250 end 
the largest and most protected areas in europe. bulgarian parks host 250 endemic flowering plan 
ic flowering plants and 1500 species of insects. these plants and insects could be habitats for 
00 species of insects. these plants and insects could be habitats for many undiscovered yeasts. 
itats for many undiscovered yeasts. the biodiversity and ecology of yeasts in different ecosyst 
discovered yeasts. the biodiversity and ecology of yeasts in different ecosystems have attracte 
sity and ecology of yeasts in different ecosystems have attracted little systematic research in 
portant properties from these bulgarian ecosystems. the research project will be accomplished i 
 first stage will include collection of insects and plants samples from three national parks: p 
entral balkan. isolation of yeasts from insects and plants samples. during the second stage we  
7008 7 of this project is the investigation of biodiversity of yeasts and yeast-like fungi isolated fr 
f biodiversity of yeasts and yeast-like fungi isolated from gut of insects. these habitats are  
d yeast-like fungi isolated from gut of insects. these habitats are widely unexplored and there 
 the course of this project since these insects could have had contact with mould-contaminated  
s are gathering information about yeast phylogeny and development of yeast endocytobiosis, disc 
g information about yeast phylogeny and development of yeast endocytobiosis, discovering new sy 
ring different developing phases of the insects. finally the isolates will be tested for their  
7286 9     we want to test the hypothesis that biodiversity can compensate through biotic interactions 
eractions, the negative consequences of fragmentation of plant populations that tends to increa 
 populations that tends to increase the risk of extinction. a floristically diverse surrounding 
ions that tends to increase the risk of extinction. a floristically diverse surrounding communi 
on. a floristically diverse surrounding community with a rich assemblage of insects would reduc 
ing community with a rich assemblage of insects would reduce this risk by being a source of pol 
assemblage of insects would reduce this risk by being a source of pollinators for fragmented po 
d reduce this risk by being a source of pollinators for fragmented populations and favorable re 
een fragmented populations and maintain genetic diversity within them  
7153 8 mainly aims to improve knowledge of the biodiversity of regulatory mechanisms in animals, in si 
mechanisms in animals, in situations of human impacts quantitatively and qualitatively differen 
 balances and imbalances to sustainable biodiversity at an intermediate level between those of  
y, that the century or millennium. this scale is primarily documented by the exo or endo -skele 
oup, which will result in an attempt to model the effects of human impact on animal biodiversit 
t in an attempt to model the effects of human impact on animal biodiversity in a time scale ran 
l the effects of human impact on animal biodiversity in a time scale ranging from century to mi 
impact on animal biodiversity in a time scale ranging from century to millennium. these case st 
7211 24           the project aims to study the biodiversity of coral reefs in the maldives in conjunct 
oject aims to study the biodiversity of coral reefs in the maldives in conjunction with local p 
 but complementary angles: inventories, biogeography, conservation and training. the maldives i 
tary angles: inventories, biogeography, conservation and training. the maldives is a nation of  
 country is based entirely on the coral ecosystem and ocean. atolls, distributed along a latitu 
ocal / regional factors controlling the distribution of diversity. protected marine areas of th 
factors controlling the distribution of diversity. protected marine areas of the republic of ma 
he distribution of diversity. protected marine areas of the republic of maldives: • what is the 
the republic of maldives: • what is the habitat diversity and structure of coral communities en 
blic of maldives: • what is the habitat diversity and structure of coral communities encountere 
 it necessary to increase the extent of marine protected areas • how species richness of these  
 extent of marine protected areas • how species richness of these sites does it compare with th 
eneral what conclusions can be drawn on endemism and evolution of marine species of the maldive 
onclusions can be drawn on endemism and evolution of marine species of the maldives • fisheries 
n be drawn on endemism and evolution of marine species of the maldives • fisheries invertebrate 
ion of marine species of the maldives • fisheries invertebrates and reef fish being increasingl 
ine species of the maldives • fisheries invertebrates and reef fish being increasingly develope 
ives • fisheries invertebrates and reef fish being increasingly developed, what is the status o 
t is the status of the resource and its habitat critical habitats used during the life cycle of 
s operated technical inventory of coral biodiversity nétant not completely mastered locally tra 
etely mastered locally training in reef mapping, visual counting diving fish larvae capture and 
in reef mapping, visual counting diving fish larvae capture and identification and juvenile fis 
capture and identification and juvenile fish, and taxonomy of different groups will be offered  
d identification and juvenile fish, and taxonomy of different groups will be offered to local t 
429 4                          in ancient oak forests developped on neutral soils in the lorraine pla 
cient oak forests developped on neutral soils in the lorraine plateau, small as well as cannabi 
ch indicates that the area went back to forest, probably in relation with the need for fuel-woo 
ts that these small cavities in present forests were made by man, or at least used by man in a  
14716 18                             the edaphic ecosystem is complex, scaresly studied, with a large de 
caresly studied, with a large degree of biodiversity with organisms interacting in complex trop 
omplex trophic webs which depend on the productivity of natural and agricultural ecosystems. th 
roductivity of natural and agricultural ecosystems. the isolation, identification and bioecolog 
me of these organisms could lead to the development of new technologies. the aim of the project 
utochtonous strains of entomopathogenic nematodes and evaluate there efficiency as an alternati 
pathogenic nematodes and evaluate there efficiency as an alternative technology in the biologic 
ncy as an alternative technology in the biological control of the lepidoptera spodoptera littor 
podoptera littoralis and phtyoparasitic nematodes of the genus meloidogyne with the aim of prov 
th the aim of providing a base for tthe development of biocontrol agents which are environmenta 
roviding a base for tthe development of biocontrol agents which are environmentally, reducing e 
t the same time avoiding the ecological risk of introducing epn strains from other countries. t 
ion of autochtonous strains of epns; 2. evaluation of their virulence against spodoptera littor 
ect lies within the national program of biodiversity, earth sciences and global change in the n 
ram of biodiversity, earth sciences and global change in the national subprograme of biodiversi 
l change in the national subprograme of biodiversity contributing to the thematic line of new t 
 the thematic line of new technologies, development of technologies in the improvement of enivr 
vement of enivronmental quality in land ecosystems  
2499 12 plied research regarding utilization of marine ecosystems with emphasis on decision modeling of 
esearch regarding utilization of marine ecosystems with emphasis on decision modeling of total  
ne ecosystems with emphasis on decision modeling of total allowable catches in a broad multispe 
roductive ocean areas in the world. the ecosystem is highly dynamic and volatile. the modeling  
tem is highly dynamic and volatile. the modeling of a top-down and multidimensional bioeconomic 
nomic sound and informational efficient management strategies ensuring long term sustainability 
anagement strategies ensuring long term sustainability. due to the level of aggregation the res 
e validated by more detailed biological ecosystem models which, by themselves, lack the ability 
lity to determine optimal policies. the modeling and integration of such a two-stage process ne 
utting-edge academic quality beyond the ph.d. level. a successful outcome of the proposed proje 
onomics and fishery research, numerical modeling of multidimensional stochastic bioprocesses, a 
processes, and operational research and management science.  
10969 13 a significant role in biofouling in the marine environment, and also in the pathogenesis of man 
ficant role in biofouling in the marine environment, and also in the pathogenesis of many infec 
erefore, blocking communication between bacteria may provide a new strategy to prevent bioflim  
ation. it is also probable that aquatic bacteria have evolved mechanisms to disrupt the biofilm 
disrupt the biofilms of other competing bacteria, as a survival strategy. although this has not 
e have recently found that this form of competition occurs. preliminary studies of the effect o 
nary studies of the effect of bacterial competition on biofilm disruption were carried out. a m 
 cell-free supernatant from cultures of marine bacillus licheniformis strain el-34-6 and b. sub 
e biofilm, which was only observed when bacteria were viable, could therefore be an active phys 
s to characterise compounds produced by marine bacilli which bring about dissolution of the mic 
cus bioflim. the extent of this form of competition amongst marine bacteria will also be invest 
ent of this form of competition amongst marine bacteria will also be investigated.  
this form of competition amongst marine bacteria will also be investigated.  
13336 22                          scientists and water managers have collected a vast amount of data on  
have collected a vast amount of data on freshwater organisms, and yet it is rarely possible to  
ed and easily accessible to scientists, policy makers and planners such an integrated and acces 
age of the services provided by aquatic ecosystems, but also to make it possible to establish e 
 establish effective regional plans for conservation. biofresh, a major new fp7 project, will d 
 access to the extensive information on freshwater organisms that is currently stored in the da 
es. the biofresh information portal for freshwater biodiversity will allow scientists and plann 
fresh information portal for freshwater biodiversity will allow scientists and planners to comp 
atterns that will shed new light on how freshwater biodiversity responds to global, european, a 
t will shed new light on how freshwater biodiversity responds to global, european, and local en 
help to reveal the status and trends of freshwater biodiversity, and the services that it provi 
eal the status and trends of freshwater biodiversity, and the services that it provides. scient 
ow various stressors interact to impact freshwater biodiversity. this work will help to shed li 
stressors interact to impact freshwater biodiversity. this work will help to shed light on how  
k will help to shed light on how future climate and socioeconomic pressures will give rise to g 
bal, continental and local responses in freshwater biodiversity. until now, it has not always b 
ental and local responses in freshwater biodiversity. until now, it has not always been easy to 
en easy to incorporate understanding of freshwater biodiversity explicitly into environmental a 
incorporate understanding of freshwater biodiversity explicitly into environmental agreements . 
e aware of the importance and beauty of freshwater biodiversity, and on the other to help polic 
the importance and beauty of freshwater biodiversity, and on the other to help policy makers ta 
 biodiversity, and on the other to help policy makers take decisions based on the best availabl 
12026 2 n this project, we explore the roles of trophic interactions, vertical diversity and nutrient e 
roles of trophic interactions, vertical diversity and nutrient enrichment.  
2511 7             since more than 10e9 years, nature operates endosymbiotic metabolic pathways in euk 
ls. in plants, maintenance of the cells metabolism is compartmentalized. the metabolic stage of 
loroplast are essential to maintain the metabolism of the photoautotrophic developmental state  
 proven extremely valuable to study the development of chloroplasts. upon illumination the onse 
lumination the onset of photoautotrophy development can be precisely controlled to study the pr 
 utilize in darkness, differentiate the function of pigmentation changes in the cytb6f complex, 
 in the cytb6f complex, and resolve the function of chlorophyll binding to the lil3 protein. th 
13485 3                                biogenic phosphorus spectroscopy, the most powerful analysis met 
xperiments and multivariate statistical evaluation of the results. this will answer questions r 
stions regarding which lakes are in the risk of becoming eutrophicated, which p compounds are i 
10561 4                                         carbon is one of the essential elements required for li 
s required for life to exist, alongside energy and liquid water. in contrast to other parts of  
e to exist, alongside energy and liquid water. in contrast to other parts of the earth s biosph 
ts of the earth s biosphere, cycling of carbon compounds beneath glaciers and ice sheets is poo 
15346 2 pproaches: from the observation and the monitoring of the processes up to the modelling, passin 
e monitoring of the processes up to the modelling, passing through the experimentation designed 
15436 2                                  recent warming and variations in atmospheric circulation patte 
years trough the analysis of lake dated sediment cores. we plan to identify similarities and di 
11672 7 l zone contributes significantly to the nitrogen cycle, removing nitrogen washed in from the la 
icantly to the nitrogen cycle, removing nitrogen washed in from the land by rivers and so reduc 
ing nitrogen washed in from the land by rivers and so reducing its fertilizing impact on the co 
ms, also contribute to the formation of nitrogen gases, some of which are important in global w 
n gases, some of which are important in global warming. while a lot of work has been done to me 
gy of n cycling, developed in the colne estuary, to tropical sediments to determine whether the 
e different or the same as in temperate estuaries; and whether different groups of microorganis 
11794 7 l zone contributes significantly to the nitrogen cycle, removing nitrogen washed in from the la 
icantly to the nitrogen cycle, removing nitrogen washed in from the land by rivers and so reduc 
ing nitrogen washed in from the land by rivers and so reducing its fertilizing impact on the co 
ms, also contribute to the formation of nitrogen gases, some of which are important in global w 
n gases, some of which are important in global warming. while a lot of work has been done to me 
gy of n cycling, developed in the colne estuary, to tropical sediments to determine whether the 
e different or the same as in temperate estuaries; and whether different groups of microorganis 
10920 2 of nuclear power generation and weapons development, the uk has created large quantities of rad 
volume, the largest fraction predictive modelling of the cdz, which will tie all the different  
11710 2 of nuclear power generation and weapons development, the uk has created large quantities of rad 
volume, the largest fraction predictive modelling of the cdz, which will tie all the different  
11811 2 of nuclear power generation and weapons development, the uk has created large quantities of rad 
volume, the largest fraction predictive modelling of the cdz, which will tie all the different  
11812 2 of nuclear power generation and weapons development, the uk has created large quantities of rad 
volume, the largest fraction predictive modelling of the cdz, which will tie all the different  
9904 2 of nuclear power generation and weapons development, the uk has created large quantities of rad 
volume, the largest fraction predictive modelling of the cdz, which will tie all the different  
9954 2 of nuclear power generation and weapons development, the uk has created large quantities of rad 
volume, the largest fraction predictive modelling of the cdz, which will tie all the different  
7273 11          in complex systems such as the amazon, local migration of freshwater fish are essentia 
mplex systems such as the amazon, local migration of freshwater fish are essential for maintain 
 such as the amazon, local migration of freshwater fish are essential for maintaining biodivers 
e amazon, local migration of freshwater fish are essential for maintaining biodiversity. we pro 
ater fish are essential for maintaining biodiversity. we propose to develop a non - lethal tech 
h resolution, to trace the movements of fish. our approach is to cut water geochemistry data of 
vements of fish. our approach is to cut water geochemistry data of the amazon basin to those ob 
s to cut water geochemistry data of the amazon basin to those obtained by the methods icp- ms - 
hods icp- ms - and - mc- icp- ms in the growth rings of scales, including life history of fish  
n the growth rings of scales, including life history of fish  
gs of scales, including life history of fish  
10398 8  on the microbiota of a rarely explored environment and geochemical data that will provide clue 
 provide clues to the source of the hot water and hence other potential areas for geothermal en 
ce other potential areas for geothermal energy recovery, which could be contribute to the uk s  
r potential areas for geothermal energy recovery, which could be contribute to the uk s renewab 
uld be contribute to the uk s renewable energy portfolio. analysis of hydrogen and oxygen isoto 
rgy portfolio. analysis of hydrogen and oxygen isotopes will be used to identify the source of  
used to identify the source of the deep groundwater, chemical analysis will define the geochemi 
al analysis will define the geochemical environment and process measurements coupled with analy 
11449 1  the moorings will be instrumented with sediment traps, current meters, adcp, thermister chains 
15206 24 yticus is an emerging human pathogen of marine origin that is responsible for large epidemic ou 
m have come to be of great relevance in europe due to the recurrent occurrence of important out 
ence of important outbreaks in galicia, spain. recent studies carried out in galicia have revea 
 of v. parahaemolyticus with pathogenic traits in the marine environment. these data contrast w 
molyticus with pathogenic traits in the marine environment. these data contrast with the low nu 
us with pathogenic traits in the marine environment. these data contrast with the low number of 
arahaemolyticus reported in galicia and spain. furthermore, the genetic characteristics of the  
 the pathogenic strains detected in the marine environment have no relation with the strains ca 
thogenic strains detected in the marine environment have no relation with the strains causing i 
pulations of v. parahaemolyticus in the marine environment of galicia throughout one year. this 
ns of v. parahaemolyticus in the marine environment of galicia throughout one year. this inform 
 information allows us to determine the distribution and population dynamics of pathogenic v. p 
ws us to determine the distribution and population dynamics of pathogenic v. parahaemolyticus a 
e environmental factors determining the abundance. in a second stage, the strains obtained in t 
re, as well as to establish the spatial distribution of genotypes in association with the envir 
on of genotypes in association with the environment. the strains recovered from galicia will be 
l and then assess the potential role of marine currents in the shift of v. parahaemolyticus and 
rring the genetic changes promoting the adaptation to new environmental niches. finally, the re 
 strains identified as pathogens in the marine environment could be assessed, allowing for an e 
s identified as pathogens in the marine environment could be assessed, allowing for an evaluati 
ment could be assessed, allowing for an evaluation of the current virulence markers as suitable 
e current virulence markers as suitable indicators of the pathogenic potential of any one strai 
he understanding of v. parahaemolyticus ecology and the molecular basis of its pathogenic poten 
 potential, ultimately allowing for the development of an enhanced environmental surveillance o 
14853 4 ue type of prokaryote within the domain bacteria. studies comprised both intraspecific diversit 
a. studies comprised both intraspecific diversity of cultured representatives, and autoecologic 
d autoecological studies in its natural habitat. however, and as it has been observed, saliniba 
intended to analyze its biogeographical diversity by the use of new methodologies as ft-ms and  
11782 14 humans in the bark of oak trees and the soil around them. partly because sake, wine, beer and b 
r fungus, yet little is known about its ecology. this study will lead to a better understanding 
etter understanding of s. cerevisiae in europe and how far they migrate and mix with their rela 
the world, they have also been found in soils from holland and finland, but they have not yet b 
 not yet been discovered in the oaks of europe. in a recent study, scientists in north america  
ca discovered that pretreating bark and soil with alcohol and sugar led to the isolation of s.  
ven though their occurrence in bark and soil would otherwise rarely be noticed. the use of this 
n oaks. in this study, small amounts of soil, bark or grapes will be taken back to the lab and  
r the purposes of this study, the rapid evolution of centromeres is also very curious. centrome 
, from the most devastating failures in growth and reproduction to reduced fertility among a ye 
nt be evolving so fast might this rapid evolution have consequences for growth, fertility or th 
s rapid evolution have consequences for growth, fertility or the reproductive isolation between 
 data from the investigation into yeast ecology to address this question. these data from natur 
es and consequences of rapid centromere evolution.  
182 6 ject is to reveal the biogeographic and diversity pattern of thelephorales at the forest stand, 
versity pattern of thelephorales at the forest stand, continental and global scales. to study t 
tics and autecology, incl. the means of dispersal of the dominant taxa of thelephorales in bore 
ominant taxa of thelephorales in boreal forests. tomentella radiosa and thelephora terrestris f 
dy population genetics and the means of dispersal in one of the dominant species, tomentella br 
tomentella bryophila or t. stuposa. the distribution of genets of tomentella sp. in transects w 
10249 13 ng our understanding of the patterns of biodiversity in the earth s largest ecosystem. the prop 
 of biodiversity in the earth s largest ecosystem. the proposal is to visit a site on the south 
deep-sea vents support lush colonies of marine life, ultimately nourished by chemicals gushing  
species, revolutionised ideas about how ecosystems can be supplied with energy, and even provid 
out how ecosystems can be supplied with energy, and even provided clues to the origins of life. 
 to understand what controls the global distribution of species in these island-like extreme en 
trial continents - e.g. lions living in africa and tigers in india - but unlike such patterns o 
g. lions living in africa and tigers in india - but unlike such patterns of life on land, the o 
dge system. the international census of marine life has therefore identified the swir as a prio 
ents. as much of what we know about the dispersal of deep-sea species in general comes from stu 
dvance our understanding of patterns of biodiversity in the deep ocean. undertaking the first r 
lect samples of novel organisms for the marine biotechnology sector, and share its discoveries  
by answering a key question in deep-sea ecology, this proposal also addresses nerc s goal of de 
14706 12 fferentiation with knowledge of datable marine barriers . if we can demonstrate the differentia 
testing hypotheses about the historical biogeography of clades that span the barriers concerned 
tes of differentiation and knowledge of marine barriers, to investigate the history of reptile  
roups that occur around the westernmost mediterranean basin. this region, considered one of the 
. this region, considered one of the 25 biodiversity hot-spots of the planet, is ideal for such 
uch a project as a number of well-dated marine barriers have occurred in it and the reptile and 
 1.- infer the geographical history and evolution of the reptiles and amphibians around the wes 
s and amphibians around the westernmost mediterranean basin; 2.- characterize and compare the m 
esults will be used to test the current taxonomy of the groups concerned. this project will pro 
r improvements in reptile and amphibian taxonomy as well as for assessing conservation prioriti 
ibian taxonomy as well as for assessing conservation priorities. it will also make an excellent 
tudies in this and other regions of the mediterranean basin.  
14505 2 ural laboratory for the study of island biogeography and evolutionary proceses. in the case of  
r propagules might allow large distance dispersal at a higher frequency than that observed in v 
14601 3 ural laboratory for the study of island biogeography and evolutionary proceses. in the case of  
r propagules might allow large distance dispersal at a higher frequency than that observed in v 
to test the hypothesis of long distance dispersal through the north atlantic by wind.  
14937 17             the geographic structure of biodiversity is primarily determined by species distrib 
distributions, but at the intraspecific scale it is fine tuned by population differentiation. e 
ne tuned by population differentiation. evolution of parasite resistance could drive hosts popu 
 differentiation. evolution of parasite resistance could drive hosts population differentiation 
hosts population differentiation if the distribution of parasites is heterogeneous among hosts  
ng hosts populations. understanding the biogeography of host-parasite relationships is importan 
parasite relationships is important for biodiversity conservation in a world in which parasites 
orted worldwide due to global trade and climate change. this project will study the biogeograph 
ate change. this project will study the biogeography of host-parasite interactions using the bl 
we will examine to what extent parasite distribution drives the evolution of the mhc in the bla 
extent parasite distribution drives the evolution of the mhc in the blackcap at the same geogra 
iation in the context of the geographic distribution of parasites. the results of this project  
 to have a high impact in the fields of ecology, evolutionary biology and conservation biology. 
ds of ecology, evolutionary biology and conservation biology. in addition, characterising the m 
ddition to the study of this species, a model in ecology and evolution. the project will also a 
o the study of this species, a model in ecology and evolution. the project will also allow trai 
of this species, a model in ecology and evolution. the project will also allow training phd stu 
15129 1 nections of the macaronesian corticioid fungi, by including new surveys from cape verde archipe 
6808 5 ctuidae and thyatiridae fauna were: the adaptation to the decreasing humidity of the winter per 
 of the winter period combined with the evolution of different hibernation strategies. these pr 
tic lines often used the same tracks of dispersal as some dominant groups of the vegetation and 
ispersal as some dominant groups of the vegetation and dispersal show a group-specific hierarch 
e dominant groups of the vegetation and dispersal show a group-specific hierarchical pattern.  
11728 8 opanoids, which are synthesised by many bacteria and preserved in sediments, have enormous pote 
rial populations, and for environmental/climate change. this research will develop analytical p 
ation of intact complex biohopanoids in bacteria and environmental samples. the method will be  
abase of the biohopanoid composition of bacteria, defining markers for specific bacteria or bac 
bacteria, defining markers for specific bacteria or bacterial groups, which will form the theor 
l form the theoretical basis for future development of molecular tools to address microbial bio 
of molecular tools to address microbial biodiversity in natural environments and global change. 
iodiversity in natural environments and global change.  
14115 18 racter of the components of the natural environment and integrated impact of human induced devi 
multiple response of natural systems to human impact and economic importance of monitoring acti 
human impact and economic importance of monitoring activities required to use different from tr 
 only are people now a direct threat to wildlife, but this extinction is also an indirect threa 
w a direct threat to wildlife, but this extinction is also an indirect threat to future human w 
on is also an indirect threat to future human well-being because of loss of biodiversity, parti 
ure human well-being because of loss of biodiversity, particularly of vital keystone species th 
cies that perform critical tasks within ecosystems. there continues to be a steady decline in t 
o be a steady decline in the quality of biodiversity, despite the adoption of a number of poten 
tially powerful directives, such as the birds directive, the habitats directive etc. objectives 
 implement methods of biomonitoring for evaluation of air and precipitation pollution distribut 
biomonitoring for evaluation of air and precipitation pollution distribution . 2.develop and im 
for evaluation of air and precipitation pollution distribution . 2.develop and implement biolog 
tion of air and precipitation pollution distribution . 2.develop and implement biological indic 
ogical indication methods in remote and urban areas. 3.to use bioindicational methods in evalua 
as. 3.to use bioindicational methods in evaluation of human activities impact on natural commun 
tural communities and for indication of nature conservation value of communities. 4.to develop  
indicational methods as a component for assessment of legal environmental assessments.  
15264 4  we have named a syndrome of strandings stress , in which clinical signs and lesions founded ar 
ate seriously a previous situation of a disease in the stranded animals, at the time that can d 
t the time that can determine the later rehabilitation, causing a failure of the therapy and th 
ausing a failure of the therapy and the recovery of the involved animals. the purpose of our st 
1101 16 dels for phylogenetic studies, from the development and application of new computational method 
e and proteome, to studies on molecular modeling from protein structure-function studies are co 
lecular modeling from protein structure-function studies are coordinated and lead to a national 
cts are useful for the whole scientific community. the presence in the group of several profess 
arning activities or simply through the production of multimedia support material for training. 
bases and with analysis packages; - the development of new technologies for database indexing a 
 of palermo. wp2. comparative genomics. development of new computational methods for the analys 
divided into 4 activities as follows: - development of new method for evolutionary studies and  
ry studies and phylogenetic analysis; - development of new computational methods for sequence a 
 be on the use of agent technologies; - development of computational methods for microarray dat 
and genome sequences of human and other model organisms; - transcriptome and proteome analysis; 
ch of regulatory elements. wp4. protein modeling divided into four activities as follows: - lar 
nto four activities as follows: - large scale modeling of globular and membrane proteins, - mul 
ur activities as follows: - large scale modeling of globular and membrane proteins, - multidime 
ar dynamics of dna-protein complexes; - development of algorithms and calculation codes for thr 
calculation codes for three-dimensional modeling of biological macromolecules. wp5. implementat 
12036 8 entional and unintentional invasions of insects description of invasions and processes at play  
processes at play during invasions most biological invasions are a threat to biodiversity, huma 
st biological invasions are a threat to biodiversity, human health and agriculture. yet the par 
hreat to biodiversity, human health and agriculture. yet the parameters that determine their su 
imental limitations. the description of biological invasions is difficult because its early sta 
 stages designed to infer the routes of invasion have been developed and made available to the  
ave highlighted an original scenario of invasion which applies to three invasive species consid 
ario of invasion which applies to three invasive species considered: the invasive bridgehead sc 
7642 13                                         functional traits of organisms are central to their ada 
raits of organisms are central to their adaptation to environments in which they live. secondly 
ironments in which they live. secondly, soil invertebrates heavily involved in the operation of 
ents in which they live. secondly, soil invertebrates heavily involved in the operation of the  
eavily involved in the operation of the soil and thus to the provision of ecosystem services. b 
f the soil and thus to the provision of ecosystem services. betsi the project aims to synthesiz 
nformation on biological and ecological functional traits of soil invertebrates. originality of 
cal and ecological functional traits of soil invertebrates. originality of this project lies in 
nd ecological functional traits of soil invertebrates. originality of this project lies in the  
ns in the macro- and meso- fauna of the soil and thus a wide spectrum of biological strategies. 
al strategies. the approach consists of monitoring tools specific to the compartment ' soil ' e 
ing tools specific to the compartment ' soil ' ecosystems  
ls specific to the compartment ' soil ' ecosystems  
15074 9                                 because spain shows one of the lowest fertility rates in the wo 
ncidence of prematurity, low weight and mortality at birth. existing regional variation due to  
nces, autonomous communities, and rural-urban environments, justify the achievement of a geogra 
 1-analyze for the period 1983-2007 the evolution of the number of deliveries per province and  
 deliveries per province and autonomous community, single and multiple deliveries, dystrophic p 
accomplished regarding the maternal age distribution and newborn weight. 2- identify territoria 
fy territorial variations responding to heterogeneity for observed values. 3- identify relevant 
 in a second stage curves for the whole spain are to be obtained. 4- relate the number of birth 
ewborns per province and per autonomous community that could require special neonatal care.  
14743 8                                         invasive species can pose a major threat to the biotic  
s can pose a major threat to the biotic diversity and integrity of ecosystems. the mechanisms t 
o the biotic diversity and integrity of ecosystems. the mechanisms that permit the initial esta 
establishment and eventual expansion of invasive species in aquatic systems are not well unders 
 study of this issue are to: assess the habitat use and movement patterns in several aquatic ec 
nd movement patterns in several aquatic ecosystems in order to evaluate the dispersion capacity 
the integration of these factors into a risk assessment protocol for use across spain.  
risk assessment protocol for use across spain.  
15120 31 d structure of the communities, and the food web organization. the high environmental variabili 
high environmental variability, such as water level, nutrient or salinity fluctuations, and the 
ility, such as water level, nutrient or salinity fluctuations, and the environmental constraint 
 the environmental constraints, such as drought in temporary ponds or confinement in coastal la 
oastal lagoons, are determinant for the community structure in mediterranean shallow lentic eco 
erminant for the community structure in mediterranean shallow lentic ecosystems. the effects of 
ructure in mediterranean shallow lentic ecosystems. the effects of the physical control act dir 
he physical control act directly on the community structure, by means of the species selection  
t also indirectly due to changes in the food web organization. the influence of the environment 
 of the environmental conditions on the biological traits of the top predators explains these c 
ons on the biological traits of the top predators explains these changes and could imply a modi 
s and could imply a modification of the predation pressure on the aquatic community. the main o 
f the predation pressure on the aquatic community. the main objective of this project is to ana 
ctive of this project is to analyse the predation effects on the food web functioning in medite 
to analyse the predation effects on the food web functioning in mediterranean water bodies, and 
 effects on the food web functioning in mediterranean water bodies, and to identify if the abio 
e food web functioning in mediterranean water bodies, and to identify if the abiotic factors, c 
iotic factors, characteristics of these ecosystems, modify or regulate the predation effects. i 
hese ecosystems, modify or regulate the predation effects. in order to reach this objective we  
ective we will study two shallow lentic ecosystems: temporary ponds, where the drought is a det 
 ecosystems: temporary ponds, where the drought is a determining factor; and confined coastal l 
 high variability of nutrient input and salinity are reported. these studies take into account  
 account different trophic levels, from fish predation to intraguild predation in the microbial 
unt different trophic levels, from fish predation to intraguild predation in the microbial loop 
 trophic levels, from fish predation to intraguild predation in the microbial loop. we will dev 
iments, using mesocosms with or without predator presence, as well as field studies in sites wi 
field studies in sites with high or low predation density, in which we will compare the communi 
ies in sites with high or low predation density, in which we will compare the community structu 
n density, in which we will compare the community structure. in all the studies we will perform 
in all the studies we will perform, the community structure will be analysed by means of two ap 
oaches, taxonomic and functional, using community size structure.  
11185 5           this project would enable the participation of stephen archer in an exciting, new zea 
ation of stephen archer in an exciting, new zealand-led experiment in the southern ocean that w 
 responsible for the measurement of the production rates of dimethylsulphoniopropionate analysi 
system that will substantially increase productivity and to cover voyage-participation costs.  
crease productivity and to cover voyage-participation costs.  
10129 11 y to quantify the influence of climatic warming on the emission of co2 from soil by investigati 
tic warming on the emission of co2 from soil by investigating how soil biological and functiona 
n of co2 from soil by investigating how soil biological and functional diversity carbon isotope 
y investigating how soil biological and functional diversity carbon isotope and trace where tha 
oil biological and functional diversity carbon isotope and trace where that carbon is used and  
ity carbon isotope and trace where that carbon is used and emitted - ie how much labeled co2 is 
ted and which organisms use it in their metabolism. this will give us valuable information to i 
ortant for constraining the response by soil respiration to climatic change and use our laborat 
 a new understanding of the response by soil respiration to climatic warming and we will test h 
esponse by soil respiration to climatic warming and we will test how important biological diver 
 warming and we will test how important biological diversity is for controlling and constrainin 
10417 11 y to quantify the influence of climatic warming on the emission of co2 from soil by investigati 
tic warming on the emission of co2 from soil by investigating how soil biological and functiona 
n of co2 from soil by investigating how soil biological and functional diversity carbon isotope 
y investigating how soil biological and functional diversity carbon isotope and trace where tha 
oil biological and functional diversity carbon isotope and trace where that carbon is used and  
ity carbon isotope and trace where that carbon is used and emitted - ie how much labeled co2 is 
ted and which organisms use it in their metabolism. this will give us valuable information to i 
ortant for constraining the response by soil respiration to climatic change and use our laborat 
 a new understanding of the response by soil respiration to climatic warming and we will test h 
esponse by soil respiration to climatic warming and we will test how important biological diver 
 warming and we will test how important biological diversity is for controlling and constrainin 
11411 11 y to quantify the influence of climatic warming on the emission of co2 from soil by investigati 
tic warming on the emission of co2 from soil by investigating how soil biological and functiona 
n of co2 from soil by investigating how soil biological and functional diversity carbon isotope 
y investigating how soil biological and functional diversity carbon isotope and trace where tha 
oil biological and functional diversity carbon isotope and trace where that carbon is used and  
ity carbon isotope and trace where that carbon is used and emitted - ie how much labeled co2 is 
ted and which organisms use it in their metabolism. this will give us valuable information to i 
ortant for constraining the response by soil respiration to climatic change and use our laborat 
 a new understanding of the response by soil respiration to climatic warming and we will test h 
esponse by soil respiration to climatic warming and we will test how important biological diver 
 warming and we will test how important biological diversity is for controlling and constrainin 
9891 11 y to quantify the influence of climatic warming on the emission of co2 from soil by investigati 
tic warming on the emission of co2 from soil by investigating how soil biological and functiona 
n of co2 from soil by investigating how soil biological and functional diversity carbon isotope 
y investigating how soil biological and functional diversity carbon isotope and trace where tha 
oil biological and functional diversity carbon isotope and trace where that carbon is used and  
ity carbon isotope and trace where that carbon is used and emitted - ie how much labeled co2 is 
ted and which organisms use it in their metabolism. this will give us valuable information to i 
ortant for constraining the response by soil respiration to climatic change and use our laborat 
 a new understanding of the response by soil respiration to climatic warming and we will test h 
esponse by soil respiration to climatic warming and we will test how important biological diver 
 warming and we will test how important biological diversity is for controlling and constrainin 
13943 2                                     the convention on biological diversity . recent reserch str 
n biological diversity . recent reserch stress the insufficient connection that exist between g 
14420 23                                         wetlands on the flood plane of the lower danube concent 
 of the lower danube concentrate a huge biological diversity. they are a source of significant  
project aims to study the effect of the climate factors, biological interrelations, environment 
al parameters of the hydroecosystems of wetlands on the flood plane of the lower danube as a ba 
e of the lower danube as a base for the management of the ecological status of water bodies, su 
 management of the ecological status of water bodies, sustaining the biodiversity, supporting t 
 status of water bodies, sustaining the biodiversity, supporting the sustainable ecosystem func 
iodiversity, supporting the sustainable ecosystem functioning and optimal use of their biologic 
ogical researches will be combined with gis-based and remote methods for describing and evaluat 
d and remote methods for describing and evaluation of the hydro-morphological parameters of wat 
f the hydro-morphological parameters of water bodies used for predictive flooding scenarios. pr 
ter bodies used for predictive flooding scenarios. processing and interpretation of the data wi 
qualitative and quantitative models for evaluation and prediction of the behaviour of studied s 
s as well. recent information about the biodiversity and the environmental status in wetlands w 
versity and the environmental status in wetlands will be obtained. clarification of the main me 
n of the main mechanisms supporting the ecological integrity of the riparian wetlands with diff 
porting the ecological integrity of the riparian wetlands with different flooding regime is an  
he ecological integrity of the riparian wetlands with different flooding regime is an expected  
the results obtained will be useful for development of the multidisciplinary approach in decisi 
nt of the multidisciplinary approach in decision making with a view to support the biodiversity 
ision making with a view to support the biodiversity and to optimize the wetland’s functions un 
rt the biodiversity and to optimize the wetland’s functions under intensive anthropogenic press 
nsive anthropogenic pressure and global climate changes.  
12681 6  process for collating and reporting on climate change induced trends in the abundance and dist 
on climate change induced trends in the abundance and distribution of native species and in the 
nge induced trends in the abundance and distribution of native species and in the extent and co 
species and habitats most vulnerable to climate change. it will identify, develop and update in 
e. it will identify, develop and update indicators of climate change induced trends which will  
ntify, develop and update indicators of climate change induced trends which will be available o 
14703 7                                         mediterranean river ecosystems, mainly in low and mid-o 
                    mediterranean river ecosystems, mainly in low and mid-order reaches, are su 
ariations can be accentuated because of climate change effects. discharge changes drive biogeoc 
vance. it is then necessary to know the function of the biological communities during such chan 
icrobial loop. an important quantity of energy and matter processed by the river is flowing thr 
 the different hydrologic conditions of mediterranean rivers.  
 hydrologic conditions of mediterranean rivers.  
2550 18   recent isolation of thermoacidophilic methane-oxidizing bacteria belonging to the verrucomicr 
 of thermoacidophilic methane-oxidizing bacteria belonging to the verrucomicrobia lineage of ev 
nging to the verrucomicrobia lineage of evolution has expanded our understanding of the diversi 
n has expanded our understanding of the diversity of biological methane oxidation. these microo 
standing of the diversity of biological methane oxidation. these microorganisms share the uniqu 
ganisms share the unique ability to use methane, a potent greenhouse gas, as a sole carbon and  
ane, a potent greenhouse gas, as a sole carbon and energy source. methylacidiphilum kamchatkens 
nt greenhouse gas, as a sole carbon and energy source. methylacidiphilum kamchatkense, strain k 
in kamchatka, russia, will be used as a model for further molecular and physiological analyses  
molecular and physiological analyses of methane oxidation in these organisms, which possess 3-4 
ved operons each encoding 3 particulate methane monooxygenase protein subunits. preliminary ana 
onally expressed in kam1 under standard growth conditions. through further transcriptional and  
novel subcellular micro-compartment for methane oxidation, compensating for the lack of the typ 
so play a role in detoxification and/or carbon assimilation. the organelles will be purified fr 
r functional role will be assessed. the diversity and activity of methanotrophic verrucomicrobi 
ct will provide novel insights into the evolution and diversity of biological methane oxidation 
e novel insights into the evolution and diversity of biological methane oxidation, a presumed a 
e evolution and diversity of biological methane oxidation, a presumed ancient metabolic trait a 
14702 19 luvial systems and they form the global food web in streams. the trophic structure of fauna, fr 
ms and they form the global food web in streams. the trophic structure of fauna, from protozoa  
orm the global food web in streams. the trophic structure of fauna, from protozoa to macroinver 
ic structure of fauna, from protozoa to macroinvertebrates, has a relevant role in organic matt 
roinvertebrates, has a relevant role in organic matter processing and in biofilm structure. ben 
base to material availability and their efficiency depends on organic matter inputs and autocht 
ability and their efficiency depends on organic matter inputs and autochthonous primary product 
organic matter inputs and autochthonous primary production. in mediterranean streams these char 
nd autochthonous primary production. in mediterranean streams these characteristics are submitt 
us primary production. in mediterranean streams these characteristics are submitted to importan 
 besides changes on light intensity and temperature modulate intensity and relevance of biologi 
other biofilm compartments in different stream substrates and in hyporreic and riparian sedimen 
 stream substrates and in hyporreic and riparian sediments. in this sense we studied: 1 quality 
 and quantity of material inputs in the stream; 2 diversity and biomass of microfauna, meiofaun 
ity of material inputs in the stream; 2 diversity and biomass of microfauna, meiofauna and macr 
l inputs in the stream; 2 diversity and biomass of microfauna, meiofauna and macroinvertebrates 
nd biomass of microfauna, meiofauna and macroinvertebrates; and 3 trophic relationships between 
nt hydrologic events characteristics of mediterranean streams.  
events characteristics of mediterranean streams.  
14558 6 ee of parasitic infection.. analysis of abundance estimation will contribute to characterise th 
yrenean populations. analyses of use of habitat and space will allow, respectively, to clarify  
o highlight its spatial requirements in function of individual space use. parasitological studi 
out sacrificing any animal, to know the nature of parasitic helminthofauna, potential diet, and 
 be useful for the design and implement management and conservation plans for the species  
the design and implement management and conservation plans for the species  
14421 21                                         invasive alien species . bulgaria is among the countrie 
es . bulgaria is among the countries in europe with rather insufficiently developed national ca 
estigate into and better understand the distribution, biology, ecology and paths of invasion of 
r understand the distribution, biology, ecology and paths of invasion of the invasive alien spe 
ribution, biology, ecology and paths of invasion of the invasive alien species in the bulgarian 
y, ecology and paths of invasion of the invasive alien species in the bulgarian flora and contr 
ative effects on the native species and ecosystems. the following methods will be used: field o 
karyological, molecular, embryological, gis-mapping, experimental, etc. in order to study popul 
ological, molecular, embryological, gis-mapping, experimental, etc. in order to study populatio 
haracteristics of ias, past and current distribution, plant communities susceptible for particu 
ses and effectiveness of the methods of mitigation and control. it is expected that at the and  
 following results will be achieved: 1. gis-distribution maps of the invasive aliens species. 2 
lowing results will be achieved: 1. gis-distribution maps of the invasive aliens species. 2. be 
species. 2. better understanding of the ecology, biology, paths of introduction and spread of t 
 introduction and spread of the studied invasive species and their impact on the local biodiver 
e species and their impact on the local biodiversity. 3. identified trends of invasive alien va 
 alien vascular plants. 5. measures for mitigation and control of worst ias tested. 6. paramete 
tested. 6. parameters from the national monitoring system relevant to ias tested 7. draft for a 
 a book on the invasive and potentially invasive species in the bulgarian flora. 9. a web-site  
b-site for the invasive and potentially invasive species in the bulgarian flora. project result 
ions to international conventions, e.g. convention on biological diversity and bern convention. 
7610 1 t involves the study of the biology and ecology of biofilms formed by a representative of a maj 
15280 14 a are a common component of prokaryotic freshwater plankton, but most have been unknown to limn 
ong ago with their functions, roles and distribution in inland waters well established. however 
 established. however, knowledge of the distribution and functions of archaea have increased dr 
 most of them and no evidences on their metabolism or role within the ecosystem are available.  
 on their metabolism or role within the ecosystem are available. to overcome current limitation 
le in biogeochemical cycling in aquatic ecosystems acting as nitrificant chemoauto/mixo-trophs  
as nitrificant chemoauto/mixo-trophs in soils and waters and efficiently competing with nitrifi 
 efficiently competing with nitrificant bacteria. however, there is still a lack of basic knowl 
on both archaeal biology and population ecology to understand population dynamics and distribut 
gy and population ecology to understand population dynamics and distributions in natural enviro 
e natural frameworks to follow archaeal population dynamics using several molecular and geochem 
igh-resolution technologies to describe community composition, the assembly rules, evaluation o 
munity composition, the assembly rules, evaluation of the impact of their activity in the carbo 
 of the impact of their activity in the carbon fluxes, and metagenomic and 454 pyrosequencing t 
15281 8  application of molecular techniques in microbial ecology has discovered the enormous wealth an 
 has discovered the enormous wealth and abundance of archaea both in aquatic environments and t 
ies, optimal physiological activity and function in the ecosystem. only combining advanced mole 
siological activity and function in the ecosystem. only combining advanced molecular and bioinf 
ll become familiar with the biology and ecology of these organisms. stratified lakes with seaso 
ia are of great interest for studies of microbial ecology and the various bodies of water that  
obial ecology and the various bodies of water that divides the physical-chemical gradient verti 
he lake and determine their role in the ecosystem functioning  
14575 8                                         biological invasions have become so widespread to const 
e a significant component of the global environmental change and are viewed as one of the most  
ost important determinants of change in biodiversity at a global scale, usually with harmful ec 
s of change in biodiversity at a global scale, usually with harmful ecological and economic eff 
armful ecological and economic effects. ants, by being ever-present and by their huge number, h 
hids, through interference with natural predators and parasitoids and, accordingly, an eventual 
interference with natural predators and parasitoids and, accordingly, an eventual harmful effec 
an eventual harmful effect in tangerine production.  
14951 6                                         ants have been described as centre of ecological intera 
cal interactions. by their ubiquity and abundance, ants establish many kinds of relations with  
tions. by their ubiquity and abundance, ants establish many kinds of relations with other organ 
he completion of the map of the iberian distribution of the two supercolonies described in euro 
n of the two supercolonies described in europe of the argentine ant. for this species, we would 
e would complete the study of the local distribution of both supercolonies in the streets, park 
13732 19 plied to create fast-growing transgenic fish, which are of great commercial interest to shorten 
of great commercial interest to shorten production cycles and increase food production. however 
ten production cycles and increase food production. however, there is growing concern over the  
growing concern over the impact escaped growth hormone transgenic fish may have on the natural  
mpact escaped growth hormone transgenic fish may have on the natural environment. to predict th 
transgenic fish may have on the natural environment. to predict these risks it is crucial to ob 
itness of transgenic and non-transgenic fish under nature-like conditions. empirical data on th 
ransgenic and non-transgenic fish under nature-like conditions. empirical data on this is, howe 
r, lacking at present. since transgenic fish cannot be released to the wild, studies on these f 
 released to the wild, studies on these fish must be carried out in specially contained laborat 
 of the potential risks associated with production of transgenic fish. in addition, these trans 
ssociated with production of transgenic fish. in addition, these transgenic fish will be used b 
nic fish. in addition, these transgenic fish will be used both to increase our understanding of 
ones interact with the organism and its environment to regulate behaviour, and to examine evolu 
o examine evolutionary questions of why growth in nature often is below that physiologically po 
evolutionary questions of why growth in nature often is below that physiologically possible. by 
rmance of transgenic and non-transgenic fish at different life-stages and under various environ 
nder various environmental settings, an assessment of the relative success of transgenic fish u 
t of the relative success of transgenic fish under natural conditions can be made.  
15026 6 on oriented study about the biology and taxonomy of the six porphyra species found in the iberi 
ously the study of the fenology and the habitat will complement it. these experiments will allo 
s. this assay will let to establish the life history and the optima conditions molecular experi 
and similitude between the atlantic and mediterranean species and we will be able to describe p 
ll set up the optima conditions for the development and growth of the iberian species, essentia 
tima conditions for the development and growth of the iberian species, essential for future use 
14494 22 th extreme environmental conditions for earthworms such as sandy, degraded and low nutrient soi 
uch as sandy, degraded and low nutrient soils where commonly this species develops adaptative f 
 which could allow us to understand the soil fauna biology in that sort of environments. furthe 
l to forget that it seems to approach a climate change that could involve an increase of the su 
f the surface of arid and poor nutrient soils where this species could stands for the main zoom 
will provide us information about their function in iberian soil, including agriculture ones wh 
rmation about their function in iberian soil, including agriculture ones where they are very of 
eir function in iberian soil, including agriculture ones where they are very often dominant spe 
ies. must point out the interest of the soil fauna study in agrarian systems by its important r 
rarian systems by its important role in soil fertility, development of organic fertilizers, imp 
y its important role in soil fertility, development of organic fertilizers, improvement of phys 
physical and chemical properties of the soil, mainly at the present time when the ecological fa 
future. taking as a starting point that earthworms activity modifies physical, chemical and bio 
, chemical and biological properties of soils, and their activity patterns depend on biological 
and reproduction and also depend on the adaptation to environmental conditions. according to th 
 we try to study the infiltration rate, water retention and loss of soil. on the biological pro 
ation rate, water retention and loss of soil. on the biological properties the interest will be 
 the study of the relationships between earthworms, acari and collembola. the earthworm activit 
nthly sampling and quantifying the cast production in laboratory microcosms and jail microcosms 
the third year. the alimentation of the earthworms will be studied also. in h. elisae the we tr 
y to investigate the transformations of organic matter during gut transit and their influences  
 cycles. in a. caliginosa an d a. rosea soil selection, gut transit time, gut content and event 
14788 11 t accumulators of metals and respond to pollution in a sensitive and measurable manner being wi 
dely used as sentinels of environmental pollution in soils. several authors suggested that slug 
sentinels of environmental pollution in soils. several authors suggested that slugs can be used 
ors suggested that slugs can be used in soil health assessment in the manner that mussels and o 
d that slugs can be used in soil health assessment in the manner that mussels and other mollusc 
 mussels and other molluscs are used in marine pollution monitoring programs to design a worldw 
s and other molluscs are used in marine pollution monitoring programs to design a worldwide slu 
r molluscs are used in marine pollution monitoring programs to design a worldwide slug-watch pr 
ram based on the biomarker approach for soil pollution monitoring.  
ased on the biomarker approach for soil pollution monitoring.  
e biomarker approach for soil pollution monitoring.  
15564 30 d 30 eu experts in eukaryotic microbial taxonomy and evolution, marine biology and ecology, gen 
ts in eukaryotic microbial taxonomy and evolution, marine biology and ecology, genomics and mol 
yotic microbial taxonomy and evolution, marine biology and ecology, genomics and molecular biol 
onomy and evolution, marine biology and ecology, genomics and molecular biology, bioinformatics 
lar biology, bioinformatics, as well as marine economy and policy, to assess the taxonomic dept 
ormatics, as well as marine economy and policy, to assess the taxonomic depth, environmental si 
ications of arguably the least explored biodiversity compartment in the biosphere: the unicellu 
the unicellular eukaryotes or protists. marine protists typically live in huge populations with 
a and new methods for future surveys of marine biodiversity change and for evaluation of its ec 
ew methods for future surveys of marine biodiversity change and for evaluation of its ecologica 
s of marine biodiversity change and for evaluation of its ecological and economic cost. the bio 
 database will become the largest world community resource on marine unicellular eukaryotic bio 
the largest world community resource on marine unicellular eukaryotic biodiversity, providing a 
source on marine unicellular eukaryotic biodiversity, providing a reference platform for curren 
re projects dealing with this important biodiversity compartment, and elevating the european co 
compartment, and elevating the european community to the forefront of marine eukaryote microbia 
 european community to the forefront of marine eukaryote microbial ecology. by connecting the m 
ty to the forefront of marine eukaryote microbial ecology. by connecting the most modern sequen 
ing technology to eu experts in protist taxonomy, biomarks will valorize an invaluable traditio 
data and new methods to a wide range of stakeholders and for scientific and public education. s 
eral international research programs on marine biodiversity, major genetic databases and protis 
ternational research programs on marine biodiversity, major genetic databases and protist cultu 
te agencies involved in legislation and monitoring of coastal marine waters, foundations and co 
n legislation and monitoring of coastal marine waters, foundations and companies with interest  
ndations and companies with interest in marine biotechnologies, as well as key scientific perso 
ientific personalities in the fields of marine science and biodiversity have already expressed  
ies in the fields of marine science and biodiversity have already expressed their interest in b 
impact publications, a co-authored book biodiversity of marine eukaryotes, and a public exhibit 
ons, a co-authored book biodiversity of marine eukaryotes, and a public exhibition the coevolut 
 a public exhibition the coevolution of marine protists and the planet earth by the end of the  
11506 6                                         biomass energy makes up 77% of the world primary renewa 
                                biomass energy makes up 77% of the world primary renewable ener 
s up 77% of the world primary renewable energy mix - or 10% of the total world energy mix will  
 energy mix - or 10% of the total world energy mix will help design appropriate research, commu 
tions for transition towards increasing biomass use. policy analyses will be formulated so that 
nsition towards increasing biomass use. policy analyses will be formulated so that research fin 
11601 18 tury is to improve our knowledge on how global change, including climate change and human modif 
owledge on how global change, including climate change and human modifications of the earth s s 
 earth system, the status, dynamics and evolution of the terrestrial biosphere are the least un 
ast understood and most uncertain. this uncertainty runs across the whole gamut of scales, from 
hat the land surface is suffering large-scale and rapid changes in response to human demands fo 
esources, with serious consequences for climate, biodiversity and sustainability. current gridd 
 with serious consequences for climate, biodiversity and sustainability. current gridded biomas 
sequences for climate, biodiversity and sustainability. current gridded biomass information sui 
ity and sustainability. current gridded biomass information suitable for carbon cycle and earth 
ridded biomass information suitable for carbon cycle and earth system models does not exist, no 
istent, accurate and frequently updated mapping of forest area, structure and change needed for 
urate and frequently updated mapping of forest area, structure and change needed for biodiversi 
t area, structure and change needed for biodiversity and forest management investigations. this 
 and change needed for biodiversity and forest management investigations. this need is urgent a 
 missions or any other data source. the biomass p-band radar will provide a unique, major contr 
antify the terrestrial component of the carbon cycle and its links to the water cycle, will pro 
f the carbon cycle and its links to the water cycle, will provide information of major importan 
n of major importance for societies and ecosystems, and will help to fill a crucial gap in the  
11467 4 key scientific challenge is quantifying ecosystem biomass and productivity by scaling up observ 
ific challenge is quantifying ecosystem biomass and productivity by scaling up observations fro 
ge is quantifying ecosystem biomass and productivity by scaling up observations from individual 
dividual holes to the glacier/ice sheet scale. highspy, our knowledge transfer partner have dev 
6917 3 orphological characters relevant to the evolution of the reproductive isolation and in speciati 
s and the polyandry, and with the sperm competition 2. can we detect the principle of parsimony 
ciple of parsimony in the morphological evolution of the copulatory organs 3. whether the simil 
14901 2  aim is to obtain the three-dimensional distribution of crystallites and of their crystallograp 
cture which can be explained by crystal growth processes constitute the purely morphological se 
14924 9 ated the biomineralization ability of a soil bacterium: myxococcus xanthus. among this ability  
 of the most important findings are the production of vaterite, the production of magnesian cal 
ngs are the production of vaterite, the production of magnesian calcite by m. xanthus and the o 
 to study in detail bacterially induced precipitation of vaterite and dolomite. therefore, the  
r study of bacterially-induced vaterite precipitation, in particular, to get a better understan 
culture medium that ends up in vaterite precipitation versus the precipitation of any other cal 
up in vaterite precipitation versus the precipitation of any other calcium carbonate polymorph. 
ite, we intend to study dolomite induce precipitation by m. xanthus and by other bacteria in no 
recipitation by m. xanthus and by other bacteria in non-hipersaline conditions. so far, dolomit 
10797 12 was also common in the past in britain. poverty, drug resistance, the hiv, and migration are ke 
n in the past in britain. poverty, drug resistance, the hiv, and migration are key factors in i 
 poverty, drug resistance, the hiv, and migration are key factors in its occurrence today. the  
ey factors in its occurrence today. the disease can be caused by any one of five related bacter 
an be caused by any one of five related bacteria known as the mycobacterium tuberculosis comple 
can also be infected, especially if the disease is caught by eating or drinking infected foods. 
n. we think tb came to britain from the mediterranean region but to confirm this idea we would  
letons with that in bones from southern europe. similarly, we believe that there were changes i 
h as immigration, changes in population density, and changes in the environment. there are also 
 population density, and changes in the environment. there are also interesting questions about 
re also interesting questions about the evolution of tb in the new world after contact with eur 
is work with skeletons from britain and europe. our project partners in arizona state universit 
11565 12 was also common in the past in britain. poverty, drug resistance, the hiv, and migration are ke 
n in the past in britain. poverty, drug resistance, the hiv, and migration are key factors in i 
 poverty, drug resistance, the hiv, and migration are key factors in its occurrence today. the  
ey factors in its occurrence today. the disease can be caused by any one of five related bacter 
an be caused by any one of five related bacteria known as the mycobacterium tuberculosis comple 
can also be infected, especially if the disease is caught by eating or drinking infected foods. 
n. we think tb came to britain from the mediterranean region but to confirm this idea we would  
letons with that in bones from southern europe. similarly, we believe that there were changes i 
h as immigration, changes in population density, and changes in the environment. there are also 
 population density, and changes in the environment. there are also interesting questions about 
re also interesting questions about the evolution of tb in the new world after contact with eur 
is work with skeletons from britain and europe. our project partners in arizona state universit 
15087 15                          a quantitative risk assessment based only on exposure and toxicity is  
o point towards the cause of a specific environmental change. in the second place, non-destruct 
tching eggs could be useful in exposure assessment and risk prediction in populations of raptor 
ld be useful in exposure assessment and risk prediction in populations of raptors. in the secon 
ations of raptors. in the second place, birds which inhabit areas of known environmental pollut 
ch inhabit areas of known environmental pollution could allow us to identify exposure ranges an 
behavioural parameters, clinical signs, population dynamics, etc. long-term studies could not o 
ime-dependent but also responses of the birds to chronic exposure. this information could be ve 
 useful in concrete episodes of massive mortality of wild birds when decisions on population ma 
e episodes of massive mortality of wild birds when decisions on population management, protecte 
wild birds when decisions on population management, protected areas or endangered species must  
hen decisions on population management, protected areas or endangered species must be taken. in 
pulation management, protected areas or endangered species must be taken. in the third place, t 
 cadmium and organochlorine exposure in forest raptor species. finally, the last aim of this st 
based on results obtained from previous monitoring studies.  
7613 14 ctivities are generating strong organic pollution to environmental impacts. a significant fract 
 generating strong organic pollution to environmental impacts. a significant fraction of these  
he liquid / solid interface between the water and sediment particles or the soil organic matter 
/ solid interface between the water and sediment particles or the soil organic matter, and liqu 
the water and sediment particles or the soil organic matter, and liquid / liquid interfaces for 
quid / liquid interfaces formed between water and the hydrophobic liquid organic pollutants, an 
the pollutants, they do not predict the ecosystem's ability to degrade the. a possible strategy 
 possible strategy is to use additional monitoring means based on biological, or bioindicators. 
ed on biological, or bioindicators. the development of different types of bio-indicators will p 
e development of different types of bio-indicators will provide innovative tools for decision s 
or decision support in the treatment of pollution. these indicators may be biosensors consist o 
rt in the treatment of pollution. these indicators may be biosensors consist of a bacterial str 
nes whose presence and expression in an environment indicate the presence of a pollutant. such  
ition of pollutant molecules present in bacteria degrading.  
12048 4 and remote island with amazing specific richness and endemism. the project is aimed at investig 
land with amazing specific richness and endemism. the project is aimed at investigating the rel 
 investigating the relationships of the endemism with environmental factors in different groups 
isms and at understanding the origin of endemism by studying phylogenetics and population genet 
14954 6 hich a previous study of representative bacteria will be performed, in relation to relevant asp 
elevant aspects of bioaccessibility and metabolism of pah in model systems with defined substra 
oaccessibility and metabolism of pah in model systems with defined substrates and cultures . ta 
nd cultures . target pahs to be used as model compounds will be naphthalene, phenanthrene, fluo 
sent in creosote, that will be taken as model pah mixture. also, part of this study will be per 
udy will be performed with contaminated soils from a wood-treating creosote plant.  
13313 35                                         biodiversity indicators and monitoring frameworks are c 
                           biodiversity indicators and monitoring frameworks are currently deve 
            biodiversity indicators and monitoring frameworks are currently developed at global 
bal and european levels. a key tool for monitoring progress in achieving the eu target to halt  
eving the eu target to halt the loss of biodiversity by 2010 is the recently endorsed set of eu 
he recently endorsed set of eu headline biodiversity indicators. a requirement by the eu is to  
ndorsed set of eu headline biodiversity indicators. a requirement by the eu is to complement th 
uirement by the eu is to complement the indicator set and the development of biodiversity monit 
to complement the indicator set and the development of biodiversity monitoring frameworks with  
he indicator set and the development of biodiversity monitoring frameworks with tools that are  
set and the development of biodiversity monitoring frameworks with tools that are able to asses 
 with tools that are able to assess the impacts from community policies on biodiversity in a co 
hat are able to assess the impacts from community policies on biodiversity in a cost-effective  
 the impacts from community policies on biodiversity in a cost-effective way. the bioscore proj 
oping a tool for linking pressures from policy sectors to the state of biodiversity as measured 
res from policy sectors to the state of biodiversity as measured by the presence and abundance  
versity as measured by the presence and abundance of individual species. the tool will contain  
oral pressures and relating to selected community policies as well as the eu headline biodivers 
ity policies as well as the eu headline biodiversity indicators. this tool will be applied for  
as well as the eu headline biodiversity indicators. this tool will be applied for assessing imp 
this tool will be applied for assessing impacts and effectiveness of community policies based o 
 assessing impacts and effectiveness of community policies based on historic data as well as fo 
 data as well as for forecasting future impacts based on existing scenario studies. the bioscor 
e tool will be integrated into existing biodiversity monitoring frameworks and incentives for u 
e integrated into existing biodiversity monitoring frameworks and incentives for uptake will be 
 biodiversity monitoring frameworks and incentives for uptake will be formulated. also the data 
ping the tool; - build a cost-effective impact assessment tool in the form of a european specie 
e tool for the purpose of assessing the impacts of key drivers and pressures on biodiversity; - 
impacts of key drivers and pressures on biodiversity; - apply the tool for analysing the effect 
analysing the effectiveness of european policy responses; - apply the tool for modelling europe 
 policy responses; - apply the tool for modelling european-wide scenarios for selected drivers; 
ly the tool for modelling european-wide scenarios for selected drivers; - integrate the knowled 
- integrate the knowledge into a common monitoring framework to assess the impact of selected p 
ess the impact of selected pressures on biodiversity; - propose incentives for a wide uptake of 
ed pressures on biodiversity; - propose incentives for a wide uptake of the tool.  
14331 5      owadays, is today established that tropical forests are disappearing or being degraded at  
rrying rates. the main threat for these forests is be deforestation. yet, more than just logs,  
the main threat for these forests is be deforestation. yet, more than just logs, forest ecosyst 
eforestation. yet, more than just logs, forest ecosystems produce many other services of prime  
ation. yet, more than just logs, forest ecosystems produce many other services of prime importa 
15126 15 mycetes includes filamentous protozoans spain, which we include basically for monitoring select 
s spain, which we include basically for monitoring selected populations to perform ecological s 
oject include not only a compilation of species diversity, but the consecution of further inves 
urther investigations on their biology, ecology and their evolutionary and biogeographic histor 
trichomycetes are cosmopolitan in their distribution, evidencing the very successful symbiotic  
rever their hosts live, and may provide stability to the arthropod communities, and consequentl 
 is a high potentiality for inestimable species diversity in the varied habitats that compose t 
ats that compose the european countries landscape. new taxa are certain to be discovered in new 
etes together with data concerning host biodiversity will also increase our understanding of co 
veloped in the future: the use of these fungi as water quality indicators. though aquatic insec 
n the future: the use of these fungi as water quality indicators. though aquatic insects are ro 
the use of these fungi as water quality indicators. though aquatic insects are routinely used a 
ater quality indicators. though aquatic insects are routinely used as bioindicators, their gut  
be more susceptible to minor changes in ph and ion concentrations that could possibly be correl 
ns that could possibly be correlated to water quality standards.  
10618 1 ta gathered from climatically sensitive indicators from the host sediments to test climatic inf 
13314 17 e of biostrat is to support the further development of a european biodiversity research strateg 
t the further development of a european biodiversity research strategy. such research strategy  
dress critical gaps in knowledge on the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity. this  
the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity. this strategy is intended to support the  
his strategy is intended to support the decision-making process regarding biodiversity-related  
t the decision-making process regarding biodiversity-related research at both the european scal 
y-related research at both the european scale and in individual eu member states by linking exi 
o develop and continually revise the eu biodiversity research strategy - including the results  
ing the results of existing and ongoing biodiversity research projects in the development of th 
g biodiversity research projects in the development of the eu biodiversity research strategy. - 
h projects in the development of the eu biodiversity research strategy. - linking the eu biodiv 
ity research strategy. - linking the eu biodiversity research strategy to the national, europea 
mes, especially the era-nets related to biodiversity issues - incorporating geoss objectives in 
ncorporating geoss objectives in the eu biodiversity research strategy - linking eu biodiversit 
iversity research strategy - linking eu biodiversity research strategy with international initi 
s of the paris conference,the millenium ecosystem assessment, the 2010 target, esri, gti, gbif, 
aris conference,the millenium ecosystem assessment, the 2010 target, esri, gti, gbif, cbd, dive 
10459 9 summer s arctic coring expedition , the nature of the polar marine fauna, and its response to c 
ng expedition , the nature of the polar marine fauna, and its response to climatic and oceanogr 
cene faunas, by contrast, display lower diversity and are made up of environmentally tolerant,  
anging forms. the benthic foraminiferal extinction at the paleocene/eocene boundary appears the 
ponse of the arctic ocean to this rapid warming event. we propose to study the benthic foramini 
on the lomonosov ridge, to document the taxonomy and investigate the response of the benthic fo 
ntitatively to provide estimates of the water depth and oxygen content. we will make comparison 
rovide estimates of the water depth and oxygen content. we will make comparisons with benthic f 
ed in the iodp volume, and the detailed taxonomy will be submitted to an international micropal 
15409 1 llaboration, on the systematics and the evolution in several groups of the asteraceae. the pres 
15410 1 llaboration, on the systematics and the evolution in several groups of the asteraceae. the pres 
12030 1 ated databases are shared among partner institutions and are made available in national and int 
15180 2 rian pyrite belt and isotopic dating of water layers will be conducted. in addition to its scie 
ortant applied aspect as regards to the evaluation of the possible  
1083 18                                     the evolution of life on earth can be reconstructed using t 
 understanding of relationships between biodiversity and global change. present knowledge of ev 
 relationships between biodiversity and global change. present knowledge of evolutionary proces 
of evolutionary processes suggests that biodiversity is probably controlled by changes in the a 
ly controlled by changes in the abiotic environment and/or interactions between organisms. whil 
s are detectable and modelled in extant ecosystems, long-term variations in the biosphere, usua 
ally expressed by changes in speciation/extinction rates, turnovers and stability, require inve 
ciation/extinction rates, turnovers and stability, require investigations of paleobiotic modifi 
ical archives. the links between biotic evolution and environmental pressure are usually derive 
 derived from compilations of taxonomic diversity in multimillion years time-slices compared wi 
n years time-slices compared with large scale events such as climate and sea level changes. how 
ompared with large scale events such as climate and sea level changes. however, this approach g 
iased by the low-resolution sampling of biodiversity unable to detect rapid pulses and turnover 
s. the oceans is the oldest and largest ecosystem on our planet and, thus, is best suited for e 
tive producers of calcite on earth. the evolution of calcareous plankton is of particular inter 
ory punctuated by accelerated radiation/extinction rates, turnovers, relatively long intervals  
turnovers, relatively long intervals of stability and major changes in abundance. pelagic seque 
rvals of stability and major changes in abundance. pelagic sequences offer an excellent archive 
11242 31 edict, and perhaps prevent, the loss of biodiversity. for some groups, such as birds and mammal 
 biodiversity. for some groups, such as birds and mammals, we know where species live and can i 
now where species live and can identify biodiversity hotspots - areas of the world with unusual 
es live is not enough: to determine how biodiversity will be affected by global change we need  
ne how biodiversity will be affected by global change we need to understand the evolutionary pr 
gether in the context of communities or ecosystems. consider two species that need the same lim 
exist one might think not - they are in competition with one another and for one species to suc 
arwin, reveal both of these outcomes of competition: where two species, the medium ground finch 
ns within communities can influence the evolution of biodiversity over thousands to millions of 
munities can influence the evolution of biodiversity over thousands to millions of years. does  
er thousands to millions of years. does competition cause evolution to speed up can changes in  
llions of years. does competition cause evolution to speed up can changes in diversity through  
se evolution to speed up can changes in diversity through time in the fossil record be attribut 
e in the fossil record be attributed to competition my solution to understanding these problems 
se by mimicking a range of evolutionary scenarios we can generate predictions of how species ch 
time-scales and how these changes alter biodiversity. more importantly, we can compare our pred 
ocesses determine how species and their traits diversify and which species live together. this  
es. not only that but the importance of species interactions is influenced by other factors. if 
nity such as the chance to occupy a new habitat, then the pressures driving evolution will chan 
new habitat, then the pressures driving evolution will change. ecological opportunity could ari 
ological opportunity could arise due to environmental change, the evolution of a key innovation 
 arise due to environmental change, the evolution of a key innovation or a host of other factor 
idly to occupy trees, partly due to the evolution of a unique toe-pad. this type of ecological  
 the role of ecological opportunity and competition in generating biodiversity i explore variat 
portunity and competition in generating biodiversity i explore variation and evolution in the m 
ng biodiversity i explore variation and evolution in the morphology, ecology and behaviour in d 
iation and evolution in the morphology, ecology and behaviour in different groups of organisms. 
roup to test the relative importance of competition and ecological opportunity in driving large 
ecological opportunity in driving large-scale evolution change. by combining this real-world da 
ical opportunity in driving large-scale evolution change. by combining this real-world data wit 
w insight into how past and present-day biological diversity is generated and maintained.  
10977 14                                         climate change over the last million years has seen rap 
 lower than it is today; then, when the climate warmed, the sea would rise once more. understan 
e possible ramifications of the current global warming trend. the impact of such changes was fe 
e. until now, no one has considered the evolution of dwarf mammals in the context of climate ch 
tion of dwarf mammals in the context of climate change, because there are few reliable dates to 
o calculate the percentage reduction in body size and weight, and more detailed features of the 
y, we will use existing knowledge about climate and sea-level changes over the past million yea 
termine how global changes impacted the evolution of the mammals. did major climatic events tri 
major climatic events trigger bursts of evolution on many islands what was the speed of evoluti 
 become extinct, perhaps due to further climate change did the same thing happen repeatedly in  
ion, or other factors such as available vegetation the results of this project will provide a m 
ll provide a microcosm of the impact of global change on mammal evolution. it will also help ex 
f the impact of global change on mammal evolution. it will also help explain a long-debated phe 
f important geological sites around the mediterranean.  
11166 14                                         climate change over the last million years has seen rap 
 lower than it is today; then, when the climate warmed, the sea would rise once more. understan 
e possible ramifications of the current global warming trend. the impact of such changes was fe 
e. until now, no one has considered the evolution of dwarf mammals in the context of climate ch 
tion of dwarf mammals in the context of climate change, because there are few reliable dates to 
o calculate the percentage reduction in body size and weight, and more detailed features of the 
y, we will use existing knowledge about climate and sea-level changes over the past million yea 
termine how global changes impacted the evolution of the mammals. did major climatic events tri 
major climatic events trigger bursts of evolution on many islands what was the speed of evoluti 
 become extinct, perhaps due to further climate change did the same thing happen repeatedly in  
ion, or other factors such as available vegetation the results of this project will provide a m 
ll provide a microcosm of the impact of global change on mammal evolution. it will also help ex 
f the impact of global change on mammal evolution. it will also help explain a long-debated phe 
f important geological sites around the mediterranean.  
9890 14                                         climate change over the last million years has seen rap 
 lower than it is today; then, when the climate warmed, the sea would rise once more. understan 
e possible ramifications of the current global warming trend. the impact of such changes was fe 
e. until now, no one has considered the evolution of dwarf mammals in the context of climate ch 
tion of dwarf mammals in the context of climate change, because there are few reliable dates to 
o calculate the percentage reduction in body size and weight, and more detailed features of the 
y, we will use existing knowledge about climate and sea-level changes over the past million yea 
termine how global changes impacted the evolution of the mammals. did major climatic events tri 
major climatic events trigger bursts of evolution on many islands what was the speed of evoluti 
 become extinct, perhaps due to further climate change did the same thing happen repeatedly in  
ion, or other factors such as available vegetation the results of this project will provide a m 
ll provide a microcosm of the impact of global change on mammal evolution. it will also help ex 
f the impact of global change on mammal evolution. it will also help explain a long-debated phe 
f important geological sites around the mediterranean.  
15513 3  laevigata and b. didyma in the western mediterranean basin. all those aspects will bring light 
ult and complex taxonomic groups of the mediterranean flora that includes severely threatened p 
ncludes severely threatened plants, the conservation of which is a matter of priority in differ 
2196 14                                         biodiversity of blue mussel ecosystems: patterns and pr 
            biodiversity of blue mussel ecosystems: patterns and processes blue mussels are key 
 have an important structuring role for biodiversity and ecosystem function. the aim of this wp 
t structuring role for biodiversity and ecosystem function. the aim of this wp is to use experi 
es to address some important aspects of biodiversity related to the baltic mytilus populations. 
the mussel bed, e.g. patch size, mussel density and meta population structure may influence the 
 population structure may influence the biodiversity of the associated flora and fauna. another 
iated species, e.g. bloom forming macro algae. these interactions may lead to dramatic ecosyste 
these interactions may lead to dramatic ecosystem changes and flips and to changes in the biodi 
changes and flips and to changes in the biodiversity and ecosystem function. the wp should in a 
 and to changes in the biodiversity and ecosystem function. the wp should in addition present a 
analysis of the main threats to mytilus ecosystems and the goods and services produced. the wp  
omparison between baltic and west coast ecosystems. it is also expected that under this wp a sc 
 wp. from this synthesis guidelines for management should be extracted and presented .  
12017 17 nts via shell sinking and ballasting of marine snow, and producing the climatically active gas  
oliths exhibit remarkable morphological diversity and are conserved in arguably the most contin 
 tool for studying long-term changes in climate and biodiversity. today, one of the main effect 
udying long-term changes in climate and biodiversity. today, one of the main effects of rising  
ration horizons, which may provoke mass extinction of pelagic calcifiers within decades. coccol 
ions. however, basic knowledge of their biodiversity, life cycle, and the function and molecula 
their biodiversity, life cycle, and the function and molecular complexity of biomineralization, 
e cycle, and the function and molecular complexity of biomineralization, is strikingly lacking, 
rongly limiting interpretation of their ecology, biogeography, fossil record, and prediction of 
miting interpretation of their ecology, biogeography, fossil record, and prediction of their ac 
and prediction of their acclimation and adaptation potentials to oceanic ph changes. we propose 
on and adaptation potentials to oceanic ph changes. we propose a pluridisciplinary approach inv 
ree, evolutionary pace, and acclimation/adaptation potentials of species-level diversity and fu 
/adaptation potentials of species-level diversity and functional diversity of biomineralization 
tentials of species-level diversity and functional diversity of biomineralization in coccolitho 
morpho-molecular techniques will allow: assessment of the resilience of coccolithophore calcifi 
echniques will allow: assessment of the resilience of coccolithophore calcification in a high c 
10571 3 ogical record have shaped the course of evolution and life on earth, and without them, humans w 
ain a unique perspective on current-day climate change and the issues affecting life on earth.  
 this project aims to identify two mass extinction events in the boreal realm, and to ascertain 
14594 6 fferent studies have reported that some cyanobacteria communities produce microcystins in medit 
ria communities produce microcystins in mediterranean streams. at the same time, the presence o 
s produce microcystins in mediterranean streams. at the same time, the presence of dissolved mi 
 levels near 4 ppb evaluate the role of cyanobacteria biofilms on the ecological stoichiometry  
e role of cyanobacteria biofilms on the ecological stoichiometry of stream foodwebs.  
ilms on the ecological stoichiometry of stream foodwebs.  
12442 6 at depths less than 2000 m. – study the distribution of fishing effort in the nafo regulatory a 
han 2000 m. – study the distribution of fishing effort in the nafo regulatory area. – propose t 
he closure of sensitive areas to bottom fisheries. studies on vulnerable marine ecosystems are  
bottom fisheries. studies on vulnerable marine ecosystems are an important aspect of rfmo compl 
fisheries. studies on vulnerable marine ecosystems are an important aspect of rfmo compliance w 
esolution 61/105. key customer purpose: spain announced at the last nafo september 2008 meeting 
11456 11                        the responses by amazon rain forest to el niño events can switch the reg 
           the responses by amazon rain forest to el niño events can switch the region from a c 
iño events can switch the region from a carbon sink to a source. however, we do not understand  
ing these responses and this constrains modelling of amazon forest-atmosphere interactions. the 
ponses and this constrains modelling of amazon forest-atmosphere interactions. there is an adde 
and this constrains modelling of amazon forest-atmosphere interactions. there is an added need  
g the 21st century, but measurements of carbon exchange by rain forest during an el niño do not 
measurements of carbon exchange by rain forest during an el niño do not yet exist. clear predic 
e of this event to make measurements of carbon exchange at multiple scales at an e. amazonian s 
 use the new data in combination with a modelling framework to test hypotheses of the mechanist 
hanistic basis of the responses by rain forest to el niño.  
10859 8                                         freshwater crabs in east african streams spend a consid 
       freshwater crabs in east african streams spend a considerable amount of time on land, al 
may actively transport large amounts of energy from land to freshwaters. their role in active t 
ters. their role in active transport of energy resources will be investigated in a small river  
ill be investigated in a small river in kenya. by sampling terrestrial and aquatic environments 
ure information, use of the terrestrial environment by this freshwater taxon will be determined 
 of the terrestrial environment by this freshwater taxon will be determined. gut content analys 
eding on land occurs, while correlating habitat use with discharge will demonstrate the extent  
11035 3                                         biodiversity at all hierarchical levels, from communiti 
d populations to genes, is critical for ecosystem health. it is essential, therefore, to provid 
ue examination of the interplay between landscape and key demographic parameters that drive ada 
6971 3 gical standard, without endangering the environment. in this way new inbred lines could be deve 
troduction of new, favourable agronomic traits, thus contributing to developments in hungarian  
ting to developments in hungarian maize production.  
14592 1 nous steppe bird declining all over its distribution range. it presents a exploded lek mating s 
6919 7 um head blight mean serious food safety risk. therefore the breeding of more resistant cultivar 
e project. the methods of screening and resistance testing are evaluated, now the task is their 
l also be tested. they are important is stress resistance, so an antifungal effect can be suppo 
be tested. they are important is stress resistance, so an antifungal effect can be supposed. th 
an be supposed. the organization of the production of the new cultivars with goof fhb resistanc 
tion of the new cultivars with goof fhb resistance, resistance to other diseases with good or e 
new cultivars with goof fhb resistance, resistance to other diseases with good or excellent qua 
6829 7                             breeding of drought resistant vine varieties more important tasks:  
ortant tasks: 1. finding of sources for drought resistance 2. breeding of hybrid material and i 
asks: 1. finding of sources for drought resistance 2. breeding of hybrid material and its growi 
 of hybrid material and its growing and valuation 3. writing up and publication of the research 
f the research data 4. study of variety-environment interaction probable results: 1. finding of 
raction probable results: 1. finding of resistance and its markers 2. seedling-population 3. kn 
edling-population 3. knowing of variety-environment interaction 4. finding of connections  
6728 12 ed in hungary have not yet such complex resistance. in drought the water use efficiency of gree 
ave not yet such complex resistance. in drought the water use efficiency of green peas is more  
such complex resistance. in drought the water use efficiency of green peas is more emphasised a 
ex resistance. in drought the water use efficiency of green peas is more emphasised and it affe 
ready produced one dry pea variety with resistance to fusarium named debreceni galamb and it ca 
 and it can be utilised for feeding the birds. from 1998 it began the breeding program to impro 
 green pea varieties utilised for fresh markets. it has already produced middle and late ripeni 
dle and late ripening f4 progenies with resistance to plant diseases. our research purpose to p 
od seed quality genetic components with resistance to fusarium pathogens. we investigate the ag 
pathogens. we investigate the agronomic traits and nutritive quality of existing f4 strains so  
te ripening breeding lines with complex resistance to fusarium and high crop quality. drought t 
ance to fusarium and high crop quality. drought tolerance of these breeding lines have also bee 
6927 10  and malting barley having more complex resistance to leaf spot- and virus diseases, to extreme 
eme winter climatic conditions, lodging-resistance, above-average drought resistance, early rip 
ions, lodging-resistance, above-average drought resistance, early ripening, excellent yield pot 
dging-resistance, above-average drought resistance, early ripening, excellent yield potential,  
t resistance, early ripening, excellent yield potential, good malt and brewery quality will be  
 be planned to produce by means of this competition. chemical contamination of environment will 
 competition. chemical contamination of environment will be decreased by introduction of the ne 
ced increasing the profitability of the production. in our program, resistance to the most impo 
lity of the production. in our program, resistance to the most important leaf spot diseases and 
nd spatial diversification of leaf spot disease dominancy will be evaluated. the major properti 
10395 2 nternationally important for its sorbus diversity, with 3 endemic species and at least 3 endemi 
ties of s. aria required to effect seed production in rare pseudogamous apomicts.  
12032 11   what are the causes of the high local diversity of plants in the tropics the ecological niche 
e high local diversity of plants in the tropics the ecological niche theory predicts that in a  
l niche theory predicts that in a local community, each species has a unique combination of fea 
cies. the alternative neutral theory of biodiversity neglects any role in the competition to ex 
f biodiversity neglects any role in the competition to explain the coexistence of species. acco 
ccording to this second theory, limited dispersal and population fluctuations are sufficient to 
ich species occur on these sites, their functional traits, and their evolutionary relationships 
ring together research efforts on plant biodiversity in french guiana, one of the privileged st 
he privileged study places for tropical biodiversity in france. create a coordinated database f 
ed database for different dimensions of biodiversity. the bridge project philosophy was to coll 
n addition, to date, five papers are in review, and 6 are in preparation.  
14899 3 t a spatially-explicit individual-based model to study the adaptive evolution of male morpholog 
idual-based model to study the adaptive evolution of male morphologies. we hope that this proje 
esearch on sexual selection by scramble competition, which has been relatively neglected in the 
11738 6 new species is central to understanding evolution. furthermore, this process of speciation is t 
peciation is the ultimate motor driving biodiversity , with significant implications for conser 
ity , with significant implications for conservation biology and for evaluating how organisms r 
for evaluating how organisms respond to environmental change. but there is a fundamental proble 
ret the dietary preferences and feeding ecology of fossil fishes, and test the hypothesis that  
ge were driven by shifts in feeding and competition for food.  
13572 12               brownification, increased water color and doc in surface waters, is a large-scale 
r and doc in surface waters, is a large-scale environmental problem, probably caused by climate 
vironmental problem, probably caused by climate change. we will analyze the magnitude, time cou 
omposition, and pollen. experiments and modeling will be made on leaching of doc from soils und 
ng will be made on leaching of doc from soils under various scenarios of precipitation and vege 
eaching of doc from soils under various scenarios of precipitation and vegetation. the project  
c from soils under various scenarios of precipitation and vegetation. the project will test eff 
 various scenarios of precipitation and vegetation. the project will test effects of lake brown 
cts of lake brownification on plankton, periphyton and macrophyte communities through field enc 
ntrations will be modeled under various scenarios of runoff, doc-losses from soils and in-lake  
l be modeled under various scenarios of runoff, doc-losses from soils and in-lake doc processin 
us scenarios of runoff, doc-losses from soils and in-lake doc processing.  
14117 22             stopping global decrease of biological diversity is nowadays one of the main proble 
mental sciences. the loss of taxons and fragmentation of distribution areas is a challenge to a 
the loss of taxons and fragmentation of distribution areas is a challenge to almost all organis 
globally only 22%. at the same time the biological diversity may have increased due to establis 
 of semi-natural communities by humans. climate warming also causes changes in distribution are 
-natural communities by humans. climate warming also causes changes in distribution areas and o 
 climate warming also causes changes in distribution areas and overall diversity. it is yet not 
anges in distribution areas and overall diversity. it is yet not known which conditions lead to 
 part of bryoflora consists of rare and endangered species. their reaction to climate change an 
d endangered species. their reaction to climate change and management may be much different fro 
s. their reaction to climate change and management may be much different from the reaction of c 
s flagship species to certain groups of endangered species. if the reason for their vulnerabili 
ngered species. if the reason for their vulnerability is explained, conservation of many more s 
n for their vulnerability is explained, conservation of many more species will be more grounded 
 estonia lies in the centre of northern europe. the relatively rich bryoflora and high percent  
nables to use bryoflora of estonia as a model for different impact studies. the aim of the pres 
ct is to explain the possible trends of diversity changes in bryoflora using both experimental  
to the ascertainment of the biology and ecology of protected species in order to bring the cons 
protected species in order to bring the conservation strategy on a scientific level. the result 
n for the possible changes in bryophyte diversity and conservation possibilities also elsewhere 
ible changes in bryophyte diversity and conservation possibilities also elsewhere in europe.  
rvation possibilities also elsewhere in europe.  
6909 7                       1. bryophytes and fungi dwelling on dead logs were surveyed in near-natur 
 of the analysis are to characterize in forest of different management regime. in orség region  
 to characterize in forest of different management regime. in orség region private forests stan 
agement regime. in orség region private forests stands of high stand structural and tree specie 
tands of high stand structural and tree species diversity managed by tree selection logging wil 
ies diversity managed by tree selection logging will be compared with even-aged, mono-dominant  
red with even-aged, mono-dominant state forests managed by clear cutting or shelter wood system 
14731 1 olume iv of fbi. moreover, cataloguing, distribution analysis, identification, publicaction of  
15430 19                                  global climate change is a fact acknowledged by the scientific 
s a fact acknowledged by the scientific community. the speed of this change imposes an enormous 
ain systems are especially sensitive to climate change since climatic conditions drastically ch 
tes constitute an important part of the biodiversity in land ecosystems with approximately 1500 
ortant part of the biodiversity in land ecosystems with approximately 15000 species in the worl 
 can be very useful as bioindicators of climate change: because of their poikilohiydric conditi 
 substrate make them more vulnerable to climate change, in addition, they have rapid responses  
show that bryophytes are almost perfect model organisms for molecular ecology studies. therefor 
t perfect model organisms for molecular ecology studies. therefore, assessing the responses of  
ing the responses of these organisms to climate change is of vital importance. nevertheless, th 
 frequently due to lack of data such as distribution maps. bearing in mind the threat of global 
s. bearing in mind the threat of global climate change to the biodiversity of the planet, we pr 
 threat of global climate change to the biodiversity of the planet, we propose to study the fol 
e biology of bryophytes: 1. the present distribution of the artic-alpine genotype of bryum arge 
 in the case of ceratodon purpureus. 2. modelling of the geographical distribution based on cli 
ureus. 2. modelling of the geographical distribution based on climate factors that determine th 
 the geographical distribution based on climate factors that determine the presence-absence of  
ification of genomic markers related to climate factors. this project will benefit from the ava 
a of the species ceratodon purpureus, a model system in genetics. several genetic markers will  
12417 3 he contents sent to jan van franeker in the netherlands as part of a project investigating the  
igating the presence of plastics in the marine environment. the contractor will produce an annu 
 the presence of plastics in the marine environment. the contractor will produce an annual repo 
15582 11               coastal zones are complex social-ecological systems playing a crucial role in the 
e in the economic, social and political development of many countries. however, they are amongs 
re the context-dependent drivers of ppa resilience to address these questions, our study cases  
ss these questions, our study cases are marine and freshwater ppas across europe, spanning acro 
estions, our study cases are marine and freshwater ppas across europe, spanning across differen 
s are marine and freshwater ppas across europe, spanning across different ecological systems an 
s the identification and integration of indicators of coupled social-ecological resilience as t 
indicators of coupled social-ecological resilience as tools for decision-making within the fram 
cial-ecological resilience as tools for decision-making within the framework of better governan 
n-making within the framework of better governance of policies and management of multiple uses  
rk of better governance of policies and management of multiple uses in coastal areas.  
11064 48 s project is to develop a user-friendly model that can be used to predict how environmental cha 
y model that can be used to predict how environmental change influences animal populations. the 
ange influences animal populations. the model will be developed by adding a user-friendly inter 
iendly interface to a novel, specialist model that has to date only been used within the scient 
te only been used within the scientific modelling community. this existing model has been succe 
en used within the scientific modelling community. this existing model has been successfully ap 
ific modelling community. this existing model has been successfully applied by the research tea 
search team to a wide range of european intertidal and coastal sites, and used to predict how e 
 coastal sites, and used to predict how environmental change influences the wading bird and wil 
n these areas, and hence advise coastal policy and management for these species. the model has  
as, and hence advise coastal policy and management for these species. the model has been used t 
y and management for these species. the model has been used to advise management of coastal she 
cies. the model has been used to advise management of coastal shellfisheries to maximise profit 
 has been used to predict the effect of habitat loss through port development, and the most eff 
the effect of habitat loss through port development, and the most effective way of mitigating t 
mitigating the negative effects of this habitat loss through habitat creation schemes. the mode 
ve effects of this habitat loss through habitat creation schemes. the model has been used in th 
s through habitat creation schemes. the model has been used in the marine environment to predic 
schemes. the model has been used in the marine environment to predict the relative impact of of 
. the model has been used in the marine environment to predict the relative impact of offshore  
opments that have the minimum effect on wildlife. although the existing model has successfully  
fect on wildlife. although the existing model has successfully advised coastal policy and manag 
 model has successfully advised coastal policy and management, it has had the major drawback th 
successfully advised coastal policy and management, it has had the major drawback that due to t 
e technical difficulties of running the model and understanding its output, it has only been us 
cialist modellers within the scientific community. this is unsatisfactory, as this tool should  
 to those who have a direct interest in coastal management and policy. for example, shellfisher 
rect interest in coastal management and policy. for example, shellfishery regulators collect da 
lfishery regulators collect data on the abundance of shellfish from which they need to set quot 
 could do this in-house with a suitable model. likewise, the model could be used by developers  
se with a suitable model. likewise, the model could be used by developers to compare the ecolog 
by developers to compare the ecological impacts of alternative port construction sites, or by c 
ernative port construction sites, or by conservation agencies to assess the relative impact of  
encies to assess the relative impact of development schemes to prioritise which, if any, scheme 
y and accessible software tool. the new model will reduce the complexities of running the curre 
the complexities of running the current model to a sequence of simple steps to develop a model  
a sequence of simple steps to develop a model for a system and define the required outputs. the 
required outputs. the new user-friendly model will be developed and tested for coastal birds, c 
ill be developed and tested for coastal birds, collaboratively between the research team and pr 
am and project partners from a range of conservation, government and industrial organisations,  
an interest in predicting the effect of environmental change on coastal birds, and with whom th 
fect of environmental change on coastal birds, and with whom the research team have worked succ 
developed, by an iterative processes of development, followed by testing by the project partner 
, during the project, the user-friendly model will be applied to coastal birds, it will be cons 
iendly model will be applied to coastal birds, it will be constructed in a general way, such th 
m to advertise the existence of the new model as a tool for addressing environmental conflicts  
ity systems. additionally, to allow the model to be distributed as widely as possible, and to e 
ite will be constructed, from which the model and updates can be freely downloaded.  
12722 4  the impact of cites regulations on the livelihoods of the ‘harvest families. this project will 
 families. this project will assess and model that impact, review possible incentives, explore  
ject will assess and model that impact, review possible incentives, explore links to the cites  
 and model that impact, review possible incentives, explore links to the cites non-detriment pr 
10675 1 ted to britain from southern france and spain.  
15221 14                   bumblebees are insect pollinators that play a particularly important role in  
rtant role in cold areas and mountains. bees and bumblebees are declining globally. the reasons 
 are largely unknown, even though these insects play a key role in plant reproduction and there 
efore in the fucntioning of terrestrial ecosystems. this decline is a component of the global p 
is decline is a component of the global pollination crisis. in principle, global change is held 
lobal pollination crisis. in principle, global change is held responsible for this decline, par 
ticularly due to two of its components: climate change and shifts in the uses of the land, whic 
the land, which directly affect species distribution ranges and resource availability. it is ma 
ely to suffer the consequences of these scenarios of change, and why. it has been suggested tha 
gested that those species with narrower climate tolerances and higher trophic specialization ar 
re sensitive to the negative effects of global change. this proposal is based in the cantabrian 
ian mountains to analyze the effects of habitat context at different spatial scales on the dist 
text at different spatial scales on the distribution and relative abundance of some species. th 
scales on the distribution and relative abundance of some species. the main applied outcome is  
10643 14                                  modern marine ecosystems were established during the early pal 
                          modern marine ecosystems were established during the early palaeozoic 
ruct not only the dynamics early animal evolution, but also the underlying effects of accruing  
d represents only a fraction of ancient diversity, while famous soft-bodied biotas such as the  
ss shale are too rare to provide larger-scale patterns. i propose to circumvent these problems  
inciples of biological oceanography and macroecology, this study will also provide a unique, ev 
unique, evolutionary view of how modern marine ecosystems function. this study will focus on th 
 evolutionary view of how modern marine ecosystems function. this study will focus on the weste 
ry view of how modern marine ecosystems function. this study will focus on the western canada s 
n. this study will focus on the western canada sedimentary basin, which contains one of the lar 
mbrian, and across an expansive shallow-water platform into continental-margin environments exp 
e our understanding of early palaeozoic diversity, macroevolutionary patterns, and the co-evolu 
 macroevolutionary patterns, and the co-evolution of ecosystem function and environments.  
onary patterns, and the co-evolution of ecosystem function and environments.  
6916 9      unique, 7 million years old buried forest has been recently excavated in the bükkábrány op 
 height stand according to the original forest structure. sudden raise of lake pannon drowned t 
sudden raise of lake pannon drowned the forest and subsequent burial by sand preserved them unm 
ineralized, as wood. no similar ancient forest of this size and preservation is known anywhere  
 trees have been removed to museums for conservation. the proposed scientific study involves ta 
 of tree species, tree-ring studies for climate reconstruction, stable isotope study of the woo 
will reveal the process of burial. wood degradation and diagenetic processes will be assessed.  
 diagenetic processes will be assessed. soil parameters will be analysed. exact age of the fore 
ters will be analysed. exact age of the forest is to be determined by correlation with well-log 
14294 2 increasing socio-economical interest in marine resources urges the need for a decision making f 
n marine resources urges the need for a decision making framework to objectively allocate the d 
12666 4  incidental capture of cetaceans during fishing activities, is thought to be the major threat t 
s thought to be the major threat to the conservation of small cetaceans. the uk government is c 
 of the parties of the agreement on the conservation of small cetaceans of the baltic, north ea 
dopted, which require certain levels of monitoring to be in place for some ices areas by januar 
12419 7 ss, integrated approach to land and sea planning and management. the purpose of the project is  
d approach to land and sea planning and management. the purpose of the project is to provide th 
conomies, which are in harmony with the environment. key customer purpose: the coastal zone is  
 and environmental well-being. however, planning for the coast has suffered from a lack of coor 
ojected pressures facing the coast from development, climate change, and competition for space  
ures facing the coast from development, climate change, and competition for space between marit 
t from development, climate change, and competition for space between maritime sectors there is 
12059 12 til the lessons of this past crisis for management of the present crisis, in the form of concre 
orm of concrete recommendations for the conservation of biodiversity. in addition to providing  
recommendations for the conservation of biodiversity. in addition to providing new data, our pr 
f scientific expertise between research institutions in france, our european partners, and afri 
s in france, our european partners, and africa. in contributing to improved understanding of th 
nding of the natural variability of the environment and how it has interacted with the marked i 
e in human influence on central african forests over the past few thousand years, our project w 
and years, our project will promote the conservation and the efficient use of natural resources 
e conservation and the efficient use of natural resources, helping to reconcile human needs, ec 
rces, helping to reconcile human needs, ecosystem services and biodiversity in the sustainable  
ile human needs, ecosystem services and biodiversity in the sustainable development of this par 
system services and biodiversity in the sustainable development of this part of the continent.  
14764 14 the mechanisms by which the terrestrial ecosystems work - maintenance and improvement of the ex 
tudy the climatic change effects in the mediterranean shrublands and forests. - effects of clim 
cts in the mediterranean shrublands and forests. - effects of climate change in plant ecophysio 
an shrublands and forests. - effects of climate change in plant ecophysiology and the structure 
idants and secondary metabolites in the mediterranean vegetation - studies of molecular biology 
ondary metabolites in the mediterranean vegetation - studies of molecular biology applied to th 
lecular biology applied to the study of ecosystems structure and functioning - direct effects o 
- direct effects of co2 increase on the ecosystems - biogenic volatile organic compounds - chem 
c volatile organic compounds - chemical ecology of plant-plant and plant-animal relationships.  
ts of tropospheric ozone on the plants. evaluation of atmospheric pollution effects through bio 
n the plants. evaluation of atmospheric pollution effects through biological indicators. -isoto 
ic pollution effects through biological indicators. -isotopic signals and environmental changes 
pic signals and environmental changes. -remote sensing and optical diagnosis of plants and ecos 
ing and optical diagnosis of plants and ecosystems structure and functioning.  
15290 19 erow networks are characteristic of the agricultural landscapes. although its relative surface  
ay a key role to the functioning of the agroecosystems as it has been recognised by the new cap 
and to the buffering of the n fluxes in agricultural landscapes. understanding hedgerow c seque 
lances -required by kyioto protocol- in agricultural landscapes. hedgerow vegetation can be mad 
l- in agricultural landscapes. hedgerow vegetation can be made of forests, grasslands or rudera 
pes. hedgerow vegetation can be made of forests, grasslands or ruderal. nevertheless, because o 
erow vegetation can be made of forests, grasslands or ruderal. nevertheless, because of their v 
bations and higher nutrient fluxes than forest and grasslands growing unconnectedly from the ar 
 higher nutrient fluxes than forest and grasslands growing unconnectedly from the arable lands. 
le lands. on the other hand, there is a scale factor that determines that plant composition in  
t the same as in mature or successional grasslands or forests. c dynamics in hedgerows can be d 
in mature or successional grasslands or forests. c dynamics in hedgerows can be determined by t 
s in hedgerows can be determined by the organic matter quality associated to the vegetation typ 
rganic matter quality associated to the vegetation types . for this purpose we will use organic 
 will be monitored for two years in the soil plant systems of crop edges and hedgerows. finally 
 study the forms of n recently fixed in soils by using densimetric fractionation techniques. th 
ute to establish the basis for managing soil c sequestration and n retention in agricultural la 
soil c sequestration and n retention in agricultural landscapes with contrasted intensification 
agricultural landscapes with contrasted intensification.  
9865 6 d by two revolutions ; the invention of agriculture starting about 10,000 years ago, and of ind 
out 10,000 years ago, and of industrial scale food production, starting about 100 years ago. mi 
years ago, and of industrial scale food production, starting about 100 years ago. milk and its  
out the influences for human population growth. an exciting prospect is that it might be applic 
 it might be applicable to studying the development of early man in africa . other plans includ 
tudying the development of early man in africa . other plans include seeing if the method works 
11116 16                                         climate change is a cause for concern in the 21st centu 
cieties around the world, as changes in temperature and precipitation for western uganda. if we 
he world, as changes in temperature and precipitation for western uganda. if we can show that t 
 sediments have responded to changes in climate in the region that have been documented, we can 
go back further in time within the lake sediment archive to look at climate in periods where th 
in the lake sediment archive to look at climate in periods where there are no written records,  
rds, and provide a long-term history of environmental change, and its variability, for this reg 
if there are relationships between lake sediment proxies and disease incidence, that may be rel 
ships between lake sediment proxies and disease incidence, that may be related to climate, or v 
sease incidence, that may be related to climate, or vegetation, for example. in this way, lake  
nce, that may be related to climate, or vegetation, for example. in this way, lake sediments ma 
iseases in the region. evidence of past environmental change and its links to climate, vegetati 
t environmental change and its links to climate, vegetation, disease and human society may ther 
mental change and its links to climate, vegetation, disease and human society may therefore be  
e and its links to climate, vegetation, disease and human society may therefore be extremely re 
and human societies, may be affected by environmental change in the future.  
1093 10 able variation in the rate of molecular evolution among lineages. many factors have been pointe 
c rate, generation time, and dna repair efficiency heterogeneity. a further complication is rep 
eration time, and dna repair efficiency heterogeneity. a further complication is represented by 
 stable over time, as a response to the stability of cave environments. the adaptation to cave  
the stability of cave environments. the adaptation to cave life implies also physiological cons 
that result in slow and stable rates of metabolism and reproduction.in particular, we will inve 
, we will investigate several genera of insects and crustaceans which include phylogenetically  
species that show vicariant patterns of distribution determined by paleogeographical events dat 
ubstitution on the nodes of a molecular phylogeny. different methods will be used, which assume 
to compare rates and modes of molecular evolution of the same gene in different organisms.  
11244 25 ore people today become concerned about global warming and the effect that humans are having on 
he effect that humans are having on the climate, it becomes more important for people to unders 
rtant for people to understand what the climate and environment was like in the past, before hu 
ople to understand what the climate and environment was like in the past, before humans began t 
ords. in order better to understand the climate and environments of the past, scientists study  
ironments of the past, scientists study sediment, which has accumulated on the bottom of lakes  
silised diatoms. diatoms are a group of algae / microscopic plants that live in a wide variety  
ncluding lakes and oceans. unlike other algae, diatoms have shells, called frustules, which are 
lake or ocean in which the diatom grew. oxygen and silicon, the elements that combine to make s 
s and still be chemically recognised as oxygen and silicon. the two most common oxygen isotopes 
oxygen and silicon. the two most common oxygen isotopes are 16o and 18o. the most common silico 
 relative proportion of heavy and light oxygen and silicon isotopes in water. for example, when 
nd light oxygen and silicon isotopes in water. for example, when water evaporates, more of the  
on isotopes in water. for example, when water evaporates, more of the lighter, more volatile 16 
emoved. as a consequence, the remaining water contains more of the heavier 18o. similarly, when 
arly, when diatoms take silica from the water, they assimilate more of the lighter 28si, increa 
the ratio of 30si:28si in the remaining water. because diatoms use the water and silica in thei 
emaining water. because diatoms use the water and silica in their immediate environment, scient 
the water and silica in their immediate environment, scientists believe that the relative amoun 
ts believe that the relative amounts of oxygen and silicon isotopes in diatom silica reflect th 
oratory and carefully controlling their growth conditions. i will test the effects of temperatu 
 conditions. i will test the effects of temperature, diatom species and nutrient silicon availa 
nd nutrient silicon availability on the oxygen and silicon isotope ratios of diatom silica. the 
 make more reliable assessments of past climate and environmental change.  
eliable assessments of past climate and environmental change.  
11321 25 ore people today become concerned about global warming and the effect that humans are having on 
he effect that humans are having on the climate, it becomes more important for people to unders 
rtant for people to understand what the climate and environment was like in the past, before hu 
ople to understand what the climate and environment was like in the past, before humans began t 
ords. in order better to understand the climate and environments of the past, scientists study  
ironments of the past, scientists study sediment, which has accumulated on the bottom of lakes  
silised diatoms. diatoms are a group of algae / microscopic plants that live in a wide variety  
ncluding lakes and oceans. unlike other algae, diatoms have shells, called frustules, which are 
lake or ocean in which the diatom grew. oxygen and silicon, the elements that combine to make s 
s and still be chemically recognised as oxygen and silicon. the two most common oxygen isotopes 
oxygen and silicon. the two most common oxygen isotopes are 16o and 18o. the most common silico 
 relative proportion of heavy and light oxygen and silicon isotopes in water. for example, when 
nd light oxygen and silicon isotopes in water. for example, when water evaporates, more of the  
on isotopes in water. for example, when water evaporates, more of the lighter, more volatile 16 
emoved. as a consequence, the remaining water contains more of the heavier 18o. similarly, when 
arly, when diatoms take silica from the water, they assimilate more of the lighter 28si, increa 
the ratio of 30si:28si in the remaining water. because diatoms use the water and silica in thei 
emaining water. because diatoms use the water and silica in their immediate environment, scient 
the water and silica in their immediate environment, scientists believe that the relative amoun 
ts believe that the relative amounts of oxygen and silicon isotopes in diatom silica reflect th 
oratory and carefully controlling their growth conditions. i will test the effects of temperatu 
 conditions. i will test the effects of temperature, diatom species and nutrient silicon availa 
nd nutrient silicon availability on the oxygen and silicon isotope ratios of diatom silica. the 
 make more reliable assessments of past climate and environmental change.  
eliable assessments of past climate and environmental change.  
10569 3 erstanding of the cues involved in mate assessment and selection. how and why animals choose pa 
that the use of chemical information by birds may be a prominent example. birds are known to ha 
on by birds may be a prominent example. birds are known to have a sense of taste, but the tradi 
1970 6 nge in response to selection within our model species will be compared to patterns of divergenc 
the 80 or so species in this genus. the development of eyespot colour differs from eyespot size 
rent directions, but also the molecular nature of the evolutionarily relevant variation on whic 
rk will further integrate the fields of ecology and evolution whilst focussing on the roles of  
her integrate the fields of ecology and evolution whilst focussing on the roles of development  
lution whilst focussing on the roles of development and genetics in generating morphological va 
7025 62                                   river ecosystems play a key role in the transport and transfo 
 in the transport and transformation of carbon and nutrients. while material is being transport 
nsport and transformation of carbon and nutrients. while material is being transported downstre 
terial is being transported downstream, organic matter is produced and degraded. this matter ca 
man activities along its entire course. microbial community features such as composition and ac 
mponent in all processes, especially in nitrogen cycling. within the riverine landscape these p 
n nitrogen cycling. within the riverine landscape these processes are strongly associated with  
availability of retention zones such as floodplain, riparian and instream zones. the processes  
 of retention zones such as floodplain, riparian and instream zones. the processes related to n 
nstream zones. the processes related to nitrogen and organic matter cycling are basically contr 
. the processes related to nitrogen and organic matter cycling are basically controlled by the  
ed by the hydromorphology. thus, at the landscape scale, three fundamental principles regulate  
hydromorphology. thus, at the landscape scale, three fundamental principles regulate the cyclin 
es regulate the cycling and transfer of carbon and nitrogen in river ecosystems: i the mode of  
 the cycling and transfer of carbon and nitrogen in river ecosystems: i the mode of carbon and  
ransfer of carbon and nitrogen in river ecosystems: i the mode of carbon and nitrogen delivery  
ogen in river ecosystems: i the mode of carbon and nitrogen delivery affects ecosystem function 
er ecosystems: i the mode of carbon and nitrogen delivery affects ecosystem functioning - conne 
of carbon and nitrogen delivery affects ecosystem functioning - connectivity patterns; ii incre 
elivery affects ecosystem functioning - connectivity patterns; ii increasing contact between wa 
patterns; ii increasing contact between water and soil or sediment increases nitrogen retention 
ii increasing contact between water and soil or sediment increases nitrogen retention and proce 
asing contact between water and soil or sediment increases nitrogen retention and processing -  
en water and soil or sediment increases nitrogen retention and processing - geomorphology; iii  
ses nitrogen retention and processing - geomorphology; iii floods and droughts are natural even 
nts that strongly influence pathways of carbon and nitrogen cycling. these three principles can 
rongly influence pathways of carbon and nitrogen cycling. these three principles can be strongl 
y natural disturbances or anthropogenic impacts, which involve altered water regimes or a chang 
opogenic impacts, which involve altered water regimes or a change in the geomorphologic setting 
of the river valley. an altered natural water regime will affect the biogeochemistry of riparia 
ed natural water regime will affect the biogeochemistry of riparian and instream zones as well  
gime will affect the biogeochemistry of riparian and instream zones as well as their ability to 
or a more integrated approach including restoration of landscape dynamics and key ecosystem pro 
rated approach including restoration of landscape dynamics and key ecosystem processes such as  
storation of landscape dynamics and key ecosystem processes such as carbon and nutrient retenti 
ics and key ecosystem processes such as carbon and nutrient retention. in this context the obje 
low regimes on the functioning of river ecosystems and, more specifically, on their nitrogen cy 
ystems and, more specifically, on their nitrogen cycling capacity, and ii to accurately estimat 
proach to investigate the regulation of nitrogen and carbon cycling and transfer at the sedimen 
estigate the regulation of nitrogen and carbon cycling and transfer at the sediment/water inter 
 and carbon cycling and transfer at the sediment/water interface in retention areas of river ec 
on cycling and transfer at the sediment/water interface in retention areas of river ecosystems: 
r interface in retention areas of river ecosystems: h1: the hydromorphic structures of retentio 
tructures of retention areas affect the nitrogen cycling: high surface water connectivity level 
fect the nitrogen cycling: high surface water connectivity levels and high sediment to water ra 
he nitrogen cycling: high surface water connectivity levels and high sediment to water ratios i 
face water connectivity levels and high sediment to water ratios in retention areas increase po 
onnectivity levels and high sediment to water ratios in retention areas increase potential deni 
s in retention areas increase potential denitrification rates and the n 2 /n 2 0 ratio. h2: the 
2 /n 2 0 ratio. h2: the mode of organic carbon supply to retention areas controls denitrificati 
rbon supply to retention areas controls denitrification potential because carbon availability d 
trols denitrification potential because carbon availability directly affects microbial nitrogen 
availability directly affects microbial nitrogen processing at the sediment surface h3: past wa 
ts microbial nitrogen processing at the sediment surface h3: past water regime patterns control 
essing at the sediment surface h3: past water regime patterns control the resistance and the re 
 past water regime patterns control the resistance and the resilience of the nutrient cycling p 
patterns control the resistance and the resilience of the nutrient cycling processes to restora 
he resistance and the resilience of the nutrient cycling processes to restoration and rehabilit 
ce of the nutrient cycling processes to restoration and rehabilitation measures because they ha 
nt cycling processes to restoration and rehabilitation measures because they have shaped the cu 
gical setting of retention areas at the habitat and at the reach scale.  
n areas at the habitat and at the reach scale.  
1963 4 ra of research showing that herbivorous arthropods can overcome constitutive and induced direct 
oduce volatile compounds in response to herbivory plants and herbivores are involved in an arms 
n arms-race leading to gene-for-gene co-evolution. we intend to test one of the assumptions und 
. the number of genes involved in these traits will be estimated from the response to selection 
13710 13                                         habitat losses caused by changes in agricultural land-u 
osses caused by changes in agricultural land-use have negatively affected many plants and anima 
and animals. shorebirds breeding on wet grasslands have particularly suffered from these change 
 these changes. even if factors such as predation or genetics affect some populations, the cont 
he continuing, rapid decline of a whole community of species remains unexplained. here, i will  
shorebirds is caused by on-going, large-scale changes in the environment, negatively affecting  
by on-going, large-scale changes in the environment, negatively affecting the reproductive succ 
 species and breeding sites in southern sweden. i will test a suite of novel hypotheses; critic 
, sex ratio, and cellular/physiological stress levels as indicated by a genetic fingerprint . t 
rint . the study will provide important management guidelines for an endangered group of birds, 
t guidelines for an endangered group of birds, and generally advance our understanding of the i 
ur understanding of the impact of large-scale environmental changes on biodiversity.  
of large-scale environmental changes on biodiversity.  
11102 16  involves the study of colonisation and extinction of populations of a species over whole lands 
ovement of individuals, causes of local extinction, and the patterns of habitat patches in a la 
f local extinction, and the patterns of habitat patches in a landscape. it has also proved impo 
nd the patterns of habitat patches in a landscape. it has also proved important in understandin 
understanding and predicting particular human impacts on biodiversity, such as habitat loss and 
 predicting particular human impacts on biodiversity, such as habitat loss and fragmentation, t 
 human impacts on biodiversity, such as habitat loss and fragmentation, the ability of species  
 biodiversity, such as habitat loss and fragmentation, the ability of species to respond to cli 
n, the ability of species to respond to climate change and the spread of non-native species. ho 
erally that many small animals, such as insects, amphibians, birds and small mammals show metap 
l animals, such as insects, amphibians, birds and small mammals show metapopulation dynamics, p 
ment, long-term survival of seed in the soil, and characterising habitat patches. we propose a  
of seed in the soil, and characterising habitat patches. we propose a study in which we will co 
we will collect appropriate data at the landscape scale for two contrasting plant species and w 
llect appropriate data at the landscape scale for two contrasting plant species and will invest 
by these data using models of differing complexity.  
10632 14 that may be responsible for most of the biodiversity that we see around us. it occurs when a si 
. these new species evolve to differ in traits used to exploit their new environments, a proces 
ew environments, a process called local adaptation. what aspects of their new environments caus 
lability, or in physical aspects of the environment are most the important causes of local adap 
 are most the important causes of local adaptation. however species often acquire new parasites 
 the role of parasites in driving local adaptation has not been examined. in this project i wil 
 in this project i will explore whether adaptation to new parasites is an important driver of t 
tes is an important driver of the local adaptation that leads to population differentiation dur 
ng the course of an adaptive radiation. freshwater populations of three-spine stickleback are a 
ng example of adaptive radiation. these marine fish invaded freshwater after the last ice age.  
ple of adaptive radiation. these marine fish invaded freshwater after the last ice age. freshwa 
ve radiation. these marine fish invaded freshwater after the last ice age. freshwater populatio 
aded freshwater after the last ice age. freshwater populations differ in their ages . variation 
ticularly well characterised in western canada and there are excellent facilities at ubc for ca 
11670 5                       interpreting past environmental change from lake sediments is becoming in 
 understanding past, present and future global change. in order to understand rates of environm 
nces is fundametal. currently most lake sediment sequences are dated by radiocarbon. these date 
ake sediments is problematic due to old carbon entering the lake from surrounding soils. we the 
rbon entering the lake from surrounding soils. we therefore need to find a method whereby this  
13777 31                                     the impacts of climate change on species and ecosystems are 
                         the impacts of climate change on species and ecosystems are already ev 
mpacts of climate change on species and ecosystems are already evident, and effects during the  
icant irrespective of which of the ipcc climate change scenarios that comes true. thus, strateg 
ive of which of the ipcc climate change scenarios that comes true. thus, strategies to adapt to 
. thus, strategies to adapt to a warmer climate are needed, but methods are lacking. ecological 
te are needed, but methods are lacking. ecological restoration can be a primary strategy to inc 
n be a primary strategy to increase the resilience of ecosystems threatened by climate change.  
 strategy to increase the resilience of ecosystems threatened by climate change. this project t 
 resilience of ecosystems threatened by climate change. this project tests whether ecological r 
mate change. this project tests whether ecological restoration of riparian zones along streams  
tests whether ecological restoration of riparian zones along streams can be an effective way to 
cal restoration of riparian zones along streams can be an effective way to increase their resil 
n be an effective way to increase their resilience to climate change effects. as more of precip 
ive way to increase their resilience to climate change effects. as more of precipitation falls  
e to climate change effects. as more of precipitation falls as snow instead of rain, spring flo 
ows higher. this threatens species-rich riparian ecosystems, which depend on recurrent floods,  
r. this threatens species-rich riparian ecosystems, which depend on recurrent floods, and plant 
es from the upper and lower ends are at risk of extinction. by relating the presence of riparia 
the upper and lower ends are at risk of extinction. by relating the presence of riparian plant  
extinction. by relating the presence of riparian plant species to current hydrological conditio 
nd with the help of forecasts of future stream flows, i will predict which species that will in 
ill increase and decrease with a future climate. to evaluate if restoration of streams affected 
e with a future climate. to evaluate if restoration of streams affected by timber floating incr 
 climate. to evaluate if restoration of streams affected by timber floating increases habitat a 
s affected by timber floating increases habitat availability to species threatened by climate-d 
t availability to species threatened by climate-driven hydrological changes, i will use project 
anges, i will use projections of future stream flows to forecast changes in habitat availabilit 
ure stream flows to forecast changes in habitat availability, and compare projections of future 
lity, and compare projections of future habitat availability to riparian species between pairs  
tions of future habitat availability to riparian species between pairs of restored and unrestor 
14271 2  has expertise in nutrient budgeting of marine systems and in data-bank management.  
ting of marine systems and in data-bank management.  
10045 52                 we regularly hear about tropical forests in the media. documentary programmes r 
entary programmes report on their great diversity - more than 50% of all species are found in t 
n 50% of all species are found in these ecosystems - or their importance as a store of carbon,  
ems - or their importance as a store of carbon, as they contain 60% of all carbon found on land 
e of carbon, as they contain 60% of all carbon found on land. however, we also hear about their 
pansion drives their clearance by small-scale farmers, how large agribusinesses convert vast ar 
s into oil palm plantations or soy bean production, and how pressures to extract minerals and o 
ssures to extract minerals and oil from tropical forest regions is increasing as the price of t 
f these commodities rise. not only does deforestation lead to a loss of biodiversity, it also a 
ly does deforestation lead to a loss of biodiversity, it also adds to the concentration of gree 
y, it also adds to the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and hence increases  
osphere and hence increases the rate of climate change: deforestation of tropical forests contr 
e increases the rate of climate change: deforestation of tropical forests contributes 25% of al 
ate of climate change: deforestation of tropical forests contributes 25% of all carbon dioxide  
tropical forests contributes 25% of all carbon dioxide emissions by humans. many attempts have  
n made to derive economic benefits from tropical forests. however, recently a new system has em 
ea that by creating a market and giving economic value to the environmental benefits or ecosyst 
 value to the environmental benefits or ecosystem services like biodiversity and carbon storage 
tal benefits or ecosystem services like biodiversity and carbon storage that tropical forests p 
cosystem services like biodiversity and carbon storage that tropical forests provide, it is pos 
ke biodiversity and carbon storage that tropical forests provide, it is possible to obtain mone 
ble to obtain money to protect standing forest. in theory, these payments could be used to addr 
e payments could be used to address the poverty that is widespread and acute in many tropical f 
ty that is widespread and acute in many tropical forest regions and is an important cause of de 
st regions and is an important cause of deforestation. one mechanism for how these payments mig 
ects and countries that reduce rates of deforestation will be able to sell the resulting reduct 
able to sell the resulting reduction in carbon dioxide emissions on international carbon market 
rbon dioxide emissions on international carbon markets or through bilateral agreements. this id 
oxide emissions on international carbon markets or through bilateral agreements. this idea is b 
gas emissions - as well as in voluntary markets. governments and ngos are also actively develop 
ly help to preserve other attributes of tropical forests, such as biodiversity. it is this broa 
attributes of tropical forests, such as biodiversity. it is this broad concept of payments for  
t is this broad concept of payments for ecosystem services that our project aims to address. in 
sibility to reduce the rate of tropical deforestation, conserve carbon stocks and biodiversity, 
ate of tropical deforestation, conserve carbon stocks and biodiversity, and alleviate poverty t 
forestation, conserve carbon stocks and biodiversity, and alleviate poverty through a single me 
 stocks and biodiversity, and alleviate poverty through a single mechanism, is very attractive. 
surround how to measure and monitor the carbon or biodiversity that a project claims to protect 
ow to measure and monitor the carbon or biodiversity that a project claims to protect, the appr 
es and whether they achieve the goal of poverty alleviation in an equitable way, the participat 
ty alleviation in an equitable way, the participation of local communities in the projects them 
ities, including increasing the rate of deforestation outside project areas. addressing these i 
range of university, ngo and government institutions with relevant expertise to identify the re 
 projects, with a focus on the peruvian amazon. peru is a particularly good place for this kind 
s, with a focus on the peruvian amazon. peru is a particularly good place for this kind of proj 
ce for this kind of project as the rain forests are some of the most diverse in the world but t 
 but they face increasing pressure from logging, oil exploration and from rising levels of acce 
road building. key governmental and ngo institutions are strongly motivated to combat these thr 
ough new projects based on payments for ecosystem services with the twin objective of alleviati 
of alleviating the high levels of local poverty. the strong links that we have with these organ 
lts will be readily applied in existing protected areas. as a result we aim to create a bluepri 
r how these projects could work both in peru and in the wider amazonian region.  
15422 13                    the proliferation of invasive species is, together with habitat destruction, 
n of invasive species is, together with habitat destruction, the main cause of biodiversity los 
 habitat destruction, the main cause of biodiversity loss in marine ecosystems. alien species a 
 the main cause of biodiversity loss in marine ecosystems. alien species are considered invasiv 
in cause of biodiversity loss in marine ecosystems. alien species are considered invasive when  
biodiversity loss in marine ecosystems. alien species are considered invasive when they negativ 
ocioeconomical costs. the international marine traffic is the main cause. in this sense, spain  
affic is the main cause. in this sense, spain is especially threatened by this problem, being l 
through the strait of gibraltar and the mediterranean, alboran sea and the galician costa de la 
n crustaceans with an important role in marine ecosystems . furthermore, we will work with the  
aceans with an important role in marine ecosystems . furthermore, we will work with the life st 
condictions to explore the use in large scale cultures as food resource for fishes and molluscs 
ood resource for fishes and molluscs in aquaculture.  
11162 3                       commitment to the management of coastal ecosystems through addressing bot 
commitment to the management of coastal ecosystems through addressing both ecological and socia 
ves already exists in east and southern africa . the team will communicate via a web-based plat 
7251 20 ct aims to better simulate the flow and carbon stocks in forest ecosystems at different scales. 
 simulate the flow and carbon stocks in forest ecosystems at different scales. indeed, forests  
te the flow and carbon stocks in forest ecosystems at different scales. indeed, forests are an  
ecosystems at different scales. indeed, forests are an essential component of the earth 's carb 
 an essential component of the earth 's carbon cycle by their surfaces and their life time whic 
rfaces and their life time which allows carbon storage in plant biomass and soils. current carb 
me which allows carbon storage in plant biomass and soils. current carbon footprint models, in  
ows carbon storage in plant biomass and soils. current carbon footprint models, in particular g 
age in plant biomass and soils. current carbon footprint models, in particular global models li 
s, in particular global models like the model used by orchid ipsl, simulate the carbon balance  
model used by orchid ipsl, simulate the carbon balance of forests relatively simply. indeed, th 
id ipsl, simulate the carbon balance of forests relatively simply. indeed, these models do not  
do not take into account the effects of forest management, although they are important to our l 
ct therefore aims to: * orchid test the model in its original release in different bioclimatic  
rminants of the temporal variability of carbon fluxes across europe; * creation of a forestry m 
ral variability of carbon fluxes across europe; * creation of a forestry management module to a 
n fluxes across europe; * creation of a forestry management module to an age class; * use of th 
across europe; * creation of a forestry management module to an age class; * use of the module  
ons by age classes; * validation of the model at different scales: site / region / france -euro 
fferent scales: site / region / france -europe  
10086 10  carbohydrates in the surface layers of intertidal mudflats, concentrating on the coupling betw 
racellular carbohydrates, the rates and nature of degradation of this organic material by micro 
 carbohydrates, the rates and nature of degradation of this organic material by microbial metab 
ial taxa involved will be investigated. sediment carbohydrate size categories, chemical composi 
ries, chemical composition and rates of production of carbohydrates by benthic microalgae will  
zymes activity and changes in molecular microbial diversity. tidal mesocosm, sediment slurry an 
in molecular microbial diversity. tidal mesocosm, sediment slurry and culture studies will dete 
ar microbial diversity. tidal mesocosm, sediment slurry and culture studies will determine pote 
of carbohydrate breakdown and shifts in microbial activity in response to carbohydrate inputs.  
microbial taxa involved in carbohydrate degradation will be identified.  
13605 5 ngineered cellulosic raw materials from forest trees, crops or bacterial cultures for the desig 
 or plant cell walls represent key nano-scale components for reinforcing new biomaterials. carb 
synthesis, nanostructure and mechanical function to foster ideas for nanostructured hydrogels a 
petrochemical-based materials in larger scale applications such as functional textiles or struc 
ntire life cycle, from bioproduction in nature, bioprocessing for manufacture and recycling or  
13454 7                                  in the baltic sea proper, n2-fixation contributes with a yearl 
summer blooms by filamentous, n2-fixing cyanobacteria are dominated by nodularia sp., aphanizom 
anizomenon sp., and anabeana sp. in the baltic sea. aphanizomenon sp. blooms 2 to 3 months each 
le for n2-fixation and n-release in the baltic sea. small-scale c- and n-fluxes associated with 
 and n-release in the baltic sea. small-scale c- and n-fluxes associated with the different n2- 
fferent n2-fixing microorganisms in the baltic sea will be quantified during bloom and decay, a 
- and n-fluxes will be estimated in the baltic sea.  
14612 34  to predict the response of terrestrial ecosystems to climate change and to understand their ro 
e response of terrestrial ecosystems to climate change and to understand their role in the glob 
 to understand their role in the global carbon cycle. two major aspects of climate change are t 
obal carbon cycle. two major aspects of climate change are the increase in mean global temperat 
 change are the increase in mean global temperature and changes in precipitation patters. one o 
 mean global temperature and changes in precipitation patters. one of the most vulnerable regio 
. one of the most vulnerable regions to climate change is the mediterranean basin. several mode 
erable regions to climate change is the mediterranean basin. several models predict not only ch 
eral models predict not only changes in precipitation patters but also a reduction in the amoun 
s but also a reduction in the amount of precipitation in these areas. this would be of particul 
hese areas. this would be of particular risk for arid and semiarid ecosystems such as those in  
f particular risk for arid and semiarid ecosystems such as those in the province of almeria whe 
se in the province of almeria where the risk of desertification is high. despite the extension  
e province of almeria where the risk of desertification is high. despite the extension of arid  
e which are the factors controlling the productivity of these ecosystems and the seasonal, annu 
s controlling the productivity of these ecosystems and the seasonal, annual and interannual var 
, annual and interannual variability of ecosystem fluxes. we will investigate aspects related t 
 we will investigate aspects related to vegetation and soil such as plant biomass, spatial vari 
igate aspects related to vegetation and soil such as plant biomass, spatial variability, and ca 
ed to vegetation and soil such as plant biomass, spatial variability, and carbon stocks. furthe 
etation and soil such as plant biomass, spatial variability, and carbon stocks. furthermore, we 
plant biomass, spatial variability, and carbon stocks. furthermore, we will study soil respirat 
rbon stocks. furthermore, we will study soil respiration and the response of soil respiration a 
dy soil respiration and the response of soil respiration and ecosystem fluxes to summer rainfal 
nd the response of soil respiration and ecosystem fluxes to summer rainfall events in order to  
rmining the sink and source capacity at ecosystem level. finally, we will integrate these data  
s in order to describe the processes of water and carbon balances and to predict their response 
 to describe the processes of water and carbon balances and to predict their response to change 
ables that control them under different climate change scenarios. at the same time, we will exp 
rol them under different climate change scenarios. at the same time, we will explore the integr 
on of the expected results into current desertification models, in such a way that these could  
 these could be used to improve current desertification models by incorporating variables that  
iables that reflect possible changes in carbon stocks and fluxes not only erosion factors.  
es in carbon stocks and fluxes not only erosion factors.  
11204 9 buscular mycorrhizal mycelium in upland grassland provides a major, rapid and distinct pathway  
ay for the flux of plant-derived c into soil and supports specialized populations of soil micro 
and supports specialized populations of soil micro-organisms. novel soil-core systems controlli 
ulations of soil micro-organisms. novel soil-core systems controlling the presence and absence  
antify c flux from plants through am to soil bacteria and microarthropods by 14c and 13c labell 
y c flux from plants through am to soil bacteria and microarthropods by 14c and 13c labelling o 
f turfs and in the field. am-associated bacteria will be identified by 16/185 rdna and dgge. ef 
dna and dgge. effects of microarthropod diversity on disruption to c flux through am mycelia wi 
ct will redress a serious deficiency in rhizosphere c flux models, none of which include effect 
10939 3                       changes in global carbon pools and changes in palaeoredox will be investi 
 with sedimentology, faunal range data, sediment geochemistry and framboid size analysis to rec 
al and assess different models for mass extinction at this time.  
12717 7 ng of suitable guidelines, criteria and indicators, for maximising the benefits of finance for  
 maximising the benefits of finance for redd efforts to wider environment objectives. the succe 
ts of finance for redd efforts to wider environment objectives. the successful contractor will  
 successful contractor will undertake a review of existing and planned redd mechanisms to ident 
ertake a review of existing and planned redd mechanisms to identify known and potential co-bene 
ify known and potential co-benefits for environment. they will identify any gaps in the deliver 
ll identify any gaps in the delivery of biodiversity or developmental objectives and provide re 
11297 7 sea-bed, a process mediated by infaunal invertebrates. the efficiency of this process has impor 
mediated by infaunal invertebrates. the efficiency of this process has important implications f 
nutrient and element recycling. benthic carbon mineralization represents the biogeochemical and 
eochemical and biological conditions of marine ecosystems and can be readily measured. ultimate 
cal and biological conditions of marine ecosystems and can be readily measured. ultimately, the 
he fraction of material retained in the sediment record versus being degraded, regulates the co 
d environments in estimates for coastal carbon turn over.  
201 31 n the atmosphere, which leads to global climate warming. it is very important, globally and reg 
mosphere, which leads to global climate warming. it is very important, globally and regionally, 
, to reduce co2 emission and to balance carbon budget in the atmosphere. for inhibiting the inc 
n the concentration atmospheric co2 and climate changes, more attention should be paid both to  
g of co2 emission but also to extensive carbon sequestration. for this reason, during the last  
 during the last decade accumulation of carbon in different ecosystems, including forests, has  
ade accumulation of carbon in different ecosystems, including forests, has been an actual topic 
rbon in different ecosystems, including forests, has been an actual topic around the world. in  
 estimation of the potential ability of carbon accumulation of forests in various regions, howe 
ntial ability of carbon accumulation of forests in various regions, however, a majority of spec 
in aims of the proposed project are: to model growth of silver birch stands growing at fertile  
s of the proposed project are: to model growth of silver birch stands growing at fertile sites. 
ung silver birch stands may have higher productivity than it is assumed and yield tables for bi 
her productivity than it is assumed and yield tables for birch may show lower values of growth  
bles for birch may show lower values of growth and yield, specially at fertile sites. also our  
rch may show lower values of growth and yield, specially at fertile sites. also our purpose is  
growing at fertile site proceeding from carbon accumulation capacity and to provide recommendat 
 this project will improve knowledge of development and formation of birch stand as an ecosyste 
ment and formation of birch stand as an ecosystem. the importance for estonian science lies in  
ledge about the role of birch stands in carbon accumulation. research findings associated with  
 findings associated with formation and development of birch stands and their carbon sequestrat 
d development of birch stands and their carbon sequestration potential can be considered novel  
d novel information. new data about the growth and yield of silver birch stands are of essentia 
ormation. new data about the growth and yield of silver birch stands are of essential practical 
tance and will improve the precision of growth models. since nowadays management and planning o 
cision of growth models. since nowadays management and planning of forests are based on a compu 
h models. since nowadays management and planning of forests are based on a computer system, by  
nce nowadays management and planning of forests are based on a computer system, by using differ 
n a computer system, by using different growth models, the results obtained from proposed proje 
m proposed project will enable a better management of estonian birch forests.  
e a better management of estonian birch forests.  
7663 9             . the mineralization of the nitrogen will be followed in parallel to the solubiliza 
rallel to the solubilization of organic nitrogen in the soil water, by measuring the isotopic c 
lubilization of organic nitrogen in the soil water, by measuring the isotopic composition 15n a 
ization of organic nitrogen in the soil water, by measuring the isotopic composition 15n and 18 
1 draft a publication on the historical evolution of the isotopic composition measurements for  
hed on the qualitative and quantitative evolution of turnover of organic matter with depth - st 
d quantitative evolution of turnover of organic matter with depth - step 3 2010-2011 samples an 
orial a publication on the influence of land use on the turnover of organic matter  
nfluence of land use on the turnover of organic matter  
14873 18 oagropas has as main aim to analyze how climate and land-use changes interact on agro-pastoral  
 as main aim to analyze how climate and land-use changes interact on agro-pastoral ecosystems i 
d-use changes interact on agro-pastoral ecosystems in the iberian peninsula at different spatia 
ales, modifying their ability to retain nutrients and store soil carbon. results from the previ 
r ability to retain nutrients and store soil carbon. results from the previous project carbopas 
 previous project carbopas suggest that management modifies the ability of pastures to carry on 
s in the interactions within the system soil-microorganism-plant-animal, affecting the c and n  
les. more detailed studies at the local scale and more specific at the regional scale are neede 
scale and more specific at the regional scale are needed to confirm the meaning of the patterns 
e the existing database on c content in grassland ecosystems through the use of altitudinal/cli 
ting database on c content in grassland ecosystems through the use of altitudinal/climatic grad 
f altitudinal/climatic gradients and of livestock pressure gradients, and b to use the existing 
nts, and b to use the existing plots on grasslands and legume-based forage swards linked to the 
mental systems where those processes of soil c accumulation will be analyzed in detail. the com 
ulation will be analyzed in detail. the complexity of the proposed topic, and the fact that man 
of the above trophic web, recommend the development of the project by a multidisciplinary team, 
will be useful beyond the agro-pastoral ecosystems, which in this context would be model system 
systems, which in this context would be model systems to test hypotheses on the c cycle, its re 
14874 18 oagropas has as main aim to analyze how climate and land-use changes interact on agro-pastoral  
 as main aim to analyze how climate and land-use changes interact on agro-pastoral ecosystems i 
d-use changes interact on agro-pastoral ecosystems in the iberian peninsula at different spatia 
ales, modifying their ability to retain nutrients and store soil carbon. results from the previ 
r ability to retain nutrients and store soil carbon. results from the previous project carbopas 
 previous project carbopas suggest that management modifies the ability of pastures to carry on 
s in the interactions within the system soil-microorganism-plant-animal, affecting the c and n  
les. more detailed studies at the local scale and more specific at the regional scale are neede 
scale and more specific at the regional scale are needed to confirm the meaning of the patterns 
e the existing database on c content in grassland ecosystems through the use of altitudinal/cli 
ting database on c content in grassland ecosystems through the use of altitudinal/climatic grad 
f altitudinal/climatic gradients and of livestock pressure gradients, and b to use the existing 
nts, and b to use the existing plots on grasslands and legume-based forage swards linked to the 
mental systems where those processes of soil c accumulation will be analyzed in detail. the com 
ulation will be analyzed in detail. the complexity of the proposed topic, and the fact that man 
of the above trophic web, recommend the development of the project by a multidisciplinary team, 
will be useful beyond the agro-pastoral ecosystems, which in this context would be model system 
systems, which in this context would be model systems to test hypotheses on the c cycle, its re 
10243 10 study is to follow the incorporation of carbon at the sourhope soil biodiversity field site fro 
incorporation of carbon at the sourhope soil biodiversity field site from atmospheric carbon di 
iodiversity field site from atmospheric carbon dioxide, through the soil fauna, into soil organ 
atmospheric carbon dioxide, through the soil fauna, into soil organic matter. this will be achi 
n dioxide, through the soil fauna, into soil organic matter. this will be achieved through the  
e achieved through the introduction and monitoring of a 13co2 label in the field and will inves 
ed by individual plant, mycorrhizal and soil faunal species in in situ c transfers at sourhope. 
nt to which plant, microbial and faunal biodiversity interact to control the fate of carbon in  
versity interact to control the fate of carbon in the soil. the project will involve a multi-di 
ct to control the fate of carbon in the soil. the project will involve a multi-disciplinary con 
11005 10 study is to follow the incorporation of carbon at the sourhope soil biodiversity field site fro 
incorporation of carbon at the sourhope soil biodiversity field site from atmospheric carbon di 
iodiversity field site from atmospheric carbon dioxide, through the soil fauna, into soil organ 
atmospheric carbon dioxide, through the soil fauna, into soil organic matter. this will be achi 
n dioxide, through the soil fauna, into soil organic matter. this will be achieved through the  
e achieved through the introduction and monitoring of a 13co2 label in the field and will inves 
ed by individual plant, mycorrhizal and soil faunal species in in situ c transfers at sourhope. 
nt to which plant, microbial and faunal biodiversity interact to control the fate of carbon in  
versity interact to control the fate of carbon in the soil. the project will involve a multi-di 
ct to control the fate of carbon in the soil. the project will involve a multi-disciplinary con 
11216 10 study is to follow the incorporation of carbon at the sourhope soil biodiversity field site fro 
incorporation of carbon at the sourhope soil biodiversity field site from atmospheric carbon di 
iodiversity field site from atmospheric carbon dioxide, through the soil fauna, into soil organ 
atmospheric carbon dioxide, through the soil fauna, into soil organic matter. this will be achi 
n dioxide, through the soil fauna, into soil organic matter. this will be achieved through the  
e achieved through the introduction and monitoring of a 13co2 label in the field and will inves 
ed by individual plant, mycorrhizal and soil faunal species in in situ c transfers at sourhope. 
nt to which plant, microbial and faunal biodiversity interact to control the fate of carbon in  
versity interact to control the fate of carbon in the soil. the project will involve a multi-di 
ct to control the fate of carbon in the soil. the project will involve a multi-disciplinary con 
15527 2 important components of the continental carbon ; and numerical modeling in order to integrate t 
 the continental carbon ; and numerical modeling in order to integrate the knowledge generated  
15528 2 important components of the continental carbon ; and numerical modeling in order to integrate t 
 the continental carbon ; and numerical modeling in order to integrate the knowledge generated  
14118 40                              changes in climate, atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration and d 
        changes in climate, atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration and disturbance regimes ha 
pheric carbon dioxide concentration and disturbance regimes have been occurring for decades in  
een occurring for decades in the global boreal forest. disturbances are an important factor inf 
ces are an important factor influencing forest structure formation and changes in it. it is exp 
in it. it is expected, that with future climate change the frequencies, intensities and severit 
 will change and with that also natural disturbance processes and the responses of ecosystems t 
turbance processes and the responses of ecosystems to disturbances. fire is one of the most imp 
esponses of ecosystems to disturbances. fire is one of the most important natural disturbance i 
re is one of the most important natural disturbance in boreal forest. forest fires and the reco 
e most important natural disturbance in boreal forest. forest fires and the recovery from there 
t natural disturbance in boreal forest. forest fires and the recovery from there are important  
 in boreal forest. forest fires and the recovery from there are important regional carbon stora 
overy from there are important regional carbon storage because carbon lost in fires has a subst 
portant regional carbon storage because carbon lost in fires has a substantial contribution to  
 a substantial contribution to regional carbon budgets. the main aim of the study is to evaluat 
 the changes in the size and quality of soil carbon and nitrogen pools after forest fires. the  
the size and quality of soil carbon and nitrogen pools after forest fires. the topic is very ti 
of soil carbon and nitrogen pools after forest fires. the topic is very timely since deeper und 
ry timely since deeper understanding on soil carbon stocks and its underlying processes is urge 
o fill our gaps of understanding on the ecosystem carbon cycle in the changing climate. soil is 
 gaps of understanding on the ecosystem carbon cycle in the changing climate. soil is the large 
 ecosystem carbon cycle in the changing climate. soil is the largest stock of organic carbon, b 
m carbon cycle in the changing climate. soil is the largest stock of organic carbon, but the re 
e. soil is the largest stock of organic carbon, but the related processes changing soil organic 
bon, but the related processes changing soil organic matter quality and its pool distribution a 
oil organic matter quality and its pool distribution are still poorly understood. simulations w 
poorly understood. simulations with the model microforest, that combines a process based forest 
roforest, that combines a process based forest photosynthesis and growth model to below-ground  
t, that combines a process based forest photosynthesis and growth model to below-ground process 
process based forest photosynthesis and growth model to below-ground processes such as: soil or 
 based forest photosynthesis and growth model to below-ground processes such as: soil organic m 
odel to below-ground processes such as: soil organic matter decomposition, turnover of carbon c 
 processes such as: soil organic matter decomposition, turnover of carbon compounds of differen 
ganic matter decomposition, turnover of carbon compounds of different chemical fractions, soil  
pounds of different chemical fractions, soil nitrogen/protein pools, root and rhizosphere respi 
s of different chemical fractions, soil nitrogen/protein pools, root and rhizosphere respiratio 
, soil nitrogen/protein pools, root and rhizosphere respiration and exudation of recent photosy 
gen/protein pools, root and rhizosphere respiration and exudation of recent photosynthates thro 
ith help of field measurements data the model will be improved.  
2124 26 ng time been interested in how negative plant-animal interactions, such as herbivory and seed p 
tive plant-animal interactions, such as herbivory and seed predation affect the population dyna 
mal interactions, such as herbivory and seed predation affect the population dynamics of plant  
herbivory and seed predation affect the population dynamics of plant species, their distributio 
lation dynamics of plant species, their distribution on small and large spatial scales, and the 
and large spatial scales, and the plant community species composition and diversity. positive p 
spatial scales, and the plant community species composition and diversity. positive plant anima 
plant community species composition and diversity. positive plant animal interactions, such as  
tive plant animal interactions, such as pollination, has received considerable attention with r 
y little attention with regard to plant population dynamics and absolutely no empirical attenti 
mpirical attention with regard to plant community composition and diversity. this lack of atten 
gard to plant community composition and diversity. this lack of attention to consequences of pl 
k of attention to consequences of plant-pollinator interactions for levels beyond the reproduct 
surprising. on purely pragmatic grounds pollinators conceivably play a fundamental role for pla 
vably play a fundamental role for plant community composition and diversity through their contr 
ole for plant community composition and diversity through their contribution to seed production 
sity through their contribution to seed production of animal-pollinated plant species. the cent 
re of this project is to assess how the species diversity and abundance of bumblebees within th 
to assess how the species diversity and abundance of bumblebees within the pollinator assemblag 
 and abundance of bumblebees within the pollinator assemblage may affect the frequency of polli 
 assemblage may affect the frequency of pollination-specialised plant species, particularly ada 
ies, particularly adapted to bumble bee pollination, within communities. it is conceivable, but 
 with the functional composition of the pollinator assemblage. a central methodology of this pr 
eral plant species adapted to bumblebee pollination and species with a more generalist pollinat 
tion and species with a more generalist pollination to this experimentally induced change of th 
is experimentally induced change of the pollinator assemblage.  
10891 15 possible detrimental effects of species extinction has led to a large research effort in recent 
effort in recent years to determine how ecosystems are affected by species loss. most of these  
etermine how ecosystems are affected by species loss. most of these studies have manipulated th 
consequences for the functioning of the ecosystem e.g. the amount of plant biomass produced. th 
 the ecosystem e.g. the amount of plant biomass produced. these experiments are unrealistic for 
iment will determine whether changes in predator species number propagate through the food chai 
od chain to affect herbivore, plant and soil microbe biomass. it will also test whether herbivo 
ffect herbivore, plant and soil microbe biomass. it will also test whether herbivore species nu 
ivore species number, or the pattern of distribution of herbivores on different host plants, af 
 the propagation of effects through the food web. the experiment will reveal novel information  
 novel information about the effects of species loss on ecosystems and the mechanisms by which  
on about the effects of species loss on ecosystems and the mechanisms by which these effects oc 
ur. this has far reaching relevance for conservation biology and for the management of insect s 
ce for conservation biology and for the management of insect species in agricultural ecosystems 
ement of insect species in agricultural ecosystems.  
12710 11 e application of theoretical models and climate change adaptation principles in the landscape a 
ate change adaptation principles in the landscape and assesses the practicality and value of pr 
 the practicality and value of proposed landscape scale adaptation measures on the basis of pra 
icality and value of proposed landscape scale adaptation measures on the basis of practical exp 
y and value of proposed landscape scale adaptation measures on the basis of practical experienc 
al experience. •to provide guidance for policy makers, planners and land managers to help them  
vely manage landscapes that will enable biodiversity to adapt to climate change. •to provide a  
at will enable biodiversity to adapt to climate change. •to provide a short best practice guida 
 short best practice guidance and short policy guidance note. the case study will form the fina 
lone best practice guidance and a short policy guidance note that will help inform policy custo 
icy guidance note that will help inform policy customers of the main issues and identify eviden 
12723 11 e application of theoretical models and climate change adaptation principles in the landscape a 
ate change adaptation principles in the landscape and assesses the practicality and value of pr 
 the practicality and value of proposed landscape scale adaptation measures on the basis of pra 
icality and value of proposed landscape scale adaptation measures on the basis of practical exp 
y and value of proposed landscape scale adaptation measures on the basis of practical experienc 
al experience. •to provide guidance for policy makers, planners and land managers to help them  
vely manage landscapes that will enable biodiversity to adapt to climate change. •to provide a  
at will enable biodiversity to adapt to climate change. •to provide a short best practice guida 
 short best practice guidance and short policy guidance note. the case study will form the fina 
lone best practice guidance and a short policy guidance note that will help inform policy custo 
icy guidance note that will help inform policy customers of the main issues and identify eviden 
12481 6 trategy published in december 2004. the sustainable development strategy published in march 200 
ions international work programme, the ‘millennium ecosystem assessment, not only recognised th 
gical systems provide but realised that policy and planning decisions must also take into accou 
ms provide but realised that policy and planning decisions must also take into account an ecosy 
ecisions must also take into account an ecosystem-based approach can be developed and built int 
ach can be developed and built into the planning process.  
12480 39                                         ecosystems are natural resources that provide people wi 
                         ecosystems are natural resources that provide people with many essenti 
luding for example, air, food, drinking water, landscape, recreation space. the concept of ecos 
for example, air, food, drinking water, landscape, recreation space. the concept of ecosystem s 
, air, food, drinking water, landscape, recreation space. the concept of ecosystem services has 
scape, recreation space. the concept of ecosystem services has been developed internationally b 
eloped internationally by the millenium ecosystem assessment, supported by the global environme 
ernationally by the millenium ecosystem assessment, supported by the global environment facilit 
tem assessment, supported by the global environment facility and the united nations environment 
ronment facility and the united nations environment programme, among others. defras natural env 
programme, among others. defras natural environment programme has already undertaken considerab 
or example on developing inventories of ecosystem services, understanding environmental limits  
 understanding environmental limits and valuation of ecosystem services. the purpose of this pr 
g environmental limits and valuation of ecosystem services. the purpose of this project, howeve 
ect, however, is to assess the types of ecosystem services provided within a particular case st 
ar case study area undergoing extensive urban regeneration and how best they can be evaluated w 
st they can be evaluated within current land use planning and decision-making frameworks. the c 
ed within current land use planning and decision-making frameworks. the case study area selecte 
 area selected is kent thameside, a key development area of the thames gateway growth area with 
 development area of the thames gateway growth area within the governments sustainable communit 
siderable constraints, e.g. in terms of water resource availability, flood risk, air quality, t 
s of water resource availability, flood risk, air quality, transport and biodiversity. however, 
 flood risk, air quality, transport and biodiversity. however, there are extensive areas of bro 
s of brownfield and use of a specialist modelling software tool called stella, which provides a 
 with spatial data analysis provided by gis. the case study, therefore, will enable the explora 
d for different types of analyses, e.g. impacts of different policy options on ecosystem servic 
 of analyses, e.g. impacts of different policy options on ecosystem services, or impact of deve 
 impacts of different policy options on ecosystem services, or impact of development on local e 
ons on ecosystem services, or impact of development on local ecosystem services. in doing so it 
ices, or impact of development on local ecosystem services. in doing so it should provide for a 
 for a much better understanding of the nature of ecosystem services provided by the green grid 
h better understanding of the nature of ecosystem services provided by the green grid and their 
ssex and medway, but also for other key growth areas under the governments sustainable communit 
e a means of integrating the concept of ecosystem services into existing land use planning fram 
ept of ecosystem services into existing land use planning frameworks, for example through local 
g frameworks, for example through local development frameworks, regional spatial strategies and 
eworks, regional spatial strategies and sustainability appraisal. importantly, ecosystem servic 
 sustainability appraisal. importantly, ecosystem services provide a different conceptual appro 
erent conceptual approach to evaluating sustainability, not so much in meeting environmental ,  
15192 1                                  social insects are characterised by the lost of direct reprodu 
2154 18  the dramatic decline in the sugar kelp forest along the coast of southern norway. the sugar ke 
 surveys have found that the sugar kelp forests have disappeared from large areas of the shelte 
d archipelago and are replaced by total dominance of a carpet of silty turf algae. this event h 
tal dominance of a carpet of silty turf algae. this event has been given great attention by sci 
potheses have been suggested, including eutrophication and climatic events. the saccharina proj 
ly to be involved in the observed large-scale shift in vegetation. it will be difficult to find 
ed in the observed large-scale shift in vegetation. it will be difficult to find or test what a 
to study processes of importance for re-growth and restoration of the sugar kelp forests in ord 
ocesses of importance for re-growth and restoration of the sugar kelp forests in order to suppo 
rowth and restoration of the sugar kelp forests in order to support coastal zone management dec 
orests in order to support coastal zone management decisions and ecologically based technical a 
gically based technical actions to help restoration of the kelp forest. the objectives will be  
actions to help restoration of the kelp forest. the objectives will be achieved by experimental 
 be achieved by experimental studies of recruitment, growth and competition in the laboratory w 
by experimental studies of recruitment, growth and competition in the laboratory where the envi 
ntal studies of recruitment, growth and competition in the laboratory where the environmental c 
rticipants from norwegian institute for water research, institute of marine research, universit 
titute for water research, institute of marine research, university of bergen, university of os 
14928 30 them become invasive in the new region. invasive species may monopolize local resources and out 
may alter inter-species interaction and ecosystem functions. therefore, the understanding of de 
e, the understanding of determinants of biological invasions is a major research area of intern 
rch area of international programmes on global change. the main questions posed by these progra 
ith causes of species invasivity and of ecosystem invasibility, together with consequences of b 
sibility, together with consequences of biological invasions. in the last decades it has been a 
he first question; however, many of the biological traits posed as predictors of the invasivene 
plain the high propagation potential of invasive species, while less attention has been paid to 
 ability of successful establishment of exotic species in new regions. regarding the vulnerabil 
c species in new regions. regarding the vulnerability of ecosystems to be invaded, literature s 
regions. regarding the vulnerability of ecosystems to be invaded, literature shows that environ 
ed, literature shows that environmental scenarios promoting biological invasions are frequently 
 that environmental scenarios promoting biological invasions are frequently specific to each in 
vasions are frequently specific to each invasion event. finally, the effects of many plant inva 
 this proposal are: 1 to assess certain traits of plant species, which can be easily obtained f 
in the iberian peninsula. 2 to identify scenarios which promote invasions of alien plants in th 
the main hypotheses to be tested are: 1 alien species whose phenological pattern differs from t 
ogical pattern differs from the average phenology of the local community may successfully occup 
from the average phenology of the local community may successfully occupy non-saturated tempora 
r potential adaptive rate. 4 changes in water, light and/or nutrient availability decline the a 
djustment of native plants to the local environment and create opportunities for alien plants t 
 for alien plants to get established. 5 invasive plants alter nutrient cycles and consequently  
s will be tested on a list of 100 alien invasive species of the iberian peninsula, while the re 
 be checked for particular but relevant invasion events in the inner iberian peninsula. the res 
bute to an early detection of potential invasive plants, to assess environmental impacts of pla 
of potential invasive plants, to assess environmental impacts of plant invasions, and will prov 
t invasions, and will provide tools for decision-making in biodiversity management and conserva 
ll provide tools for decision-making in biodiversity management and conservation.  
ols for decision-making in biodiversity management and conservation.  
n-making in biodiversity management and conservation.  
2538 5 fitness, is the major force for causing evolution of phenotypic characters. in spite of its imp 
spite of its importance for structuring biological diversity at all organismic levels, it is th 
opulations are subject to a fluctuating environment. here we examine the relationship between t 
ioship is likely if fluctuations in the environment produce large temporal variation in phenoty 
age structure. here we will use a novel modelling framework based on the concept of the total r 
11338 10                               inherited bacteria are commonly found in insects, being passed fr 
nherited bacteria are commonly found in insects, being passed from a female to her offspring in 
ale to her offspring inside eggs. these bacteria show a variety of interactions with their host 
oduce has been suggested as driving the ecology and evolution of their host species. however, t 
en suggested as driving the ecology and evolution of their host species. however, the reasons w 
species. however, the reasons why these bacteria are sometimes benign rather than parasitic is  
nsect reproduction is affected by these bacteria is unknown. we will investigate these question 
nce of these parasites for driving host ecology and evolution, and in addition give us understa 
 parasites for driving host ecology and evolution, and in addition give us understanding of why 
derstanding of why interactions between bacteria and their host vary. it will also allow us to  
10687 16             throughout its history, the climate on earth has fluctuated from episodes of extens 
ifferent conditions may appear, earth s climate has nevertheless remained within the bounds tha 
nious mechanisms that help regulate its climate so that it never becomes too hot, or too cold,  
of continental rocks, burial of organic carbon, and changes in the flora of the oceans and cont 
sually takes many millions of years for climate to shift to either generally warmer conditions  
sands of years before recovering to pre-warming levels. in geological terms, these episodes las 
many of these sudden episodes of severe global warming coincided with so-called mass extinction 
million years ago and resulted in major growth of the antarctic ice sheet. this episode is one  
 the continents and from the remains of marine organisms. the composition of these sediments ha 
tions. we can thus use the chemistry of marine sediments as proxies for seawater temperature, c 
arine sediments as proxies for seawater temperature, continental weathering rate, and so on. by 
 a slice of time, we can then infer how temperature and weathering have varied over this interv 
ering have varied over this interval. a succession of sedimentary rocks known as the monterey f 
 that is now exposed along the coast in california contains an excellent, high resolution recor 
ate, high-resolution timescale for this succession through the use of a built-in astronomical c 
predicting the future course of earth s climate. a further objective is to obtain reliable info 
10356 2 inbreeding depression. it suggests that development and physiology must be considered explicitl 
arative microscopy of male reproductive function, aligned with qtl analysis, will be used to un 
14792 8                      seed size is a key life history trait in plants. until recently, this trai 
 in space and in time due to direct and indirect effects of the climatic and structural variabi 
 climatic and structural variability of mediterranean systems. our main starting hypotheses are 
ty in seed size is expected, due to the multifunctionality of cotiledonary seed reserves . if o 
 on climatic factors and/or patterns of land use of holm oak woodlands, results obtained would  
bility in seed size variability confers resistance to global change, either climatic or due to  
 size variability confers resistance to global change, either climatic or due to changes in lan 
e, either climatic or due to changes in land use.  
2085 8                                         density-dependent regulation of mortality in winter, an 
        density-dependent regulation of mortality in winter, and inf1uences of climatic and hab 
 winter, and inf1uences of climatic and habitat quality on fecundity are central processes in t 
 fecundity are central processes in the population dynamics of ungulates in northern environmen 
use data gathered at a large geographic scale, will be used to answer the following questions:  
al variability and variation individual life history influence the growth rate and production o 
n individual life history influence the growth rate and production of herds, and thus the optim 
e history influence the growth rate and production of herds, and thus the optimal harv esting s 
10731 26 nimal species, bigger is better. larger body size reduces the risk of being consumed by predato 
is better. larger body size reduces the risk of being consumed by predators, and can also lead  
e reduces the risk of being consumed by predators, and can also lead to an increase in the numb 
te these apparent benefits of increased body size, mounting evidence suggests that most organis 
significant costs associated with rapid growth. compensatory growth provides a useful means to  
ociated with rapid growth. compensatory growth provides a useful means to study these potential 
 to study these potential costs, and in fish, individuals that have undergone a period of growt 
viduals that have undergone a period of growth compensation tend to display reduced swimming pe 
 that have undergone a period of growth compensation tend to display reduced swimming performan 
for this trade-off between compensatory growth and impaired swimming ability is not understood. 
ndividual variation in the compensatory growth response in fishes, and the extent to which the  
redict the consequences of compensatory growth for the survival and reproductive success of ind 
 and reproductive success of individual fish, and its effects on the dynamics of wild fish popu 
and its effects on the dynamics of wild fish populations. such information would be valuable, e 
ood availability due to factors such as climate change. the proposed research will examine musc 
e muscle fibre structure, biochemistry, metabolism, and swim performance in individual fish to  
ism, and swim performance in individual fish to gain insights into the mechanisms responsible f 
s responsible for the trade-off between growth rate and swim performance. additional laboratory 
e performed to examine the influence of predator presence on individual variation in the growth 
presence on individual variation in the growth response, and also to study the consequences of  
 study the consequences of compensatory growth for individual risk-taking behaviour and reprodu 
s of compensatory growth for individual risk-taking behaviour and reproductive success. finally 
tigate the implications of variation in growth rate for individual fitness. overall, this inter 
tic underpinnings of the costs of rapid growth in fish, and also the consequences of this trade 
innings of the costs of rapid growth in fish, and also the consequences of this trade-off for b 
de-off for behavioural and evolutionary ecology.  
10015 2 ties. many prey protect themselves from predators by investment in repellent secondary defences 
warning signals, signal mimicry and the evolution of secondary defences.  
9910 2 ties. many prey protect themselves from predators by investment in repellent secondary defences 
warning signals, signal mimicry and the evolution of secondary defences.  
14819 42                                         soil degradation due to human activity affects the qual 
                                   soil degradation due to human activity affects the quality o 
 affects the quality of the terrestrial ecosystems and consequently, its biodiversity loss. thi 
strial ecosystems and consequently, its biodiversity loss. this project tries to understand the 
e factors that have an influence on the biodiversity loss, to evaluate the interrelations betwe 
 to evaluate the interrelations between soil quality and biodiversity and its implications on t 
interrelations between soil quality and biodiversity and its implications on the ecosystems fun 
iodiversity and its implications on the ecosystems functioning. topics of current interest are  
interest are the studies that integrate soil genesis aspects, soil degradation and its use with 
es that integrate soil genesis aspects, soil degradation and its use with the biodiversity them 
at integrate soil genesis aspects, soil degradation and its use with the biodiversity thematic. 
, soil degradation and its use with the biodiversity thematic. particularly relevant are the po 
among the loss of organic material, the pollution caused by heavy metals and pesticides, and th 
ganic material, the pollution caused by heavy metals and pesticides, and the soil biological ac 
he pollution caused by heavy metals and pesticides, and the soil biological activity. the kind  
by heavy metals and pesticides, and the soil biological activity. the kind of soil can be the p 
e soil biological activity. the kind of soil can be the primary factor that determines the biod 
 the primary factor that determines the biodiversity in some ecosystems. some authors consider  
hat determines the biodiversity in some ecosystems. some authors consider that in order to reha 
 consider that in order to rehabilitate soils that have lost a great part of their biodiversity 
ls that have lost a great part of their biodiversity is needed an appropriate handling of the o 
g of the organic material, to introduce energy that could maintain the soilsystem, and in such  
stem, and in such a way, to restore the biological diversity loss. on the other hand, the heavy 
tance persistence diminish directly the soil biodiversity and could affect the ecosystem functi 
 soil biodiversity and could affect the ecosystem functioning. the main target of this project  
s project is to study the effect of the soil degradation on the biodiversity loss on different  
ject is to study the effect of the soil degradation on the biodiversity loss on different soils 
e effect of the soil degradation on the biodiversity loss on different soilsystems in the medit 
ty loss on different soilsystems in the mediterranean area that have suffered different sorts o 
a that have suffered different sorts of degradation. the effect of organic material loss in soi 
 loss in soilsystems degraded either by agriculture or deforestation, the pollution by heavy me 
stems degraded either by agriculture or deforestation, the pollution by heavy metals on agroeco 
er by agriculture or deforestation, the pollution by heavy metals on agroecosystems with alread 
ture or deforestation, the pollution by heavy metals on agroecosystems with already known accum 
ation, the pollution by heavy metals on agroecosystems with already known accumulation and the  
s use of the post-control substances on agroecosystems with intense agricultural activity are s 
 within the objective 3.1.causes of the biodiversity loss. habitats loss and fragmentation: eff 
he biodiversity loss. habitats loss and fragmentation: effects of soil degradation on ecosystem 
tats loss and fragmentation: effects of soil degradation on ecosystem functioning and biodivers 
loss and fragmentation: effects of soil degradation on ecosystem functioning and biodiversity  
ntation: effects of soil degradation on ecosystem functioning and biodiversity  
egradation on ecosystem functioning and biodiversity  
10236 7 ropical caves are inhabited by bats and birds that feed on insects in the area surrounding the  
nhabited by bats and birds that feed on insects in the area surrounding the cave, producing lar 
re is very little information about the vegetation and climate of sundaland during the last ice 
le information about the vegetation and climate of sundaland during the last ice age, with no i 
l rainforests, larger than those of the amazon, completely covered equatorial sundaland from ea 
therefore improve our understanding and modelling of global climate changes in the past and pro 
r understanding and modelling of global climate changes in the past and provide vital informati 
9812 7 ropical caves are inhabited by bats and birds that feed on insects in the area surrounding the  
nhabited by bats and birds that feed on insects in the area surrounding the cave, producing lar 
re is very little information about the vegetation and climate of sundaland during the last ice 
le information about the vegetation and climate of sundaland during the last ice age, with no i 
l rainforests, larger than those of the amazon, completely covered equatorial sundaland from ea 
therefore improve our understanding and modelling of global climate changes in the past and pro 
r understanding and modelling of global climate changes in the past and provide vital informati 
14273 2 e in the global biogeochemical cycle of carbon and its perturbations. there remain, however, la 
 concerning the uptake of anthropogenic carbon by the ocean, mainly due to insufficient knowled 
7671 6                                         mediterranean conifers such as cedrus . the potential d 
edrus will be predicted using different climate scenarios and sensitivity tests. the models pro 
ll be predicted using different climate scenarios and sensitivity tests. the models projection  
erable and where potential new suitable habitat may develop with climate change. the models out 
l new suitable habitat may develop with climate change. the models output will play a central r 
 in formulating recommendations for the conservation of resources.  
10370 3  play a fundamental role in structuring marine bacterial communities. recent evidence indicates 
the extent to which cell recognition by grazing protists affects the structure and functionalit 
ects the structure and functionality of marine bacterial communities.  
13853 1 echanistic basis for fungal diseases of forest trees. to do this we focus on the root rot fungu 
13749 16  microbial communities for recalcitrant organic matter formation and nutrient turnover in soils 
tter formation and nutrient turnover in soils under different scenarios of nitrogen sequestrati 
rient turnover in soils under different scenarios of nitrogen sequestration, and fertilization, 
r in soils under different scenarios of nitrogen sequestration, and fertilization, including n  
cenarios of nitrogen sequestration, and fertilization, including n amendments, has been propose 
en proposed as a mean to sequester c in forest ecosystems. however, on a longer term increased  
osed as a mean to sequester c in forest ecosystems. however, on a longer term increased n input 
ith n leaching and deterioration of the forest as a c sink. we will use a combination of differ 
ies on microbial communities in natural soils – to identify the microorganisms that carry out c 
isms that carry out c and n turnover in soils, characterize some of these processes at molecula 
regulated under different environmental scenarios. on a larger scale, we will use a network of  
nt environmental scenarios. on a larger scale, we will use a network of sites in northern europ 
will use a network of sites in northern europe. our research programme is essential in order to 
ion and risks of nutrient leaching from soils. a centre for soil microbial ecology will be esta 
rient leaching from soils. a centre for soil microbial ecology will be established to accomplis 
 leaching from soils. a centre for soil microbial ecology will be established to accomplish thi 
13848 15 stablished permanent populations in the baltic sea. in the wake of large-scale consequences for 
in the baltic sea. in the wake of large-scale consequences for biodiversity and ecosystem proce 
he wake of large-scale consequences for biodiversity and ecosystem processes in the great lakes 
scale consequences for biodiversity and ecosystem processes in the great lakes after invasion o 
stem processes in the great lakes after invasion of this and similar species complement the stu 
obtained by stomach content analysis of fish as well as by using stable isotope analysis of the 
 stable isotope analysis of the pelagic food web suggest that trophic position of herring in th 
per has changed substantially after the invasion. with the central role of this species in the  
ral role of this species in the pelagic food web, this implies that the invasion by cercopagis  
pelagic food web, this implies that the invasion by cercopagis has resulted in a general food w 
by cercopagis has resulted in a general food web change. to provide essential information for r 
e. to provide essential information for risk assessment of the invasion, further studies will e 
 information for risk assessment of the invasion, further studies will evaluate the potential i 
cercopagis on structural and functional biodiversity and significance of cercopagis as a consum 
cercopagis as a consumer and a prey for fish.  
15267 10  waters cover 95% of the canary islands marine ecosystem. however, little is known about the bi 
 cover 95% of the canary islands marine ecosystem. however, little is known about the biologic  
dental islands. cetacean are considered indicator species in the marine ecosystem due to their  
are considered indicator species in the marine ecosystem due to their position as top-predators 
sidered indicator species in the marine ecosystem due to their position as top-predators in the 
 ecosystem due to their position as top-predators in the trhophic net and to their life history 
dators in the trhophic net and to their life history. the occidental canary islands are home to 
ess their possible incorporation to the nature 200 network. in this context, it is important th 
hat there is an initiative to declare a marine protected area around el hierro.  
re is an initiative to declare a marine protected area around el hierro.  
12642 4 mprehensive estimates of common dolphin abundance in offshore european atlantic waters. abundan 
e in offshore european atlantic waters. abundance will also be estimated for other delphinid sp 
ided dolphin and striped-dolphin. these abundance estimates together with those from will enabl 
r with those from will enable the first assessment of the impact of common dolphin and other sm 
12661 2 ill lead to better understanding of the nature and extent and of cetacean strandings which in t 
ndings which in turn will enable better management. the information from this project ensures t 
12309 4 ed threats from diseases as a result of climate change, which will bring milder, wetter winters 
mphasised the importance of arable crop disease control for climate change mitigation .  
ance of arable crop disease control for climate change mitigation .  
crop disease control for climate change mitigation .  
10788 17 ortant natural laboratory for examining ecosystem responses to climate change, and it is vital  
ry for examining ecosystem responses to climate change, and it is vital that the biological cha 
 a combination of the simplicity of its ecosystems, which exhibit restricted species diversity  
ts ecosystems, which exhibit restricted species diversity and food chain complexity, with envir 
ricted species diversity and food chain complexity, with environmental warming which is occurri 
od chain complexity, with environmental warming which is occurring at approximately twice the r 
rch will develop novel experimental and modelling techniques to find out the importance in anta 
to find out the importance in antarctic soils of specific forms of nitrogen. in addition, we wa 
in antarctic soils of specific forms of nitrogen. in addition, we want to find out whether thes 
find out whether these forms of organic nitrogen are available to microbes and plants, and whet 
ble to microbes and plants, and whether global warming will alter the nitrogen dynamics of anta 
d whether global warming will alter the nitrogen dynamics of antarctic soils. we hypothesize th 
lter the nitrogen dynamics of antarctic soils. we hypothesize that our research may offer an ex 
 continent. the work directly underpins policy relating to climate change and biodiversity in p 
k directly underpins policy relating to climate change and biodiversity in polar regions. the w 
s policy relating to climate change and biodiversity in polar regions. the work is also extreme 
remely relevant to many other low-input ecosystems around the world .  
10804 17 ortant natural laboratory for examining ecosystem responses to climate change, and it is vital  
ry for examining ecosystem responses to climate change, and it is vital that the biological cha 
 a combination of the simplicity of its ecosystems, which exhibit restricted species diversity  
ts ecosystems, which exhibit restricted species diversity and food chain complexity, with envir 
ricted species diversity and food chain complexity, with environmental warming which is occurri 
od chain complexity, with environmental warming which is occurring at approximately twice the r 
rch will develop novel experimental and modelling techniques to find out the importance in anta 
to find out the importance in antarctic soils of specific forms of nitrogen. in addition, we wa 
in antarctic soils of specific forms of nitrogen. in addition, we want to find out whether thes 
find out whether these forms of organic nitrogen are available to microbes and plants, and whet 
ble to microbes and plants, and whether global warming will alter the nitrogen dynamics of anta 
d whether global warming will alter the nitrogen dynamics of antarctic soils. we hypothesize th 
lter the nitrogen dynamics of antarctic soils. we hypothesize that our research may offer an ex 
 continent. the work directly underpins policy relating to climate change and biodiversity in p 
k directly underpins policy relating to climate change and biodiversity in polar regions. the w 
s policy relating to climate change and biodiversity in polar regions. the work is also extreme 
remely relevant to many other low-input ecosystems around the world .  
12014 26                              objectives ecosystem effects of fishing are well described . the r 
        objectives ecosystem effects of fishing are well described . the resistance of communit 
cts of fishing are well described . the resistance of communities to environmental modification 
ntal modifications such as those due to climate change could then be altered. changes in the co 
es in the composition of the catches of fisheries are explained by these ecosystem effects , bu 
hes of fisheries are explained by these ecosystem effects , but also by the exploitation strate 
multi-decadal changes of the ecological community-fishery system, the key ecological and econom 
guyana. results despite contrasted mean temperature regimes, a 1°c sea surface warming was obse 
 temperature regimes, a 1°c sea surface warming was observed during the last two decades. chang 
last two decades. changes of the ground-fish community structure were observed and interpreted  
two decades. changes of the ground-fish community structure were observed and interpreted as co 
 and interpreted as combined effects of fishing and warming in the bay of biscay and guyana cas 
eted as combined effects of fishing and warming in the bay of biscay and guyana cases. greater  
bay of biscay and guyana cases. greater impacts in the biscay case could be explained by heavie 
ed by heavier exploitation and/or lower resistance of the low diversity system as compared to g 
tion and/or lower resistance of the low diversity system as compared to guyana . the changes ob 
e changes observed in the south-morroco community could be attributed only to fishing impacts a 
o community could be attributed only to fishing impacts as the temporal variability of the upwe 
ity could be attributed only to fishing impacts as the temporal variability of the upwelling ma 
riability of the upwelling may hide the warming effects. facing ecosystem effects of fishing an 
ng may hide the warming effects. facing ecosystem effects of fishing and of climate change, the 
ng effects. facing ecosystem effects of fishing and of climate change, the studied fisheries we 
ing ecosystem effects of fishing and of climate change, the studied fisheries were able to part 
hing and of climate change, the studied fisheries were able to partly adapt their strategies. h 
adapt their strategies. however, public policy appeared a promising tool. several sessions dedi 
 dedicated to integrated approaches for fisheries were organised by the teams involved in the p 
1947 4                          protection and restoration of plant biodiversity of semi-natural commu 
    protection and restoration of plant biodiversity of semi-natural communities on mesotrofic  
mmunities on mesotrofic and oligotrofic soils is one of the key issues of the ecological main s 
the ecological main structure and their management.  
440 11                                         biological traits are assumed to control the distributi 
gical traits are assumed to control the distribution of species across environmental gradients  
ecies across environmental gradients of disturbance and resource availability. to test this hyp 
esis at a large geographic and specific scale, we developed a data base, plantraits, with which 
one of the 61 individual and population traits currently defined in plantraits, taken on 2685 s 
g which 45% are tropical species. those traits were measured at one or more of 319 locations wo 
owed us to investigate in various known trade-offs and relationships, and to identify potential 
potential proxys of uneasily accessible traits such as leaf thickness to include plantraits in  
ata bases, including worldwide bases of climate and soil properties. this will contribute to th 
ncluding worldwide bases of climate and soil properties. this will contribute to the emerging f 
 relationships between plants and their environment.  
528 12 s without any doubt the major threat to biodiversity in france. this phenomenon is the conseque 
is phenomenon is the consequence of the intensification of agriculture on an important area of  
e consequence of the intensification of agriculture on an important area of the national territ 
 we chose to study it in an area in the mediterranean region where it is decreasing because of  
because of the persistence of a dynamic agriculture, but nonetheless worrying because the pract 
ces and the methods used to exploit the soil request less and less the resources of open enviro 
over, apart from being the last big sub-mediterranean area of grasslands and chalky moors, the  
 the last big sub-mediterranean area of grasslands and chalky moors, the region of the grands c 
mation in terms of interactions between agriculture - biodiversity. in this area, several farmi 
s of interactions between agriculture - biodiversity. in this area, several farming systems co- 
systems co-exist with various stages of environment closures. furthermore, the grasslands there 
 environment closures. furthermore, the grasslands there are colonized by a small number of lig 
12656 4                      an analysis of the species composition and abundance of breeding birds in  
analysis of the species composition and abundance of breeding birds in urban and suburban housi 
s composition and abundance of breeding birds in urban and suburban housing areas in relation t 
tion and abundance of breeding birds in urban and suburban housing areas in relation to surroun 
14883 3  this proposal addresses the changes in resilience of a mediterranean freshwater marsh is tackl 
ddresses the changes in resilience of a mediterranean freshwater marsh is tackled too.  
hanges in resilience of a mediterranean freshwater marsh is tackled too.  
11294 6                            the issue of carbon field experiment at the moor house national natu 
d experiment at the moor house national nature reserve, northern england, with various grazing  
reserve, northern england, with various grazing and burning treatments. we will manipulate vege 
 burning treatments. we will manipulate vegetation of different management systems to test how  
will manipulate vegetation of different management systems to test how this affects c cycling i 
take of c by plants and its transfer to soil, and then back to the atmopshere.  
11305 6                    summary the issue of carbon field experiment at the moor house national natu 
d experiment at the moor house national nature reserve, northern england, with various grazing  
reserve, northern england, with various grazing and burning treatments. we will manipulate vege 
 burning treatments. we will manipulate vegetation of different management systems to test how  
will manipulate vegetation of different management systems to test how this affects c cycling i 
take of c by plants and its transfer to soil, and then back to the atmopshere.  
14949 11  decades, have on plant communities and soil. the short period of time since the treatments are 
 continuity in both experimentation and monitoring. in this new phase we want to address the ef 
dress the effects of climatic change on soil microbes, particularly mycorrhiza and bacteria, wh 
l microbes, particularly mycorrhiza and bacteria, which we expect to respond earlier to manipul 
ulations. we want to see the effects of precipitation changes on soil respiration and soil carb 
the effects of precipitation changes on soil respiration and soil carbon accumulation, and rela 
itation changes on soil respiration and soil carbon accumulation, and relate these changes to m 
on this topic has been carried out in n europe, the us and the arctic. but, apart that vegetati 
 the us and the arctic. but, apart that vegetation responses would be very different from medit 
 responses would be very different from mediterranean ecosystems, very few scientists have atte 
ld be very different from mediterranean ecosystems, very few scientists have attempted to manip 
15388 7                       despite semi-arid ecosystems occupy globally a wide extension of the land 
the land surface, the studies examining function in relation with global change in this type of 
ies examining function in relation with global change in this type of ecosystems are relatively 
tion with global change in this type of ecosystems are relatively scarce. one of the most inter 
ing and intriguing aspects of semi-arid ecosystems is the role that biological soil crusts the  
f semi-arid ecosystems is the role that biological soil crusts the intrinsic variability of the 
g-rewetting cycles in stipa tenaccisima ecosystems at the center of the iberian peninsula.  
14875 2 ates by leguminose shrubs and rhizobium biodiversity will be examined along the chronosequence. 
biodiversity will be examined along the chronosequence.  
7150 17 nd sorghum are the staple food and main energy food source for populations of sahelian countrie 
 of sahelian countries like niger. agro ecosystems in this country are exposed to profound chan 
e results of a detailed analysis of the genetic diversity of millet grown in a limited area of  
urce of significant disturbances in the diversity of millet varieties. no precise study on a la 
varieties. no precise study on a larger scale on the development of agro-biodiversity of millet 
 precise study on a larger scale on the development of agro-biodiversity of millet and sorghum  
larger scale on the development of agro-biodiversity of millet and sorghum in relation to chang 
ing to varieties, the cropping systems, climate and soil conditions and demographic, entries co 
ties, the cropping systems, climate and soil conditions and demographic, entries conducted to d 
 project: • characterize changes in the diversity of millet and sorghum grown in niger for more 
• identify factors that influenced this development: physical and biotic environment, human env 
d this development: physical and biotic environment, human environment. this project is first b 
 physical and biotic environment, human environment. this project is first based on data and pl 
ther the material needed to compare the diversity between 1976 and 2003, approached by analysis 
hat of data characterizing the physical environment and bio-economic, will interpret any variat 
nomic, will interpret any variations in diversity in the light of changes in the natural and hu 
ght of changes in the natural and human environment  
14175 7  the stratigraphic record. knowledge of habitat preferences of taxa, general distribution patte 
of habitat preferences of taxa, general distribution pattern of ecological assemblages of fauna 
cation in time and space, and trends in abundance and diversity variations provides information 
 and space, and trends in abundance and diversity variations provides information essential to  
thologically, these strata consist of a succession of quite homogeneous more or less calcareous 
y high sea level. still, we assume that sedimentation in the baltic silurian palaeobasin was no 
 only we think that they still affected distribution of faunas and can be traced via detailed s 
6945 7 f the study is to reveal the population density and biodiversity of microbial communities inhab 
is to reveal the population density and biodiversity of microbial communities inhabiting the na 
tivity affected habitats. examining the abundance of microorganisms in the uncovered and differ 
ck surfaces, revealing the phylogenetic distribution and the potential metabolic activities of  
icrobial communities can also be a good indicator of degradation of karst environments due to h 
unities can also be a good indicator of degradation of karst environments due to human impacts. 
egradation of karst environments due to human impacts.  
10499 1 ization, gene expression and phenotypic evolution, we will compare these processes in both natu 
10699 1 ization, gene expression and phenotypic evolution, we will compare these processes in both natu 
7156 5 ar place are those that have functional biological traits values ​​compatible with the constrai 
ble with the constraints imposed by the environment, and these are the functional characteristi 
untered and the characteristics of many biological traits is an essential step to test this hyp 
lyzable form, quantified information on functional traits variations of herbaceous and woody sp 
 contrasting climates of regions on the evolution of plant communities and provide in significa 
11062 24 ilability and high nutritional value of marine resources means that they should have been a con 
, finding evidence for the intensity of marine exploitation in the archaeological record is pro 
c, due in part to the poor survival and recovery of fish remains, the processing of marine food 
rt to the poor survival and recovery of fish remains, the processing of marine foods and the ra 
very of fish remains, the processing of marine foods and the rarity of fishing paraphernalia or 
ssing of marine foods and the rarity of fishing paraphernalia or other related artefacts. stabl 
alia or other related artefacts. stable carbon and nitrogen isotope signals for marine foods im 
er related artefacts. stable carbon and nitrogen isotope signals for marine foods imprinted in  
carbon and nitrogen isotope signals for marine foods imprinted in human bone collagen were init 
nd island mesolithic people did utilise marine foods but that the neolithic, after the adoption 
dence for the continued exploitation of marine resources throughout prehistory at sites along t 
at sites along the atlantic seaboard of europe. this may signify that collagen isotope analysis 
o detect low or sporadic consumption of marine protein, nor will it detect the exploitation of  
 nor will it detect the exploitation of marine fats and oils. therefore, tracing changing patte 
therefore, tracing changing patterns of marine exploitation throughout prehistory still pose an 
d a new way to detect the processing of marine products at a highly sensitive level. organic re 
ed thousands of years later. until now, marine fats have been difficult to identify since the d 
ighly diagnostic compounds derived from marine lipids, which persist over archaeological timesc 
pounds to track prehistoric patterns of marine food consumption, beginning with the early neoli 
range of scottish and irish sites where marine resource exploitation would have continued along 
temporary peoples were exploiting their environment. where longer sequences of occupation exist 
t, we will explore changing patterns in marine resource exploitation through time. island sites 
inement and implementation of these new marine biomarker proxies therefore offer the potential  
 new insights into changing patterns of marine resource exploitation by humans in antiquity at  
10349 11                  the dynamics of mature tropical forests have changed in the late 20th century  
ed in the late 20th century - long-term forest plots show increased biomass and rates of tree m 
- long-term forest plots show increased biomass and rates of tree mortality and recruitment - b 
how increased biomass and rates of tree mortality and recruitment - but the underlying drivers  
biomass and rates of tree mortality and recruitment - but the underlying drivers of these chang 
vely and quantitatively, the network of tropical forest plots, integrate it with soil and clima 
ropical forest plots, integrate it with soil and climate data, then creatively use this data to 
orest plots, integrate it with soil and climate data, then creatively use this data to identify 
involved will help us to understand the impacts of changing dynamics on biodiversity and climat 
and the impacts of changing dynamics on biodiversity and climate change  
f changing dynamics on biodiversity and climate change  
11786 11                  the dynamics of mature tropical forests have changed in the late 20th century  
ed in the late 20th century - long-term forest plots show increased biomass and rates of tree m 
- long-term forest plots show increased biomass and rates of tree mortality and recruitment - b 
how increased biomass and rates of tree mortality and recruitment - but the underlying drivers  
biomass and rates of tree mortality and recruitment - but the underlying drivers of these chang 
vely and quantitatively, the network of tropical forest plots, integrate it with soil and clima 
ropical forest plots, integrate it with soil and climate data, then creatively use this data to 
orest plots, integrate it with soil and climate data, then creatively use this data to identify 
involved will help us to understand the impacts of changing dynamics on biodiversity and climat 
and the impacts of changing dynamics on biodiversity and climate change.  
f changing dynamics on biodiversity and climate change.  
11463 9                      most environmental microbial diversity, particularly archaeal diversity, i 
robial diversity, particularly archaeal diversity, is poorly characterised and we have little u 
vely halophilic, archaea from the colne estuary. group 1 isolates can grow at seawater saliniti 
water salinities and we hypothesis that salinity and temperature interact to allow these organi 
ies and we hypothesis that salinity and temperature interact to allow these organisms to surviv 
der varying salinities and temperatures growth of these groups of isolates to determine the int 
es to determine the interactive role of salinity and temperature on their growth. this work may 
ne the interactive role of salinity and temperature on their growth. this work may help explain 
le of salinity and temperature on their growth. this work may help explain the presence of arch 
11802 9                      most environmental microbial diversity, particularly archaeal diversity, i 
robial diversity, particularly archaeal diversity, is poorly characterised and we have little u 
vely halophilic, archaea from the colne estuary. group 1 isolates can grow at seawater saliniti 
water salinities and we hypothesis that salinity and temperature interact to allow these organi 
ies and we hypothesis that salinity and temperature interact to allow these organisms to surviv 
der varying salinities and temperatures growth of these groups of isolates to determine the int 
es to determine the interactive role of salinity and temperature on their growth. this work may 
ne the interactive role of salinity and temperature on their growth. this work may help explain 
le of salinity and temperature on their growth. this work may help explain the presence of arch 
11013 7 tions between biogeochemical cycling of carbon and water in semi-arid regions of the western u. 
en biogeochemical cycling of carbon and water in semi-arid regions of the western u.s comprisin 
s is that biogenic emission of reactive carbon gases from plants and soil, and wind transport o 
f reactive carbon gases from plants and soil, and wind transport of primary carbonaceous partic 
 formation of cloud condensation nuclei bacteria, fungal spores, pollen, leaf litter , and in d 
nuclei bacteria, fungal spores, pollen, leaf litter , and in derived from bacterial decompositi 
 litter , and in derived from bacterial decomposition of these particles. biological in are par 
11461 4 n in bacilli. when grown in bioflims, a marine strain of bacillus licheniformis produces compou 
oflim grown cells can induce antibiotic production in planktonic cells. compounds released from 
om bioflims of bacillus subtilist and a marine bacillus pumilus can also induce antibiotic prod 
llus pumilus can also induce antibiotic production in b. licheniformis cell suspensions. we wil 
9937 4 n in bacilli. when grown in bioflims, a marine strain of bacillus licheniformis produces compou 
oflim grown cells can induce antibiotic production in planktonic cells. compounds released from 
om bioflims of bacillus subtilist and a marine bacillus pumilus can also induce antibiotic prod 
llus pumilus can also induce antibiotic production in b. licheniformis cell suspensions. we wil 
12514 6 ble, food processing and manufacturing, distribution and retailing. the supply chain in each se 
re blocking market entry, operation and development. this will identiy topics for targeted case 
barriers to market entry, operation and development in each sector will be identified by consid 
entified by considering factors such as production capability, processing and manufacturing cap 
 processing and manufacturing capacity, distribution, consumption, the retail market and access 
 penetration of the organic market into urban versus rural areas will be investigated. a projec 
10818 7                                         soil usually possesses a microbiotic crust at the surfa 
gically formed and contains autotrophic algae and cyanobacteria. since these layers form at the 
rmed and contains autotrophic algae and cyanobacteria. since these layers form at the soil surf 
acteria. since these layers form at the soil surface, they have considerable importance in dete 
 considerable importance in determining water infiltration and evaporation, erosion and gas exc 
ing water infiltration and evaporation, erosion and gas exchange. current regulatory guidelines 
p provides interdisiplinary training in soil science, microbiology and the environmental chemis 
11476 19 at is both produced and consumed in the marine environment. we have recently isolated a number  
oth produced and consumed in the marine environment. we have recently isolated a number of nove 
olated a number of novel mebr-degrading bacteria from the marine environment. these bacteria gr 
 novel mebr-degrading bacteria from the marine environment. these bacteria grow on mebr and rel 
mebr-degrading bacteria from the marine environment. these bacteria grow on mebr and related co 
eria from the marine environment. these bacteria grow on mebr and related compounds such as met 
ations suggest that the initial step in degradation of mebr occurs via novel methyltransferase  
sms in cycling of methyl halides in the environment and our knowledge of the mechanisms of meth 
edge of the mechanisms of methyl halide degradation is at present limited to methyltransferases 
al strains of methyl chloride utilising bacteria. in order to gain a better understanding of th 
anisms for the breakdown of mebr in the environment, we propose to characterise these new mebr  
o characterise these new mebr utilising bacteria at the physiological, biochemical and molecula 
 in order to assess their potential for development of commercial biotransformation processes u 
ses using whole cells of mebr utilising bacteria. the results obtained will provide essential b 
biological data on a portfolio of novel marine bacteria in order to determine if these types of 
cal data on a portfolio of novel marine bacteria in order to determine if these types of bacter 
in order to determine if these types of bacteria can be exploited as biocatalysts. we will use  
 characterise the initial steps in mebr degradation pathways. methyltransferases and related en 
wide range of halogenated substrates in oxygen electrode and gas chromatography experiments. if 
10743 4 ontinue the measurement of organic n in precipitation across the uk, using the new protocols fo 
ial source areas. input of organic n to forest soils will be measured in throughfall. the resul 
rce areas. input of organic n to forest soils will be measured in throughfall. the results will 
 inorganic n deposition as ammonium and nitrate.  
11755 4 ontinue the measurement of organic n in precipitation across the uk, using the new protocols fo 
ial source areas. input of organic n to forest soils will be measured in throughfall. the resul 
rce areas. input of organic n to forest soils will be measured in throughfall. the results will 
 inorganic n deposition as ammonium and nitrate.  
9974 4 ontinue the measurement of organic n in precipitation across the uk, using the new protocols fo 
ial source areas. input of organic n to forest soils will be measured in throughfall. the resul 
rce areas. input of organic n to forest soils will be measured in throughfall. the results will 
 inorganic n deposition as ammonium and nitrate.  
12185 19     defra have identified compaction in grasslands as an important issue that may threaten the  
at may threaten the achievement of agri-environment scheme objectives in england and wales. the 
 a need to improve our understanding of soil compaction in grasslands and to identify and evalu 
our understanding of soil compaction in grasslands and to identify and evaluate mitigation meth 
grasslands and to identify and evaluate mitigation methods that will enhance the ability of agr 
ethods that will enhance the ability of agri-environment schemes to meet their objectives. in t 
 we will carry out a national survey of soil compaction in grasslands. we will identify and vis 
a national survey of soil compaction in grasslands. we will identify and visit 300 grassland fi 
sslands. we will identify and visit 300 grassland fields covering improved, semi-improved and u 
 improved, semi-improved and unimproved grassland pastures and hay meadows; fields within and w 
 hay meadows; fields within and without agri-environment schemes and biodiversity. the findings 
nd without agri-environment schemes and biodiversity. the findings will be summarised in an int 
ed in an interim report on the national grassland characterisation survey and a final report on 
d a final report on the plot- and field-scale experiments, including an assessment of the ecolo 
d field-scale experiments, including an assessment of the ecological processes/mechanisms invol 
cal information that could underpin the production of a technical advice note on soil compactio 
roduction of a technical advice note on soil compaction and loosening and the establishment of  
 and loosening and the establishment of grassland plant communities. in addition, results will  
e communicated through regionally based soil workshops for advisers and land managers via visit 
10228 5 heoretically, the introduction into any environment of a pair of sexually reproducing animals d 
 introduction. outputs will include the production of predictive models of processes essential  
ictive models of processes essential to invasion success that can be used to underpin current p 
n current preventative, remediation and mitigation techniques of alien species in the uk and be 
emediation and mitigation techniques of alien species in the uk and beyond.  
11625 8                                    wind erosion is a serious problem in many semi-arid environm 
 of its occurrence and extent require a model of erodibility. erodibility is difficult to estim 
erably in space and time. existing wind erosion models cannot easily be applied over several sc 
 easily be applied over several scales. remote sensing data has tackled these scaling issues wi 
 some success but the models of surface soil erodibility are very crude. the aim is to establis 
ablish a physical basis between surface soil properties including roughness and bi-directional  
tra and to develop the applicability of remote sensing data for wind erosion models.  
ability of remote sensing data for wind erosion models.  
13465 16 ybee is vital for maintaining levels of biodiversity and agricultural production through its ro 
levels of biodiversity and agricultural production through its role in plant pollination. howev 
al production through its role in plant pollination. however, it is threatened by several facto 
y several factors, including pathogens, biological invasions, climate change and pollution. hon 
luding pathogens, biological invasions, climate change and pollution. honeybees, and the plants 
iological invasions, climate change and pollution. honeybees, and the plants that rely on them, 
ated to have diverged and spread across africa and eurasia around one million years ago. natura 
ubspecies becoming adapted to its local environment. more recently, the management of colonies  
s local environment. more recently, the management of colonies by humans has resulted in artifi 
d in artificial selection for desirable traits. our goal is to uncover the molecular basis of t 
to uncover the molecular basis of these traits, such as cold adaptation and gentleness. to achi 
lar basis of these traits, such as cold adaptation and gentleness. to achieve this, we will sur 
echnology. we will then scan these fine-scale patterns of genetic variation for the characteris 
e genetic variation underlying adaptive traits could be crucial in maintaining them in the face 
 will be valuable for studying honeybee ecology and evolution.  
uable for studying honeybee ecology and evolution.  
13359 10  forage crops to be grown very variable climate and soil conditions are required both rehabilit 
s to be grown very variable climate and soil conditions are required both rehabilitation of pas 
e and soil conditions are required both rehabilitation of pastures and evaluating and rehabilit 
legume species are used utilization and rehabilitation of agricultural and marginal areas espec 
marginal areas especially for providing nitrogen to soil, improving soil texture and supplying  
as especially for providing nitrogen to soil, improving soil texture and supplying with high yi 
r providing nitrogen to soil, improving soil texture and supplying with high yield and quality  
ng soil texture and supplying with high yield and quality hay. strawberry clover is one of fora 
ns and adapted salty and poorly drained soil. in this study the national collection at aegean a 
for various agronomic and morphological traits for the further breeding studies  
14514 6                                     the conservation of earths biodiversity is nowadays one of  
             the conservation of earths biodiversity is nowadays one of the priorities of susta 
ty is nowadays one of the priorities of sustainable development. in this sense, among many opti 
 in this sense, among many options, the development of strategies of ex situ reproduction for s 
es which are endangered or in danger of extinction. related to this model, germoplasm banks .  
n danger of extinction. related to this model, germoplasm banks .  
1096 5 al, the animals will be submitted to an adaptation period at the new conditions for nero sicili 
 index will be calculated. at slaughter ph45 will be measured and from right side, sample joint 
ing determinations will be carried out: ph; colour will be carried out. the results of these an 
ducts will be submitted to organoleptic evaluation by trained panel. the results will be analys 
d at the 6th international symposium of mediterranean pig, that will be held in sicily in the 2 
15217 9  characterization of the extreme acidic ecosystem of rio tinto to generate an operative model o 
m of rio tinto to generate an operative model of a unique environment, in which not only the bi 
generate an operative model of a unique environment, in which not only the biological diversity 
ique environment, in which not only the biological diversity is considered but its functional r 
nent group has a vast experience in the model of study and masters most of the methodologies re 
t of the methodologies required for the development of the project. the results obtained during 
roject. the results obtained during the development of the grant cgl2006-02534, more than 40 pu 
blications, back up the interest of the model and the convenience of a deeper characterization  
nce of a deeper characterization of the ecosystem and the search for possible applications.  
14749 6 ematic study of the tinto river extreme ecosystem with the aim to generate a functional model i 
m with the aim to generate a functional model in which not only the biological diversity is con 
 functional model in which not only the biological diversity is considered but its relationship 
2-02148, which is in its final stage of development, and contains the extension of several obje 
f the experience accumulated during its development. the project is multidisciplinary and has t 
ent fases underline the interest of the model system and the convenience of its extension.  
15181 10 s thought to be the cause of the severe disease that affects pyrenean chamois populations. mort 
t affects pyrenean chamois populations. mortality associated to this virus has reached values a 
tudied. since 2001, severe outbreaks of disease have been reported in three important protected 
e have been reported in three important protected areas, while in other areas, we have not obse 
n other areas, we have not observed the disease or there have been only isolated cases of disea 
 there have been only isolated cases of disease. we have studied more than 100 affected chamois 
the epidemiological surveillance of the disease. the objectives are: 1. epidemiological surveil 
 epidemiological surveillance of border disease virus infection in the population of chamois fr 
ith monoclonal antibodies of the border disease virus isolated from diseased chamois. the resul 
 epidemiological characteristics of the disease.  
7509 1 o precisely characterize the outside of disease reproduction toxicity test animals. this incurs 
7501 3 . it also differs from the viewpoint of ecology and its chemistry by the yellow color of flesh  
 heavily involved in relations with the environment. the second objective is the search for rel 
ionships between these polymorphisms or classification resulting in clean and adaptive characte 
15334 8 ic complex, which comprises two western mediterranean endemics mainly self-sterile from the ast 
 asteraceae , who proposed a predictive model for gen s diversity in steady panmictic populatio 
o proposed a predictive model for gen s diversity in steady panmictic populations mainly based  
ductive system in these species and the diversity in incompatibility groups may show conservati 
sity in incompatibility groups may show conservation implications. in small populations, reduct 
ing, promoting reduction of fitness and extinction risks. bearing that in mind, eventual collec 
tual collections of seeds for germplasm conservation should take care to gather a significant d 
hould take care to gather a significant diversity of alleles to avoid harmful effects disturbin 
7510 4 e of the project is to characterize the biodiversity of two groups abundant archaea in deep oce 
of methods for the characterization and classification of isolates obtained from geographically 
nt hydrothermal sites. because of their abundance in these ecosystems and their biotechnologica 
es. because of their abundance in these ecosystems and their biotechnological interest, the ord 
7384 1 yze the microsatellite polymorphism and evolution compared, in time, in space, in that they are 
7625 21 ots increases the shear strength of the soil, but they do not take into account the architectur 
not take into account the architectural complexity of the root system of trees. so we will ende 
o evaluate the effects of architectural traits of interest for soil reinforcement and integrate 
of architectural traits of interest for soil reinforcement and integrate these effects in slope 
nt and integrate these effects in slope stability models. the approach is based on the embodime 
pproach is based on the embodiment 1 of soil shear tests reinforced by roots; 2- developing dig 
ping digital models ground roots at the scale of the tree; 3. the implementation of a digital e 
esign to quantify the influence of root traits on soil resistance; 4- integration of these resu 
uantify the influence of root traits on soil resistance; 4- integration of these results in a s 
fy the influence of root traits on soil resistance; 4- integration of these results in a slope  
integration of these results in a slope stability scale model of a catchment. the use of vegeta 
n of these results in a slope stability scale model of a catchment. the use of vegetation, espe 
hese results in a slope stability scale model of a catchment. the use of vegetation, especially 
 scale model of a catchment. the use of vegetation, especially forest ecosystems, with a view t 
ment. the use of vegetation, especially forest ecosystems, with a view to ensuring a protective 
he use of vegetation, especially forest ecosystems, with a view to ensuring a protective functi 
s, with a view to ensuring a protective function against various natural hazards in the mountai 
t alpine areas, silviculture guides pir ecological engineering in 2010 providing recommendation 
providing recommendations silvicultural management of mountain forests. the major scientific la 
ns silvicultural management of mountain forests. the major scientific latch on improving these  
on between the root system of trees and soil  
14588 8         the autochthonous olive orchard agroecosystem in extremadura must be protected because  
because of the ecological importance in soils protection, as soils in many zones of extremadura 
ical importance in soils protection, as soils in many zones of extremadura are in precarious st 
ura are in precarious state, due to low ph and soil development, under extreme temperature and  
 in precarious state, due to low ph and soil development, under extreme temperature and drought 
recarious state, due to low ph and soil development, under extreme temperature and drought. mor 
 ph and soil development, under extreme temperature and drought. more than 80 olive varieties e 
elopment, under extreme temperature and drought. more than 80 olive varieties exists in extrema 
157 16   the aim of the project is to describe distribution of charophytes in estonian coastal areas o 
phytes in estonian coastal areas of the baltic sea and to evaluate the importance of this group 
valuate the importance of this group of algae in the total flux of energy and matter of the coa 
his group of algae in the total flux of energy and matter of the coastal ecosystem. being a qui 
lux of energy and matter of the coastal ecosystem. being a quite unique and small group of macr 
being a quite unique and small group of macroalgae in estonian coastal sea the total importance 
caused mainly by taxonomic problems and development peculiarities of charophyte species . evalu 
t peculiarities of charophyte species . evaluation of production and growth rates of different  
s of charophyte species . evaluation of production and growth rates of different charophyte spe 
 species . evaluation of production and growth rates of different charophyte species in relatio 
 to different environmental conditions. evaluation of importance of grazing on development of c 
conditions. evaluation of importance of grazing on development of charophyte community. evaluat 
 evaluation of importance of grazing on development of charophyte community. evaluation of rege 
of grazing on development of charophyte community. evaluation of regeneration ability of charop 
on development of charophyte community. evaluation of regeneration ability of charophyte commun 
n of regeneration ability of charophyte community after mechanical damage .  
14858 2  guide to contributors, there is a wide heterogeneity among the contributions from different au 
gy to follow, together with the project planning and estimated timetable.  
12404 9                   summary objective: to review existing research and techniques, fill knowledge 
ure in relation to chemical hazards and impacts in the marine environment. this will be in 5 mo 
 to chemical hazards and impacts in the marine environment. this will be in 5 modules; passive  
mical hazards and impacts in the marine environment. this will be in 5 modules; passive samplin 
 sampling; emerging contaminants; flood risk sediments; modifiers to chemical risk and human ex 
d risk sediments; modifiers to chemical risk and human exposure to chemical contaminants key cu 
 customer purpose: understanding of the impacts of chemicals in the marine environment remains  
ding of the impacts of chemicals in the marine environment remains a priority issue for defra a 
 the impacts of chemicals in the marine environment remains a priority issue for defra as part  
15147 18  are limited, as is the case in aquatic ecosystems. furthermore, aquatic environments are condu 
ng chemical information. thus, in those ecosystems, chemicals cues often mediate the communicat 
which use chemical information from the environment for behavioral decision making related to f 
ion from the environment for behavioral decision making related to foraging, reproduction and t 
lated to foraging, reproduction and the assessment of predator risk. in particular, recent expe 
ing, reproduction and the assessment of predator risk. in particular, recent experimental and f 
oduction and the assessment of predator risk. in particular, recent experimental and field stud 
 that many aquatic organisms, including invertebrates and vertebrates, show specific anti-preda 
tes and vertebrates, show specific anti-predator responses to chemical alarm cues emitted by pr 
onses to chemical alarm cues emitted by predators. recent studies have also demonstrated the im 
ffects whereby chemical cues emitted by predators influence prey to use different habitats, for 
evels or otherwise alter their foraging behavior. therefore, chemical predator recognition may  
 foraging behavior. therefore, chemical predator recognition may elicit avoidance responses tha 
ver, to date, few chemicals released by fish have been fully characterized in terms of origin,  
 of this project are: 1 to explore anti-predator mechanisms of detection and responses of two p 
sponses of two prey species, a salmonid fish to determine the origin of the chemical cues relea 
 trout that are responsible of the anti-predator behavior observed in their prey.  
at are responsible of the anti-predator behavior observed in their prey.  
13530 13                         blooms of toxic phytoplankton, so called harmful algal blooms, are natu 
 algal blooms, are natural phenomena in marine environments, but during the last decades they h 
creased in frequency with anthropogenic impacts such as coastal eutrophication as likely contri 
h anthropogenic impacts such as coastal eutrophication as likely contributing factors. despite  
g factors. despite being fundamental to phytoplankton growth, increased availability of inorgan 
pite being fundamental to phytoplankton growth, increased availability of inorganic nutrients c 
th, increased availability of inorganic nutrients cannot fully account for the formation of man 
dinoflagellate blooms. relative maximal growth rate is generally lower for dinoflagellates than 
ower for dinoflagellates than for other phytoplankton of similar size and dinoflagellates are g 
ates are generally poor competitors for nutrients. despite this, dinoflagellates constitute one 
te one of the dominant groups among the phytoplankton. there is growing evidence that chemical  
previous formas-project on the chemical ecology of toxic dinoflagellates. the objective is to f 
neering results on grazer-induced toxin production in dinoflagellates through the identificatio 
10478 2  of speciation involves the progressive evolution of reproductive isolation between divergent p 
ected loci. population genomics and qtl mapping approaches have recently contributed significan 
11703 2  of speciation involves the progressive evolution of reproductive isolation between divergent p 
ected loci. population genomics and qtl mapping approaches have recently contributed significan 
10316 6 opose an analysis of the chemosynthetic ecosystems in antarctica south of the polar front. we w 
on comprise: those associated with high-temperature, bare-rock hydrothermal vents isis to dive  
haracterise the biological and physical environment surrounding vent and seep sites identified  
eography of species, and understand the food web processes. our programme will determine whethe 
t isolated of chemosynthetically-driven ecosystems, is driven by oceanographic or tectonic proc 
s, instead, host to completely isolated evolution.  
10551 6 opose an analysis of the chemosynthetic ecosystems in antarctica south of the polar front. we w 
on comprise: those associated with high-temperature, bare-rock hydrothermal vents isis to dive  
haracterise the biological and physical environment surrounding vent and seep sites identified  
eography of species, and understand the food web processes. our programme will determine whethe 
t isolated of chemosynthetically-driven ecosystems, is driven by oceanographic or tectonic proc 
s, instead, host to completely isolated evolution.  
10781 6 opose an analysis of the chemosynthetic ecosystems in antarctica south of the polar front. we w 
on comprise: those associated with high-temperature, bare-rock hydrothermal vents isis to dive  
haracterise the biological and physical environment surrounding vent and seep sites identified  
eography of species, and understand the food web processes. our programme will determine whethe 
t isolated of chemosynthetically-driven ecosystems, is driven by oceanographic or tectonic proc 
s, instead, host to completely isolated evolution.  
11308 6 opose an analysis of the chemosynthetic ecosystems in antarctica south of the polar front. we w 
on comprise: those associated with high-temperature, bare-rock hydrothermal vents isis to dive  
haracterise the biological and physical environment surrounding vent and seep sites identified  
eography of species, and understand the food web processes. our programme will determine whethe 
t isolated of chemosynthetically-driven ecosystems, is driven by oceanographic or tectonic proc 
s, instead, host to completely isolated evolution.  
11568 6 opose an analysis of the chemosynthetic ecosystems in antarctica south of the polar front. we w 
on comprise: those associated with high-temperature, bare-rock hydrothermal vents isis to dive  
haracterise the biological and physical environment surrounding vent and seep sites identified  
eography of species, and understand the food web processes. our programme will determine whethe 
t isolated of chemosynthetically-driven ecosystems, is driven by oceanographic or tectonic proc 
s, instead, host to completely isolated evolution.  
11828 6 opose an analysis of the chemosynthetic ecosystems in antarctica south of the polar front. we w 
on comprise: those associated with high-temperature, bare-rock hydrothermal vents isis to dive  
haracterise the biological and physical environment surrounding vent and seep sites identified  
eography of species, and understand the food web processes. our programme will determine whethe 
t isolated of chemosynthetically-driven ecosystems, is driven by oceanographic or tectonic proc 
s, instead, host to completely isolated evolution.  
12365 6 ide a tool that combines an appropriate modelling platform regarding chemical spills in marine  
g platform regarding chemical spills in marine waters. combining the best available hydrodynami 
waters and the prediction of biological impacts relevant to the uk marine environment and fishe 
f biological impacts relevant to the uk marine environment and fisheries interests in the event 
gical impacts relevant to the uk marine environment and fisheries interests in the event of a c 
levant to the uk marine environment and fisheries interests in the event of a chemical spill.  
15320 7 et of the trophic chain and the flow of energy of the ecosystem. the main purpose of this proje 
hic chain and the flow of energy of the ecosystem. the main purpose of this project of basic re 
nse of the microalgae, to situations of stress provoked by the presence of sublethal concentrat 
hal concentrations of herbicides in the environment. the immediate response of a species widely 
 of a species widely used as biological model will be studied to the situation of stress provok 
del will be studied to the situation of stress provoked for triazine-type herbicides. there wil 
en applied in our laboratory during the development of previous projects, but in addition one t 
14316 5 era is one of the deadliest diseases in africa. cholera outbreaks reappeared in the area of the 
in the late 70s while strong signals of climate changes were noted can be of use for representi 
spatial propagation of v. cholerae in a freshwater environment. the possible links with climate 
pagation of v. cholerae in a freshwater environment. the possible links with climate change and 
er environment. the possible links with climate change and global indices could help in designi 
6866 19 he basis of the database of the project mapping the flora of hungary distribution map of 2000 s 
he project mapping the flora of hungary distribution map of 2000 species will be completed foll 
owing the grid system of the project of mapping the flora of central europe. no such a detailed 
project of mapping the flora of central europe. no such a detailed and professionally establish 
 closing up the hungarian botany to the mapping project executed in several countries in europe 
roject executed in several countries in europe will be possible. distribution maps prepared to  
l countries in europe will be possible. distribution maps prepared to analyze the nation-wide l 
ic factors and the actual and potential vegetation. connection between the flora - potential ve 
onnection between the flora - potential vegetation - climatic and edaphic factors will be analy 
the relative ecological and naturalness indicator values, will be analyzed how truthfully the n 
are can be modelled on the basis of the species composition. the results to be expected will he 
ted will help the professional botanic, landscape history, nature conservation, geographic util 
rofessional botanic, landscape history, nature conservation, geographic utilization, furthermor 
formation to several experts working in forestry, agriculture and practical nature conservation 
to several experts working in forestry, agriculture and practical nature conservation. in the v 
 in forestry, agriculture and practical nature conservation. in the view of botany the results  
c information and relation to flora and vegetation history, vegetation research, phytogeography 
lation to flora and vegetation history, vegetation research, phytogeography, field and experime 
 phytogeography, field and experimental taxonomy.  
6752 3 vestigate the fate of chromium polluted soil will be studied as well. the expected results of t 
anding of forming chromium complexes in soils and its fate in the soil plant system.  
 complexes in soils and its fate in the soil plant system.  
15090 7            an objective and integrative evaluation of the ecological state of the water bodies  
aluation of the ecological state of the water bodies requires the recognition of the sediment a 
 bodies requires the recognition of the sediment as an important and differenciated aquatic com 
s of time. the inclusion of data on the sediment toxicity to the common data bases built only w 
s of the contaminants on the biota. the water framework directive for selected metals aims to r 
with the data obtained form the chronic sediment bioassays for a risk assessment based on the b 
rm the chronic sediment bioassays for a risk assessment based on the bioaccumulation.  
14676 4  project is to evaluate the interest of sediment toxicity data in the river networks for monito 
toxicity data in the river networks for monitoring priority substances, in selected river sites 
es, in selected river sites in northern spain. results derived from the sediment toxicity bioas 
orthern spain. results derived from the sediment toxicity bioassays with tubifex tubifex in the 
14187 6 c ciliates as potential prey for larger zooplankton form an important linkage between the micro 
age between the microbial and classical food webs in aquatic systems. in shallow eutrophic and  
erial- and primary productions. ciliate community in lake võrtsjärv is extremely rich and usual 
sjärv is extremely rich and usually its biomass exceeds that of metazooplankton. previous resea 
be very important in functioning of the food webs in that lake. the following goals are address 
liate – metazooplankton trophic link to food web functioning in shallow eutrophic and turbid la 
13439 20      the project aims to understand how climate-induced changes in hydrography have affected th 
hanges in hydrography have affected the phytoplankton community in the past and present, and ho 
ography have affected the phytoplankton community in the past and present, and how predictions  
tury will affect the spreading of toxic algae in arabian sea. this will contribute to sustainab 
in arabian sea. this will contribute to sustainable development in tropical countries dependent 
opical countries dependent on export of marine products. focused phytoplankton monitoring of co 
t on export of marine products. focused phytoplankton monitoring of coastal water will ensure s 
 marine products. focused phytoplankton monitoring of coastal water will ensure safe bivalves,  
sed phytoplankton monitoring of coastal water will ensure safe bivalves, which is an environmen 
ental changes on the composition of the phytoplankton community by analyzing oceanographic data 
on the composition of the phytoplankton community by analyzing oceanographic data collected dur 
ata collected during the last 50 years. community similarity indices will be used to group taxa 
l construct coupled physical-biological model to investigate and characterize the environmental 
 that correlate with the initiation and development of harmful phytoplankton species, and chall 
e initiation and development of harmful phytoplankton species, and challenge the models with si 
 be tested and validated in manipulated mesocosm experiments. this will enable us to focus the  
s to focus the efforts in harmful algal monitoring, and provide a model for climate impact on t 
harmful algal monitoring, and provide a model for climate impact on tropical ecosystem-a region 
gal monitoring, and provide a model for climate impact on tropical ecosystem-a region that is l 
 a model for climate impact on tropical ecosystem-a region that is lagging behind in this respe 
7036 18                                         lichens are one of the most important groups of organis 
 most important groups of organisms for monitoring environmental change, yet little is known ab 
tant groups of organisms for monitoring environmental change, yet little is known about their w 
t little is known about their worldwide diversity patterns. in higher plants, by contrast, ther 
s of tertiary diversification and range fragmentation and pleistocene extinctions and range shi 
 range shifts that have resulted in the vegetation patterns and world diversity hotspots we kno 
ed in the vegetation patterns and world diversity hotspots we know today. it might be assumed t 
-dwelling lichen species follow similar distribution patterns, but the evidence is that this is 
ur in western north america and western europe. the latter distribution is rare in plants at up 
 america and western europe. the latter distribution is rare in plants at upper latitudes, and  
des, and conspicuously at odds with the distribution of the trees on which epiphytic lichens gr 
ibution of the trees on which epiphytic lichens grow. circumboreal species are often treated as 
se examining genetic structure within a model species of the boreal forest, mycoblastus sanguin 
structure within a model species of the boreal forest, mycoblastus sanguinarius, in four differ 
 western and eastern north america, and europe. specifically we will examine whether relationsh 
congruent with the east-east, west-west distribution types of many lichen species and to what e 
n species and to what extent its modern distribution and genetic diversity centres diverge from 
what extent its modern distribution and genetic diversity centres diverge from those of its com 
12675 2                  to assess the expected impacts of increasing the fees charged for cites licenc 
 compliance with the licensing regime. •conservation activity.  
12658 2   there has been an increasing trade in birds of prey from guinea to the countries of the europ 
guinea to the countries of the european community , such information will be available to assis 
14157 25 h project is a synthesised study of the urban environment and the environmental impact of urban 
ect is a synthesised study of the urban environment and the environmental impact of urbanisatio 
 study of the urban environment and the environmental impact of urbanisation, applying life cyc 
ct of urbanisation, applying life cycle assessment, substance and energy flux, methods of ecolo 
ng life cycle assessment, substance and energy flux, methods of ecological footprint and spatia 
, substance and energy flux, methods of ecological footprint and spatial analysis. expansive la 
ux, methods of ecological footprint and spatial analysis. expansive land use and greater mobili 
otprint and spatial analysis. expansive land use and greater mobility brought about by urbanisa 
urveyed, in particular using life cycle assessment methods. the comprehensive approach of the u 
e especially acute due to the intensive urban sprawl in the light of multifunctional land use p 
 sprawl in the light of multifunctional land use paradigm and eu directives. the total growth o 
e paradigm and eu directives. the total growth of environmental load of city dwellers is expres 
wellers is expressed in the increase of ecological footprint, special consumption of resources  
t, special consumption of resources and energy and in their relation with main socio-economic i 
their relation with main socio-economic indicators. due to more frequent extraordinary weather  
quent extraordinary weather conditions, urban areas as sensitive places have to adapt and mitig 
e to adapt and mitigate to the changing climate and contribute to the decrease in greenhouse ga 
ructure of settlements and buildings on land use and mobility, and consequently on transport lo 
 on transport load and the condition of urban environment, also needs to be elaborated. the obj 
ansport load and the condition of urban environment, also needs to be elaborated. the objective 
 to develop the bases for a sustainable planning model, which as spatial decision support inclu 
op the bases for a sustainable planning model, which as spatial decision support includes an op 
 decision support includes an operative monitoring system, urbanisation indicators as well as p 
erative monitoring system, urbanisation indicators as well as physical planning tools.  
nisation indicators as well as physical planning tools.  
230 5 etridae is traditional, the last global review written by l.b.prout during the first half of th 
y sterrhinae has been revised on global scale, and regional reviews of some other groups are pu 
reatment of data, therefore a cladistic review of moths' morphology on global scale will be opt 
c review of moths' morphology on global scale will be optimal for comparison: another database, 
 database for the proposed project. the review of morphological data of selected groups, subfam 
14313 11            global studies of historical land use have focused on large-scale landscape modifica 
storical land use have focused on large-scale landscape modifications that can potentially affe 
al land use have focused on large-scale landscape modifications that can potentially affect glo 
ions that can potentially affect global climate via their effects on surface albedo, aerosols,  
ts on surface albedo, aerosols, and the carbon cycle. these studies concluded that the impact o 
act of pre-colonial cultures on natural ecosystems in east africa was limited, due to very low  
 cultures on natural ecosystems in east africa was limited, due to very low mean population den 
imited, due to very low mean population density determine the severity of lake water-quality lo 
 density determine the severity of lake water-quality losses due to siltation and excess nutrie 
xcess nutrient input directly linked to deforestation and agriculture, compared to those associ 
ut directly linked to deforestation and agriculture, compared to those associated with natural  
2079 9 g spawning herring was driven almost to extinction in the early 1970s, with significant social, 
, but with radically different seasonal migration patterns from those prior to the collapse. th 
 and an abrupt change in north atlantic climate that occurred in the mid-1960s. the project wil 
ilable long term time series of herring growth and abundance in relation to climate, hydrograph 
 term time series of herring growth and abundance in relation to climate, hydrography and biolo 
ing growth and abundance in relation to climate, hydrography and biological production at lower 
 to climate, hydrography and biological production at lower trophic levels. the project will se 
stical relationship between herring and climate, and develop state-of-the-art mathematical mode 
o aid prediction of the consequences of climate changes in the future.  
10434 7  tundra landscapes exist as a mosaic of vegetation between tundra and atmosphere. current model 
fication of seasonal trace gas flux and energy balance between surface and atmosphere at the la 
e between surface and atmosphere at the landscape scale in high latitude tundra, and the potent 
surface and atmosphere at the landscape scale in high latitude tundra, and the potential feedba 
ntial feedbacks to radiative forcing of climate, taking into account this fine-scale landscape  
 climate, taking into account this fine-scale landscape mosaic mediated by the dynamics of wint 
te, taking into account this fine-scale landscape mosaic mediated by the dynamics of winter sno 
10496 7  tundra landscapes exist as a mosaic of vegetation between tundra and atmosphere. current model 
fication of seasonal trace gas flux and energy balance between surface and atmosphere at the la 
e between surface and atmosphere at the landscape scale in high latitude tundra, and the potent 
surface and atmosphere at the landscape scale in high latitude tundra, and the potential feedba 
ntial feedbacks to radiative forcing of climate, taking into account this fine-scale landscape  
 climate, taking into account this fine-scale landscape mosaic mediated by the dynamics of wint 
te, taking into account this fine-scale landscape mosaic mediated by the dynamics of winter sno 
10494 17 ndicate that the extent of the tropical climate zone is more sensitive to global climate change 
limate zone is more sensitive to global climate change than model predictions suggest and ecolo 
sensitive to global climate change than model predictions suggest and ecological investigations 
tions are finding variation within both forest and savannah biomes to be extremely sensitive to 
nah biomes to be extremely sensitive to climate change. however, the dynamics of how tropical v 
. however, the dynamics of how tropical vegetation responds to climate change remains controver 
 of how tropical vegetation responds to climate change remains controversial. to explore the re 
ore the relationship between the global climate system and tropical vegetation it is necessary  
 the global climate system and tropical vegetation it is necessary to examine past records of v 
is necessary to examine past records of vegetation change through periods of known global clima 
 change through periods of known global climate change, e.g. through glacial-interglacial cycle 
 effective way of examining terrestrial vegetation change is through fossil pollen records from 
ssil pollen lake records exist from the tropics which cover one, or more, complete glacial-inte 
 cycle. pollen records documenting past vegetation change in the lowland tropics of africa are  
g past vegetation change in the lowland tropics of africa are particularly scarce with only thr 
tation change in the lowland tropics of africa are particularly scarce with only three records  
ore vegetative response to rapid global climate change, e.g. heinrich events, during the period 
14231 20                                         global warming, along with a fast-growing agricultural  
 along with a fast-growing agricultural land use, considered today to be one of the main global 
ered today to be one of the main global biodiversity a threat. studies of climate and land use  
lobal biodiversity a threat. studies of climate and land use changes in the past due to the com 
ersity a threat. studies of climate and land use changes in the past due to the composition and 
 in the past due to the composition and diversity of land cover changes is particularly valuabl 
due to the composition and diversity of land cover changes is particularly valuable in helping  
lping to predict the future response of vegetation to climate change and changing land use. to  
ct the future response of vegetation to climate change and changing land use. to investigate th 
getation to climate change and changing land use. to investigate the effects of past climate ch 
use. to investigate the effects of past climate changes during the holocene vegetation in the c 
ast climate changes during the holocene vegetation in the composition of the vegetation and to  
ne vegetation in the composition of the vegetation and to clarify the temporal and spatial deve 
and to clarify the temporal and spatial development, the scope and intensity of land-use and it 
development, the scope and intensity of land-use and its impact on the diversity of the vegetat 
nsity of land-use and its impact on the diversity of the vegetation cover, vegetation maps will 
 and its impact on the diversity of the vegetation cover, vegetation maps will be reconstructed 
 the diversity of the vegetation cover, vegetation maps will be reconstructed. received cards v 
al structures of the global dynamics of vegetation and land use patterns esinduslikuse models f 
f the global dynamics of vegetation and land use patterns esinduslikuse models for evaluating a 
2013 39                                    most forests in the tropics are currently under attack of hu 
                    most forests in the tropics are currently under attack of human-driven defo 
 currently under attack of human-driven deforestation. within the deforestation process, fire i 
 human-driven deforestation. within the deforestation process, fire is used as a cheap tool to  
tion. within the deforestation process, fire is used as a cheap tool to eliminate biomass, rele 
re is used as a cheap tool to eliminate biomass, releasing greenhouse gases such as co2 and ch4 
ap tool to eliminate biomass, releasing greenhouse gases such as co2 and ch4 to the atmosphere. 
2 and ch4 to the atmosphere. the use of fire is for a large part restricted to periods when fue 
s when fuels are dry enough to burn, so fire can only be used on a large scale when there is a  
rn, so fire can only be used on a large scale when there is a distinct dry season. on an annual 
istinct dry season. on an annual basis, deforestation fires emit co2 equivalent to approximatel 
mber can be significantly higher due to drought in the tropics, and humans taking advantage of  
nificantly higher due to drought in the tropics, and humans taking advantage of this drought to 
cs, and humans taking advantage of this drought to more efficiently use fire to eliminate bioma 
of this drought to more efficiently use fire to eliminate biomass. most deforestation studies h 
 more efficiently use fire to eliminate biomass. most deforestation studies have focussed on so 
tly use fire to eliminate biomass. most deforestation studies have focussed on socio-economic f 
-economic factors that ultimately drive deforestation. here i show however, how climate may pla 
deforestation. here i show however, how climate may play an under-appreciated role in controlli 
n under-appreciated role in controlling deforestation rates and practices, because of the impor 
practices, because of the importance of fire. i propose to further investigate links between cl 
se to further investigate links between climate and fire-driven deforestation using satellite m 
r investigate links between climate and fire-driven deforestation using satellite measurements  
e links between climate and fire-driven deforestation using satellite measurements of fires and 
ing satellite measurements of fires and precipitation, and assess how regional deforestation ra 
 precipitation, and assess how regional deforestation rates and practices may change in the fut 
e in the future as a result of changing precipitation regime in deforestation regions. this cou 
ult of changing precipitation regime in deforestation regions. this could be a result of changi 
is could be a result of changing global climate and because of deforestation-driven changes in  
 changing global climate and because of deforestation-driven changes in regional climate. the f 
eforestation-driven changes in regional climate. the first part of the proposed research will t 
ill therefore address relations between precipitation characteristics and deforestation rates;  
tween precipitation characteristics and deforestation rates; in the second part will i examine  
ective will be to assess whether future climate enhances or diminishes the use of fire as a too 
imate enhances or diminishes the use of fire as a tool for deforestation, influencing the build 
iminishes the use of fire as a tool for deforestation, influencing the build-up of atmospheric  
atmospheric co2 and ch4. several future deforestation scenarios will be presented, and the amou 
2 and ch4. several future deforestation scenarios will be presented, and the amount of co2 rele 
ll be quantified using a biogeochemical model.  
2030 22                      a central issue in ecology is to understand how species respond to climate 
is to understand how species respond to climate change and to predict consequences for communit 
 change and to predict consequences for community composition and ecosystem functioning. climat 
sequences for community composition and ecosystem functioning. climate warming causes shifts of 
 composition and ecosystem functioning. climate warming causes shifts of species distributions  
tion and ecosystem functioning. climate warming causes shifts of species distributions towards  
ety of factors. from the perspective of top-down control, the release from natural enemies and  
e of top-down control, the release from natural enemies and subsequent evolution of increased c 
ase from natural enemies and subsequent evolution of increased competitive ability are the most 
potheses to explain invasiveness. plant abundance can be controlled by both above- and belowgro 
und enemies. however, enemy release and evolution of invasive plants have been rarely, if ever, 
however, enemy release and evolution of invasive plants have been rarely, if ever, considered f 
 and belowground enemies influences the evolution and invasiveness of plant species that expand 
ir range from warm into previously cold climate regions. my general hypothesis is that differen 
ences in mobility between plants, their natural enemies and the predators of the enemies. in or 
n plants, their natural enemies and the predators of the enemies. in order to test my general h 
 general hypothesis i will relate plant traits of successful and non-successful invaders from s 
d non-successful invaders from southern europe into the netherlands to metabolic costs invested 
sful invaders from southern europe into the netherlands to metabolic costs invested in growth a 
herlands to metabolic costs invested in growth and defence in both the original and new habitat 
lain and predict plant invasions due to climate warming.  
 predict plant invasions due to climate warming.  
13615 13                                  due to climate change the ranges of many plant species will sh 
 from presently warm to previously cold climate regions. invasive plant species may become seri 
sed from their herbivores. root-feeding nematodes are major herbivores of grasslands. the goal  
eding nematodes are major herbivores of grasslands. the goal of the proposed study is to examin 
ategies for the control of root-feeding nematodes. in greenhouse experiments, i will compare gr 
 greenhouse experiments, i will compare growth and plant defences between plants of the same sp 
matode and potential antagonists to the nematodes. in addition, i will investigate if the plant 
als with olfactomters. studying how the abundance of root-feeding nematodes is controlled in na 
dying how the abundance of root-feeding nematodes is controlled in natural ecosystems may help  
ding nematodes is controlled in natural ecosystems may help to improve the biological control o 
ural ecosystems may help to improve the biological control of nematodes in agro-ecosystems.  
lp to improve the biological control of nematodes in agro-ecosystems.  
 the biological control of nematodes in agro-ecosystems.  
9835 13                                         climate change is one of the major threats currently fa 
e of the major threats currently facing biodiversity. predicting the impact of climate change f 
 biodiversity. predicting the impact of climate change for species requires the development of  
climate change for species requires the development of population models which quantify both th 
constraints influencing these shifts in distribution. to make such models useful tools, it is t 
essary to integrate them with models of climate change impacts. i will use black-tailed godwits 
rate them with models of climate change impacts. i will use black-tailed godwits, for which is  
ich there are established links between habitat quality and demography, as a model system with  
en habitat quality and demography, as a model system with which to address these issues. the re 
 these issues. the resulting population model will then be used within a fuzzy-logic based coas 
n a fuzzy-logic based coastal simulator model to predict the consequences of sea level rise and 
or model to predict the consequences of sea level rise and associated coastal management strate 
uences of sea level rise and associated coastal management strategies.  
10007 10 h has responded to millions of years of climate change and can be an invaluable means to invest 
before 50 million years ago the earth s climate was several degrees hotter than present, there  
 much higher. between 50 and 34 ma, the climate began to cool dramatically and extensive ice-sh 
ooling, but rather at this time earth s climate fluctuated rapidly between short-lived warm int 
ere alive. to investigate middle eocene climate we will, firstly, determine exactly how old the 
y how old the sediments are that record climate change. we will do this by looking at the magne 
stry to produce a picture of the global climate through time. third, we want to use this inform 
ying plankton as the base of the global marine foodchain, we need to know how they will respond 
ely investigating critical intervals of climate change. we will collaborate with scripps instit 
titution of oceanography, university of california at san diego, where colleagues have specific 
13785 15  proposed here, i will study host plant-pollinator-parasitoid interactions under different clim 
ere, i will study host plant-pollinator-parasitoid interactions under different climate and hab 
parasitoid interactions under different climate and habitat change scenarios. i will focus on p 
nteractions under different climate and habitat change scenarios. i will focus on pollinating i 
er different climate and habitat change scenarios. i will focus on pollinating insects with wel 
 scenarios. i will focus on pollinating insects with well known ecology i.e. large blue butterf 
 on pollinating insects with well known ecology i.e. large blue butterflies investigate ecosyst 
i.e. large blue butterflies investigate ecosystem functioning and generality in the study syste 
in the study systems. using pollinating insects in an ecological and evolutionary framework on  
work on interactions between hostplants-insects-parasitoids in different habitat and climate sc 
interactions between hostplants-insects-parasitoids in different habitat and climate scenarios  
plants-insects-parasitoids in different habitat and climate scenarios will provide valuable inf 
ts-parasitoids in different habitat and climate scenarios will provide valuable information abo 
itoids in different habitat and climate scenarios will provide valuable information about ecosy 
will provide valuable information about ecosystem functioning. our general knowledge of how suc 
1105 19 st efficient systems for the storage of soil carbon in widespread agro-forestal systems in cent 
 systems in central and insular italian mediterranean areas. the carbon balance will be studied 
nsular italian mediterranean areas. the carbon balance will be studied following the dynamics o 
namics of the processes involved in the carbon cycle that carry out and control the carbon cycl 
on cycle that carry out and control the carbon cycle. a simulation model of the carbon cycle wi 
 control the carbon cycle. a simulation model of the carbon cycle will be set up simultaneously 
carbon cycle. a simulation model of the carbon cycle will be set up simultaneously in order to  
e selected agro-forestal systems on the carbon sink. new climatic scenarios, predicted by globa 
ystems on the carbon sink. new climatic scenarios, predicted by global circulation models, will 
both in the study of the effects on the diversity of microorganism and on carbon dynamic and in 
n the diversity of microorganism and on carbon dynamic and in the carbon cycle models, in order 
ganism and on carbon dynamic and in the carbon cycle models, in order to compare the data obtai 
ed with the data related to the present climate. moreover, g.i.s. technology will be used for t 
l be used for the interpolation and the mapping of the simulation models outputs and of other a 
e greenhouse effect via the increase in carbon storage for territorial planners and agricultura 
disseminated to promote knowledge about climate change and the mitigating effect, that agro-for 
hat agro-forestal systems might have on climate change to an large and diverse audience. the pr 
itorial data processing; 3. genetic and functional diversity of microorganisms; 4. carbon sink  
ctional diversity of microorganisms; 4. carbon sink and biogeochemical cycles.  
10850 4                          the effects of climate change in a dynamic competitive interaction bet 
y through effects on competing species. intertidal barnacles are ideal model organisms to test  
species. intertidal barnacles are ideal model organisms to test these alternative causal mechan 
ter models, functions for interspecific competition. historical data from a network of sites co 
10476 45                one of the most striking impacts of human development is the replacement of natu 
e of the most striking impacts of human development is the replacement of natural wildlife habi 
velopment is the replacement of natural wildlife habitat with either agriculture or urban envir 
 is the replacement of natural wildlife habitat with either agriculture or urban environments.  
of natural wildlife habitat with either agriculture or urban environments. not only does such d 
life habitat with either agriculture or urban environments. not only does such development redu 
 urban environments. not only does such development reduce the overall availability of wildlife 
ment reduce the overall availability of wildlife habitat, it often fragments the landscape so t 
ce the overall availability of wildlife habitat, it often fragments the landscape so that habit 
ildlife habitat, it often fragments the landscape so that habitat patches become smaller and in 
t often fragments the landscape so that habitat patches become smaller and increasingly isolate 
d increasingly isolated. this so called habitat fragmentation causes many problems for wildlife 
 fragmentation causes many problems for wildlife including reducing biodiversity and the value  
roblems for wildlife including reducing biodiversity and the value of ecosystem services. not s 
 reducing biodiversity and the value of ecosystem services. not surprisingly, habitat fragmenta 
f ecosystem services. not surprisingly, habitat fragmentation has become one of the most intens 
sively-studied phenomena in terrestrial ecology, underpinning the fields of landscape ecology a 
ial ecology, underpinning the fields of landscape ecology and population biology. despite the e 
biology. despite the existence of major disturbance phenomena in marine ecosystems, the effects 
tence of major disturbance phenomena in marine ecosystems, the effects of habitat fragmentation 
f major disturbance phenomena in marine ecosystems, the effects of habitat fragmentation in mar 
na in marine ecosystems, the effects of habitat fragmentation in marine systems have barely bee 
the effects of habitat fragmentation in marine systems have barely been considered. there are s 
sons for this including difficulties in mapping habitats underwater, limited availability of ec 
ats underwater, limited availability of ecosystem models, and difficulty in establishing the co 
vities among populations through larval dispersal. although the lack of study of habitat fragme 
ispersal. although the lack of study of habitat fragmentation in marine ecosystems is understan 
ck of study of habitat fragmentation in marine ecosystems is understandable, the potential impo 
tudy of habitat fragmentation in marine ecosystems is understandable, the potential importance  
rtance of this process sits high on the conservation agenda, primarily because of the impacts o 
vation agenda, primarily because of the impacts of climate change. in 1998, for example, unusua 
da, primarily because of the impacts of climate change. in 1998, for example, unusually high se 
n tropical regions led to unprecedented mortality of reef corals with many reefs losing 99% of  
of the world s reefs losing their coral dominance within a few months. with the recent emergenc 
 with the recent emergence of models of ecosystem dynamics and larval connectivity among coral  
models of ecosystem dynamics and larval connectivity among coral reefs, the constraints to stud 
 dynamics and larval connectivity among coral reefs, the constraints to studying fragmentation  
oral reefs, the constraints to studying fragmentation in marine systems have recently been lift 
onstraints to studying fragmentation in marine systems have recently been lifted. the research  
he four key ingredients needed to study climate change impacts on marine habitats. these are .  
redients needed to study climate change impacts on marine habitats. these are . lastly, we unde 
eded to study climate change impacts on marine habitats. these are . lastly, we undertake field 
 studies to test the predictions of the model by simulating the actual disturbance histories of 
s of the model by simulating the actual disturbance histories of reefs since 1950 and comparing 
ses over a continuous range of emission scenarios  
13755 7                                         climate models predict an increase in dynamic ice forma 
se in dynamic ice formation in northern streams due to increasingly fluctuating air temperature 
ams due to increasingly fluctuating air temperature. sub-surface ice will focus on the effects  
us on the effects of sub-surface ice on fish. the project will also identify the channel topogr 
d prepare recommendations for proactive restoration methods to sustain the biodiversity that is 
tive restoration methods to sustain the biodiversity that is typical for boreal streams.  
biodiversity that is typical for boreal streams.  
2006 10                              indonesian coral reefs are famous for their high number of species 
ations in the composition of indonesian marine fauna and flora though time and in particular as 
eef communities. for the recognition of global change signals and a rational choice of indicato 
change signals and a rational choice of indicator taxa, a solid historical baseline is needed.  
on of reliable and validated indonesian biodiversity data from as far back in time as possible. 
a from as far back in time as possible. model taxa are selected, based on their representation  
arium collections and their response to environmental change. next to data base comparison, we  
nsity of past enso events. the skeletal growth band patterns of museum specimens collected in t 
of a computer-guided microdrill. stable oxygen isotope and sr/ca analyses on these samples will 
 series on sea surface temperatures and precipitation / evaporation changes and can thus be use 
10044 19  uncertainly regarding the influence of climate change on structure of marine fish assemblages, 
uence of climate change on structure of marine fish assemblages, yet increasing evidence sugges 
f climate change on structure of marine fish assemblages, yet increasing evidence suggests that 
g evidence suggests that maintenance of diversity across trophic levels is key to safeguarding  
s trophic levels is key to safeguarding ecosystem function. we propose to investigate climatic  
ral structure of the northeast atlantic marine demersal fish assemblage. using collated data fr 
 the northeast atlantic marine demersal fish assemblage. using collated data from uk government 
re is a northeast atlantic signature of diversity change linked to temporal climatic variabilit 
bility, and whether temporal changes in community composition have been of the same magnitude a 
test if individual species show similar abundance trends throughout their geographic ranges, an 
nd identify ecological and life-history species traits linked to temporal changes of abundance, 
es traits linked to temporal changes of abundance, including body size, growth rates and trophi 
emporal changes of abundance, including body size, growth rates and trophic level and 3 test th 
nges of abundance, including body size, growth rates and trophic level and 3 test the reliabili 
hic level and 3 test the reliability of climate-envelope predictions of future species distribu 
ictions made using models incorporating density-dependent habitat choice. our goal is to identi 
 models incorporating density-dependent habitat choice. our goal is to identify the scales for  
cales for patterns of change in species abundance and to quantify uncertainties underpinning pr 
to 4 c rises in mean annual sea surface temperature over the next 100 years.  
10895 10         the world is experiencing rapid climate change with a predicted rise in global average  
xt 50 years. among a range of predicted ecosystem impacts, one already documented is a temperat 
s. among a range of predicted ecosystem impacts, one already documented is a temperature-driven 
em impacts, one already documented is a temperature-driven shift in species distributions withi 
in species distributions within-species genetic diversity in many mobile animal taxa. however,  
, long-lived plants, including keystone forest trees, disperse slowly cannot adapt to rapid cli 
, disperse slowly cannot adapt to rapid climate change within the lifespan of individuals. fore 
nge within the lifespan of individuals. forests are likely to be among the first habitats impac 
be among the first habitats impacted by climate change, a realisation driving the search for ap 
tion driving the search for appropriate management responses. current practice involves replant 
11708 10         the world is experiencing rapid climate change with a predicted rise in global average  
xt 50 years. among a range of predicted ecosystem impacts, one already documented is a temperat 
s. among a range of predicted ecosystem impacts, one already documented is a temperature-driven 
em impacts, one already documented is a temperature-driven shift in species distributions withi 
in species distributions within-species genetic diversity in many mobile animal taxa. however,  
, long-lived plants, including keystone forest trees, disperse slowly cannot adapt to rapid cli 
, disperse slowly cannot adapt to rapid climate change within the lifespan of individuals. fore 
nge within the lifespan of individuals. forests are likely to be among the first habitats impac 
be among the first habitats impacted by climate change, a realisation driving the search for ap 
tion driving the search for appropriate management responses. current practice involves replant 
7479 25 e is no certainty regarding the precise nature and rate of future climate change, even the most 
g the precise nature and rate of future climate change, even the most moderate scenarios predic 
 climate change, even the most moderate scenarios predict a continuing change of the marine env 
rios predict a continuing change of the marine environment, with associated major environmental 
edict a continuing change of the marine environment, with associated major environmental and so 
sociated major environmental and social impacts. to prepare society for the necessary mitigatio 
s. to prepare society for the necessary mitigation and adaptation measures, the awareness of ci 
ociety for the necessary mitigation and adaptation measures, the awareness of citizens to resea 
synthesis of eu research results on the impacts of climate change on the marine environment and 
f eu research results on the impacts of climate change on the marine environment and to make th 
on the impacts of climate change on the marine environment and to make this knowledge and its s 
impacts of climate change on the marine environment and to make this knowledge and its socio-ec 
pean research results on the effects of climate change on marine environment. an up-to-date ove 
lts on the effects of climate change on marine environment. an up-to-date overview of public kn 
the effects of climate change on marine environment. an up-to-date overview of public knowledge 
wledge and perception on the effects of climate change on marine environments and their socio-e 
ion on the effects of climate change on marine environments and their socio-economic consequenc 
ies. enhancement of public knowledge on climate change impacts on the marine environment, inclu 
t of public knowledge on climate change impacts on the marine environment, including the socio- 
wledge on climate change impacts on the marine environment, including the socio-economic conseq 
on climate change impacts on the marine environment, including the socio-economic consequences, 
o communicate with european citizens on impacts of climate change on marine ecosystems.  
te with european citizens on impacts of climate change on marine ecosystems.  
itizens on impacts of climate change on marine ecosystems.  
 on impacts of climate change on marine ecosystems.  
12660 13 vouring to remove obstacles that hinder migration; protect habitats; and lessen the impact of n 
ant as they can act as linkages between ecosystems, and therefore can be indicators of ecologic 
etween ecosystems, and therefore can be indicators of ecological change. the eighth conference  
the uk on the strength of links between climate change and migratory species’ behaviour, abunda 
hange and migratory species’ behaviour, abundance and distribution and passed a resolution on c 
atory species’ behaviour, abundance and distribution and passed a resolution on climate change, 
distribution and passed a resolution on climate change, which amongst other things, called for  
eport can be located at http://defraweb/wildlife-countryside/resprog/findings/climatechange-mig 
y/index.htm the report recommended that indicator species be identified to provide information  
dised protocols for data collection and monitoring of climate-change impacts on migratory speci 
s for data collection and monitoring of climate-change impacts on migratory species, so that in 
ection and monitoring of climate-change impacts on migratory species, so that information acros 
g the threats to migratory species from climate change.  
13773 5                                         temperature profoundly affects the seasonal timing of b 
nes during the breeding season. because temperature shows yearly variation, organisms have evol 
sticity allows short-term adjustment to temperature changes, large-scale disruptions to these p 
djustment to temperature changes, large-scale disruptions to these patterns , and assess whethe 
 to these patterns , and assess whether climate variables can limit the success of species tran 
2000 25                 peat bogs are important ecosystems in relation to climatic change. by forming p 
ificant long-term sinks for atmospheric carbon dioxide. climatic change could bring about chang 
change could bring about changes in the biodiversity and species composition of these ecosystem 
g about changes in the biodiversity and species composition of these ecosystems that could have 
ersity and species composition of these ecosystems that could have important repercussions for  
have important repercussions for global carbon cycling. experiments that have been carried out  
oo short to study the response of these ecosystems to global change. virtually nothing is known 
udy the response of these ecosystems to global change. virtually nothing is known about how cli 
e. virtually nothing is known about how climate change and changes in atmospheric n deposition  
mospheric n deposition would affect bog ecosystems at longer time scales. on the other hand bog 
que opportunities to analyse changes in species composition during longer time periods, since t 
a natural archive of the history of the vegetation and carbon sequestration. based on the seque 
ve of the history of the vegetation and carbon sequestration. based on the sequence of plant re 
 changes in sphagnum and vascular plant species composition and carbon sequestration in bogs;·  
 vascular plant species composition and carbon sequestration in bogs;· to determine the long-te 
ine the long-term effects of changes in temperature, precipitation, n deposition and fluctuatin 
term effects of changes in temperature, precipitation, n deposition and fluctuating solar activ 
ition and fluctuating solar activity on species composition and carbon accumulation;· to analys 
lar activity on species composition and carbon accumulation;· to analyse the relation between t 
ions; · to analyse the relation between species composition and carbon sequestration;· to inves 
elation between species composition and carbon sequestration;· to investigate the long-term eff 
to investigate the long-term effects of climate change on plant species composition and carbon  
term effects of climate change on plant species composition and carbon sequestration in bogs us 
change on plant species composition and carbon sequestration in bogs using a simulation model.  
equestration in bogs using a simulation model.  
14737 16  studies have considered the effects of climate change on ecosystem functioning, and on plant a 
idered the effects of climate change on ecosystem functioning, and on plant and animal physiolo 
ore effort is needed to investigate the impacts at community level, particularly in forests. at 
is needed to investigate the impacts at community level, particularly in forests. at regional s 
cts at community level, particularly in forests. at regional scale, climate change may produce  
l, particularly in forests. at regional scale, climate change may produce modifications in spec 
icularly in forests. at regional scale, climate change may produce modifications in species dis 
ge may produce modifications in species distribution, according to their potential climatic nic 
develop statistical models of potential distribution of the main spanish forest species under d 
ential distribution of the main spanish forest species under different climatic scenarios. sinc 
forest species under different climatic scenarios. since reliable models including dispersal an 
narios. since reliable models including dispersal and interactions between species are not yet  
ased on the current patterns of species distribution by climatic manipulation experiments. we h 
st that abrupt changes may appear after drought thresholds are achieved. these experiments will 
abrupt changes may appear after drought thresholds are achieved. these experiments will also al 
 attributes of seedlings related to the climate variability.  
14823 16 es that ecotones are very vulnerable to climate change. environmental limitations to the distri 
hange. environmental limitations to the distribution of forest trees become most obvious at tre 
ntal limitations to the distribution of forest trees become most obvious at tree line ecotones. 
tremes in environmental factors such as temperature, water supply, irradiation, etc. accumulate 
ironmental factors such as temperature, water supply, irradiation, etc. accumulate stress situa 
er supply, irradiation, etc. accumulate stress situations than trees can hardly withstand. ther 
the role of upper tree line ecotones as indicators of environmental changes is widely recognise 
endemic pine species and dominated by a climate with summer droughts and frost conditions in wi 
imberline in tenerife by characterizing growth, respiration, non structural carbohydrates, phot 
e in tenerife by characterizing growth, respiration, non structural carbohydrates, photosynthes 
piration, non structural carbohydrates, photosynthesis, transpiration, plant water relations, c 
s, photosynthesis, transpiration, plant water relations, chlorophyll fluorescence, pigments and 
. obtained data will provide a response model of p. canariensis to the most extreme environment 
 amplify a base of knowledge for better management of forest under climate change conditions  
e of knowledge for better management of forest under climate change conditions  
e for better management of forest under climate change conditions  
482 8                                         insects react rapidly to environmental change: for exam 
               insects react rapidly to environmental change: for example, regional extinction  
ronmental change: for example, regional extinction rates of european butterflies have exceeded  
pean butterflies have exceeded those of birds and higher plants by an order of magnitude in rec 
lso shown that butterflies are accurate indicators of change in less conspicuous invertebrate t 
cluding functionally important keystone insects such as ants. in theory, ensembles of closely i 
ally important keystone insects such as ants. in theory, ensembles of closely interacting speci 
by the many species that also depend on ants species across the climatic gradient, using nation 
12592 22                                         climate change has been identified by the draft soil st 
change has been identified by the draft soil strategy for england as one of the key pressures l 
 the key pressures likely to affect our soils now and in the future, along with land-use practi 
soils now and in the future, along with land-use practices. current climate projections for the 
 along with land-use practices. current climate projections for the uk suggest scenarios of war 
 climate projections for the uk suggest scenarios of warming leading to hotter and drier summer 
ections for the uk suggest scenarios of warming leading to hotter and drier summers, and milder 
limatic changes are likely to impact on soils and the soil biota, and potentially affect the ab 
s are likely to impact on soils and the soil biota, and potentially affect the ability of soils 
, and potentially affect the ability of soils to maintain delivery of the range of ecosystem go 
ls to maintain delivery of the range of ecosystem goods and services required of them. soil org 
em goods and services required of them. soil organisms are directly involved in the provision o 
n the provision of the majority of such ecosystem services, performing major roles in soil proc 
tem services, performing major roles in soil processes and functioning, including carbon and nu 
il processes and functioning, including carbon and nutrient cycling, soil structural dynamics,  
s and functioning, including carbon and nutrient cycling, soil structural dynamics, detoxifying 
 including carbon and nutrient cycling, soil structural dynamics, detoxifying pollutants and su 
g pollutants and supporting aboveground biodiversity. soil organisms are likely to be directly  
nd supporting aboveground biodiversity. soil organisms are likely to be directly and indirectly 
 be directly and indirectly impacted by climate change, but the consequences of such effects ar 
mplex relationships between belowground biodiversity and the ability of the soil to withstand a 
und biodiversity and the ability of the soil to withstand and recover from perturbations.  
7673 8 strategy of land occupation and uses of ecosystems resources, and how this behaviour impacts bi 
stems resources, and how this behaviour impacts biodiversity. the abms will be used to prospect 
sources, and how this behaviour impacts biodiversity. the abms will be used to prospect several 
e abms will be used to prospect several scenarios of evolution based on river dynamics produced 
e used to prospect several scenarios of evolution based on river dynamics produced from ipcc pr 
 from ipcc previsions, in order to help stakeholders in finding efficient adaptations and in de 
ainable transitions by improving actors livelihoods while promoting biodiversity  
ving actors livelihoods while promoting biodiversity  
11758 3 lating the concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide . in such environments, small changes in 
ironments, small changes in whole plant carbon balances may have important consequences for see 
ave important consequences for seedling growth and survival.  
9996 3 lating the concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide . in such environments, small changes in 
ironments, small changes in whole plant carbon balances may have important consequences for see 
ave important consequences for seedling growth and survival.  
10889 25                                         climate change is now recognized as having major impact 
hange is now recognized as having major impacts on the ecology of terrestrial, freshwater and m 
cognized as having major impacts on the ecology of terrestrial, freshwater and marine systems w 
 impacts on the ecology of terrestrial, freshwater and marine systems with effects on a broad r 
 ecology of terrestrial, freshwater and marine systems with effects on a broad range of organis 
ving complex effects at the individual, community and ecosystem level. for example warmer weath 
ffects at the individual, community and ecosystem level. for example warmer weather has brought 
g activities such as arrival of migrant birds and is affecting the geographical range of specie 
erate and polar species retreat. at the community level, changes in assemblage composition have 
otentially for the functioning of whole ecosystems. in the marine realm the timing of the sprin 
functioning of whole ecosystems. in the marine realm the timing of the spring phytoplankton blo 
e marine realm the timing of the spring phytoplankton bloom has important implications for zoop 
on bloom has important implications for zooplankton and fish assemblages and indeed the whole m 
ortant implications for zooplankton and fish assemblages and indeed the whole marine food web.  
d fish assemblages and indeed the whole marine food web. changes in the timing of this bloom as 
assemblages and indeed the whole marine food web. changes in the timing of this bloom as a resu 
the timing of this bloom as a result of climate change have been demonstrated and shown to have 
ver the implications of such changes to marine benthic organisms which live on the sea bed, thr 
t are likely to be extremely important. intertidal barnacles have made a superb model organism  
intertidal barnacles have made a superb model organism for studies of larval transport and supp 
sport and supply and are also sensitive indicators of climate change. their larvae are also imp 
ly and are also sensitive indicators of climate change. their larvae are also important compone 
re also important components of coastal food webs. in the british isles, barnacles are either b 
esults will be used to extend further a model developed with colleagues at sams as part of a pr 
ous nerc grant to understand effects of climate change on adult populations of benthic organism 
10950 6 cross scotland. we will estimate winter precipitation during the yd using the relationship betw 
er equilibrium line altitude and summer temperature. we will investigate whether glacier retrea 
 resulted from reduction in snowfall or climate warming. we will compare midge-inferred july te 
d from reduction in snowfall or climate warming. we will compare midge-inferred july temperatur 
uly temperatures with the grip ice core oxygen isotope record to determine whether the grip rec 
ecord can be used as a proxy for summer temperature in the ne atlantic region and as a link wit 
13587 18 is to evaluate the effect of among-year climate variation on the recruitment of planktonic herb 
 of among-year climate variation on the recruitment of planktonic herbivores in lakes and the r 
kes and the resulting effects on annual water clearing events during late spring known as clear 
vents during late spring known as clear water phases . the rapid growth of crustacean herbivore 
known as clear water phases . the rapid growth of crustacean herbivores and the resulting depre 
to a cwp. using a structured population model and laboratory experiments together with field sa 
s together with field sampling data and evaluation of historical data from two large north amer 
 lakes, i will test the hypothesis that climate during late winter and early spring influences  
ion of cwp:s through its effects on the recruitment of planktonic herbivores from diapausing eg 
, duration, and magnitude of cwp:s. the development and evaluation of theoretical models descri 
magnitude of cwp:s. the development and evaluation of theoretical models describing and predict 
-plant interactions with effects at the ecosystem scale will benefit fundamental science. knowl 
eractions with effects at the ecosystem scale will benefit fundamental science. knowledge of th 
the ecological mechanisms through which climate conditions during winter may affect water clari 
ate conditions during winter may affect water clarity and quality during late spring and summer 
project will be of great importance for water quality management in the face of climate change. 
e of great importance for water quality management in the face of climate change.  
water quality management in the face of climate change.  
2056 11                                         climate change scenarios predict that arctic regions wi 
                         climate change scenarios predict that arctic regions will experience t 
nd changes anywhere on the globe due to global warming in the coming decades. this is of great  
ecades. this is of great concern from a conservation and biodiversity perspective because this  
f great concern from a conservation and biodiversity perspective because this biome is dominate 
 the project will explore the impact of climate variability on the movement patterns, growth pa 
e variability on the movement patterns, growth patterns and interactions of these two species,  
of these two species, identify critical habitat features and develop a predictive model to asse 
bitat features and develop a predictive model to assess the impact of future climate change on  
ve model to assess the impact of future climate change on these animals and the ecosystem they  
climate change on these animals and the ecosystem they occupy.  
1997 40               we will base our study on climate induced biodiversity shifts in freshwater ecosy 
 will base our study on climate induced biodiversity shifts in freshwater ecosystems on three i 
 climate induced biodiversity shifts in freshwater ecosystems on three influential hypotheses:  
duced biodiversity shifts in freshwater ecosystems on three influential hypotheses: the interme 
nfluential hypotheses: the intermediate disturbance hypothesis, the chaos and biodiversity hypo 
e disturbance hypothesis, the chaos and biodiversity hypothesis and the alternative stable stat 
pothesis. according to the intermediate disturbance hypothesis', biodiversity is highest at int 
e intermediate disturbance hypothesis', biodiversity is highest at intermediate disturbance lev 
biodiversity is highest at intermediate disturbance levels. climatic variability is an importan 
ariability is an important component of disturbance in aquatic ecosystems. climate change can t 
ant component of disturbance in aquatic ecosystems. climate change can thus be expected to affe 
t of disturbance in aquatic ecosystems. climate change can thus be expected to affect biodivers 
e change can thus be expected to affect biodiversity by changing the disturbance regime. accord 
 to affect biodiversity by changing the disturbance regime. according to the chaos and biodiver 
ance regime. according to the chaos and biodiversity hypothesis' internally driven oscillations 
ns may also be critical for maintaining biodiversity. according to this hypothesis climate chan 
diversity. according to this hypothesis climate change is likely to affect biodiversity by chan 
esis climate change is likely to affect biodiversity by changing the physiology of the individu 
 stable states which differ strongly in community composition as well as biodiversity. climate  
gly in community composition as well as biodiversity. climate change may potentially push these 
ty composition as well as biodiversity. climate change may potentially push these ecosystems to 
imate change may potentially push these ecosystems to another stable state and may therefore ha 
herefore have a large effect on aquatic biodiversity. we will review, test and apply each of th 
effect on aquatic biodiversity. we will review, test and apply each of these theories in two cl 
ked projects. a mathematically inclined ph.d. student will perform time series analysis on exis 
analyses with simple multi-species prey-predator, competition and ecosystem models. an experime 
ith simple multi-species prey-predator, competition and ecosystem models. an experimentally exp 
-species prey-predator, competition and ecosystem models. an experimentally experienced post-do 
ionally carry out simulations with full-scale ecosystem models. these two alw-funded researcher 
y carry out simulations with full-scale ecosystem models. these two alw-funded researchers will 
d international leaders in the field of biodiversity and ecosystem functioning of aquatic syste 
es national key-players in the field of water quality and water management. the anticipated res 
ayers in the field of water quality and water management. the anticipated results will provide  
tools to assess the potential impact of climate change on aquatic biodiversity. the integrative 
ial impact of climate change on aquatic biodiversity. the integrative approach of the programme 
nderstanding of the mechanisms by which biodiversity is obtained, which is essential for the de 
is obtained, which is essential for the development of sustainable management strategies. it wi 
tial for the development of sustainable management strategies. it will also contribute to a bet 
o a better prediction of the effects of global change for aquatic biodiversity.  
he effects of global change for aquatic biodiversity.  
1999 26                                how will global change affect the biodiversity of aquatic ecosys 
      how will global change affect the biodiversity of aquatic ecosystems to tackle this quest 
ange affect the biodiversity of aquatic ecosystems to tackle this question, we base our work on 
nfluential theories: - the intermediate-disturbance hypothesis - the chaos & biodiversity hypot 
te-disturbance hypothesis - the chaos & biodiversity hypothesis - the alternative-stable-state  
 to predict different relations between global warming and biodiversity. to explore the potenti 
nt relations between global warming and biodiversity. to explore the potentially complex relati 
he potentially complex relation between global change and aquatic biodiversity in more detail,  
ation between global change and aquatic biodiversity in more detail, we propose to test specifi 
nts will consist of a bitrophic system, phytoplankton and zooplankton, under controlled nutrien 
f a bitrophic system, phytoplankton and zooplankton, under controlled nutrient, light and tempe 
n, under controlled nutrient, light and temperature conditions. in different experiments we wil 
 will manipulate the composition of the phytoplankton or the zooplankton community and addition 
composition of the phytoplankton or the zooplankton community and additionally impose different 
of the phytoplankton or the zooplankton community and additionally impose different temperature 
unity and additionally impose different temperature and light regimes to study climatic effects 
atic effects on biotic interactions and biodiversity in this planktonic system. the initial con 
lts of the time series analysis and the model analysis obtained in the companion project. since 
 since climatic effects on more complex food webs and on organisms with long generation times c 
ll make use of an existing general lake model. we will use this full-scale ecosystem model as a 
neral lake model. we will use this full-scale ecosystem model as an electronic cosm, focusing o 
lake model. we will use this full-scale ecosystem model as an electronic cosm, focusing on the  
. we will use this full-scale ecosystem model as an electronic cosm, focusing on the same quest 
the results obtained by time series and model analysis in the companion project of this researc 
tools to assess the potential impact of climate change on aquatic biodiversity.  
ial impact of climate change on aquatic biodiversity.  
1998 20             we address the question how global change will affect the biodiversity of aquatic e 
stion how global change will affect the biodiversity of aquatic ecosystems using three influent 
will affect the biodiversity of aquatic ecosystems using three influential theories as guidance 
heories as guidance: - the intermediate-disturbance hypothesis - the chaos & biodiversity hypot 
te-disturbance hypothesis - the chaos & biodiversity hypothesis - the alternative-stable-state  
 to predict different relations between global warming and biodiversity. this is a first indica 
nt relations between global warming and biodiversity. this is a first indication that relations 
first indication that relations between global change and aquatic biodiversity are not necessar 
tions between global change and aquatic biodiversity are not necessarily simple. to explore the 
he potentially complex relation between global change and aquatic biodiversity in more detail,  
ation between global change and aquatic biodiversity in more detail, we propose to use time ser 
propose to use time series analysis and model analysis. the time series analysis will focus on  
on time series of lakes in northwestern europe, with the following aims: , physiological and ge 
owing aims: , physiological and genetic adaptation, and changes in disturbance regimes will aff 
 and genetic adaptation, and changes in disturbance regimes will affect biodiversity in these t 
nges in disturbance regimes will affect biodiversity in these three types of models. we will us 
e types of models. we will use abstract model formulations to obtain a better qualitative under 
ve understanding. the findings from the model analysis and time series analysis will be compare 
tools to assess the potential impact of climate change on aquatic biodiversity.  
ial impact of climate change on aquatic biodiversity.  
2179 18 id moths constitute the most pronounced disturbance factor in sub-arctic birch forest that some 
 disturbance factor in sub-arctic birch forest that sometimes leads to extensive forest death.  
orest that sometimes leads to extensive forest death. we have recently made two discoveries tha 
discoveries that suggest that distinct, climate-change related shifts in geometrid outbreak ran 
 restricted to low-altitude, coast-near forest in nw norway, has expanded its outbreak range to 
o reach the altitudinal and latitudinal forest limit in ne finnmark. there the winter moth now  
asting defoliation leading to extensive forest death. secondly, during the last 3 years, a nove 
s rapidly become abundant as to inflict forest damage locally in the coastal birch forest in tr 
est damage locally in the coastal birch forest in troms county. a. aurantiaria is known as a fo 
ms county. a. aurantiaria is known as a forest pest species further south in europe and it may  
 a forest pest species further south in europe and it may thus represent a putative new pest in 
tative new pest in the sub-arctic birch forest. these changing distributions of geometrids have 
est this match-mismatch hypothesis in a food web perspective, combining small-scale process stu 
a food web perspective, combining small-scale process studies with large-scale, pattern oriente 
 small-scale process studies with large-scale, pattern oriented approaches. through these studi 
eak dynamics in northern mountain birch forest under various scenarios of climate change.  
ern mountain birch forest under various scenarios of climate change.  
birch forest under various scenarios of climate change.  
14665 19                                     the mediterranean region contains transitional climate zone 
iterranean region contains transitional climate zones where climate change may have the greates 
ntains transitional climate zones where climate change may have the greatest effects. in the ar 
s highly variable in space and time and drought phenomenon often occurs climate change plays a  
ime and drought phenomenon often occurs climate change plays a decisive role on the dynamics of 
stems. in this context, the analysis of climate change and its variability is of great interest 
esenting an essential tool for a better management of natural resources. such studies combining 
sential tool for a better management of natural resources. such studies combining climate varia 
tural resources. such studies combining climate variability information and its effect on natur 
ct on natural systems are important for scenarios suggested for gcm for mediterranean areas whe 
ant for scenarios suggested for gcm for mediterranean areas where we expect an increasing aridi 
d consequently an increasing deficit of water resources. moreover, implications of better under 
implications of better understanding of climate variability with a greater spatial resolution c 
ve sectors. from the perspective of the environmental management, better understanding of these 
eneous climatic data base for the whole mediterranean coast of spain. approximately 1600 series 
se for the whole mediterranean coast of spain. approximately 1600 series with different ecologi 
n with dendroecological data to predict forest dynamics in mediterranean areas under different  
ical data to predict forest dynamics in mediterranean areas under different climatic scenarios. 
erranean areas under different climatic scenarios.  
15005 7                          the scientific community has now no doubt on the existence of a global 
short ranges . an important part of the biodiversity existing in terrestrial ecosystems corresp 
he biodiversity existing in terrestrial ecosystems corresponds to bryophytes, with approximatel 
to study comparatively the responses to temperature and water stress of broadly distributed spe 
tively the responses to temperature and water stress of broadly distributed species and those r 
 the responses to temperature and water stress of broadly distributed species and those restric 
om different altitudes. 3. to study the genetic diversity, using aflp, of the samples used in t 
2078 11                               predicted climate changes will affect nature as a whole. for a be 
  predicted climate changes will affect nature as a whole. for a better understanding of specie 
. for a better understanding of species-distribution and species-composition as a response to c 
nd species-composition as a response to climate change it is important to consider comparable i 
sider comparable information on dynamic biodiversity across groups oforganisms in time and spac 
sms in time and space. it is known that climate changes will have a strong effect on species-di 
es will have a strong effect on species-distribution and species-composition in areas where num 
he opportunity of testing the effect of climate conditions and change on dynamic biodiversity,  
limate conditions and change on dynamic biodiversity, and testing if the groups of organisms di 
f organisms differ in their response to climate change. this enables an identification of areas 
 a particularly high economic andnature vulnerability.  
424 5                                     the mediterranean is an area considered as a hotspot of bio 
n is an area considered as a hotspot of biodiversity . the simulated distribution of the cedar  
hotspot of biodiversity . the simulated distribution of the cedar shows drastic changes with a  
ges with a significant reduction of its distribution area in north africa during the next centu 
ction of its distribution area in north africa during the next century.  
6861 5 iromnental changes, they may be used as indicators of microclimatic fluctuations. based on numb 
bility of leaves in particular species, climate-plant relation can be studied. statistical and  
eir cooccurrence with other elements of vegetation , and compare data with other known european 
n lower jurassic floras we can recreate ecology of liassic subtropical delta-plain forest.  
logy of liassic subtropical delta-plain forest.  
2109 21                        the north boreal forests and the low alpine areas cover a large proporti 
nd surface. the predicted anthropogenic climate changes are supposed to have large influences i 
cies above the existing treeline. steep temperature gradients influence the survival of many pl 
f many plant species and their internal competition. the changes are supposed to be slow, and t 
e use of more easy accesible methods as lidar airborne scanning for present and future determin 
ion of resources. we will also use past vegetation and soil registrations for analysing the dev 
s. we will also use past vegetation and soil registrations for analysing the development of the 
nd soil registrations for analysing the development of the vegetation and the tree stands in a  
ns for analysing the development of the vegetation and the tree stands in a selected research a 
tstanding study area, due to a detailed mapping of vegetation, soil properties and timberline p 
tudy area, due to a detailed mapping of vegetation, soil properties and timberline position in  
ue to a detailed mapping of vegetation, soil properties and timberline position in 1932-1936. t 
lots will be reanalysed with respect to vegetation and soil, and the information will be includ 
analysed with respect to vegetation and soil, and the information will be included in a digital 
n will be included in a digital terrain model along. the old and the new vegetation data will b 
errain model along. the old and the new vegetation data will be analysed with respect to change 
ith other relevant information on plant species composition and competition will be used combin 
mation on plant species composition and competition will be used combined with regclim regional 
 be used combined with regclim regional climate scenarios in order to predict the effects of fu 
 combined with regclim regional climate scenarios in order to predict the effects of future cli 
 order to predict the effects of future climate change in this ecotone. we plan to provide info 
13612 16  the survival of many mammal species in europe. this concern is to a large extent derived from  
ncern is to a large extent derived from model-based predictions on how future climate change wi 
m model-based predictions on how future climate change will affect european biodiversity. curre 
ure climate change will affect european biodiversity. current species distribution models sugge 
 european biodiversity. current species distribution models suggest that climate change will ca 
pecies distribution models suggest that climate change will cause habitats to shift or contract 
wards, and will result in high rates of extinction for the coming 100 years. however, such pred 
es in how species respond to changes in habitat availability. central to this problem is the ha 
ability. central to this problem is the habitat tracking hypothesis, which states that populati 
 populations will respond to changes in habitat availability by altering their distributions ac 
determine the probability and extent of climate-induced habitat tracking in european mammals. w 
obability and extent of climate-induced habitat tracking in european mammals. we will combine r 
ped ancient dna approaches with species distribution models to construct a detailed investigati 
o construct a detailed investigation of habitat tracking in nine model species in real time thr 
vestigation of habitat tracking in nine model species in real time through the last 40,000 year 
empo and mode of population response to climate change, as well as to evaluate, adjust and empl 
15565 16  the survival of many mammal species in europe. this concern is to a large extent derived from  
ncern is to a large extent derived from model-based predictions on how future climate change wi 
m model-based predictions on how future climate change will affect european biodiversity. curre 
ure climate change will affect european biodiversity. current species distribution models sugge 
 european biodiversity. current species distribution models suggest that climate change will ca 
pecies distribution models suggest that climate change will cause habitats to shift or contract 
wards, and will result in high rates of extinction for the coming 100 years. however, such pred 
es in how species respond to changes in habitat availability. central to this problem is the ha 
ability. central to this problem is the habitat tracking hypothesis, which states that populati 
 populations will respond to changes in habitat availability by altering their distributions ac 
determine the probability and extent of climate-induced habitat tracking in european mammals. w 
obability and extent of climate-induced habitat tracking in european mammals. we will combine r 
ped ancient dna approaches with species distribution models to construct a detailed investigati 
o construct a detailed investigation of habitat tracking in nine model species in real time thr 
vestigation of habitat tracking in nine model species in real time through the last 40,000 year 
empo and mode of population response to climate change, as well as to evaluate, adjust and empl 
10413 14                                         insects react rapidly to environmental change: for exam 
               insects react rapidly to environmental change: for example, regional extinction  
ronmental change: for example, regional extinction rates of european butterflies have exceeded  
pean butterflies have exceeded those of birds and higher plants by an order of magnitude in rec 
lso shown that butterflies are accurate indicators of change in less conspicuous invertebrate g 
invertebrate groups, including dominant insects such as ants that have major impacts on all oth 
ups, including dominant insects such as ants that have major impacts on all other species in th 
nt insects such as ants that have major impacts on all other species in their environment. here 
r impacts on all other species in their environment. here we propose to measure the combined im 
here we propose to measure the combined impacts of human-induced changes in climate and habitat 
ned impacts of human-induced changes in climate and habitat species across the climatic gradien 
of human-induced changes in climate and habitat species across the climatic gradient, using the 
climatic gradient, using the centre for ecology hydrology s dataset of annual changes in all uk 
 gradient, using the centre for ecology hydrology s dataset of annual changes in all uk butterf 
13747 8                                         insects react rapidly to environmental change: for exam 
               insects react rapidly to environmental change: for example, regional extinction  
ronmental change: for example, regional extinction rates of european butterflies have exceeded  
lies have exceeded those of i;-:« |||;| birds and higher plants by an order of magnitude in rec 
lso shown that butterflies are accurate indicators of w,\ ilii change in less conspicuous inver 
cluding functionally important keystone insects such as ants. in theory, ensembles of |s;i jg j 
ally important keystone insects such as ants. in theory, ensembles of |s;i jg j closely interac 
by the many species that also depend on ants species across the climatic gradient,  
15566 8                                         insects react rapidly to environmental change: for exam 
               insects react rapidly to environmental change: for example, regional extinction  
ronmental change: for example, regional extinction rates of european butterflies have exceeded  
pean butterflies have exceeded those of birds and higher plants by an order of magnitude in rec 
lso shown that butterflies are accurate indicators of change in less conspicuous invertebrate t 
cluding functionally important keystone insects such as ants. in theory, ensembles of closely i 
ally important keystone insects such as ants. in theory, ensembles of closely interacting speci 
by the many species that also depend on ants species across the climatic gradient, using nation 
14140 6          vertical stratification of the water column in the oceans and seas is a key factor in  
seas is a key factor in shaping spatial distribution and temporal dynamics of planktonic organi 
ktonic organisms as well as controlling primary production and cycling of substances. the water 
oduction and cycling of substances. the water column in the deeper areas of the gulf of finland 
g those layers to forecast the possible ecosystem changes taking into account future climate ch 
stem changes taking into account future climate change projections.  
6736 5 ent cardiac arrhythmias and an incresed risk of sudden cardiac death. the genetic research on c 
 these include not only to find all the disease associated genetic loci and subsequently the in 
stand the molecular pathogenesis of the disease. however, our current knowledge on these disord 
tion would represent invaluable tool in risk stratification, which is incomplete at the moment. 
on would be valuable for the scientific community in general.  
11439 6 seley linked to how we alter the global carbon cycle. the rate at which we are using fossil fue 
 we are using fossil fuels and altering land use ; however, if we get the carbon cycle slightly 
ering land use ; however, if we get the carbon cycle slightly out of balance the plants and ani 
 atmospheric concentrations of co2, o2, temperature, types of plants, etc. are. exactly how del 
, etc. are. exactly how delicate is the carbon cycle within a closed system the work we are pro 
proposing uses one of the largest plant-growth experimental....  
11106 4 nities in orographic clouds and a cloud water sample collected from an aircraft. seasonal varia 
om an aircraft. seasonal variability in community structure will be determined using terminal r 
ent of the freezing properties of cloud water: the effect cloud bacterial isolates have on the  
ates have on the freezing properties of water: and the detection of ice nucleating genes by pcr 
14266 1  multidisciplinary level and to support policy questions. the sumanos projects fits within the  
10587 1 investigation into the potential for co-evolution between female mating behaviour and selfish g 
9816 1 investigation into the potential for co-evolution between female mating behaviour and selfish g 
12588 20      current literature on the state of soil carbon levels in uk soils is equivocal. prediction 
n the state of soil carbon levels in uk soils is equivocal. predictions of future changes in so 
vocal. predictions of future changes in soil carbon levels related to land use and climate chan 
hanges in soil carbon levels related to land use and climate change are highly uncertain, so ev 
l carbon levels related to land use and climate change are highly uncertain, so evidence-based  
are highly uncertain, so evidence-based policy setting is extremely difficult. recent reports a 
uggested the need to collate uk data on soil carbon and the release of greenhouse gases in rela 
 data on soil carbon and the release of greenhouse gases in relation to land management. this w 
ease of greenhouse gases in relation to land management. this would enable a clear picture to b 
to be gained of the current state of uk soil carbon and the processes driving change, and infor 
he processes driving change, and inform model predictions of future changes. furthermore, gaps  
ienced and recognised members of the uk soil science community who have the broad range of skil 
cognised members of the uk soil science community who have the broad range of skills required t 
ailability and provenance of data on uk soil carbon stocks, fluxes and land use influences. 2.  
ta on uk soil carbon stocks, fluxes and land use influences. 2. appraise the potential limitati 
utput from this project will be a brief review of uk soil carbon data sources and shortfalls in 
is project will be a brief review of uk soil carbon data sources and shortfalls in these data.  
his will provide up to date evidence to policy makers in relation to soil carbon and land manag 
vidence to policy makers in relation to soil carbon and land management. tasks for a second pha 
y makers in relation to soil carbon and land management. tasks for a second phase of work will  
14958 15                                     the fungi which grow obligately on lichens comprise over 20 
     the fungi which grow obligately on lichens comprise over 2000 known species, and further s 
ly include lichenicolous species. these fungi are extremely specialized, and many are evidently 
nt and not easy to place in the overall classification of fungi. investigations into the biolog 
 place in the overall classification of fungi. investigations into the biology, bioactive produ 
ucts, and systematic placement of these fungi have been frustrated by the difficulty of securin 
ifficulty of securing sufficient living biomass. this project will build on the previous experi 
eveloping methods for the isolation and growth of these fungi in pure culture, using freshly co 
s for the isolation and growth of these fungi in pure culture, using freshly collected material 
aterial. the systematic position of the fungi will be explored using molecular phylogenetic met 
of the known 98 genera of lichenicolous fungi have yet been the subject of such studies. in man 
racters in material from different host lichens has been used to recognize different species. t 
 of selected genera from different host lichens by molecular phylogenetic methods to determine  
involve comparing the phylograms of the fungi and their hosts, with an emphasis on those growin 
emphasis on those growing on parmelioid lichens whose marginal costs are not charged to the pro 
10137 12 70% of earth s surface, supporting vast biodiversity and providing major food resources for hum 
he oceans have restricted the extent of global warming by taking up approximately 50% of the co 
issolved in seawater and lowers ambient ph in a phenomenon known as ocean acidification . an im 
ers ambient ph in a phenomenon known as ocean acidification . an important facet of ocean acidi 
n acidification . an important facet of ocean acidification is a decline in the concentration o 
 ions in the ocean, a form of dissolved carbon that is depleted in the acidification reaction w 
ecause the shells and skeletons of many marine organisms are made of calcium carbonate to const 
etter understanding of the modern ocean carbon cycle, which is essential to get right before wo 
ons about the range of changes in ocean carbon and nutrient cycles we can expect in the future  
e ocean may affect the degree of future warming by emitting more or less greenhouse gases such  
future warming by emitting more or less greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and nitrous oxi 
g more or less greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide.  
11019 12 70% of earth s surface, supporting vast biodiversity and providing major food resources for hum 
he oceans have restricted the extent of global warming by taking up approximately 50% of the co 
issolved in seawater and lowers ambient ph in a phenomenon known as ocean acidification . an im 
ers ambient ph in a phenomenon known as ocean acidification . an important facet of ocean acidi 
n acidification . an important facet of ocean acidification is a decline in the concentration o 
 ions in the ocean, a form of dissolved carbon that is depleted in the acidification reaction w 
ecause the shells and skeletons of many marine organisms are made of calcium carbonate to const 
etter understanding of the modern ocean carbon cycle, which is essential to get right before wo 
ons about the range of changes in ocean carbon and nutrient cycles we can expect in the future  
e ocean may affect the degree of future warming by emitting more or less greenhouse gases such  
future warming by emitting more or less greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and nitrous oxi 
g more or less greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide.  
15028 21                               while the impacts of fishing on fish populations and demersal and 
                   while the impacts of fishing on fish populations and demersal and pelagic ma 
        while the impacts of fishing on fish populations and demersal and pelagic marine ecosys 
sh populations and demersal and pelagic marine ecosystems are well documented for commercial fi 
lations and demersal and pelagic marine ecosystems are well documented for commercial fishing,  
tems are well documented for commercial fishing, the impacts of artisanal and recreational fish 
 documented for commercial fishing, the impacts of artisanal and recreational fishing -as well  
e impacts of artisanal and recreational fishing -as well as their relationships- on the coastal 
 as their relationships- on the coastal ecosystem have received little attention. nevertheless, 
ertheless, the interest on recreational fishing as a leisure activity is growing rapidly, creat 
nflict between this open access type of fishing and the regulated artisanal fishing. on the oth 
 of fishing and the regulated artisanal fishing. on the other hand, this intense fishing activi 
ishing. on the other hand, this intense fishing activity may have multiple effects over the exp 
r the exploited species and the coastal ecosystem. the objective of the current proposal is to  
artisanal and recreational anglers, the fishing activity . the aim is to establish the foundati 
the foundations for the sustainable and adaptive management of coastal resources, which are dee 
ffected by anthropogenic activities. an adaptive management of the ecosystem is necessary to av 
tivities. an adaptive management of the ecosystem is necessary to avoid the collapse of the pop 
 maintain the resiliency of the coastal ecosystems, the health of the fish stocks and the quali 
e coastal ecosystems, the health of the fish stocks and the quality of the fisheries.  
 the fish stocks and the quality of the fisheries.  
11490 4                                     the ecosystem services of deltas often support high populat 
and east asia. as noted in the ipcc ar4 assessment, deltas are one of the most vulnerable coast 
lnerable coastal environments and their ecosystem services face multiple stresses in the coming 
rahmaputra to facilitate take-up of the policy recommendations that would emerge if the full pr 
14317 16 ver basin in terms of drainage area and water discharge, the congo river harbors the richest kn 
e congo river harbors the richest known fish species diversity on the african continent, which  
go river harbors the richest known fish species diversity on the african continent, which also  
ts a resource of critical importance to riparian human population. in shrill contrast with its  
portance for local, regional and global biodiversity, its ecology, dynamics and ecosystem funct 
, regional and global biodiversity, its ecology, dynamics and ecosystem functioning are poorly  
biodiversity, its ecology, dynamics and ecosystem functioning are poorly understood simplbecaus 
he prerequisite to fully understand the biodiversity and functioning of an aquatic ecosystem. a 
diversity and functioning of an aquatic ecosystem. a large number of conceptual models have bee 
rtance of autochtonous and allochtonous primary production for fueling the food web in function 
nous primary production for fueling the food web in function of spatial and temporal scales. un 
 production for fueling the food web in function of spatial and temporal scales. unfortunately, 
ate factors driving species and trophic biodiversity of consumers, including fish. therefore, i 
ic biodiversity of consumers, including fish. therefore, in this proposal, we aim to link terre 
cers . in particular, the origin of the organic matter fueling the upper levels of the food web 
 matter fueling the upper levels of the food web will be highlighted. such interdisciplinary an 
14318 14 ve programme on reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation in developing coun 
ducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation in developing countries program. un- 
emissions from deforestation and forest degradation in developing countries program. un-redd+ w 
ion in developing countries program. un-redd+ will create a financial value for sustainable for 
reate a financial value for sustainable forest management actions that enhance carbon storage i 
 forest management actions that enhance carbon storage in forests, offering incentives for deve 
 actions that enhance carbon storage in forests, offering incentives for developing countries t 
nce carbon storage in forests, offering incentives for developing countries to reduce emissions 
ries to reduce emissions in a post 2012 climate regime. the aim of this project is to get basel 
ine reference data on the c balance and biodiversity in pristine and intervened dense tropical  
ersity in pristine and intervened dense tropical forests of the congo basin and to increase our 
elationship between both variables as a function of forest management. the strategic choice of  
between both variables as a function of forest management. the strategic choice of the tropical 
management. the strategic choice of the tropical forests of d.r. congo as a study area is inspi 
13315 11                                 to stop biodiversity declines and meet future challenges, a bet 
a better understanding is needed on how biodiversity is affected by historic and current land u 
ity is affected by historic and current land use changes. in the coconut project we will , and  
 tools and information critical for the development of large scale, general predictions of biod 
n critical for the development of large scale, general predictions of biodiversity effects on l 
 of large scale, general predictions of biodiversity effects on land use change, and developmen 
 predictions of biodiversity effects on land use change, and development of policy options for  
versity effects on land use change, and development of policy options for land use management.  
 on land use change, and development of policy options for land use management.  
, and development of policy options for land use management.  
elopment of policy options for land use management.  
13823 9 redictions regarding the maintenance of biodiversity in hosts and parasite where dispersal dyna 
iodiversity in hosts and parasite where dispersal dynamics of the interacting species occur on  
establish the ratio of parasite to host migration and determine the genetic nature of resistanc 
ost migration and determine the genetic nature of resistance and virulence traits involved in t 
ion and determine the genetic nature of resistance and virulence traits involved in the interac 
etic nature of resistance and virulence traits involved in the interaction. this will be done i 
otryum violaceum disperses on a similar spatial scale to its host, but invades host populations 
 genetic variation in parasite selected traits. the results will be used to support the argumen 
tionary processes that are important to biodiversity and future evolutionary response.  
11545 1                                         nature is full of interactions between members of diffe 
11678 1                                         nature is full of interactions between members of diffe 
14940 9 phyllum acanthocephala with the largest diversity, and morphological and ecological versatility 
evolutionary factors generating current diversity patterns within this family. firstly, we will 
cophylogenetic patterns, especially the colonization or host-switching through food webs. this  
 colonization or host-switching through food webs. this task will require to build a phylogenet 
asites, the ecomorphology of attachment function to the intestinal wall. our working hypothesis 
 in turn, will constraint or facilitate colonization of hosts and/or intestinal habitats. there 
habitats. therefore, an analysis of the evolution of attachment function might be useful to lin 
analysis of the evolution of attachment function might be useful to link key adaptations with t 
o link key adaptations with taxonomical diversity. for the coadaptation study we will describe, 
15583 18                                         forests of the congo basin shelter an exceptional biodi 
 the congo basin shelter an exceptional biodiversity, provide critical ecosystem services and s 
eptional biodiversity, provide critical ecosystem services and support the livelihood of vulner 
and ecological landscapes are evolving. climate change, deforestation, and degradation critical 
andscapes are evolving. climate change, deforestation, and degradation critically influence the 
ing. climate change, deforestation, and degradation critically influence their biodiversity, in 
 degradation critically influence their biodiversity, in turn affecting the functions and servi 
urpose of cofortips is to foster better management of the congo basin forests through a better  
er better management of the congo basin forests through a better understanding of the dynamics, 
a better understanding of the dynamics, regime shifts and tipping points of biodiversity and th 
cs, regime shifts and tipping points of biodiversity and the resilience of forested social ecol 
 tipping points of biodiversity and the resilience of forested social ecological systems . by a 
ch, we will ensure that our results and scenarios are embedded in the policy making process, pa 
sults and scenarios are embedded in the policy making process, paying close attention to the go 
 process, paying close attention to the governance structure. we will enrol key stakeholders an 
governance structure. we will enrol key stakeholders and leaders at every step of the project a 
the research results among the involved stakeholders, closing the gap between knowledge product 
ders, closing the gap between knowledge production and action.  
13455 13                                         coral reefs of lophelia pertusa are key biotopes in tem 
ecies, including commercially important fish stocks. in sweden and norway a large proportion of 
 commercially important fish stocks. in sweden and norway a large proportion of natural reefs h 
eefs have been damaged by trawling, and ocean acidification is a developing threat for the reef 
 the area have gone extinct. as natural recovery of damaged reefs is slow, and natural reestabl 
nowledge to aid in the preservation and management of l. pertusa, a keystone species in the kos 
 park; by 1 developing tools for active management through restoration, 2 investigating chemica 
ing tools for active management through restoration, 2 investigating chemical cues in spawning  
ical factors for coral reproduction and recruitment, 3 modelling larval dispersal within the na 
r coral reproduction and recruitment, 3 modelling larval dispersal within the national park and 
ion and recruitment, 3 modelling larval dispersal within the national park and skagerrak, and i 
xpect this project to be a milestone in rehabilitation activities of coldwater coral reefs in y 
 rehabilitation activities of coldwater coral reefs in years to come.  
12715 10                                         nitrogen deposition remains a threat to sensitive semi- 
 exceed the critical loads for nutrient nitrogen and critical levels for ammonia, and are predi 
ite reductions in emissions of reactive nitrogen gases. there have been a considerable number o 
sed on detailed site based analysis and modelling. however, it is not clear the extent to which 
 not clear the extent to which elevated nitrogen is impacting upon protected site condition or  
acting upon protected site condition or biodiversity conservation in the wider countryside. thi 
oject will provide an analysis of broad scale vegetation surveillance data, including countrysi 
will provide an analysis of broad scale vegetation surveillance data, including countryside sur 
us vascular plant, bryophyte and lichen distribution datasets. it will correlate spatial and te 
rrelate spatial and temporal changes to nitrogen deposition data, to identify whether and to wh 
13388 2            in this project, collection, conservation, characterization, evaluation and determin 
ection, conservation, characterization, evaluation and determination of nutritional contents of 
13405 2 urposes of this study is to investigate conservation of the genetic diversity of mulberry.  
y is to investigate conservation of the genetic diversity of mulberry.  
13386 2 ion criteria and genotypes suitable for rangelands and/or hay production will be utilized in th 
ypes suitable for rangelands and/or hay production will be utilized in the continuing breeding  
13368 1 cies distributed at aegean and the west mediterranean regions of turkey will be collected and s 
13409 2 urposes of this study is to investigate conservation of the genetic diversity of fruit genetic  
y is to investigate conservation of the genetic diversity of fruit genetic resourses in middle  
14190 2                                         conservation and investigation of locally breeded decor 
f locally breeded decorative cultivars. conservation and investigation of important local medic 
14192 3 ions of 53 species of cereals, grasses, legumes, oil crops and vegetables are maintained at the 
 natural habitats; characterization and evaluation of accessions; documentation; storing safety 
barley, wheat, oats, forage grasses and legumes and vegetables.  
14191 2 d viability of plants preserved in slow growth conditions; •to evaluate the influence of long-t 
vitro as meristem plants on the genetic stability of accessions; •to update the electronic data 
13578 17                 the populations of many boreal forest species have declined dramatically in lan 
dramatically in landscapes dominated by forestry. anthropogenic climate change may further redu 
es dominated by forestry. anthropogenic climate change may further reduce their abundance. the  
climate change may further reduce their abundance. the long-term survival of these forestry-sen 
ndance. the long-term survival of these forestry-sensitive species is affected by factors in th 
e species is affected by factors in the forest landscapes, but also by the properties of the sp 
lves. in this project i will assess the colonization ability of forestry-sensitive species. dur 
will assess the colonization ability of forestry-sensitive species. during climate change, high 
y of forestry-sensitive species. during climate change, high colonizing ability is essential to 
s in sites that have become unsuitable. colonization is also crucial to cope with forest fragme 
lonization is also crucial to cope with forest fragmentation and the shifting mosaic of a lands 
gmentation and the shifting mosaic of a landscape dominated by forestry. the groups included re 
ting mosaic of a landscape dominated by forestry. the groups included represents a high proport 
n of all species negatively affected by forestry: fungi, lichens, liverworts, and mosses. colon 
pecies negatively affected by forestry: fungi, lichens, liverworts, and mosses. colonizing abil 
negatively affected by forestry: fungi, lichens, liverworts, and mosses. colonizing ability of  
orts, and mosses. colonizing ability of forestry-sensitive species in these groups will be infe 
13462 13                 the populations of many boreal forest species have declined dramatically in lan 
dramatically in landscapes dominated by forestry. the long-term survival of these species is af 
e species is affected by factors in the forest landscapes, but also by the properties of the sp 
perties of the species themselves, e.g. colonization capacity. during climate change, high colo 
ves, e.g. colonization capacity. during climate change, high colonizing capacity is essential t 
s in sites that have become unsuitable. colonization is also crucial to cope with forest fragme 
lonization is also crucial to cope with forest fragmentation and the shifting mosaic of a lands 
gmentation and the shifting mosaic of a landscape dominated by forestry. this project studies c 
ting mosaic of a landscape dominated by forestry. this project studies colonization capacity of 
nated by forestry. this project studies colonization capacity of liverworts, mosses, insects, s 
ization capacity of liverworts, mosses, insects, saproxylic fungi and epiphytic lichens. coloni 
liverworts, mosses, insects, saproxylic fungi and epiphytic lichens. colonizing capacity is inf 
insects, saproxylic fungi and epiphytic lichens. colonizing capacity is inferred from species p 
15321 17 cells have to deal with the biochemical stress caused by the lack of liquid water. some cells a 
cal stress caused by the lack of liquid water. some cells also have to withstand lethal uv radi 
gotrophic conditions and often the high salinity of evaporite rock habitats. successful coloniz 
 of evaporite rock habitats. successful colonization will in large measure depend on an adequat 
, along with the specific physiological adaptation mechanisms of the microorganisms. however, t 
oorganisms. however, the role played by water in the form of vapour has not yet been addressed. 
ng hypothesis for this project is that: colonization strategies of microorganisms inhabiting ar 
ge extent depend on the availability of water vapour that may either be imbibed directly by the 
y was designed to examine the microbial ecosystems of endolithic habitats in the arid and hyper 
 on mars. we will also characterize the biodiversity, structure and organization of the endolit 
rganization of the endolithic microbial ecosystems discovered in january 2010 in the atacama de 
 data, we will infer the role played by water vapour on the colonization strategies of endolith 
 the role played by water vapour on the colonization strategies of endolithic organisms. this p 
ssible biosignatures left behind by the microbial activity of extant lithobiontic ecosystems in 
crobial activity of extant lithobiontic ecosystems in the atacama desert and dry valleys of ant 
tors that will provide new insight into climate change in regions as sensitive to global warmin 
imate change in regions as sensitive to global warming as are deserts.  
12146 22 pertrophication-related disturbances in forest ecosystem. increased amounts of plant and . at t 
hication-related disturbances in forest ecosystem. increased amounts of plant and . at the edge 
. at the edges of the colony changes of vegetation, fungi and soil biota take place. nature and 
es of the colony changes of vegetation, fungi and soil biota take place. nature and dynamics of 
colony changes of vegetation, fungi and soil biota take place. nature and dynamics of these cha 
ation, fungi and soil biota take place. nature and dynamics of these changes must be investigat 
 be investigated in order to understand resilience of the ecosystem to the impact of the cormor 
n order to understand resilience of the ecosystem to the impact of the cormorant colony and its 
. the project aims to shape a scheme of forest ecosystem functioning under an impact of hypertr 
roject aims to shape a scheme of forest ecosystem functioning under an impact of hypertrophicat 
ted by including additional elements of ecosystem – mammals, insects and wood-inhabiting fungi. 
tional elements of ecosystem – mammals, insects and wood-inhabiting fungi. other aim is to eval 
 – mammals, insects and wood-inhabiting fungi. other aim is to evaluate dynamics of the colony  
ynamics of the colony edges and rate of forest disturbances linking them with expansion rates a 
s linking them with expansion rates and productivity of the cormorant colony. results of the pr 
 chemical and biological composition of soil, structure of various groups of mycobiota, formati 
f mycorrhiza, communities of plants and lichens are in the zone of colony expansion. also the c 
. also the changes of mammal and insect community structure, species composition and functional 
 mammal and insect community structure, species composition and functional structure of wood-in 
functional structure of wood-inhabiting fungi in various parts of the colony will be examined.  
will be employed for making a scheme of forest ecosystem functioning under an impact of hypertr 
 employed for making a scheme of forest ecosystem functioning under an impact of hypertrophicat 
15339 18 n the detection of resources by diurnal pollinators. the anatomy of the eye, the nature of the  
ollinators. the anatomy of the eye, the nature of the photoreceptors and the neural connectivit 
re of the photoreceptors and the neural connectivity of the visual system differ between insect 
the visual system differ between insect pollinator groups. this suggests that each insect group 
uld have important implications for the ecology and evolution of plant-pollinator networks. thi 
ortant implications for the ecology and evolution of plant-pollinator networks. this is because 
 for the ecology and evolution of plant-pollinator networks. this is because the ability of pol 
etworks. this is because the ability of pollinators to detect different flowers affects their r 
ifferent flowers affects their relative efficiency at exploiting them and the profitability of  
 of visiting such flowers when there is competition for resources. differences in visual system 
d allow flowers some control over their pollinators. because the only insect pollinator for whi 
ir pollinators. because the only insect pollinator for which the visual system has been studied 
 studied in any depth is the honey bee, apis mellifera, we propose to study the visual system o 
ent sizes against their background as a function of the contrast between background and object. 
 differences in perceptual abilities of pollinators can lead to resource partitioning. this inf 
ial to determine under which conditions pollinators will be able to detect flowers of different 
s can advertise their reward to certain pollinators while remaining relatively inconspicuous to 
ining relatively inconspicuous to other pollinator groups.  
15327 25   the recent intergovernmental panel on climate change report predicted large temperature incre 
n climate change report predicted large temperature increases during the current century. the u 
. the unprecedented combination of this temperature rise with other already well-established st 
r already well-established stressors of ecosystems will most likely lead to the resilience of t 
ecosystems will most likely lead to the resilience of these ecosystems being exceeded. research 
 likely lead to the resilience of these ecosystems being exceeded. research and conservation at 
ecosystems being exceeded. research and conservation attention needs to focus not only on globa 
on attention needs to focus not only on global warming and each of the other stressors individu 
 likely to be the greatest challenge to biodiversity conservation. streams are among the most t 
challenge to biodiversity conservation. streams are among the most threatened ecosystems on ear 
. streams are among the most threatened ecosystems on earth despite their critical ecological r 
ssential services they provide. current impacts on stream ecosystems will most likely interact  
rvices they provide. current impacts on stream ecosystems will most likely interact with climat 
they provide. current impacts on stream ecosystems will most likely interact with climate warmi 
osystems will most likely interact with climate warming, with combined effects that are difficu 
 will most likely interact with climate warming, with combined effects that are difficult to pr 
obably including severe consequences on stream biodiversity, ecosystem integrity, and ecosystem 
including severe consequences on stream biodiversity, ecosystem integrity, and ecosystem servic 
re consequences on stream biodiversity, ecosystem integrity, and ecosystem services to humans.  
 biodiversity, ecosystem integrity, and ecosystem services to humans. we predict that climate w 
tem services to humans. we predict that climate warming will exacerbate the current effects of  
ices to humans. we predict that climate warming will exacerbate the current effects of stressor 
rs . our results will determine whether climate-change-related increased temperatures are likel 
 thus will be an essential component of conservation and management plans in the short, medium  
essential component of conservation and management plans in the short, medium and long term.  
9857 10 s very important for us to find out how climate changed in the past. without knowing, we cannot 
owing, we cannot predict how the future climate might behave. global, systematic measurements o 
are currently experiencing accelerating climate change. the layers of ocean sediments in these  
hich can provide information about past climate. benthic foraminifers in particular live in the 
ant benthic morphospecies used for past climate reconstruction in the north east atlantic to pr 
orth east atlantic to produce a unified classification scheme. from our high resolution samplin 
ll be able to produce a new bioprovince distribution map for the present day northeast atlantic 
ognition would allow the exploration of seasonality in the fossil record. do foram shells of th 
ut how extreme changes in these dynamic marine environments affect the survival of species and  
the survival of species and drive their evolution through time.  
9892 10 s very important for us to find out how climate changed in the past. without knowing, we cannot 
owing, we cannot predict how the future climate might behave. global, systematic measurements o 
are currently experiencing accelerating climate change. the layers of ocean sediments in these  
hich can provide information about past climate. benthic foraminifers in particular live in the 
ant benthic morphospecies used for past climate reconstruction in the north east atlantic to pr 
orth east atlantic to produce a unified classification scheme. from our high resolution samplin 
ll be able to produce a new bioprovince distribution map for the present day northeast atlantic 
ognition would allow the exploration of seasonality in the fossil record. do foram shells of th 
ut how extreme changes in these dynamic marine environments affect the survival of species and  
the survival of species and drive their evolution through time.  
14149 29  the project is to measure the combined impacts of environmental variability on the structure a 
ity on the structure and functioning of ecosystems across different habitats of the baltic sea. 
ystems across different habitats of the baltic sea. among abiotic processes we study mechanical 
g abiotic processes we study mechanical disturbance, current flow, water stratification, sedime 
y mechanical disturbance, current flow, water stratification, sedimentation, oxygen deficiency, 
ce, current flow, water stratification, sedimentation, oxygen deficiency, salinity regime, poll 
w, water stratification, sedimentation, oxygen deficiency, salinity regime, pollution, and amon 
tion, sedimentation, oxygen deficiency, salinity regime, pollution, and among biotic processes  
on, oxygen deficiency, salinity regime, pollution, and among biotic processes the introduction  
ng biotic processes the introduction of invasive alien species, primary and secondary productio 
 of invasive alien species, primary and secondary production, benthic-pelagic coupling, herbivo 
y production, benthic-pelagic coupling, herbivory, competition and predation. we identify facto 
n, benthic-pelagic coupling, herbivory, competition and predation. we identify factors that cau 
ic coupling, herbivory, competition and predation. we identify factors that cause differences a 
fy factors that cause differences among ecosystems in sensitivity to natural and anthropogenic  
this project mainly concentrates on the baltic sea basin, meta-analyses will be used to link ou 
p perform vivid collaboration with many marine research centres around the europe and have free 
many marine research centres around the europe and have free access to many european databases  
ee access to many european databases on marine ecosystems. meta-analyses are used to compare re 
ss to many european databases on marine ecosystems. meta-analyses are used to compare results f 
ts from different regions, sub-regions, ecosystems or habitats. therefore the results of this p 
can be applied at least at pan-european scale. the aim of this project is to provide the knowle 
de the knowledge base of the integrated impacts of multiple pressures and to support innovative 
ple pressures and to support innovative environmental planning. indicators of change will be id 
port innovative environmental planning. indicators of change will be identified and guidelines  
vironmental status of currently damaged ecosystems, highlight those under threat and therefore  
refore support implementation of the eu water framework and habitat directives, marine strategy 
mentation of the eu water framework and habitat directives, marine strategy and imo guidelines. 
water framework and habitat directives, marine strategy and imo guidelines.  
15077 2        the analysis of the y-chromosome genetic diversity has been shown to be useful to ascert 
chromosome for phylogenetic purposes on diversity analyses on the y-chromosome of several rumin 
14898 16 at ecological importance as herbivores, pollinators and food for insectivores. moreover, due to 
. moreover, due to their sensibility to climate change and habitat alteration and fragmentation 
their sensibility to climate change and habitat alteration and fragmentation, are widely used a 
imate change and habitat alteration and fragmentation, are widely used as bioindicators. howeve 
cies, some of them endemic and/or under risk of extinction, is still limited to the point that  
me of them endemic and/or under risk of extinction, is still limited to the point that the prec 
selected according to their endemicity, risk of extinction, unresolved taxonomy, and possible e 
 according to their endemicity, risk of extinction, unresolved taxonomy, and possible existence 
emicity, risk of extinction, unresolved taxonomy, and possible existence of cryptic species, as 
e studied. iolana is cataloged as under risk of extinction in spain. 3. pyrgus alveus/bellieri. 
d. iolana is cataloged as under risk of extinction in spain. 3. pyrgus alveus/bellieri. the pre 
ataloged as under risk of extinction in spain. 3. pyrgus alveus/bellieri. the presence of two s 
t improvement of our knowledge on their biodiversity and taxonomy, with applications to their m 
our knowledge on their biodiversity and taxonomy, with applications to their management and con 
nd taxonomy, with applications to their management and conservation.  
th applications to their management and conservation.  
13976 11   the project aims at investigating how biodiversity in the baltic archipelago is affected by h 
 basis to evaluate legal aspects of how policy measures should be constructed to efficiently pr 
 be constructed to efficiently preserve biodiversity and benefit development of the society. we 
ently preserve biodiversity and benefit development of the society. we will use ecological biod 
 of the society. we will use ecological biodiversity analysis to investigate how breeding coast 
sis to investigate how breeding coastal birds are affected by shore exploitation, nature reserv 
rds are affected by shore exploitation, nature reserves and boat traffic. the analysis will als 
nce of different ecological factors for biodiversity. the legal scientific part of the project  
nce between the interests of preserving biodiversity and maintain and develop human activities  
his will encompass a description of the function of present legal instruments, an analysis of t 
g respectively find new instruments for sustainable development in the archipelago.  
2150 8 mpact of bottom trawling on the benthic community. in norway, considerable damage to deep-water 
 in norway, considerable damage to deep-water coral reefs by trawlers have led to the closure o 
rway, considerable damage to deep-water coral reefs by trawlers have led to the closure of area 
d to the closure of areas and initiated mapping of larger bottom areas of the barents sea. in t 
to reports of large catches of juvenile fish. to use midwater trawl to catch gadoids catch rate 
y viable. second, the catch of juvenile fish must not be higher than for bottom trawling and fi 
er than for bottom trawling and finally fish that are sorted out/escape must survive. the proje 
ion, data collected on the behaviour of fish during the capture phase of the midwater trawl wil 
11119 5 ns, specifically, plant defence against herbivory. in contrast, cooperative interactions have r 
 plants use chemical signals to promote pollination, seed dispersal, and protection from herbiv 
hemical signals to promote pollination, seed dispersal, and protection from herbivores. we prop 
. we propose to investigate the sensory landscape that underlies the cooperative and parasitic  
cooperative and parasitic behaviours of ants living symbiotically with the ant-plant cordia nod 
11836 15 ways, within volcaniclastic deposits by precipitation of silica dissolved from ashes or as sili 
ant because eruptions cause flooding of vegetation in the vicinity of vents and thus not only e 
t also animals and microbes, even whole ecosystems in situ. such occurrences are rare in the fo 
otland. however, studies of present-day vegetation growing in the vicinity of hot springs e.g.  
cinity of hot springs e.g. yellowstone, usa and iceland, demonstrate that the plants from the v 
mate the degree to which the hot spring ecosystems are typical of either normal dry-land/wetlan 
s are typical of either normal dry-land/wetland, or salinity stressed wetland ecosystems. follo 
l of either normal dry-land/wetland, or salinity stressed wetland ecosystems. following detaile 
 dry-land/wetland, or salinity stressed wetland ecosystems. following detailed anatomical descr 
d/wetland, or salinity stressed wetland ecosystems. following detailed anatomical description w 
 cellular level which are indicative of adaptation to water stress/physiological drought, or ar 
l which are indicative of adaptation to water stress/physiological drought, or are connected wi 
h are indicative of adaptation to water stress/physiological drought, or are connected with wit 
daptation to water stress/physiological drought, or are connected with withstanding heavy metal 
e earliest semiaquatic angiosperms plus birds and feathered dinosaurs.  
10402 7                                    many insects are infected by microorganisms, including bacte 
e infected by microorganisms, including bacteria called wolbachia and cardinium, that are passe 
d from a mother to its offspring. these bacteria have a range of effects on the reproduction of 
some of which are severe. some of these bacteria have been proposed as a means by which harmful 
en proposed as a means by which harmful insects could be controlled. however, to plan for use o 
such approaches, we need to know if the bacteria involved can jump . the project will assess th 
o which these two groups have exchanged bacteria, and test several hypotheses about which type  
10333 11                            experimental landscape ecology is possible using natural micro-ecosy 
ecology is possible using natural micro-ecosystems rather than experimentally assembled microco 
icroecosystem, we demonstrated that the connectivity of landscape patches is a critical factor  
e demonstrated that the connectivity of landscape patches is a critical factor determining loca 
 is a critical factor determining local species richness . here we propose to use this micro-ec 
ess . here we propose to use this micro-ecosystem to test the effect of community disassembly o 
s micro-ecosystem to test the effect of community disassembly on ecosystem functioning. the res 
 the effect of community disassembly on ecosystem functioning. the results will have implicatio 
h for the emerging fields of macro- and landscape ecology and the maintenance of biodiversity a 
andscape ecology and the maintenance of biodiversity and conservation science.  
and the maintenance of biodiversity and conservation science.  
10729 12 nd consequences of species responses to deforestation. to address this goal, i will analyse an  
ured with a standardised protocol in 65 forest patches of different sizes and connectivity loca 
5 forest patches of different sizes and connectivity located in six landscapes of the imperille 
ted in six landscapes of the imperilled atlantic forest of são paulo, brazil the minimum area r 
mperilled atlantic forest of são paulo, brazil the minimum area requirements necessary to susta 
ments necessary to sustain a functional ecosystem. these questions will be tested with the use  
s in phylogenetics, population biology, community ecology, landscape ecology, and multivariate  
 population biology, community ecology, landscape ecology, and multivariate statistics. therefo 
erstanding of the processes that govern community dynamics in fragmented landscapes and the con 
nted landscapes and the consequences of landscape alteration for maintaining a functional ecosy 
alteration for maintaining a functional ecosystem, and will generate solid predictions that can 
sed for building objective and accurate conservation strategies.  
9936 17        at present it is unclear whether carbon-flow pathways to ch4 in freshwater and marine sy 
 whether carbon-flow pathways to ch4 in freshwater and marine systems are controlled by direct  
-flow pathways to ch4 in freshwater and marine systems are controlled by direct environmental e 
ental effects or via differences in the biodiversity of methanogens selected by each habitat. m 
versity of methanogens selected by each habitat. moreover, the commonly held view that acetate  
thanogenesis dominate, respectively, in freshwater and marine systems has never been rigorously 
minate, respectively, in freshwater and marine systems has never been rigorously tested, yet it 
l directly link methanogen and acetogen biodiversity, as determined by phylogenetic and functio 
nd 13c-labelling of archaeal lipids, to ecosystem function. carbon-flow pathways to ch4 in fres 
archaeal lipids, to ecosystem function. carbon-flow pathways to ch4 in freshwater, marine and e 
unction. carbon-flow pathways to ch4 in freshwater, marine and estuarine habitats will be inves 
bon-flow pathways to ch4 in freshwater, marine and estuarine habitats will be investigated by i 
be investigated by incubation of intact sediment cores injected with 14c-labelled substrates an 
 the validity of a stable isotope proxy model that is commonly used to study carbon-flow pathwa 
xy model that is commonly used to study carbon-flow pathways in freshwater and marine environme 
y used to study carbon-flow pathways in freshwater and marine environments.  
 carbon-flow pathways in freshwater and marine environments.  
10701 17        at present it is unclear whether carbon-flow pathways to ch4 in freshwater and marine sy 
 whether carbon-flow pathways to ch4 in freshwater and marine systems are controlled by direct  
-flow pathways to ch4 in freshwater and marine systems are controlled by direct environmental e 
ental effects or via differences in the biodiversity of methanogens selected by each habitat. m 
versity of methanogens selected by each habitat. moreover, the commonly held view that acetate  
thanogenesis dominate, respectively, in freshwater and marine systems has never been rigorously 
minate, respectively, in freshwater and marine systems has never been rigorously tested, yet it 
l directly link methanogen and acetogen biodiversity, as determined by phylogenetic and functio 
nd 13c-labelling of archaeal lipids, to ecosystem function. carbon-flow pathways to ch4 in fres 
archaeal lipids, to ecosystem function. carbon-flow pathways to ch4 in freshwater, marine and e 
unction. carbon-flow pathways to ch4 in freshwater, marine and estuarine habitats will be inves 
bon-flow pathways to ch4 in freshwater, marine and estuarine habitats will be investigated by i 
be investigated by incubation of intact sediment cores injected with 14c-labelled substrates an 
 the validity of a stable isotope proxy model that is commonly used to study carbon-flow pathwa 
xy model that is commonly used to study carbon-flow pathways in freshwater and marine environme 
y used to study carbon-flow pathways in freshwater and marine environments.  
 carbon-flow pathways in freshwater and marine environments.  
15252 7 val amphibians at the interspecific and community levels and their latitudinal variation. we in 
 that tropical amphibians are at higher risk of extinction to global warming since their enviro 
opical amphibians are at higher risk of extinction to global warming since their environmental  
ans are at higher risk of extinction to global warming since their environmental temperatures a 
ng a latitudinal gradient from tropical climate plasticity in metamorphic traits to pond drying 
pical climate plasticity in metamorphic traits to pond drying under thermal stress. this inform 
hic traits to pond drying under thermal stress. this information will allow to examine how clos 
6834 2  lamiaceae. their absence, presence and distribution will be studied on species, genera level.  
constituents of some species during the vegetation period . the data, obtained could well be us 
15499 22 est the broad idea that, along with the evolution of the well-known domestication syndrome, lif 
 the well-known domestication syndrome, life history theory and plant physiological ecology wou 
 history theory and plant physiological ecology would predict the parallel evolution of another 
ical ecology would predict the parallel evolution of another whole suite of characters, made of 
ther whole suite of characters, made of traits dragged either by correlative developmental cons 
ion under cultivation. this may include traits linked to water and nutrient use efficiency, to  
tion. this may include traits linked to water and nutrient use efficiency, to interactions with 
traits linked to water and nutrient use efficiency, to interactions with other organisms, or to 
 organisms, or to after-life effects on soil function through microbial use of leaf litter and  
nisms, or to after-life effects on soil function through microbial use of leaf litter and dead  
 soil function through microbial use of leaf litter and dead roots. we have some scattered and  
inages, and across multiple interacting traits. here, we will use comparative ecology to identi 
g traits. here, we will use comparative ecology to identify plant strategies evolved under arti 
nsequences over biotic interactions and ecosystem properties. in this specific project, we want 
tes to modern domesticates, in terms of evolution of ecological strategies 2 has domestication  
ion of root mutualisms with mycorrhizal fungi and n-fixing bacteria and 3 did the evolution of  
sms with mycorrhizal fungi and n-fixing bacteria and 3 did the evolution of novel plant strateg 
ngi and n-fixing bacteria and 3 did the evolution of novel plant strategies under domestication 
der domestication had consequences over ecosystem nutrient cycling dynamics specifically, do cr 
ication had consequences over ecosystem nutrient cycling dynamics specifically, do crop species 
ots, and trigger faster litter and root decomposition rates than their wild ancestors we will r 
decomposability assays, and will screen traits in a set of 30 pairs of sister species of ancest 
15403 13  side of basic research in the field of herbivory under conditions of insularity and an applied 
f insularity and an applied side to the conservation of endemic species. it assumes that in som 
ndemic species. it assumes that in some mediterranean islands quaternary vegetation evolved wit 
n some mediterranean islands quaternary vegetation evolved with herbivorous mammals that had a  
major regulatory role. thus the current vegetation could absorb the impact of the introduction  
 the consequences that this type of bio-invasion has had on other islands devoid of large herbi 
this research is to analyze the feeding ecology of two endemic herbivorous of the balearic isla 
s provide essential information for the conservation of the latter. the hypothesis is that the  
oreover, the abandonment of traditional livestock farming has led to the feral domestic goat, w 
this breed and increasing the impact on vegetation. in particular it is intended, by the microh 
ermine the availability of food, animal density and habitat use of the last. finally we expecte 
vailability of food, animal density and habitat use of the last. finally we expected to calcula 
d domestic goat thus detecting possible competition between them. the information obtained will 
10195 4  resolution, revealing both the general nature and specific instances of chromosomal rearrangem 
f direct relevance to basic biology, to biodiversity and conservation, biomedicine, and to the  
e to basic biology, to biodiversity and conservation, biomedicine, and to the mechanisms of evo 
, biomedicine, and to the mechanisms of evolution and speciation.  
13709 4  bacterium that infects many species of arthropods. it induces several forms of reproductive ma 
ntial as a tool for control of pest and disease insects. by using whole genome sequencing and c 
 a tool for control of pest and disease insects. by using whole genome sequencing and comparati 
investigate the mechanisms and rates of evolution in wolbachia. the four strains that will be u 
10525 22  things i learnt at university was that bacteria could do amazing things. they could degrade cr 
al part of the processes in the natural environment, and also potential very useful sources of  
ery useful sources of new capabilities. bacteria also are a very important part of animal life. 
tant part of animal life. our digestive function is changed by probiotics, indicating bacteria  
on is changed by probiotics, indicating bacteria are important in good digestive health. in cow 
 in good digestive health. in cows, gut bacteria are of vital importance in making the nutrient 
a are of vital importance in making the nutrients in grass usable by the animal. more widely, m 
usable by the animal. more widely, many insects carry inherited bacteria. these can be of three 
re widely, many insects carry inherited bacteria. these can be of three kinds- a required by th 
o grow and reproduce. in this case, the bacteria are responsible for the synthesis of nutrients 
ia are responsible for the synthesis of nutrients not available in the diet. b helpful to the i 
rcumstances-for instance, they increase resistance to pathogens and parasites. c parasitic, man 
gy of the insect to their own ends. how bacteria carry out functions for the insect-and how the 
portant for our understanding of insect function in the natural environment-but these questions 
nding of insect function in the natural environment-but these questions are not well resolved.  
solved. in this project, we examine how bacteria that are beneficial and parasitic differ, exam 
 examining the genomes of two different bacteria that are related, but have very different inte 
tance. genes that are shared by the two bacteria but have diverged significantly are likely ess 
antly are likely essential to many host-bacteria interactions. the subset of genes that are fou 
kely to be important in parasitism/host function . the genome sequence of a. triatominarum will 
riatoma infestans-is a vector of chagas disease, transferring disease causing trypanosomes to h 
 vector of chagas disease, transferring disease causing trypanosomes to humans. in understandin 
15233 8 lic capabilities. as a consequence, its distribution is almost universal, occupying many ecolog 
s, oxidation of inorganic compounds and resistance to toxic metals aerobically, and anaerobical 
eir potential to acquire genes from the environment; this might explain, at least in part, the  
is might explain, at least in part, the genetic diversity of the species. genomic analysis of r 
g of the acquisition mechanisms and the function of new metabolic routes, as well as their inte 
es, as well as their integration in the metabolism of the receptor. a comparative genomic analy 
l greatly increase our knowledge on the evolution of the species, and on the adaptation of the  
he evolution of the species, and on the adaptation of the pseudomonads to diverse ecological ni 
14220 22 identifying the determinants of species abundance is a fundamental challenge in ecology with fa 
abundance is a fundamental challenge in ecology with far reaching implications for macroecology 
logy with far reaching implications for macroecology and biodiversity research. differences hav 
ching implications for macroecology and biodiversity research. differences have been noted in t 
differences have been noted in temporal abundance patterns of insects between temperate and tro 
noted in temporal abundance patterns of insects between temperate and tropical habitats. howeve 
insect populations, and identified some species traits that affect population dynamics, this is 
ntified some species traits that affect population dynamics, this issue is still very open in t 
s, this issue is still very open in the tropics where most species occur. in contrast to previo 
 in contrast to previous studies in the tropics, we will supplement our time series data with s 
 with studies of spatial congruence and life history, and take a phylogenetic comparative persp 
enetic comparative perspective. using a community of tropical butterflies as the model system,  
ommunity of tropical butterflies as the model system, we will test major hypotheses on what fac 
determining population changes, and how life history traits determine emergent properties of tr 
opulation changes, and how life history traits determine emergent properties of tropical insect 
recapture, and caterpillar rearing in a tropical forest in uganda. proposed practical work will 
roposed practical work will include the monitoring of populations of sixty species at three dif 
d significantly to our understanding of life history evolution and community structure in tropi 
ly to our understanding of life history evolution and community structure in tropical forests a 
rstanding of life history evolution and community structure in tropical forests and provide the 
ry evolution and community structure in tropical forests and provide the necessary background f 
nd provide the necessary background for biodiversity studies.  
14131 5 enomena that have generated the current distribution of biodiversity. this approach, called com 
e generated the current distribution of biodiversity. this approach, called comparative phyloge 
ult from the interactions of species in ecosystems. until now, very few studies have been publi 
nd reveal refuge areas and post-glacial migration patterns, we have chosen for comparison mamma 
entify significant population units for conservation of mammals.  
14813 9 es that share their circunmediterranean distribution by means of chloroplastic microsatellites  
ir use in restoring ornamental and wood ecosystems, these being: arbutus unedo l., celtis austr 
h species spread out over their area of distribution will be studied. the chosen markers are cp 
edity, suitable to learn the geographic distribution of their genetic variability, and they als 
etween populations as far as aspects of forest interest are concerned, such as the germination  
phylogeographic patterns of the studied mediterranean species fit with the previously described 
on of areas of special interest for the conservation of genetic diversity in the mediterranean, 
pecial interest for the conservation of genetic diversity in the mediterranean, supplies reliab 
onservation of genetic diversity in the mediterranean, supplies reliable molecular tools to def 
6913 13                                         growth analysis and ecophysiological research are aimed 
omic and ecophysiological regulation of yield formation and at comparing the agronomic and envi 
ts result in significant differences in yield, but little is yet known of the agronomic, ecolog 
teractions between the various factors. growth analysis is an ideal method for studying the ind 
vestigation of correlations between the yield and the growth of maize plants, between the yield 
 correlations between the yield and the growth of maize plants, between the yield and photosynt 
the growth of maize plants, between the yield and photosynthesis, between the n supplies to mai 
 of maize plants, between the yield and photosynthesis, between the n supplies to maize plants  
 to maize plants and the photosynthetic yield, and between the par and the yield. scientific co 
etic yield, and between the par and the yield. scientific cooperation with prof. roderick hunt  
art in the ecophysiological studies and growth analysis. three junior scientists will be workin 
the framework of the project. a book on growth analysis and yield formation and papers in scien 
 project. a book on growth analysis and yield formation and papers in scientific journals are p 
10008 11 ifying creatures like jellyfish, wasps, spiders, and scorpions as potentially dangerous venomou 
ises our general understanding of venom evolution in the animal kingdom. this study aims to rem 
sor molecules are the templates for the production of toxin proteins. by comparing the profiles 
ess important questions relating to the evolution of venoms and venomous organisms. the most ba 
tein, and this can change the protein s function to be more effective as a toxin. preliminary w 
nfer whether particular episodes in the evolution of centipedes are associated with bouts of to 
edes are associated with bouts of toxin evolution as well. we can also infer, by incorporating  
nderstanding of the pattern of toxin in evolution across all animals. we can use the new data a 
 prey may be expected to have a greater diversity of toxins than a species specializing in just 
 correlating venom composition with the diversity of prey identified in their guts we can begin 
at were most important in shaping toxin diversity.  
15137 11 igate comparative phylogeography with 6 mediterranean scrub characteristics by means of chlorop 
n perfumes and crafts, and in restoring ecosystems. the selected species are: chamaerops humili 
ch species, spread out over their whole distribution area, would be studied. the chosen markers 
rs are suitable to learn the geographic distribution of genetic variability and, usually, prese 
he species under study by exploring the genetic diversity of populations in the mediterranean r 
genetic diversity of populations in the mediterranean region whether they coincide with or diff 
 as well as with previous data of other mediterranean and european temperate species, whether t 
ntify areas of special interest for the conservation of the genetic diversity in the mediterran 
al interest for the conservation of the genetic diversity in the mediterranean, and to obtain m 
rvation of the genetic diversity in the mediterranean, and to obtain molecular data to help pre 
le responses of each species studied to climate change.  
10792 7              recent reviews of how much marine sedimentary rock remains preserved on land have  
ed primarily by changes in the ratio of marine to terrestrial rock. these cycles are evident ac 
e are shorter-term . by recording their diversity through time from deep-sea cores and comparin 
sea cores and comparing this with their diversity patterns as derived from land-based outcrops, 
ome of the extent to which open oceanic sedimentation encroaches onto the continental blocks du 
-level stands. we will also compare the nature of the deep-sea sedimentary rock and fossil reco 
any of the biases affecting the shallow water record, or whether both covary in quality.  
11569 7              recent reviews of how much marine sedimentary rock remains preserved on land have  
ed primarily by changes in the ratio of marine to terrestrial rock. these cycles are evident ac 
e are shorter-term . by recording their diversity through time from deep-sea cores and comparin 
sea cores and comparing this with their diversity patterns as derived from land-based outcrops, 
ome of the extent to which open oceanic sedimentation encroaches onto the continental blocks du 
-level stands. we will also compare the nature of the deep-sea sedimentary rock and fossil reco 
any of the biases affecting the shallow water record, or whether both covary in quality.  
7662 28                    for two decades, the vulnerability of aquatic species is observed in estuari 
ts strongly anthropised. processing and habitat loss are probably the major cause of loss of bi 
are probably the major cause of loss of biological diversity. context for two decades, the vuln 
diversity. context for two decades, the vulnerability of aquatic species is observed in estuari 
ts strongly anthropised. processing and habitat loss are probably the major cause of loss of bi 
are probably the major cause of loss of biological diversity and therefore the ecological statu 
 and therefore the ecological status of water bodies. beside this, the water pollution by chemi 
tatus of water bodies. beside this, the water pollution by chemicals, the result of massive ind 
of water bodies. beside this, the water pollution by chemicals, the result of massive industria 
assive industrialization and increasing urbanization, is a factor that threatens the maintenanc 
at threatens the maintenance of aquatic ecosystems but also human health. the effects of multi- 
also human health. the effects of multi-pollution are still not well known on continental aquat 
l not well known on continental aquatic ecosystems. goals this project is part of the biologica 
t of the biological responses component model organisms, it aims to develop a relevant tool mea 
fects of representative contaminants in urban areas or the decline of the species if genotoxici 
f genotoxicity exerted during embryonic development or germ cells. genotoxicity ecological rele 
l relevance therefore has to assess the vulnerability of a species. However, genotoxicity integ 
s: bioavailability of substances in the environment, the level of biological evolution of the o 
he environment, the level of biological evolution of the organization and repair of DNA. repair 
. repair of DNA strongly influences the stability of the lesions and therefore the genotoxic re 
er than the genotoxicity of the aquatic environment. This strengthens the hypothesis that the e 
to maintaining populations in anthropic environment. to interpret the link between genotoxicity 
y organizations and genotoxicity of the environment, we must determine what are the repair capa 
ronic low-dose chemical substance in an urban environment in a fresh water body model, the zebr 
low-dose chemical substance in an urban environment in a fresh water body model, the zebra muss 
ance in an urban environment in a fresh water body model, the zebra mussel. the zebra mussel is 
urban environment in a fresh water body model, the zebra mussel. the zebra mussel is an invasiv 
he zebra mussel. the zebra mussel is an invasive species widely distributed in temperate aquati 
2478 28                                         marine ecosystems the world over are experiencing incre 
                                 marine ecosystems the world over are experiencing increasing n 
substantial change to the structure and function of these ecosystems. society has recognized th 
 to the structure and function of these ecosystems. society has recognized that living marine r 
ems. society has recognized that living marine resources require management in a broader ecosys 
ed that living marine resources require management in a broader ecosystem context. this proposa 
sources require management in a broader ecosystem context. this proposal follows on from the su 
he us financed by the rcn. it conducted marine ecosystem comparisons based primarily on observa 
inanced by the rcn. it conducted marine ecosystem comparisons based primarily on observational  
tive studies by using several different ecosystem models and expand the geographic coverage to  
raphic coverage to include the northern california current, southern new england, and the middl 
middle atlantic bight in the us and the north sea off norway. we will apply four different mode 
ff norway. we will apply four different modeling approaches and compare the structure and funct 
re the structure and functioning of the ecosystems in this manner. these approaches include eco 
pproaches include ecopath, multispecies production models, biophysical models and the atlantis  
dels and the atlantis end-to-end system model. for the two former models there will be very lit 
e developments needed, but the atlantis model has not been set up for norwegian waters, and dev 
gian waters, and developing an atlantis model for the barents sea will be a major part of the p 
ea will be a major part of the project. ecosystem indicators are measures metrics that provide  
 a major part of the project. ecosystem indicators are measures metrics that provide informatio 
racteristics of the system. we will use indicators 1 for comparing models and ecosystems, 2 in  
e indicators 1 for comparing models and ecosystems, 2 in assessment of ecosystem status, and 3  
r comparing models and ecosystems, 2 in assessment of ecosystem status, and 3 as a means to mon 
dels and ecosystems, 2 in assessment of ecosystem status, and 3 as a means to monitor model per 
tem status, and 3 as a means to monitor model performance against observations. indicators will 
model performance against observations. indicators will therefore be the key metric for compari 
e the key metric for comparison between ecosystems as well as a link between the models and eco 
s well as a link between the models and ecosystem management, and thus a core element of the pr 
10091 3         understanding the structure and function of microbial communities is the fundamental pr 
mmunities is the fundamental process in microbial ecology. however, the determination of the po 
ctivity of microbial communities in the environment is extremely difficult. this proposal seeks 
12617 28          the extent of feedback between climate change and the terrestrial carbon cycle is one  
ween climate change and the terrestrial carbon cycle is one of the main uncertainties in predic 
 uncertainties in predictions of future climate change. soil carbon dynamics are a key element  
n predictions of future climate change. soil carbon dynamics are a key element of this because  
amics are a key element of this because soils contain two or three times the amount of carbon a 
ontain two or three times the amount of carbon as in vegetation or the atmosphere. in 2005 cran 
 three times the amount of carbon as in vegetation or the atmosphere. in 2005 cranfield publish 
d published the results of the national soil inventory of england and wales for changes in soil 
ory of england and wales for changes in soil carbon during the 1980s and 90s. this showed gains 
the 1980s and 90s. this showed gains in carbon in some soils, but large losses in others and ov 
0s. this showed gains in carbon in some soils, but large losses in others and overall a net los 
the losses occurred across all types of land use, a link to climate change was suggested. subse 
across all types of land use, a link to climate change was suggested. subsequent studies have s 
uggested. subsequent studies have shown climate change probably was in part responsible, but th 
, but the dominant cause was changes in land use and management, such as the conversion of gras 
inant cause was changes in land use and management, such as the conversion of grassland to crop 
d management, such as the conversion of grassland to crops after the war, and land drainage sch 
tever the reasons, such a large loss of carbon from soils has serious implications for the glob 
asons, such a large loss of carbon from soils has serious implications for the global carbon cy 
has serious implications for the global carbon cycle, for the possibility of sequestering carbo 
le, for the possibility of sequestering carbon in soils, and for the ability of soils to perfor 
e possibility of sequestering carbon in soils, and for the ability of soils to perform other en 
carbon in soils, and for the ability of soils to perform other environmental and agricultural f 
and these fail to detect the changes in soil carbon observed in the nsi. the reaons for the dif 
tain about 2 thousand million tonnes of carbon, detecting a change of even 4 million tonnes is  
his project will provide an independent evaluation of the findings of the two surveys by a stat 
eld and ceh. given that our datasets on soil carbon in england and wales are among the most com 
e results will inform the debate around soil protection for other environmental and agricultura 
14202 3 e useful for estimation of the relative risk of human and livestock zoonoses as well as for eva 
ation of the relative risk of human and livestock zoonoses as well as for evaluation of the sig 
n and livestock zoonoses as well as for evaluation of the significance of each borrelia species 
14656 7  a consequence of the action of diverse impacts both of a global and local character. local phe 
one of the principal expressions of the global change that affects the planet is the increase i 
incidence of uv-b. moreover, studies in fish have demonstrated that slightly saline environment 
ite and ammonium. nevertheless, certain salinity can increase the penetration of ruv-b in water 
an increase the penetration of ruv-b in water. therefore, we propose to test the effect of low  
ose to test the effect of low levels of salinity on the combined effect of uv-b and nitrogenous 
 the combined effect of uv-b with other impacts  
2004 7                           we will study diversity changes in terrestrial pollen assemblages, an 
we use new insights in possible chaotic behavior of multi-taxa systems. parallel to this, we wi 
allel to this, we will analyze the same diversity changes as function of the principal paramete 
l analyze the same diversity changes as function of the principal parameters of global change f 
function of the principal parameters of global change from climate-sensitive cores at 2550 m ab 
ncipal parameters of global change from climate-sensitive cores at 2550 m above sea level in th 
 cores at 2550 m above sea level in the andes.  
14426 14       aim: investigation and ecological evaluation of hydro-ecosystem status of dam lakes, used 
tion and ecological evaluation of hydro-ecosystem status of dam lakes, used for net cage aquacu 
 status of dam lakes, used for net cage aquaculture and development of a methodology for determ 
akes, used for net cage aquaculture and development of a methodology for determination of the m 
on of the maximum allowable quantity of fish in net cages, with the purpose of being environmen 
rotecting the ecological equilibrium in water bodies. fish rearing in net cages is a proved, co 
ecological equilibrium in water bodies. fish rearing in net cages is a proved, contemporary met 
mporary method for rearing of different fish species. at present the number of the newly constr 
advantages of this method of rearing of fish, there are a number of problems and negative effec 
of problems and negative effects on the environment, caused mainly by the released fish faeces  
ironment, caused mainly by the released fish faeces and uneaten food. the main factors are the  
y and species affiliation of the reared fish, feeding method and the type of the used feed, wat 
g method and the type of the used feed, water temperature etc.  
od and the type of the used feed, water temperature etc.  
6880 4 from the samples we plan to analyse the genetic diversity of otter population in hungary with t 
ted results are applicable in the otter conservation, in the practice of the management of aqua 
er conservation, in the practice of the management of aquatic habitats and also in the sustaina 
ic habitats and also in the sustainable fish farming. we plan to publish results in internation 
7720 7                            in the humid tropics have enabled the development of high human dens 
  in the humid tropics have enabled the development of high human densities in sometimes ungrat 
be. however, if we observe that genetic erosion of food plants most often the result of a cultu 
nts most often the result of a cultural erosion men, we still do not know quantify. this projec 
logy combines data from geography, agro-ecology, biochemistry, genetics, and socio - economy at 
nd temporal scales to quantify tropical agroforestry and ndc to compare their performance to th 
ive approach is implemented through the participation of researchers from different disciplines 
12685 3            this project will provide an assessment of the level of compliance with the environm 
th the environmental protection , and a review of other applicable methods. the results of the  
s a need for any legislative reforms or policy initiatives to increase compliance with the 1999 
11302 13 s. firstly, orangutans are an important model for the locomotor ecology of arboreal animals and 
re an important model for the locomotor ecology of arboreal animals and the relationship betwee 
ncestor of all apes and elucidating its ecology and mechanics will aid interpretation of the mi 
on of the miocene fossil record and the evolution of locomotor diversity in the living apes. fi 
l record and the evolution of locomotor diversity in the living apes. finally, increasing evide 
rial setting and studying the locomotor ecology and mechanics of arboreal bipedalism may shed l 
ed light on the formative stages of the evolution of our own bipedality. the suggestion that bi 
ostures might enable either transfer of energy between joints; or the transfer of energy from t 
ergy between joints; or the transfer of energy from the flexible branches to the orangutan, in  
 the same way as human athletes recover energy when running on springy running tracks. to study 
mplete picture of internal and external energy storage and transfer during arboreal bipedality. 
lso complement these data with computer modeling to mimic energy transfer from branches and bet 
se data with computer modeling to mimic energy transfer from branches and between joints in sit 
11309 13 s. firstly, orangutans are an important model for the locomotor ecology of arboreal animals and 
re an important model for the locomotor ecology of arboreal animals and the relationship betwee 
ncestor of all apes and elucidating its ecology and mechanics will aid interpretation of the mi 
on of the miocene fossil record and the evolution of locomotor diversity in the living apes. fi 
l record and the evolution of locomotor diversity in the living apes. finally, increasing evide 
rial setting and studying the locomotor ecology and mechanics of arboreal bipedalism may shed l 
ed light on the formative stages of the evolution of our own bipedality. the suggestion that bi 
ostures might enable either transfer of energy between joints; or the transfer of energy from t 
ergy between joints; or the transfer of energy from the flexible branches to the orangutan, in  
 the same way as human athletes recover energy when running on springy running tracks. to study 
mplete picture of internal and external energy storage and transfer during arboreal bipedality. 
lso complement these data with computer modeling to mimic energy transfer from branches and bet 
se data with computer modeling to mimic energy transfer from branches and between joints in sit 
11831 13 s. firstly, orangutans are an important model for the locomotor ecology of arboreal animals and 
re an important model for the locomotor ecology of arboreal animals and the relationship betwee 
ncestor of all apes and elucidating its ecology and mechanics will aid interpretation of the mi 
on of the miocene fossil record and the evolution of locomotor diversity in the living apes. fi 
l record and the evolution of locomotor diversity in the living apes. finally, increasing evide 
rial setting and studying the locomotor ecology and mechanics of arboreal bipedalism may shed l 
ed light on the formative stages of the evolution of our own bipedality. the suggestion that bi 
ostures might enable either transfer of energy between joints; or the transfer of energy from t 
ergy between joints; or the transfer of energy from the flexible branches to the orangutan, in  
 the same way as human athletes recover energy when running on springy running tracks. to study 
mplete picture of internal and external energy storage and transfer during arboreal bipedality. 
lso complement these data with computer modeling to mimic energy transfer from branches and bet 
se data with computer modeling to mimic energy transfer from branches and between joints in sit 
10181 14              this study will focus on a model species for behavioural and ecological research,  
 warbler. although once on the verge of extinction this species now has three healthy populatio 
ecies is a cooperative breeder, so that birds often help to raise offspring other than their ow 
rs. are these differences caused by the environment, including their experience in the egg, or  
roject is a collaboration among several institutions: the universities of sheffield and east an 
, with the universities of groningen in the netherlands and the university of alberta in canada 
rlands and the university of alberta in canada, which respectively have long-term expertise in  
ontribution to cover the fieldwork from the netherlands government. the project will make a sig 
g of how organisms are adapted to their environment and the extent to which this adaptation is  
nvironment and the extent to which this adaptation is flexible or constrained by their genes. w 
w organisms have evolved to exploit the environment, this knowledge is vital to our understandi 
sms will cope with our rapidly changing environment - either due to climate change or habitat l 
ly changing environment - either due to climate change or habitat loss.  
nment - either due to climate change or habitat loss.  
11764 3 te triassic period were involved in the evolution of quadrupedality and also to test the stabil 
 of quadrupedality and also to test the stability of walking/running at different speeds with d 
eeds with different gaits. finally, the evolution of these systems will be investigated by comb 
11653 5 ic hypotheses concerning the origin and evolution of birds. hitherto, unstudiable morphology of 
 concerning the origin and evolution of birds. hitherto, unstudiable morphology of the pneumati 
to test phylogenies and the sequence of development of the avian ear. data sets for significant 
cal series from archaeopteryx to modern birds. in addition to the discrete nature of the projec 
dern birds. in addition to the discrete nature of the project, it will make available new and i 
517 4              public action in favour of biodiversity in rural areas is part of the objectives a 
 by the 1992 rio convention on biologic diversity and by the successive reforms of the cap expl 
racts. wp1 : public action in favour of biodiversity facing obligation of result achievement: a 
of result achievement: an innovation in grassland areas. the research question that we will dea 
10563 6 resolved in some way for the society to function. the most fundamental conflict concerns the di 
 most fundamental conflict concerns the distribution of reproduction. animal societies vary eno 
 reproductive skew , which measures the evenness with which reproduction is distributed among g 
the first experiment of this kind large-scale on a free-living population of banded mongooses t 
hich individuals exert control over the distribution of reproduction, and provide information o 
n of causality between variation in the distribution of reproduction and variation in individua 
11690 6 resolved in some way for the society to function. the most fundamental conflict concerns the di 
 most fundamental conflict concerns the distribution of reproduction. animal societies vary eno 
 reproductive skew , which measures the evenness with which reproduction is distributed among g 
the first experiment of this kind large-scale on a free-living population of banded mongooses t 
hich individuals exert control over the distribution of reproduction, and provide information o 
n of causality between variation in the distribution of reproduction and variation in individua 
11435 6 s the leading theory for explaining the evolution of social behaviour in organisms. the theory  
ntal basis, and the need to explain the complexity of animal sociality, investigating kin selec 
her reproductive drifters are losers in dominance battles with resident workers. we will also m 
ill be broad because of the fundamental nature of the research, widespread interest in social e 
research, widespread interest in social evolution, and the possibility that the results will ca 
y our understanding of the evolutionary ecology of social behaviour.  
7490 32                                european soil biodiversity is pivotal for delivering food, fibre 
elivering food, fibre and bio-fuels and carbon storage. however, the demand is greater than the 
he demand is greater than the amount of soil available, as production of bio-fuels competes wit 
r than the amount of soil available, as production of bio-fuels competes with areas for food pr 
 bio-fuels competes with areas for food production and nature. moreover, intensified land use r 
etes with areas for food production and nature. moreover, intensified land use reduces soil bio 
ction and nature. moreover, intensified land use reduces soil biodiversity and the resulting ec 
 moreover, intensified land use reduces soil biodiversity and the resulting ecosystem services. 
ces soil biodiversity and the resulting ecosystem services. soilservice will value soil biodive 
system services. soilservice will value soil biodiversity through the impact on ecosystem servi 
soil biodiversity through the impact on ecosystem services and propose how these values can be  
interdisciplinary empirical studies and soil biodiversity surveys to construct soil food web mo 
 soil biodiversity surveys to construct soil food web models and determine effects of changing  
 biodiversity surveys to construct soil food web models and determine effects of changing soil  
odels and determine effects of changing soil biodiversity on stability and resilience of carbon 
ffects of changing soil biodiversity on stability and resilience of carbon, nitrogen and phosph 
ging soil biodiversity on stability and resilience of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus cycling,  
iversity on stability and resilience of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus cycling, as well as ass 
 on stability and resilience of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus cycling, as well as assess cons 
 and resilience of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus cycling, as well as assess consequences for  
 consequences for outbreaks of pests or invasive species. soilservice will link ecological and  
 models to develop a system for valuing soil biodiversity in relation to ecosystem services. ob 
aluing soil biodiversity in relation to ecosystem services. objectives: develop methods to valu 
s. objectives: develop methods to value soil ecosystem services during different pressure of la 
jectives: develop methods to value soil ecosystem services during different pressure of land us 
m services during different pressure of land use and changes in soil biodiversity. field and mo 
ent pressure of land use and changes in soil biodiversity. field and modelling studies will det 
changes in soil biodiversity. field and modelling studies will determine to what spatial and te 
ine to what spatial and temporal scales soil biodiversity and soil ecosystem services are vulne 
d temporal scales soil biodiversity and soil ecosystem services are vulnerable to disturbance.  
poral scales soil biodiversity and soil ecosystem services are vulnerable to disturbance.  
il ecosystem services are vulnerable to disturbance.  
15240 5    altruism and cooperation are evident traits of social insects. less obvious are the numerous 
ooperation are evident traits of social insects. less obvious are the numerous conflicts of int 
interest that oppose colony members. in ants, bees and wasps, one such major conflict occurs be 
st that oppose colony members. in ants, bees and wasps, one such major conflict occurs between  
een, the workers and the larvae for the production of new queens. in effect, young larvae are g 
13337 19                                 genetic biodiversity is recognised by the convention on biologi 
netic biodiversity is recognised by the convention on biological diversity and the ec biodivers 
tion on biological diversity and the ec biodiversity strategy as one of three essential element 
e of three essential elements of living diversity, yet it is poorly represented at the policy l 
ty, yet it is poorly represented at the policy level, compared to the two other components, spe 
o the two other components, species and ecosystems. the congress consortium aims to rectify thi 
by delivering dissemination tools which policy makers and conservation managers can convenientl 
emination tools which policy makers and conservation managers can conveniently use to incorpora 
conveniently use to incorporate genetic biodiversity into their policy framework. the six work  
rporate genetic biodiversity into their policy framework. the six work packages of this project 
ps 1 – 5 which will provide a one-stop, community-enabled web portal, including the following c 
enetic data for key european species of conservation concern. wp3 will provide a simulation too 
 wp3 will provide a simulation tool for biodiversity managers to assess the power of genetic da 
l processes which may result in genetic erosion. wp4 will provide a decision matrix module to a 
to allow end-users to establish optimal policy and management options given the genetic data wh 
d-users to establish optimal policy and management options given the genetic data which have be 
nds-on demonstration meeting in eastern europe. congress will integrate and enhance these work  
er advisory group, who will oversee the development of these tools and ensure their utility for 
 tools and ensure their utility for the community who will benefit from them.  
15241 7  coastal waters has experienced a great development in recent years. however, these advances do 
not correspond with similar advances in management actions. of course, this is in part due to t 
 least, it is also caused by knlowledge fragmentation. in effect, most research is oriented to  
 research is oriented to specific units grazing causes impact on seagrass ecosystems, inducing  
specific units grazing causes impact on seagrass ecosystems, inducing changes in their dynamics 
units grazing causes impact on seagrass ecosystems, inducing changes in their dynamics and/or h 
 a more holistic view of coastal waters ecology.  
10279 19                        many aquatic and marine organisms have a planktonic phase in their life  
anisms have a planktonic phase in their life history and spend the first days or weeks of their 
ological processes including the global distribution of species, the creation of new species, a 
he latter is particularly important for conservation. for example, lobsters in cuba may launch  
ers in cuba and the populations require management at large scales. understanding levels of lar 
 levels of larval exchange is vital for biodiversity conservation and fisheries management but  
vital for biodiversity conservation and fisheries management but few data are available. two ap 
usually taken to infer levels of larval connectivity. the first uses detailed oceanographic mod 
led oceanographic models to predict the dispersal of virtual larvae in ocean and coastal curren 
xamine the genetic structure and larval connectivity of the massive coral montastraea annularis 
s natural history is relatively easy to model which lends itself to modelling larval dispersal. 
ely easy to model which lends itself to modelling larval dispersal. therefore, we are able to p 
 which lends itself to modelling larval dispersal. therefore, we are able to perform one of the 
e for agreement between modelled larval dispersal and observed genetic diversity. we have sampl 
 modelled larval dispersal and observed genetic diversity. we have sampled the genetic diversit 
 genetic diversity. we have sampled the genetic diversity of m. annularis throughout the caribb 
gene flow to predicted levels of larval connectivity. insight from this project will also suppo 
ill also support on-going activities to model the metapopulation dynamics of this important cor 
opriate algorithms for the selection of marine reserve networks.  
7433 15      . analyze and compare the level of genetic diversity in rivers of the northern pas de cala 
mpare the level of genetic diversity in rivers of the northern pas de calais region. this work  
on. this work can be valued in terms of management and restoration of biodiversity in wetlands. 
an be valued in terms of management and restoration of biodiversity in wetlands. it will: -d'ét 
 terms of management and restoration of biodiversity in wetlands. it will: -d'établir levels of 
ment and restoration of biodiversity in wetlands. it will: -d'établir levels of vulnerability o 
wetlands. it will: -d'établir levels of vulnerability of different wetland types in terms of ge 
ir levels of vulnerability of different wetland types in terms of genetic diversity, -to define 
 of different wetland types in terms of genetic diversity, -to define management recommendation 
 terms of genetic diversity, -to define management recommendations that take into account both  
mmendations that take into account both species diversity and genetic diversity of populations, 
into account both species diversity and genetic diversity of populations, -to prioritize restor 
iversity of populations, -to prioritize restoration of operations in terms of ecological benefi 
ions in terms of ecological benefit for genetic diversity. assistance requested focuses on the  
ty. assistance requested focuses on the recruitment of a doctoral student, on charges of experi 
7155 11  this project is part of the problem of land use changes due to intensified human pressures on  
 intensified human pressures on natural ecosystems: expansion of urbanization and transport inf 
res on natural ecosystems: expansion of urbanization and transport infrastructure, development  
anization and transport infrastructure, development of industrial zones and increase of agricul 
ones and increase of agricultural land. habitat loss and fragmentation resulting from this land 
 of agricultural land. habitat loss and fragmentation resulting from this landscape transformat 
s and fragmentation resulting from this landscape transformation are considered one of the majo 
red one of the major current threats to biodiversity. and to build credible scenarios feature l 
 to biodiversity. and to build credible scenarios feature landscapes, the methodology was first 
logy was first allowed to calibrate the model during its development phase, and then to test it 
lowed to calibrate the model during its development phase, and then to test its validity  
7161 3 sive cereal plain is a highly anthropic environment, where biodiversity is declining. many heri 
s a highly anthropic environment, where biodiversity is declining. many heritage species to opt 
. many heritage species to optimize the abundance of food resources, and therefore the heritage 
10267 20 sources from them and potentially cause disease. the parasite has a set of genes that makes it  
e host has evolved genes which code for resistance mechanisms to reduce, or even eliminate, the 
mple, be resistant to a parasite at one temperature but susceptible at another. in other words  
eptible at another. in other words some resistance genes are only functional in particular envi 
cularly relevant in the face of current environmental change where organisms in some areas are  
ge in environmental conditions, such as temperature and co2 levels. natural populations of orga 
dual variation in the genes controlling traits such as growth and flowering time. such genetic  
in the genes controlling traits such as growth and flowering time. such genetic variation is cr 
result of environmental factors such as temperature we know that some genes may only be functio 
ronments. if specific genes involved in resistance are, for example, consistently less able to  
 for example, consistently less able to function at high temperatures, then it will mean a func 
ional decrease in genetic variation for resistance at these higher temperatures, and hence a hi 
higher temperatures, and hence a higher risk of infection in the population. the current propos 
ut to map out the impact of such genome-environment interactions. it will do this by measuring  
measuring genetic variation in parasite resistance in different populations of the plant arabid 
 infection. it aims to understand how a temperature increase will change the ability of host po 
therefore have immediate application in wildlife management and conservation. it will also prov 
 have immediate application in wildlife management and conservation. it will also provide essen 
 application in wildlife management and conservation. it will also provide essential knowledge  
s to develop strategies for secure food production in future climates.  
468 9 roach to the reactions of a cryophilous fish species, the bullhead to a population, with or wit 
o a population, with or without feeding stress. main results are that the reproductive effort p 
differ between populations, but feeding stress had no effect. lastly, a spatially distributed m 
spatially distributed matrix population model integrating passive larva dispersal and active ju 
ulation model integrating passive larva dispersal and active juvenile dispersal in relation to  
ive larva dispersal and active juvenile dispersal in relation to survival and fecundity was dev 
rvival and fecundity was developed. the model was calibrated to fit fragment-level metapopulati 
an now be linked to secondary models of stress impact to simulate population level responses to 
 simulate population level responses to global change.  
445 3 ve cereal fields are highly transformed ecosystems where biodiversity is being lost. many patri 
are highly transformed ecosystems where biodiversity is being lost. many patrimonial species to 
any patrimonial species to optimize the abundance of food resources and therefore of patrimonia 
10185 3 ioural, morphological and physiological traits are shaped by natural and sexual selection. sexu 
erent levels of sexual selection impact genetic diversity. using experimental evolution in the  
t genetic diversity. using experimental evolution in the fruitfly, drosophila pseudoobscura, we 
13879 22                                    wild bees are important providers of pollination services to 
   wild bees are important providers of pollination services to agriculture and should be a foc 
nt providers of pollination services to agriculture and should be a focus group for conservatio 
culture and should be a focus group for conservation. recent declines of bumblebees and solitar 
ent declines of bumblebees and solitary bees have been attributed to agricultural intensificati 
d solitary bees have been attributed to agricultural intensification. to be able to propose ade 
ication. to be able to propose adequate conservation strategies, we have to understand the mech 
ve to understand the mechanisms whereby agricultural intensification affects bee populations. t 
gh its effects on farming practices and landscape heterogeneity, agricultural intensification m 
ects on farming practices and landscape heterogeneity, agricultural intensification may contrib 
 practices and landscape heterogeneity, agricultural intensification may contribute to the decr 
ation may contribute to the decrease in pollinator populations both by reducing the general ava 
se species utilize resources. therefore landscape complexity may affect bee diversity in a pred 
 utilize resources. therefore landscape complexity may affect bee diversity in a predictable wa 
ore landscape complexity may affect bee diversity in a predictable way. by studying the foragin 
edictable way. by studying the foraging ecology of bumblebee and solitary bee species, the mech 
anisms by whereby farming practices and landscape complexity affects species richness and popul 
whereby farming practices and landscape complexity affects species richness and population dens 
ctices and landscape complexity affects species richness and population densities will be inves 
ine bee foraging success and population growth. the results will be used to propose measures to 
s to maintain viable populations of bee pollinators in agricultural landscapes.  
iable populations of bee pollinators in agricultural landscapes.  
15000 15                        it is known that genetic diversity provides advantages at several levels 
ies genetically diverse may have higher growth rates and lower extinction risks. however, there 
 may have higher growth rates and lower extinction risks. however, there are different ways lea 
 to the loss of genetic variability. in nature there are different types of selection, such as  
ility can reduce individual fitness and risk population viability. as most habitats in our plan 
dy in which extent those changes in the environment and the populations affect genetic variabil 
nsic to the organism, alllowing genetic restoration. using three species of insects as study mo 
tic restoration. using three species of insects as study models, mioscirtus wagneri, gryllus ca 
 cycles, population characteristics and distribution patterns, our aim is to work on those intr 
 interested in knowing in which way the genetic diversity of these metapopulations is affected  
cted by the size of the population, the dispersal capability of the organisms, the spatial dist 
apability of the organisms, the spatial distribution of the subpopulations, the ecological nich 
s. our interest in the investigation of genetic diversity and the factors ruling it is due to i 
portance for understanding properly the evolution, viability of the populations as well as the  
ility of the populations as well as the conservation of the species.  
14947 8 ies of individuals may also change as a function of individual, populational and environmental  
between males and females, such as body growth patterns and morphology, including teeth, tooth  
ction as denoted by age-relative antler development, tooth wear, and other physiological traits 
nt, tooth wear, and other physiological traits such as the nature and amount of glandular secre 
 other physiological traits such as the nature and amount of glandular secretions likely relate 
ience, mainly ethology and evolutionary ecology, as well as in management of game populations i 
and evolutionary ecology, as well as in management of game populations in agreement with qualit 
ed deer as an element of wild faunas in spain.  
7213 1         field approaches will produce a management plan for the areas studied. the status of th 
14752 13 o carry out a serious study of the rbbm fish diversity, with the purpose of providing valuable  
ry out a serious study of the rbbm fish diversity, with the purpose of providing valuable infor 
 providing valuable information for the environmental management of reserve and to evaluate the 
 degree of isolation, key factor in the conservation of the freshwater fish populations. the ai 
, key factor in the conservation of the freshwater fish populations. the aims of this study wil 
r in the conservation of the freshwater fish populations. the aims of this study will have, the 
st, to make a complete inventory of the fish species present in the rbbm, and to evaluate, thro 
t in the rbbm, and to evaluate, through distribution analysis of species and their degrees of t 
grees of threat, the zones with greater diversity and interest from the ichthyological and cons 
techniques, the isolation level and the distribution boundaries of the species and/or populatio 
t in the study area. we propose, like a model, to focus the study in the species of the genus x 
ecies of this genus distributed in some streams and with some isolation level among populations 
olation level among populations of each stream. therefore, we will try to evaluate, following a 
7220 19 ting, collecting guano, the location of fish shoals are all ecosystem services provided by seab 
no, the location of fish shoals are all ecosystem services provided by seabird colonies. most r 
ided by seabird colonies. most recently ecotourism and biomonitoring have developed and provide 
toring have developed and provide a new economic value to seabirds. . in tropical, seabird colo 
ur research proposal is to identify the conservation status and ecosystem services provided by  
to identify the conservation status and ecosystem services provided by marine birds in three co 
atus and ecosystem services provided by marine birds in three countries in the western indian o 
d ecosystem services provided by marine birds in three countries in the western indian ocean: m 
gascar, seychelles and the france whose conservation status and modes operations are extremely  
e regularly poached without sustainable management method. still others are the basis of a reas 
till others are the basis of a reasoned ecotourism generating income and substantial jobs. your 
ating income and substantial jobs. your assessment by country and island or group of islands wi 
costs and benefits, economic and social ecosystem services rendered by seabirds. we have indeed 
g activities will lead to an integrated conservation and management plan for seabirds at the re 
 lead to an integrated conservation and management plan for seabirds at the regional level. eve 
 level. eventually, we hope to stop the erosion of biodiversity of marine birds in the region w 
ntually, we hope to stop the erosion of biodiversity of marine birds in the region while improv 
 to stop the erosion of biodiversity of marine birds in the region while improving the living c 
p the erosion of biodiversity of marine birds in the region while improving the living conditio 
13751 12                                     the distribution and abundance of animals among habitats an 
                   the distribution and abundance of animals among habitats and their relative  
mance in those habitats are crucial for population dynamics and the understanding of how animal 
animals vary in space and time. linking habitat selection and demography is thus important not  
ly for the understanding of behavioural ecology but also for the understanding of population dy 
ology but also for the understanding of population dynamics and how animals vary in space and t 
space and time. proper understanding of habitat selection is increasingly important today when  
portant today when human activities and environmental change may result in habitat selection be 
 and environmental change may result in habitat selection becoming decoupled from habitat suita 
bitat selection becoming decoupled from habitat suitability will be very valuable for proper ma 
bility will be very valuable for proper management and conservation strategies.  
very valuable for proper management and conservation strategies.  
14897 3 imited possibilities of survival and of development of its evolutionary potential, although eac 
mographic viability analysis applied to biodiversity conservation as the basis to prepare manag 
ty conservation as the basis to prepare management tools to be transferred to the epo of the pr 
2159 12 y binding private-public partnership in nature conservation and management. our hypotheses are: 
 partnership in nature conservation and management. our hypotheses are: 1 conflicts around desi 
 are: 1 conflicts around designation of nature conservation areas are seldom founded on disagre 
nd why, but more to how designation and management is implemented. 2 cocos have the potential t 
 the potential to moderate conflicts in nature conservation, and thereby increase the conservat 
 conservation, and thereby increase the conservation efficiency and help reducing loss of biodi 
, and thereby increase the conservation efficiency and help reducing loss of biodiversity and c 
on efficiency and help reducing loss of biodiversity and cultural heritage. 3 cocos can improve 
maintenance of the actual resources. in nature conservation there is a need for closer interdis 
want to focus on habitats with distinct conservation goals connected to biodiversity and/or cul 
istinct conservation goals connected to biodiversity and/or cultural heritage values to study i 
to study international experiences with conservation covenants. this nfr project will finance t 
7471 19                                 genetic biodiversity is recognised by the convention on biologi 
netic biodiversity is recognised by the convention on biological diversity and the ec biodivers 
tion on biological diversity and the ec biodiversity strategy as one of three essential element 
e of three essential elements of living diversity, yet it is poorly represented at the policy l 
ty, yet it is poorly represented at the policy level, compared to the two other components, spe 
o the two other components, species and ecosystems. the congress consortium aims to rectify thi 
by delivering dissemination tools which policy makers and conservation managers can convenientl 
emination tools which policy makers and conservation managers can conveniently use to incorpora 
conveniently use to incorporate genetic biodiversity into their policy framework. the six work  
rporate genetic biodiversity into their policy framework. the six work packages of this project 
 wps 1 5 which will provide a one-stop, community-enabled web portal, including the following c 
enetic data for key european species of conservation concern. wp3 will provide a simulation too 
 wp3 will provide a simulation tool for biodiversity managers to assess the power of genetic da 
l processes which may result in genetic erosion. wp4 will provide a decision matrix module to a 
to allow end-users to establish optimal policy and management options given the genetic data wh 
d-users to establish optimal policy and management options given the genetic data which have be 
nds-on demonstration meeting in eastern europe. congress will integrate and enhance these work  
er advisory group, who will oversee the development of these tools and ensure their utility for 
 tools and ensure their utility for the community who will benefit from them  
6942 18  this project is to study the molecular diversity, intraspecific phylogeny and distribution his 
 the molecular diversity, intraspecific phylogeny and distribution history of three freshwater  
 diversity, intraspecific phylogeny and distribution history of three freshwater mollusc specie 
ogeny and distribution history of three freshwater mollusc species, endemic to the carpathian-p 
 the different patterns of their recent distribution reflect probably to their different biogeo 
refore, the three species are usable as model species of the different distribution types. the  
sable as model species of the different distribution types. the main basic research questions a 
ow large is the intraspecific molecular diversity of bythinella pannonica, where are the hot sp 
onica, where are the hot spots' of this diversity, are there divergent intraspecific lineages a 
intraspecific lineages and what kind of distribution pattern do they show - what are the system 
 this research is the continuation of a conservation genetic and molecular phylogenetic researc 
ch on hungarian mollusc species of high conservation concern, which was launched in 2005 by the 
ts. introducing a graduate student into conservation biology and molecular phylogenetics contri 
ecular phylogenetics contributes to the growth of the research community. considering that two  
ntributes to the growth of the research community. considering that two of the species are of h 
ing that two of the species are of high conservation significance in europe, the outcomes of th 
re of high conservation significance in europe, the outcomes of the project will be applicable  
project will be applicable in practical conservation biology as well.  
13529 10 tor unintended anthropogenic changes in biodiversity. so far, however, few genetic monitoring p 
diversity. so far, however, few genetic monitoring programs focused on wild population have bee 
formation of central importance for the conservation and management of three critically endange 
ral importance for the conservation and management of three critically endangered swedish fresh 
 of three critically endangered swedish freshwater fish species . analyses of new and previousl 
ritically endangered swedish freshwater fish species . analyses of new and previously collected 
 a breeding experiment will be used for assessment of population structure, monitoring of chang 
for assessment of population structure, monitoring of changes in genetic variation, detection o 
s will provide practical guidelines for conservation and management of these and other species. 
actical guidelines for conservation and management of these and other species.  
225 6                             maintaining genetic diversity belongs to the most important aspects 
elongs to the most important aspects in conservation of endangered species. on the other hand,  
st important aspects in conservation of endangered species. on the other hand, species consist  
s will be used. the results have direct conservation value since it enables to plan further con 
 value since it enables to plan further conservation measures for these species. secondly, the  
nce, since such species pairs with high dispersal ability, long lifespan and low breeding densi 
9916 3 markers can be an essential tool in the management of endangered species such as the green turt 
 an essential tool in the management of endangered species such as the green turtle . in order  
subadult foraging ground, developmental habitat and west and central african fishery harvests.  
14829 13                 the genetic analyses of endangered species can contribute to the knowledge of t 
 determinants of population decline and fragmentation, to determine the contribution of genetic 
f genetic factors to the probability of extinction and to optimize conservation and management  
obability of extinction and to optimize conservation and management strategies. this is so beca 
nction and to optimize conservation and management strategies. this is so because we can make i 
uous and intense process of decline and fragmentation, leaving the species on the verge of exti 
on, leaving the species on the verge of extinction. during the last years several conservation  
tinction. during the last years several conservation initiatives have been implemented or propo 
 will evaluate different historical and management scenarios by means of simulating gene dynami 
ate different historical and management scenarios by means of simulating gene dynamics in indiv 
tic tags. finally, we will contrast the population dynamics inferred from the genetic patterns  
inferred from the historical changes in habitat availability and distribution.  
cal changes in habitat availability and distribution.  
14945 1 her degree of protection, as from their genetic diversity and divergence.  
13414 4 ith the scope of main project entitled ‘community based conservation of domestic animal genetic 
 main project entitled ‘community based conservation of domestic animal genetic resources’ in a 
a province and ıts villages since 2005. conservation programme aims to prevent process of extin 
on programme aims to prevent process of extinction, to provide descriptive information about th 
14515 8 eeding at chikly islet , by using these birds as bio-indicators of the organochlorine and trace 
kly islet , by using these birds as bio-indicators of the organochlorine and trace metal levels 
us, instead of as a constraint to local development, promotes the perception of conservation as 
development, promotes the perception of conservation as a tool to gain environmental health; cl 
e quality of both, their life and their environment. the use of biomarkers, like stable isotope 
nvironment. the use of biomarkers, like stable isotopes, and pollutants combined with data on d 
recting measures to preserve the lake s natural resources. by carrying out an adequate program  
sian scientists in order to promote the environmental management capacities of local organizati 
13413 4         turkish republic of ministry of agriculture and rural affairs started the conservation  
riculture and rural affairs started the conservation program of denizli and gerze breeds in 199 
oject is to establish denizli and gerze conservation flocks according to a well defined concept 
 situ in vivo method in lalahan central livestock research institute.  
13416 2 tu conditions with the project entitled community based conservation of domestic animal genetic 
th the project entitled community based conservation of domestic animal genetic resources in am 
15431 3 e usefulness of ring recoveries to make distribution models of several bird species in winterin 
anges are also useful to predict winter distribution to explore the geographical shifts of wint 
ictions in order to identify the future distribution of the most suitable sectors  
13412 4 is one of the cattle breeds with a high risk of extinction. project has been launched in 1995 b 
f the cattle breeds with a high risk of extinction. project has been launched in 1995 by genera 
te of agricultural research and lalahan livestock central research institute. within this proje 
 vivo and , ex situ in vitro at lalahan livestock central research institute and in situ at çam 
12174 5         this research projects seeks to review current knowledge of the impacts of widely pract 
eeks to review current knowledge of the impacts of widely practised vegetation management on th 
edge of the impacts of widely practised vegetation management on the historic upland environmen 
 impacts of widely practised vegetation management on the historic upland environment and to id 
ation management on the historic upland environment and to identify evidence based examples of  
12561 4              summary objective: provide policy with the best possible advice on scientific matt 
ing and whale populations in order that policy can effectively contribute to policy decisions a 
at policy can effectively contribute to policy decisions and discussions. key customer purpose: 
erest and influence in iwc meetings and policy decisions.  
6962 4  explicit recommendations to assist the conservation practice of key members of the himantgloss 
mbers of the himantglossum group across europe and asia minor. we reckon on the publication of  
on of the results of the first aim in a conservation journal and on a conservational conference 
e leading-edge researches at centre for plant diversity and systematics' research group at univ 
14760 1 project is the improvement of the maerl community knowledge in the atlantic iberian peninsula . 
2047 6             sustainable exploitation of marine resources requires balancing conflicting interes 
c intervention is necessary for optimal management. integrated management involves balancing sh 
sary for optimal management. integrated management involves balancing short-term versus long-te 
-term versus long-term interests of the fisheries sector, but also balancing the use values of  
r, but also balancing the use values of marine resources versus indirect use values and non-use 
n-use values , such as off the coast of africa  
6959 26           negative effects of the human land use results in habitat destruction and seriously e 
ffects of the human land use results in habitat destruction and seriously endanger the stabilit 
 destruction and seriously endanger the stability of populations. certain species of conservati 
lity of populations. certain species of conservation interest only can survive in biodiversity  
nservation interest only can survive in biodiversity hot spots; others can find their habitats  
covered different types of responses to environmental change, but very little is known about th 
s known about their genetic background. genetic diversity, as well as species diversity has bee 
ckground. genetic diversity, as well as species diversity has been shown to enhance ecosystem r 
ies diversity has been shown to enhance ecosystem resistance to disturbances, such as climate c 
ity has been shown to enhance ecosystem resistance to disturbances, such as climate change, and 
tem resistance to disturbances, such as climate change, and, in certain biotopes, it has been s 
een shown to provide protection against invasive species. the aim of this project is the evalua 
species. the aim of this project is the evaluation of ecological, morphological and genetic div 
uation of ecological, morphological and genetic diversity in biodiversity hotspots and human in 
 morphological and genetic diversity in biodiversity hotspots and human influenced landscape in 
diversity hotspots and human influenced landscape in the characteristic habitat complexes of th 
luenced landscape in the characteristic habitat complexes of the pannonian ecoregion. genetic d 
t complexes of the pannonian ecoregion. genetic diversity will be assessed by means of differen 
results of this project will reveal the genetic diversity of selected endemic plants and animal 
the forecast the loss of ecological and genetic diversity due to intensification of land use an 
ecological and genetic diversity due to intensification of land use and climate change in terre 
tic diversity due to intensification of land use and climate change in terrestrial and aquatic  
 due to intensification of land use and climate change in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems wi 
imate change in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems will be possible. these results can provide  
e. these results can provide support to nature conservation to better focus financial and human 
n resources, and reshape, if necessary, conservation strategies.  
7711 21 ce towards deregulation of agricultural markets and substitution of agricultural price supports 
bility to cope with the vagaries of the markets, the pac is on the hot seat. intensive producti 
, the pac is on the hot seat. intensive production models, which has specialized and simplified 
ntation of the operating systems to the production of public goods that meet societal expectati 
 operating systems to the production of public goods that meet societal expectations seems to u 
est forms of support to be given to the production of public goods by agriculture. the objectiv 
upport to be given to the production of public goods by agriculture. the objectives of this pro 
en to the production of public goods by agriculture. the objectives of this project are: 1 deep 
is project are: 1 deepen the concept of public goods provided by agriculture and the different  
the concept of public goods provided by agriculture and the different conceptions of which it i 
an systems of farms in the provision of public goods 3 analyzing the inclusion of public assets 
 policies and prospects instead holding public goods. the interest of this project lies in the  
 of this project lies in the successive evaluation of the production of public goods in differe 
ies in the successive evaluation of the production of public goods in different public policy f 
cessive evaluation of the production of public goods in different public policy frameworks, to  
ion of public goods in different public policy frameworks, to highlight what type of agricultur 
y frameworks, to highlight what type of agriculture would be promoted to maximize the productio 
lture would be promoted to maximize the production of public goods as interpreted a given refer 
 promoted to maximize the production of public goods as interpreted a given reference. this pro 
s project aims to deepen the concept of public goods provided by agriculture in a broad sense e 
the concept of public goods provided by agriculture in a broad sense encompassing environmental 
14654 1 s host will take place in their natural habitat, and those with the pin-tailed whydah and the e 
14487 4 ic relations, like brood parasitism and predation, we find conspicuous visual designs, sometime 
 of the present project to find out the function of these visual designs in several species of  
se visual designs in several species of birds and mammals living free in southern spain.  
rds and mammals living free in southern spain.  
2526 19         the symbioses project initiates development of an integrated modeling framework for eco 
 initiates development of an integrated modeling framework for ecosystem based assessments with 
of an integrated modeling framework for ecosystem based assessments with application to the lof 
nts sea region. the proposed integrated modeling system combines 6 existing component models in 
single integrated framework to simulate ecosystem interactions together with the uptake, bio-tr 
ffects of petroleum hydrocarbons in the marine ecosystem. this allows for the simultaneous anal 
of petroleum hydrocarbons in the marine ecosystem. this allows for the simultaneous analysis of 
eous analysis of the combined impact of fisheries and petroleum industry activities on the mari 
nd petroleum industry activities on the marine ecosystem with the potential to include other pe 
oleum industry activities on the marine ecosystem with the potential to include other perturbat 
 consortium of field, experimental, and modeling experts in ecology, ecotoxicology, and risk as 
, experimental, and modeling experts in ecology, ecotoxicology, and risk assessment from 16 ins 
ental, and modeling experts in ecology, ecotoxicology, and risk assessment from 16 institutes a 
 experts in ecology, ecotoxicology, and risk assessment from 16 institutes and 8 nations. it is 
ss: 1. construction; 2. testing; and 3. optimization. the completion of all steps will realize  
 steps will realize a fully functioning ecosystem simulation and analysis tool to soundly asses 
ntegrated way, taking into account both uncertainty and variability. the system will be openly  
ing financial support from one end-user community, initiates the first step of this three step  
system, we will establish an integrated modeling framework at the university of tromsø supercom 
7103 30                         wolf population management is the subject of controversy which raise im 
th for research and for action - in the development and evaluation of environmental public acti 
and for action - in the development and evaluation of environmental public action in particular 
tivities. we propose an analysis of the development available to the management of wolf populat 
sis of the development available to the management of wolf populations at the interface of envi 
of wolf populations at the interface of environmental management sciences and sociology. analys 
y. analysis methods for structuring and governance of stakeholders in the management systems of 
thods for structuring and governance of stakeholders in the management systems of the wolf popu 
g and governance of stakeholders in the management systems of the wolf population in france see 
ifferences and obstacles related to the management of the wolf - a contribution to current thin 
tion of rural areas at the interface of biodiversity conservation issues and development of agr 
of biodiversity conservation issues and development of agriculture. the scientific challenge is 
 conservation issues and development of agriculture. the scientific challenge is to produce kno 
 about social phenomena coordination of collective action that make up the management of an ani 
n of collective action that make up the management of an animal"right to compete"- in a context 
imal"right to compete"- in a context of uncertainty and controversy. our research tries to unde 
ur research tries to understand how the management systems of a wolf population in france pair, 
ribe and understand the analysis of a ' policy in the making"by relying on work in new sociolog 
 in new sociology of science and public policy analysis. we address the political, scientific a 
ical / scientific one hand, and rural / urban secondly - that coexist and are in tension in str 
xist and are in tension in streamlining management. from a diachronic reading of the factory co 
ronic reading of the factory collective management based on the construction and analysis of a  
rehensive presentation of the political development of wolf populations in france. such analysi 
ntory and highlight the"branches"of the policy in preponderant put wolf populations and to make 
between our social science research and management of wolf populations for better contribution  
or better contribution to linkages with management efforts including livestock activities. deep 
kages with management efforts including livestock activities. deepening the issues of interacti 
between our social science research and management of wolf populations, for the definition and  
 the possibilities of interaction for a production"integrated"knowledge and better efficiency t 
duction"integrated"knowledge and better efficiency thereof for managing  
12294 4 o specification provided by defra. 1 to review nfu/clas proposed work on management description 
. 1 to review nfu/clas proposed work on management descriptions and guidance for the campaigns  
timal environmentally efficient type of management taking account of likely costs to farmers, c 
work are as similar to current types of management to comment on specification for baseline sur 
12654 3 esponses received on the draft offshore marine conservation regulations 2006 consultation docum 
s received on the draft offshore marine conservation regulations 2006 consultation document and 
t and the associated partial regulatory impact assessment.  
10436 14 eproduction. food resources provide the energy, and refuge resources the opportunity, to surviv 
and reproduce. it is a central tenet of ecology that the abundances of organisms are influenced 
oit limiting resources. this process of competition combines with extrinsic processes such as p 
mbines with extrinsic processes such as predation and disease to determine the match between pa 
trinsic processes such as predation and disease to determine the match between patterns of cons 
 the match between patterns of consumer abundance and patterns of resource-rich habitat. the pr 
abundance and patterns of resource-rich habitat. the proposed study will experimentally deplete 
experimentally deplete and redistribute habitat for populations of consumers. habitat loss is o 
e habitat for populations of consumers. habitat loss is one of the principal causes of species  
erment, and thus a major concern in the conservation of wildlife as well as a prime objective i 
 a major concern in the conservation of wildlife as well as a prime objective in the management 
ife as well as a prime objective in the management of pest species. we will explore consumer re 
nt generic models predict . these small marine snails have a number of characteristics that pre 
imental refuge sites, and watering with nutrients will increase the available food in test area 
2014 20                                         tropical forests are astonishingly rich in tree species 
to coexist is an unresolved question in ecology. seed dispersal and density-dependent mortality 
t is an unresolved question in ecology. seed dispersal and density-dependent mortality are cent 
question in ecology. seed dispersal and density-dependent mortality are central processes in th 
y. seed dispersal and density-dependent mortality are central processes in the major current th 
rrent theories explaining tropical tree diversity. however, theorists usually model dispersal u 
e diversity. however, theorists usually model dispersal using smooth, leptokurtic functions. th 
rsity. however, theorists usually model dispersal using smooth, leptokurtic functions. this may 
s. this may be inadequate, because most tropical forest tree species are dispersed by frugivoro 
imals, which tend to provide contagious dispersal: seeds are deposited very patchily and locall 
ry patchily and locally, independent of dispersal distance, into multi-species aggregations. co 
species aggregations. contagiousness of dispersal probably strongly affects seed survival and s 
 only is seed survival dependent on the density of conspecific seeds, survival may also be affe 
ific seeds through the action of shared natural enemies , context-dependent seed predation, and 
red natural enemies , context-dependent seed predation, and seedling establishment. finally, i  
seedling establishment. finally, i will model dispersal and predation to explore how contagious 
ng establishment. finally, i will model dispersal and predation to explore how contagiousness a 
nt. finally, i will model dispersal and predation to explore how contagiousness and apparent co 
explore how contagiousness and apparent competition affect species diversity.  
ousness and apparent competition affect species diversity.  
12348 6   key customer purpose to assist in the development of a uk strategy for the management of cont 
he development of a uk strategy for the management of contaminated dredged material. summary ob 
al. summary objectives to establish the scale of the problem of contaminated sediments in uk ha 
arbours and the cost of clear up. task: assessment of areas facing difficulty with contaminated 
 best practice within the principles of sustainable development. – guidance and assessment to v 
sustainable development. – guidance and assessment to validate the use of e-clays to lock tbt c 
12611 12 avy engineering solutions. for example, land use restrictions might be applied to ensure a site 
 and have high environmental and social impacts. a number of different methods will be used to  
tion will enable the identification and evaluation of the drivers for technology selection and  
ded benefits in terms of costs or wider environmental impacts they could bring. this will be us 
reas for potential further research and development, which may also attract investment, both of 
 which will be of benefit to uk plc. an assessment of the environmental and social impacts and  
essment of the environmental and social impacts and benefits of each remediation technique will 
 the form of a simple matrix. a similar assessment of the typical costs of remediation techniqu 
include direct costs and wider economic impacts and benefits. understanding these aspects will  
with important knowledge at a time when sustainability issues are high on every agenda. two ind 
aminated land contractor and consultant community through the planned questionnaires, it will b 
the whole contaminated land stakeholder community.  
11027 5 tural experiment in which anthropogenic environmental change is forcing biotic response on a gl 
 is forcing biotic response on a global scale. short term ecological data have only been accumu 
aribbean-wide decline of extensive reef ecosystems during the early miocene, however the precis 
l help guide further study of the local-scale details of the event with the overall aim of deve 
ng regional changes of modern caribbean coral reef systems.  
11070 8                    a large component of soil co2 efflux is driven by autotrophic respiration; i 
oil co2 efflux is driven by autotrophic respiration; i.e. the flux of carbon occurring directly 
totrophic respiration; i.e. the flux of carbon occurring directly from plant roots and indirect 
t groups of root-associated microbes in grassland are arbuscular mycorrhizal to provide the fir 
rhizal to provide the first field-based assessment of the contribution of arbuscular mycorrhiza 
based assessment of the contribution of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi to soil co2 efflux in resp 
tion of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi to soil co2 efflux in response to climate manipulation.  
fungi to soil co2 efflux in response to climate manipulation.  
12248 6 and compliment two previous projects; a review of research papers, reports and other publicatio 
d other publications on integrated farm management objectives will be presented in the form of  
y specific text. this will indicate the nature of the conflict and examine the potential to ove 
ting ees objectives. this might include development, or establishment, of benchmarks against wh 
ain, in part, an update of the report a review of research papers, reports and other publicatio 
d other publications on integrated farm management to include recent arable work and annually r 
10404 42 ast body of evidence showing that plant biodiversity affects the way in which ecosystems perfor 
t biodiversity affects the way in which ecosystems perform, such as the rate at which carbon is 
tems perform, such as the rate at which carbon is recycled or stored. but biodiversity has many 
which carbon is recycled or stored. but biodiversity has many components, and we have recently  
onents, and we have recently shown that community composition , rather than the number of speci 
s the key factor in regulating rates of carbon turnover. however, a largely ignored component o 
however, a largely ignored component of biodiversity is the variation at the level of the indiv 
 of particular species or intraspecific diversity. we have shown that the number of individuals 
own that the number of individuals in a community has significant impacts on plant productivity 
ividuals in a community has significant impacts on plant productivity by affecting competitive  
munity has significant impacts on plant productivity by affecting competitive abilities of spec 
a significant effect on the root-fungal diversity, and other studies have also demonstrated tha 
s have also demonstrated that key plant traits related to carbon cycling are highly variable wi 
trated that key plant traits related to carbon cycling are highly variable within species. thes 
hese studies suggest that intraspecific diversity has potentially important consequences on car 
s potentially important consequences on carbon turnover. this project therefore seeks to discov 
the extent to which plant intraspecific diversity affects carbon turnover in species-rich limes 
h plant intraspecific diversity affects carbon turnover in species-rich limestone grassland. mo 
rbon turnover in species-rich limestone grassland. moreover, we will additionally determine whe 
ether this occurs via interactions with species composition, and the extent to which it is medi 
d the extent to which it is mediated by soil conditions, such as physical and chemical properti 
 plant communities of known genetic and species composition have been assembled and maintained  
cosms also have imposed on them defined soil treatments to mimic the variation that occurs in n 
s to mimic the variation that occurs in nature. we will measure the carbon content of soil in a 
t occurs in nature. we will measure the carbon content of soil in a number of important physica 
. we will measure the carbon content of soil in a number of important physical fractions and re 
rtant physical fractions and release of carbon as co2 from the soil surface. in addition, we wi 
s and release of carbon as co2 from the soil surface. in addition, we will supply plants with a 
 - a natural and easily distinguishable carbon isotope - to enable us to quantify the amount of 
 to enable us to quantify the amount of carbon that plants allocate to soils. this will enable  
mount of carbon that plants allocate to soils. this will enable us to gain a more mechanistic u 
hanistic understanding of how genotypic diversity regulates carbon turnover. the data will be a 
ng of how genotypic diversity regulates carbon turnover. the data will be analysed alongside th 
alongside the comprehensive datasets on productivity of individuals already obtained in past pr 
ve picture of the role of intraspecific diversity in regulating carbon turnover. the work will  
f intraspecific diversity in regulating carbon turnover. the work will further our understandin 
 our understanding of the components of biodiversity that are important for carbon turnover, an 
 of biodiversity that are important for carbon turnover, and the soil factors that may regulate 
 important for carbon turnover, and the soil factors that may regulate this. it will also provi 
lso provide a basis on which to develop conservation strategies of species-rich limestone grass 
on strategies of species-rich limestone grassland that target genotypic, as well as species div 
sland that target genotypic, as well as species diversity  
7534 2 ct aims to test the hypothesis of a co- evolution between a virus transmitted vegetatively and  
apparentements between host plants. the phylogeny of the sequences present in the tray mmv musa 
7578 2 penaeid to use these new markers in the management of natural populations of litopenaeus schmit 
tti these markers could also be used in aquaculture for selection process  
7381 2 he role of transposable elements in the genetic diversity of maize and its evolution will be ev 
 the genetic diversity of maize and its evolution will be evaluated through the ssap markers on 
7414 4 , a significant decrease in pollinating insects is observed. the honeybee is particularly affec 
es mortgaging the future of the current agriculture. the phenomenon is complex and requires a m 
 surfaces headland including highlights biodiversity loss through a lessening of honey resource 
nd also to analyze the contributions of agroforestry landscapes to promote both beekeeping acti 
12729 8  ipbes - the inter-governmental science-policy platform on biodiversity and ecosystem services  
governmental science-policy platform on biodiversity and ecosystem services note: as a contribu 
nce-policy platform on biodiversity and ecosystem services note: as a contribution, there is no 
defra report. the funding supported the production of analysis and information prior to the wor 
rts are available on the united nations environment programme website: http://ipbes.net/previou 
meeting on an intergovernmental science-policy platform on biodiversity and ecosystem services  
governmental science-policy platform on biodiversity and ecosystem services unep/ipbes/3/3  
nce-policy platform on biodiversity and ecosystem services unep/ipbes/3/3  
12758 1 one of a series of tools to improve the conservation status of the hen harrier in the english u 
12714 10 roject will be managed for defra by the sustainable development programme officer based in the  
ssess the contribution of the brazilian protected areas for the national economy in order to he 
omy in order to help better integrating conservation in the sustainable development agenda. thi 
 better integrating conservation in the sustainable development agenda. this project will enabl 
ts of investing in the establishment of protected areas and conservation strategies more genera 
he establishment of protected areas and conservation strategies more generally. one of the main 
ies involved in this project will be to review existing national and international approaches a 
 to assess the economic contribution of protected areas. significant effort has been put in pla 
s, on the creation and establishment of protected areas. during a time of growing demands on re 
ing the contribution that the brazilian protected areas make to the brazilian economy will help 
12711 7  the european commission initiated ‘the economics of ecosystems and biodiversity. teeb runs to  
 commission initiated ‘the economics of ecosystems and biodiversity. teeb runs to 2010 will est 
tiated ‘the economics of ecosystems and biodiversity. teeb runs to 2010 will estimate the value 
runs to 2010 will estimate the value of ecosystem services and produce outputs in autumn 2009 a 
rt recommendations for uk international biodiversity policy and highlight areas where the uk ca 
tions for uk international biodiversity policy and highlight areas where the uk can contribute  
e the uk can contribute towards primary valuation of key biomes highlighted by teeb2  
12713 3  ipbes - the inter-governmental science-policy platform on biodiversity and ecosystem services  
governmental science-policy platform on biodiversity and ecosystem services  
nce-policy platform on biodiversity and ecosystem services  
14639 1 e rejection of the helminths and/or the evolution to the chronicity observed in some cases. to  
12720 6   the project will: •establish a robust assessment of the condition of biodiversity action plan 
a robust assessment of the condition of biodiversity action plan priority woodland sites and an 
omparable in form to that used for sssi monitoring. •to provide preliminary recommendations on  
 provide preliminary recommendations on management requirements for non-sssi priority woodland  
to other countries in the uk. condition assessment will be based on a stratified sample of wood 
, countryside council for wales and the forestry commission  
12746 6                                  global biodiversity outlook assesses the current status and tr 
sesses the current status and trends of biodiversity and the key drivers of biodiversity loss.  
 of biodiversity and the key drivers of biodiversity loss. it contains a succinct overview of t 
the status of the implementation of the convention on biological diversity, progress towards th 
al diversity, progress towards the 2010 biodiversity target and its contribution to the achieve 
on to the achievement of the millennium development goals.  
15224 7 -depth analysis of the wealth of fauna, phenology and bioecology, family culicidae, in order to 
 group, but can infer the occurrence of scenarios that could involve the emergence or reemergen 
es provided by these tools, to help the development of the project on issues such as the distin 
mal pathogens. the ultimate goal is the development of an epidemiological map of the study area 
al map of the study area, including the distribution of harvested species, the evolution of wea 
 distribution of harvested species, the evolution of weather data recorded and the data availab 
enerate a bio-ecological and functional classification of the species caught in order to establ 
14888 4 nts or aeroallergens, as pollen grains, fungi spores, mites of the dust or feather of animals e 
ffective agents that cause the allergic disease, being in spain the most frequent cause of rhin 
at cause the allergic disease, being in spain the most frequent cause of rhinoconjuctvitis and  
by the other subgroups of this project, planning allergic atmospheric charge periods of common  
15483 6  humans challenges our understanding of evolution through natural selection and it is a much de 
igate whether cooperation prevails over competition in several aspects of social life in the cr 
ion, we will investigate whether social facilitation can help individuals to overcome neophobia 
 this species, will help to explain the stability of cooperatively breeding groups, and will sh 
ding groups, and will shed light on the function of each member in different contexts of group  
 with almost no exchange, hindering the development of a comprehensive theory of cooperation.  
11322 1 as their nests are easy to find and the birds can be easily trapped from their roost chambers f 
11144 11                                     the evolution of cooperative behaviour is a fundamental and 
by selfish individuals, or freeloaders. public goods games capture the essence of the paradox:  
xploitation of common resources such as fish stocks or failure to curb carbon emissions are obv 
 such as fish stocks or failure to curb carbon emissions are obvious examples. an extensive the 
stem of the sociable weaver of southern africa to test these alternative hypotheses for resolut 
reeding sites for up to several hundred birds. the communal nest has two distinct but integrate 
t has a supportive and thermoregulatory function; and individual nest chambers embedded beneath 
contributions made by colony members to public goods, and determine whether this effort is cost 
mine whether this effort is costly. the function of the public goods will also be quantified by 
s effort is costly. the function of the public goods will also be quantified by relating the th 
ation of sociable weavers at kimberley, south africa, in collaboration with the percy fitzpatri 
10315 29  southern ocean has a unique and iconic ecosystem. it includes vast reserves of krill which cou 
ich could potentially replace dwindling fish catches elsewhere. it helps stabilise the global c 
lsewhere. it helps stabilise the global climate by absorbing greenhouse gases and it supplies s 
abilise the global climate by absorbing greenhouse gases and it supplies some of the key nutrie 
e gases and it supplies some of the key nutrients which sustain life in other oceans. these fun 
 the crucial role of the southern ocean ecosystem in the workings of the earth as a whole. ther 
 a whole. there is strong evidence that risk posed by climate change is more severe and imminen 
e is strong evidence that risk posed by climate change is more severe and imminent for the sout 
ere and imminent for the southern ocean ecosystem than almost any other marine ecosystem. this  
n ocean ecosystem than almost any other marine ecosystem. this threatens the ecosystem s abilit 
 ecosystem than almost any other marine ecosystem. this threatens the ecosystem s ability to de 
er marine ecosystem. this threatens the ecosystem s ability to deliver the benefits described a 
o deliver the benefits described above. assessment of the southern ocean ecosystem s likely res 
above. assessment of the southern ocean ecosystem s likely responses to change is required to s 
es to change is required to support the management and protection of the benefits it provides.  
g together scientists with expertise on ecosystems, climate and biogeochemistry , the global pr 
cientists with expertise on ecosystems, climate and biogeochemistry , the global programme whic 
th expertise on ecosystems, climate and biogeochemistry , the global programme which iced is a  
t will assess the state of knowledge on environmental change and biological responses, and prod 
ojections of the biological response to climate change. the second workshop, for which we are r 
efforts to predict how the structure of food webs responds to change and produce projections of 
o change and produce projections of how food webs might change in future. these workshops shoul 
 help to ensure that the southern ocean ecosystem s response to change is given due considerati 
n due consideration by the ipcc, in the policy outputs of the international polar year and in d 
olar year and in developing sustainable fisheries management. we are at a critical point in the 
ment. we are at a critical point in the development of iced, where we need to maintain momentum 
challenge of integrating southern ocean ecosystem, climate and biogeochemical research. this wi 
f integrating southern ocean ecosystem, climate and biogeochemical research. this will ensure p 
ted, understanding of the structure and function of the southern ocean, its response to change  
7453 6 s an emerging area of research in which europe has considerable expertise but a relatively frag 
mous relevance for our knowledge of the diversity and environmental limits of microbial, plant  
el strategies employed for survival and growth. such studies are essential in understanding how 
early identifiable, dynamic and durable community. establishing this community will encourage g 
nd durable community. establishing this community will encourage greater inter-disciplinarity a 
ith international organisations outside europe.  
10978 4 . they are the dominant grazers of many phytoplankton mortality to determining sex ratios will  
 dominant grazers of many phytoplankton mortality to determining sex ratios will be developed.  
ons of the relative control of food and predators. an optimal life-history model will be develo 
 and predators. an optimal life-history model will be developed in order for us to examine diff 
11429 4 . they are the dominant grazers of many phytoplankton mortality to determining sex ratios will  
 dominant grazers of many phytoplankton mortality to determining sex ratios will be developed.  
ons of the relative control of food and predators. an optimal life-history model will be develo 
 and predators. an optimal life-history model will be developed in order for us to examine diff 
7515 10 pulations of dusky groupers, iconic and endangered species of the mediterranean, in a dual obje 
s, iconic and endangered species of the mediterranean, in a dual objective conservation biology 
 the mediterranean, in a dual objective conservation biology and sustainable management for use 
ve conservation biology and sustainable management for use aquaculture. the originality of the  
logy and sustainable management for use aquaculture. the originality of the project is to use t 
ations of their hosts. . 1 what are the colonization routes groupers in the mediterranean basin 
the colonization routes groupers in the mediterranean basin from which two individuals that col 
which two individuals that colonize the protected areas of the western mediterranean coasts 3 w 
nize the protected areas of the western mediterranean coasts 3 what proportion of species in se 
ations / 4 parasites can we use grouper aquaculture without endangering the species in a sustai 
13821 12 nvestigates how the social and physical environment influences behavioural performance in a com 
es behavioural performance in a complex environment. animals process information about several  
ess influences. we recently showed that fish in familiar groups are less aggressive, consume mo 
sume more food, and respond faster to a predator attack than unfamiliar individuals. these resu 
ces the ability to find prey and detect predators, predicting that the advantage of familiarity 
e of familiarity will increase with the complexity of the foraging task. part 2: since aggressi 
uccessful in finding prey and detecting predators than less aggressive individuals. part 3: as  
e individuals. part 3: as environmental complexity stimulate neural growth in mammals, we predi 
vironmental complexity stimulate neural growth in mammals, we predict that fish reared in simpl 
ural growth in mammals, we predict that fish reared in simple habitats will show reduced brain  
simple habitats will show reduced brain development, lower capacity to perform complex foraging 
lower fitness in the wild compared with fish reared in complex habitats.  
11587 16 ast approach was that of single species management, devoid of many environmental aspects, and w 
ects, and without direct input from the fishing industry. that approach has been found wanting  
cognise that we need to manage using an ecosystem based approach while at the same time maintai 
maintaining direct interaction with the fishing industry in management decisions. such an ecosy 
nteraction with the fishing industry in management decisions. such an ecosystem approach requir 
dustry in management decisions. such an ecosystem approach requires a more mechanistic understa 
 understanding of the role the physical environment plays whilst also taking into account multi 
hilst also taking into account multiple species interactions. it is also clear, as more demand  
demand is put upon the space use of our marine systems . this project also represents a unique  
er, visual observations of seabirds and marine mammals, vocalisations of cetaceans, fishery obs 
, fishery observations, and longer term fisheries and marine animal survey data. with these com 
rvations, and longer term fisheries and marine animal survey data. with these combined data pro 
hysical mechanisms that may lead to the facilitation of predator-prey interactions. this resear 
ms that may lead to the facilitation of predator-prey interactions. this research will greatly  
derstanding needed for implementing the ecosystem approach to sustainable fisheries management. 
g the ecosystem approach to sustainable fisheries management.  
11564 4                                         estuaries are key transitional habitats that are signif 
 local and global human activities into biodiversity-ecosystem functioning in marine sediments. 
obal human activities into biodiversity-ecosystem functioning in marine sediments.  
o biodiversity-ecosystem functioning in marine sediments.  
2483 21                                tropical coral reefs are the most diverse and complex marine hab 
 reefs are the most diverse and complex marine habitats on earth. no other environment is host  
plex marine habitats on earth. no other environment is host to so many fish species, with such  
no other environment is host to so many fish species, with such a diversity of strikingly beaut 
st to so many fish species, with such a diversity of strikingly beautiful colours and patterns. 
e time, biological knowledge about most coral reef fishes is scant. this is unfortunate, especi 
ght of the fact that 60% of the world's coral reefs are at risk from human activity. we current 
t 60% of the world's coral reefs are at risk from human activity. we currently do not understan 
ity. we currently do not understand why coral reef fishes are typically so colourful. tradition 
ditionally, the view has been that reef fish colours are selected mainly for species recognitio 
sis is limited, and it does not explain species diversity. by contrast, the hypothesis that col 
 groups, has largely been neglected for coral reef fishes. unlike species recognition and other 
ates norwegian expertise in behavioural ecology of marine fishes, australian expertise in reef  
ian expertise in behavioural ecology of marine fishes, australian expertise in reef fish ecolog 
ne fishes, australian expertise in reef fish ecology and physiology, and british expertise in c 
shes, australian expertise in reef fish ecology and physiology, and british expertise in compar 
h expertise in comparative analyses and biodiversity. field and lab work will be conducted at l 
cted at lizard island research station, australia, using the black-and-gold chromis neoglyphido 
ld chromis neoglyphidodon nigroris as a model species. comparative work will be based on data c 
n published data, covering several reef fish taxa, and will have its base at imperial college,  
 norwegian evolutionary and behavioural ecology.  
10653 2 terfly widely distributed in subsaharan africa, is a particularly striking example, because it  
gical forms that each mimic a different model. from breeding studies it is well known that a si 
11274 2  general biological implications of ear function have been investigated thoroughly. the soft ti 
n the inner ears of living reptiles and birds, which will be of great value to auditory biologi 
12662 1                    to assess the likely impacts on business .  
10073 5 finite lifespans in fact, reproduction, growth, repair and longevity are often negatively assoc 
 the mechanisms underlying life-history trade-offs in male and female fruitflies. the recent re 
tion in genetic knowledge available for model organisms such as the fruitfly makes this an idea 
y college london. it will involve large-scale tests of the effect on longevity of blocking vari 
results on a national and international scale. the outputs will be high quality, basic research 
10635 24                                     the environment that an individual experiences during growt 
t that an individual experiences during growth and development has profound implications for th 
ndividual experiences during growth and development has profound implications for the future he 
lose relations often provide the social environment in which growth and development takes place 
provide the social environment in which growth and development takes place. however, because pa 
 social environment in which growth and development takes place. however, because parental care 
ive, and have important effects for the diversity and evolution of life-history traits and beha 
important effects for the diversity and evolution of life-history traits and behaviours such as 
diversity and evolution of life-history traits and behaviours such as growth rates, clutch size 
e-history traits and behaviours such as growth rates, clutch size, sexual attractiveness and be 
he availability of key resources in the environment. however, although the importance of within 
portance of within-family conflicts for growth, development and fitness is increasingly being r 
 of within-family conflicts for growth, development and fitness is increasingly being recognise 
igher within-family conflict had faster growth compared to siblings reared under lower levels o 
indicating a substantial costs of rapid growth and of family conflict. these costs are most pro 
ly a consequence of increased oxidative stress, which occurs when high levels of free radicals, 
ween self-maintenance and investment in growth and reproduction, and hence fitness. this projec 
 effects of sexual conflict and sibling competition on growth and fitness of offspring, examine 
ual conflict and sibling competition on growth and fitness of offspring, examine the cost basis 
of offspring, examine the cost basis of growth through the measurement of oxidative stress and  
th through the measurement of oxidative stress and manipulation of dietary antioxidant availabi 
ductive ecophysiology and environmental uncertainty with behavioural ecology in examining the c 
ironmental uncertainty with behavioural ecology in examining the costs and consequences of vari 
 zebra finches taeniopygia guttata as a model species.  
10229 13                                     the environment experienced during early life can have prof 
lations consequently provide the social environment in which growth and development takes place 
provide the social environment in which growth and development takes place. however, parental c 
 social environment in which growth and development takes place. however, parental care is cost 
, such as food, which are necessary for growth and development of young. this creates the condi 
ood, which are necessary for growth and development of young. this creates the conditions for c 
on the availability of resources in the environment. in many birds resource availability during 
f resources in the environment. in many birds resource availability during breeding is often un 
ents may not have full control over the distribution of food among offspring. however, parents  
n simultaneously track resources in the environment and increase control over within-brood food 
ed from environmental and developmental uncertainty by marginal chicks, such that the developme 
ainty by marginal chicks, such that the development and fitness of core chicks is largely indep 
ng asynchrony should conditions improve environment through compensatory resource allocation th 
178 20 eas: 1. questions linked with oxidative stress and immune function and 2. questions linked with 
linked with oxidative stress and immune function and 2. questions linked with copulation costs  
linked with copulation costs and immune function. the main questions linked with oxidative stre 
he main questions linked with oxidative stress and immune function are: a is oxidative stress a 
linked with oxidative stress and immune function are: a is oxidative stress accompanied with im 
and immune function are: a is oxidative stress accompanied with immune responses energetically  
es energetically costly, b is oxidative stress per se energetically costly, c which part of mel 
tically costly, c which part of melanin production is responsible for the costs of immune respo 
e response, d whether and how oxidative stress affects immune function i.e.is the oxidative str 
and how oxidative stress affects immune function i.e.is the oxidative stress beneficial and e d 
ts immune function i.e.is the oxidative stress beneficial and e does oxidative stress incur lon 
 stress beneficial and e does oxidative stress incur long-term effects on immune function wheth 
tress incur long-term effects on immune function whether and how previous copulation affects ma 
nown aspects of the costs of the immune function, oxidative stress and copulation in insects ha 
costs of the immune function, oxidative stress and copulation in insects has a potential impact 
ion, oxidative stress and copulation in insects has a potential impact for further development  
ects has a potential impact for further development of basic disciplines. elucidating the micro 
oevolutionary aspects related to immune function of insects bears a potential practical value f 
y aspects related to immune function of insects bears a potential practical value for interpret 
preting the results of research on pest management.  
11436 7 demonstrated, assumption underlying the evolution of disease resistance is that the maintenance 
 assumption underlying the evolution of disease resistance is that the maintenance and activati 
ion underlying the evolution of disease resistance is that the maintenance and activation of th 
eeding strategy to incorporate the lost nutrients, and hence that any costs will be revealed on 
 revealed only under conditions of food-stress. the aim of this project is to apply the geometr 
y the geometric approach to nutritional ecology to examine the mechanistic basis for the costs  
stic basis for the costs of immunity in insects. specifically, we will: determine the behaviour 
12598 5 the implications of peat extraction for biodiversity and carbon storage. peat use in soil impro 
of peat extraction for biodiversity and carbon storage. peat use in soil improver materials has 
versity and carbon storage. peat use in soil improver materials has almost ceased but the growi 
 2 to determine the costs of a range of scenarios for post-2010 peat use reduction targets. the 
hip project to protect and enhance peat soils and the habitats they support.  
12667 21  countryside survey provides a national assessment of the status, condition and long term trend 
and long term trends in broad habitats, landscape features, soil, vegetation and freshwaters. t 
 in broad habitats, landscape features, soil, vegetation and freshwaters. the survey is an impo 
oad habitats, landscape features, soil, vegetation and freshwaters. the survey is an important  
ource protection programme and supports policy development across a large number of policy area 
rotection programme and supports policy development across a large number of policy areas inclu 
cy development across a large number of policy areas including: sustainable development, uk bio 
large number of policy areas including: sustainable development, uk biodiversity action plan, c 
 including: sustainable development, uk biodiversity action plan, cap reform, agri-environment  
k biodiversity action plan, cap reform, agri-environment schemes, environmental impact assessme 
, cap reform, agri-environment schemes, environmental impact assessment, air pollution impacts, 
agri-environment schemes, environmental impact assessment, air pollution impacts, water framewo 
s, environmental impact assessment, air pollution impacts, water framework directive, soil stra 
mental impact assessment, air pollution impacts, water framework directive, soil strategy and c 
pact assessment, air pollution impacts, water framework directive, soil strategy and climate ch 
ion impacts, water framework directive, soil strategy and climate change programme. new methods 
 framework directive, soil strategy and climate change programme. new methods of data collectio 
ed. the study will include a scientific assessment of the changes occurring in the countryside  
he countryside and the implications for policy development. the last survey and assessment was  
tryside and the implications for policy development. the last survey and assessment was underta 
policy development. the last survey and assessment was undertaken in 1998 and published in 2000 
10042 22 nd legally charged with the sustainable management of biodiversity. most conservation strategie 
rged with the sustainable management of biodiversity. most conservation strategies either focus 
inable management of biodiversity. most conservation strategies either focus on a particularly  
y important species and assume that the conservation measures also protect other components of  
es also protect other components of the ecosystem or attempt to protect many species by setting 
 species by setting aside some of their habitat in reserves. the latter approach assumes that m 
 focus on the key processes driving the ecosystem. if the ecosystem processes remain intact, th 
processes driving the ecosystem. if the ecosystem processes remain intact, then many components 
 remain intact, then many components of biodiversity should be sustainable. to date, there have 
 though it is explicitly embodied by an ecosystem-based approach to management to which most go 
odied by an ecosystem-based approach to management to which most governments are now legally ob 
 undertake. a process-based approach to conservation will only work if two conditions are met.  
f two conditions are met. firstly, that biodiversity is profoundly influenced by a limited numb 
dly that these processes are subject to management intervention. coral reefs of the western atl 
are subject to management intervention. coral reefs of the western atlantic provide an exceptio 
. the ability of corals to recover from disturbance is highly dependent on the abundance of the 
 disturbance is highly dependent on the abundance of their seaweed competitor. in turn, the ava 
vailability of seaweed is determined by grazing parrotfish. inadequate levels of grazing allow  
razing parrotfish. inadequate levels of grazing allow seaweed to bloom and prevents corals from 
s corals from building the complex reef habitat on which much biodiversity depends. this projec 
 the complex reef habitat on which much biodiversity depends. this project builds on the succes 
rc grant and enables us to manage a key ecosystem process .  
7195 15                              changes in agriculture in europe, including intensification and ab 
              changes in agriculture in europe, including intensification and abandonment, have 
ges in agriculture in europe, including intensification and abandonment, have led to a signific 
nt, have led to a significant change in biodiversity, common bird populations are particularly  
lations are particularly affected. this erosion is primarily due to a combination of habitat lo 
on is primarily due to a combination of habitat loss and degradation of habitat quality. the in 
ue to a combination of habitat loss and degradation of habitat quality. the interactions betwee 
tion of habitat loss and degradation of habitat quality. the interactions between types and int 
 and intensity of farming practices and abundance of common birds are complex. indeed, agro-eco 
rming practices and abundance of common birds are complex. indeed, agro-ecosystems are characte 
ce of common birds are complex. indeed, agro-ecosystems are characterized by a scenario approac 
characterized by a scenario approach to assessment of the effects of major changes in terms of  
or changes in terms of price and public policy on compromise production / biodiversity conserva 
f price and public policy on compromise production / biodiversity conservation  
ublic policy on compromise production / biodiversity conservation  
12742 9 egrating a quantitative and qualitative assessment of changes in character and delivery of ecos 
of changes in character and delivery of ecosystem services in the english landscape. specifical 
ry of ecosystem services in the english landscape. specifically, the project would: 1.review th 
ape. specifically, the project would: 1.review the previous methodology for ‘countryside qualit 
s’ and the requirements of the european landscape convention to identify a series of criteria f 
countryside character 2.determine which ecosystem services can be attributed to landscape chara 
ecosystem services can be attributed to landscape character and features . 3.review existing da 
to landscape character and features . 3.review existing data sets on landscape character and qu 
atures . 3.review existing data sets on landscape character and quality. 4.consult with partner 
10726 16 the attention of the world s scientific community only two years after publication of darwin s  
was hailed as the ultimate evidence for evolution. the study proposed here will reveal new info 
e will reveal new information about the ecology and evolution of this enigmatic fossil, using a 
l new information about the ecology and evolution of this enigmatic fossil, using a rigorously  
c fossil, using a rigorously quantified modelling approach. in some respects we know a good dea 
wings like partridges do are changes in function of the skeleton mirrored by changes in the sku 
red by changes in the skull did cranial evolution keep pace with the rest of the skeleton was t 
oads they experience, and the resulting stress and strain can dictate the shape of the skeleton 
phology of archaeopteryx relates to its function. deducing this would inform on its feeding beh 
 would inform on its feeding behaviour, ecology and the selective pressures driving cranial evo 
the selective pressures driving cranial evolution. the aim of this study is to deliver this kno 
keleton and whether the skulls of early birds were more morphologically diverse than their non- 
 fea is that we know little of how well model results reflect reality, and which input paramete 
ill then apply the same loads to the fe-model and quantify the difference in orientation and ma 
magnitude of the experimental versus fe-model derived strain. by altering elastic properties, l 
, i will see which parameters influence model results the most. the resulting information can b 
7495 5  aims to create a microbial observatory mediterranean north-west, a collection of microorganism 
d by the laboratory, for a total of 200 marine strains with different ribotypes and 600 salmone 
 it will be enlarged by isolating other marine strains with innovative isolation methods based  
 microplates and by developing original conservation methods. a database will be set up. marine 
ion methods. a database will be set up. marine strains will be characterized functionally parti 
14427 3 e. they are crucial for studying normal development, creating models of human disorders and are 
 to be open to all partners and outside institutions, shall give bulgarian researchers from med 
cal, veterinary and biological research institutions the opportunity to perform state-of-the-ar 
10508 1  set up a consortium of taxonomists and taxonomy end-users from the natural history museum, roy 
10509 1  set up a consortium of taxonomists and taxonomy end-users from the natural history museum, roy 
10706 1  set up a consortium of taxonomists and taxonomy end-users from the natural history museum, roy 
11007 1  set up a consortium of taxonomists and taxonomy end-users from the natural history museum, roy 
515 28                                     the management of wolf populations is a subject of controve 
on – as regards the elaboration and the evaluation of environmental public action notably linki 
f the implementation of wolf population management in liaison with environmental management sci 
f population management in liaison with environmental management sciences and sociology. the an 
the analysis of structuring methods and governance of the systems of actors in wolf population  
he systems of actors in wolf population management in france seems to have the possibility to b 
crepancies and blockings linked to wolf management - a contribution to the present reflection o 
ral territories liaising the stakes for biodiversity preservation and agricultural evolution. t 
diversity preservation and agricultural evolution. the scientific stake is to produce knowledge 
he social phenomenon of coordination of collective action which compose the management of anima 
 of collective action which compose the management of animal « worthy to fight about » – within 
 to fight about » – within a context of uncertainty and controversy. our research aims to under 
scribe and understand the analysis of a policy in development, in relying on the work in new so 
 understand the analysis of a policy in development, in relying on the work in new sociology of 
licies. we will broach the processes of policy, science and technical innovation, drawing speci 
ttention to the hybridizing of worlds – policy/science on one hand and rural/urban on the other 
 – policy/science on one hand and rural/urban on the other – that coexist in a strained relatio 
 relationship in the rationalisation of management. based on a diachronic lecture of the works  
onic lecture of the works of collective management relying on the construction and the analysis 
presentation of the implementation into policy of wolf population management in france. moreove 
entation into policy of wolf population management in france. moreover, such an analysis will m 
 procedures for the implementation into policy of wolf population management. this will be used 
entation into policy of wolf population management. this will be used as ethnographic analysis  
ons, aiming to a better contribution to management efforts in liaison notably with breeding act 
our research in social sciences and the management of wolf populations is a very important elem 
lities of interaction for an integrated production of knowledge and a better efficiency for man 
ed production of knowledge and a better efficiency for management control of the latter.  
f knowledge and a better efficiency for management control of the latter.  
229 4                         measurements of water chemistry and biota in estonian freshwater waterb 
f water chemistry and biota in estonian freshwater waterbodies started in 1950 but some earlier 
icted by a 70-parametric general linear model fitted to original data with the statistical sas  
nerates graphs and tables to follow how water properties compile sd handbook and training cours 
13864 7 basis for choosing a replacement of the model currently used to assess acidification in swedens 
n swedens eqc for surface waters. three evaluation criteria will be employed: 1. suitability of 
 project would look at four alternative assessment methods. two of these methods involve biogeo 
 a refinement of the existing empirical assessment model. prototype assessment systems based on 
nt of the existing empirical assessment model. prototype assessment systems based on all four a 
g empirical assessment model. prototype assessment systems based on all four approaches will be 
alternative approaches to acidification assessment for swedens eqc.  
11455 8 rom ~3500 ma old sediments and lavas in australia. we plan to test whether our microtubules can 
is to test how they formed, by detailed mapping of their morphology and geochemistry at the mic 
eochemistry at the micron to nanomicron scale, and by controlled laboratory experiments. the fi 
les could reflect evidence for ancient, bacteria-like, metabolic processes. the australian rock 
ich mineral phases, laid down in a high-energy, poorly-oxygenated, shallow water setting some 3 
high-energy, poorly-oxygenated, shallow water setting some 3500 ma years ago. our work will the 
hemical cycles. activities of bacterial metabolism, if present, will also have major implicatio 
o have major implications for biosphere evolution, for the atmospheric history of the planet, a 
10787 1 ble to all aspects of our environmental model. this will be supported by culture and the compar 
11300 1 ble to all aspects of our environmental model. this will be supported by culture and the compar 
1927 1 ine the potential for manipulating crop diversity as a means of introducing antagonistic micro- 
6895 4 .e. lps and flagellar antigens. vaccine development against salmonella is hindered by the low-l 
e proteins is elevated resulting in the production of cross-reactive antibodies. unfortunately, 
oss-reactive antibodies. unfortunately, colonization by the rfah mutant of the gut is hindered  
ral mutants. mutants that show a better colonization with the retained potential of eliciting a 
444 22           among current global changes, habitat degradation is the principal cause of biodivers 
  among current global changes, habitat degradation is the principal cause of biodiversity loss 
t degradation is the principal cause of biodiversity loss. the aim of this project was to study 
ecies were actually influenced by large scale habitat perturbation. to do so, we used a very la 
were actually influenced by large scale habitat perturbation. to do so, we used a very large sc 
rbation. to do so, we used a very large scale land-cover and an independent bird survey dataset 
and an independent bird survey dataset. habitat disturbance affecting landscapes between 1992 a 
ndependent bird survey dataset. habitat disturbance affecting landscapes between 1992 and 2002  
1992 and 2002 was provided by teruti, a landscape statistical survey, specifically developed fo 
oped for the estimation of variation in land-use throughout space and time, covering the whole  
atic grid made of 15500 2x2 km squares. biodiversity indicators were provided by the french bre 
e of 15500 2x2 km squares. biodiversity indicators were provided by the french breeding bird su 
ing bird survey which is a standardized monitoring scheme in which voluntary skilled ornitholog 
hologists each spring identify breeding birds by song or visual contacts. we first showed that  
r visual contacts. we first showed that landscape perturbation had a strong impact on bird comm 
erturbation had a strong impact on bird community richness and composition. we further focused  
n had a strong impact on bird community richness and composition. we further focused on landsca 
 and composition. we further focused on landscape artificialization, which is a major perturbat 
ion occurring in france. we showed that landscape artificialization was a good predictor of the 
was a good predictor of the present-day community homogeneity. in this respect, the importance  
mogenisation for establishing proactive conservation goals is emphasized by our findings. altog 
his study underlines that more holistic conservation planning should be more effective in human 
7160 20        the national program of temporal monitoring of common birds, set up by the CRBPO, since  
rogram of temporal monitoring of common birds, set up by the CRBPO, since 1989 provides informa 
th status and become species, or impact Biodiversity phenomena such as the opening of the lands 
ty phenomena such as the opening of the landscape, urban sprawl of the agricultural landscape,  
a such as the opening of the landscape, urban sprawl of the agricultural landscape, agricultura 
g of the landscape, urban sprawl of the agricultural landscape, agricultural decline, the closu 
gricultural decline, the closure of the landscape, artificial, urban densification ... this app 
e closure of the landscape, artificial, urban densification ... this approach will be complemen 
ion regarding both bird populations and land use structures will make projections to assess the 
ke projections to assess the effects on biodiversity of different scenarios of changing habitat 
he effects on biodiversity of different scenarios of changing habitats on a global scale. for e 
narios of changing habitats on a global scale. for example, species diversity can be compared a 
abitats on a global scale. for example, species diversity can be compared across sites currentl 
d and between sites that have undergone urbanization more or less pronounced in recent decades. 
chronic data will measure the impact of urbanization in both time and space, to understand the  
o understand the patterns and impact on biodiversity mechanisms involved and to be able to inte 
dels for establishing projections under scenarios of various urban development. the same type o 
 projections under scenarios of various urban development. the same type of approach will be us 
ctions under scenarios of various urban development. the same type of approach will be used for 
roach will be used for the agricultural community, foresters, natural, managed and / or protect 
10239 2  of food to the ocean floor and benthic community responses to variations in the downward flux  
s to variations in the downward flux of organic matter , the uptake of specific biochemicals by 
10748 2  of food to the ocean floor and benthic community responses to variations in the downward flux  
s to variations in the downward flux of organic matter , the uptake of specific biochemicals by 
10750 2  of food to the ocean floor and benthic community responses to variations in the downward flux  
s to variations in the downward flux of organic matter , the uptake of specific biochemicals by 
11717 2  of food to the ocean floor and benthic community responses to variations in the downward flux  
s to variations in the downward flux of organic matter , the uptake of specific biochemicals by 
11036 5 icant in the conversion of crude oil to methane and what factors dictate their activity in the  
t factors dictate their activity in the environment. when we have this information the benefits 
of spilled petroleum released to anoxic groundwater or sediments. there is even the possibility 
e converted to more readily recoverable methane gas. this research will tell us what organisms  
arn how quickly they can convert oil to methane and other end products, information that can ul 
11337 6  cues will be in association with parks australia. the project brings together laboratories at  
ic, through hormone physiology to field ecology. the molecular biology will be related through  
ndemic to a single island and of unique conservation value. they are a primary determinant of r 
 they are a primary determinant of rain forest structure and crucial in post-mining rehabilitat 
in forest structure and crucial in post-mining rehabilitation of the island and its economy. th 
st structure and crucial in post-mining rehabilitation of the island and its economy. through l 
7506 5                             unicellular algae play a vital role in the ecology of the planet, a 
cellular algae play a vital role in the ecology of the planet, and, due to their diverse bioche 
 crb of over 500 strains of unicellular algae is being established at the university of caen. m 
ensure long- term preservation, genetic stability, and secure management of this high-quality a 
ervation, genetic stability, and secure management of this high-quality assets, unique in franc 
7549 4 cryopreservation to improve the ex situ conservation of genetic resources yams. yams are vegeta 
re strongly virus-infected during their conservation field, limiting their use in improving and 
use in improving and poses problems for conservation programs. resistance apex citrus freezing  
ses problems for conservation programs. resistance apex citrus freezing has been shown but cryo 
14950 2 an important role. thus, we propose the development and validation of an effective methodology  
jaculates. first of all, we propose the evaluation of different commercial extenders .  
7539 4 aise the methodological locks for large-scale application of this method to the conservation of 
scale application of this method to the conservation of latent vine buds. it is to develop a me 
buds. it is to develop a method for the recovery of meristems after freezing, by in - vitro tec 
f response parameters cryopreservation: assessment of the effect of the genotype of the harvest 
9867 6                                      in nature, organisms evolve in response to changes not onl 
nse to changes not only in the physical environment but also in their competitors, predators an 
ironment but also in their competitors, predators and parasites. the evolutionary battle betwee 
s canorus, and its hosts provide a good model system for studying these evolutionary processes  
amous cheat: it tricks other species of birds , we will compare defences at sites with and with 
e local information to adapt rapidly to environmental change. and it will add to our knowledge  
10593 4                                      in nature, conflicts between species often involve evoluti 
improvements in strategies of attack by predators/parasites lead to improvements in defence by  
fence by prey/hosts, leading to further predator/parasite improvements, and so on. interactions 
earning on the course of cuckoo-host co-evolution.  
10059 10   the way that adaptations arise during evolution is currently a hot topic in biology. in parti 
lp us understand how organisms adapt to environmental change. cuckoos and their hosts offer a c 
which to determine the genetic basis of adaptation in nature. one great advantage of working on 
mine the genetic basis of adaptation in nature. one great advantage of working on cuckoos and t 
 selective advantages of adaptations in nature very precisely because each party selects charac 
dd-looking eggs by hosts has driven the evolution of cuckoo eggs that perfectly mimic those lai 
e the genetics underlying a key counter-adaptation in the shining-bronze cuckoo suggest that by 
, the work will produce the first large scale genomic resources in a cuckoo species and will th 
hus be of great use to the considerable community of evolutionary biologists working on cuckoos 
 to the study of genetic adaptations in nature. it therefore has the potential to open up an en 
2473 1 s that can replace those collected from nature.structural studies coupled with bioassays will b 
11387 8                                         eutrophication of freshwaters is a serious problem in m 
norfolk broads saw a shift from a clear water system dominated by charophytes, macrophytes and  
 water system dominated by charophytes, macrophytes and a diverse invertebrate fauna in the 194 
fauna in the 1940s, to one dominated by phytoplankton and an impoverished invertebrate fauna by 
rished invertebrate fauna by the 1980s. eutrophication-driven biodiversity loss is a concern in 
una by the 1980s. eutrophication-driven biodiversity loss is a concern in many uk reservoirs wh 
eservoirs which are important sites for conservation , ecological benefit and design options. a 
cological benefit and design options. a risk assessment will be made relating to the spreading  
13399 2 e culture and spawns of mushroom having economic value and growing in the natural flora of turk 
ing in the natural flora of turkey, the production of these mushrooms in cultural conditions ha 
2116 12  due to increasing goose populations in europe, conflicts between farmers and geese foraging in 
tween farmers and geese foraging in the agricultural landscapes have intensified. finding optim 
 providing guidelines for the long-term management and conservation of resources, based on exis 
elines for the long-term management and conservation of resources, based on existing knowledge  
ive. in the project we will compare the vulnerability of agriculture to goose grazing in two sp 
ct we will compare the vulnerability of agriculture to goose grazing in two spring staging site 
e vulnerability of agriculture to goose grazing in two spring staging sites for geese, with an  
 the attitudes to the problems of geese grazing among farmers, administrators and wildlife mana 
azing among farmers, administrators and wildlife managers and measure and predict ecological re 
 goose populations to perturbations and management schemes in the cultural landscape. finally w 
 and management schemes in the cultural landscape. finally we will merge the findings in innova 
st-effective and integrated solution to management.  
7496 2 natifida is in this context a preferred model. indeed, the occurrence of spontaneous population 
tic approach of people and phenological monitoring in the field, the objectives of this project 
2542 19                            contemporary management of the environment rests on the assumption t 
         contemporary management of the environment rests on the assumption that there is a one 
re is a one-to-one relationship between perceptions and practices. regulatory models take a pie 
models take a piecemeal approach to the environment where biodiversity often becomes objectifie 
emeal approach to the environment where biodiversity often becomes objectified and essentially  
bute to an enhanced appreciation of the complexity of attitudes to the environment and to biodi 
n of the complexity of attitudes to the environment and to biodiversity; to the values, priorit 
 of attitudes to the environment and to biodiversity; to the values, priorities and actions of  
es, priorities and actions of different stakeholders - local populations, governments, local au 
 undertaken in a range of settings from fishing communities in northern norway to tropical rain 
ies in northern norway to tropical rain forests, from savannahs and mountain pastures to indust 
tain pastures to industrial farming and urban sprawls in order to ascertain how people diagnose 
 order to ascertain how people diagnose environmental change and its effects. such knowledge wi 
will contribute to more informed future policy decisions. the common analytic approach will add 
ology, such as the relationship between nature and culture and the interface between such exter 
s, questions of adaptability and social resilience, and the definition of community. the projec 
ocial resilience, and the definition of community. the project will emphasise the linkage betwe 
on - how people perceive changes to the environment; knowledge - how people comprehend what the 
 cultural models and social conditions; valuation - how people give value to what they see and  
12200 9  a robust, repeatable and comprehensive evaluation framework for reporting and monitoring the d 
 evaluation framework for reporting and monitoring the direct and cumulative impacts of environ 
nd monitoring the direct and cumulative impacts of environmental stewardship on landscape chara 
impacts of environmental stewardship on landscape character and quality/condition; iv.define le 
 operation of es that can be applied to landscape character and quality in the next agri-enviro 
 character and quality in the next agri-environment programme v.be able to report at a range of 
priate scales and link in with existing landscape monitoring and research projects vi.be consis 
les and link in with existing landscape monitoring and research projects vi.be consistent with  
ects vi.be consistent with the european landscape convention  
15522 28                           estimation of carbon pools and net primary production at a higher spa 
     estimation of carbon pools and net primary production at a higher spatial resolution requi 
he combined effects of climatic change, land cover changes and management on carbon stocks and  
climatic change, land cover changes and management on carbon stocks and net primary production  
e, land cover changes and management on carbon stocks and net primary production of vegetation  
and management on carbon stocks and net primary production of vegetation are relatively scarce, 
on stocks and net primary production of vegetation are relatively scarce, especially in semiari 
, especially in semiarid climates where water is the most limiting resource. this is the case o 
iting resource. this is the case of the mediterranean basin, where water is the main limiting f 
 case of the mediterranean basin, where water is the main limiting factor and management has hi 
e water is the main limiting factor and management has historically had an important effect on  
historically had an important effect on landscape transformation and forest structure. in parti 
 effect on landscape transformation and forest structure. in particular, spain joins different  
on and forest structure. in particular, spain joins different characteristics that make it very 
ake it very suitable for characterizing carbon patterns of vegetation: large climatic and topog 
e for characterizing carbon patterns of vegetation: large climatic and topographic variability  
variability and a long history of human management that may have conditioned and limited these  
e main hypothesis of this study is that climate and management have a synergistic effect on car 
hesis of this study is that climate and management have a synergistic effect on carbon stocks a 
management have a synergistic effect on carbon stocks and net primary production of terrestrial 
rgistic effect on carbon stocks and net primary production of terrestrial ecosystems in peninsu 
d net primary production of terrestrial ecosystems in peninsular spain, with a declining carbon 
of terrestrial ecosystems in peninsular spain, with a declining carbon stock due to reduced wat 
s in peninsular spain, with a declining carbon stock due to reduced water availability owed to  
a declining carbon stock due to reduced water availability owed to global warming, which is fur 
e to reduced water availability owed to global warming, which is further enhanced by increased  
h is further enhanced by increased tree competition at the stand level due to the recent lack o 
e stand level due to the recent lack of forest management. specifically, the four objectives of 
15056 13  project is to study the cyanobacterial biodiversity of biofilms from rivers, through three dif 
bacterial biodiversity of biofilms from rivers, through three different approaches: to analyze  
proaches: to analyze the cyanobacterial biodiversity changes and/or variability in rivers with  
diversity changes and/or variability in rivers with different characteristics and/or water qual 
s with different characteristics and/or water quality. our previous studies on cyanobacterial d 
 our previous studies on cyanobacterial diversity were made in rivers with siliceous substrates 
n cyanobacterial diversity were made in rivers with siliceous substrates; we think that such st 
t such studies could have continuity in rivers with a calcareous substrate, since cyanobacteria 
vers with a calcareous substrate, since cyanobacteria are more abundant on this kind of substra 
at determine the presence or absence of cyanobacteria in different environmental conditions and 
 conditions and hence, the differential distribution of their populations. even more, the polyp 
ion could be very useful to clarify the taxonomy of certain especially problematic groups of cy 
ertain especially problematic groups of cyanobacteria and to establish phylogenetics relationsh 
9908 5 ence of many different genotypes within baltic sea populations of the cyanobacterium nodularia  
 the generation and maintenance of this genetic diversity. we have also shown that about 60% of 
c phage can be isolated from samples of baltic sea water. in this project we will use a variety 
 be isolated from samples of baltic sea water. in this project we will use a variety of molecul 
in determining the genetic structure of baltic sea nodularia populations.  
12143 5  the aim of the project is analysis and modelling of cyclicity and dynamics of palaeoenvironmen 
ces of quaternary warm periods cyclical nature and dynamics in the context of regional and glob 
ing their impact on patterns of species migration, invasion and adaptation.  
mpact on patterns of species migration, invasion and adaptation.  
erns of species migration, invasion and adaptation.  
14961 2  team has worked on the systematics and evolution of the asteraceae along more than 25 years, 2 
 decided to give priority to during the evaluation of its strategical plan. as a result of this 
14556 4  team has worked on the systematics and evolution of the asteraceae along 15 years. this projec 
logical characters that justify present classification; and dna sequence analysis, both plastid 
and nuclear, to hypothesize a molecular phylogeny for comparison to the classification on morph 
lecular phylogeny for comparison to the classification on morphological basis.  
14557 4  team has worked on the systematics and evolution of the asteraceae along 15 years. this projec 
logical characters that justify present classification; and dna sequence analysis, both plastid 
and nuclear, to hypothesize a molecular phylogeny for comparison to the classification on morph 
lecular phylogeny for comparison to the classification on morphological basis.  
14962 2  team has worked on the systematics and evolution of the asteraceae along more than 25 years, 2 
 decided to give priority to during the evaluation of its strategical plan. as a result of this 
13792 6 d by both genomes are required for cell respiration, the main source of energy production in eu 
or cell respiration, the main source of energy production in eukaryotes. selection is strong fo 
 respiration, the main source of energy production in eukaryotes. selection is strong for optim 
ryotes. selection is strong for optimal function of cell respiration, leading to coadaptation o 
 is strong for optimal function of cell respiration, leading to coadaptation of mitochondrial a 
nderstanding reproductive isolation and genetic diversity in natural populations.  
13316 31                    effective control of invasive alien species has been hampered by: a the lack 
ies has been hampered by: a the lack of monitoring for alien species at frequent enough interva 
mpered by: a the lack of monitoring for alien species at frequent enough intervals in regions o 
tions, and warn of new sightings; and c risk assessments that predict the likelihood of a parti 
a particular species becoming invasive. europe has yet to establish a programme with the primar 
 of detection, quantifying the possible risk, and warning managers before a respective alien sp 
nd warning managers before a respective alien species spreads beyond its point of initial intro 
alert regional managers an inventory of alien species against which invasive alien species can  
nventory of alien species against which invasive alien species can be determined, a european in 
mination system, an early detection and monitoring system for alien species in response to thes 
rly detection and monitoring system for alien species in response to these requirements, daisie 
ropean one-stop-shop for information on biological invasions in europe. it will bring together: 
 information on biological invasions in europe. it will bring together: the european alien spec 
e. it will bring together: the european alien species expertise registry: a directory of resear 
ry of researchers and research european alien species database: including all known naturalized 
tabase: including all known naturalized alien species in europe european invasive alien species 
 all known naturalized alien species in europe european invasive alien species information syst 
alized alien species in europe european invasive alien species information system: descriptions 
system: descriptions of all naturalized alien species known to be invasive in europe species di 
d alien species known to be invasive in europe species distribution maps and spatial analysis:  
 known to be invasive in europe species distribution maps and spatial analysis: distribution ma 
in europe species distribution maps and spatial analysis: distribution maps of all invasive ali 
distribution maps and spatial analysis: distribution maps of all invasive alien species in euro 
tial analysis: distribution maps of all invasive alien species in europe known or suspected of  
n maps of all invasive alien species in europe known or suspected of having environmental or ec 
ted of having environmental or economic impacts. daisie will be a pivotal instrument in develop 
be a pivotal instrument in developing a europe-wide strategy that encompasses both the geograph 
 that encompasses both the geographical scale of the problem and unites the study of different  
d unites the study of different taxa in marine, freshwater and terrestrial environments. daisie 
 the study of different taxa in marine, freshwater and terrestrial environments. daisie will ad 
ress the need for a regional network of invasive alien species information.  
12452 11                  summary objective: use fish stomach content data to describe how fish feeding  
sh stomach content data to describe how fish feeding preferences have changed in the last centu 
ntury and understand how changes in the abundance of one species can affect others, focusing on 
cod is thought to be the most important predator of norway lobster nephrops norvegicus in the i 
th species support important commercial fisheries. a duel species stock assessment for irish se 
mercial fisheries. a duel species stock assessment for irish sea cod and nephrops proposed almo 
sed almost 2 decades ago indicated that fishing mortality should be reduced on nephrops and inc 
st 2 decades ago indicated that fishing mortality should be reduced on nephrops and increased o 
imise profits to the industry. although fishing mortality on cod has increased significantly th 
ofits to the industry. although fishing mortality on cod has increased significantly there is n 
he potential impact that changes in cod abundance might have on irish sea nephrops stocks.  
10304 6 biology of organisms within the natural environment. typically the level of activity of thousan 
e relevant to understanding the natural environment, this problem is compounded by the fact tha 
, where a detailed understanding of the function of thousands of genes is generated by well-res 
he genetics of organisms in the natural environment, we need to try to summarise the sheer volu 
ental interest to their better-studied, model organism relatives. within the last few years, th 
 help other researchers within the nerc community.  
12565 8 the wild, and investigate the potential impacts of theses changes in the freshwater environment 
ential impacts of theses changes in the freshwater environment on populations of both wild and  
cts of theses changes in the freshwater environment on populations of both wild and stocked fis 
on populations of both wild and stocked fish. study the potential impacts of light pollution wi 
d and stocked fish. study the potential impacts of light pollution with the aim of developing a 
h. study the potential impacts of light pollution with the aim of developing an appropriate res 
ntify the effects in salmonid and other freshwater fish populations.  
ffects in salmonid and other freshwater fish populations.  
11038 1 ne resource for the asteraceae research community. this will add around 11,000 sequences to the 
10947 6     the phenotypic plasticity of muscle growth will be investigated in relation to temperature  
wth will be investigated in relation to temperature in the marine fish fugu rubripes at the emb 
gated in relation to temperature in the marine fish fugu rubripes at the embryo and juvenile st 
n relation to temperature in the marine fish fugu rubripes at the embryo and juvenile stages of 
ologues of gene loci involved in muscle growth in mammals. computational analysis will be appli 
andidate genes involved in muscle fibre recruitment. the expression patterns of novel and known 
12253 3 searching the effective use and fate of nutrients applied to land in organic manures or as manu 
iate links to defra and other websites. development of the data resource will meet the requirem 
ily known and available to the research community for possible additional uses.  
12237 21                               to inform policy at national and european scales, defra needs to  
t the many variables that influence the sustainability and environmental footprint of arable pr 
y and environmental footprint of arable production. this can be achieved most efficiently by id 
ity necessary to inform a wide range of policy questions now and for the future. defra has prev 
ure. defra has previously funded annual monitoring of disease and pest levels and agronomic pra 
 previously funded annual monitoring of disease and pest levels and agronomic practice in winte 
diseases on wheat and oilseed rape. the monitoring initiatives will be continued within the cur 
istically robust source of evidence for policy making which aims to mitigate the impacts of cro 
olicy making which aims to mitigate the impacts of crop diseases and pests and unsustainable ma 
op diseases and pests and unsustainable management practices on the environment. the data colle 
sustainable management practices on the environment. the data collected are also a key resource 
a collected are also a key resource for monitoring impacts of climate change on uk agriculture  
 are also a key resource for monitoring impacts of climate change on uk agriculture by measurin 
 key resource for monitoring impacts of climate change on uk agriculture by measuring indicator 
itoring impacts of climate change on uk agriculture by measuring indicator species. as well as  
e change on uk agriculture by measuring indicator species. as well as addressing future researc 
 well as addressing future research and policy needs this project will continue existing collab 
provision of samples or data to support monitoring for food safety, development and validation  
 to support monitoring for food safety, development and validation of models for disease and pe 
evelopment and validation of models for disease and pest forecasting and identification of sust 
sting and identification of sustainable management strategies for the industry.  
12427 10 vernment has a responsibility under the marine strategy framework directive to monitor marine l 
strategy framework directive to monitor marine litter on the surface, pelagic, benthic and beac 
ic and beach/coastal zones. the use and development of the marine conservation societies and os 
l zones. the use and development of the marine conservation societies and ospar reporting purpo 
. the use and development of the marine conservation societies and ospar reporting purposes. th 
 the newly developed ospar beach litter monitoring manual will ensure the collection and record 
a high standard of data collection, the development of a new database will make uploading the d 
will feed into developing a baseline of marine litter reaching our beaches as required by the m 
terrogated to help determine sources of marine litter and can be used to monitor marine litter  
arine litter and can be used to monitor marine litter on beaches over time. we are developing o 
11150 4 7 key palaeolithic sites in continental europe. we will date 300 well-contexted and carefully s 
ornaments. the sites come from germany, spain, france and britain, and include many of the most 
ebates in palaeolithic archaeology. the development of reliable archaeological chronologies wil 
e problems plaguing the palaeolithic of europe.  
10083 2 e compared with an explicit geochemical model and used both to reject unsuitable samples and to 
mportance in the middle palaeolithic in africa and the near east, of outstanding palaeoenvironm 
10302 12 to discussions of cultural responses to climate change. while its specific meaning will probabl 
e cultural past. however, chronological uncertainty seriously hampers our understanding of near 
cially its relationship to the unstable climate of the upper pleistocene and to the rest of the 
erably improve our understanding of the distribution and changes over time of the art and relat 
 furthermore, radiocarbon can only date carbon based pigments, and the majority of early rock p 
different examples a chronology for the development and spread of different styles can be built 
 art in southern france and the rest of europe. we will investigate whether the appearance and  
e whether the appearance and subsequent intensification of rock art is related to rapid climati 
t glacial maximum have been revealed by marine sediment and ice cores. we will compare the freq 
al maximum have been revealed by marine sediment and ice cores. we will compare the frequency a 
records to test the hypothesis that the intensification of artistic expression in caves was a s 
ves was a social response to a changing climate.  
9928 2  half of extant moss species, with high diversity in forest habitats. our existing phylogenies  
nt moss species, with high diversity in forest habitats. our existing phylogenies show many dis 
11681 9 imestone quarry, northwestern province, south africa. the taung child was the first early homin 
ld was the first early hominid found in africa and became the type specimen of australopithecus 
specimen of australopithecus africanus. mining activities continued at the quarry and the geolo 
1 million years old. such chronological uncertainty greatly hampers our understanding of early  
pers our understanding of early hominid evolution in africa. we propose to take samples of calc 
rstanding of early hominid evolution in africa. we propose to take samples of calcite crystals  
radle of humankind world heritage site, south africa, thereby improving the chronology of human 
ereby improving the chronology of human evolution in africa, and the methods will be refined to 
ng the chronology of human evolution in africa, and the methods will be refined to maximize the 
13788 23                                         forest management and fire suppression cause significan 
                  forest management and fire suppression cause significant changes in the chemi 
e ability and decaying capacity of wood-fungi. many species of wood-fungi have declined for unk 
ity of wood-fungi. many species of wood-fungi have declined for unknown reasons, but it is poss 
 is possible that some are dependent on fire-affected wood or other deadwood qualities resultin 
adwood qualities resulting from natural forest dynamics, such as wood from suppressed or old tr 
 from suppressed or old trees. further, forestry-related changes in deadwood properties may imp 
es may imply significant changes in its decomposition rate, which affects the total co2 emissio 
ich affects the total co2 emission from forest ecosystems. in fact, preliminary studies suggest 
ects the total co2 emission from forest ecosystems. in fact, preliminary studies suggest that d 
dies suggest that deadwood from managed forests decompose considerably faster than deadwood fro 
rably faster than deadwood from natural forests. the proposed research aims to clarify whether  
arify whether there are threatened wood-fungi that are dependent on deadwood qualities that are 
are rare or declining in managed boreal forests, and whether forestry-induced changes in deadwo 
 in managed boreal forests, and whether forestry-induced changes in deadwood qualities affect o 
gal decay rates. this has relevance for carbon dynamics in managed boreal forests, and may incr 
e for carbon dynamics in managed boreal forests, and may increase our understanding of why many 
 of why many red-listed species of wood-fungi are confined to forests governed by natural dynam 
d species of wood-fungi are confined to forests governed by natural dynamics. the research has  
mics. the research has implications for conservation, management and restoration of boreal fore 
arch has implications for conservation, management and restoration of boreal forests.  
ations for conservation, management and restoration of boreal forests.  
n, management and restoration of boreal forests.  
10172 6 y. relatively little is known about the decomposition and loss of viability of pollen in soils  
tion and loss of viability of pollen in soils and this restricts understanding of its role in n 
 restricts understanding of its role in nutrient cycling, the ability to assess risks from gm p 
gm pollen, and gives rise to recognised uncertainty in pollen profile analysis. measurements of 
len of different species in contrasting soils, and when attacked by specific microorganisms and 
attacked by specific microorganisms and soil communities, and determine the period for pollen t 
11080 9  has a large random component. firstly, genetic diversity present within an ancestral species i 
ce in genetic divergence. being able to model both processes matters in many ways: firstly, res 
es may be adaptive itself. for example, resistance to insecticide can be acquired more rapidly  
ved this trait than through independent evolution. to have any hope to identify introgression o 
 to know exactly what effects different scenarios of divergence between species have on pattern 
een species have on patterns of neutral diversity in the genome. however, distinguishing betwee 
t the genetic basis of a large range of traits involved in reproductive isolation, including ge 
e and those underlying more complicated traits such as mating behaviour. however, their actual  
he history of speciation in these three model systems in a number of ways. firstly, i will ask  
10646 9                                    past climate reconstructions are fundamental to understand l 
ental to understand long-term trends in climate variability and to test climate models used to  
ends in climate variability and to test climate models used to predict future climate change. d 
t climate models used to predict future climate change. detailed reconstruction of lead-lag rel 
etween regions in the context of global climate change. here we use an annually laminated sedim 
ange. here we use an annually laminated sediment core from lake suigetsu, japan, to examine tim 
examine timings and rates of key abrupt climate changes across the lateglacial and early holoce 
ell as counting of annual layers in the sediment.the results will be of significant interest an 
 interest and benefit to the scientific community of geologists and climatologists.  
13856 18 rd populations and in determining avian life history variation between species. however, nest p 
ariation between species. however, nest predation is a significant source of early mortality in 
dation is a significant source of early mortality in life and changes in predation rates should 
 early mortality in life and changes in predation rates should potentially exert a strong influ 
ong influence on bird numbers and avian life history evolution. rapid changes of predation rate 
 on bird numbers and avian life history evolution. rapid changes of predation rates through hum 
ife history evolution. rapid changes of predation rates through human disturbance of natural en 
hanges of predation rates through human disturbance of natural environments could disrupt the f 
nvironments could disrupt the fecundity-mortality balance of many species and may thus lead to  
ver, the interactive mechanisms linking predation and habitat change to population dynamics rem 
active mechanisms linking predation and habitat change to population dynamics remain to be unde 
linking predation and habitat change to population dynamics remain to be understood. in this pr 
ity and quantity of natural nest sites, predator protective cover and food supply through fores 
rotective cover and food supply through forest thinning for reproductive success and annual sur 
s context, i will explore the effect of life history traits on the ability of individuals among 
will explore the effect of life history traits on the ability of individuals among woodland spe 
 species to behaviourally influence the risk of predation, a question that has received little  
 to behaviourally influence the risk of predation, a question that has received little attentio 
11823 9                embryology, the study of development, is pivotal to unravelling the evolutionary 
animals, and how changes to patterns of development have produced the branching events in the t 
tential for understanding developmental evolution at this critical episode of evolutionary hist 
lone the changes that took place during development from one embryological stage to another. th 
ring instead to interpret them as giant bacteria. our interpretation of the fossils will be aid 
 structure, based on a virtual computer model. this allows us to analyse details of an embryo s 
sils, allowing us to decide whether the bacteria or animal-embryo model of interpretation fits  
e whether the bacteria or animal-embryo model of interpretation fits best. ultimately, our aim  
s will reveal the role of embryological evolution in one of the most fundamental and most-debat 
1993 34                                  recent climate warming has been shown to advance the seasonal  
                         recent climate warming has been shown to advance the seasonal timing o 
h as budding of trees and egg laying by birds. species-specific differences in these changes in 
pecific differences in these changes in phenology may result in a decoupling of trophic relatio 
 decoupling of trophic relationships in food webs and subsequent cascading effects on community 
ebs and subsequent cascading effects on community structure. for the timing of life cycle event 
d as proxies for the suitability of the environment for their reproduction and growth. climate  
 environment for their reproduction and growth. climate warming may change the validity of the  
ment for their reproduction and growth. climate warming may change the validity of the proxies  
 their reproduction and growth. climate warming may change the validity of the proxies differen 
ditions for successful reproduction and growth 2 could projected climate warming invalidate the 
production and growth 2 could projected climate warming invalidate the use of these proxies and 
on and growth 2 could projected climate warming invalidate the use of these proxies and lead to 
ese proxies and lead to a decoupling of trophic interactions 3 can adaptation to projected clim 
ecoupling of trophic interactions 3 can adaptation to projected climate warming maintain or res 
eractions 3 can adaptation to projected climate warming maintain or restore trophic interaction 
s 3 can adaptation to projected climate warming maintain or restore trophic interactions the sh 
ted climate warming maintain or restore trophic interactions the short generation time of the a 
pes of models , to microcosms and small-scale flow through systems. we will complement these ex 
 will complement these experiments with model analyses of the full ecosystem model for shallow  
riments with model analyses of the full ecosystem model for shallow lakes- pclake. in addition, 
th model analyses of the full ecosystem model for shallow lakes- pclake. in addition, the estab 
ddition, the established mini-models on algae-zooplankton interactions will be extended to incl 
n, the established mini-models on algae-zooplankton interactions will be extended to include pl 
ll be extended to include planktivorous fish-zooplankton interactions. as we will be working wi 
 extended to include planktivorous fish-zooplankton interactions. as we will be working with re 
s. as we will be working with realistic climate scenarios of the knmi, the outcome of our studi 
 will be working with realistic climate scenarios of the knmi, the outcome of our studies will  
ers, as it contributes to assessing the environmental impact of projected climate change in aqu 
g the environmental impact of projected climate change in aquatic systems. the anticipated resu 
will be well-founded predictions on the risk of cascading effects due to climate change and the 
on the risk of cascading effects due to climate change and the potential for adaptation to rest 
to climate change and the potential for adaptation to restore food web links.  
the potential for adaptation to restore food web links.  
7302 7              anthropogenic accelerating extinction rates makes urgent the identification of the 
s urgent the identification of the most endangered species and risk factors. island avifauna ha 
tion of the most endangered species and risk factors. island avifauna have strongly suffered fr 
ve strongly suffered from the impact of invasive species. this project, which includes the cons 
h polynesia, will allow a more accurate assessment of the role of invasions in extinction event 
 assessment of the role of invasions in extinction events and rarefaction of indigenous birds,  
on events and rarefaction of indigenous birds, and the identification of the key factors involv 
12033 9                                         biodiversity of chemosynthetic ecosystems in the deep o 
         biodiversity of chemosynthetic ecosystems in the deep ocean discovered since 1977, the 
e deep ocean discovered since 1977, the ecosystems associated with reduced chemicals on oceanic 
 those observed in deep‐sea sedimentary ecosystems. they exhibit low specific diversity and hig 
y ecosystems. they exhibit low specific diversity and high biomasses, they are colonised by end 
 dispersion of organisms at the oceanic scale is constrained by geological corridors and fronti 
presence of transient habitats, rich in organic matter relationships between trophic network co 
r relationships between trophic network complexity, species diversity and abiotic factors.  
ips between trophic network complexity, species diversity and abiotic factors.  
12336 9  redefining the top levels of the eunis habitat classification scheme. the current project will 
ing the top levels of the eunis habitat classification scheme. the current project will build o 
 current project will build on existing classification work and be aligned with ongoing classif 
cation work and be aligned with ongoing classification work on the deep-sea. key customer purpo 
on of the deep-sea section of the eunis habitat classification scheme due in spring 2009. this  
e deep-sea section of the eunis habitat classification scheme due in spring 2009. this work wil 
g 2009. this work will aid the regional marine conservation zone projects in the identification 
 this work will aid the regional marine conservation zone projects in the identification of mcz 
ication of mczs by providing a coherent classification scheme for deep-sea habitats.  
12460 4  taking account of climatically induced ecosystem changes as well as exploitation. then to comb 
he effort required to reach the optimal yield. key customer purpose: to produce the tools neces 
timal level of exploitation of european ecosystems under changing climatic conditions while ens 
 both commercial stocks and susceptible fish species is biologically sustainable.  
12464 13 eit is to produce operational models of fish stock dynamics that take into account: climaticall 
take into account: climatically induced ecosystem changes and commercial fisheries harvesting,  
nduced ecosystem changes and commercial fisheries harvesting, and to combine these models with  
ad social goals when applying values to fisheries production and management. this part of the p 
goals when applying values to fisheries production and management. this part of the project wil 
ying values to fisheries production and management. this part of the project will develop fishe 
. this part of the project will develop fisheries resource indicators that combine economic, so 
project will develop fisheries resource indicators that combine economic, social and biological 
combine economic, social and biological indicators that can be fed into the wider model produce 
dicators that can be fed into the wider model produced by the project. key customer purpose: th 
ustomer purpose: the traditionally used indicator of economic activity is the operating economy 
ctivity is the operating economy of the fishing fleet and simultaneous minimisation of fishing  
 fleet and simultaneous minimisation of fishing fleet determined.  
12465 15 timal level of exploitation of european ecosystems under changing climatic conditions, while al 
 both commercial stocks and susceptible fish species is biologically sustainable. the study wil 
effect of technical interactions in the fishing process on bycatch of non-target species will b 
ing the information required to develop management plans. the maximum level of fishing effort c 
 management plans. the maximum level of fishing effort consistent with sustaining the populatio 
ffect of discard of bycatch on economic yield. key customer purpose: options for protecting non 
-target species will be evaluated using management strategy evaluation in order to develop robu 
 be evaluated using management strategy evaluation in order to develop robust management option 
y evaluation in order to develop robust management options. management strategy evaluation invo 
r to develop robust management options. management strategy evaluation involves assessing the c 
management options. management strategy evaluation involves assessing the consequences of a ran 
ssessing the consequences of a range of management strategies or options and presenting the res 
he results in a way which lays bare the tradeoffs in performance across a range of management o 
deoffs in performance across a range of management objectives. it seeks to provide the decision 
jectives, preferences, and attitudes to risk.  
7677 16  have critical ecological value as apex predators, but are under enormous anthropogenic pressur 
ial importance. controversy surrounding fisheries management has become a high-profile debate a 
rofile debate amongst the international community, illustrating the difficulty in establishing  
ficulty in establishing diagnostics and management measures for global fisheries. atlantic blue 
tics and management measures for global fisheries. atlantic bluefin tuna are the archetype of o 
ing and general mismanagement of global fisheries. their fisheries characterize the majority of 
ismanagement of global fisheries. their fisheries characterize the majority of fisheries manage 
 fisheries characterize the majority of fisheries management problems: severe overcapacity, ope 
aters, high market value, and deficient governance at both the international and national level 
t will be developed in two parts: 1 the development of several management options for bluefin t 
two parts: 1 the development of several management options for bluefin tuna using classical and 
online game that can be used by a broad community to explore the effects of the different manag 
to explore the effects of the different management options. this project will compare the respo 
l be developed that simulates realistic population dynamics of bluefin tuna and several managem 
on dynamics of bluefin tuna and several management options developed previously in the project. 
onstrate whether a common and efficient management option emerges from both panels to advance t 
1952 14 timing and intensity of reproduction in birds is largely built on knowledge on selection pressu 
 phase has recently shown that parental energy expenditure during incubation is as costly as du 
ect we will study the mechanism and the function of incubation behavior in the great tit, with  
echanism and the function of incubation behavior in the great tit, with the aim to integrate th 
short time base to the time budget, the energy balance and fitness consequences. we will 1 expe 
entally determine the effect of thermal environment, clutch size, food availability and male fe 
bility and male feeding on the time and energy budget of the incubating bird, 2 experimentally  
arental and clutch fitness, 3 develop a model to predict the optimal timing and intensity of eg 
ing and intensity of egg care for known temperature and food availability regimes and 4 test th 
od availability regimes and 4 test this model with data on both actual incubation patterns in t 
f incubation both using measurements of oxygen consumption, doubly labeled water and a heated a 
s of oxygen consumption, doubly labeled water and a heated artificial brood patch. experimental 
xperimental manipulation of the thermal environment, food availability, male assistance and clu 
ll quantify behavioral responses of the birds and enable us to estimate the subsequent fitness  
11217 3                 the accessory genome of bacteria includes genes that may confer important adapt 
may be more readily transferred between bacteria than the basic genome. we will exploit the pub 
basic genomes in this genus and related bacteria. we will monitor divergence of each of about 5 
11192 1 iation in virus-induced liquefaction of insects by sequential passage of virus through larvae a 
10343 13                                         photosynthesis in the oceans leads to the production of 
otosynthesis in the oceans leads to the production of just under half of the oxygen in the atmo 
he production of just under half of the oxygen in the atmosphere. in the nutrient-poor central  
poor central regions of the oceans this production of oxygen is dominated by very small, single 
egions of the oceans this production of oxygen is dominated by very small, single celled organi 
n. phycobilisome-containing unicellular cyanobacteria of the genus synechococcus are a major co 
plankton fraction and have a ubiquitous distribution in oceanic waters responsible for around a 
responsible for around a quarter of the primary production in some regions. the genus is geneti 
s is genetically diverse, demonstrating heterogeneity at the level of the 16s rdna gene, which  
viously proposed that this phylogenetic heterogeneity underlies subtle differences in physiolog 
neages to occupy distinct niches in the water column. this idea is consistent with recent molec 
stand the molecular basis of this niche adaptation we propose here to undertake a genomic appro 
ive picture of the mechanisms of genome evolution in this genus.  
11440 21 ent is known as the permo-triassic mass extinction and was the greatest calamity that ever befe 
ant gap in our understanding of how the extinction in the oceans and on land were linked. two e 
 at almost exactly the same time as the extinction. volcanic eruptions such as this are often a 
ocumented event that coincides with the extinction is the loss of dissolved oxygen from the oce 
the extinction is the loss of dissolved oxygen from the ocean. it is bacteria that cause this d 
 dissolved oxygen from the ocean. it is bacteria that cause this decrease in oxygen as they use 
is bacteria that cause this decrease in oxygen as they use it to decompose organic matter and w 
e in oxygen as they use it to decompose organic matter and when the oxygen supply in the water  
o decompose organic matter and when the oxygen supply in the water runs out other types of bact 
atter and when the oxygen supply in the water runs out other types of bacteria take over and be 
ly in the water runs out other types of bacteria take over and begin to use sulphate for the sa 
a by product of these sulphate-reducing bacteria is hydrogen sulphide, the smelly gas also prod 
university has shown that the amount of oxygen in the worlds oceans dropped drastically just be 
ropped drastically just before the mass extinction whilst the amount of hydrogen sulphide rose  
ig mixing event that coincides with the extinction in the oceans. this huge mixing of the ocean 
are removed from the atmosphere by rain water, or directly, because they poisonous. the aim of  
ulphur was in the atmosphere during the extinction event, where it came from, and what effect i 
ls and plants. the mud at the bottom of freshwater lakes tends to store sulphur removed from th 
ht age that have been collected from nw china. this will let us see how much sulphur was around 
as around, prior to and during the mass extinction event. we will also measure its stable isoto 
d oceanic mixing had on the terrestrial environment 250 million years ago.  
12682 4 to provide an agreed definition of this habitat type to aid ‘identification on the ground’; det 
n on the ground’; determine the extent, distribution and quality of all of the habitat in the u 
 distribution and quality of all of the habitat in the uk and provide a comprehensive list of s 
vide a comprehensive list of species of conservation importance associated with it.  
7638 6                      as any practice of ecological engineering, improving the effectiveness of  
of reintroduction programs requires the development of assessment reliable and general criteria 
on programs requires the development of assessment reliable and general criteria for their succ 
oes it determine whether these criteria modeling can be applied to the restoration of viable po 
criteria modeling can be applied to the restoration of viable populations in the short and long 
hrough the installation of a network of monitoring of french and european reintroduction progra 
11739 6 ent of magma is controlled by the large-scale rifting in each of the samples. the primary tool  
e based method that allows quantitative mapping of rock and mineral microstructures. the micros 
ates of deformation associated with the evolution of the core-complex. such data are essential  
re-complex. such data are essential for modelling the large scale evolution of oceanic core com 
a are essential for modelling the large scale evolution of oceanic core complexes.  
essential for modelling the large scale evolution of oceanic core complexes.  
12246 5 ilseed rape to the osr r&d and breeding community, together with associated information to enab 
ion to enable rapid genetic analysis of sustainability traits. 4. to characterise the oregin gl 
apid genetic analysis of sustainability traits. 4. to characterise the oregin global pathogen c 
ctions in the context of adaptations to climate change and model predicted  
xt of adaptations to climate change and model predicted  
12637 23                                         soil protection is of strategic importance for protecti 
 strategic importance for protecting uk food security, as soils are responsible for the nationa 
nce for protecting uk food security, as soils are responsible for the national provision of foo 
o provide evidence on which to base its soil protection strategy. given defras aim of developin 
en defras aim of developing sustainable soil managment across the uk, and tackling soil degrada 
l managment across the uk, and tackling soil degradation threats by 2030, this project will pro 
agment across the uk, and tackling soil degradation threats by 2030, this project will provide  
ovide a synthesis of defra commissioned soils research to date, and provide a vision for future 
last 20 yrs will be assessed within the soil natural capital stocks and soil ecosystem services 
20 yrs will be assessed within the soil natural capital stocks and soil ecosystem services fram 
hin the soil natural capital stocks and soil ecosystem services framework, and the research con 
he soil natural capital stocks and soil ecosystem services framework, and the research conducte 
h conducted on threats that may degrade soils will be evaluated within this context. the threat 
 within this context. the threats to uk soils are expensive with half of england’s farmers havi 
h half of england’s farmers having seen soil erosion on their land, which costs british agricul 
sion on their land, which costs british agriculture £9 million each year and also adds £21 mill 
to the cost of supplying clean drinking water to our homes. moreover, the annual cost of floodi 
ver, the annual cost of flooding due to soil degradation has been conservatively estimated at b 
the annual cost of flooding due to soil degradation has been conservatively estimated at betwee 
he cost of not sustainably managing our soils it is imperitive that research provides solutione 
s have developed plans to protect their soils, in order to ensure that they can be sustainably  
edge of the changes taking place in our soils, and the effects of these changes on the goods an 
s on the goods and services provided by soils. this synthesis will put the last 20 yrs of defra 
12393 7 le to assess the potential threat to uk marine waters of acidification resulting from the uptak 
re developments within the uks evolving marine monitoring and assessment strategy summary objec 
lopments within the uks evolving marine monitoring and assessment strategy summary objective a  
 the uks evolving marine monitoring and assessment strategy summary objective a two year long p 
ll be made in conjunction with existing marine fieldwork programmes at key locations around the 
this will enable the new information on ph to be set in the context of the variability in hydro 
 conditions that determine the observed ph.  
11113 8                                         degradation of complex dissolved organic matter . this  
       degradation of complex dissolved organic matter . this project will elucidate changes in 
accharide composition during sequential organic matter breakdown. in this context the role of p 
to biodegradation and biavailability of organic matter. the results of this research project wi 
estigating benthic-pelagic coupling and carbon fluxes in both temperate and tropical coastal sy 
 tropical coastal systems. responses of ecosystems to environmental stresses are increasingly i 
ith increasing perturbations to coastal marine systems likely over the next 50 years, with demo 
iety, pressure of coastal resources and climate change.  
14787 4  vertebrates particularly vulnerable to global change. many populations are threatened and subj 
subjected to protection measures. their conservation seems to be especially compromised in frag 
to be especially compromised in fragile ecosystems such as those in mountain areas in the canta 
ge to apply the results to conservative management of vulnerable and threatened species.  
12222 8 processes, which focus on rationalising pesticide use and minimising diffuse pollution. the fir 
ng pesticide use and minimising diffuse pollution. the first specific objective of this project 
, underpined by common data and unified distribution/user-support. the modules are: weed manage 
t. the modules are: weed manager, wheat disease manager, oilseed rape manager - pests and disea 
 by these modules determine inputs to a pesticide treated area , primarily to meet eu regulatio 
m for advising farmers on land and farm management as part of cap reform, but also to co-ordina 
roducts and services for farmers in use/development, rather than building a new entity. the adv 
 efficient delivery across the range of agriculture related decision support.  
11328 4 tions . it also has strong relevance to water quality monitoring in freshwater environments, wh 
o has strong relevance to water quality monitoring in freshwater environments, which will be ex 
elevance to water quality monitoring in freshwater environments, which will be explored via col 
 be explored via collaboration with the environment agency, uk.  
11594 4 tions . it also has strong relevance to water quality monitoring in freshwater environments, wh 
o has strong relevance to water quality monitoring in freshwater environments, which will be ex 
elevance to water quality monitoring in freshwater environments, which will be explored via col 
 be explored via collaboration with the environment agency, uk.  
12449 12 tive: determine the stages in the early life history during which cod and haddock suffer differ 
ich cod and haddock suffer differential mortality using an existing set of data on eggs and lar 
 of data on eggs and larvae of demersal fish in the irish sea, together with contemporaneous da 
, together with contemporaneous data on zooplankton prey of the larvae and coupled bio-physical 
an be used to explain the difference in productivity of irish sea cod and haddock stocks observ 
pose: to investigate whether changes in fish recruitment associated with mortality at early sta 
 to investigate whether changes in fish recruitment associated with mortality at early stages p 
ges in fish recruitment associated with mortality at early stages plays an important role in co 
ys an important role in controlling the recovery potential of cod and haddock, allowing for the 
al of cod and haddock, allowing for the development of effective management strategies for the  
lowing for the development of effective management strategies for the irish sea demersal fisher 
t strategies for the irish sea demersal fisheries.  
14598 4 bination of markers with high molecular stability . the technique was applied in a study of 200 
 population of galicia in north western spain, and is presented as an extensive pilot study whi 
s study was to evaluate the informative yield and the suitability of y-chromosomal combined hap 
on patterns which determine the spatial distribution and genetic profile of the present populat 
7514 5 selective effects on the local level of diversity and linkage disequilibrium and specifying the 
nkage disequilibrium and specifying the development of methods of association in populations wi 
in populations with substantial allelic richness. the project objective is to assess, in the pr 
n the pre- breeding devices maintaining genetic diversity, changes in selected character and im 
ed character and impact of selection on diversity through linkage disequilibrium. . the approac 
15106 6                                         fire is widely accepted as one of the underlying factor 
of the underlying factors driving plant evolution in mediterranean-type ecosystems. in this pro 
ying factors driving plant evolution in mediterranean-type ecosystems. in this project, we will 
g plant evolution in mediterranean-type ecosystems. in this project, we will explore whether po 
s project, we will explore whether post-fire regeneration mode between populations under simila 
 mode between populations under similar fire regimes.  
15107 6                                         fire is widely accepted as one of the underlying factor 
of the underlying factors driving plant evolution in mediterranean-type ecosystems. in this pro 
ying factors driving plant evolution in mediterranean-type ecosystems. in this project, we will 
g plant evolution in mediterranean-type ecosystems. in this project, we will explore whether po 
s project, we will explore whether post-fire regeneration mode between populations under simila 
 mode between populations under similar fire regimes.  
15490 12                                         intraguild predation, the killing of species that compe 
nt of individual fitness and population abundance in vertebrate predators, with important conse 
 and population abundance in vertebrate predators, with important conservation implications. de 
in vertebrate predators, with important conservation implications. despite a rapidly growing at 
istent and most research has focused on invertebrates. four aspects make this field of investig 
isciplinary approach mixing elements of ecology, behavioural ecology, conservation biology, mov 
mixing elements of ecology, behavioural ecology, conservation biology, movement ecology, eco-ph 
ements of ecology, behavioural ecology, conservation biology, movement ecology, eco-physiology  
ecology, conservation biology, movement ecology, eco-physiology and genetics to provide one of  
 far on the demographic consequences of intraguild predation. it will provide a much needed qua 
will provide a much needed quantitative review of studies published in this field of science. a 
ough other medias, including the ad hoc production of a professional documentary depicting the  
14960 1 rvacion del aguila perdicera and in the recovery plans.  
541 12 d the way environmental variability and climate change have affected and will affect ecosystems 
te change have affected and will affect ecosystems and populations. long-term records of popula 
 marked animals to study the effects of climate change on a range of vertebrate populations and 
n carried out on the link between large-scale and small-scale climatic factors and population d 
 the link between large-scale and small-scale climatic factors and population dynamics. in addi 
le and small-scale climatic factors and population dynamics. in addition the climpop group has  
nd procedures to study the influence of climate on vital rates based on the analysis of individ 
tes based on the analysis of individual monitoring data, to identify potential pitfalls in the  
tion of these models and procedures, to review published papers in which the influence of clima 
 recommendations to efficiently address impacts of climate effects on vital rates in natural ve 
tions to efficiently address impacts of climate effects on vital rates in natural vertebrate po 
in natural vertebrate populations. this evaluation raised six potential methodological issues a 
7126 8 ills to study the ecological effects of climate variations and global changes through a series  
r vertebrates living in terrestrial and marine environments. the goal is to bring these teams o 
sis to compare the potential effects of climate change on vertebrates with contrasting life his 
 change on vertebrates with contrasting life history traits and live in environments different. 
rtebrates with contrasting life history traits and live in environments different. as part of t 
r groups are more likely than others to climate change according to their population strategy,  
ategy, and 2 what are the most relevant climate indicators, is it better to use global or local 
nd 2 what are the most relevant climate indicators, is it better to use global or local descrip 
7187 8 a trade in aquarium plants, their rapid development in a series of different environments, lead 
with each other, make it an exceptional model for studying biological invasions usually. in thi 
ke it an exceptional model for studying biological invasions usually. in this project, we have  
ulationnelle dynamics of all species of freshwater molluscs same strain of invaders, without re 
lluscs same strain of invaders, without resistance or tolerance specific or special adaptation  
stance or tolerance specific or special adaptation of life history traits, also remains capable 
rance specific or special adaptation of life history traits, also remains capable of establishi 
c or special adaptation of life history traits, also remains capable of establishing healthy pe 
15160 8 tion models applied to their biological model as longitudinal argument, this is, as one additio 
r the deep knowledge of such biological model. the present project tries instead to promote the 
nt project tries instead to promote the development of new population models and mathematical t 
on with different groups of research in spain having datasets on individual and population moni 
g datasets on individual and population monitoring with any biological model . thus, we intend  
pulation monitoring with any biological model . thus, we intend to break with the traditional s 
e believe that the discipline of animal ecology in our country can advance this way enormously. 
nefit to the partners by increasing the efficiency of their work and the level of their scienti 
2118 14                                     the brazil nut tree provides one of the most socio-economic 
socio-economically important non-timber tropical forest products – the brazil nut. these nuts a 
n-timber tropical forest products – the brazil nut. these nuts are the only internationally tra 
crop collected exclusively from natural forests. despite the economic importance of this specie 
e population structure and regeneration ecology of either harvested or unharvested natural popu 
d or unharvested natural populations of brazil nuts. this project proposes to investigate the u 
nvestigate the underlying mechanisms of brazil nut regeneration and population dynamics under n 
chanisms of brazil nut regeneration and population dynamics under natural conditions. this will 
t of exploitation on the maintenance of brazil nut populations and the availability of brazil n 
nut populations and the availability of brazil nuts in the future. a management plan to deal wi 
ability of brazil nuts in the future. a management plan to deal with brazil nut exploitation is 
 future. a management plan to deal with brazil nut exploitation is sorely needed and this study 
mately guide the sustainable harvest of brazil nuts throughout amazonia. as many extractive ind 
afeguard the future of other non-timber forest products.  
14578 4  of the present project is to study the population dynamics of the brown seaweed fucus serratus 
 seaweed fucus serratus in the limit of distribution, comparing the behaviour of marginal popul 
anish shores . additionally, a study of genetic diversity and genetic differentiation of popula 
eresting information on the patterns of colonization that occurred in recent times along the sh 
15197 17 e caribbean, cape verde and the eastern mediterranean. north-america and the caribbean is the l 
 thought to be the major threat for the conservation of the species in the north atlantic. the  
cies in the north atlantic. the western mediterranean is the area of the north atlantic with th 
th atlantic with the highest long-lilne fishing pressure and the juvenile loggerhead sea turtle 
loggerhead sea turtles occurring in the mediterranean have a much lower annual survival rate th 
catch have been recorded in the western mediterranean and the spanish fishing fleet is known to 
e western mediterranean and the spanish fishing fleet is known to be the main responsible for t 
own to be the main responsible for that fishing effort. recent studies with genetic markers hav 
d sea turtles from florida occur in the fishing grounds used by the spanish long-line fleet in  
 spanish long-line fleet in the western mediterranean. as fishing effort in the western mediter 
 fleet in the western mediterranean. as fishing effort in the western mediterranean peaked in t 
anean. as fishing effort in the western mediterranean peaked in the early 1990, it has been sug 
es of incidental bycatch in the western mediterranean. recent research has demonstrated that th 
onstrated that the post-release rate of mortality of loggerhead sea turtles in the western medi 
f loggerhead sea turtles in the western mediterranean is 30%, but the relevance of the long-lin 
30%, but the relevance of the long-line mortality cannot be assessed accurately because of two  
 demographic relevance of the resulting mortality.  
1990 12            parasites defined broadly as disease causing organisms - are ubiquitous and exercise 
determine the incidence and severity of disease, and thus a deep understanding of the way disea 
nd thus a deep understanding of the way disease shapes host population structure stands to enha 
efforts to mitigate damaging effects of disease and pests. despite the strong selection by para 
ven exceptional gene flow from the lake sediment. temperature in the lake under study changes r 
ional gene flow from the lake sediment. temperature in the lake under study changes rapidly dur 
om blooms, i.e. at the time of epidemic development of the fungus, and this in itself could ste 
ation of host diatoms is present on the sediment of the lake we study. under the conditions on  
e we study. under the conditions on the sediment the parasites are non-infective. recurrent win 
spension of non-infected hosts from the sediment could obscure a clear selection pattern in the 
t in a deeper understanding of the ways disease shapes host genetic structure and of those conf 
ion that operate in the complex natural environment of a lake.  
12773 1                            the european water framework directive the consortium also includes  
12772 15                                 diffuse sediment pollution causes a number of negative impacts  
                       diffuse sediment pollution causes a number of negative impacts on freshw 
t pollution causes a number of negative impacts on freshwater ecology including fish and macroi 
 causes a number of negative impacts on freshwater ecology including fish and macroinvertebrate 
umber of negative impacts on freshwater ecology including fish and macroinvertebrates, whilst a 
impacts on freshwater ecology including fish and macroinvertebrates, whilst also representing a 
n freshwater ecology including fish and macroinvertebrates, whilst also representing a vector e 
key control on the transfer and fate of nutrients and contaminants responsible for a wide range 
re important to understand and mitigate sediment pressures across england and wales. previous r 
 ca. 76% of the current total suspended sediment loadings delivered to watercourses at national 
s delivered to watercourses at national scale and as a result, attention needs to be focused on 
t-aside, as well as the need to support policy on agri-environment schemes guidance and advice  
s well as the need to support policy on agri-environment schemes guidance and advice on optimis 
ng the link between resource protection efficiency and biodiversity benefits.  
ween resource protection efficiency and biodiversity benefits.  
11651 4 egative relationship between population growth rate that concave-up relationships between pgr a 
oncave-up relationships between pgr and density are to be expected for species with life histor 
ecies with life histories like those of fish and insects, concave-down relationships for large  
h life histories like those of fish and insects, concave-down relationships for large mammals.  
2094 21            recent results indicate that density dependent processes in atlantic salmon during e 
than those usually considered to be the spatial scale of populations and hence the units of pop 
e of populations and hence the units of population dynamics. however, the mechanism behind and  
 behind and consequences of this strong density dependence is poorly understood. the project ai 
f atlantic salmon are regulated through density dependent processes by testing the potential un 
lying mechanisms empirically. two large-scale field experiments will be conducted that test whe 
hat test whether energetic costs and/or predation costs due to high initial density are the mec 
/or predation costs due to high initial density are the mechanisms responsible for local densit 
re the mechanisms responsible for local density dependent survival. these and other data will b 
eterize and existing spatially explicit behavior- and habitat-based population model to examine 
isting spatially explicit behavior- and habitat-based population model to examine population co 
 behavior- and habitat-based population model to examine population consequences of habitat cha 
l to examine population consequences of habitat characteristics and behavioral decisions across 
ons across environmental gradients. the model will be evaluated against a third large-scale fie 
will be evaluated against a third large-scale field study that examine the importance of local  
 the importance of local vs. population scale density, and used as a tool for developing predic 
mportance of local vs. population scale density, and used as a tool for developing predictions  
nd spatial variation in atlantic salmon productivity, and 2. consequences of different manageme 
ivity, and 2. consequences of different management strategies for productivity under various en 
 of different management strategies for productivity under various environmental scenarios.  
roductivity under various environmental scenarios.  
7672 10  the world wide population will live in urban areas. while public, urban plannings are per se p 
will live in urban areas. while public, urban plannings are per se predictable; their consequen 
e predictable; their consequence on the biodiversity of microorganisms, therefore their evoluti 
sity of microorganisms, therefore their evolution, adaptation and expected ecological services  
roorganisms, therefore their evolution, adaptation and expected ecological services in urban so 
heir evolution, adaptation and expected ecological services in urban soils and artificialized s 
ion and expected ecological services in urban soils and artificialized surfaces are poorly unde 
d expected ecological services in urban soils and artificialized surfaces are poorly understood 
aces are poorly understood. the project urban microorganism diversity . these comparisons will  
rstood. the project urban microorganism diversity . these comparisons will root the urmidiv pro 
15511 3 ormation of body asymmetries during the development of a group of metazoa, the lophotrochozoa.  
scribe their expression patterns during development and to determine their interactions and reg 
organisms, as well as their role during development. we will use three species of gastropod mol 
7105 4               public action in favor of biodiversity in rural areas is part of the issues ident 
he issues identified in 1992 by the rio convention on biological diversity and the successive r 
e broken down. since 2005, the national biodiversity strategy calls for accelerating the proces 
pecially agricultural areas, especially grasslands said surfaces  
7706 10       the current challenge of european agriculture is to reconcile agricultural production for 
griculture is to reconcile agricultural production for various uses with respect for the enviro 
n for various uses with respect for the environment and maintaining ecological services. for th 
ect for the environment and maintaining ecological services. for this it has become necessary t 
s become necessary to reduce the use of nitrogen and phosphate fertilizers but above that of pe 
phosphate fertilizers but above that of pesticides. . finally, production costs will be analyze 
ut above that of pesticides. . finally, production costs will be analyzed in the same way that  
researchers and faculty in agronomy and agroecology three institutions of higher education in a 
culty in agronomy and agroecology three institutions of higher education in agronomy and agricu 
ons of higher education in agronomy and agriculture toulouse, which will enable students to par 
14224 4                               oxidative stress caused by metabolic changes of the organism is t 
he organism is tightly connected to the development and progress of several pathogenic conditio 
ic conditions. therefore the design and development of new and powerful antioxidant molecules i 
ecrease the cellular levels of reactive oxygen species novel glutathione analogues with superio 
12626 40                                         soil erosion in england and wales was not considered to 
ations in england and wales to quantify erosion or to establish the risk of erosion occurring i 
to quantify erosion or to establish the risk of erosion occurring in the future. though on a gl 
ify erosion or to establish the risk of erosion occurring in the future. though on a global sca 
rring in the future. though on a global scale, many of these studies underline the fact that so 
f these studies underline the fact that soil erosion rates may not be high, the consensus in th 
the consensus in the literature is that soil erosion in england and wales often occurs at an ac 
 detrimental both to the quality of the soil . numerous different techniques have been used to  
ent techniques have been used to assess soil erosion in england and wales. these include: direc 
. these include: direct measurements of erosion features through surveying, remote sensing and  
 of erosion features through surveying, remote sensing and aerial photography of the extent of  
and aerial photography of the extent of erosion, monitoring of erosion plots' and catchments to 
l photography of the extent of erosion, monitoring of erosion plots' and catchments to observe  
of the extent of erosion, monitoring of erosion plots' and catchments to observe erosion, traci 
rosion plots' and catchments to observe erosion, tracing soil erosion using geochemical and rad 
 catchments to observe erosion, tracing soil erosion using geochemical and radionuclide analysi 
ochemical and radionuclide analysis and modelling of erosion using a suite of different softwar 
 radionuclide analysis and modelling of erosion using a suite of different software. thus, the  
t software. thus, the evidence base for erosion is extensive, but is made up of many lines of e 
eed, different techniques to understand erosion are appropriate in different environments. the  
te in different environments. the large-scale erosion of peaty uplands, for example, has been s 
different environments. the large-scale erosion of peaty uplands, for example, has been studied 
eys and aerial photography, whereas the erosion from intensively-managed grasslands has best be 
as the erosion from intensively-managed grasslands has best been captured via detailed monitori 
nds has best been captured via detailed monitoring studies on small catchment areas. what is no 
hesis of all the information describing soil erosion in england and wales and a framework that  
llow us to improve our understanding of erosion both in terms of future predictions but also in 
 also in terms of understanding whether mitigation efforts have been successful. this project p 
 objectives to improve understanding of soil erosion in england and wales and to develop a way  
and to develop a way forward to monitor soil erosion. objective one will be to deliver an in-de 
ll be to deliver an in-depth literature review, written by world-leading experts in the field o 
y world-leading experts in the field of soil erosion, who have already contributed dozens of re 
ed dozens of research papers describing soil erosion in england and wales to the research liter 
a consensus as to how we should monitor soil erosion in the future. objective two will bring to 
 will bring together a wide spectrum of erosion experts, including scientists as well as stakeh 
xperts, including scientists as well as stakeholders to refine our understanding of previous er 
to refine our understanding of previous erosion research and suggest a feasible approach that w 
s to conduct a cost-effective, national-scale monitoring programme of erosion in the future.  
onduct a cost-effective, national-scale monitoring programme of erosion in the future.  
 national-scale monitoring programme of erosion in the future.  
12586 17 ngoing which are raising the profile of soil protection and use. with this greater consideratio 
use. with this greater consideration of soil comes the need to determine the state of uk soils  
s the need to determine the state of uk soils and to develop processes to monitor future change 
lop processes to monitor future change. monitoring information is required to help policy maker 
itoring information is required to help policy makers understand the current state of the envir 
ers understand the current state of the environment and how it is changing, and to understand t 
ssures placed upon it. information from monitoring is needed to show how we are meeting nationa 
 laws and agreements for protection the environment. additionally, monitoring information will  
otection the environment. additionally, monitoring information will also support the developmen 
oring information will also support the development and implementation of future soil and envir 
evelopment and implementation of future soil and environmental policy by providing evidence on  
t and implementation of future soil and environmental policy by providing evidence on the state 
y by providing evidence on the state of soils. this project forms part of the programme of work 
e of work funded and overseen by the uk soil inicators consortium and will, building on previou 
on previous uksic work, design a new uk soil monitoring scheme. the project is being managed by 
evious uksic work, design a new uk soil monitoring scheme. the project is being managed by the  
me. the project is being managed by the environment agency.  
12401 8  in the msfd descriptors of ges and key ecosystem services for the period 2007/08 to 2030. the  
ir framework to the concepts of ges and ecosystem services key customer purpose: the five key o 
oject are: objective 1 – prioritise key ecosystem services in the marine environment and identi 
rioritise key ecosystem services in the marine environment and identify associated drivers for  
se key ecosystem services in the marine environment and identify associated drivers for change. 
ective 3 – establish sensitivity of key ecosystem services to changes in drivers and associated 
most likely changes in the state of the marine environment on an annual or 5-yearly basis up to 
kely changes in the state of the marine environment on an annual or 5-yearly basis up to 2030 s 
12770 10  of concerns at an eu level about their abundance and distribution. typically, these species ar 
t an eu level about their abundance and distribution. typically, these species are acutely vuln 
these species are acutely vulnerable to human impacts, and in the case of eps found in the uk,  
 case of eps found in the uk, it is the impacts of lawful activities, rather than persecution,  
r of enhanced policing but will require management strategies and techniques that can avert or  
flicts. under section 78 of the natural environment and rural communities act 2006 defra author 
ing and granting certain licences under wildlife legislation. in the case of european protected 
es, licences are issued in pursuance of conservation . d. evaluating potential mitigation measu 
 conservation . d. evaluating potential mitigation measures and good practice for european prot 
species affected by roads. e. improving mitigation success for serotine and natterers bats. thi 
11563 14 other influences, both external such as climate and internal such as growth or stress, can subt 
al such as climate and internal such as growth or stress, can subtly influence these chemical s 
 climate and internal such as growth or stress, can subtly influence these chemical signals, kn 
 one type of stable isotopic value, the nitrogen isotopic value, is that of pregnancy and lacta 
ation have been shown to influence hair nitrogen isotope signatures of modern female humans and 
that the effect results from changes in nitrogen metabolism during pregnancy/lactation. to date 
effect results from changes in nitrogen metabolism during pregnancy/lactation. to date it is un 
tion. to date it is unknown whether the nitrogen isotope changes observed in mammalian hair due 
ult human male and female bone collagen nitrogen isotopic values have been reported in archaeol 
urces for men and women, or evidence of migration between areas with different diets. however,  
on affect an individual s bone collagen nitrogen isotopic values. we will test our hypothesis o 
n which we have already shown that hair nitrogen isotopic values are affected by pregnancy/lact 
tion. we can then consider whether wide-scale observed differences between male and female bone 
s between male and female bone collagen nitrogen isotopic values in archaeological human popula 
10861 7                                    wood decomposition and fungal community development begins w 
          wood decomposition and fungal community development begins while branches are still i 
wood decomposition and fungal community development begins while branches are still in the cano 
sparsely distributed throughout the sap stream, but only develop overtly when the high water co 
 but only develop overtly when the high water content is removed. we want to test the hypothesi 
 that all broad leaved trees have decay fungi latently present in the sapwood of trunks, branch 
istributed differently. the presence of fungi within functional sapwood cannot usually be detec 
14906 1 cilitates the contamination of drinking water and food. the aims of the present research projec 
12150 4  the aim of the proposed project is the development of prognosis either of the spread of invasi 
pread of invasive pathogens in honeybee apis mellifera in lithuania and potential threats as an 
thuania will be proposed as well as the evaluation of pathogen impact on mortality of infested  
as the evaluation of pathogen impact on mortality of infested bee colonies and synergetic effec 
15202 5 ns are catalogued as priority habitats, nature 2000, european union, it is catalogued as forest 
00, european union, it is catalogued as forest species and it has been chosen as vegetal symbol 
ix canariensis, which are needy for the management and conservation of this genetic resource in 
 which are needy for the management and conservation of this genetic resource in canaries. in a 
to the canarian archipelago, and a poor management, impede the morphological characterization o 
14572 5   during the last decades, the study of biological invasions has been structured in turn of a c 
 turn of a central paradigm: the biotic resistance of communities to invasion, which emphasizes 
the biotic resistance of communities to invasion, which emphasizes the negative biotic interact 
ach of these, in islands that differ in species richness. both archipelagos bear high levels of 
ich makes them especially vulnerable to biological invasions.  
15460 11 pulations according to initial range of distribution and population size, for a restricted taxo 
 acrididae. our aim is 1 to analyse the genetic diversity in relation to population size and vi 
viability 2 to deep into the effects of dispersal on genetic diversity and recovery of populati 
o deep into the effects of dispersal on genetic diversity and recovery of populations 3 to reco 
s of dispersal on genetic diversity and recovery of populations 3 to recognize possible genetic 
phenotypic variation in relation to the genetic diversity of populations. our intention is to d 
hat shape the viability, persistence or extinction of small populations, under a frame of habit 
 of small populations, under a frame of habitat destruction by man at planetary scale. we also  
habitat destruction by man at planetary scale. we also hope to obtain clues and general and spe 
information that could be useful for an evaluation of decission making on conservation of small 
or an evaluation of decission making on conservation of small populations and the way how to pr 
15128 29                             accelerated climate change and other important environmental change 
causing relevant alterations in species distribution and community structures. although some fi 
alterations in species distribution and community structures. although some first attempts to e 
rs and processes that determine species distribution limits. thus, in this project we aim to ev 
s which a priori are determinant: a the spatial pattern of the habitat together with the disper 
terminant: a the spatial pattern of the habitat together with the dispersal capacity of each sp 
attern of the habitat together with the dispersal capacity of each species, b the networks of b 
fied fragments and c processes of local adaptation. the scenario chosen for this project is hig 
pastures of the central system, as this ecosystem is one of the most vulnerable to climate chan 
system is one of the most vulnerable to climate change. the purpose of this project is to study 
s to study the main determinants of the distribution limits of high mountain plant species and  
capacity of these species to respond to global change. taking silene ciliata and armeria caespi 
ilene ciliata and armeria caespitosa as model species, the project has four specific objectives 
the effect of the spatial structure and connectivity of a network of mediterranean high mountai 
ucture and connectivity of a network of mediterranean high mountain fragments and the dispersal 
rranean high mountain fragments and the dispersal capacity of their plants as explicative varia 
 plants as explicative variables of the distribution limits of species in high mountain psicrox 
e and composition of the two-mode plant-pollinator network in different fragments of high mount 
xerophilous pastures in relation to the distribution limits of the species which comprise this  
mits of the species which comprise this community; 3 detect the incidence of local adaptation p 
munity; 3 detect the incidence of local adaptation processes in edge populations of high mounta 
ell as their relevance as a response to climate change; and 4 identify phenological, physiologi 
directional selection and determine the spatial scale in which local adaptation occurs. the ach 
ermine the spatial scale in which local adaptation occurs. the achievement of these objectives  
low the establishment of strategies for biodiversity management in an area which is especially  
lishment of strategies for biodiversity management in an area which is especially sensitive to  
n area which is especially sensitive to global change and will facilitate decision-making to mi 
ve to global change and will facilitate decision-making to mitigate the ecological and socioeco 
ecological and socioeconomic effects of global change.  
14162 14        a major question of evolutionary ecology is to understand the causes and mechanisms whic 
variation in different types of defence traits is considerable at both intra- and interspecific 
f it is still unexplained. due to their diversity of life history strategies, exploited ecologi 
 unexplained. due to their diversity of life history strategies, exploited ecological niches an 
 sample sizes, lepidoptera are an ideal model system for studying variation in defence traits b 
ystem for studying variation in defence traits both within and between species. the project foc 
 two types of melanin based defences in insects: the immune system and protective colouration w 
 the variation in melanin based defence traits has different reasons. proximally the variation  
is hypothesized to be caused by various trade-offs due to the multiple roles of melanins, n-lim 
 melanins, n-limitedness of herbivorous insects and oxidative cost of po reactions. another pos 
 soma. also, in income-capital breeding scale the longer-lived, more mobile income breeders sho 
rs should have better developed defence traits. another ecological factor which may affect inve 
imate genetic correlations and genotype environment interactions. other hypotheses of interspec 
pecific connections between the studied traits will be addressed using a comparative phylogenet 
11605 2 fy the effect of pleiotropic effects of temperature adaptation, for variation in female mating  
t of pleiotropic effects of temperature adaptation, for variation in female mating rate in a bu 
9810 2 fy the effect of pleiotropic effects of temperature adaptation, for variation in female mating  
t of pleiotropic effects of temperature adaptation, for variation in female mating rate in a bu 
15519 6                                     the dispersal process, by which individuals or their genes  
ies. many of the questions addressed by ecology and evolutionary biology require a good underst 
require a good understanding of species dispersal patterns. much effort has thus been devoted d 
coming the difficulties associated with dispersal measurement. however, the evolutionary causes 
however, the evolutionary causes behind dispersal patterns still require much clarification, an 
l data recorded on realistic biological scenarios. in this proposal we use the common vole .  
2123 4   the cyclic outbreak dynamics of birch forest geometrids in fennoscandia , the role of ecologi 
a , the role of ecological barriers and parasitoids/predators in the spatial patterning of outb 
 of ecological barriers and parasitoids/predators in the spatial patterning of outbreaks and, f 
ies in the fennoscandian mountain birch forest.  
14538 14                                         water redistribution between soil layers carried out by 
           water redistribution between soil layers carried out by roots may have an important  
oots may have an important role in arid ecosystems where water is a limiting resource. such red 
important role in arid ecosystems where water is a limiting resource. such redistribution can b 
e. such redistribution can be upwards , soil type, the organic matter content, the depth of wat 
ibution can be upwards , soil type, the organic matter content, the depth of water table, as we 
he organic matter content, the depth of water table, as well as the type of species, functional 
ishment and because it could extend the growth season, and influence the water balance of other 
nd the growth season, and influence the water balance of other species. we propose carrying out 
field and laboratory experiments, using remote sensing and geographic information systems to an 
y experiments, using remote sensing and geographic information systems to analyse mechanisms of 
nce of hydraulic redistribution for the productivity, biological diversity and plant-plant inte 
ic redistribution for the productivity, biological diversity and plant-plant interactions in ar 
ty and plant-plant interactions in arid ecosystems.  
13430 2 t for determination of recent status of water resources fish fauna of bilecik, eskişehir, kütah 
ion of recent status of water resources fish fauna of bilecik, eskişehir, kütahya and uşak prov 
13429 2 t for determination of recent status of water resources fish fauna of lakes region of turkey.  
ion of recent status of water resources fish fauna of lakes region of turkey.  
13375 2 accumulating plants grown in serpentine soils and cadmium resistant species collected from zinc 
ne and smelting areas were tested under growth chamber and greenhouse conditions in order to te 
10968 17                                         marine productivity focuses on zooplankton production,  
                                 marine productivity focuses on zooplankton production, examini 
         marine productivity focuses on zooplankton production, examining how climate change ma 
ine productivity focuses on zooplankton production, examining how climate change may alter seco 
n zooplankton production, examining how climate change may alter secondary production. although 
 examining how climate change may alter secondary production. although this programme includes  
kton, as they are the main link between primary production and fish. thus, we considered microz 
ain link between primary production and fish. thus, we considered microzooplankton in two main  
sozooplankton. we will parameterise the abundance, size structure, biomass, biodiversity and pr 
meterise the abundance, size structure, biomass, biodiversity and production, of ciliates. thes 
the abundance, size structure, biomass, biodiversity and production, of ciliates. these paramet 
ze structure, biomass, biodiversity and production, of ciliates. these parameters will be exami 
ll be examined at inter and intra basin-scale levels to test hypotheses concerning ciliate prod 
s to test hypotheses concerning ciliate production and its fate. the project will also provide  
de a service to other components of the marine productivity programme, by producing useful data 
rvice to other components of the marine productivity programme, by producing useful data for mo 
programme, by producing useful data for model parameterisation.  
10390 1 ikely to have resulted from the altered geomorphology.  
11749 2 f the region. this proposal for further assessment is based on new priorities set during the wo 
op to ensure that the interdisciplinary nature of the various investigations are properly integ 
12265 8                                         livestock account for up to 35-40% of world methane pro 
stock account for up to 35-40% of world methane production. around 80% of this comes from ferme 
count for up to 35-40% of world methane production. around 80% of this comes from fermentation  
es through which genetic improvement of livestock can help to reduce emissions per unit of prod 
tional level: 1 as a result of improved productivity and efficiency at the individual animal or 
s a result of improved productivity and efficiency at the individual animal or herd/flock level 
ucing ‘wastage - a forum connecting key stakeholders with private and public interests in rumin 
rivate and public interests in ruminant livestock breeding - could be one way of promoting such 
2536 11                                swarming behavior, the mysterious and fascinating phenomenon of  
emarkably coordinated--is everywhere in nature: flocks of birds dancing in the sky, dense schoo 
ted--is everywhere in nature: flocks of birds dancing in the sky, dense schools of herring trav 
pecifically, for the strongly schooling fish species golden shiner. with detailed individual mo 
cidate the individual rules used by the fish. until recently, it was hard to gather data on ind 
ome will provide deep insights into the nature of swarms, helping to explain why collective beh 
arms, helping to explain why collective behavior repeatedly emerges from natural selection. col 
rges from natural selection. collective behavior is central to such diverse fields as anthropol 
iverse fields as anthropology, biology, economics, politics, psychology and engineering. a bett 
nderstanding of migrating cancer cells, management of fish populations, or herd mentality among 
f migrating cancer cells, management of fish populations, or herd mentality among financial inv 
12369 10                key customer purpose the marine bill consultation, published in march 2006, set  
reasons why the government believes new marine legislation is required. the document, which sum 
as accompanied by an initial regulatory impact assessment to industry, regulators and other sta 
sment to industry, regulators and other stakeholders of current marine management arrangements  
ators and other stakeholders of current marine management arrangements and of existing planning 
nd other stakeholders of current marine management arrangements and of existing planning proces 
management arrangements and of existing planning processes. to obtain information to enable def 
efits to industry, regulators and other stakeholders and the social and environmental costs and 
ntal costs and benefits of possible new marine management arrangements being considered by the  
sts and benefits of possible new marine management arrangements being considered by the governm 
12762 3 ales. this project aims to identify the scale of use of snares within england and wales and the 
t they are an essential tool needed for pest control. previous investigations into snare use .  
ary, the project will: 1. determine the scale of use of snares in england and wales. 2. determi 
10837 4 ve been most intensively studied in the insects. in the fruitfly drosophila melanogaster, there 
 . in this, males are reared on a large scale in factories, sterilised and then released into t 
, sterilised and then released into the environment to mate with the wild females. such matings 
ide improvements in pest suppression in insects subjected to sit.  
11779 44                                         bacteria constitute a major portion of the biodiversity 
teria constitute a major portion of the biodiversity and biomass in soils and consequently they 
a major portion of the biodiversity and biomass in soils and consequently they play an essentia 
tion of the biodiversity and biomass in soils and consequently they play an essential role in m 
y play an essential role in maintaining soil processes which, ultimately, regulate the function 
regulate the functioning of terrestrial ecosystems. the use of molecular techniques has permitt 
rstanding of the identities of dominant bacteria present in a range of soil types, though there 
dominant bacteria present in a range of soil types, though there is still a lack of understandi 
of understanding as to what drives this diversity on a large geographic scale. in addition, the 
es this diversity on a large geographic scale. in addition, there is no clear consensus on how  
nsensus on how alterations in bacterial biodiversity impacts on ecosystem functions such as the 
w alterations in bacterial biodiversity impacts on ecosystem functions such as the mineralizati 
ns in bacterial biodiversity impacts on ecosystem functions such as the mineralization of carbo 
functions such as the mineralization of carbon. such knowledge is essential to improving our un 
e controlling factors behind a range of soil processes, and in addition may provide a fundament 
mework for the future use of biological indicators of soil quality. recently it has been shown  
 future use of biological indicators of soil quality. recently it has been shown that ph is the 
uality. recently it has been shown that ph is the main driver in determining the richness of ba 
h is the main driver in determining the richness of bacterial taxa in soil communities, and add 
ining the richness of bacterial taxa in soil communities, and additionally there is an emerging 
othesis that the nutrient status of the soil dictates the ratio of two abundant groups of soil  
tes the ratio of two abundant groups of soil taxa. we aim to disentangle this relationship in a 
this relationship in a diverse range of soil types. specifically we seek to firstly asses the r 
ly we seek to firstly asses the role of ph in determining the identities of dominant soil bacte 
 determining the identities of dominant soil bacteria, and then we will address how different n 
rmining the identities of dominant soil bacteria, and then we will address how different nutrie 
trient inputs determined by aboveground vegetation, and additional environmental variables affe 
ditional environmental variables affect soil bacterial biodiversity. we will do this by assessi 
nmental variables affect soil bacterial biodiversity. we will do this by assessing all soil sam 
rsity. we will do this by assessing all soil samples taken as part of the countryside survey 20 
t of the countryside survey 2007. these soil samples will be thoroughly characterised with resp 
horoughly characterised with respect to soil chemistry and overlying vegetation as a core eleme 
respect to soil chemistry and overlying vegetation as a core element of the countryside survey. 
 of the countryside survey. using these soils will allow us to correlate several key soil varia 
 will allow us to correlate several key soil variables with specific changes in members of the  
fic changes in members of the bacterial community. whilst we wish to address fundamental questi 
undamental questions on the controls of soil bacterial community diversity, we also seek to que 
tions on the controls of soil bacterial community diversity, we also seek to question the usefu 
he controls of soil bacterial community diversity, we also seek to question the usefulness of m 
to question the usefulness of microbial indicators of soil functionality. therefore, once taxon 
e usefulness of microbial indicators of soil functionality. therefore, once taxonomic relations 
 of similarity of bacterial composition/diversity, and measure carbon mineralization rates to d 
rial composition/diversity, and measure carbon mineralization rates to determine whether commun 
hether communities of similar bacterial diversity confer similar functional abilities.  
10329 7 l to evolutionary outcomes. in terms of resistance to parasites, increasing costs leads to vari 
 costs leads to variation around an ess resistance level while decreasing ones may select for a 
populations and therefore to select for resistance at different resource levels. we have also d 
also demonstrated genetic variation for resistance, a response to selection for resistance and  
resistance, a response to selection for resistance and costs to evolved resistance. we therefor 
ion for resistance and costs to evolved resistance. we therefore propose to measure the shape o 
pe of the genotypic trade-off curve for resistance through selection in different environments. 
11509 8  to ticks, which are important pests of livestock and vectors of zoonotic diseases. subsequent  
ndent consultants have established that markets exist for metarhizium-based products but these  
r to compete with conventional chemical pesticides. two key factors that greatly influence the  
atly influence the product cost are the stability of the strains and conidial yield. fungi can  
e stability of the strains and conidial yield. fungi can readily degenerate when continuously m 
lity of the strains and conidial yield. fungi can readily degenerate when continuously maintain 
cus of this project is to determine the stability and conidial yield of the metarhizium strains 
to determine the stability and conidial yield of the metarhizium strains and establish which ar 
11813 9           buy 1 get 19 for free . which marine scientist has never dreamt of such sales on data 
tag would enable researchers working on marine species to perform studies with unprecedented la 
developing countries to carry out large scale tracking projects. in this project, the tags will 
project, the tags will be deployed on a marine group of particular topical interest: jellyfish. 
fish. indeed, in the current context of climate change and overfishing, coastal seas are threat 
re is incredibly little known about the ecology of jellyfish largely because of a lack of targe 
 thus urgently needed for the effective management of marine ecosystems.  
 needed for the effective management of marine ecosystems.  
 for the effective management of marine ecosystems.  
12338 2     summary objective this project will review marine survey data and metadata held by cefas to 
mary objective this project will review marine survey data and metadata held by cefas to ensure 
10770 13 e between the deep oceanic reservoir of carbon and the atmosphere. the balance between the co2  
dictates the content in the atmospheric carbon dioxide, which has implication on the climate on 
n dioxide, which has implication on the climate on earth. our knowledge on past climates mostly 
es mostly relies on the analyses of the evolution of the marine organisms that compose this bio 
on the analyses of the evolution of the marine organisms that compose this biological pump incl 
ochemical tools such as trace metals or stable isotopes recorded by their mineralized remains a 
chive. however, the manner in which the climate and the composition of seawater are recorded in 
lithophores, unicellular photosynthetic marine algae living in the surface of the oceans, becau 
ores, unicellular photosynthetic marine algae living in the surface of the oceans, because they 
are responsible for a large part of the carbon drawdown to the seafloor. these micro-organisms  
 will test this outcomes pertaining the biogeochemistry of these organisms against the climatic 
nst the climatic variability of natural environment both geographically and temporally. to do s 
 the oceanic carbonate system to future climate changes because the behaviour of the surface oc 
10565 3 rstanding important processes including disease spread, information transmission, and food-web  
 their environments and, in the case of disease transmission, important for developing preventa 
ing preventative methods for conserving wildlife. sampling is necessary because animal social n 
12651 2                                     the development of a tool to monitor the harvest of huntabl 
tool to monitor the harvest of huntable birds and other bird species in the uk using data colle 
12375 4 ist we begin to recognise the potential impacts of increasing acidification in our seas we have 
 within which the uk can coordinate the monitoring of co2 in uk shelf seas. summary objectives  
 feasibility of the implementation of a monitoring programme. a risk based approach will be ado 
ementation of a monitoring programme. a risk based approach will be adopted and the models deve 
12543 2 esult in rapid population increases and development of insecticide resistance can result in con 
ncreases and development of insecticide resistance can result in control failures. in recent ye 
12765 17 sponsibility to facilitate the regional management of wild boar by providing local communities  
mage to crops, substantial reduction of abundance of plant and animal species, spread of diseas 
 species, spread of diseases, damage to livestock production and vehicle collisions. recently e 
spread of diseases, damage to livestock production and vehicle collisions. recently established 
elop surveillance techniques to monitor density and abundance and to detect range expansion of  
lance techniques to monitor density and abundance and to detect range expansion of wild boar, e 
evaluate the impact of wild boar on the biodiversity of woodland habitats and use these to asse 
the first element of the project is the development of methods to monitor boar distribution and 
 development of methods to monitor boar distribution and abundance. several methods will be eva 
ethods to monitor boar distribution and abundance. several methods will be evaluated to determi 
ds will be evaluated to determine local abundance, colonisation and range expansion by wild boa 
oar and to monitor wild boar population density, size and change.the study will also assess the 
the study will also assess the relative cost-effectiveness of each of the methods and their sui 
 of this part of the project will be an assessment of this impact for the limited range of such 
 their impact, this approach will offer stakeholders tools to monitor abundance and potential e 
ill offer stakeholders tools to monitor abundance and potential expansion of this species and e 
pecies and ensure that potential, large-scale human-wild boar conflicts are prevented or contai 
12386 12 ustomer purpose - why is the r&d needed marine monitoring within the uk is driven by the need t 
 purpose - why is the r&d needed marine monitoring within the uk is driven by the need to provi 
rtments and agencies have adopted a new marine monitoring and assessment strategy. the strategy 
 and agencies have adopted a new marine monitoring and assessment strategy. the strategy adopts 
ave adopted a new marine monitoring and assessment strategy. the strategy adopts the principles 
strategy adopts the principles that the monitoring will be based on answering known questions , 
duce a first draft of a fit for purpose marine monitoring manual. summary objectives produce th 
first draft of a fit for purpose marine monitoring manual. summary objectives produce the first 
ce the first iteration of a modular, uk marine monitoring manual that contains the protocols fo 
first iteration of a modular, uk marine monitoring manual that contains the protocols for all e 
contains the protocols for all existing marine monitoring activity. the manual will be suitable 
s the protocols for all existing marine monitoring activity. the manual will be suitable for bo 
12380 3  a wider understanding of the health of marine ecosystems in relation to natural and anthropoge 
r understanding of the health of marine ecosystems in relation to natural and anthropogenic cha 
and provide key data to support several policy commitments e.g. quality status reports . the pr 
12755 3 d is developing a coherent framework of indicators to track progress towards post-2010 targets  
ish an ad hoc technical expert group on indicators for the strategic plan 2011-2020 to provide  
vide advice to cop11. this project will review and assess expert knowledge and evidence necessa 
11680 6                                         insects, such as butterflies and moths, do not remain i 
ecies. this process is sometimes called invasion and it is regarded as one of the major threats 
regarded as one of the major threats to biodiversity today. for example, the magpie moth is mov 
troy the heather, which is an important habitat for rare ground nesting birds. when you mix two 
portant habitat for rare ground nesting birds. when you mix two moth species such as these it a 
reading of virus diseases between these insects could virtually wipe out both populations. the  
6926 6                       parallel with the development of intensive poultry production, traditiona 
th the development of intensive poultry production, traditional hungarian poultry stock breedin 
ally disappeared, while maintenance and conservation of old breeds - under the supervision of t 
 more than other domestic species. gene conservation can be complete if utilization of the bree 
ieties of gene banks and describe their production characteristics in detail, 2. and 3. study q 
istics of the breeds in ecological type production. all r&d included in this project proposal i 
12385 4 tomer purpose this project will provide management service and support for merman to deliver qu 
 to provide an evidence base to support policy decisions within the uk and europe. the project  
port policy decisions within the uk and europe. the project will include advising the final sta 
rman database, implementation of a data management plan and transfer of quality controlled data 
10420 3 on summary for the linked proposals the carbon isotopes in protein that survives in archaeologi 
 when the food is from the sea, or from rivers or lakes. in such cases, radiocarbon dates are o 
 neolithic way of life took root across europe. we make a start by addressing the best studied  
11389 3                                     the carbon isotopes in protein that survives in archaeologi 
 when the food is from the sea, or from rivers or lakes. in such cases, radiocarbon dates are o 
 neolithic way of life took root across europe. we make a start by addressing the best studied  
12292 15                             sclerotinia disease caused by the plant pathogenic fungus sclerotin 
 continues to be a major problem for uk agriculture and horticulture. s. sclerotiorum has a hos 
 rotations and inoculum build up in the soil as other important susceptible crops such as lettu 
erotinia infection has a high impact on yield, the use of prophylactic sprays is becoming incre 
o has negative environmental and social impacts. an alternative approach is to investigate the  
is to investigate the potential of host resistance to reduce the impact of sclerotinia in susce 
hough there is no evidence for complete resistance to s. sclerotiorum in any of the current cul 
osts. firstly, we have developed unique diversity sets for susceptible crop plants such as bras 
lants such as brassicas and lettuce and development of a similar set for carrot is proposed und 
 funded crop improvement project. these diversity sets include wild plant relatives which may b 
relatives which may be sources of novel resistance factors compared to other resources based on 
roject hh3230sfv demonstrated extensive genetic diversity in these s. sclerotiorum populations  
to screen different plant genotypes for resistance to s. sclerotiorum and to examine the relati 
from a wild host in order to expand the diversity range of the current collection. this is beca 
types will be evaluated for sclerotinia resistance. hence it will be important to have represen 
12645 3 m work underway to develop a regulatory impact assessment for the marine bill, and was not inte 
 a regulatory impact assessment for the marine bill, and was not intended to specify exact loca 
m to allow for the legal designation of marine protected areas using the site-selection algorit 
15393 3  the implementation of dna barcoding in lichens and ecological fingerprints. - the potential of 
s present in large amount in parmelioid lichens yield an added value for several pharmaceutical 
t in large amount in parmelioid lichens yield an added value for several pharmaceutical areas a 
12334 4 e a digital data layer of the potential distribution of rock and hard substrate at, or near, th 
aid the identification and selection of marine conservation zones by regional mpa projects, in  
 identification and selection of marine conservation zones by regional mpa projects, in particu 
gional mpa projects, in particular reef habitat types.  
12470 11 od movement, the project will undertake modelling to provide evidence to improve the basis for  
basis for using real time closures as a fisheries management measure. the project will provide  
ve way of identifying areas of high cod abundance, improve effectiveness of these measures thro 
time closure mechanism operating in the north sea, and in the medium and longer term will contr 
ence base on using rtcs as an effective fisheries management tool - including through the impen 
l - including through the impending cod recovery plan review and under a reformed common fisher 
through the impending cod recovery plan review and under a reformed common fisheries policy. it 
plan review and under a reformed common fisheries policy. it will have a direct impact on the e 
w and under a reformed common fisheries policy. it will have a direct impact on the effectivene 
osure scheme currently operating in the north sea, and an indirect impact in providing evidence 
evidence for industry led collaborative fisheries management measures under a reformed cfp.  
12683 10 es and locations of coastal habitats at risk from effects of climate change, and to identify la 
oastal habitats at risk from effects of climate change, and to identify large scale opportuniti 
f climate change, and to identify large scale opportunities for adaptive strategies presented b 
presented by whole coastal systems, and development of a systematic consideration process leadi 
ematic consideration process leading to development of a framework and prototype tool for decis 
t of a framework and prototype tool for decision making and prediction of landscape and biodive 
l for decision making and prediction of landscape and biodiversity characteristics of retreat s 
 making and prediction of landscape and biodiversity characteristics of retreat sites under dif 
istics of retreat sites under different scenarios of sea level rise.  
reat sites under different scenarios of sea level rise.  
14826 3 ts and the great variability in rate of evolution shown by nuclear genes render leafy especiall 
n genisteae. a well supported molecular phylogeny is a previous condition for the analysis of t 
 and for buiding an accurate systematic classification of the group that reflects the phylogene 
12387 4 fine the role of biological effects for management purposes ensuring the science is fit for pur 
 the science is fit for purpose and for policy. the project will also support the biological ef 
 biological effects component of the uk marine monitoring programme, undertaken by defra to mee 
ical effects component of the uk marine monitoring programme, undertaken by defra to meet uk ob 
14955 1 ed over the mountain ranges of southern europe, the taurus mountains and the caucasus. at prese 
15494 1 the effects caused by concentrations of nitrate will be conducted, also examining its possible  
12570 8 are required to forecast the effects of environmental change and stakeholdes, on the nature and 
onmental change and stakeholdes, on the nature and prioritisation of management decisions relat 
es, on the nature and prioritisation of management decisions relating to the conservation, rest 
of management decisions relating to the conservation, restoration and enhancement of salmonid p 
decisions relating to the conservation, restoration and enhancement of salmonid populations. th 
o evaluate the potential importance for management of different factors that may be affecting s 
ove the quality of further reserach and model developments. the models will be developed in an  
they may be available for use in future management and research programmes.  
7575 4                                     all management perspective in situ genetic resources, it is 
lationship between spatial structure of genetic diversity and spatial characteristics of the en 
sity and spatial characteristics of the environment permit precise location of genetic disconti 
ailable to the international scientific community  
10269 5                              eukaryotic phytoplankton provide an important record of environmen 
plankton provide an important record of environmental change and are indeed a driving force in  
hange and are indeed a driving force in global change. stable isotopes studies have recently le 
ndeed a driving force in global change. stable isotopes studies have recently lead to recogniti 
recently lead to recognition of a major global change event in the early late cambrian . result 
10827 6    we will develop a spatially-explicit model of the dynamics of the 2002 phocine distemper epi 
c that can be used to predict levels of mortality around the uk. urgency funding is required so 
uk. urgency funding is required so that modelling work can begin before the epizootic has taken 
in scotland and can be used to design a monitoring programme funded by central government. apar 
stand the spatio-temporal dynamics of a marine epizootic and to develop generic methods for mod 
otic and to develop generic methods for modelling the dynamics of diseases that affect spatiall 
12679 8  contractor will develop options for an indicator of invasive non-native species at gb and coun 
ey will then consult the scientific and policy making community, refine as required and produce 
onsult the scientific and policy making community, refine as required and produce a recommended 
e as required and produce a recommended indicator with a run of data that allows for an assessm 
r with a run of data that allows for an assessment of change over time. the indicator will have 
 an assessment of change over time. the indicator will have two components: •a measure of the n 
omponents: •a measure of the number and abundance of non-native species in great britain. •a me 
ies in great britain. •a measure of the impacts of invasive non-native species.  
12639 2                         to produce a uk indicator based on the index of the timing of four spri 
ng events between 1900 and 2006 from uk phenology network data.  
12528 13 the aim of this project is to develop a model framework to guide policy decisions aimed at: the 
s to develop a model framework to guide policy decisions aimed at: the models and methods will  
then be used to study a series of trial scenarios of plant pathogens that have not yet invaded  
models with modules describing sampling/monitoring methods. the key questions are: • what sampl 
knowledge about the epidemiology of the disease, nor by predictive modelling of how interventio 
ology of the disease, nor by predictive modelling of how interventions interact with this epide 
ck of guidance from epidemiological and modelling studies in informing intervention strategies  
ion methods are: • how can we match the spatial scale of intervention strategies with the spati 
cales of the epidemic so as to optimise disease control and management • how do intervention st 
c so as to optimise disease control and management • how do intervention strategies affect the  
he prevalence and further spread of the disease • how does uncertainty about pathogen biology a 
urther spread of the disease • how does uncertainty about pathogen biology and host distributio 
rtainty about pathogen biology and host distribution affect the probability of success and the  
9960 5 rch balloons and micro-satellites. e.g. remote sensing of forest health by using filters sensit 
icro-satellites. e.g. remote sensing of forest health by using filters sensitive to absorption  
n the chlorophyll spectrum, sea surface temperature from a micro-satellite or ship-borne versio 
sed to measure low pressure mixtures of water vapour and aerosol in the lab to simulate observi 
econdly, it will be used to measure the temperature at different heights in the atmosphere clos 
7570 2 ections, put forward a plan of rational management of these resources within the network and en 
 important and necessary because of the risk of loss of knowledge and memory of these collectio 
7391 2                our understanding of the diversity of bacterial genomes has evolved thanks to th 
 provided us with new tools to classify bacteria.  
10485 4 logy. to enable the conventional method assessment, we plan to label samples for each sampled s 
city of genetic random sampling from an ecosystem without restriction of sampling regimes. the  
 broad range of applications from large scale random sampling in natural conditions during the  
mpling in natural conditions during the environment change, to defined survey in agricultural a 
9831 7  are now widely used to study microbial biodiversity in natural environments. however, attempts 
onments. however, attempts to study the distribution and diversity of mobile genetic elements , 
 attempts to study the distribution and diversity of mobile genetic elements , which play a cri 
critical role in gene dissemination and adaptation, are limited by a lack of dna primers and pr 
rior to their use for assessing plasmid distribution and diversity in natural habitats. secondl 
 for assessing plasmid distribution and diversity in natural habitats. secondly, the potential  
xogenous isolation of new plasmids from bacteria in natural environments, without the need for  
12551 7                                         bees make an essential contribution to agriculture and  
 bees make an essential contribution to agriculture and the environment through pollination: th 
ial contribution to agriculture and the environment through pollination: they also produce hone 
agriculture and the environment through pollination: they also produce honey and wax . attracta 
ved from food sources or in the case of parasitoids and predators, on volatile cues from the ho 
urces or in the case of parasitoids and predators, on volatile cues from the host/prey of the i 
ablish a system for early detection and monitoring of the shb by developing an effective lure a 
11118 10 ations in the natural abundances of the stable isotopes of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen and oxyge 
ces of the stable isotopes of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen and oxygen of individual compounds can 
he stable isotopes of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen and oxygen of individual compounds can be meas 
topes of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen and oxygen of individual compounds can be measured using th 
c compounds in complex systems, such as ecosystems or living organisms. amino acids and their b 
e to the analytical chemist since their functional groups must be chemically derivatised prior  
a technique by which controlled thermal degradation of a macromolecule is achieved, thereby pro 
ng from the characterisation of organic nitrogen compounds in the biosphere and isotope tracer  
species to dietary tracing experiments, food web elucidation and plant-soil interactions.  
riments, food web elucidation and plant-soil interactions.  
11282 19 ophic mires, are extremely sensitive to climate change. precipitation is the only source of wat 
 extremely sensitive to climate change. precipitation is the only source of water and nutrients 
ge. precipitation is the only source of water and nutrients to the bog and so therefore the dom 
itation is the only source of water and nutrients to the bog and so therefore the dominant vege 
o the bog and so therefore the dominant vegetation is strongly influenced by the local climatic 
ontained within peat layers are various indicators of past climatic conditions, also known as p 
ate proxies, which can be used to study climate changes in the past. for example, macrofossils, 
s of the plants, and pollen reflect the abundance of the plants originally growing at the bog s 
ace. these plants are very sensitive to climate and so changes such factors as rainfall or temp 
 so changes such factors as rainfall or temperature are reflected in the macrofossil records in 
mperatures given the current debates on global warming. where macrofossils are unidentifiable i 
sphagnum species where as in other peat vegetation such as heathers the n-c23 is either absent  
is either absent or present in very low abundance. further work has revealed that n-c23 alkane  
 feature of lipids is their hydrophobic nature which means they are immobile in peat bog and so 
sed in palaeoclimate reconstruction are stable isotopes. bulk stable isotope values measured in 
 on dd values of biomarkers of peat bog vegetation. this will be achieved by measuring the dd v 
lkane extracted from 4 peat bogs across europe on a west-east latitudinal transect. these dd re 
correlated with other peat proxies, and temperature data collected over the past 200 years, whi 
l in which we could study past regional temperature variations.  
11715 6 e past 400 ma of the phanerozoic global biodiversity, ecosystem function, biogeochemistry and c 
of the phanerozoic global biodiversity, ecosystem function, biogeochemistry and climate have al 
lobal biodiversity, ecosystem function, biogeochemistry and climate have all varied considerabl 
ecosystem function, biogeochemistry and climate have all varied considerably in response to a v 
ocesses and led to major changes in the abundance of atmospheric o3, and therefore land surface 
 radiation, during the course of biotic evolution. here we develop, for the first time, a terre 
10206 4      the proposal is concerned with the development of a novel high resolution the sediment tra 
elopment of a novel high resolution the sediment transport component will be driven off time de 
rstanding the interaction between flow, sediment transport and form in gravel bed rivers. furth 
diment transport and form in gravel bed rivers. furthermore, the importance of an improve proce 
11226 4      the proposal is concerned with the development of a novel high resolution the sediment tra 
elopment of a novel high resolution the sediment transport component will be driven off time de 
rstanding the interaction between flow, sediment transport and form in gravel bed rivers. furth 
diment transport and form in gravel bed rivers. furthermore, the importance of an improve proce 
14374 3 es to describe the seasonal dynamics of vegetation. typically, the approaches do not take into  
erous scales and will allow an accuracy assessment based on common accuracy statistics. moreove 
s the study of satellite time series of ecosystem dynamics. based on the experimental setup, an 
7624 6          this project aims to develop a model of functional relationships between resources i d 
nships between resources i dynamics and vegetation and ii services rendered; control of structu 
l of structural patterns and ecological heterogeneity requests from stakeholders for optimizing 
 ecological heterogeneity requests from stakeholders for optimizing operating procedures and re 
izing operating procedures and resource management and for heritage conservation  
nd resource management and for heritage conservation  
12532 1 mide as soon as possible. the increased risk of movement of economically damaging pests on the  
12700 5 od quality information is essential for conservation action and policy development. the extent  
s essential for conservation action and policy development. the extent of coastal vegetated shi 
tial for conservation action and policy development. the extent of coastal vegetated shingle is 
 trends in this rare and scarce dynamic habitat cannot be determined, the use of remotely sense 
that combines extent and quality of the habitat, which can be shared between relevant bodies an 
7593 1 spectrometry for the study of metabolic biodiversity in escherichia coli and candida albicans.  
11134 13 cern about the impact of diffuse source pollution on river, estuarine and coastal water quality 
llution on river, estuarine and coastal water quality and particularly with regard to non-compl 
rd to non-compliance of bathing waters. climate change, and particularly more intense storms in 
e occurrences at amroth and rhyl. hydro-environmental impact assessment modelling studies, regu 
at amroth and rhyl. hydro-environmental impact assessment modelling studies, regularly undertak 
. hydro-environmental impact assessment modelling studies, regularly undertaken by specialist c 
 having two fundamental shortcomings in model simulations, which can lead to erromneous environ 
mulations, which can lead to erromneous environmental impact assessment outcomes. these shortco 
ch can lead to erromneous environmental impact assessment outcomes. these shortcomings will be  
s project and include: on the receiving water faecal bacterial levels, particularly in terms of 
 on the centre s activities relating to marine renewable energy and particularly for the severn 
activities relating to marine renewable energy and particularly for the severn estuary.  
 energy and particularly for the severn estuary.  
12245 17  provide information on integrated farm management systems will be incorporated, and convention 
l be incorporated, and conventional and organic farming systems will be considered. this projec 
e that the impact that they have on the environment is minimised, and that biodiversity is enco 
 the environment is minimised, and that biodiversity is encouraged. examples of the consequence 
 with anticipated outcomes, and various scenarios will be tested using a range of modelling tec 
enarios will be tested using a range of modelling techniques. under the european unions common  
the european unions common agricultural policy reform in june 2003, farmers were set to receive 
a more holistic approach to farming and land management, because the aim of the farming system  
 more or less any cost. integrated farm management systems view the farm as a whole, and encour 
rm as a whole, and encourage the use of natural resources in a sustainable way to produce a cos 
arding animal welfare and enhancing the biodiversity in the farm ecosystem. a number of ifm com 
 enhancing the biodiversity in the farm ecosystem. a number of ifm components in livestock syst 
cosystem. a number of ifm components in livestock systems need to be considered, including anim 
 their requirements for land and animal management, setting objectives to enable good quality l 
tting objectives to enable good quality livestock products to be produced with minimal environm 
ck products to be produced with minimal environmental impact. the ifm wheel' is widely adopted  
ring a profit to enable the business to function in an ecomonically sustainable way.  
14600 15 al resource with ecological, social and economic value. they are an essential, integral and dyn 
l, integral and dynamic part of aquatic ecosystems. they also constitute a socio-economic resou 
re prevented by the lack of appropriate management tools to guide the sediment assessment proce 
propriate management tools to guide the sediment assessment process, both from the technical an 
 management tools to guide the sediment assessment process, both from the technical and environ 
his gap, this project aims to develop a risk-based methodological tool for the integrated manag 
 methodological tool for the integrated management of sediments. the development of the tool wi 
integrated management of sediments. the development of the tool will combine risk assessment .  
he development of the tool will combine risk assessment . this project will help assess the rel 
ll help assess the relationship between sediment characteristics and contaminant bioavailabilit 
predict the effects associated with the management of contaminated sediments. the tool will app 
d sediments. the tool will apply to the decision making process related to: need to adopt sedim 
aking process related to: need to adopt sediment quality remediation measures in harbours and w 
ty remediation measures in harbours and water streams, options for the reuse of dredged sedimen 
ediation measures in harbours and water streams, options for the reuse of dredged sediments mai 
12233 5  a crucial route to reduced reliance on nitrogen inform plans for modification of existing vari 
ng variety testing protocols to include assessment of n requirements and these options will be  
s and these options will be shared with stakeholders at a workshop. after accounting for stakeh 
e most cost-effective methodologies for assessment of n requirements in wheat and osr variety e 
nded and promoted to industry and other stakeholders, including plant breeders and variety test 
14330 13 roject aims to use the existing belgian remote sensing and related knowledge in a new, but topi 
 a new, but topical application domain: redd that build on previous projects.in indonesia, 2 re 
ld on previous projects.in indonesia, 2 redd studies will be investigated in collaboration with 
 in collaboration with icraf, the world agroforestry centre. in vietnam past work has focused o 
craf, the world agroforestry centre. in vietnam past work has focused on deforestation and its  
re. in vietnam past work has focused on deforestation and its driving factors. in kenya detaile 
forestation and its driving factors. in kenya detailed research was carried out to use high and 
high and low resolution imagery for the classification of vegetation. in ethiopia not only land 
ution imagery for the classification of vegetation. in ethiopia not only land use change studie 
ion of vegetation. in ethiopia not only land use change studies were carried out, but also abov 
were carried out, but also above-ground biomass and underground carbon measurements.the insight 
so above-ground biomass and underground carbon measurements.the insights obtained in this proje 
only from a scientific, but also from a policy perspective. the newly established klimos o * pl 
9815 6 he particular kind of network. however, food webs stand out as being anomalous, as the number o 
er node appears not to have a power-law distribution, and hubs with large numbers of links are  
estigates several important features of food webs not shared by many other kinds of network, to 
k, to see what part they play in making food webs special. for instance, the nodes , at a total 
ge of the earth s life-support systems: food webs are vital components of these systems, and st 
 on the persistence of other species in food webs.  
2176 5 ports one of the most valuable european fisheries producing up to 700000 tonnes per year. histo 
components, a western, a southern and a north sea component. prior studies have demonstrated st 
resents a pilot study with focus on the development of two sets of genetic markers, microsatell 
samples from spawning mackerel from the north sea component will be collected both in 2007 and  
 , nvh will have the responsibility for development of genetic markers and most genetic analysi 
6960 18                                         intensification of arable farming is a serious threat t 
f arable farming is a serious threat to biodiversity and ecosystem services. agri-environmental 
is a serious threat to biodiversity and ecosystem services. agri-environmental schemes to measu 
and can be used in a future nation-wide monitoring program. the experts teamed up for this prop 
 for this proposal intend to work out 7 indicators: 1. insect-born virus pressure, 2. scale ins 
tors: 1. insect-born virus pressure, 2. scale insect infestation, 3. farmland bird survey, 4. m 
urvey, 4. maize pistil faunula test, 5. pollinator distribution, 6. resistance to invasive weed 
aize pistil faunula test, 5. pollinator distribution, 6. resistance to invasive weeds, 7. indic 
la test, 5. pollinator distribution, 6. resistance to invasive weeds, 7. indicator moth species 
distribution, 6. resistance to invasive weeds, 7. indicator moth species. these cover a wide ra 
on, 6. resistance to invasive weeds, 7. indicator moth species. these cover a wide range of tax 
s. these cover a wide range of taxa and ecosystem services, and thus can make it possible to de 
or suggest local actions to improve the environment. we plan to test these indicators at differ 
 the environment. we plan to test these indicators at different distances from natural areas an 
ed results: publication of the concrete indicator protocols and scientific publications into th 
nsive fields. future application of the indicators should result in the optimization of public  
 of the indicators should result in the optimization of public money spent on aes, and may adva 
harmonization of economic, societal and nature interest.  
14615 15 r population numbers when reductions in abundance take place. cetaceans constitute a group of a 
ns to a critical state. one of the main impacts on cetaceans, and in particular on dolphins, po 
and other predatory species, is that of fishing, which has reduced the abundance of many of fis 
 that of fishing, which has reduced the abundance of many of fish and cephalopod stocks that co 
ch has reduced the abundance of many of fish and cephalopod stocks that constitute their diet.  
ates as well as an increment of natural mortality through - or besides - a weakening against th 
ortunately there are not available good indicators to accurately measure this parameter in that 
of accumulation and mobilization of the energy reserves , with the ultimate objective of design 
ctive of designing reliable and precise indicators of nutritive condition to be applied to this 
o be applied to this animal group. such indicators will be based on the combination of morphome 
activities and the influence on them of global change, thus contributing critical knowledge for 
contributing critical knowledge for the conservation of whales and dolphins. on the other hand, 
endent tool for assessing the impact of fishing on marine ecosystems.  
 for assessing the impact of fishing on marine ecosystems.  
sessing the impact of fishing on marine ecosystems.  
163 10     the aim of the study is to work out scenarios for agricultural land use in estonia consider 
 to work out scenarios for agricultural land use in estonia considering political and economic  
ns and to assess the impact of possible land use changes to bird populations in rural landscape 
 the driving forces . for the developed land use scenarios visual models and maps will be creat 
ing forces . for the developed land use scenarios visual models and maps will be created, and o 
s the attitudes of local people and the impacts of land use changes to the bird fauna will be a 
udes of local people and the impacts of land use changes to the bird fauna will be analysed. th 
f the study consists in working out and development of a new prediction model for land use, in  
out and development of a new prediction model for land use, in which the bird fauna, as an esse 
velopment of a new prediction model for land use, in which the bird fauna, as an essential comp 
7678 24 this project is to develop a simulation model of fine-scale land-use patterns to account for ex 
s to develop a simulation model of fine-scale land-use patterns to account for expected global  
evelop a simulation model of fine-scale land-use patterns to account for expected global change 
ected global changes, and to deploy the model to predict ecosystem services linked to the physi 
ges, and to deploy the model to predict ecosystem services linked to the physical and biotic co 
itions of the atmosphere resulting from land-use patterns. plant canopies have impacts on local 
 land-use patterns. plant canopies have impacts on local climates and air movement patterns via 
their influence on transfer of heat and water vapor and on turbulence. these impacts are also i 
nd water vapor and on turbulence. these impacts are also influenced by neighboring canopies, to 
phy, and agricultural practices such as irrigation. plant surfaces also harbor abundant micro-o 
e. these micro-organisms, predominantly fungi and bacteria, include plant pathogens, bio-contro 
icro-organisms, predominantly fungi and bacteria, include plant pathogens, bio-control agents o 
ganisms that can influence the physical environment via induction of water condensation and fre 
e physical environment via induction of water condensation and freezing. the dissemination of a 
sphere is analogous to its influence on soils, but it can occur much more rapidly in response t 
n response to changes in landscapes and land-use practices. we will couple a simulation model o 
 practices. we will couple a simulation model of land-use patterns in south eastern france to t 
s. we will couple a simulation model of land-use patterns in south eastern france to the associ 
d patterns of regional microclimate and abundance and diversity of micro-organisms entering the 
regional microclimate and abundance and diversity of micro-organisms entering the atmosphere. t 
 to 1 determine the impact of different scenarios of land-use changes on the dissemination of c 
ne the impact of different scenarios of land-use changes on the dissemination of certain plant  
 zones with microclimates favorable for disease, and 2 estimate the potential for aerial dissem 
rganisms between cultivated and natural ecosystems.  
14726 26 is a growing need of characterizing and monitoring forest biodiversity, which requires that app 
g need of characterizing and monitoring forest biodiversity, which requires that appropriate bi 
of characterizing and monitoring forest biodiversity, which requires that appropriate biodivers 
ersity, which requires that appropriate biodiversity indicators are incorporated in forest inve 
 requires that appropriate biodiversity indicators are incorporated in forest inventories and f 
iversity indicators are incorporated in forest inventories and forest planning and conservation 
 incorporated in forest inventories and forest planning and conservation policies. in this cont 
orated in forest inventories and forest planning and conservation policies. in this context, th 
est inventories and forest planning and conservation policies. in this context, the recent thir 
text, the recent third spanish national forest inventory that are identified as more valuable i 
luable in this respect, we will develop landscape-level forest biodiversity indicators that can 
espect, we will develop landscape-level forest biodiversity indicators that can be effectively  
 we will develop landscape-level forest biodiversity indicators that can be effectively applied 
lop landscape-level forest biodiversity indicators that can be effectively applied within natio 
 be effectively applied within national forest inventories and other initiatives for estimating 
es and other initiatives for estimating biodiversity in the spanish and european context. final 
c recommendations for the estimation of biodiversity at the landscape scale within the spanish  
r the estimation of biodiversity at the landscape scale within the spanish national forest inve 
mation of biodiversity at the landscape scale within the spanish national forest inventories, c 
scape scale within the spanish national forest inventories, coordinating landscape indicators a 
tional forest inventories, coordinating landscape indicators and plot measurements, supporting  
est inventories, coordinating landscape indicators and plot measurements, supporting field samp 
nventories for the characterization and monitoring of forest biodiversity in spain.  
 the characterization and monitoring of forest biodiversity in spain.  
aracterization and monitoring of forest biodiversity in spain.  
nd monitoring of forest biodiversity in spain.  
12524 10 arly those where reduced fertiliser and pesticide levels are employed. this research has been d 
tions in resource use while maintaining productivity. national statutory and advisory testing s 
elatively high inputs of fertilizer and pesticide. there is now an urgent need to identify crit 
c systems and must relate to mainstream production where the potential for reduced inputs is fa 
ch on the genetic basis of resource use efficiency require a level of appropriate comparative t 
both their ability to describe resource efficiency, and their ease of use in future routine sys 
 to populate modules in the eu rotate n model to assess n use efficiency of varieties of the di 
n the eu rotate n model to assess n use efficiency of varieties of the different crops examined 
ded from breeding varieties for organic production to include low input production, and this is 
organic production to include low input production, and this is reflected in many seed catalogu 
12522 4 ective to protect and enhance the rural environment and to improve the attractiveness and biodi 
t and to improve the attractiveness and biodiversity of the countryside. meeting this objective 
a sound evidence base for comparing the sustainability of different farming systems, informatio 
mances and how they impact on the wider environment. the uk supports a wide range of diverse fa 
7498 5 pact of oil on bacterial communities in marine sediments. . and the analysis of the variety of  
nobacter alcalivorax and high potential degradation. these bacterial genera appear to play an i 
pear to play an important role in these ecosystems. we propose to develop molecular methods to  
ar methods to specifically detect these bacteria in marine sediments to better understand their 
o specifically detect these bacteria in marine sediments to better understand their role in sit 
10167 2 of tissues that will allow mathematical modelling of the isotopic relationship between diet and 
ields as archaeology, palaeobiology and ecology.  
11266 6 tify species which are relevant for the environment. raman spectroscopy is an important techniq 
equired for the trace gas detection and monitoring of pollutants in the environment. these sche 
ion and monitoring of pollutants in the environment. these schemes would allow new and improved 
field measurements of pollutants in the environment with an instrument that can measure all com 
, and isotope-selective measurements of nitrogen and oxygen and isotope tracer experiments. thi 
-selective measurements of nitrogen and oxygen and isotope tracer experiments. this proposal to 
14179 10               the aim of the project is development of quantitatively reliable proteomics, tran 
l state of bacterial cells also through modeling. basic knowledge of bacterial cells physiology 
relationships between the cell size and growth rate of the bacteria, very important fact about  
en the cell size and growth rate of the bacteria, very important fact about the increase of num 
ber of ribosomes on the increase of the growth rate, their results were the basis for the devel 
e, their results were the basis for the development of cell cycle theory etc. however, already  
f the project is to study regulation of growth and cell cycle mechanisms in detail, their depen 
isms in detail, their dependence on the growth conditions. the eventual aim of the project is d 
ons. the eventual aim of the project is development of the systems biology platform of bacteria 
cessary transition from fossil fuels to biofuels and from oil base feedstock to renewable feeds 
9998 8 n problem in ecological genetics is the development and deployment of markers in wild populatio 
me-consuming and expensive task for non-model organisms, and can be a serious block to achievin 
g best-practice quality checking, error management and outputs ready for further analyses in th 
se pipelines will be used to verify the mapping of dauer entry and other traits in the c. elega 
fy the mapping of dauer entry and other traits in the c. elegans model system, and to deliver g 
ntry and other traits in the c. elegans model system, and to deliver genetic analysis of rad si 
igate the use of radseq markers in fine mapping of traits in a fully-sequenced genome. we will  
se of radseq markers in fine mapping of traits in a fully-sequenced genome. we will also constr 
12372 10                                     the marine bill will introduce a marine planning system wit 
       the marine bill will introduce a marine planning system with regard to better management 
the marine bill will introduce a marine planning system with regard to better management and pr 
e planning system with regard to better management and protection of human activities which may 
f human activities which may affect the marine environment. the work also provides an opportuni 
 activities which may affect the marine environment. the work also provides an opportunity to h 
ction other eu approaches may take with marine planning, in line with the marine strategy direc 
ther eu approaches may take with marine planning, in line with the marine strategy directive an 
 with marine planning, in line with the marine strategy directive and its aim to achieve good e 
 good envirornmental status of the eu`s marine waters by 2021.  
13731 13                                the size distribution of a cohort at the end of the growing seas 
and starvation. an understanding of the development of size variation is therefore fundamental  
efore fundamental to be able to predict recruitment variation in exploited populations like fis 
variation in exploited populations like fish populations. present knowledge has advanced positi 
size-dependent performance and positive growth autocorrelation as factors that may generate inc 
derlying size-dependent performance and growth autocorrelation are, however, quite diverse and  
ation of field studies, experiments and modeling. the experiments include studies of the origin 
effects of ontogenetic niche shifts and predation on size variation. modeling studies using a m 
shifts and predation on size variation. modeling studies using a modeling approach specifically 
ize variation. modeling studies using a modeling approach specifically designed to handle size- 
n. field studies will be carried out to yield data on individual growth and cohort size formati 
carried out to yield data on individual growth and cohort size formation in relation to hatchin 
elation to hatching date, resource use, habitat use and resource levels.  
7375 1 these markers will be used to study the diversity of the fungus in the world and the detection  
10006 18 occupied by animals - is fundamental to conservation decision-making. despite recent advances i 
nimals - is fundamental to conservation decision-making. despite recent advances in survey desi 
in detectability. because of the recent growth in interest in assessing the status of protected 
nd put amphibian and reptile population assessment on a par with other taxa that have well-defi 
have well-defined survey standards. the stakeholders involved with the project will be statutor 
cies; local authorities responsible for planning decisions and managing local nature reserves;  
r planning decisions and managing local nature reserves; ecological consultants who carry out s 
l consultants who carry out surveys and mitigation projects on behalf of developers; and conser 
n projects on behalf of developers; and conservation organisations that provide advice, trainin 
 that provide advice, training and site management on amphibian and reptile issues. the project 
 steering group that includes principal stakeholders. phase i will comprise a series of regiona 
h several million pounds being spent on development mitigation for amphibians and reptiles, deb 
llion pounds being spent on development mitigation for amphibians and reptiles, debate rages ov 
ans and reptiles, debate rages over the cost-effectiveness of such actions. the protocols that  
sultants to produce much more effective mitigation plans for their clients. equally, it will st 
lients. equally, it will strengthen the decision-making processes involved with licensing by th 
ill be better-informed when it comes to planning issues. managers of nature reserves will also  
t comes to planning issues. managers of nature reserves will also be able to carry out more eff 
11536 18 occupied by animals - is fundamental to conservation decision-making. despite recent advances i 
nimals - is fundamental to conservation decision-making. despite recent advances in survey desi 
in detectability. because of the recent growth in interest in assessing the status of protected 
nd put amphibian and reptile population assessment on a par with other taxa that have well-defi 
have well-defined survey standards. the stakeholders involved with the project will be statutor 
cies; local authorities responsible for planning decisions and managing local nature reserves;  
r planning decisions and managing local nature reserves; ecological consultants who carry out s 
l consultants who carry out surveys and mitigation projects on behalf of developers; and conser 
n projects on behalf of developers; and conservation organisations that provide advice, trainin 
 that provide advice, training and site management on amphibian and reptile issues. the project 
 steering group that includes principal stakeholders. phase i will comprise a series of regiona 
h several million pounds being spent on development mitigation for amphibians and reptiles, deb 
llion pounds being spent on development mitigation for amphibians and reptiles, debate rages ov 
ans and reptiles, debate rages over the cost-effectiveness of such actions. the protocols that  
sultants to produce much more effective mitigation plans for their clients. equally, it will st 
lients. equally, it will strengthen the decision-making processes involved with licensing by th 
ill be better-informed when it comes to planning issues. managers of nature reserves will also  
t comes to planning issues. managers of nature reserves will also be able to carry out more eff 
12392 5 ether documentation pertinent to the uk marine and coastal environment at a national and region 
 pertinent to the uk marine and coastal environment at a national and regional scale, the uk wo 
 environment at a national and regional scale, the uk would demonstrate how to ensure the most  
tion gaps and target future spending on marine monitoring and supporiting existing regional and 
ps and target future spending on marine monitoring and supporiting existing regional and global 
12459 13 nd evaluate existing knowledge on stock assessment and management in uncertain fisheries. devel 
sting knowledge on stock assessment and management in uncertain fisheries. develop management p 
 assessment and management in uncertain fisheries. develop management procedures using appropri 
agement in uncertain fisheries. develop management procedures using appropriate data for a rang 
ange of case studies of relevance to uk fisheries. provide better estimates of uncertainty in a 
 fisheries. provide better estimates of uncertainty in assessment outputs. key customer purpose 
vide better estimates of uncertainty in assessment outputs. key customer purpose: develop and e 
 evaluate alternative methods for stock assessment and management focussing on data poor stocks 
native methods for stock assessment and management focussing on data poor stocks. develop appro 
approaches for the generation of robust management and assessment of a wide variety of stocks,  
the generation of robust management and assessment of a wide variety of stocks, fisheries and m 
assessment of a wide variety of stocks, fisheries and management regimes.  
a wide variety of stocks, fisheries and management regimes.  
2019 10 ology concerns the relationship between genetic diversity and the morphology and biology of dif 
tribution of gene family members to the development of organisms. in recent years it has become 
 and developmental implications of this diversity in the general transcription machinery are un 
pus oocytes and embryos as a vertebrate model system. to this end we will investigate: 1. the b 
-specific tbp paralog, during embryonic development; 2. alternative mechanisms of transcription 
tional repression and activation during development. our approach involves a combination of ant 
tial to further our knowledge of normal development and disease, including congenital malformat 
our knowledge of normal development and disease, including congenital malformation and abnormal 
ng congenital malformation and abnormal growth and differentiation. keywords: transcription, ch 
ion, chromatin, repression, activation, development  
10652 7 terdisciplinary team of researchers and forest engineers: identification of endangered species  
and forest engineers: identification of endangered species or groups of species. those tools wi 
kers needs to reason, on a sound basis, conservation strategies and sustainable management of f 
conservation strategies and sustainable management of forests - comprising timber logging rules 
trategies and sustainable management of forests - comprising timber logging rules - and to adap 
nagement of forests - comprising timber logging rules - and to adapt their related territories  
 to adapt their related territories and forest management policies.  
11832 7 terdisciplinary team of researchers and forest engineers: identification of endangered species  
and forest engineers: identification of endangered species or groups of species. those tools wi 
kers needs to reason, on a sound basis, conservation strategies and sustainable management of f 
conservation strategies and sustainable management of forests - comprising timber logging rules 
trategies and sustainable management of forests - comprising timber logging rules - and to adap 
nagement of forests - comprising timber logging rules - and to adapt their related territories  
 to adapt their related territories and forest management policies.  
7702 22  the conclusions of the grenelle of the environment, then the seating of the forest, emphasize  
he environment, then the seating of the forest, emphasize the importance of more value wood res 
proving actions for the preservation of biodiversity, and more generally of ecosystem functioni 
 of biodiversity, and more generally of ecosystem functioning. this dual requirement of more in 
this dual requirement of more intensive production and high environmental quality is a challeng 
lving at once a rapid reorganization of management systems and valuation of wood resources at d 
eorganization of management systems and valuation of wood resources at different scales, fine m 
ood resources at different scales, fine management of services rendered by impacted ecosystems  
gement of services rendered by impacted ecosystems and deep expertise of their vulnerability to 
 ecosystems and deep expertise of their vulnerability to an intensification of wood samples. th 
 expertise of their vulnerability to an intensification of wood samples. the face of such chall 
ns on the ground through the example of forest management, the project offers forgeco developin 
h based on the principles of integrated ecosystem management, adaptive management, analysis of  
les of integrated ecosystem management, adaptive management, analysis of ecological limits, par 
 the resource and simultaneously better conservation of ecosystems. the project emphasizes a pa 
d simultaneously better conservation of ecosystems. the project emphasizes a participatory appr 
tory approach and adaptive expertise in forest management and ecological vulnerabilities and so 
nd ecological vulnerabilities and socio-economic development and intensification scenarios eval 
ties and socio-economic development and intensification scenarios evaluation of forest manageme 
conomic development and intensification scenarios evaluation of forest management participatory 
velopment and intensification scenarios evaluation of forest management participatory process s 
intensification scenarios evaluation of forest management participatory process structured by t 
14431 6 of pattern and process in balkan diatom biodiversity, from both evolutionary and phylogeographi 
re of varied origins: 1. the origin and phylogeny of the diatom flora in the neogene lake syste 
ic ohrid lake; 2. the first evidence of human impact on the lake environment in remote mountain 
st evidence of human impact on the lake environment in remote mountain lake; and 3. the first i 
the first industrial impact on the lake environment in remote mountain lake; the diatom analysi 
logical data would determine the diatom diversity pattern on the balkans, and explain how it ha 
11459 6         this proposal uses octopuses as model organisms to test the hypothesis that the antarct 
eep-sea fauna was depauperate following extinction events associated with past global climate c 
tion events associated with past global climate change causing, for example, deep-ocean oxygen  
change causing, for example, deep-ocean oxygen minima. such events have been recorded from the  
ng of the drake passage. the subsequent development of deep-water connections between the south 
age. the subsequent development of deep-water connections between the southern ocean and the ma 
11031 12 e were times of accelerated continental growth, pulses of magmatism. however, it may be that th 
l crust at other ages may not mean that growth rates were low at those times. it might just be  
at crust of those ages was destroyed by erosion, a process we can see happening today. the data 
 confirm the idea of pulsed continental growth. further, it would suggest that during these eve 
al age peaks were produced primarily by erosion. our research focuses on the isotope 187os, bec 
rthy topic in itself, understanding its growth may have broader implications. a growing set of  
ient past, including the abrupt rise of oxygen in the atmosphere that is essential to all anima 
major effects on the course of biologic evolution. what caused these changes is not clear. intr 
rrespond in age to the apparent crustal growth pulses. if the pulses were times of massive, glo 
have been observed to change the global climate. this raises the interesting possibility that t 
 interesting possibility that the large-scale pattern of life s evolution was set by catastroph 
 that the large-scale pattern of life s evolution was set by catastrophic events in the earth s 
11634 9 vestigating the little-known biological community patterns and processes in the deep-sea. the c 
e in direct collaboration with the deep-water oil and gas industry and in liaison with environm 
il and gas industry and in liaison with environmental policy formers, implementers and regulato 
and regulators. it aims to conduct deep-water ecological research that is directly relevant to  
l research that is directly relevant to environmental management issues/questions and it will e 
 west of shetland, u.k. and in the deep-water gulf of mexico collaboration with the industry wi 
and, u.k. and in the deep-water gulf of mexico collaboration with the industry will allow the c 
y out high resolution research into the community structure and function in these interesting a 
search into the community structure and function in these interesting area and through in situ  
10331 1  developed a novel interactive computer model . the biomechanical models will first be created  
9819 1  developed a novel interactive computer model . the biomechanical models will first be created  
10184 4 ickleback. we will then explore how the trade-offs between these factors influence optimal repr 
his novel work has implications for the evolution and honesty of sexual signals, the relationsh 
ual signals should be based on limiting nutrients in the natural environment.  
ed on limiting nutrients in the natural environment.  
11061 19 biologists are trying to understand the evolution of recognition and compatibility between game 
 co-evolve to recognise one-another for fertilization. recent research shows that this process  
very quickly, probably because of sperm competition between males to fertilise the eggs, and co 
g in atlantic salmon, which is an ideal model to examine these questions for both pure and appl 
 have found evidence for differences in fertilization compatibility between salmon strains, bas 
breadth by looking at how sperm and egg fertilization compatibility has changed between differe 
. wild atlantic salmon are an important fish for many reasons, but are unfortunately in severe  
n s range at a very high level. escaped fish can survive, and some make it onto wild salmon spa 
s. here they attempt to spawn with wild fish, presenting a major problem: farmed salmon have be 
d for big genetic differences with wild fish. offspring from farmed and wild salmon reproductio 
ed. continual release of so many farmed fish could eventually genetically swamp wild genes, pos 
or down. research has shown that farmed fish can successfully reproduce with wild fish, but tha 
sh can successfully reproduce with wild fish, but that they are inferior at reproduction. howev 
owever, exactly how inferior are farmed fish, and how does this inferiority vary when reproduci 
ormation is important to understand the risk of farmed fish to wild stocks. we will answer this 
ortant to understand the risk of farmed fish to wild stocks. we will answer this question by me 
 conditions, but which mimic the normal function of sperm and egg in a salmon river. we will al 
ormation for governments balancing wild fish conservation with commercially important salmon fa 
ion for governments balancing wild fish conservation with commercially important salmon farming 
11177 1  female. the study of intersexuality in wildlife provides excellent means for studying comparat 
9863 1  female. the study of intersexuality in wildlife provides excellent means for studying comparat 
14545 1 tic study in which we will focus in the evolution of asexuality in aphids.  
14181 2 r of pronounced effects on whole-canopy growth and the ability of plants to forage for light. a 
ted in different ways, to elucidate the nature of these cues.  
11219 8 e potentially excellent evidence of the evolution of human walking. however, until recently we  
 found that methods used to analyze the distribution of chemical patterns in the brain are idea 
overed an exciting new set of prints in kenya, about half the age of the laetoli prints and mad 
 walking works like a metronome, saving energy as the body swings forward over the foot which c 
to side, and can actually save pendulum-energy sideways on, by their waddling gait. distant hum 
 squat and stable build - did they save energy the same way it is likely that the footprints at 
rmation, which can recreate balance and energy-saving mechanisms in these early human ancestors 
ls, tools and evidence to interpret the evolution of walking at a crucial time period, the tran 
11707 8 e potentially excellent evidence of the evolution of human walking. however, until recently we  
 found that methods used to analyze the distribution of chemical patterns in the brain are idea 
overed an exciting new set of prints in kenya, about half the age of the laetoli prints and mad 
 walking works like a metronome, saving energy as the body swings forward over the foot which c 
to side, and can actually save pendulum-energy sideways on, by their waddling gait. distant hum 
 squat and stable build - did they save energy the same way it is likely that the footprints at 
rmation, which can recreate balance and energy-saving mechanisms in these early human ancestors 
ls, tools and evidence to interpret the evolution of walking at a crucial time period, the tran 
14119 1 e project is to promote introducing the biodiversity on different educational levels by a pract 
14336 3 ropical ant communities to rainfall and soil conditions. the paraguay dry chaco, with little al 
 dry chaco, with little altitudinal and temperature variation over a large area, offers a great 
 to provide detailed data about the ant distribution and morphology. the information provided i 
9818 3                                      co-evolution happens when two tight co-evolutionary intera 
 body types would be consistent with co-evolution; conversely, the lack of such associations wo 
neral issue of whether hypotheses of co-evolution are actually supported by the fossil evidence 
1962 8 ect defence mechanisms include a.o. the production of deterring or toxic secondary metabolites. 
ce mechanisms include the attraction of parasitoids of herbivores by emitting specific volatile 
 of plant defence has been a concern to integrated pest management: plant defence chemicals tha 
vores have potential harmful effects on natural enemies, and hence could lead to incompatibilit 
ted, using a combination of laboratory, mesocosm, and field studies. the project will contribut 
ribute to our understanding of both the evolution of plant defence in complex natural ecosystem 
ion of plant defence in complex natural ecosystems and the compatibility of pest control strate 
ral ecosystems and the compatibility of pest control strategies.  
10338 11 arth became extinct in the largest mass extinction in over 600 million years. this worldwide ev 
o possible causal events such as global climate change, asteroid impacts and volcanism. establi 
such as global climate change, asteroid impacts and volcanism. establishing absolute ages of ro 
oactive isotopes within the crystal and growth of their radiogenic daughter isotopes. these iso 
ortunately it is difficult to correlate marine and terrestrial rocks from different parts of th 
s could be constructed to study the p-t extinction and other key events in earth history. recen 
xy for the depositional age of the host sediment. we aim to exploit this new knowledge to devel 
 important to characterise the rate and nature of trace element uptake, and the chemical stabil 
 trace element uptake, and the chemical stability of each bone before deriving a date. we have  
 with poorly resolved dates. successful development of this technique would provide a method to 
al framework within which the rates and nature of the most profound crisis experienced by life  
10040 2                                  in any community of living organisms as our test species. two  
tes, but in pots so that we can control soil conditions and the densities of neighbouring indiv 
10158 4  the direct measurement and sampling of water and sediment within subglacial lake ellsworth in  
t measurement and sampling of water and sediment within subglacial lake ellsworth in west antar 
 m deep, confirming it as an ideal deep-water lake for exploration. the deployment of heavy equ 
e uk. this project, which has been in a planning stage for four years, will be a benchmark exer 
10431 4  the direct measurement and sampling of water and sediment within subglacial lake ellsworth in  
t measurement and sampling of water and sediment within subglacial lake ellsworth in west antar 
 m deep, confirming it as an ideal deep-water lake for exploration. the deployment of heavy equ 
e uk. this project, which has been in a planning stage for four years, will be a benchmark exer 
10432 4  the direct measurement and sampling of water and sediment within subglacial lake ellsworth in  
t measurement and sampling of water and sediment within subglacial lake ellsworth in west antar 
 m deep, confirming it as an ideal deep-water lake for exploration. the deployment of heavy equ 
e uk. this project, which has been in a planning stage for four years, will be a benchmark exer 
10723 4  the direct measurement and sampling of water and sediment within subglacial lake ellsworth in  
t measurement and sampling of water and sediment within subglacial lake ellsworth in west antar 
 m deep, confirming it as an ideal deep-water lake for exploration. the deployment of heavy equ 
e uk. this project, which has been in a planning stage for four years, will be a benchmark exer 
11714 4  the direct measurement and sampling of water and sediment within subglacial lake ellsworth in  
t measurement and sampling of water and sediment within subglacial lake ellsworth in west antar 
 m deep, confirming it as an ideal deep-water lake for exploration. the deployment of heavy equ 
e uk. this project, which has been in a planning stage for four years, will be a benchmark exer 
9907 4  the direct measurement and sampling of water and sediment within subglacial lake ellsworth in  
t measurement and sampling of water and sediment within subglacial lake ellsworth in west antar 
 m deep, confirming it as an ideal deep-water lake for exploration. the deployment of heavy equ 
e uk. this project, which has been in a planning stage for four years, will be a benchmark exer 
11360 16  the contribution of viral infection to phytoplankton modality has fundamental implications for 
 has fundamental implications for ocean biogeochemistry and ecology. viral activity influences  
lications for ocean biogeochemistry and ecology. viral activity influences the fate of primary  
. viral activity influences the fate of primary production and phytoplankton succession, may en 
nces the fate of primary production and phytoplankton succession, may enhance phytoplankton div 
of primary production and phytoplankton succession, may enhance phytoplankton diversity and str 
d phytoplankton succession, may enhance phytoplankton diversity and structures food webs. howev 
n succession, may enhance phytoplankton diversity and structures food webs. however, no techniq 
 phytoplankton diversity and structures food webs. however, no techniques currently exist to di 
irectly quantify the viral component of phytoplankton mortality. we aim to develop a highly pro 
fy the viral component of phytoplankton mortality. we aim to develop a highly promising dilutio 
on technique to directly quantify viral mortality of specific phytoplankton in natural waters.  
ly quantify viral mortality of specific phytoplankton in natural waters. the technique will be  
. the technique will be developed using phytoplankton host:virus:grazer systems in the laborato 
s information will be used to interpret phytoplankton:viral:grazer population dynamics and thei 
to interpret phytoplankton:viral:grazer population dynamics and their biogeochemical consequenc 
13575 12        despite a substantial commercial fishing pressure, nephrops norvegicus production remain 
l fishing pressure, nephrops norvegicus production remains high, and the question is what suppo 
 and the question is what supports this production a major source of subsidies to marine system 
oduction a major source of subsidies to marine systems origin from fishing, as unwanted catch i 
subsidies to marine systems origin from fishing, as unwanted catch is routinely thrown back to  
 the sea, so-called discard. commercial fishing has been estimated to produce 27 million tonnes 
d in traditional swedish nephrops trawl fisheries 70-80% of the catches are discarded. the prim 
to quantify the importance of discarded biomass as subsidy to nephrops fishing grounds. the obj 
iscarded biomass as subsidy to nephrops fishing grounds. the objective is to quantify both dire 
bjective is to quantify both direct and indirect effects of discarded by-catch under as close t 
ver be modified by: nephrops population density, the presence of other scavengers . this projec 
ts, and how this links in with nephrops production.  
12023 23                                         land use change strongly modifies the biodiversity and  
  land use change strongly modifies the biodiversity and functioning of semi-natural ecosystems 
versity and functioning of semi-natural ecosystems. the effects on ecosystems functioning can b 
semi-natural ecosystems. the effects on ecosystems functioning can be either direct, via a modi 
be either direct, via a modification of disturbance regimes and of soil fertility, or indirect, 
ification of disturbance regimes and of soil fertility, or indirect, via changes in the structu 
irect, via changes in the structure and diversity of plant communities. according to a first hy 
ns organized with the teams of the jena biodiversity experiment, the model was parametrized for 
f the jena biodiversity experiment, the model was parametrized for about 70 species. the model  
 parametrized for about 70 species. the model was validated for 13 grass species. a large scale 
validated for 13 grass species. a large scale virtual experiment allowed studying systematicall 
tically interactions between four plant traits at two n supply levels. optimal values for total 
 levels. optimal values for total plant biomass of these four traits matched exactly field meas 
s for total plant biomass of these four traits matched exactly field measured trait values. the 
xactly field measured trait values. the model therefore shows that these plant traits and their 
 model therefore shows that these plant traits and their plasticity have an adaptive value, thr 
y have an adaptive value, through plant growth maximization. plastic responses of traits and pl 
owth maximization. plastic responses of traits and plasticity limits, which contribute to speci 
 simulations. a simulated transgressive species diversity effect was found in good agreement wi 
usion, the discover project showed that diversity effect also occurs in managed meadows. this r 
is result suggests a path to ecological intensification of meadows, through increased use of sp 
on of meadows, through increased use of species diversity and lower use of inputs such as n fer 
puts such as n fertilizers which reduce species diversity.  
6719 3 ious diseases of stone fruits. the most endangered species are: sour cherry, apricot, plum and  
 plum and - recent years - almond. this disease can cause significant loss of yield in epidemic 
s disease can cause significant loss of yield in epidemic year. therefore the examination of hu 
13603 5                                a recent review of diseases of the european edible crab for crus 
e activities associated with crustacean disease diagnosis across the european union and ensure  
me population. experiments to study the mortality of infected individual are set up in the stat 
molecular effect of the juvenile higher disease prevalence and the assumed high mortality cause 
disease prevalence and the assumed high mortality caused by the diseases, is studied by an inve 
10142 22 xistence these questions are pivotal in ecology, as the answers can potentially change our view 
ification, and change our priorities in biodiversity conservation. competition has long been pr 
riorities in biodiversity conservation. competition has long been proposed as an important forc 
ith the increases in the reliability of phylogeny reconstructions, phylogenetic investigations  
uctions, phylogenetic investigations of community structure have become possible, testing the e 
 become possible, testing the effect of competition between species. the main idea is that clos 
ied to test this phylogenetic effect of competition in structuring community assembly using up  
ic effect of competition in structuring community assembly using up to date phylogenetic compar 
parative analyses dealt with plants and bacteria, while for animals analyses have been performe 
only on insect food-webs and mammal and fish communities. therefore, results are hampered by av 
tic relationship has a direct effect on competition. my project will involve a different model: 
on. my project will involve a different model: rotifers. they are tiny animals living in water, 
tifers. they are tiny animals living in water, but also in moss and lichen patches, where they  
 high densities of individuals and high species richness, with 100 species living together. suc 
 100 species living together. such high diversity will enhance the power of the tests, in compa 
rent habitats in different countries in europe and usa, obtaining a molecular phylogeny directl 
ts in different countries in europe and usa, obtaining a molecular phylogeny directly from the  
n europe and usa, obtaining a molecular phylogeny directly from the animals sampled in the fiel 
n the field, and performing analyses of community structure to find evidence of competition the 
community structure to find evidence of competition the hypotheses based on field data, and sec 
eses based on field data, and second to model the processes acting in nature.  
second to model the processes acting in nature.  
15503 14                        the geographical diversity gradients have fascinated ecologists and biog 
 factors; it is well known that current climate, topography, structure and quality of habitat,  
e, topography, structure and quality of habitat, human impact or historical climate changes aff 
aphy, structure and quality of habitat, human impact or historical climate changes affect the d 
 of habitat, human impact or historical climate changes affect the distribution of diversity in 
r historical climate changes affect the distribution of diversity in different ways. however, u 
mate changes affect the distribution of diversity in different ways. however, unraveling the sp 
e simultaneity of these effects and the competition for evolutionary processes and historical c 
cal contingencies. another key issue in ecology is to determine if communities are relatively f 
s question, much of the knowledge about diversity gradients is based on the study of species ri 
sity gradients is based on the study of species richness; other aspects of diversity, such as f 
y of species richness; other aspects of diversity, such as functional and evolutionary structur 
we propose to study the determinants of diversity and community structure of beetles scarabaeoi 
study the determinants of diversity and community structure of beetles scarabaeoidea determine  
11098 3 and antiperthitic lamellae. these allow water into crystals causing recrystallization to microp 
 origin of life. i propose to study the distribution and morphology of these dislocations, thei 
hology of these dislocations, their t-t evolution and geochemical implications for fluid-rock r 
10094 5          this is an innovative study of dispersal between the wild and pest populations in two  
resources. aflp analysis will determine heterogeneity within and between populations from diffe 
from different habitats to test whether dispersal is more likely from or between nutritionally  
 trace element analysis as a marker for dispersal. conventional taxonomy will verify the specie 
as a marker for dispersal. conventional taxonomy will verify the species attracted to pheromone 
1936 15                                   plant biodiversity in dutch heathlands and species-rich grass 
ty in dutch heathlands and species-rich grasslands have declined severely during the last decad 
nto arable fields but serious losses in biodiversity occurred also in the remnants that have be 
lear that the spatial relations between restoration sites and their surroundings are essential. 
e to local sources. tools to assess the restoration opportunities of heathland and species-rich 
es of heathland and species-rich acidic grassland in relation to the distance to the nearest se 
 project to develop such tools also for seed dispersal by wind and by animals. the aerodynamic  
ameters will be used to set up two wind dispersal models, a statistical model of the so called  
wo wind dispersal models, a statistical model of the so called gaussian plume type and a mechan 
n plume type and a mechanistic particle model. data on external seed transport by animals will  
and used to set up a spatially explicit model to simulate the likelihood of dispersal of charac 
cit model to simulate the likelihood of dispersal of characteristic species by animals. once de 
will give more insight in the potential dispersal of endangered species and the sustainability  
e insight in the potential dispersal of endangered species and the sustainability of the restor 
dispersal of endangered species and the sustainability of the restored sites.  
12149 11                                         distribution and abundance assessment of two invasive f 
                       distribution and abundance assessment of two invasive fish species - rou 
             distribution and abundance assessment of two invasive fish species - round goby .  
nd abundance assessment of two invasive fish species - round goby . genetic methods will allow  
thods will allow to determine rg and as genetic diversity and will allow to assess phylogenetic 
fic and/or new parasites for lithuanian water bodies. as abundance regulation experiment would  
rasites for lithuanian water bodies. as abundance regulation experiment would be carried out du 
 help to control further dispersion and abundance. project findings would give us essential inf 
eco-systems and would be background for mitigation measures to stop further invasion and to red 
for mitigation measures to stop further invasion and to reduce impact on ecosystems.  
urther invasion and to reduce impact on ecosystems.  
10474 7  play a major role in determining world climate. in part this is due to the production of oxyge 
rld climate. in part this is due to the production of oxygen and the consumption of carbon diox 
n part this is due to the production of oxygen and the consumption of carbon dioxide approach s 
uction of oxygen and the consumption of carbon dioxide approach specifically targeted at the pp 
on to provide a complementary molecular assessment of the potential regulatory factors controll 
rstanding of the routes and controls of marine co2 fixation, information which is essential for 
ntial for a predictive understanding of marine c cycling.  
9905 7  play a major role in determining world climate. in part this is due to the production of oxyge 
rld climate. in part this is due to the production of oxygen and the consumption of carbon diox 
n part this is due to the production of oxygen and the consumption of carbon dioxide approach s 
uction of oxygen and the consumption of carbon dioxide approach specifically targeted at the pp 
on to provide a complementary molecular assessment of the potential regulatory factors controll 
rstanding of the routes and controls of marine co2 fixation, information which is essential for 
ntial for a predictive understanding of marine c cycling.  
9807 10 n to make the petals more attractive to pollinators. it is not surprising, then, that most peta 
eased seed set because more pollinating bees visit the flowers, when compared to mutant snapdra 
 will try to understand how and why the bees prefer the conical cells, by comparing normal snap 
ls alter perceived petal colour, scent, temperature or nectar availability, in order to underst 
vailability, in order to understand why bees might find them more attractive than flat petal ce 
ls. our second aim is to understand how bees interact with petals with conical and flat cells.  
flowers, whether they react to scent or temperature differences, whether it takes them longer t 
ant families which have shown shifts in pollinators, and investigate whether there is any relat 
, enhancing our understanding of the co-evolution of plants and their pollinators during their  
of the co-evolution of plants and their pollinators during their evolutionary history.  
15381 4 g the dynamics of mammalian chromosomal evolution. chromosome reorganizations, such as inversio 
s are organized analyse the topological distribution of evolutionary breakpoint regions in rela 
will significantly enhance the research environment and capabilities for frontier research in s 
d capabilities for frontier research in spain by the establishment of transnational collaborati 
13945 10              the transport of dissolved organic matter phytoplankton species. it is suggested t 
e transport of dissolved organic matter phytoplankton species. it is suggested that it is the n 
species. it is suggested that it is the nitrogen in the dom that is beneficial for the hab-form 
 that is beneficial for the hab-forming phytoplankton, and uptake of smaller molecules such as  
olecules such as amino acids containing nitrogen has been shown to take place. however, virtual 
uch as proteins or humic substances for growth. a large part of the dom entering coastal waters 
tive uptake of these large molecules by phytoplankton. we propose to study the utilization of m 
ular dom by several potentially harmful phytoplankton species. our main objective is to investi 
ct uptake of large molecules containing nitrogen. if this is a common trait among hab-forming p 
his is a common trait among hab-forming phytoplankton, then this has implications for a further 
11733 3 ver, the implications of this change on ecosystem functioning remain unknown due to our lack of 
 fundamental understanding of how these ecosystems work. dissolved organic nitrogen , bas and n 
hese ecosystems work. dissolved organic nitrogen , bas and nerc research programmes and will di 
10160 2 sults may, in the long run, lead to the development of methods to monitor and assess the changi 
or and assess the changing state of our environment.  
15096 15 tal effects on hosts, by reducing their growth, fecundity, killing branches or, in cases of hea 
ch favours its spread and increases the water stress of hosts. in this project, our aim is to p 
ours its spread and increases the water stress of hosts. in this project, our aim is to provide 
rovide sound and novel knowledge on the ecology of these parasitic plants. previous knowledge o 
ion on the factors that determine their distribution area, effects on hosts, and host-parasite- 
 parasitic plants . many few studies in ecology have used spatial analysis to characterize the  
. many few studies in ecology have used spatial analysis to characterize the infection processe 
al variables that modulate the parasite distribution. this project is pionner in this kind of t 
esults obtained can be of relevancy for conservation and management of forests. from an applied 
an be of relevancy for conservation and management of forests. from an applied point of view, t 
ancy for conservation and management of forests. from an applied point of view, the results obt 
ble in order to improve our integrative management of forest pests, promoting the diversity of  
o improve our integrative management of forest pests, promoting the diversity of ecological int 
nagement of forest pests, promoting the diversity of ecological interactions and conservation i 
iversity of ecological interactions and conservation in climatically adverse environments.  
6871 18 operties of almost every large european rivers have been dramatically changed by regulation. ra 
. near-shore dead zones, backwaters and floodplain water bodies provide suitable growth conditi 
e dead zones, backwaters and floodplain water bodies provide suitable growth conditions for aqu 
loodplain water bodies provide suitable growth conditions for aquatic biota including the potam 
tic biota including the potamoplankton. water exchange between these growth areas and the mains 
oplankton. water exchange between these growth areas and the mainstream river results in a drif 
 river results in a drift of biota as a function of stochastic fluctuations in discharge. as a  
significantly contributes to downstream biomass increase of algae. in the same time flood, as a 
butes to downstream biomass increase of algae. in the same time flood, as a disturbance factor  
 of algae. in the same time flood, as a disturbance factor plays a key role in community organi 
 disturbance factor plays a key role in community organization of potamoplankton. the present p 
tamoplankton of river tisza. we map the biomass of four main color classes of algae along the f 
e biomass of four main color classes of algae along the flow at every few tens of meters by the 
ics of potamoplankton at various flows. mapping of dead zones may initiate similar studies conc 
scientific background to the ecological management of large rivers where the focal points are r 
d to the ecological management of large rivers where the focal points are re-establishment of n 
lishment of natural flow inhomogeny and floodplain connectivity.  
 natural flow inhomogeny and floodplain connectivity.  
2479 24                                         alien species represent a growing threat to marine envi 
n species represent a growing threat to marine environments due to their potential to change th 
r potential to change the structure and species composition of the ecosystems they invade. the  
tructure and species composition of the ecosystems they invade. the ctenophore mnemiopsis leidy 
nked among the world's most detrimental invasive species, was first observed in northern europe 
species, was first observed in northern europe in 2006. it has since been thriving, spreading a 
stablished in the baltic as well as the north sea, including the norwegian south coast. abundan 
mnemiopsis can severely disrupt pelagic food webs through direct predation and competition as w 
isrupt pelagic food webs through direct predation and competition as well as several top-down a 
 food webs through direct predation and competition as well as several top-down and bottom-up p 
psis' proven ability to disturb pelagic ecosystems, it is imperative to study its role in this  
mperative to study its role in this new habitat. the conditions mnemiopsis faces in norway diff 
investigate the geographic and seasonal distribution of mnemiopsis in norway and to evaluate it 
in norway and to evaluate its potential ecosystem impact. we will accomplish this through a com 
ccomplish this through a combination of monitoring activities, field studies and experiments ta 
tive and feeding biology of mnemiopsis, predation on mnemiopsis, and the cascading impacts of a 
dation on mnemiopsis, and the cascading impacts of abundant juvenile and mature mnemiopsis on d 
psis on different levels of the pelagic community. the resulting knowledge will improve our abi 
y to understand and predict changes and succession in pelagic ecosystems due to invasive specie 
edict changes and succession in pelagic ecosystems due to invasive species and/or increased num 
succession in pelagic ecosystems due to invasive species and/or increased numbers of gelatinous 
 and/or increased numbers of gelatinous predators, in norway as well as globally. the results a 
ts are relevant with respect to prudent ecosystem-based management of norwegian marine resource 
ecosystem-based management of norwegian marine resources.  
1984 11 ntrolling factors of n2 fixation at the ecosystem level. in order to achieve these aims a molec 
l mats are complex, vertical stratified ecosystems in which cyanobacteria play a key role. the  
vertical stratified ecosystems in which cyanobacteria play a key role. the most important sourc 
 key role. the most important source of nitrogen in coastal microbial mats is n2 and the n2 fix 
s n2 and the n2 fixation rates in these ecosystems are therefore high. there are several functi 
s are therefore high. there are several functional groups of microorganisms in the mats that ar 
re all actively fixing. many species of cyanobacteria fix n2. some microbial mats display a hig 
 n2. some microbial mats display a high diversity of cyanobacteria while others do not. the rea 
robial mats display a high diversity of cyanobacteria while others do not. the reason for this  
 of the barrier islands of the southern north sea. because of their diversity these microbial m 
he southern north sea. because of their diversity these microbial mats are excellent systems to 
15157 3 al aims at inferring the history of the colonization of the continental subterranean waters by  
on is ideal to undertake studies on the evolution and biogeography of the subterranean fauna si 
 undertake studies on the evolution and biogeography of the subterranean fauna since: .  
7138 8 esign and test predictive models of the evolution of populations of various groups of soil inve 
ion of populations of various groups of soil invertebrates and litter invertebrates that separa 
f populations of various groups of soil invertebrates and litter invertebrates that separate th 
groups of soil invertebrates and litter invertebrates that separate the different response grou 
esponse groups will be determined and a model based on the related processes these features wil 
ais species to predict the responses of soil invertebrates to land use change.  
pecies to predict the responses of soil invertebrates to land use change.  
 the responses of soil invertebrates to land use change.  
12056 17                                 context climate change , was created and a complete phylogeny o 
ate change , was created and a complete phylogeny of alpine flora was built. analyses were cond 
 validate these mechanisms. statistical modelling of current and future distribution of the 300 
istical modelling of current and future distribution of the 3000 plant species in the area was  
a was conducted in order to be used for management and monitoring. finally, a simulation model  
 in order to be used for management and monitoring. finally, a simulation model of vegetation h 
t and monitoring. finally, a simulation model of vegetation has been created and set to the zon 
itoring. finally, a simulation model of vegetation has been created and set to the zone of the  
h data analyses allowed us to infer the distribution mechanisms of plant biodiversity. another  
er the distribution mechanisms of plant biodiversity. another study has shown that some special 
 developments therefore enabled both to model the current distribution and future of the entire 
efore enabled both to model the current distribution and future of the entire alpine flora in r 
 alpine flora in response to changes in climate and land use. this model predicts a strong uphe 
a in response to changes in climate and land use. this model predicts a strong upheaval in the  
o changes in climate and land use. this model predicts a strong upheaval in the distribution of 
model predicts a strong upheaval in the distribution of biodiversity with a sharp decline in sp 
 strong upheaval in the distribution of biodiversity with a sharp decline in species high in th 
15524 7 tofaunas of the world, and the tropical andes and the amazon basin are among its most important 
e world, and the tropical andes and the amazon basin are among its most important biodiversity  
azon basin are among its most important biodiversity hotspots. during the last years, our team  
starting some new approaches related to conservation issues. the main topics and targets are: 1 
mus, which putatively confront a higher risk of extinction. finally, always in a phylogenetic c 
ch putatively confront a higher risk of extinction. finally, always in a phylogenetic context,  
 past, and future distributions under a global change scenario.  
13838 5  monophyletic groups of ectomycorrhizal fungi have similar functional proporties and this is re 
 this is reflected in host preferences, community structure and adaptations to abiotic conditio 
biotic conditions; 2 the ectomycorrhiza symbiosis is evolutionary stable and this promotes incr 
nge of hosts, occurs in a wide range of ecosystems, and is sparsely studied by molecular method 
l character state analyses for selected functional traits. the ectomycorrhizal condition will b 
11275 17               a large proportion of the diversity of life is microbial. microbes are important  
robes are important components of every ecosystem and natural environment on earth, yet our und 
mponents of every ecosystem and natural environment on earth, yet our understanding of microbia 
ment on earth, yet our understanding of microbial diversity and ecological roles is still in it 
of all microbes present in a particular environment. these methods enable the capture of sub-se 
fy most of the organisms present in any environment. this approach has massively expanded our a 
sively expanded our appreciation of the diversity of life on earth. such approaches have reveal 
h diverse group could be related to the fungi. the fungi include the well-known mushrooms and y 
roup could be related to the fungi. the fungi include the well-known mushrooms and yeasts but a 
e of microbes responsible for recycling biomass in many ecosystems. given the diversity and ext 
sponsible for recycling biomass in many ecosystems. given the diversity and extensive distribut 
g biomass in many ecosystems. given the diversity and extensive distribution of this microbial  
tems. given the diversity and extensive distribution of this microbial group in aquatic environ 
oup represents an important part of the microbial community. in addition, this group has a very 
 approach will enable us to observe the nature of these microbial cells and their abundance and 
ture of these microbial cells and their abundance and role within different habitat types.  
eir abundance and role within different habitat types.  
14660 7 ase that would allow the co-relation of cyanobacteria diversity with anoxygenic phototrophic ba 
 allow the co-relation of cyanobacteria diversity with anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria in dist 
 diversity with anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria in distinct and extreme environmental conditio 
tratified environments . in the case of cyanobacteria, we also propose analysing changes in the 
e also propose analysing changes in the diversity and ultrastructure of microorganisms isolated 
atic inclusions, which, in the event of growth in the presence of pollutants, could perhaps be  
 could perhaps be used in the future as indicators of ecotoxicity.  
7410 3  of dehalogenases functional genes, and evolution of microbial degradation capacity of organoha 
ional genes, and evolution of microbial degradation capacity of organohalogen compounds in the  
acity of organohalogen compounds in the environment  
7269 1 ject aims to characterize intraspecific diversity picophytoplankton in the gulf of lion, a popu 
11731 5                                     the diversity and biogeography of benthic foraminifera, a d 
                      the diversity and biogeography of benthic foraminifera, a dominant deep-s 
hological approaches we will: 1 compare species diversity at different sites, 2 search for cryp 
s between faunas from shallow- and deep-water antarctic habitats and from the arctic and antarc 
will be relevant to major international biodiversity initiatives.  
7533 7 aphically distant but sets currently at risk of food insecurity comparable, madagascar, island  
ble, madagascar, island continent where species diversity of wild forms is high and the largest 
 wild forms is high and the largest and endemism burkina faso, at the northern limit of the are 
e area of ​​cultivation of yams in west africa. fragmentation of communities leading to a diver 
f ​​cultivation of yams in west africa. fragmentation of communities leading to a diversificati 
 until speciation. in this context, the genetic diversity of wild yams dry zone will be studied 
evolutionary processes at the origin of diversity and its structuring, including spatial, based 
185 19                      most landscapes in europe are becoming more and more fragmented nowadays,  
e and more fragmented nowadays, forming habitat mosaics. however, most studies investigating pa 
 most studies investigating patterns of species diversity and abundance are restricted to exami 
ating patterns of species diversity and abundance are restricted to examining the effect of onl 
 factors determining patterns of insect species diversity and abundance in alvars. this is a ty 
atterns of insect species diversity and abundance in alvars. this is a type of seminatural calc 
his is a type of seminatural calcareous grasslands, nowadays occurring in a landscape as a netw 
ous grasslands, nowadays occurring in a landscape as a network of more or less isolated distinc 
ess isolated distinct patches, in which habitat specialists are likely to exist only as metapop 
ations. we will examine the response of species richness, composition and abundance to current  
se of species richness, composition and abundance to current and historical area and connectivi 
ance to current and historical area and connectivity of alvars. we also examine insect communit 
ivity of alvars. we also examine insect community structure as dependent on landscape matrix su 
ect community structure as dependent on landscape matrix surrounding habitat, abundance of reso 
pendent on landscape matrix surrounding habitat, abundance of resources, vegetation cover and t 
n landscape matrix surrounding habitat, abundance of resources, vegetation cover and the level  
unding habitat, abundance of resources, vegetation cover and the level of overgrowth with woody 
l and current influences on present-day community patterns. the study focuses on two trophic le 
res, and ichneumonid wasps representing parasitoids. afterwards, the studied patterns will be c 
2480 18  are important primary producers in the marine pelagic community. haptophyte blooms may also ha 
primary producers in the marine pelagic community. haptophyte blooms may also have a major impa 
 also have a major impact on the global carbon balance and on climate forcing, and toxins may c 
act on the global carbon balance and on climate forcing, and toxins may cause fish-kills. we la 
n climate forcing, and toxins may cause fish-kills. we lack knowledge on their biodiversity and 
 fish-kills. we lack knowledge on their biodiversity and quantitative distribution and dynamics 
 on their biodiversity and quantitative distribution and dynamics at the species and population 
l. the main objective is to unravel the biodiversity, seasonal dynamics of haptophytes from nor 
from north atlantic waters, and how the species composition, diversity, life cycle and abundanc 
aters, and how the species composition, diversity, life cycle and abundance are affected by env 
 composition, diversity, life cycle and abundance are affected by environmental factors. the ab 
 affected by environmental factors. the abundance and distribution of haptophyte specific virus 
nvironmental factors. the abundance and distribution of haptophyte specific viruses will be exa 
ned, and how they affect the haptophyte diversity. in the proposed project we will apply the la 
ogy to aquatic ecological problems. the biodiversity will be explored by a.o. environmental pyr 
y, molecular probes, flow cytometry and water chemistry upon the analyses of natural samples co 
he understanding of the dynamics in the marine pico- and nanophytoplankton community, where hap 
 the marine pico- and nanophytoplankton community, where haptophytes play a significant role. t 
14675 20           the presence of gypsum in the soil determines the development of a vegetation of grea 
ce of gypsum in the soil determines the development of a vegetation of great ecological interes 
he soil determines the development of a vegetation of great ecological interest, characterized  
e of species adapted to salt excess and water stress, many of them being endemic plants. in the 
pecies adapted to salt excess and water stress, many of them being endemic plants. in these hig 
 environments, with easily erosionables soils and arid and semiarid conditions, revegetation is 
soils and arid and semiarid conditions, revegetation is complicated and slow. the mycorrhizal s 
s complicated and slow. the mycorrhizal symbiosis is an essential factor of the productivity an 
symbiosis is an essential factor of the productivity and diversity of natural ecosystems. it is 
ssential factor of the productivity and diversity of natural ecosystems. it is well known its c 
e productivity and diversity of natural ecosystems. it is well known its contribution to nutrie 
tion to nutrient uptake, improvement of drought tolerance and to the facilitation process. ther 
ovement of drought tolerance and to the facilitation process. therefore, the mycorrhizal fungi  
ion process. therefore, the mycorrhizal fungi can play an important role in the establishment a 
important role in the establishment and development of plant species in gypsum soils. under thi 
 development of plant species in gypsum soils. under this hypothesis, the initial aim of the pr 
he projects are to know the mycorrhizal diversity and inoculum potential, to isolate the autoch 
to isolate the autochtonous mycorrhizal fungi and to establish its relation with the natural re 
establish its relation with the natural revegetation processes. we also want to study the role  
hizas play in the tolerance to the salt stress. an approach to the knowledge of the rizosphere  
7382 3                  we study the molecular evolution of a gene family encoding agpase, a key enzym 
ect of the domestication of corn on the diversity of six genes will be characterized by allelic 
regions and promoter. understanding the evolution of the family will be complemented by the ide 
7013 6 ic flora and fauna and have a very high endemism rate. despite their great ecological and evolu 
tively little attention. the only large-scale study carried out so far was based on material co 
rnational research project indian ocean biodiversity assessment 2000-2005 what are the temporar 
earch project indian ocean biodiversity assessment 2000-2005 what are the temporary and geograp 
made to gain data on host plants and on distribution within islands. morphological studies are  
al studies are necessary to clarify the taxonomy of the species and to get data for a phylogene 
10182 7 ampling will investigate the extent and nature of the predatory beetle community and their prey 
tent and nature of the predatory beetle community and their prey in the control and improved gr 
 their prey in the control and improved grassland treatments at sourhope. a molecular dietary a 
 that there are fast and slow routes of carbon transfer into the higher trophic levels. a manip 
etermining the composition of the plant community. these studies will address the overall objec 
al role of higher trophic levels in the soil at sourhope and their effects on the plant communi 
sourhope and their effects on the plant community.  
13468 16            the project focuses on plant population dynamics and species diversity within arable 
ocuses on plant population dynamics and species diversity within arable-to-grassland succession 
 and species diversity within arable-to-grassland successions on öland and in s germany – in lo 
f high resolution satellite data in the monitoring of grassland quality. an earlier phase of th 
ion satellite data in the monitoring of grassland quality. an earlier phase of the project indi 
s that are characteristic components of grasslands with a long historical continuity on öland a 
ve high frequencies in relatively young grasslands. we will explore the chronology of species-e 
chronology of species-establishment and density changes in species-populations on different spa 
fferent spatial scales within arable-to-grassland successional chronosequences. to what extent  
nces. to what extent are alpha and beta diversity related to grassland age/successional stage d 
are alpha and beta diversity related to grassland age/successional stage do we need to change o 
 need to change our perspectives on the management of species diversity in old grasslands to in 
e our perspectives on the management of species diversity in old grasslands to include the dyna 
 management of species diversity in old grasslands to include the dynamics of species-populatio 
ecies-populations in early successional grasslands on a european scale, we will seek generaliti 
y successional grasslands on a european scale, we will seek generalities by comparing results f 
15298 2 morphological and chemical bases in the diversity of the complex red algae of the genus laurenc 
ses in the diversity of the complex red algae of the genus laurencia and the monograph of the g 
14905 2 ribute to increase the knowledge of the diversity of the species of laurencia j.v.lamouroux sen 
evision and comparison studies of these marine resources. in this project, the species with pot 
14842 7 s characterized by the presence of high diversity native to the north of iberian peninsula and  
 peninsula and the alps. in the current taxonomy mainly based in morphological and ecological t 
y based in morphological and ecological traits, five different subspecies have been distinguish 
f this species. firstly, the geographic distribution of the species will be determined as well  
mined as well as its main morphological traits. secondly, a study of the genotypic variability  
, the processes involved in its present diversity, and to infer the most appropriate systematic 
 information needed for determining the conservation state of the different subspecies will be  
7518 3 tic species may differ depending on the nature or type of genetic marker used to assess. the ai 
both approaches lead to the proposal of diversity indicators. these methods are illustrated wit 
aches lead to the proposal of diversity indicators. these methods are illustrated with real cas 
421 21       the negative relationship between land use intensity and biodiversity also has impacts on 
tionship between land use intensity and biodiversity also has impacts on soil communities, lead 
use intensity and biodiversity also has impacts on soil communities, leading to an expected com 
ty and biodiversity also has impacts on soil communities, leading to an expected commensurate r 
 expected commensurate reduction in the ecosystem services that they provide. however, the natu 
ervices that they provide. however, the nature of this change remains poorly documented, and wi 
 and with it the understanding of which landscape and habitat features are responsible for the  
he understanding of which landscape and habitat features are responsible for the shift in commu 
atures are responsible for the shift in community composition. we predicted that life-history t 
osition. we predicted that life-history traits increasing the ability of soil fauna to disperse 
istory traits increasing the ability of soil fauna to disperse would be more prevalent in commu 
uld be more prevalent in communities as land use gets intensified. ground beetles, collembolans 
ensified. ground beetles, collembolans, earthworms and environmental variables were sampled in  
onmental variables were sampled in four land use types across 6 different landscapes in france, 
lationship between species life-history traits, landscape and habitat attributes. in highly int 
ip between species life-history traits, landscape and habitat attributes. in highly intensified 
cies life-history traits, landscape and habitat attributes. in highly intensified farming syste 
lembola species were small and had high dispersal abilities. other traits also showed significa 
and had high dispersal abilities. other traits also showed significant relationships with the m 
 species had broader and longer bodies. earthworms showed different responses with smaller and  
 colored litter for species dwelling in forests, and larger less pigmented and more endogeic fo 
14120 5                      the maintenance of genetic diversity in small populations is both a major  
r practical problem in the contemporary conservation efforts, and a fascinating theoretical que 
nd the demographic processes of regular recruitment and turnover of individuals. an application 
ssibility to describe the mechanisms of diversity maintenance. most orchids are self-compatible 
 the results will be applicable also in nature conservation.  
2061 32 rvesting combined with changes in ocean climate has generated large fluctuations in northern ma 
enerated large fluctuations in northern marine shelf ecosystems. the link between zooplankton a 
e fluctuations in northern marine shelf ecosystems. the link between zooplankton and apex preda 
rine shelf ecosystems. the link between zooplankton and apex predators in these systems is occu 
. the link between zooplankton and apex predators in these systems is occupied by a few key spe 
 key species of small pelagic schooling fish. these stocks which sustain a large and diverse gr 
ch sustain a large and diverse group of predators are characterized by a variable and complex d 
characterized by a variable and complex distribution in densities in space and time. in this pr 
al we argue that the highly dynamic and scale-dependent spatial pattern of forage fish species  
 the highly dynamic and scale-dependent spatial pattern of forage fish species is a key factor  
ale-dependent spatial pattern of forage fish species is a key factor in shaping the top predato 
cies is a key factor in shaping the top predator community and determining the trophic interact 
 key factor in shaping the top predator community and determining the trophic interaction betwe 
 the trophic interaction between forage fish and apex predators. to evaluate the role of this h 
nteraction between forage fish and apex predators. to evaluate the role of this hypothesis on t 
uate the role of this hypothesis on the ecosystem processes, we propose a study that aims at ex 
pose a study that aims at exploring the spatial pattern in predator-prey interactions and compe 
ims at exploring the spatial pattern in predator-prey interactions and competition. data on spa 
ttern in predator-prey interactions and competition. data on spatial distribution of apex preda 
ctions and competition. data on spatial distribution of apex predators, forage fish species and 
n. data on spatial distribution of apex predators, forage fish species and zooplankton will be  
 distribution of apex predators, forage fish species and zooplankton will be collected during r 
apex predators, forage fish species and zooplankton will be collected during regular cruises in 
zed by using a recently developed multi-scale statistical method that separate patterns on diff 
les. we will quantify the scales of the spatial pattern and the spatial overlap of the differen 
nd the spatial overlap of the different predator-prey groups. we will furthermore examine the s 
xamine the spatial response of the apex predator community to changes in the abundance and spat 
e spatial response of the apex predator community to changes in the abundance and spatial patte 
ex predator community to changes in the abundance and spatial pattern of prey. finally, we will 
mmunity to changes in the abundance and spatial pattern of prey. finally, we will quantify the  
 finally, we will quantify the temporal stability and predictability in the observed spatial pa 
lity and predictability in the observed spatial pattern within and between years.  
7001 2                             the present distribution of amphibians and reptiles in central euro 
n of amphibians and reptiles in central europe is generally considered as the result of post gl 
15065 6 cobacteria are frequently isolated from soil, water, air and clinical samples. both bacterial g 
eria are frequently isolated from soil, water, air and clinical samples. both bacterial genera  
ples. both bacterial genera have a high species diversity, with relevant physiological and degr 
refore, they are of special interest in microbial ecology and environmental biotechnology. the  
gy and environmental biotechnology. the genetic diversity is enormous. some of them, like p. ae 
 to make it available to the scientific community.  
15520 14                          the increasing functional diversity in the forest system favours its r 
 increasing functional diversity in the forest system favours its resilience to the global chan 
ersity in the forest system favours its resilience to the global change. in this project a mult 
st system favours its resilience to the global change. in this project a multidisciplinar team  
analysis of the variability spectrum of functional traits in woody species across an environmen 
. 2 analysis of functional stategies at community level and their relations with changes in wat 
vel and their relations with changes in water and nutrient availability. 3 experimental study o 
nse to adverse conditions, particularly drought. 4 analysis of mortality and regeneration rates 
ns, particularly drought. 4 analysis of mortality and regeneration rates of main forest species 
ortality and regeneration rates of main forest species at regional evaluation and recomendation 
ates of main forest species at regional evaluation and recomendations on reforestation techniqu 
gional evaluation and recomendations on reforestation techniques to improve resilience of the f 
 on reforestation techniques to improve resilience of the forest system.  
techniques to improve resilience of the forest system.  
10378 8                                      in marine environments phage can reach densities of 2.5 x  
their bacterial hosts. between 1-20% of marine bacteria contain phage, which can significantly  
acterial hosts. between 1-20% of marine bacteria contain phage, which can significantly influen 
 which can significantly influence host mortality. environmental stresses can induce phage rele 
eased exposure to uv light might impact diversity within these communities. professor miller wi 
ll investigate transposable elements in bacteria from antarctic water whilst at cardiff we will 
ble elements in bacteria from antarctic water whilst at cardiff we will use these samples to pr 
e phage in antarctic and southern ocean water. plaque assays and electron microscopy will count 
15287 3 gical and physiological basis about the diversity of trebouxia photobionts in both sexually and 
th sexually and vegetatively propagated lichens. in the literature, there are conflicting data  
iont of the lichen ramalina farinacea , photosynthesis and the activity of defence systems will 
15288 3 gical and physiological basis about the diversity of trebouxia photobionts in both sexually and 
th sexually and vegetatively propagated lichens. in the literature, there are conflicting data  
iont of the lichen ramalina farinacea , photosynthesis and the activity of defence systems will 
14146 16 homobasidiomycetes represent a specific environment hosting particular organisms. besides ample 
esides ample information on fungicolous fungi and insects, only very scattered evidence is avai 
le information on fungicolous fungi and insects, only very scattered evidence is available on t 
nned to merge the existing expertise on fungi and insects inhabiting fungal fruitbodies, along  
rge the existing expertise on fungi and insects inhabiting fungal fruitbodies, along with devel 
ons on the patterns of host specificity evolution and cocladogenesis. planned multigene analyse 
gical expertise will likely lead to the development of dna barcodes. the individual studies aim 
 individual studies aim to unreveal the diversity of multiorganismal assemblages associated wit 
in such assemblages we plan to focus on insects, fungi and bacteria. the fungal fruitbodies to  
ssemblages we plan to focus on insects, fungi and bacteria. the fungal fruitbodies to be sample 
 we plan to focus on insects, fungi and bacteria. the fungal fruitbodies to be sampled include  
ively and quantitatively describing the diversity of each group of fruitbody associates across  
dentify the degree of difference in the diversity of associates among host taxa. we also plan t 
o plan to detect evidence of correlated evolution of selected associates and to test the associ 
nats with fruitbodies of ecomycorrhizal fungi as suggested by their overlapping distibution pat 
 will provide valuable means for future biodiversity assessments that are more frequently based 
11756 6 s pigment has found applications in the aquaculture, personal care products industries, while m 
oducts industries, while most recently, water soluble extracts containing this pigment have bee 
ment nor the optimal conditions for its production by diatoms have been established, the main a 
vironmental conditions that control its production in a number of species of the haslea genus i 
 the haslea genus isolated from various rivers and estuaries in the sw uk. the project will als 
 genus isolated from various rivers and estuaries in the sw uk. the project will also deliver a 
7373 4                                    salt stress is a major constraint to agriculture. the object 
   salt stress is a major constraint to agriculture. the objective of this project is to study  
ical and molecular determinants of salt stress tolerance. the project focuses on the analysis o 
nalysis of the relationship between the diversity of twenty candidate genes, the phenotypic pol 
13878 31                                         soil communities are among the most species-rich commun 
he current debate on how the control of ecosystem diversity and functioning depends on the feed 
 debate on how the control of ecosystem diversity and functioning depends on the feedbacks betw 
ove- and belowground organisms say that soil processes can function at low levels of species ri 
d organisms say that soil processes can function at low levels of species richness in soil. thi 
processes can function at low levels of species richness in soil. this is due to a low degree o 
on at low levels of species richness in soil. this is due to a low degree of species specific l 
ee of species specific links within the soil food web that maintain a high redundancy in functi 
 species specific links within the soil food web that maintain a high redundancy in functions.  
 the soil food web that maintain a high redundancy in functions. we claim that this dogma is du 
cific interactions between organisms in soil food web we propose the use of techniques that wil 
 interactions between organisms in soil food web we propose the use of techniques that will add 
d a high resolution of the structure of soil food webs. we will: identify the direction and spe 
igh resolution of the structure of soil food webs. we will: identify the direction and specific 
ection and specificity of links between fungi and fungal feeding invertebrates in soil food web 
 links between fungi and fungal feeding invertebrates in soil food webs. nested pcrs of dna ext 
ngi and fungal feeding invertebrates in soil food webs. nested pcrs of dna extracts of soil ani 
nd fungal feeding invertebrates in soil food webs. nested pcrs of dna extracts of soil animals  
od webs. nested pcrs of dna extracts of soil animals and soil will identify fungal dna sequence 
crs of dna extracts of soil animals and soil will identify fungal dna sequences to species. the 
 in amplified clones will determine the abundance of fungi and thus the feeding specialization  
 clones will determine the abundance of fungi and thus the feeding specialization of the soil a 
 thus the feeding specialization of the soil animals. we will: identify the structure of food w 
als. we will: identify the structure of food webs by detecting stable 13c isotope ratios of soi 
 detecting stable 13c isotope ratios of soil organisms. analysis with gc-irms of signature plfa 
ysis with gc-irms of signature plfas of soil microorganims and of soil animals will determine t 
ture plfas of soil microorganims and of soil animals will determine their trophic levels in the 
l determine their trophic levels in the food web. press perturbation experiments with plant der 
terial will determine the structure and diversity of soil food webs under influence of differen 
etermine the structure and diversity of soil food webs under influence of different plant commu 
ine the structure and diversity of soil food webs under influence of different plant communitie 
7369 2                       b. exploration of diversity to meet new constraints or new: the situation 
t, problem, objectives, methods chosen. phenology of the apical bud in the oak provenance tests 
15068 8 have been described. conversely, in the mediterranean basin the genus is represented by a singl 
 groups, however, suggest a much higher diversity of mediterranean loxosceles. this genus is of 
ver, suggest a much higher diversity of mediterranean loxosceles. this genus is of significant  
olysis and persistent inflammation . in spain, reports of persons presenting to emergency depar 
phic study of loxosceles in the western mediterranean to characterize putative cryptic species  
the degree of toxicity of the different mediterranean loxosceles lineages will be investigated  
o characterize the presence of specific bacteria that may involve in the degree of severity of  
oxicity in loxosceles linked to a solid taxonomy and the elaboration of identification tools fo 
10427 3 e that predicts deformation, strain and stress in a digital structure. these techniques will be 
ical morphologies not normally found in nature. the results of this project will lead to a grea 
onary biologists interested in modes of biodiversity and mammalian speciation.  
11218 3 e that predicts deformation, strain and stress in a digital structure. these techniques will be 
ical morphologies not normally found in nature. the results of this project will lead to a grea 
onary biologists interested in modes of biodiversity and mammalian speciation.  
11427 3 e that predicts deformation, strain and stress in a digital structure. these techniques will be 
ical morphologies not normally found in nature. the results of this project will lead to a grea 
onary biologists interested in modes of biodiversity and mammalian speciation.  
6791 4       our main goal is to determine the diversity and abundance of thelephoroid ectomycorrhizae 
 goal is to determine the diversity and abundance of thelephoroid ectomycorrhizae in the most c 
ycorrhizae in the most common hungarian forest associations . further aim is to establish cultu 
f thelephora-ectomycorrhiza to obtain a model system for investigating physiological and bichem 
12053 10 nd in cider and oenalogical niches, the diversity of metabolisms and adaptation to the environm 
iches, the diversity of metabolisms and adaptation to the environment is obvious. genomic data  
ty of metabolisms and adaptation to the environment is obvious. genomic data already identify t 
aims of the program are to evaluate the genetic diversity of a vast collection of strains, to s 
l niches and the essential phenotypical traits. hypotheses on the evolution in the species and  
 phenotypical traits. hypotheses on the evolution in the species and on the genetic stability o 
ution in the species and on the genetic stability of strains will be drawn. to propose methods  
lar markers to make a batter use of the diversity of the species, to measure the impact of the  
repeated use of selected strains on the diversity in the ecosystem and to draw the conclusions  
elected strains on the diversity in the ecosystem and to draw the conclusions for its preservat 
10341 3 roposed work is a study of dna sequence diversity in arabidopsis. lyrata ssp. petraea populatio 
yrata ssp. petraea populations over its distribution range in europe. the aim is to obtain enou 
ulations over its distribution range in europe. the aim is to obtain enough loci to determine w 
9919 12  for routine species identification and taxonomy. however, several technical and analytical dif 
obiology, this has greatly affected the taxonomy of un-culturable bacteria which are only known 
 affected the taxonomy of un-culturable bacteria which are only known by their sequence and not 
nition and identification, diagnostics, monitoring and conservation, ecological and ecosystems  
tification, diagnostics, monitoring and conservation, ecological and ecosystems research involv 
toring and conservation, ecological and ecosystems research involving all life stages, and bioc 
research involving all life stages, and biocontrol. the potential for automation of dna data ac 
ases, will provide a universal tool for taxonomy. it is not necessary to have specific morpholo 
tudy, a factor that greatly slowed down taxonomy in the past. here we use microscopic wasps whi 
icroscopic wasps which parasitise other insects and therefore are used for biocontrol, to demon 
ther insects and therefore are used for biocontrol, to demonstrate the principles of a combined 
 will set standards for the practice of taxonomy in the future.  
11874 19 ortant natural laboratory for examining ecosystem responses to climate change, and it is vital  
ry for examining ecosystem responses to climate change, and it is vital that the biological cha 
 a combination of the simplicity of its ecosystems, which exhibit restricted species diversity  
ts ecosystems, which exhibit restricted species diversity and food chain complexity, with envir 
ricted species diversity and food chain complexity, with environmental warming which is occurri 
od chain complexity, with environmental warming which is occurring at approximately twice the r 
ions. one of the major features of this warming appears to be the greening-up of terrestrial ha 
ars to be linked to the availability of nitrogen which is often present in short supply in many 
te its central role in regulating plant growth, our knowledge of the nitrogen cycle in antarcti 
ting plant growth, our knowledge of the nitrogen cycle in antarctic environments remains extrem 
, we believe that current models of the nitrogen cycle are unsound as they have failed to inclu 
polar n cycling by looking in detail at competition between soil and plants for organic and ino 
ooking in detail at competition between soil and plants for organic and inorganic nitrogen. ult 
il and plants for organic and inorganic nitrogen. ultimately, this will enhance mathematical mo 
mathematical models used for predicting ecosystem responses to perturbation. the work directly  
rturbation. the work directly underpins policy relating to environmental change and biodiversit 
k directly underpins policy relating to environmental change and biodiversity in polar regions. 
cy relating to environmental change and biodiversity in polar regions. the work is also extreme 
remely relevant to many other low-input ecosystems around the world .  
10034 20     which organisms are responsible for nitrogen cycling in acid soils nitrification is essenti 
esponsible for nitrogen cycling in acid soils nitrification is essential to the cycling of nitr 
ible for nitrogen cycling in acid soils nitrification is essential to the cycling of nitrogen t 
fication is essential to the cycling of nitrogen throughout the environment. it involves the co 
 the cycling of nitrogen throughout the environment. it involves the conversion of ammonia to n 
t involves the conversion of ammonia to nitrate by two groups of microorganisms. ammonia oxidis 
idisers. although an essential process, nitrification can also have deleterious consequences. a 
nsequences. ammonium can be retained in soil, but after conversion to nitrate, it can be readil 
tained in soil, but after conversion to nitrate, it can be readily leached resulting in the pol 
can be readily leached resulting in the pollution of groundwaters that may be used to supply dr 
ers that may be used to supply drinking water. in addition, ammonia oxidation is accompanied by 
ammonia oxidation is accompanied by the production of nitrous oxide, a potent greenhouse gas wh 
phere. approximately 30% of the world s soil can be considered acid . the findings will benefit 
id . the findings will benefit those in agriculture, forestry and industry by increasing our kn 
ings will benefit those in agriculture, forestry and industry by increasing our knowledge of th 
wledge of the organisms responsible for nitrogen cycling in natural and managed acidic soil sys 
n cycling in natural and managed acidic soil systems. the findings will also be important to re 
 trying to understand the links between biodiversity and ecosystem function, including the mech 
tand the links between biodiversity and ecosystem function, including the mechanisms and organi 
 for the emission of nitrous oxide from soil.  
10255 44                       concentrations of greenhouse gases are rising as a result of continued in 
tivity with consequences for our future climate. the biosphere has been suggested as a signific 
 this change by sequestering additional carbon. key to our understanding and evaluation of thes 
al carbon. key to our understanding and evaluation of these processes is knowledge about the ex 
 is knowledge about the extent to which ecosystems acclimate to elevated co2. some research has 
 research has indicated only short-term growth responses to elevated co2, but these studies hav 
ut these studies have often focussed on production responses ignoring more subtle shifts in who 
es ignoring more subtle shifts in whole ecosystem function. even where acclimation has occurred 
state of equilibrium results in altered ecosystem function, especially with regard to c loss or 
y with regard to c loss or gain. arctic ecosystems are of critical importance to global conserv 
ms are of critical importance to global conservation and store up to one-third of global soil c 
ion and store up to one-third of global soil carbon reserves. their stability under future atmo 
d of global soil carbon reserves. their stability under future atmospheric co2 scenarios will h 
 stability under future atmospheric co2 scenarios will have major influences on global biodiver 
os will have major influences on global biodiversity and warming. in this study we want to test 
r influences on global biodiversity and warming. in this study we want to test whether arctic p 
elevated co2 has a cumulative effect on ecosystem properties that influence ecosystem stability 
 on ecosystem properties that influence ecosystem stability, resistance and resilience. as a re 
tem properties that influence ecosystem stability, resistance and resilience. as a result of an 
ies that influence ecosystem stability, resistance and resilience. as a result of anthropogenic 
nce ecosystem stability, resistance and resilience. as a result of anthropogenic gaseous emissi 
of anthropogenic gaseous emissions, the climate of arctic regions is likely to alter, in partic 
 to alter, in particular with regard to temperature and precipitation. these changes, and other 
rticular with regard to temperature and precipitation. these changes, and other periodic pertur 
riodic perturbations will challenge the stability of current vegetation and soil microbial proc 
will challenge the stability of current vegetation and soil microbial processes. sub-arctic hea 
the stability of current vegetation and soil microbial processes. sub-arctic heath systems are  
stems are also subject to periodic mass herbivory events, for example due to mass infestation b 
ated defoliation event. in a controlled environment facility, we will also investigate whether  
 also investigate whether variations in soil temperature and moisture content will interact wit 
 investigate whether variations in soil temperature and moisture content will interact with the 
ract with the future capacity of arctic soils to retain sequestered c under future elevated co2 
 if we are to be able to make effective management decisions based on improved predictions from 
ions based on improved predictions from climate models. specifically, the extent to which whole 
specifically, the extent to which whole ecosystems acclimate to elevated co2 is a key area of u 
limate to elevated co2 is a key area of uncertainty in predicting and modelling future scenario 
y area of uncertainty in predicting and modelling future scenarios. research findings will also 
inty in predicting and modelling future scenarios. research findings will also significantly ad 
cantly advance our understanding of the stability of arctic ecosystems to perturbations under f 
nderstanding of the stability of arctic ecosystems to perturbations under future climate change 
cosystems to perturbations under future climate change and important potential impacts on globa 
 climate change and important potential impacts on global biodiversity impacts.  
d important potential impacts on global biodiversity impacts.  
otential impacts on global biodiversity impacts.  
11464 18           the importance of prokaryotic diversity to ecosystem function is suspected but unknow 
 importance of prokaryotic diversity to ecosystem function is suspected but unknown. the extent 
ed but unknown. the extent of bacterial diversity has rendered conventional methods of estimati 
ered conventional methods of estimating diversity inadequate for measuring changes in diversity 
ity inadequate for measuring changes in diversity in response to environmental stress. it has t 
 diversity in response to environmental stress. it has thus been impossible to test this hypoth 
st this hypothesis. we have developed a model based on species abundance distributions which ca 
have developed a model based on species abundance distributions which can be used to quantify b 
which can be used to quantify bacterial diversity . the bacterial species distribution is predi 
erial diversity . the bacterial species distribution is predicted to change from log-normal und 
tric when a single or few factors drive community structure e.g. reduction in water quality due 
e community structure e.g. reduction in water quality due to pollution. we will use our model t 
 e.g. reduction in water quality due to pollution. we will use our model to test whether lake t 
ality due to pollution. we will use our model to test whether lake trophic status and water qua 
to test whether lake trophic status and water quality are linked to the species abundance distr 
water quality are linked to the species abundance distribution and bacterial diversity.  
ity are linked to the species abundance distribution and bacterial diversity.  
es abundance distribution and bacterial diversity.  
11799 18           the importance of prokaryotic diversity to ecosystem function is suspected but unknow 
 importance of prokaryotic diversity to ecosystem function is suspected but unknown. the extent 
ed but unknown. the extent of bacterial diversity has rendered conventional methods of estimati 
ered conventional methods of estimating diversity inadequate for measuring changes in diversity 
ity inadequate for measuring changes in diversity in response to environmental stress. it has t 
 diversity in response to environmental stress. it has thus been impossible to test this hypoth 
st this hypothesis. we have developed a model based on species abundance distributions which ca 
have developed a model based on species abundance distributions which can be used to quantify b 
which can be used to quantify bacterial diversity . the bacterial species distribution is predi 
erial diversity . the bacterial species distribution is predicted to change from log-normal und 
tric when a single or few factors drive community structure e.g. reduction in water quality due 
e community structure e.g. reduction in water quality due to pollution. we will use our model t 
 e.g. reduction in water quality due to pollution. we will use our model to test whether lake t 
ality due to pollution. we will use our model to test whether lake trophic status and water qua 
to test whether lake trophic status and water quality are linked to the species abundance distr 
water quality are linked to the species abundance distribution and bacterial diversity.  
ity are linked to the species abundance distribution and bacterial diversity.  
es abundance distribution and bacterial diversity.  
2022 31                                         estuaries and bays harbouring mangroves and seagrass be 
          estuaries and bays harbouring mangroves and seagrass beds provide important food sour 
aries and bays harbouring mangroves and seagrass beds provide important food sources for millio 
idered important nurseries for juvenile coral reef fish, but this has only been based on their  
rtant nurseries for juvenile coral reef fish, but this has only been based on their high densit 
sed on their high densities of juvenile fish. however, a true nursery is a habitat that contrib 
nile fish. however, a true nursery is a habitat that contributes more per unit area to the prod 
t contributes more per unit area to the production of individuals that recruit to the adult ree 
if the higher densities of juveniles in mangroves/seagrass beds never reach the reef fish popul 
her densities of juveniles in mangroves/seagrass beds never reach the reef fish population, the 
oves/seagrass beds never reach the reef fish population, then these habitats do not function as 
 population, then these habitats do not function as productive nurseries, but only as sinks for 
 this proposal aims to quantify whether density, growth and survival of juvenile fish is higher 
posal aims to quantify whether density, growth and survival of juvenile fish is higher in mangr 
ensity, growth and survival of juvenile fish is higher in mangroves/seagrass nurseries than on  
 survival of juvenile fish is higher in mangroves/seagrass nurseries than on the reef, and whet 
of juvenile fish is higher in mangroves/seagrass nurseries than on the reef, and whether moveme 
an on the reef, and whether movement of fish takes place from these nurseries to the coral reef 
takes place from these nurseries to the coral reef. only in such way can it be established whet 
 analysis of otolith microchemistry and stable isotopes, and long-term fish tagging. quantitati 
stry and stable isotopes, and long-term fish tagging. quantitative mathematical models will be  
dels will be made to calculate how reef fish population viability depends on input of juveniles 
lity depends on input of juveniles from mangrove/seagrass nurseries versus coral reef, and on t 
nds on input of juveniles from mangrove/seagrass nurseries versus coral reef, and on the size o 
from mangrove/seagrass nurseries versus coral reef, and on the size of nursery habitats. this i 
cological interactions between tropical ecosystems, and of the population dynamics of tropical  
between tropical ecosystems, and of the population dynamics of tropical reef fish with spatiall 
he population dynamics of tropical reef fish with spatially separated life-stage habitats. thes 
re of high importance for a sustainable management of these coastal habitats and commercial fis 
f these coastal habitats and commercial fish stocks on the reef. this is needed since caribbean 
r-fished and many people depend on reef fish as a source of protein or income.  
11284 4 phic oceanic gyres, the earth s largest ecosystems, which profoundly affect global biogeochemis 
systems, which profoundly affect global biogeochemistry and climate. compared to complex biogeo 
undly affect global biogeochemistry and climate. compared to complex biogeochemical dynamics of 
rimentally, a phosphate an oligotrophic ecosystem controlled by mixotrophic protists is sustain 
10189 11 ods of co-occurrence. hence introducing natural enemies can be an effective biological control  
ing natural enemies can be an effective biological control strategy. because mutualistic mycorr 
rategy. because mutualistic mycorrhizal fungi have been viewed as restricted in diversity and e 
fungi have been viewed as restricted in diversity and entirely generalist, it has been assumed  
ly generalist, it has been assumed that introduced species can associate as effectively with in 
ssociate as effectively with indigenous fungi as can native species. hence, failure to find sui 
zal partners cannot be an impediment to invasion success. new evidence undermines these assumpt 
 evidence undermines these assumptions: arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi are diverse and exhibit se 
ctivity. we shall therefore measure the diversity of am fungi colonising the roots of sets of n 
l therefore measure the diversity of am fungi colonising the roots of sets of native, invasive, 
t into the causes of variation in plant invasion success.  
11335 9                         ensuring future food security in the uk will rely on increasing crop pr 
 in the uk will rely on increasing crop production by c. 70% by 2070. meeting these production  
uction by c. 70% by 2070. meeting these production goals will depend on reducing crop losses to 
sses to insect pests at a time when new pesticide legislation makes pest management increasingl 
en new pesticide legislation makes pest management increasingly challenging. plant derived resi 
increasingly challenging. plant derived resistance, and particularly multi-species interactions 
ived resistance, and particularly multi-species interactions that enhance such crop resistance, 
ies interactions that enhance such crop resistance, could therefore be invaluable. the aim of t 
his project is to develop a sustainable biological control system for vine weevil .  
11846 16 ast approach was that of single species management, devoid of many environmental aspects, and w 
ects, and without direct input from the fishing industry. that approach has been found wanting  
cognise that we need to manage using an ecosystem based approach while at the same time maintai 
maintaining direct interaction with the fishing industry in management decisions. such an ecosy 
nteraction with the fishing industry in management decisions. such an ecosystem approach requir 
dustry in management decisions. such an ecosystem approach requires a more mechanistic understa 
 understanding of the role the physical environment plays whilst also taking into account multi 
hilst also taking into account multiple species interactions. it is also clear, as more demand  
demand is put upon the space use of our marine systems . this project also represents a unique  
er, visual observations of seabirds and marine mammals, vocalisations of cetaceans, fishery obs 
, fishery observations, and longer term fisheries and marine animal survey data. with these com 
rvations, and longer term fisheries and marine animal survey data. with these combined data pro 
hysical mechanisms that may lead to the facilitation of predator-prey interactions. this resear 
ms that may lead to the facilitation of predator-prey interactions. this research will greatly  
derstanding needed for implementing the ecosystem approach to sustainable fisheries management. 
g the ecosystem approach to sustainable fisheries management.  
10736 4 amage, for both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. iit is of utmost importance to understand h 
derstand how organisms respond to metal pollution, and the molecular mechanisms underlying eith 
ial new set of molecular biomarkers for monitoring the effects of environmental contamination b 
mental contamination by toxic metals in invertebrates.  
10817 21 g the factors that drive changes in the abundance of animal populations is fundamental to ecolo 
of animal populations is fundamental to ecology. many herbivore populations show regular oscill 
opulations show regular oscillations in abundance, known as cycles, and these are usually thoug 
o be due to matched oscillations in the abundance of predators rather than any changes in the h 
atched oscillations in the abundance of predators rather than any changes in the herbivore s fo 
od quality is not thought to respond to herbivory in a way which could lead to cycles, but we h 
 hypothesis. periods of sustained heavy grazing lead to an increase in the levels of silica in  
ntly experience reduced availability of nutrients. this reduces their growth and reproductive r 
bility of nutrients. this reduces their growth and reproductive rate and hence slows down the r 
hence slows down the rate of population growth in the following year. eventually populations fa 
fall to a level where there is only low grazing on the grasses, so the levels of silica in the  
erbivores are once again able to access nutrients in the grasses and their growth and reproduct 
cess nutrients in the grasses and their growth and reproduction increase again. we believe this 
l mechanism for the first time in large-scale field experiments. firstly, we will determine the 
crease in silica at different levels of grazing and we will also measure how quickly the levels 
ow feeding in these areas affects their growth and reproduction. these experiments will assess  
defences can cause changes in herbivore abundance and help us develop a better understanding of 
ir herbivores. there are many important grassland systems that support a wide range of herbivor 
ivores, including both rare species and livestock, so this project will be useful to both conse 
 so this project will be useful to both conservation and sustainable agriculture.  
will be useful to both conservation and sustainable agriculture.  
11049 21 g the factors that drive changes in the abundance of animal populations is fundamental to ecolo 
of animal populations is fundamental to ecology. many herbivore populations show regular oscill 
opulations show regular oscillations in abundance, known as cycles, and these are usually thoug 
o be due to matched oscillations in the abundance of predators rather than any changes in the h 
atched oscillations in the abundance of predators rather than any changes in the herbivore s fo 
od quality is not thought to respond to herbivory in a way which could lead to cycles, but we h 
 hypothesis. periods of sustained heavy grazing lead to an increase in the levels of silica in  
ntly experience reduced availability of nutrients. this reduces their growth and reproductive r 
bility of nutrients. this reduces their growth and reproductive rate and hence slows down the r 
hence slows down the rate of population growth in the following year. eventually populations fa 
fall to a level where there is only low grazing on the grasses, so the levels of silica in the  
erbivores are once again able to access nutrients in the grasses and their growth and reproduct 
cess nutrients in the grasses and their growth and reproduction increase again. we believe this 
l mechanism for the first time in large-scale field experiments. firstly, we will determine the 
crease in silica at different levels of grazing and we will also measure how quickly the levels 
ow feeding in these areas affects their growth and reproduction. these experiments will assess  
defences can cause changes in herbivore abundance and help us develop a better understanding of 
ir herbivores. there are many important grassland systems that support a wide range of herbivor 
ivores, including both rare species and livestock, so this project will be useful to both conse 
 so this project will be useful to both conservation and sustainable agriculture.  
will be useful to both conservation and sustainable agriculture.  
11562 21 g the factors that drive changes in the abundance of animal populations is fundamental to ecolo 
of animal populations is fundamental to ecology. many herbivore populations show regular oscill 
opulations show regular oscillations in abundance, known as cycles, and these are usually thoug 
o be due to matched oscillations in the abundance of predators rather than any changes in the h 
atched oscillations in the abundance of predators rather than any changes in the herbivore s fo 
od quality is not thought to respond to herbivory in a way which could lead to cycles, but we h 
 hypothesis. periods of sustained heavy grazing lead to an increase in the levels of silica in  
ntly experience reduced availability of nutrients. this reduces their growth and reproductive r 
bility of nutrients. this reduces their growth and reproductive rate and hence slows down the r 
hence slows down the rate of population growth in the following year. eventually populations fa 
fall to a level where there is only low grazing on the grasses, so the levels of silica in the  
erbivores are once again able to access nutrients in the grasses and their growth and reproduct 
cess nutrients in the grasses and their growth and reproduction increase again. we believe this 
l mechanism for the first time in large-scale field experiments. firstly, we will determine the 
crease in silica at different levels of grazing and we will also measure how quickly the levels 
ow feeding in these areas affects their growth and reproduction. these experiments will assess  
defences can cause changes in herbivore abundance and help us develop a better understanding of 
ir herbivores. there are many important grassland systems that support a wide range of herbivor 
ivores, including both rare species and livestock, so this project will be useful to both conse 
 so this project will be useful to both conservation and sustainable agriculture.  
will be useful to both conservation and sustainable agriculture.  
11829 21 g the factors that drive changes in the abundance of animal populations is fundamental to ecolo 
of animal populations is fundamental to ecology. many herbivore populations show regular oscill 
opulations show regular oscillations in abundance, known as cycles, and these are usually thoug 
o be due to matched oscillations in the abundance of predators rather than any changes in the h 
atched oscillations in the abundance of predators rather than any changes in the herbivore s fo 
od quality is not thought to respond to herbivory in a way which could lead to cycles, but we h 
 hypothesis. periods of sustained heavy grazing lead to an increase in the levels of silica in  
ntly experience reduced availability of nutrients. this reduces their growth and reproductive r 
bility of nutrients. this reduces their growth and reproductive rate and hence slows down the r 
hence slows down the rate of population growth in the following year. eventually populations fa 
fall to a level where there is only low grazing on the grasses, so the levels of silica in the  
erbivores are once again able to access nutrients in the grasses and their growth and reproduct 
cess nutrients in the grasses and their growth and reproduction increase again. we believe this 
l mechanism for the first time in large-scale field experiments. firstly, we will determine the 
crease in silica at different levels of grazing and we will also measure how quickly the levels 
ow feeding in these areas affects their growth and reproduction. these experiments will assess  
defences can cause changes in herbivore abundance and help us develop a better understanding of 
ir herbivores. there are many important grassland systems that support a wide range of herbivor 
ivores, including both rare species and livestock, so this project will be useful to both conse 
 so this project will be useful to both conservation and sustainable agriculture.  
will be useful to both conservation and sustainable agriculture.  
11441 4 he degree of utilisation of new and old carbon in soils and peats by the microbial biomass to b 
of utilisation of new and old carbon in soils and peats by the microbial biomass to be assessed 
nd old carbon in soils and peats by the microbial biomass to be assessed. plfa profiling and st 
y the microbial biomass to be assessed. plfa profiling and structural investigations will allow 
13610 23 ent dynamics during an recent change in dominance among plant growth forms in lake tåkern, sout 
 recent change in dominance among plant growth forms in lake tåkern, southern sweden. the lake  
t growth forms in lake tåkern, southern sweden. the lake has a historical record of repeated st 
istorical record of repeated structural regime shifts between clear and turbid states and the p 
and the present situation may precede a regime shift. in august, floating filamentous algae and 
 shift. in august, floating filamentous algae and high biomass of phytoplankton were noted in t 
st, floating filamentous algae and high biomass of phytoplankton were noted in the open water.  
g filamentous algae and high biomass of phytoplankton were noted in the open water. interaction 
of phytoplankton were noted in the open water. interactions between submerged macrophytes and n 
n water. interactions between submerged macrophytes and nutrients, particularly phosphorus, are 
tions between submerged macrophytes and nutrients, particularly phosphorus, are central to the  
macrophytes and nutrients, particularly phosphorus, are central to the lake system structure an 
entral to the lake system structure and resilience to perturbations. the present situation prov 
llect data that, together with previous monitoring and experimental studies, are of high scient 
ill be lost during autumn senescence of macrophytes and filamentous algae. the project aim is t 
nescence of macrophytes and filamentous algae. the project aim is therefore to document the nut 
e to document the nutrient level in the water and stored in plants , and phosphorus fractions i 
in the water and stored in plants , and phosphorus fractions in surface sediments in different  
tions in surface sediments in different vegetation stands across the lake, in september-october 
nderstanding of non-linear responses to eutrophication and regime shifts in aquatic systems, bu 
-linear responses to eutrophication and regime shifts in aquatic systems, but also for the unde 
ems, but also for the understanding and management ecosystems in general.  
so for the understanding and management ecosystems in general.  
13355 2 urces collection. passport, collection, conservation characterization and evaluation data are s 
tion, conservation characterization and evaluation data are subject to documentation of plant g 
10564 8 hive of information recording the diet, climate and residence of its owner. this information al 
how they moved around and utilized this environment, and what seasonal changes in temperature w 
vironment, and what seasonal changes in temperature were experienced. we know this can be done  
e root. these estimates for tooth crown development have been confirmed by recent isotopic stud 
 of time is recorded in the enamel, the oxygen isotope ratios along the line should vary in a r 
ecause they are sensitive to changes in climate, particularly temperature differences between s 
ive to changes in climate, particularly temperature differences between summer and winter. howe 
time in a single individual, short-term seasonality may not be preserved in human enamel.  
10211 8                                         soils contain vast numbers of organisms, yet their dive 
in vast numbers of organisms, yet their diversity and the factors that regulate it are poorly u 
that regulate it are poorly understood. carbon fungi are a dominant group of microorganisms tha 
gulate it are poorly understood. carbon fungi are a dominant group of microorganisms that recei 
 to em fungal communities, saprotrophic bacteria and soil mesofauna, and to determine if c can  
 communities, saprotrophic bacteria and soil mesofauna, and to determine if c can regulate thei 
onal types, enabling me to test whether rhizosphere c flow is linked to their ecology.  
r rhizosphere c flow is linked to their ecology.  
13790 12 udies found that consumer p content and growth rate can be affected by food quality and that fa 
milar mechanisms are at work in benthic ecosystems. the first part will test two key hypotheses 
part will test two key hypotheses about growth rates and nutrient content of snail grazers, by  
erial from an earlier experiment, where nutrients, light and grazer density were manipulated: w 
ment, where nutrients, light and grazer density were manipulated: within species, individual gr 
manipulated: within species, individual growth rate and p content is lower in pristine than in  
 is lower in pristine than in eutrophic streams. clarifying the mechanisms regulating invertebr 
 the mechanisms regulating invertebrate species composition, growth and stoichiometry will help 
ating invertebrate species composition, growth and stoichiometry will help to predict effects o 
iometry will help to predict effects of eutrophication and loss of riparian vegetation on benth 
t effects of eutrophication and loss of riparian vegetation on benthic ecosystems.  
 loss of riparian vegetation on benthic ecosystems.  
11604 2         captive breeding programmes for endangered species run the risk of both genetic drift a 
ogrammes for endangered species run the risk of both genetic drift and inbreeding depression. h 
11264 6 ill take place with groups of just five fish, given the time needed to individually assess indi 
assess individual personality and train fish to different levels of expertise . however, i will 
 be the first attempt to manipulate the distribution of both information and personality within 
and will provide a new insight into the function of diversity for social animals when coping wi 
vide a new insight into the function of diversity for social animals when coping with uncertain 
ity for social animals when coping with uncertainty.  
11546 6 ill take place with groups of just five fish, given the time needed to individually assess indi 
assess individual personality and train fish to different levels of expertise . however, i will 
 be the first attempt to manipulate the distribution of both information and personality within 
and will provide a new insight into the function of diversity for social animals when coping wi 
vide a new insight into the function of diversity for social animals when coping with uncertain 
ity for social animals when coping with uncertainty.  
11551 4  fast rate of phenotypic and ecological adaptation of species during explosive adaptive radiati 
 intriguing evolutionary phenomena. low genetic diversity of island populations may present an  
nce that it may play a role in adaptive evolution. we will use the hawaiian endemic plant genus 
ross several species should distort the phylogeny of that gene, making it incompatible with the 
10439 2  hymenoscyphus ericae, has considerable intraspecific variation in its preference for nitrogen  
pecific variation in its preference for nitrogen sources available. this project aims specifica 
9927 9  early nutrition shapes an individual s development. parental provisioning strategies can, ther 
ore, have profound effects on offspring life history. in blue tits, like many parids, an intrig 
ing occurs during early stages of chick development breeding in nestboxes around the university 
ol for overall amino acid intake. chick growth, development and blood antioxidant activity will 
verall amino acid intake. chick growth, development and blood antioxidant activity will be comp 
essed by measuring cell-mediated immune function and plumage reflectance. finally, we will test 
ce. finally, we will test the idea that spiders are limiting in some way for parids. we will mo 
d broods receive a higher proportion of spiders than normal sized broods. the rigorous experime 
ions and the role of nutrition in avian development.  
10345 5 ened molluscs, in britain, are marsh or freshwater species. although eutrophication has been ci 
e marsh or freshwater species. although eutrophication has been cited as one of the reasons for 
 one of the reasons for the declines of freshwater molluscs, effects of pollutants or mixtures  
lutants or mixtures on reproduction and development in british freshwater molluscs have not bee 
reproduction and development in british freshwater molluscs have not been assessed. molluscs ar 
10136 5 nked to increases in winter sea surface temperature. the effects of this reduction in condition 
g performance under differing levels of competition in the wild. salmon returning to the river  
n will then be planted out into natural streams that lack salmon due to impassable upstream bar 
stablish the parents of each recaptured fish. in parallel with this field work we will measure  
this field work we will measure various traits of the eggs and fry in the lab, to determine how 
10678 4 for thermal dissipation of excess light energy in leaves. i will examine the extent to which ps 
hanges in response to light regime as a function of light ecotype and how this relates to photo 
nderpin the mechanistic basis for light habitat preference using recent information regarding t 
ent information regarding the structure-function relationship of the antenna complex to address 
10944 33 dea that each individual species avoids competition with its neighbour by using a different set 
ery similar needs for a small number of soil resources, most notably for nitrogen, which until  
ber of soil resources, most notably for nitrogen, which until recently was thought to be taken  
ing that plants can uptake a variety of nitrogen forms in the soil, including many organic form 
take a variety of nitrogen forms in the soil, including many organic forms such as amino acids. 
iffer in their preference for different nitrogen forms. if this is the case in nature, the poss 
 nitrogen forms. if this is the case in nature, the possibility exists that plants may be able  
exists that plants may be able to avoid competition for soil nitrogen by using different forms  
ts may be able to avoid competition for soil nitrogen by using different forms of nitrogen that 
y be able to avoid competition for soil nitrogen by using different forms of nitrogen that are  
il nitrogen by using different forms of nitrogen that are available in soil. there is a certain 
forms of nitrogen that are available in soil. there is a certain amount of evidence that this m 
dence that this may be the case in some ecosystems where nitrogen is especially limiting to pla 
ay be the case in some ecosystems where nitrogen is especially limiting to plant growth, for ex 
itrogen is especially limiting to plant growth, for example in the arctic; however, these exper 
only be done on a very limited range of nitrogen forms. here, we propose to test the idea that  
source partitioning for a wide range of nitrogen forms that commonly occur in these soils. we w 
ogen forms that commonly occur in these soils. we will also test whether plants have to compete 
 with other organisms in these strongly nitrogen limited ecosystems, notably the soil microbes  
isms in these strongly nitrogen limited ecosystems, notably the soil microbes that are know to  
itrogen limited ecosystems, notably the soil microbes that are know to be effective competitors 
e effective competitors with plants for nitrogen. here we test the idea that this competition m 
trogen. here we test the idea that this competition might be minimised in a similar way to that 
, microbes and plant also use different nitrogen forms to avoid competition for this limiting r 
o use different nitrogen forms to avoid competition for this limiting resource. we will do this 
 coexisting plant species use different nitrogen forms from each other, and whether soil microb 
ogen forms from each other, and whether soil microbes also use different nitrogen forms from th 
hether soil microbes also use different nitrogen forms from the plants this will also allow us  
her there is a relationship between the dominance of species in the field and the availability  
and the availability of their preferred nitrogen form in soil in other words, the most abundant 
ity of their preferred nitrogen form in soil in other words, the most abundant plants preferent 
ts preferentially use the most abundant nitrogen form, whereas rare species use the rarest nitr 
rm, whereas rare species use the rarest nitrogen forms.  
10241 13 -pollinate rather than cross-pollinate. marine colonial invertebrates resemble plants in being  
r than cross-pollinate. marine colonial invertebrates resemble plants in being fixed to the sub 
 invertebrate celleporella hyalina as a model species to test the prediction that, analogous to 
ed in relation to the frequency of self fertilization. colonies of c. hyalina, collected from l 
on both sides of the atlantic to ensure genetic diversity, will be cloned by taking cuttings an 
ll be used to distinguish cases of self fertilization from cross fertilization. results of this 
 cases of self fertilization from cross fertilization. results of this investigation, budgeted  
 understanding of genetic components of marine biodiversity in relation to reduced opportunitie 
tanding of genetic components of marine biodiversity in relation to reduced opportunities for o 
s for outbreeding caused for example by habitat degredation and fragmentation. the programme th 
 for example by habitat degredation and fragmentation. the programme therefore accords with the 
ity area earth s life-support systems - water, biogeochemical cycles and biodiversity within th 
tems - water, biogeochemical cycles and biodiversity within the nerc five-year plan.  
11100 13 -pollinate rather than cross-pollinate. marine colonial invertebrates resemble plants in being  
r than cross-pollinate. marine colonial invertebrates resemble plants in being fixed to the sub 
 invertebrate celleporella hyalina as a model species to test the prediction that, analogous to 
ed in relation to the frequency of self fertilization. colonies of c. hyalina, collected from l 
on both sides of the atlantic to ensure genetic diversity, will be cloned by taking cuttings an 
ll be used to distinguish cases of self fertilization from cross fertilization. results of this 
 cases of self fertilization from cross fertilization. results of this investigation, budgeted  
 understanding of genetic components of marine biodiversity in relation to reduced opportunitie 
tanding of genetic components of marine biodiversity in relation to reduced opportunities for o 
s for outbreeding caused for example by habitat degredation and fragmentation. the programme th 
 for example by habitat degredation and fragmentation. the programme therefore accords with the 
ity area earth s life-support systems - water, biogeochemical cycles and biodiversity within th 
tems - water, biogeochemical cycles and biodiversity within the nerc five-year plan.  
11870 3               why do trees in different tropical forests grow at different rates why do some tr 
 reasonable assumption that the visible productivity in each country, and hold wider-reach trai 
 hold wider-reach training workshops in carbon cycle science in each country at the start and e 
9840 8 nd show dramatic and regular changes in abundance with regular seven to ten year fluctuations i 
gular seven to ten year fluctuations in abundance. the ecological mechanisms causing these fluc 
uctuations are currently unknown. large-scale experiments on cyclic populations of snowshoe har 
ulations of snowshoe hares suggest that predation and food availability interact to destabilise 
pically occur on sporting estates where predators are rigorously controlled and thus it is unli 
controlled and thus it is unlikely that predation causes mountain hare cycles. over-winter food 
 mountain hare cycles. over-winter food abundance has long been recognised as playing a critica 
l develop and test methods for remotely monitoring and recording an individual hares use of fee 
7687 4          by a multidisciplinary, multi -scale and multi partnership, our poulhaie crem project  
ole of linear elements of mainly hedges landscape in facilitating predation on extensive outdoo 
mainly hedges landscape in facilitating predation on extensive outdoor poultry farms by small c 
ll carnivores. at the same time, public policy of land  
2169 13 pecific human-related driving forces of ecosystem change that are identified as major threats t 
that are identified as major threats to biodiversity today or are predicted to become major thr 
r threats in the near future. these are invasive species. the project focuses on terrestrial ve 
ies. the project focuses on terrestrial vegetation in mires, forests, and alpine areas, which a 
ses on terrestrial vegetation in mires, forests, and alpine areas, which are the major habitats 
igating the effects of these drivers on vegetation, we will also study how vegetational changes 
l changes in turn have consequences for ecosystem services, focusing on pollination. for this p 
ces for ecosystem services, focusing on pollination. for this purpose we have assembled a resea 
including specialists in palaeoecology, community ecology, pollination, forest ecology, cultura 
ts in palaeoecology, community ecology, pollination, forest ecology, cultural-landscape ecology 
cology, community ecology, pollination, forest ecology, cultural-landscape ecology, and numeric 
 community ecology, pollination, forest ecology, cultural-landscape ecology, and numerical anal 
, pollination, forest ecology, cultural-landscape ecology, and numerical analyses including mul 
15389 16                                         global change trends suggest that one of the most hard  
rends suggest that one of the most hard impacts on aquatic resources will be both the reduction 
s will be both the reduction in surface water discharges and the stream flow intermittence. as  
ion in surface water discharges and the stream flow intermittence. as a consequence, the increa 
ence. as a consequence, the increase of water salinity will affect probably to many arid stream 
as a consequence, the increase of water salinity will affect probably to many arid streams. inf 
inity will affect probably to many arid streams. information exists about the effects of interm 
nctioning and metabolis of intermittent streams, however the effect of salinity on these mentio 
rmittent streams, however the effect of salinity on these mentioned aspects is not well knowed. 
o analyze the synergic effect that both stress factors . finally, to have information on the va 
unities and ecological process in these ecosystems, may help to propose specific indicators for 
cosystems, may help to propose specific indicators for intermittent saline streams and to know  
ific indicators for intermittent saline streams and to know the effect of multiple stressors on 
aline streams and to know the effect of multiple stressors on running water ecosystem.  
effect of multiple stressors on running water ecosystem.  
 of multiple stressors on running water ecosystem.  
11492 32  the c4 photosynthetic pathway dominate grassland ecosystems and cereal production in warm clim 
otosynthetic pathway dominate grassland ecosystems and cereal production in warm climates. both 
ominate grassland ecosystems and cereal production in warm climates. both the multiple evolutio 
upt geological shifts in the ecological dominance of this group have been linked with changes i 
ked with changes in atmospheric co2 and climate. c4 plant responses to global change are theref 
 co2 and climate. c4 plant responses to global change are therefore of fundamental importance f 
therefore of fundamental importance for ecosystem resource management under anthropogenic clima 
ental importance for ecosystem resource management under anthropogenic climate change and for u 
resource management under anthropogenic climate change and for understanding the earth system,  
as shifted from atmospheric co2 towards water availability as a key driver of c4 plant response 
s research priorities. crucially, if c4 photosynthesis is more efficient in its use of water th 
nthesis is more efficient in its use of water than the c3 type, why does the fraction of specie 
pposite pattern do some sub-types of c4 photosynthesis confer drought tolerance, whilst others  
e sub-types of c4 photosynthesis confer drought tolerance, whilst others are linked with drough 
olerance, whilst others are linked with drought sensitivity or are these correlations unrelated 
elated to the inherent properties of c4 photosynthesis, but instead linked with the traits char 
osynthesis, but instead linked with the traits characterising the independent plant lineages wh 
and phylogenetic components of c4 plant water relations by linking experimental, model and fiel 
ater relations by linking experimental, model and field investigations within the framework of  
direct effect of c4 physiology on plant drought tolerance, will be tested with phylogenetically 
 monocot and eudicot groups. controlled environment experiments have been designed within the f 
thin the framework of a new mechanistic model of stomatal control to develop an integrated pict 
w c4 physiology per se influences plant water relations under drought. our second hypothesis, t 
 influences plant water relations under drought. our second hypothesis, that there is an import 
 an important phylogenetic component to drought tolerance in the c4 grasses, will be tested wit 
lade. experiments will target key plant traits determining water uptake, transport and loss, an 
ill target key plant traits determining water uptake, transport and loss, and desiccation toler 
i-factorial common garden experiment in south africa will examine the implications of these int 
 implications of these interactions for productivity and water-use in natural climate and soil  
these interactions for productivity and water-use in natural climate and soil conditions, using 
r productivity and water-use in natural climate and soil conditions, using a sub-sample of the  
ty and water-use in natural climate and soil conditions, using a sub-sample of the nadp-me c4 a 
6930 8                                         production of varieties carrying durable resistance is  
roduction of varieties carrying durable resistance is the main goal of resistance breeding. dur 
 durable resistance is the main goal of resistance breeding. durable resistance can be controll 
in goal of resistance breeding. durable resistance can be controlled either by one gene or can  
 or can be the result of several genes. resistance breeding in viticulture aims at producing cu 
ing cultivars resistant to powdery . pm resistance gene of kishmish vatkana was identified as r 
 vatkana was identified as ren1. the pm resistance gene of dzsandzsal kara is still unkknown. o 
ana. second aim is the comparison of pm resistance genes of kishmis vatkana and dzsandzsal kara 
10693 12 llest particles can reach as far as the usa, but most of the larger dust is deposited into the  
e ocean. this dust carries minerals and nutrients into the ocean and is thought to be particula 
y important in adding iron, which feeds phytoplankton in the ocean. these phytoplankton play a  
feeds phytoplankton in the ocean. these phytoplankton play a role in the global carbon cycle, w 
phytoplankton play a role in the global carbon cycle, which is of great importance for global w 
cycle, which is of great importance for global warming. it is important to know exactly how muc 
articles, as this can have an impact on climate. samples of dust will also be collected on the  
ry to determine the most likely part of africa from which they have come. we will use these mea 
he atmosphere as it leaves the coast of africa. this will serve as input to a model that simula 
f africa. this will serve as input to a model that simulates dust transport across the ocean an 
use this information, and the long term monitoring of strength and extent of similar events by  
nformation will be very useful to those modelling the biology and chemistry of the ocean, and h 
10689 3                   many areas of dynamic biogeography are still unexplored because tests of indi 
l then be used to test hypotheses about community assembly, how inimical habitats and mountains 
ins gain their endemic faunas, rates of evolution and speciation in different geographical situ 
7714 8               this project is part of a development issue of organic farming. this comparison s 
oject is part of a development issue of organic farming. this comparison should provide more ge 
pected results contribute to: - improve productivity by ab by a better knowledge of production  
uctivity by ab by a better knowledge of production intensification processes that allow less de 
 ab by a better knowledge of production intensification processes that allow less dependence on 
external inputs and better use of light energy. - ensure the quality of products ab by exploiti 
tensifying practices ab. - ensuring the ecological services of ab by determining how these serv 
 services are changed in the process of intensification also means rethinking and scales of the 
9880 30                 in many environments in africa, diseases that are transmitted through livestock 
, diseases that are transmitted through livestock or wildlife take a major toll on people s liv 
at are transmitted through livestock or wildlife take a major toll on people s lives and liveli 
take a major toll on people s lives and livelihoods. diseases such as rift valley fever transmi 
fever transmitted via cattle in dryland savanna areas of east africa; trypanosomiasis transmitt 
cattle in dryland savanna areas of east africa; trypanosomiasis transmitted via the tsetse fly  
setse fly in woodland areas of southern africa; lassa fever transmitted by rats in west africa  
lassa fever transmitted by rats in west africa s forests or hendra and nipah viruses transmitte 
er transmitted by rats in west africa s forests or hendra and nipah viruses transmitted by bats 
plicity of other health problems. while environmental change affects the distribution and trans 
 while environmental change affects the distribution and transmission of such zoonotic diseases 
 where and for whom downward spirals of environmental change, zoonotic disease and poverty emer 
irals of environmental change, zoonotic disease and poverty emerge, and the thresholds and tipp 
ironmental change, zoonotic disease and poverty emerge, and the thresholds and tipping points a 
tic disease and poverty emerge, and the thresholds and tipping points at stake. this partnershi 
 at stake. this partnership and project development grant will build an african-european dynami 
 an african-european dynamic drivers of disease in africa consortium - the dddac - positioned t 
-european dynamic drivers of disease in africa consortium - the dddac - positioned to generate  
nderstandings of the dynamic drivers of disease in african settings, and their interrelationshi 
heir interrelationships with a range of ecosystem services and dimensions of poverty and wellbe 
of ecosystem services and dimensions of poverty and wellbeing. the consortium will develop and  
alth sciences. through a combination of mapping and detailed field studies, we will build a mul 
yered analysis of regions and people at risk , relating the localised experiences of different  
new methodologies for systems analysis, mapping, and participatory eco-epidemiology, and develo 
and communicate intervention points and policy approaches to mitigate negative environment-dise 
 policy approaches to mitigate negative environment-disease dynamics and help build resilience  
oaches to mitigate negative environment-disease dynamics and help build resilience and adaptive 
ronment-disease dynamics and help build resilience and adaptive capacity amongst people living  
 dynamics and help build resilience and adaptive capacity amongst people living in rural africa 
, in ways that also promote sustainable poverty reduction.  
7133 3  resulting colloid. the consequences of global change - changes caused by both human activities 
al factors - on the persistence of kelp forests will be studied by combining genetics and popul 
ll be studied by combining genetics and population dynamics approaches to approaches ecophysiol 
7396 1 er"montpellier rio imaging"proposes the development of imaging techniques in real time and in t 
14122 13 acterized by the complex topography and soil distribution. although good spatial-correlations b 
ized by the complex topography and soil distribution. although good spatial-correlations betwee 
hough good spatial-correlations between vegetation and soil have been found, the extent of soil 
ial-correlations between vegetation and soil have been found, the extent of soil’s role on the  
and soil have been found, the extent of soil’s role on the long-term vegetation dynamics is lit 
 extent of soil’s role on the long-term vegetation dynamics is little known. we will develop an 
s little known. we will develop and use modeling approaches to estimate the holocene vegetation 
ing approaches to estimate the holocene vegetation change at a local scale . at the same time,  
e holocene vegetation change at a local scale . at the same time, the fundamental knowledge on  
p between long-term spatial dynamics of vegetation and soil, even though widely assumed but lit 
term spatial dynamics of vegetation and soil, even though widely assumed but little known, is e 
tle known, is expected to advance plant ecology, paleoecology, and conservation biology.  
dvance plant ecology, paleoecology, and conservation biology.  
7463 6                  objectif: to long-term landscape and regional predictions of the impacts of gl 
ndscape and regional predictions of the impacts of global change, acid deposition, and land use 
 regional predictions of the impacts of global change, acid deposition, and land use on terrest 
 of global change, acid deposition, and land use on terrestrial ecosystems, and the resultant e 
deposition, and land use on terrestrial ecosystems, and the resultant effects upon aquatic ecos 
 and the resultant effects upon aquatic ecosystems. dynamo will place the site-specific results 
14371 17  information is however crucial for the monitoring of environment-related processes. innovative 
s however crucial for the monitoring of environment-related processes. innovative methods are t 
e the opportunity of dynamic predictive mapping. multi-sensor data fusion and downscaling techn 
ling techniques combined to statistical modelling could offer an alternative. this research has 
laria vector control in southeast asia: land cover descriptor and relative humidity proxies fus 
ive humidity proxies fusion and dynamic mapping 4. analyse the relation between land descriptor 
 application context. this will include modelling vector occurrence using land cover and relati 
clude modelling vector occurrence using land cover and relative humidity descriptors and finall 
f restricted zone for dry season vector habitat methodology • develop a new bayesian data fusio 
ification of the hypothesis of receding habitat in the dry season for anopheles dirus s.l. and  
opheles dirus s.l. and association with land cover and relative humidity • validation of leaf w 
 relative humidity • validation of leaf water content as a valid indicator for approximation of 
dation of leaf water content as a valid indicator for approximation of relative humidity relate 
f relative humidity related to mosquito habitat • pave the way towards a new family of products 
ation • to help in improving the use of remote sensing product in the field of epidemiology del 
cribe recommendations and basis for the development of a decision support tool • map predicting 
ision support tool • map predicting the habitat of the vector in the dry season if the hypothes 
7408 1 obank related stocks in situ population management  
15349 3 ms underlaying the process of microbial evolution and adaptation to extreme environments. the p 
 the process of microbial evolution and adaptation to extreme environments. the proposed studie 
been tested in microbial fuel cells for production of electricity.  
15319 13 opulations may be highly susceptible to extinction due to environmental stochasticity and the l 
ty and the loss of genetic variability. extinction risk is even higher if interaction among ind 
loss of genetic variability. extinction risk is even higher if interaction among individuals is 
lie is a relict population of a lekking forest species widely distributed in the palearctic. mo 
ical, phylogeographical, and ecological traits contribute to its singularity as an evolutionary 
still many gaps in the knowledge of its ecology, which contribute to build the archetypical dil 
te to build the archetypical dilemma in conservation biology: a sense of urgency but no solid g 
y but no solid ground for science-based management plans. in this proposal we aim to study fact 
 dynamics and persistence of small, low-density populations, and seek to derive implications fo 
and seek to derive implications for the conservation of the cantabrian capercaillie. we will co 
as an important aspect to develop sound conservation strategies. results will be integrated in  
nderstanding the dynamics of small, low-density populations, and to the applied conservation of 
density populations, and to the applied conservation of this endangered population.  
15391 11                         the decline and fragmentation of populations implies an increase in gen 
netic drift which may result in loss of genetic diversity and accumulation of inbreeding. these 
e in turn may affect the probability of extinction through associated decreases in adaptive pot 
nd fitness, respectively. the losses of diversity have been documented in most cases through su 
 relevant to counter risks arising from disease, is that involved in immune response. the effec 
selection, may help to maintain greater genetic diversity in functional genes of the immune sys 
molecular markers, and that the loss of genetic diversity in general, or in immune system genes 
 reproduction and becomes an additional risk factor for the persistence of the species. the pro 
ject addresses fundamental questions in conservation genetics and contributes to risk assessmen 
onservation genetics and contributes to risk assessment and to the design of effective strategi 
 design of effective strategies for the conservation of the iberian lynx, the most endangered f 
14602 49 conomic structure have occurred in many mediterranean regions, inducing extensive changes in th 
tors of the north-western corner of the mediterranean basin have lead to a progressive loss of  
have lead to a progressive loss of open habitat and an increase in forest-type vegetation. in t 
loss of open habitat and an increase in forest-type vegetation. in this context, fire dynamics  
 habitat and an increase in forest-type vegetation. in this context, fire dynamics play a criti 
orest-type vegetation. in this context, fire dynamics play a critical role given than an increa 
eas tends to favour the impact of large forest fires. the impact of these landscape dynamics on 
large forest fires. the impact of these landscape dynamics on biodiversity patterns is not well 
e impact of these landscape dynamics on biodiversity patterns is not well known and its future  
nd abandonment, regeneration of natural vegetation and fire. the general objective of the proje 
 regeneration of natural vegetation and fire. the general objective of the project is to be abl 
ogical processes that determine species distribution of open habitat, mainly early successional 
 determine species distribution of open habitat, mainly early successional, species, in highly  
systems. this will be achieved by using mediterranean landscapes and birds as study models. a d 
d by using mediterranean landscapes and birds as study models. a deeper knowledge of spatial an 
ndscapes originate land abandonment and fire dynamics will be essential to establish future con 
s will be essential to establish future conservation policies in many european mediterranean re 
 conservation policies in many european mediterranean regions. the challenge is to be able to p 
predict species dynamic ranges by using habitat suitability modelling explicitly incorporating  
mic ranges by using habitat suitability modelling explicitly incorporating the ecological mecha 
tion or local persistence. by combining landscape ecology, biogeographic approaches and cutting 
ogeographic approaches and cutting-edge spatial analysis methods, this project will develop a m 
 this project will develop a multiscale modelling platform aimed to assess and predict patterns 
 assess and predict patterns of species distribution changes in different scenarios. this will  
ecies distribution changes in different scenarios. this will lead to a useful evaluation tool o 
t scenarios. this will lead to a useful evaluation tool of potential impacts of global change o 
o a useful evaluation tool of potential impacts of global change on biodiversity patterns in dy 
evaluation tool of potential impacts of global change on biodiversity patterns in dynamic lands 
f potential impacts of global change on biodiversity patterns in dynamic landscapes driven by f 
atterns in dynamic landscapes driven by fire in mediterranean. the particular specific objectiv 
in dynamic landscapes driven by fire in mediterranean. the particular specific objectives of th 
d colonisation of new fragments of open habitat created by forest fire impact. 2- assessment of 
ew fragments of open habitat created by forest fire impact. 2- assessment of the patterns in di 
ments of open habitat created by forest fire impact. 2- assessment of the patterns in distribut 
bitat created by forest fire impact. 2- assessment of the patterns in distribution change at la 
mpact. 2- assessment of the patterns in distribution change at large spatial scales of open hab 
 change at large spatial scales of open habitat birds in relation with changes in the availabil 
at large spatial scales of open habitat birds in relation with changes in the availability of h 
ion with changes in the availability of habitat. 3- identification of landscape elements that a 
bility of habitat. 3- identification of landscape elements that allow the persistence of open h 
ents that allow the persistence of open habitat species in colonised habitat fragments. 4- deve 
ce of open habitat species in colonised habitat fragments. 4- development of a spatial modellin 
cies in colonised habitat fragments. 4- development of a spatial modelling platform aimed at pr 
 fragments. 4- development of a spatial modelling platform aimed at predicting open habitat spe 
lling platform aimed at predicting open habitat species distribution dynamics in different scen 
imed at predicting open habitat species distribution dynamics in different scenarios of landsca 
cies distribution dynamics in different scenarios of landscape change and fire regime.  
tion dynamics in different scenarios of landscape change and fire regime.  
erent scenarios of landscape change and fire regime.  
13880 8                           the impact on biodiversity of rapidly increasing recreational activit 
ationists, partly because of effects on birds. environmental authorities have extensively used  
uccess and behaviour connected to human disturbance of birds on protected and unprotected islan 
viour connected to human disturbance of birds on protected and unprotected islands. the project 
e substantially to the understanding of population dynamics and conservation of island-nesting  
nderstanding of population dynamics and conservation of island-nesting waterbirds in the nordic 
here; information that may help sustain biodiversity of this habitat, and contribute to a susta 
t may help sustain biodiversity of this habitat, and contribute to a sustainable use of coastal 
7147 7 uencing the dynamics and maintenance of biodiversity has mainly performed two time scales: inst 
scales: instantaneous based studies and conservation biology approaches for long periods from p 
s, extremely well documented in western europe paleogene of the recent human impact in the last 
 western europe paleogene of the recent human impact in the last millennia. geochemical analyze 
last millennia. geochemical analyzes of oxygen isotope compositions in the teeth of phosphates  
bility , genetic variability, taxonomic richness and climate  
tic variability, taxonomic richness and climate  
7553 8  and is one of the bases of indian food agriculture in the humid tropics. in recent decades, it 
of indian food agriculture in the humid tropics. in recent decades, it is also the subject of i 
ubject of intensive cultivation for the production of palm hearts. . analysis of genetic divers 
roduction of palm hearts. . analysis of genetic diversity and gene flow will occur primarily th 
 also include a study of the biology of pollination. agricultural practices and their impact on 
tural practices and their impact on the evolution of diversity will also be studied. this resea 
es and their impact on the evolution of diversity will also be studied. this research will be i 
 will be in the form of case studies in ecuador  
14199 48                  biodiverse seminatural grasslands have practically disappeared from europe due 
lands have practically disappeared from europe due to changing land use. at the same time, ther 
disappeared from europe due to changing land use. at the same time, there is increasing interes 
is increasing interest to restore those grassland communities and landscapes and in estonia the 
ndscapes and in estonia the ministry of environment plans several activities to facilitate rest 
 plans several activities to facilitate restoration management in dry calcareous grasslands. we 
al activities to facilitate restoration management in dry calcareous grasslands. we aim to stud 
estoration management in dry calcareous grasslands. we aim to study calcareous grassland vegeta 
 grasslands. we aim to study calcareous grassland vegetation dynamics under changing land use,  
s. we aim to study calcareous grassland vegetation dynamics under changing land use, and addres 
land vegetation dynamics under changing land use, and address the effect of diaspore and symbio 
 of diaspore and symbiont limitation on community change. we shall study plant community compos 
 community change. we shall study plant community composition, seed bank and arbuscular mycorrh 
y used, intensively used, and disturbed grasslands, and evaluate their ‘restoration potential’  
sturbed grasslands, and evaluate their ‘restoration potential’ by surveying the diaspore pools  
ing the diaspore pools of plants and am fungi. traditionally managed species-rich calcareous gr 
ionally managed species-rich calcareous grasslands will serve as references. we shall also addr 
ve as references. we shall also address community dynamics under restoration management. in par 
l also address community dynamics under restoration management. in particular, we shall focus o 
ss community dynamics under restoration management. in particular, we shall focus on the role o 
ular, we shall focus on the role of the soil seed bank as a potential source of plant diaspores 
in the establishment and performance of grassland plant species. because land use intensificati 
nce of grassland plant species. because land use intensification reduce the number and diversit 
assland plant species. because land use intensification reduce the number and diversity of am f 
e intensification reduce the number and diversity of am fungi in ecosystems, and overgrowth of  
n reduce the number and diversity of am fungi in ecosystems, and overgrowth of grasslands by sc 
the number and diversity of am fungi in ecosystems, and overgrowth of grasslands by scotch pine 
 fungi in ecosystems, and overgrowth of grasslands by scotch pine may change the dominating sym 
 change the dominating symbiotic fungal community from am to ectomycorrhizal, the lack of propa 
l taxa may inhibit the establishment of grassland plant species even if diaspores are present.  
s in traditionally managed semi-natural grassland plant community composition and diversity und 
ly managed semi-natural grassland plant community composition and diversity under intensifying  
assland plant community composition and diversity under intensifying and extensifying land use  
ity under intensifying and extensifying land use we hypothesize that both changes will lead to  
hanges will lead to a decrease in alpha diversity, but in the case of extensification, gamma di 
t in the case of extensification, gamma diversity remains high for decades. we aim to address t 
s in traditionally managed semi-natural grassland plant community composition and diversity und 
ly managed semi-natural grassland plant community composition and diversity under intensifying  
assland plant community composition and diversity under intensifying and extensifying land use  
ity under intensifying and extensifying land use what are the effects of changing land use on t 
nd use what are the effects of changing land use on the viable soil seed bank what are the effe 
ects of changing land use on the viable soil seed bank what are the effects of changing land us 
d bank what are the effects of changing land use on symbiotic am fungi, present both as viable  
ts of changing land use on symbiotic am fungi, present both as viable spores in the soil and fu 
i, present both as viable spores in the soil and functioning hyphae in plant roots is the estab 
 in plant roots is the establishment of grassland plant species limited by the lack of appropri 
lts will shed light on processes behind vegetation changes, as well as advice managers of grass 
 changes, as well as advice managers of grasslands.  
10125 38 oping an increased understanding of the ecology of species decline and extinction is imperative 
g of the ecology of species decline and extinction is imperative in the current age of escalati 
in the current age of escalating global biodiversity loss. however, although meta-analyses have 
tantial new insights into correlates of extinction risk in well-studied vertebrate groups, rela 
 insights into correlates of extinction risk in well-studied vertebrate groups, relatively litt 
 known about fundamental aspects of the extinction process, such as the biogeography of range c 
 of the extinction process, such as the biogeography of range contraction and collapse in endan 
hy of range contraction and collapse in endangered species. in particular, existing databases t 
tions, and so contain biases which make extinction-proneness studies difficult to interpret. la 
s studies difficult to interpret. large-scale studies of extinction that also incorporate data  
lt to interpret. large-scale studies of extinction that also incorporate data from the recent p 
ghts into key patterns and processes of extinction and hence inform both early warning systems  
e inform both early warning systems and management interventions. possibly the best source of d 
 such studies is the holocene record of europe. faunal and environmental changes across the hol 
holocene, a period of relative climatic stability but rapid human expansion, are documented by  
,500 years. the holocene archaeology of europe, in particular, has been the subject of substant 
atterns of prehistoric human population density, resource use and environmental impacts, and al 
an population density, resource use and environmental impacts, and also on changing patterns of 
patterns of large mammal occurrence and distribution, are available across the region. however, 
ollapse, regional extirpation or global extinction, previous studies have addressed holocene ma 
pecific case studies with minimal wider-scale ecological analysis. this study system therefore  
nto fundamental processes driving large-scale range contractions and fragmentations, regional e 
ctions of mammal species in response to human impacts. insights gained from comparative studies 
tive studies of past and present mammal ecology can also inform current mammal conservation and 
 ecology can also inform current mammal conservation and re-wilding efforts, and can be used to 
onmental shifts driven by anthropogenic impacts and future climate change. the proposed project 
ven by anthropogenic impacts and future climate change. the proposed project will combine data  
and drivers of mammal range decline and extinction in response to increasing anthropogenic thre 
ast mammal distributions and associated human impacts from the literature and from examination  
cies persistence across the holocene of europe. this will permit gis-based analysis of range de 
he holocene of europe. this will permit gis-based analysis of range declines across a range of  
les displayed by species with differing ecology, life history and trophic status, and will addr 
ayed by species with differing ecology, life history and trophic status, and will address wheth 
n patterns exist for range contraction, fragmentation and/or refugium formation. statistical in 
asis for investigating whether critical thresholds of human impact, e.g. human population densi 
tigating whether critical thresholds of human impact, e.g. human population density, can be ide 
 of human impact, e.g. human population density, can be identified. these related studies will  
en the past and present that can inform conservation planning for today s endangered mammal spe 
426 13                                         vegetation is of a double interest in the study of the  
f a double interest in the study of the impacts of global change on ecosystems: on the one hand 
interest in the study of the impacts of global change on ecosystems: on the one hand, it is a v 
tudy of the impacts of global change on ecosystems: on the one hand, it is a very important com 
nd, it is a very important component of biodiversity, and on the other hand it is an effective  
n the other hand it is an effective bio-indicator of these changes. in this research program, w 
arch program, we propose to work on the impacts of climate change on the dynamics of vegetation 
m, we propose to work on the impacts of climate change on the dynamics of vegetation in the for 
ts of climate change on the dynamics of vegetation in the forests of french mountain areas. bec 
ge on the dynamics of vegetation in the forests of french mountain areas. because of the strong 
reas. because of the strong altitudinal temperature gradient, the mountain is a privileged area 
comes to detecting the first effects of warming taking place. forests present the advantage of  
 first effects of warming taking place. forests present the advantage of having been less subje 
12353 9                              objectives sediment process monitoring work carried out on round 1 
            objectives sediment process monitoring work carried out on round 1 developments wil 
ill be drawn together and reviewed. the review will assess the requirements, methods, data, res 
equirements, methods, data, results and impacts in order to make recommendations for monitoring 
ts in order to make recommendations for monitoring of r2 developments. key customer purpose dti 
re the results of round 1 windfarm site monitoring to be reviewed so that lessons learned can b 
tained, and enhanced recommendations on monitoring requirements given, for round 2 offshore win 
oposed project addresses the results of sediment process monitoring only.  
dresses the results of sediment process monitoring only.  
434 10                                         climate is a strong selective force in natural populati 
tions. during the next century, natural forests might need to adjust to a rapid change in clima 
ght need to adjust to a rapid change in climate. in this project our aim was to estimate if hyb 
 two species, which could be applied by forest managers but are insufficient to detect hybrids  
id zones nationwide. we showed that the distribution of the two species and their hybrids are c 
h ecological variables, suggesting that climate is an important factor that restricts hybridiza 
g times, we assessed the role of floral phenology in restricting gene flow at a local scale. we 
ogy in restricting gene flow at a local scale. we detected isolation by time patterns. reproduc 
s probably favoured by the intermediate climate conditions in the loire region, which could be  
rating fast enough towards the north of europe.  
7261 8 roject aims to elucidate the origin and diversity of species harmful to the complex alexandrium 
alexandrium tamarense that colonize the mediterranean in france and north africa. he will under 
e the mediterranean in france and north africa. he will understand the dynamics and the coloniz 
he will understand the dynamics and the colonization process in the mediterranean this invasive 
ics and the colonization process in the mediterranean this invasive species complex. for this w 
ation process in the mediterranean this invasive species complex. for this we will develop a ne 
or this we will develop a new method of diversity single cell study to understand the true dive 
ingle cell study to understand the true diversity of alexandrium while avoiding the mandatory m 
14691 12                     the dynamics of the mediterranean forest is investigated with a multidiscip 
      the dynamics of the mediterranean forest is investigated with a multidisciplinar approach 
ent conditions as well as the predicted global change. this study will have six objectives: 1 t 
ration stages, responding to the light, water and nutrient conditions. 2 to study the dynamics  
 conditions. 2 to study the dynamics of soil processes, mainly mineralization and nutrient avai 
udy demographical processes determining recruitment and maintenance of populations of main wood 
opulations of main woody species in the forest. 4 to study the ontogenetic changes of the regen 
erimental study of the responses in the community of trees and shrubs to changes in rainfall pr 
limatic change models. 6 lastly, to use modelling techniques to analyse the forest dynamics and 
use modelling techniques to analyse the forest dynamics and to simulate changes in temporal pat 
ral patterns, according to the foreseen scenarios of management and climatic changes.  
 according to the foreseen scenarios of management and climatic changes.  
14690 11                     the dynamics of the mediterranean forest is investigated with a multidiscip 
      the dynamics of the mediterranean forest is investigated with a multidisciplinar approach 
ent conditions as well as the predicted global change. this study will focus on the knowledge o 
rmining differences in woody species in growth and survival. we will investigate the spatial an 
nd processes and the response to light, water and nutrient availability. the final objective is 
the demographical processes determining recruitment and maintenance of populations of main wood 
opulations of main woody species in the forest. also, we will study the ontogenetic changes of  
 know the importance of the dynamics of soil processes affecting plant regeneration. lastly, we 
, we will develop models to analyse the forest dynamics and to simulate changes in temporal pat 
ral patterns, according to the foreseen scenarios of management and climatic changes.  
 according to the foreseen scenarios of management and climatic changes.  
14689 11                     the dynamics of the mediterranean forest is investigated with a multidiscip 
      the dynamics of the mediterranean forest is investigated with a multidisciplinar approach 
ent conditions as well as the predicted global change. this study will have five objetives: 1 t 
ration stages, responding to the light, water and nutrient conditions. 2 to study the dynamics  
 conditions. 2 to study the dynamics of soil processes affecting plant regeneration. 3 to study 
udy demographical processes determining recruitment and maintenance of populations of main wood 
opulations of main woody species in the forest. 4 to study the ontogenetic changes of the regen 
s responsible of them. 5 lastly, to use modelling techniques to analyse the forest dynamics and 
use modelling techniques to analyse the forest dynamics and to simulate changes in temporal pat 
ral patterns, according to the foreseen scenarios of management and climatic changes.  
 according to the foreseen scenarios of management and climatic changes.  
10686 5 y similar species can coexist. the high diversity of tropical plants is a particular mystery, b 
ecies might be expected to dominate the forest, rather than the hundreds of species per hectare 
y, we will compare patterns of seedling mortality and growth in logged and unlogged plots. if t 
pare patterns of seedling mortality and growth in logged and unlogged plots. if they differ, th 
mportant long-term implications for the sustainability of harvesting timber from tropical rainf 
15532 21                                         climate and land use changes are recognized as the majo 
                            climate and land use changes are recognized as the major drivers of 
 are recognized as the major drivers of global change affecting woody vegetation cover in dryla 
rivers of global change affecting woody vegetation cover in drylands. both shrub encroachment a 
nge affecting woody vegetation cover in drylands. both shrub encroachment and the lack of regen 
major environmental problems related to desertification. but the causes of woody vegetation dyn 
esertification. but the causes of woody vegetation dynamics and their consequences are still de 
e still debated. semi-arid southeastern spain is particularly vulnerable to desertification. ov 
ern spain is particularly vulnerable to desertification. over the last decades, woody vegetatio 
ification. over the last decades, woody vegetation cover has increased in this area following s 
, their response to future climatic and land-use scenarios, and their impact on the provision o 
esponse to future climatic and land-use scenarios, and their impact on the provision of ecosyst 
s, and their impact on the provision of ecosystem goods and services are scarcely known. for ex 
on in semi-arid steppes of southeastern spain. however, studies supporting this theory are comp 
that both forces contribute to build up ecosystem services theory in drylands. finally, uncroac 
o build up ecosystem services theory in drylands. finally, uncroach will provide relevant infor 
ide relevant information to improve the efficiency of management practices, understand the func 
nformation to improve the efficiency of management practices, understand the functioning of sem 
of semi-arid landscapes in southeastern spain, and develop predictive tools to foresee the impa 
edictive tools to foresee the impact of climate and land use changes in this area.  
ls to foresee the impact of climate and land use changes in this area.  
15150 8 gation of the patterns and processes of vegetation changes in northeastern iberia during the up 
 elucidate the role and interactions of fire, climate and human activities in the evolution of  
date the role and interactions of fire, climate and human activities in the evolution of plant  
re, climate and human activities in the evolution of plant formations from mediterranean iberia 
 the evolution of plant formations from mediterranean iberia. dinamo exhibites a double perspec 
 emphasis in the mechanisms controlling vegetation change, including those arising from the int 
e arising from the internal dynamics of mediterranean ecosystems along several of the phases of 
 the internal dynamics of mediterranean ecosystems along several of the phases of climatic chan 
2081 5                                         climate change will be used as input data for the model 
l be used as input data for the models. uncertainty will be addressed throughout such simulatio 
one damage on crops. the resulting crop production functions are used in the economic models to 
nomic performance. alternative economic scenarios will be constructed, to explore the effects o 
fects of expected structural changes in agriculture in the comming decades.  
14319 27 . they typically have a relatively high productivity compared to large temperate lakes and have 
o large temperate lakes and have active fisheries providing local populations with a relatively 
wever, human-induced changes, including climate change, can have significant effects on primary 
change, can have significant effects on primary production of these lakes, as shown for lake ta 
ake tanganyika. it is likely that these primary production decreases have affected upper trophi 
 have affected upper trophic levels and fisheries, but, before being able to predict the extent 
le to predict the extent of the primary productivity changes and how they affect whole ecosyste 
ivity changes and how they affect whole ecosystem production, an improved understanding of ecos 
ges and how they affect whole ecosystem production, an improved understanding of ecosystem func 
roduction, an improved understanding of ecosystem function and food web processes is required.  
understanding of ecosystem function and food web processes is required. for instance, food web  
eb processes is required. for instance, food web efficiency may greatly depend on the amount of 
ses is required. for instance, food web efficiency may greatly depend on the amount of organic  
greatly depend on the amount of organic carbon transiting through the microbial food web, known 
carbon transiting through the microbial food web, known to be important in these lakes. lake ki 
has undergone recent changes induced by alien species introduction and possibly climate change, 
alien species introduction and possibly climate change, which have affected the lakes biodivers 
e change, which have affected the lakes biodiversity, productivity and ecosystem resources. fut 
h have affected the lakes biodiversity, productivity and ecosystem resources. future industrial 
he lakes biodiversity, productivity and ecosystem resources. future industrial methane harvesti 
 ecosystem resources. future industrial methane harvesting additionnaly threatens sustainable d 
thane harvesting additionnaly threatens sustainable development of ecosystem resources. lake ki 
ly threatens sustainable development of ecosystem resources. lake kivu may provide an adequate  
rces. lake kivu may provide an adequate model for studying responses of large tropical lake to  
 years. in addition, the simple pelagic food web of the lake facilitates our understanding of e 
e lake facilitates our understanding of ecosystem functioning and of human-induced alterations. 
d by studies of an array of proxies, by development of new proxies and by inference from presen 
11685 2 l be a spaceborne multi-spectral canopy lidar micro-satellite platform using off-the-shelf comp 
we will consider the highly novel, high risk, but very low cost option of using a modular cubes 
11700 2 l be a spaceborne multi-spectral canopy lidar micro-satellite platform using off-the-shelf comp 
we will consider the highly novel, high risk, but very low cost option of using a modular cubes 
9894 2 ll be a spaceborne multispectral canopy lidar micro-satellite platform using off-the-shelf comp 
we will consider the highly novel, high risk, but very low cost option of using a modular cubes 
11336 13 d not widely accepted by the scientific community. we have discovered a number of sites with hu 
 human and animal footprints in central mexico, from the valsequillo basin, preserved in volcan 
s in detail, particularly their dating, distribution in the area, and the geological conditions 
he area, and the geological conditions, climate and the ecology of the area when they were made 
 geological conditions, climate and the ecology of the area when they were made to try to demon 
n the former lake basin. the geological environment at the time of formation was that of a volc 
lake level fluctuated occasionally. the climate and ecology of the lake basin will be worked ou 
luctuated occasionally. the climate and ecology of the lake basin will be worked out from a stu 
t from a study of the animal bones, the oxygen isotopes, diatoms and pollen from the associated 
urther to obtain pristine prints. their distribution and morphology will be mapped using sophis 
e in the creation of a database and the conservation of these sites. the research is important  
standing of the global pattern of human migration, being the last part in the dispersal of mode 
n migration, being the last part in the dispersal of modern humans across the continents.  
7028 15           understanding what determines plant diversity and functioning of grassland ecosystems 
ines plant diversity and functioning of grassland ecosystems is a major goal of contemporary ec 
 diversity and functioning of grassland ecosystems is a major goal of contemporary ecological r 
here is increasing evidence that either earthworms or arbuscular-mycorhizal fungi affect plant  
her earthworms or arbuscular-mycorhizal fungi affect plant community diversity and structure by 
rbuscular-mycorhizal fungi affect plant community diversity and structure by creating soil micr 
mycorhizal fungi affect plant community diversity and structure by creating soil microsites enr 
ity diversity and structure by creating soil microsites enriched in nutrients and/or amf. the l 
by creating soil microsites enriched in nutrients and/or amf. the laboratory experiment indirec 
lity and its consequences for earthworm herbivory. the objective of the field experiment is to  
investigate whether different earthworm community densities can influence amf distribution and  
m community densities can influence amf distribution and symbiosis and consequently affect gras 
ties can influence amf distribution and symbiosis and consequently affect grassland diversity a 
n and symbiosis and consequently affect grassland diversity and functioning.  
iosis and consequently affect grassland diversity and functioning.  
10660 8 l be supported by partners from leading institutions with experience in climate, limnology, eco 
leading institutions with experience in climate, limnology, economics and decision support in t 
 with experience in climate, limnology, economics and decision support in the african lakes reg 
ongly benefit from the past and present participation of project researchers nationally and int 
cientists will make new developments in monitoring will hold a scientific workshop during the s 
ults produced, ensure the collaborative development of these instruments with stakeholders, and 
e development of these instruments with stakeholders, and indicate the requirements for further 
d indicate the requirements for further development.  
9886 8 l be supported by partners from leading institutions with experience in climate, limnology, eco 
leading institutions with experience in climate, limnology, economics and decision support in t 
 with experience in climate, limnology, economics and decision support in the african lakes reg 
ongly benefit from the past and present participation of project researchers nationally and int 
cientists will make new developments in monitoring will hold a scientific workshop during the s 
ults produced, ensure the collaborative development of these instruments with stakeholders, and 
e development of these instruments with stakeholders, and indicate the requirements for further 
d indicate the requirements for further development.  
11723 17                                         mangroves may provide nursery sites for commercially an 
ly and artisinally important species of fish. stable isotopes of oxygen and carbon deposited in 
 artisinally important species of fish. stable isotopes of oxygen and carbon deposited in otoli 
ant species of fish. stable isotopes of oxygen and carbon deposited in otolith cores and periph 
 of fish. stable isotopes of oxygen and carbon deposited in otolith cores and peripheries will  
pheries will be used as natural tags of migration in possibly migratory fish. the proposed fiel 
tags of migration in possibly migratory fish. the proposed field site, gazi bay in kenya, has s 
h. the proposed field site, gazi bay in kenya, has steep gradients of temperature, salinity and 
zi bay in kenya, has steep gradients of temperature, salinity and delta 13c between mangrove, s 
ya, has steep gradients of temperature, salinity and delta 13c between mangrove, seagrass and c 
erature, salinity and delta 13c between mangrove, seagrass and coral reef biotopes. these three 
alinity and delta 13c between mangrove, seagrass and coral reef biotopes. these three variables 
elta 13c between mangrove, seagrass and coral reef biotopes. these three variables will influen 
s. these three variables will influence oxygen isotope ratios in fish moving between habitats.  
will influence oxygen isotope ratios in fish moving between habitats. non-migratory species res 
help control for confounding effects of metabolism on carbon isotope balances.  
or confounding effects of metabolism on carbon isotope balances.  
12601 3 nd partners with a regional overview of soil resources, their extent and use and their key func 
unctions, especially relationships with water resource issues. the study will develop a `case s 
standing of the strategic importance of soil resources could help the regional assembly deliver 
13387 2 he most frequent species in the natural grassland vegetation, e.g. festuca, agropyron, poa, bro 
equent species in the natural grassland vegetation, e.g. festuca, agropyron, poa, bromus, dacty 
13339 11 in the present proposal is to develop a biodiversity observation system that is transmissible,  
d eo. there are three requirements: the production of protocols to enable extant data to be pla 
a system for estimating past change and monitoring as well as enabling forecasting of future op 
g forecasting of future options so that policy makers can generate appropriate strategies for m 
can generate appropriate strategies for mitigation. the present consortium has a major advantag 
f the institutes concerned to long term monitoring. it will also provide the necessary structur 
ork already has long term data sets for biodiversity indicators eg butterflies and birds but th 
as long term data sets for biodiversity indicators eg butterflies and birds but the ambition is 
diversity indicators eg butterflies and birds but the ambition is to convert these from site sp 
habitats that can be linked to specific biodiversity indicators. these will be identified using 
 can be linked to specific biodiversity indicators. these will be identified using a conceptual 
15584 14                                         global change pressures on ecological systems are compl 
are complex and manifold. the resulting impacts on human societies and options for ecological m 
an societies and options for ecological management vary across local, regional and continental  
ntal scales. species-level responses to global change will underpin changes in the functionalit 
nderpin changes in the functionality of ecosystems that biodiversity-at-large and human societi 
in the functionality of ecosystems that biodiversity-at-large and human societies rely on. fort 
 on. fortunately, species’ responses to global change can be reliably modeled across large regi 
across large regions, and much existing environmental policy is specifically targeted at specie 
 limitations in our ability to forecast biodiversity trajectories using species-based models ap 
ecies-based models approach, addressing management capacities, priorities and implementation at 
les. a participatory approach involving stakeholders and ecological modelers will be used to de 
ogical modelers will be used to develop scenarios for conservation decision-support on local an 
s will be used to develop scenarios for conservation decision-support on local and regional sca 
as well as recommendations for european policy making.  
12029 23                                         marine chemical ecology: biodiversity indicators and de 
                        marine chemical ecology: biodiversity indicators and development. ecima 
               marine chemical ecology: biodiversity indicators and development. ecimar aimed a 
  marine chemical ecology: biodiversity indicators and development. ecimar aimed at evaluating  
al ecology: biodiversity indicators and development. ecimar aimed at evaluating the potential o 
imed at evaluating the potential of the mediterranean marine biodiversity in terms of chemodive 
ting the potential of the mediterranean marine biodiversity in terms of chemodiversity, and to  
e potential of the mediterranean marine biodiversity in terms of chemodiversity, and to better  
sion and the variation of this chemical diversity. this project associated taxonomists, biologi 
network of excellence for the study and development of the marine chemical diversity. the objec 
ce for the study and development of the marine chemical diversity. the objectives were not only 
 and development of the marine chemical diversity. the objectives were not only to find new mol 
roperties, but also to use the chemical diversity as indicators of environmental changes. there 
t also to use the chemical diversity as indicators of environmental changes. therefore the resu 
nventory of the biological and chemical diversity within a model community of the mediterranean 
logical and chemical diversity within a model community of the mediterranean sea; 2 to identify 
l and chemical diversity within a model community of the mediterranean sea; 2 to identify new s 
versity within a model community of the mediterranean sea; 2 to identify new secondary metaboli 
ites ; 5 to obtain first results on the ecological functions of the compounds ; and 6 to develo 
this consortium laid the foundations of marine chemical ecology in france. a multidisciplinary  
laid the foundations of marine chemical ecology in france. a multidisciplinary approach for a g 
a global understanding of the secondary metabolism. the main targets of this project were the b 
ties dwelling on hard substrates in the mediterranean sea, and more precisely the dominant spec 
15174 6 tilayered biofilms that constitute real ecosystems due to the presence of representatives of th 
and decomposers. they can be considered ecosystems because of the almost closed cycling of matt 
on allows to detect the presence in the environment of microorganisms whose culture in the labo 
or even has been impossible so far. the ecosystem is the context in which the genetic pools of  
e genetic pools of organisms evolve and function, and on which eventually depend the survival,  
and their response to the ever changing environment.  
15351 13 terest are emerging or re-emerging. the wildlife plays an important role as uncontrolled reserv 
 of the prevalence of many pathogens in wildlife, mainly in periurban environments. the develop 
, mainly in periurban environments. the development and urbanization of natural areas increase  
urban environments. the development and urbanization of natural areas increase the probability  
ity of contact between human beings and wildlife, mainly with those species that prosper in hum 
al areas promotes a decrease in species biodiversity inhabiting it, inverting the dilution effe 
the present project aims to test if the urbanization of natural areas affects the prevalence of 
al areas affects the prevalence of some wildlife diseases in mediterranean environments, and to 
prevalence of some wildlife diseases in mediterranean environments, and to know through which m 
niques these agents with these found in wildlife and ectoparasites, to determine inter-species  
valence of the studied pathogens in the mediterranean spain, and to better know through which e 
 studied pathogens in the mediterranean spain, and to better know through which ecological proc 
rities to implement actuations to limit disease transmission.  
2084 24        the project addresses how arctic climate variability and change influence biomass produc 
limate variability and change influence biomass production and trophic transfer in barents sea  
ariability and change influence biomass production and trophic transfer in barents sea ecosyste 
ion and trophic transfer in barents sea ecosystem. the population of copepods in the norwegian  
ays a key role in the transformation of biomass from lower to higher trophic levels in the arct 
e arctic. the advection of copepod-rich water from the norwegian sea into the barents sea is hy 
 of great importance to the barents sea biomass production. the first emphasis will be on analy 
t importance to the barents sea biomass production. the first emphasis will be on analyses of a 
time series from hydrography, currents, zooplankton, to 0-group fish, in addition to paleo data 
aphy, currents, zooplankton, to 0-group fish, in addition to paleo data on water mass propertie 
roup fish, in addition to paleo data on water mass properties. the second emphasis will be on d 
perties. the second emphasis will be on development of a model system that integrates and quant 
nd emphasis will be on development of a model system that integrates and quantifies the effects 
ntegrates and quantifies the effects of climate variability on biomass production and trophic t 
s the effects of climate variability on biomass production and trophic transfer from copepods t 
fects of climate variability on biomass production and trophic transfer from copepods to fish r 
n and trophic transfer from copepods to fish recruitment, including the modifying effect from s 
 trophic transfer from copepods to fish recruitment, including the modifying effect from sea bi 
ding the modifying effect from sea bird predation. the model results will be evaluated against  
ing effect from sea bird predation. the model results will be evaluated against time series on  
ill be evaluated against time series on abundance and distribution of 0-group fish. the project 
ed against time series on abundance and distribution of 0-group fish. the project is an interdi 
n abundance and distribution of 0-group fish. the project is an interdisciplinary approach with 
terdisciplinary approach with 9 partner institutions.  
13317 24                     a range of advanced modelling approaches has been used so far to assess the 
een used so far to assess the impact of global change on biodiversity and ecosystems. these ass 
o assess the impact of global change on biodiversity and ecosystems. these assessments include  
ct of global change on biodiversity and ecosystems. these assessments include advanced socio-ec 
ssments include advanced socio-economic scenarios and yield projections of the distribution of  
e advanced socio-economic scenarios and yield projections of the distribution of species, commu 
 scenarios and yield projections of the distribution of species, communities and biomes and the 
ities and biomes and the functioning of ecosystems. future goods and services are then assessed 
 1. knowledge and data of past species' distribution is still limited, yet necessary for testin 
und estimates of species' long distance migration rates in order to assess whether species will 
es will be able to keep pace with rapid global change 3. some key assumptions of models, such a 
ey assumptions of models, such as niche stability over time and/or space, are not well tested 4 
e reliable estimate of uncertainties in model predictions. our project specifically proposes to 
ep further by: 1. integrating different modelling approaches currently in use by using innovati 
ng innovative dna-based approaches, and global change scenarios 3. testing niche conservatism a 
dna-based approaches, and global change scenarios 3. testing niche conservatism and temporal ev 
testing niche conservatism and temporal evolution of biological communities 4. using the new da 
nding the current projections to all of europe. our consortium encompasses a wide spectrum of s 
ves. our final goal is to provide data, scenarios and associated confidence limits so that poli 
nd associated confidence limits so that policy markers and land managers can use them for antic 
 problems and for designing sustainable conservation strategies by accounting the most likely g 
trategies by accounting the most likely global change effects on biodiversity and ecosystems.  
he most likely global change effects on biodiversity and ecosystems.  
obal change effects on biodiversity and ecosystems.  
15568 7 ce has emerged that dramatic changes in ecosystem processes and functioning are taking place ac 
and functioning are taking place across europe under the joint impact of climate change and hum 
across europe under the joint impact of climate change and human-induced shift in land use. one 
imate change and human-induced shift in land use. one of the most spectacular change concerns t 
 place nearly simultaneously in much of europe in the 1990s impacts on demographic parameters o 
aneously in much of europe in the 1990s impacts on demographic parameters of predators that exp 
0s impacts on demographic parameters of predators that exploit cyclically fluctuating herbivore 
2018 18 el the mechanisms of plant responses to habitat fragmentation and environmental change. plant b 
 responses to habitat fragmentation and environmental change. plant biodiversity losses are gen 
ntation and environmental change. plant biodiversity losses are generally explained by either h 
osses are generally explained by either habitat fragmentation or environmental change. however, 
ined by either habitat fragmentation or environmental change. however, both factors are intrica 
f the greatest challenges in explaining biodiversity loss is to assess, not only the individual 
ironmental factors. evidence shows that habitat fragmentation results in smaller populations wi 
creased genetic variation and increased risk of inbreeding. moreover, it was shown that inbreed 
chanisms, which can be triggered by the environment and inherited across generations, contribut 
cessions can adapt to local atmospheric nitrogen deposition rates one of the most important dri 
 of the most important drivers of plant biodiversity loss. i will take these results forward by 
typic adaptive responses to atmospheric nitrogen deposition and inbreeding depression in a full 
biosa columbaria, which is proven to be nitrogen sensitive and suffering from habitat fragmenta 
e nitrogen sensitive and suffering from habitat fragmentation, will be used as model species. i 
 habitat fragmentation, will be used as model species. i will use state-of-the-art microarray-b 
ssion and plant responses to changes in nitrogen. i will further explore the potential mechanis 
y knowledge for evaluating the relative impacts of environmental and genetic threats to biodive 
of environmental and genetic threats to biodiversity.  
15530 40                          functioning of mediterranean drylands is limited by water availability 
           functioning of mediterranean drylands is limited by water availability and is increa 
of mediterranean drylands is limited by water availability and is increasingly threatened by la 
ility and is increasingly threatened by land use and climate changes, and associated effects on 
increasingly threatened by land use and climate changes, and associated effects on disturbance  
mate changes, and associated effects on disturbance frequency and severity. understanding the r 
understanding the relationships between ecosystem structure and function, as well as the potent 
onships between ecosystem structure and function, as well as the potential for threshold dynami 
 function, as well as the potential for threshold dynamics and sudden shifts, is of crucial imp 
hifts, is of crucial importance for the conservation and restoration of these ecoystem. this pr 
ial importance for the conservation and restoration of these ecoystem. this project will use ma 
t will use manipulative experiments and modelling work to investigate ecohydrological feedbacks 
ural and functional changes in semiarid ecosystems, and identify critical points of degradation 
ystems, and identify critical points of degradation-agradation dynamics, as well as to investig 
dynamics, as well as to investigate how plant diversity modulates these feedbacks and coupled d 
will focus on key functions in semiarid ecosystems such as water and soil conservation, and pla 
unctions in semiarid ecosystems such as water and soil conservation, and plant productivity. th 
n semiarid ecosystems such as water and soil conservation, and plant productivity. the specifc  
iarid ecosystems such as water and soil conservation, and plant productivity. the specifc objec 
 water and soil conservation, and plant productivity. the specifc objectives of the project are 
the project are: determine dynamics and thresholds of ecosystem recovery and restoration as a f 
e: determine dynamics and thresholds of ecosystem recovery and restoration as a function of pla 
ne dynamics and thresholds of ecosystem recovery and restoration as a function of plant coloniz 
nd thresholds of ecosystem recovery and restoration as a function of plant colonization pattern 
ecosystem recovery and restoration as a function of plant colonization pattern and diversity. t 
 and restoration as a function of plant colonization pattern and diversity. the project will be 
ction of plant colonization pattern and diversity. the project will be carried out in the frame 
relationships between plant pattern and diversity and ecosystem functioning, that will also add 
between plant pattern and diversity and ecosystem functioning, that will also address fire resi 
tem functioning, that will also address fire resistance and resilience functions and carbon seq 
unctioning, that will also address fire resistance and resilience functions and carbon sequestr 
t will also address fire resistance and resilience functions and carbon sequestration potential 
resistance and resilience functions and carbon sequestration potential in dry-subhumid mediterr 
sequestration potential in dry-subhumid mediterranean woodlands. the final goal of the project  
he most suitable strategies to optimize restoration efforts in mediterranean drylands and incre 
gies to optimize restoration efforts in mediterranean drylands and increase the resistance and  
ze restoration efforts in mediterranean drylands and increase the resistance and resilience of  
mediterranean drylands and increase the resistance and resilience of the target ecosystems agai 
rylands and increase the resistance and resilience of the target ecosystems against disturbance 
resistance and resilience of the target ecosystems against disturbances.  
12040 11              kelps form huge underwater forests, hosting an exceptional diversity of species. f 
erwater forests, hosting an exceptional diversity of species. for the temperate to boreal coast 
temperate to boreal coastal areas, kelp ecosystems have ecological, economic and patrimonial va 
 patrimonial value similar to corals or mangroves in tropical areas. these forests are subject  
s or mangroves in tropical areas. these forests are subject to significant new constraints, phy 
y, in the context of creating the first marine park, ecokelp provided basic knowledge needed fo 
knowledge needed for the delineation of marine protected areas and for sustainable management o 
ine protected areas and for sustainable management of marine resources, but also pointed out th 
areas and for sustainable management of marine resources, but also pointed out the need for rel 
 for reliable early warning systems for marine invasive species.  
liable early warning systems for marine invasive species.  
519 23 on of biologic continuities is a public policy stake for management of biodiversity on local an 
ntinuities is a public policy stake for management of biodiversity on local and european scales 
a public policy stake for management of biodiversity on local and european scales. the regional 
pecific role in this stake due to their function, but the regions are the more and more preoccu 
idors will be done using new methods of remote sensing. the management of corridors in rural ar 
sing new methods of remote sensing. the management of corridors in rural areas will be analyzed 
rent scales in relation to the types of agriculture. the evaluation will be done using some bio 
lation to the types of agriculture. the evaluation will be done using some biologic models from 
fied by the gap that exists between the development of territorial policies for protection of b 
 territorial policies for protection of biodiversity and the ecological assets. even though lan 
 and the ecological assets. even though landscape ecology, and in particular the researchers be 
orridor held by certain elements in the landscape such as hedges, the changing into a regional  
stems of using the land, thus including agriculture, in which these groupings are to be found.  
ilize a whole of techniques in oriented remote sensing with the objective to define structures  
ndscaped objects from local to regional scale. propose concepts and methods for analyzing these 
 we now know that for instance at local scale, a hedge, no matter which its qualities might be, 
its qualities might be, does not form a habitat and an efficient corridor unless the usage of a 
ation. test the continuities defined by modelling: at regional scale using the presence or abse 
ities defined by modelling: at regional scale using the presence or absence of the squirrel, sp 
ubservient in wooded areas and at local scale through analysis of the effect of the landscape c 
e through analysis of the effect of the landscape connectivity on the assembling of species, pl 
analysis of the effect of the landscape connectivity on the assembling of species, placing emph 
 local scales and in characterizing the agriculture through statistic data and surveys on the s 
7182 10 radication through the seed bank in the soil. as soon as the carpobrotus spots have a large sur 
er eradication of witch - claws lies in soil erosion phenomena that occur when the slope is ste 
 can therefore be a cure worse than the disease, if ecological healing operations using native  
nducted in parallel. in the case of the invasion of carpobrotus spp. in the mediterranean, taki 
the invasion of carpobrotus spp. in the mediterranean, taking into account both the role of gen 
g into account both the role of genetic traits and breeding, hybridization to high frequency, t 
h frequency, the very important role of pollinators, dissemination fruit / seeds of mammals - a 
insular perspective - suggests that the invasion of carpobrotus spp. is a complex and evolving  
in multiple and profound changes in the biodiversity and functioning of coastal ecosystems inva 
biodiversity and functioning of coastal ecosystems invaded  
10152 19  depend on their ability to shift their distribution to areas where conditions are suitable, wh 
als to disperse to new sites. migratory birds might be expected to be most capable of such disp 
 be expected to be most capable of such dispersal, given the vast distances over which they tra 
 which they travel. however, individual birds are typically highly site-faithful to their breed 
their breeding and winter sites, and so dispersal events can be rare. the success of dispersal  
rsal events can be rare. the success of dispersal events will also depend on the quality of the 
 will also depend on the quality of the habitat available to dispersing individuals. individual 
e to dispersing individuals. individual dispersal behaviour and habitat availability can theref 
als. individual dispersal behaviour and habitat availability can therefore help or hinder a spe 
p or hinder a species capacity to shift distribution in response to climate change. exploring t 
ty to shift distribution in response to climate change. exploring the relative importance of th 
d behavioural constraints for migratory birds requires a system in which 1. habitat quality has 
ory birds requires a system in which 1. habitat quality has been identified, 2. changes in rang 
dentified, 2. changes in range size and distribution have been documented and 3. individual dis 
 have been documented and 3. individual dispersal decisions can be tracked. icelandic black-tai 
racking of these godwits has shown that birds in new breeding sites tend to also use new winter 
s, and that they tend to be larger than birds in traditional breeding sites. larger birds may b 
s in traditional breeding sites. larger birds may be more common on new sites either because th 
ity of new sites and the probability of birds in new sites breeding successfully. this study wi 
11496 19  depend on their ability to shift their distribution to areas where conditions are suitable, wh 
als to disperse to new sites. migratory birds might be expected to be most capable of such disp 
 be expected to be most capable of such dispersal, given the vast distances over which they tra 
 which they travel. however, individual birds are typically highly site-faithful to their breed 
their breeding and winter sites, and so dispersal events can be rare. the success of dispersal  
rsal events can be rare. the success of dispersal events will also depend on the quality of the 
 will also depend on the quality of the habitat available to dispersing individuals. individual 
e to dispersing individuals. individual dispersal behaviour and habitat availability can theref 
als. individual dispersal behaviour and habitat availability can therefore help or hinder a spe 
p or hinder a species capacity to shift distribution in response to climate change. exploring t 
ty to shift distribution in response to climate change. exploring the relative importance of th 
d behavioural constraints for migratory birds requires a system in which 1. habitat quality has 
ory birds requires a system in which 1. habitat quality has been identified, 2. changes in rang 
dentified, 2. changes in range size and distribution have been documented and 3. individual dis 
 have been documented and 3. individual dispersal decisions can be tracked. icelandic black-tai 
racking of these godwits has shown that birds in new breeding sites tend to also use new winter 
s, and that they tend to be larger than birds in traditional breeding sites. larger birds may b 
s in traditional breeding sites. larger birds may be more common on new sites either because th 
ity of new sites and the probability of birds in new sites breeding successfully. this study wi 
13466 30                                   broad scale forest fires have determined the post-glacial dyn 
                            broad scale forest fires have determined the post-glacial dynamics  
the post-glacial dynamics in the boreal forests and are important for e.g. biodiversity. due to 
real forests and are important for e.g. biodiversity. due to human interference, the annually b 
human interference, the annually burned forest landscape has decreased dramatically since the m 
nterference, the annually burned forest landscape has decreased dramatically since the middle a 
ince the middle ages. today most of the forest fires are part of low intensity and small scale  
res are part of low intensity and small scale prescribed burning programs. our knowledge of the 
. our knowledge of the effects of broad scale natural fires in modern times on soil and water c 
 scale natural fires in modern times on soil and water chemistry as well as on biodiversity and 
tural fires in modern times on soil and water chemistry as well as on biodiversity and recoloni 
 soil and water chemistry as well as on biodiversity and recolonization of forest organisms is  
s on biodiversity and recolonization of forest organisms is thus limited. according to many cli 
isms is thus limited. according to many climate models there will be an increased risk of futur 
imate models there will be an increased risk of future forest fires in boreal forests. it is th 
ere will be an increased risk of future forest fires in boreal forests. it is thus of utmost im 
d risk of future forest fires in boreal forests. it is thus of utmost importance to take advant 
e advantage of the rare events of broad scale fires in boreal forests to increase our understan 
e events of broad scale fires in boreal forests to increase our understanding of the effects of 
ase our understanding of the effects of forest fires on the above factors. such fires occurred  
tic effects occur during the first post-fire year, events in 2007 are of crucial importance for 
l importance for understanding the post-fire developments. fire focuses on the documentation of 
derstanding the post-fire developments. fire focuses on the documentation of baseline condition 
entation of baseline conditions and the evaluation of short-term effects on the above factors a 
ve factors at different spatial scales. fire will be performed within burnt 100 ha sites each i 
s national park, using adjacent unburnt forests as reference sites. fire will increase our unde 
ent unburnt forests as reference sites. fire will increase our understanding of the importance  
nderstanding of the importance of large scale forest fires for the functioning and the dynamics 
anding of the importance of large scale forest fires for the functioning and the dynamics of bo 
 functioning and the dynamics of boreal ecosystems.  
7635 50        the proposed project studies the development of new eco technology, based on the valuati 
ent of new eco technology, based on the valuation of biomass grown on contaminated mining sites 
o technology, based on the valuation of biomass grown on contaminated mining sites, using it as 
uation of biomass grown on contaminated mining sites, using it as natural catalysts of high val 
i have the characteristic to accumulate heavy metals in large quantities in their vacuoles. the 
ansition metals. the objectives are the development of a real chemical industry valuation of co 
development of a real chemical industry valuation of contaminated biomass, providing a boost to 
ical industry valuation of contaminated biomass, providing a boost to the restoration of orphan 
nated biomass, providing a boost to the restoration of orphan sites by phytoremediation process 
y phytoremediation processes. intensive mining and metallurgical industrial activities are caus 
ustrial activities are causing a strong soil contamination by metal species. this is a very ser 
s is a very serious problem because the soil performs essential functions that largely determin 
al functions that largely determine the production of food in 2010 pir ecological engineering p 
mine the production of food in 2010 pir ecological engineering products and quality of water. m 
cal engineering products and quality of water. moreover, the"heavy metals"are among the most ha 
cts and quality of water. moreover, the"heavy metals"are among the most harmful and are not bio 
n identified in children residents near mining sites gard. . phytoremediation is one of the few 
w interesting solutions to rehabilitate soil contaminated by heavy metals. it consists in cover 
ns to rehabilitate soil contaminated by heavy metals. it consists in covering the soil with pla 
avy metals. it consists in covering the soil with plant species tolerant to heavy metals, for i 
the soil with plant species tolerant to heavy metals, for immobilizing metal pollution using pl 
to heavy metals, for immobilizing metal pollution using plants hyperaccumulating heavy metals,  
ollution using plants hyperaccumulating heavy metals, can contain more than 1% of their dry mat 
ure and the regular harvesting of plant biomass are easily achievable. . . phytoremediation is  
e in a spirit of"sustainable ecological rehabilitation"; it is clearly a technique to develop e 
"; it is clearly a technique to develop ecological engineering, to address the human impacts on 
 ecological engineering, to address the human impacts on the environment. it allows the rehabil 
ng, to address the human impacts on the environment. it allows the rehabilitation des'écosystèm 
pacts on the environment. it allows the rehabilitation des'écosystèmes highly degraded and the  
and the introduction of new sustainable ecosystems consisting of communities of plant species a 
s of plant species adapted to the metal stress. a major issue that remains unresolved is the fa 
unresolved is the fate of the air plant biomass in which the metallic species came to focus. va 
came to focus. valuing hyperaccumulator biomass is not written yet. the few proposed projects,  
 area. ecochim engineering proposes the development of an innovative recycling technology and c 
ative recycling technology and chemical recovery plant species containing heavy metals. this fu 
mical recovery plant species containing heavy metals. this fundamental green chemistry program  
olerant plants and hyperaccumulators of"heavy metals"are a natural reservoir of transition meta 
 of them are developed on an industrial scale for preparing important synthetic intermediates w 
nomic life. the conventional industrial production of these catalysts are expensive and subject 
gy from ores. it also has a significant environmental impact. ecochim engineering program aims  
ring program aims to develop laboratory scale and then at the pilot stage, sober chemical treat 
non-polluting and replicable on a large scale plants hyperaccumulating of zinc, nickel and copp 
oal is to have a real chemical industry valuation of natural remediation process. this innovati 
his innovative technology, based on the development of an ecological system consisting of a uni 
cological system consisting of a unique biodiversity, can contribute significantly to the devel 
ty, can contribute significantly to the development of techniques phytostabilisation. a multi-  
nning the program; she joined the plant ecology, microbial ecology, ecology of populations, ana 
 program; she joined the plant ecology, microbial ecology, ecology of populations, analytical c 
d the plant ecology, microbial ecology, ecology of populations, analytical chemistry and organi 
ogies, his fist, is responsible for the valuation of the project  
15205 3  distinct and frequent floral visitors, pollinators and nectar robbers, in the variation of flo 
sure opposite to the one exerted by the pollinators over the floral traits.  
rted by the pollinators over the floral traits.  
14963 7                        in the energetic metabolism, due to thermodynamic constraints, there is  
ts, there is always a trade-off between efficiency and rate. recently, we have put forward the  
ing a maximum output power from glucose degradation, although this high power is at the expense 
 implications in diverse fields such as metabolism, ecology and evolutionary biology. the work  
s in diverse fields such as metabolism, ecology and evolutionary biology. the work outlined in  
as methods derived from game theory and population dynamics. some of the predictions derived fr 
he predictions derived from the current model, will be tested using the experimental design des 
10471 19           fuelled by concerns about the environmental impact of human activities, climate chang 
vironmental impact of human activities, climate change and its affect on the diversity, abundan 
s, climate change and its affect on the diversity, abundance, and distribution of the worlds pl 
change and its affect on the diversity, abundance, and distribution of the worlds plants and an 
affect on the diversity, abundance, and distribution of the worlds plants and animals have beco 
nkton to investigate how changes in the environment have controlled how and where they lived, a 
s that are the base of the global ocean food web. their sensitivity to environmental change, e. 
al ocean food web. their sensitivity to environmental change, e.g., seawater temperature, avail 
to environmental change, e.g., seawater temperature, availability of nutrients, and salinity, m 
, seawater temperature, availability of nutrients, and salinity, means they directly control th 
erature, availability of nutrients, and salinity, means they directly control the success of hi 
f calcareous nannoplankton, microscopic algae that secrete intricate calcite and/or by the chem 
are with records of plankton burial and environmental change. the research will be based at the 
ely investigating critical intervals of climate change, and will collaborate with the us funded 
us whether there was increased plankton production and whether this could be important in the d 
ing at sediments from a global array of marine environments to record species differences assoc 
tance of calcareous nannplankton to our climate system, we need to know how they will respond.  
. thirdly, i want to know whether rapid climate change today or at the petm is important in con 
at the petm is important in controlling evolution. with very detailed records of nannofossil sp 
10049 27                                         ecosystems face changing environments over a wide range 
rs. moreover, the rate and magnitude of environmental change has been intensified by human acti 
 living systems, and for predicting the impacts of human activity on those systems, is to under 
 on those systems, is to understand how ecosystems respond to environmental change. two types o 
to understand how ecosystems respond to environmental change. two types of response can be cons 
tails changes in species abundances and distribution, leading to a different community structur 
nd distribution, leading to a different community structure before and after the environmental  
ommunity structure before and after the environmental change. 2 evolutionary. this entails geno 
 change within species leading to their adaptation to the new conditions present after the envi 
to the new conditions present after the environmental change. despite considerable work on both 
ally they have been treated separately. ecosystem studies have focused on ecological changes, w 
ess the fundamental question of whether species diversity tends to increase, decrease or not af 
e, decrease or not affect the amount of evolution within species. our approach is to study evol 
ithin species. our approach is to study evolution in the laboratory, using species of bacteria  
ion in the laboratory, using species of bacteria isolated from tree-holes of beech . these bact 
olated from tree-holes of beech . these bacteria can be cultured in mixtures of different numbe 
sly to explore the relationship between diversity and ecosystem function. by virtue of rapid ge 
 the relationship between diversity and ecosystem function. by virtue of rapid generation times 
, they also evolve fast enough to study evolution in species mixtures. we will assemble random  
 of up to 24 species and expose them to environmental change, in terms of a shift in ph and res 
onmental change, in terms of a shift in ph and resource type in turn. the evolutionary response 
ompared among treatments that differ in species richness and composition. competition experimen 
er in species richness and composition. competition experiments between isolates from the same  
urrence of coevolutionary interactions. bacteria have been widely used to test evolutionary hyp 
ro, but no previous studies have looked evolution in more than a pair of interacting species. t 
cological and evolutionary processes in ecosystems facing environmental change.  
utionary processes in ecosystems facing environmental change.  
2502 11      the rate and absolute magnitude of climate change in the last 150 years is expected to be  
t in unusually rapid selection. coastal ecosystems in general, and intertidal systems in partic 
ion. coastal ecosystems in general, and intertidal systems in particular, are likely to be prof 
are likely to be profoundly affected by climate change because human impacts have already under 
ndly affected by climate change because human impacts have already undermined their resilience  
n impacts have already undermined their resilience and capacity to buffer additional environmen 
ditional environmental stresses. global environmental change invokes two basic responses of org 
increasing temperatures associated with global warming. the proposal will contribute toward a p 
sal will contribute toward a predictive model of climate induced changes in coastal ecosystems  
contribute toward a predictive model of climate induced changes in coastal ecosystems and appro 
l of climate induced changes in coastal ecosystems and appropriate societal responses.  
10833 1                we are working on a tiny marine alga that floats freely in the ocean and makes i 
14904 3 ject is to establish a protocol for the restoration of trout populations inhabits rivers in are 
storation of trout populations inhabits rivers in areas without impassible barriers to the sea  
 screw trap and also by electrofishing. classification of the anadromous phase will be made att 
10164 4 batidis has recently been discovered in europe as the causative agent of amphibian mass mortali 
niques for determining the presence and density of b. dendrobatidis infection will be developed 
se techniques, coupled to environmental monitoring, will allow us to define population paramete 
dict the impact and progression of this disease throughout european amphibian populations.  
11247 4 batidis has recently been discovered in europe as the causative agent of amphibian mass mortali 
niques for determining the presence and density of b. dendrobatidis infection will be developed 
se techniques, coupled to environmental monitoring, will allow us to define population paramete 
dict the impact and progression of this disease throughout european amphibian populations.  
9859 13                                         invasive species are a major threat to global biodivers 
ve species are a major threat to global biodiversity and are widely associated with human intro 
, following multiple introductions into europe, has had a massive impact on native red squirrel 
uirrels and harming agroindustry across europe. under a worst-case scenario, models predict the 
re due primarily to different levels of genetic diversity in the grey squirrel populations in i 
ill be assessed. results may have major management implications. methods. methods will include  
reys only, and one with greys and reds. management implications. if expansion rate of grey squi 
els in italy is strongly limited by low genetic diversity, it will be important to prevent the  
ons from merging and thereby increasing diversity and speeding expansion rate. this could be ac 
irrels. if expansion rate is limited by competition from red squirrels, it will be essential to 
he introduction of poxvirus into italy. model-based estimates of expansion patterns are an impo 
sion patterns are an important tool for conservation policy. the proposed research may help to  
ly and increase effectiveness of future conservation actions.  
11784 3 ch include parasites of a wide range of invertebrates, most famously msx disease of oysters. th 
nge of invertebrates, most famously msx disease of oysters. the evolutionary relationships of b 
, rather than just presence/absence and biomass as indicated by rdna. this approach will provid 
14546 20 e taken place in the functioning of the landscape as a consequence of modifications which have  
ecognise and map out the mosaics of the landscape. each mosaic was characterized by the frequen 
ex to assess the flows occurring in the landscape has been elaborated.from an ecological point  
ive transport surfaces between adjacent ecosystems and some hypotheses with regard to this one  
 in the ecological maturity between the ecosystems are bigger. this maturity can be assessed fr 
sed from several ecological attributes: biomass turnover rate, species diversity, spatial compl 
ical attributes: biomass turnover rate, species diversity, spatial complexity, nutrient recycli 
rnover rate, species diversity, spatial complexity, nutrient recycling. as succession occurs, d 
tial complexity, nutrient recycling. as succession occurs, differences in maturity between the  
rences in maturity between the adjacent ecosystems become lower, and a decrease in the transpor 
a decrease in the transport between the ecosystems could be expected. on the contrary, if these 
 be expected. on the contrary, if these ecosystems are differentially rejuvenated by means of d 
forementioned ecological attributes, an assessment in the flows occurring in a landscape can be 
 assessment in the flows occurring in a landscape can be obtained. changes which are likely to  
anges in the ecological maturity of the landscape patches and changes in the systems of interac 
g a way to study the functioning of the landscape of a vast territory, assessing the material t 
is will open up new perspectives in the landscape planning and the eia, including the planning  
ape planning and the eia, including the planning and management of networks of protected areas, 
and the eia, including the planning and management of networks of protected areas, due to the p 
 planning and management of networks of protected areas, due to the possibility of appraising t 
13480 15        the rapid and widespread loss of biodiversity caused by human disturbances on the ecosys 
ity caused by human disturbances on the ecosystems of the world is a matter of growing concern. 
. examples of such disturbances include climate change, overexploitation of natural resources,  
ude climate change, overexploitation of natural resources, invasion of alien species and destru 
 overexploitation of natural resources, invasion of alien species and destruction and fragmenta 
ation of natural resources, invasion of alien species and destruction and fragmentation of natu 
on of alien species and destruction and fragmentation of natural habitats. the aims of the pres 
basis for the identification of fragile community structures and keystone species and to invest 
he structure and robustness of the post-disturbance communities. to accomplish this task we wil 
ierarchy and assembly algorithms. these model communities will then be subjected to small and l 
 the effect of the perturbations on the trophic structure of the communities by developing and  
sitivity and elasticity analysis at the community level. we believe that the new approaches to  
 to be used here hold great promise for community oriented conservation biology by identifying  
ld great promise for community oriented conservation biology by identifying fragile ecosystem s 
ervation biology by identifying fragile ecosystem structures and keystone species.  
12346 7  disposal of material at sea and in the intertidal environment. if the waste material from one  
f material at sea and in the intertidal environment. if the waste material from one site can be 
ged material for coastal protection and habitat conservation and will enable the uk to support  
rial for coastal protection and habitat conservation and will enable the uk to support internat 
t involve dredged material disposal and biodiversity issues and widen both the sediment type an 
 biodiversity issues and widen both the sediment type and the habitat management potential. the 
nd widen both the sediment type and the habitat management potential. the suite of models that  
11410 13 ng the outcome of infection on the host community, and the resultant change in host community s 
unity, and the resultant change in host community species biodiversity. secondary aims are to e 
ultant change in host community species biodiversity. secondary aims are to examine the role th 
 aims are to examine the role that host species diversity plays in conjunction with parasite ge 
sity plays in conjunction with parasite genetic diversity in shaping grassland community struct 
h parasite genetic diversity in shaping grassland community structure. the work will provide va 
 genetic diversity in shaping grassland community structure. the work will provide valuable inf 
k will provide valuable information for conservation management policy on how important genetic 
e valuable information for conservation management policy on how important genetic diversity is 
information for conservation management policy on how important genetic diversity is in maintai 
tion management policy on how important genetic diversity is in maintaining species biodiversit 
tic diversity is in maintaining species biodiversity in ecological communities. the research wi 
by researchers at the university on the ecology of yellow rattle. genetic analysis of yellow ra 
9964 13 ng the outcome of infection on the host community, and the resultant change in host community s 
unity, and the resultant change in host community species biodiversity. secondary aims are to e 
ultant change in host community species biodiversity. secondary aims are to examine the role th 
 aims are to examine the role that host species diversity plays in conjunction with parasite ge 
sity plays in conjunction with parasite genetic diversity in shaping grassland community struct 
h parasite genetic diversity in shaping grassland community structure. the work will provide va 
 genetic diversity in shaping grassland community structure. the work will provide valuable inf 
k will provide valuable information for conservation management policy on how important genetic 
e valuable information for conservation management policy on how important genetic diversity is 
information for conservation management policy on how important genetic diversity is in maintai 
tion management policy on how important genetic diversity is in maintaining species biodiversit 
tic diversity is in maintaining species biodiversity in ecological communities. the research wi 
by researchers at the university on the ecology of yellow rattle. genetic analysis of yellow ra 
10638 20                             by studying model systems we are gaining a better understanding of  
e gaining a better understanding of how biological diversity has evolved and is maintained by s 
tion. however, we know little about why evolution of new species takes place in some environmen 
 evolved new forms in lakes, but not in rivers, including sticklebacks, trout, perches and catf 
ow how environments mediate the type of evolution that takes place, and address how future envi 
uency of extreme events and presence of alien species, may change evolutionary pathways. the ty 
ulation size influences the strength of competition among offspring, and decides which individu 
ions are limited by space or food, then competition between members of the population will be s 
oung that are good competitors for that environment, leading to the evolution of locally specia 
rs for that environment, leading to the evolution of locally specialised fish. in such habitats 
to the evolution of locally specialised fish. in such habitats it would not necessarily pay to  
 in these habitats selection may favour evolution of high dispersal, to prevent females losing  
 selection may favour evolution of high dispersal, to prevent females losing all offspring shou 
ise. in lake malawi hundreds of cichlid fish species have evolved in the lake, but this has not 
ut this has not happened in surrounding rivers, but we have no clear explanation for why. the p 
s have influenced patterns and rates of evolution. the work will study the only fish in the mal 
evolution. the work will study the only fish in the malawi cichlid radiation that is present in 
chlid radiation that is present in both rivers and the lake, astatotilapia calliptera help dete 
museum will provide a positive learning environment for the student. in addition to generic tra 
veys, population genetics, experimental ecology and molecular phylogenetics.  
7688 20 s, lawyers and partners involved in the development of green and blue. diva in corridor we part 
ularly studied the impact of changes in scale for identification, operation and the establishme 
e focused on the regional level and the landscape. it turns out that the establishment of green 
een networks will be at finer local and landscape scales and it is at these two scales is that  
ese two scales is that our proposal. in agricultural landscapes we identify three main types of 
s the importance of these fields on the conservation of biodiversity in agriculture. we also an 
 of these fields on the conservation of biodiversity in agriculture. we also analyze the impact 
 on the conservation of biodiversity in agriculture. we also analyze the impact of the amount o 
he amount of structural continuities in agricultural landscapes relative to the amount of habit 
al landscapes relative to the amount of habitat biodiversity seminaturel. the model used here i 
capes relative to the amount of habitat biodiversity seminaturel. the model used here is the co 
f habitat biodiversity seminaturel. the model used here is the community of carabid beetles, wh 
seminaturel. the model used here is the community of carabid beetles, which is characterized by 
. these approaches allow us to identify landscape configurations favorable for biodiversity, wh 
 landscape configurations favorable for biodiversity, which will be considered by agronomists t 
he flexibility in terms of agricultural production systems to set up or restore. . we propose t 
 farming, whether and how the choice of production and livestock feeding strategies of organizi 
er and how the choice of production and livestock feeding strategies of organizing the diversit 
ck feeding strategies of organizing the diversity of crop rotations and crop sequences associat 
his basis we propose to analyze how the diversity of agricultural logic can influence various e 
10722 18       summary atmospheric deposition of nitrogen compounds has increased dramatically in europe 
compounds has increased dramatically in europe in the 2nd half of the 20th century. over the sa 
r the same period, important changes in species composition of various vegetation types, and th 
anges in species composition of various vegetation types, and the loss of many characteristic s 
explained by factors such as changes in management. from the early 1990s onwards, evidence was  
ards, evidence was found that increased nitrogen deposition was associated with some of these c 
ssociated with some of these changes in species composition. it is now widely recognised that t 
cognised that the increased atmospheric nitrogen deposition over the past 50 years is a major f 
eristic plant species from a variety of ecosystems. nitrogen deposition can act by increasing t 
t species from a variety of ecosystems. nitrogen deposition can act by increasing the acidity o 
on can act by increasing the acidity of soil, because base cations such as calcium are released 
 also increases the amount of available nitrogen in the soil, a process which is often referred 
the amount of available nitrogen in the soil, a process which is often referred to as eutrophic 
a process which is often referred to as eutrophication. both base cation deficiency and eutroph 
cation. both base cation deficiency and eutrophication are known to be mechanisms involved in t 
 the decline of characteristic species. nitrogen to use this information to identify habitats,  
tats, species and locations at greatest risk from n deposition. we will use a combination of la 
s from field surveys in both the uk and the netherlands, to meet these aims.  
2117 3 ge. however, increases in numbers sheep density levels may be quantified. the focus on assessme 
 levels may be quantified. the focus on assessment related to different levels of sheep density 
nt related to different levels of sheep density on alpine ranges will be the main interdiscipli 
7603 14                                     the ecological services provided by living soil are essenti 
 ecological services provided by living soil are essential. for which the Alps mountains, the P 
ich the Alps mountains, the Protocol on Soil Protection to the Alpine Convention is a good stat 
he Alpine Convention is a good state of ecological functions and services of the soil, for thei 
cological functions and services of the soil, for their wise use. face this international, Euro 
al, European and national context where soils are mentioned as an essential resource for sustai 
 mentioned as an essential resource for sustainable development of human societies, it is urgen 
ent of human societies, it is urgent to review our capacity to act using the edaphic biodiversi 
w our capacity to act using the edaphic biodiversity to promote the biological improvement soil 
y to promote the biological improvement soils affected by daily human activities and global cha 
lity by the fact of considering edaphic biodiversity, especially lombricidés, as a key element  
ey element that can effectively control soil adaptability face of global change. it proposes to 
ively control soil adaptability face of global change. it proposes to collect and disseminate s 
available to facilitate the sustainable management of this threatened biological resource.  
7632 39       one of the greatest challenges of forest ecological engineering is the ability to choose  
ne of the greatest challenges of forest ecological engineering is the ability to choose sources 
ces of adequate seeds face an uncertain climate in the coming decades. several studies have hel 
ct to european regulations. now, if the climate changes, these crop areas may be limited. our g 
. our goal is to choose two extremes of forest species, a rare and common species for which we  
l calculate crop areas with and without climate change. within an interdisciplinary group of la 
r the regulation of changes produced by climate change on crop areas. the idea is to imagine in 
e intelligent regulations that meet the management challenges in a changing world. habitat dest 
agement challenges in a changing world. habitat destruction, invasive species and climate chang 
 a changing world. habitat destruction, invasive species and climate change are the most import 
bitat destruction, invasive species and climate change are the most important threats to the bi 
e are the most important threats to the biodiversity of the planet and the sustainability of ec 
 the biodiversity of the planet and the sustainability of ecosystem services. in particular, gl 
of the planet and the sustainability of ecosystem services. in particular, global warming is af 
y of ecosystem services. in particular, global warming is affecting forest ecosystems at multip 
particular, global warming is affecting forest ecosystems at multiple levels: species distribut 
lar, global warming is affecting forest ecosystems at multiple levels: species distribution, fo 
 ecosystems at multiple levels: species distribution, forest productivity, phenological changes 
 multiple levels: species distribution, forest productivity, phenological changes, increase in  
le levels: species distribution, forest productivity, phenological changes, increase in disease 
 and pests, etc.. with slow transitions climate, vegetation can follow these changes in climate 
s, etc.. with slow transitions climate, vegetation can follow these changes in climate. however 
 vegetation can follow these changes in climate. however, with the speed of the current warming 
 however, with the speed of the current warming and fragmentation of the landscape, plants can  
th the speed of the current warming and fragmentation of the landscape, plants can not migrate  
urrent warming and fragmentation of the landscape, plants can not migrate quickly to stay in co 
them. today it is essential to know the vulnerability of forests to these changes for forest ma 
 essential to know the vulnerability of forests to these changes for forest management planning 
ability of forests to these changes for forest management planning and conservation of these ha 
 to these changes for forest management planning and conservation of these habitats fundamental 
nges for forest management planning and conservation of these habitats fundamental to our socie 
 habitats fundamental to our societies. europe and france must find new approaches to achieve t 
eir environmental aspirations face this climate change. it is essential to choose, design and i 
nt of collection areas, however, if the climate changes, the provenance areas will no longer be 
l within the framework of a research in ecological engineering considering that this manipulati 
 the fundamental concerns of our future forests, these forests have many roles in terms of ecol 
l concerns of our future forests, these forests have many roles in terms of ecological services 
ese forests have many roles in terms of ecological services. this reflection opens the door to  
 economic challenges posed by these new forest resources  
7636 7                            the study of urban ecosystems is a major environmental challenge. th 
                     the study of urban ecosystems is a major environmental challenge. this is  
 the first ring around paris. yet these urban ecosystems, including their soils have jusquici b 
irst ring around paris. yet these urban ecosystems, including their soils have jusquici been li 
these urban ecosystems, including their soils have jusquici been little studied from the perspe 
e perspective of their own functioning, ecosystem services that they make and their suitability 
amental knowledge on the functioning of soils in general, magnified by the comparison of treatm 
13721 9 amselflies with studies of quantitative traits of ecological importance. we will relate molecul 
 divergence to divergence in phenotypic traits to get a better understanding of population dive 
will also perform direct tests of local adaptation using reciprocal transplant experiments, in  
combinations and hence strengthen local adaptation. the extent of sexual isolation between cons 
low is generally thought to erode local adaptation and may under some circumstances lead to pop 
r some circumstances lead to population extinction. genetic variability in adaptive traits, the 
nction. genetic variability in adaptive traits, the degree of local adaptation and sexual isola 
in adaptive traits, the degree of local adaptation and sexual isolation are crucial factors inf 
nd have thus important implications for conservation biology.  
9841 1 he field. moreover, it will examine the nature of compartmentalisation of the po cascade betwee 
15318 13 core participants. in the case of plant-pollinator systems, pollination success is not determin 
n the case of plant-pollinator systems, pollination success is not determined by the interactio 
d by the interaction between plants and pollinators alone, but also by the direct and indirect  
ators alone, but also by the direct and indirect effects of herbivores, seed predators, mycorrh 
nd indirect effects of herbivores, seed predators, mycorrhizal fungi and also, possibly, by the 
herbivores, seed predators, mycorrhizal fungi and also, possibly, by the yeasts that colonize f 
cts of yeasts can in turn influence the species composition, visitation frequency and foraging  
tion, visitation frequency and foraging behavior of animal pollinators, as well as aspects rela 
equency and foraging behavior of animal pollinators, as well as aspects related to the performa 
ance of pollen germination, pollen tube growth or ovule fertilization. we formulate the novel h 
ermination, pollen tube growth or ovule fertilization. we formulate the novel hypothesis that n 
l-pollinated plants, including maternal pollination success, fruit set, seed size, outcrossing  
t set, seed size, outcrossing rate, and genetic diversity and relatedness of maternal seed prog 
15131 20 solated from diverse habitats including soil, water and marine sediments. recently, strains of  
d from diverse habitats including soil, water and marine sediments. recently, strains of this g 
erse habitats including soil, water and marine sediments. recently, strains of this genus have  
 from diverse plant tissues, especially nitrogen-fixing nodules. in the last four years our res 
olated many micromonospora strains from nitrogen fixing nodules of different legume species; to 
btained from legume plants collected in spain, ecuador and nicaragua. indeed, we have found mic 
 from legume plants collected in spain, ecuador and nicaragua. indeed, we have found micromonos 
possible that micromonospora also fixes nitrogen in symbiosis with its host. whether these stra 
t micromonospora also fixes nitrogen in symbiosis with its host. whether these strains contain  
e complete set of genes responsible for nitrogen fixation in legumes also remains to be studied 
es responsible for nitrogen fixation in legumes also remains to be studied. furthermore, the si 
ve a potential application in medicine, agriculture and industry. exploitation of endophyte-pla 
an play a significant role in low-input sustainable agriculture application for crops. with the 
lete genome sequences of key endophytic bacteria, the genes involved in colonization and establ 
ophytic bacteria, the genes involved in colonization and establishment of bacteria in planta ca 
ed in colonization and establishment of bacteria in planta can be identified. therefore, once t 
al micromonospora strains isolated from legumes other than lupinus angustifolius; b to study th 
trate the plant tissues; c to study the colonization process of the root nodules by micromonosp 
ermine if micromonospora is able to fix nitrogen in symbiosis with its host and e to sequence t 
cromonospora is able to fix nitrogen in symbiosis with its host and e to sequence the genome of 
9921 7 tween larval chironomid communities and ecosystem structure: for example, assessing the specifi 
 assessing the specific role of plants, fish and zooplankton on larval chironomid communities.  
g the specific role of plants, fish and zooplankton on larval chironomid communities. this proj 
ims to assess the relative influence of ecosystem variables, biotic as well as physicochemical, 
e interpretations relating to past lake ecosystem health. we will examine both modern and subfo 
lti-parameter dataset, and identify the ecosystem variables to which chironomid communities mos 
st strongly respond within shallow lake ecosystems.  
7700 9 ts the level where objects are units of production, processing and use of organic materials, st 
mely manner, the needs of an integrated management. the project uses by setting the goal of imp 
ing into account interest ambivalence - risk and the definition of partial indicators for diffe 
ce - risk and the definition of partial indicators for different objects and processes consider 
ts and processes considered. the use of modeling will place the results acquired in a conceptua 
mely manner, the needs of an integrated management. the project uses by setting the goal of imp 
ing into account interest ambivalence - risk and the definition of partial indicators for diffe 
ce - risk and the definition of partial indicators for different objects and processes consider 
ts and processes considered. the use of modeling allow dialogue and enrichment between the leve 
7717 4 bserved which can not be met by natural forests or naturally regenerated ones because of the th 
enerated ones because of the threats of deforestation / degradation and / or significant mobili 
cause of the threats of deforestation / degradation and / or significant mobilization costs of  
mobilization costs of the raw material. forest plantations  
11071 7 ent aims to highlight the importance of climate change in relation to the ecology and viability 
ce of climate change in relation to the ecology and viability of plant and animal species. clim 
evitably has, or will reflect on entire ecosystems and man-based reliance of economically impor 
e following issues: to what extent does global warming impact on the biology of particular spec 
n the biology of particular species and ecosystems how important are shifts in species distribu 
ems how important are shifts in species distribution ranges, and how can they affect particular 
ation to previously established natural protected areas.  
15209 7 es, evaluating the potential effects of climate, habitat, prey availability, inter-specific int 
ating the potential effects of climate, habitat, prey availability, inter-specific interactions 
, inter-specific interactions, and game management among species of iberian carnivores. 3. to c 
ties. 4. to evaluate the effect of game management, especially predator control, on the composi 
e effect of game management, especially predator control, on the composition of carnivore commu 
interactions between species, and 5. to model how environment factors, in a framework of climat 
ns between species, and 5. to model how environment factors, in a framework of climatic change, 
7606 7  in shared gardens through the issue of biodiversity. this biodiversity will be assessed agains 
through the issue of biodiversity. this biodiversity will be assessed against the gardening pra 
 gardening practices and architectural, urban and landscape forms that structure the gardens th 
 practices and architectural, urban and landscape forms that structure the gardens that line th 
hey could one learn from the design and management of shared gardens for ecological engineering 
gn and management of shared gardens for ecological engineering in urban areas this research aim 
d gardens for ecological engineering in urban areas this research aims to provide answers to th 
7695 6 tegy of"green and blue"crossed with the distribution of elements of green networks. it will ide 
f green networks in the territories and agriculture. this task is to integrate all the results: 
 the results: institutional approach to development projects, relationships between characteris 
ings and provide elements to share with stakeholders. this task should allow the preparation of 
f green networks in the territories and agriculture it will result in the drafting of a summary 
between scientific partners and project stakeholders.  
2527 10      the rate and absolute magnitude of climate change in the last 150 years is expected to be  
t in unusually rapid selection. coastal ecosystems in general, and intertidal systems in partic 
ion. coastal ecosystems in general, and intertidal systems in particular, are likely to be prof 
are likely to be profoundly affected by climate change because human impacts have already under 
ndly affected by climate change because human impacts have already undermined their resilience  
n impacts have already undermined their resilience and capacity to buffer additional environmen 
ditional environmental stresses. global environmental change invokes two basic responses of org 
sal will contribute toward a predictive model of climate induced changes in coastal ecosystems  
contribute toward a predictive model of climate induced changes in coastal ecosystems and appro 
l of climate induced changes in coastal ecosystems and appropriate societal responses.  
14891 10                          the direct and indirect effects of climate change are likely to affect 
     the direct and indirect effects of climate change are likely to affect the distribution of 
climate change are likely to affect the distribution of species and, thus, the composition, str 
mposition, structure and functioning of ecosystems. scots pine to assess the current state of s 
 assess the current state of scots pine forests in eastern spain at the regional scale, quantif 
 state of scots pine forests in eastern spain at the regional scale, quantify the recent change 
orests in eastern spain at the regional scale, quantify the recent changes in their distributio 
e, quantify the recent changes in their distribution taking into account the effect of wildfire 
 the effect of wildfires, and develop a landscape dynamics model to predict future changes.  
fires, and develop a landscape dynamics model to predict future changes.  
7198 13 stems alter the functioning of the agro-ecosystem and the ecological services: biomass producti 
nctioning of the agro-ecosystem and the ecological services: biomass production, soil conservat 
-ecosystem and the ecological services: biomass production, soil conservation and biodiversity, 
em and the ecological services: biomass production, soil conservation and biodiversity, and car 
cological services: biomass production, soil conservation and biodiversity, and carbon storage, 
ical services: biomass production, soil conservation and biodiversity, and carbon storage, with 
omass production, soil conservation and biodiversity, and carbon storage, without however, that 
soil conservation and biodiversity, and carbon storage, without however, that the scope of thes 
rmance of cropping systems and increase pesticide dependence. their adaptation to production sy 
nd increase pesticide dependence. their adaptation to production systems also causes problems,  
sticide dependence. their adaptation to production systems also causes problems, particularly i 
ll strengthen the northern and southern community of researchers and practitioners working arou 
e complex innovations for intensive but sustainable agriculture  
13929 7 ystems it is difficult to conduct large-scale field experiments. we work with a system - willow 
 system - willow leaf beetles and their natural enemies - with exceptionally good opportunities 
place every 3rd to 5th year, a relevant disturbance frequency when trying to quantify the role  
stant stands we will add low numbers of natural enemies, in the other half high numbers. equal  
 added to all stands. beetle population growth rate will be used as dependent variable. we also 
d to continue to follow and analyse the population dynamics of leaf beetles and their natural e 
tion dynamics of leaf beetles and their natural enemies in a number of willow stands, using dat 
14481 9                                         ecosystem restoration is a thriving scientific and appl 
c frame for improving the techniques of restoration of degraded lands in continental mediterran 
ration of degraded lands in continental mediterranean environments. we hypothesize that active  
nvironments. we hypothesize that active restoration in these sites using designs and techniques 
ng designs and techniques that optimise water use outcome the results of passive restoration or 
ater use outcome the results of passive restoration or ecological succession. our research will 
ts of passive restoration or ecological succession. our research will include experimental and  
phenomenological approaches, as well as modelling, according to the various organization levels 
large regions to priorise activities of ecological restoration.  
15294 49                                         soil is a natural resource with a high socio-economic v 
is a natural resource with a high socio-economic value, but severe degradation produces physica 
a high socio-economic value, but severe degradation produces physical, chemical and biotic chan 
tic changes which are irreversible. the soil biota is an essential pillar for the development o 
il biota is an essential pillar for the development of its functions but is very sensitive to c 
 uses and the presence of contaminants. mining activity is one of the major causes of disturban 
 activity is one of the major causes of disturbance to the soil. discharges and wastes have a m 
 the major causes of disturbance to the soil. discharges and wastes have a major impact on the  
s and wastes have a major impact on the environment and they are a continuous source of risk fo 
ent and they are a continuous source of risk for heavy metal pollution to soil, air, surface wa 
ntinuous source of risk for heavy metal pollution to soil, air, surface water and groundwater.  
ce of risk for heavy metal pollution to soil, air, surface water and groundwater. metals and me 
y metal pollution to soil, air, surface water and groundwater. metals and metalloids, commonly  
llution to soil, air, surface water and groundwater. metals and metalloids, commonly referred t 
and metalloids, commonly referred to as heavy metals, are found in nature as part of pedogeneti 
ferred to as heavy metals, are found in nature as part of pedogenetic and biogeochemical proces 
ckground levels may represent a serious risk to human health and the environment, and the eu pr 
 a serious risk to human health and the environment, and the eu promotes the identification and 
 the eu promotes the identification and monitoring of its content in soil in order to develop r 
cation and monitoring of its content in soil in order to develop risk assessment systems. the r 
its content in soil in order to develop risk assessment systems. the risk caused to organisms i 
to develop risk assessment systems. the risk caused to organisms in the presence of metals depe 
tor to take into account when assessing risk is the reactivity of metal species with soil facto 
is the reactivity of metal species with soil factors such as watering regime, ph, organic matte 
h soil factors such as watering regime, ph, organic matter content, clay, etc.. which will infl 
il factors such as watering regime, ph, organic matter content, clay, etc.. which will influenc 
es their mobility and transfer to other ecosystems and their biosponibility for organisms asses 
anisms assessing the level of metals in soil is the first step to determine risk level. however 
 in soil is the first step to determine risk level. however, chemical analysis alone is not ade 
prehensively evaluate its impact on the environment, and needs the support of biological techni 
 not provide a precise diagnosis of the risk of toxicity in soil, and the extrapolation of the  
se diagnosis of the risk of toxicity in soil, and the extrapolation of the results requires val 
te the effect on the composition of the soil biota, to determine the bioaccumulation of metals  
 and to assess their transfer along the food web. however, monitoring campaigns to determine th 
r transfer along the food web. however, monitoring campaigns to determine the concentration of  
etermine the concentration of metals in soil and assess your risk, carries a high budget for so 
ation of metals in soil and assess your risk, carries a high budget for soil analysis and requi 
ss your risk, carries a high budget for soil analysis and requires specialist taxonomists quali 
mists qualified to assess the effect on soil biota. in this sense the new technologies of molec 
ies of molecular biology applied to the development of biosensors for determining the presence  
r determining the presence of metals in soil samples, and the development of sensors capable of 
ence of metals in soil samples, and the development of sensors capable of detecting biomarker t 
 be of great interest and usefulness in monitoring protocols. therefore, the aim of this projec 
 a system for evaluating the ecological risk caused by the dispersion of metal species from min 
u, zn, ni, cd, pb, cr, hg, as and se in soil 2- to study the structure of the soil invertebrate 
n soil 2- to study the structure of the soil invertebrate community, assessing the effect of me 
 the structure of the soil invertebrate community, assessing the effect of metals and to identi 
and to assess metal transference in the soil food web 4- to design the methodology t  
o assess metal transference in the soil food web 4- to design the methodology t  
15295 14                 until not long-time ago soils were considered a medium with an unlimited capabi 
fects. it was in 1972 with the european soil act of the european council when it was recognized 
ean council when it was recognized that soils were a natural resource that needed a special pro 
ecial protection in order to prevent it degradation and contamination due to toxic substances.  
s objective information in contaminated soils due to mining activities and specifically the pre 
nformation in contaminated soils due to mining activities and specifically the presence of meta 
contracts with the former department of environment , arsenic and selenium in soils affected by 
f environment , arsenic and selenium in soils affected by mining activities 2. to evaluate the  
senic and selenium in soils affected by mining activities 2. to evaluate the soil characteristi 
by mining activities 2. to evaluate the soil characteristics by means of basic physic and chemi 
mobility and disponibility of metals in soils 3. to analyse the spatial variability in the heav 
ty of metals in soils 3. to analyse the spatial variability in the heavy metal content in soils 
riability in the heavy metal content in soils, the available fraction and related edaphic param 
iques to evaluate relationships between soil and edaphic fauna in contaminated areas  
14230 12 s increasingly clear that environmental degradation and scarcity play a key role in conflicts a 
bject of several academic and political community debate. environmental security is, therefore, 
the extent that needs for resources and environmental services can be met without damaging sust 
 infrastructures, the rise in mobility, urban sprawl, agricultural practices and tourism are al 
rban sprawl, agricultural practices and tourism are all reducing and fragmenting the space for  
 reducing and fragmenting the space for ecosystems and species. objectives of the project: 1 to 
o analyze political and legal status of baltic sea region concerning environment. 2 to specify  
 status of baltic sea region concerning environment. 2 to specify key factors of environmental  
ea. 3 conduct research in the fields of environmental policy, environmental impact assessment,  
 in the fields of environmental policy, environmental impact assessment, management and educati 
 of environmental policy, environmental impact assessment, management and education.  
olicy, environmental impact assessment, management and education.  
14204 18 ns and scales is the central problem in ecology. the relative importance of small- and large-sc 
relative importance of small- and large-scale processes on the formation of marine communities  
rge-scale processes on the formation of marine communities is little known. often the patterns  
 effect on structure and functioning of marine ecosystems. such analyses will provide us upscal 
 on structure and functioning of marine ecosystems. such analyses will provide us upscaling and 
ng rules of environmental processes and community patterns. the second aim of the project is to 
nges in means and variances of selected climate variables , their interactions and their conseq 
eractions and their consequences to the diversity, patterns and functioning of ecosystems. the  
 diversity, patterns and functioning of ecosystems. the third aim of the project is to unravel  
oject is to unravel the effect of large-scale environmental variability on regional pressures i 
esponses to these events on organismal, community and ecosystem level in order to predict the n 
ese events on organismal, community and ecosystem level in order to predict the nature, scope a 
ecosystem level in order to predict the nature, scope and likely timing of regime shifts. based 
 the nature, scope and likely timing of regime shifts. based on our novel observations and expe 
acity to predict changes in dynamics of baltic sea ecosystems under a range of scenarios of fut 
edict changes in dynamics of baltic sea ecosystems under a range of scenarios of future environ 
 baltic sea ecosystems under a range of scenarios of future environmental change.  
ms under a range of scenarios of future environmental change.  
11050 2                           the origin of species diversity has challenged biologists for over tw 
ly few examples have been documented in nature. early this year, savolainen and colleagues in c 
11841 2                           the origin of species diversity has challenged biologists for over tw 
ly few examples have been documented in nature. early this year, savolainen and colleagues in c 
15109 1 he regression of progression of benthic vegetation. methodology: data will be obtained from nat 
15108 9                                     the water framework directive of the european union . in ad 
ve of the european union . in addition, competition in the use of nutrients and light between m 
 in addition, competition in the use of nutrients and light between macrophytes and phytoplankt 
 the use of nutrients and light between macrophytes and phytoplankton and its effect on bio-opt 
ients and light between macrophytes and phytoplankton and its effect on bio-optical conditions  
 approaches will give the basis for the evaluation of ecological status and the prediction of t 
tion of the variations of the structure-function of aquatic ecosystems to climate change.  
ns of the structure-function of aquatic ecosystems to climate change.  
cture-function of aquatic ecosystems to climate change.  
14770 18 nsidering the fast deterioration of the water quality of the andean rivers and the scarce water 
tion of the water quality of the andean rivers and the scarce water management tools available  
ity of the andean rivers and the scarce water management tools available in andean countries an 
plication of guadalmed protocol for the evaluation of mediterranean rivers ecological status, d 
uadalmed protocol for the evaluation of mediterranean rivers ecological status, developed under 
col for the evaluation of mediterranean rivers ecological status, developed under the regulatio 
atus, developed under the regulation of water framework directive of the european union; the pr 
ect wants to develop a protocol to high andes rivers in ecuador and peru. to reach such objecti 
nts to develop a protocol to high andes rivers in ecuador and peru. to reach such objectives th 
elop a protocol to high andes rivers in ecuador and peru. to reach such objectives three assesm 
col to high andes rivers in ecuador and peru. to reach such objectives three assesments will be 
ified using multivariante statistics in stream types. for the reference sites, each type benthi 
 the reference sites, each type benthic community will be established. then, the three indices  
 agencies to improve and increase their water quality control and management of the andean wate 
ncrease their water quality control and management of the andean watersheds. the fact that the  
uccess of the protocol guadalmed out of spain, so that can be expanded its diffusion and adapta 
 that can be expanded its diffusion and adaptation to other types of rivers.  
fusion and adaptation to other types of rivers.  
14807 21                                         wetlands seem the only ecosystem type that has been lef 
                 wetlands seem the only ecosystem type that has been left out of the field of a 
 the field of action established by the water framework directive, the main objective of which  
ep the good ecological state of aquatic ecosystems. for this purpose, it uses biological indica 
s. for this purpose, it uses biological indicators which, together with geomorphological ones,  
logical ones, and with those related to water hydrochemistry, allow to determine the degree of  
istry, allow to determine the degree of conservation or deterioration of these systems. however 
r, there exists an important deficit of indicators that can be applied to wetlands, in general, 
it of indicators that can be applied to wetlands, in general, and particularly to those located 
ularly to those located in the semiarid mediterranean regions, where the aquatic phase of the s 
ct, the main aim of which is to propose ecological indicators that allow to assess the ecologic 
low to assess the ecological quality of wetlands in the most arid mediterranean regions, follow 
al quality of wetlands in the most arid mediterranean regions, following the water framework di 
id mediterranean regions, following the water framework directive. for this, research is needed 
e aquatic and terrestrial phases of the wetlands, and on the relationships between them. this i 
e different fields of basic and applied ecology as well as in related matters. the validation o 
elated matters. the validation of these indicators in wetlands from all around the iberian semi 
. the validation of these indicators in wetlands from all around the iberian semiarid region ,  
ir adjusment to facilitate their use in environmental management. finally, and as an strategy f 
esults of this research to the field of water management, it is intended to define an integrate 
 the ecological state of these peculiar wetlands.  
10062 52 ase of species with the potential to be ecosystem dominants , such invasions are likely to lead 
likely to lead to marked changes in the ecosystems of the invaded area. most landscapes support 
rea. most landscapes support a range of ecosystems occupying areas differing in environmental c 
conditions because of the relief of the landscape or the presence of different substrates for s 
he presence of different substrates for soil development. such heterogeneity contributes to the 
esence of different substrates for soil development. such heterogeneity contributes to the abil 
t substrates for soil development. such heterogeneity contributes to the ability of a landscape 
geneity contributes to the ability of a landscape to support a range of species, biodiversity b 
andscape to support a range of species, biodiversity being higher in more heterogeneous landsca 
 in more heterogeneous landscapes. this heterogeneity also enables a wider range of species to  
er range of species to move through the landscape as they respond to climatic changes. more hom 
geneous landscapes, or those where some habitat types have been lost, act as barriers to the mo 
re needed of how invasions by potential ecosystem dominants may affect ecosystem patterns and l 
otential ecosystem dominants may affect ecosystem patterns and landscape heterogeneity. such pr 
nants may affect ecosystem patterns and landscape heterogeneity. such projections will inform t 
affect ecosystem patterns and landscape heterogeneity. such projections will inform the develop 
neity. such projections will inform the development of landscape management plans and biodivers 
jections will inform the development of landscape management plans and biodiversity conservatio 
pment of landscape management plans and biodiversity conservation strategies that together will 
s. we will collect data documenting the impacts of a past invasion on ecosystem patterns in thr 
 data documenting the impacts of a past invasion on ecosystem patterns in three landscapes. we  
nting the impacts of a past invasion on ecosystem patterns in three landscapes. we will apply t 
g a series of such small basins in each landscape, as well as one larger basin in each case, we 
ing composition of individual stands of vegetation, as well as records of the shifting regional 
ell as records of the shifting regional vegetation composition. together, these data will allow 
these data will allow us to reconstruct ecosystem patterns on the landscapes through time. we w 
ime. we will focus our attention on the invasion of scots pine into the western highlands of sc 
 8800 and 5800 years ago. prior to this invasion the forests of this region generally had mixed 
0 years ago. prior to this invasion the forests of this region generally had mixed canopies of  
ine now dominates most of the remaining forests. the data we will collect will allow us to dete 
llow us to determine which parts of the landscape pine invaded and how its invasion impacted up 
 the landscape pine invaded and how its invasion impacted upon ecosystem patterns and overall l 
aded and how its invasion impacted upon ecosystem patterns and overall landscape heterogeneity. 
ted upon ecosystem patterns and overall landscape heterogeneity. we will also use a state-of-th 
cosystem patterns and overall landscape heterogeneity. we will also use a state-of-the-art vege 
ty. we will also use a state-of-the-art vegetation model to simulate the pine invasion. this mo 
 also use a state-of-the-art vegetation model to simulate the pine invasion. this model uses as 
t vegetation model to simulate the pine invasion. this model uses as inputs, amongst other thin 
del to simulate the pine invasion. this model uses as inputs, amongst other things, simulations 
c conditions during the period when the invasion took place. we will compare simulated changes  
e. we will compare simulated changes in ecosystem character and patterns on the landscapes asso 
s on the landscapes associated with the invasion with patterns reconstructed from the palaeoveg 
ta. this will enable us to evaluate the model s ability reliably to simulate the consequences o 
to simulate the consequences of such an invasion. this is important because such models provide 
or such applications, we will apply the model to simulate one such potential future invasion of 
l to simulate one such potential future invasion of a canopy dominant tree into these landscape 
 will be of direct relevance to various stakeholders, informing the development of landscape ma 
 to various stakeholders, informing the development of landscape management and biodiversity co 
keholders, informing the development of landscape management and biodiversity conservation stra 
development of landscape management and biodiversity conservation strategies. we will ensure th 
sure that they are communicated to such stakeholders, as well as to the scientific community an 
keholders, as well as to the scientific community and to the wider public.  
7708 13 oject is part of a global context where fishing aquatic products reached a plateau and aquacult 
 aquatic products reached a plateau and aquaculture experiencing sustained development point to 
 and aquaculture experiencing sustained development point to reach in volume intended for human 
intended for human consumption from the fishing productions. however, aquaculture development f 
 from the fishing productions. however, aquaculture development faces many problems environment 
shing productions. however, aquaculture development faces many problems environmental, social e 
ntal, social etc.. and that call at its sustainability. the project submitted is part of a gene 
part of a general problem of ecological intensification and better territorial integration by t 
l integration by taking into account an ecosystem approach. the project addresses issues in the 
ct addresses issues in the logic of the millennium ecosystem assessment work results in the fie 
assessment work results in the field of aquaculture. were added to meet the new questions posed 
rogram systerra skills in pond systems, modeling and biodiversity  
ra skills in pond systems, modeling and biodiversity  
7661 11                                         urban pigeon is an integral part of urban ecosystems wo 
    urban pigeon is an integral part of urban ecosystems worldwide. despite its pervasiveness i 
ban pigeon is an integral part of urban ecosystems worldwide. despite its pervasiveness in urba 
worldwide. despite its pervasiveness in urban areas and proximity to urban dwellers, there is l 
iveness in urban areas and proximity to urban dwellers, there is little known to scientists. ob 
rst is to better understand the role of urban pigeon as a reservoir and vector of diseases pote 
dentify general and basic principles in ecology and evolution of host-parasite interactions in  
ral and basic principles in ecology and evolution of host-parasite interactions in the particul 
parasite interactions in the particular environment quest town. axis 1: epidemiology of disease 
 1: epidemiology of diseases carried by urban pigeon 1- characterize the main pests potentially 
. ec4: establishment of epidemiological monitoring of zoonoses in time and in space ec5: implem 
15378 6 nteractions among species to understand ecology and evolution. recent studies have shown univer 
among species to understand ecology and evolution. recent studies have shown universal patterns 
odels of prokaryote-host animal network evolution in order to test coevolutionary and ecologica 
 analysis of new data, and mathematical modelling. this project will be a ground breaking advan 
ing advance in bridging the gap between ecology and evolution in multispecies networks with det 
in bridging the gap between ecology and evolution in multispecies networks with detailed inform 
7203 34                           . herbivorous insects and pathogens are the vectors are among those m 
 responsible for crop losses worldwide. management relies heavily on the use of insecticides. t 
ngly challenged because of its negative impacts on the environment and on human health. moreove 
 because of its negative impacts on the environment and on human health. moreover, the frequent 
 farmers and it frequently leads to the development of resistance in pest populations. for thes 
 frequently leads to the development of resistance in pest populations. for these reasons, a si 
response, a deeper understanding of the ecology of plant-eating insects and pathogens they are  
standing of the ecology of plant-eating insects and pathogens they are vectors, but also their  
hogens they are vectors, but also their natural enemies is required. it is also appropriate to  
also appropriate to extend the study of scale in temporal and spatial dimensions to be interest 
habitats that they all attend. european agro-ecosystems consist of a shifting mosaic of potenti 
nsist of a shifting mosaic of potential habitat for herbivorous insects and organisms associate 
ic of potential habitat for herbivorous insects and organisms associated with them. these chara 
ted with them. these characteristics of heterogeneity and instability require, first, strong an 
nd and, secondly, largely determine the population dynamics through recurrent episodes of dispe 
 dynamics through recurrent episodes of dispersal / colonization. we will try to answer the que 
rough recurrent episodes of dispersal / colonization. we will try to answer the question of the 
answer the question of the influence of landscape organization on the operation of plant- popul 
izations. in response to spatiotemporal habitat heterogeneity and divergent selection pressures 
ganizations can respond either by local adaptation an acquisition of a general nature genotype. 
 adaptation an acquisition of a general nature genotype. the degree of specialization is a prim 
ization is a primary determinant of the ecology of plant- insect across the agricultural landsc 
the ecology of plant- insect across the agricultural landscape puisquil conditions the possibil 
s the possibilities of exchange between ecosystem compartments. adapting to their host plant- p 
theoretical perspective by studying the behavior of démogénétiques models with a spatial repres 
spatial representation of the balance - migration selection to identify the conditions for loca 
on to identify the conditions for local adaptation depending on the intensity and structure spa 
n between the different compartments of agroecosystem and the influence of the structure and co 
of the structure and composition of the agricultural landscape on the ecology of pests, pathoge 
on of the agricultural landscape on the ecology of pests, pathogens they are vectors and their  
s, pathogens they are vectors and their natural enemies; this knowledge will help identify risk 
mies; this knowledge will help identify risk factors for the protection of plants and offer the 
on of plants and offer the agricultural environment management modalities for limiting pest pre 
 and offer the agricultural environment management modalities for limiting pest pressure in an  
214 10                            the enormous diversity of plants and animals in tropical ecosystems  
rsity of plants and animals in tropical ecosystems has stunned many researchers since the 19th  
any researchers since the 19th century. biodiversity of tropical microbes, including fungi, has 
versity of tropical microbes, including fungi, has received little attention, although these or 
ese organisms contribute to much of the nutrient cycling the role of ectomycorrhizal fungi in t 
ent cycling the role of ectomycorrhizal fungi in tropical monodominance via host specificity an 
ce via host specificity and/or positive soil and litter feedback. through field expeditions and 
erstanding of coevolution of plants and fungi, fungal biogeography and potentially explaining t 
coevolution of plants and fungi, fungal biogeography and potentially explaining tropical monodo 
nodominance. the sequence and frequency/abundance data will be shortly publicly released to fac 
14163 39                                         climate change is able to initate modifications in mari 
nge is able to initate modifications in marine ecosystems, the most radical ones are so called  
able to initate modifications in marine ecosystems, the most radical ones are so called regime  
ms, the most radical ones are so called regime shifts. these abrupt reorganizations of ecosyste 
shifts. these abrupt reorganizations of ecosystem structure may alter biodiversity and carrying 
ations of ecosystem structure may alter biodiversity and carrying capacity, together with a cha 
em structure may alter biodiversity and carrying capacity, together with a changed balance in e 
ity, together with a changed balance in energy transfer through the pelagic and benthic systems 
gic and benthic systems. in addition to climate, a variety of human activities may either modif 
 human activities may either modify the climate-induced shifts or independently cause new ones. 
ndently cause new ones. amongst others, ecosystem regime shifts may also cause changes in recru 
use new ones. amongst others, ecosystem regime shifts may also cause changes in recruitment suc 
regime shifts may also cause changes in recruitment success of fish, presumably through either  
cause changes in recruitment success of fish, presumably through either production or survival  
cess of fish, presumably through either production or survival of early life stages or changes  
or changes in the nursery habitats. for fish, a shift to exogenous feeding during the larval st 
g the larval stage is the most critical life history stage where failure to find suitable food  
year-class strength. besides the larval fish environment, individual condition of mature fish i 
class strength. besides the larval fish environment, individual condition of mature fish is as  
ronment, individual condition of mature fish is as well important. recovery of depressed fish s 
on of mature fish is as well important. recovery of depressed fish stocks is of major global co 
s well important. recovery of depressed fish stocks is of major global concern and information  
population-level performance of various life history stages of marine fish in the gulf of riga  
mance of various life history stages of marine fish in the gulf of riga at different ecosystem  
f various life history stages of marine fish in the gulf of riga at different ecosystem regimes 
e fish in the gulf of riga at different ecosystem regimes. this goal will be achieved by invest 
l will be achieved by investigating the abundance dynamics of the dominating ichthyoplankton ta 
oplankton taxa in relation to the large-scale and local abiotic parameters and prey; by resolvi 
y resolving the potential impact of the water transparency factor behind the detection success  
tion success of suitable food by larval fish; by studying the density and spatial distribution  
le food by larval fish; by studying the density and spatial distribution of autumn-spawning her 
sh; by studying the density and spatial distribution of autumn-spawning herring larvae at high  
spawning herring larvae at high and low abundance population levels; and by performing comparat 
nd spring spawning herring at different ecosystem regimes. the project will provide more than h 
erspective of the dynamics of essential ecosystem components, facilitate to define marine manag 
system components, facilitate to define marine management baselines at which eutrophication lev 
components, facilitate to define marine management baselines at which eutrophication level migh 
ne marine management baselines at which eutrophication level might impair critical functions of 
tical functions of early life stages of fish and help to identify critical factors why previous 
15062 2 imitation mechanisms, 2 functions and 3 evolution. in the first case, we will focus on the lear 
represented by either true imitation of model species or homospecific mimics , close to the lea 
14633 1 ds of evolutionary biology, behavioural ecology, socio-biology and evolutionary psychology.  
1950 4 ereas all animals show senescence, most fungi are potentially immortal. the best studied exampl 
 immortal. the neurospora population of hawaii shows polymorphism for senescence, about 40% of  
 and occurrence of fungal senescence in nature is unclear. we propose to study fitness conseque 
al bi9ology, both experimentally and by modelling. the results should contribute to a better un 
15311 4 many functionally equivalent species in ecosystems, if apparently the latter could work as well 
in the core of our understanding of the evolution of biodiversity. a clear example of this para 
f our understanding of the evolution of biodiversity. a clear example of this paradox is provid 
hat promote the maintenance of symbiont diversity in natural populations.  
6739 17                                   large-scale distribution of species is determined by a multit 
                            large-scale distribution of species is determined by a multitude of 
 multitude of factors, such as geology, climate, history, and, more recently, human imp act. im 
 the past. accidentally or deliberately introduced species, after successful colonization may b 
ly introduced species, after successful colonization may be come invasive, and cause serious ec 
nd cause serious economical damage. for soil animals the most likely mean of introduction is th 
 from nurseries and greenhouses. global climate change can also facilitate dispersal and probab 
obal climate change can also facilitate dispersal and probable invasion of exotics. these chang 
 also facilitate dispersal and probable invasion of exotics. these changes are fast on an evolu 
hanges are fast on an evolutionary time scale; therefore only species capable of quickly adapti 
da, collembola, each being important in decomposition processes. we will look at ecological tol 
e will look at ecological tolerance and life history strategies in model populations of widely  
olerance and life history strategies in model populations of widely and narrowly distributed sp 
ations and experiments on developmental stability and stress tolerance, utilizing methodology o 
eriments on developmental stability and stress tolerance, utilizing methodology of fluctuating  
sticity. such plasticity, especially in life history parameters, is of high adaptive value ther 
herefore it might facilitate successful colonization.  
14124 26  in the latest years the maintenance of ecosystems that have been shaped by long-term and persi 
ies has become increasingly actual. the conservation and restoration of species rich semi-natur 
creasingly actual. the conservation and restoration of species rich semi-natural grasslands is  
estoration of species rich semi-natural grasslands is considered one of the most important aims 
dered one of the most important aims of environmental policy in europe. the botanical focus of  
portant aims of environmental policy in europe. the botanical focus of the protection and manag 
e botanical focus of the protection and management of these grasslands has been to protect rare 
 the protection and management of these grasslands has been to protect rare or endangered speci 
 grasslands has been to protect rare or endangered species that are characteristic to these com 
ince information on various distinctive traits, requirements and dynamics of rare species is es 
are species is essential for successful conservation and management experimental study of endan 
sential for successful conservation and management experimental study of endangered species has 
on and management experimental study of endangered species has been an inevitable part of activ 
evitable part of activities, focused on biodiversity protection. the results from our previous  
of disturbances, created by traditional grassland management by mowing or grazing can be diamet 
ances, created by traditional grassland management by mowing or grazing can be diametrically op 
 by traditional grassland management by mowing or grazing can be diametrically opposite in some 
ional grassland management by mowing or grazing can be diametrically opposite in some circumsta 
 germination, establishment and further growth of selected endangered species will be studied i 
lishment and further growth of selected endangered species will be studied in a series of field 
 that are focused on the aspects of the ecology of disturbance-related herbs. our working hypot 
ocused on the aspects of the ecology of disturbance-related herbs. our working hypotheses are:  
regime and can play a major role in the recruitment of endangered species. the results of our r 
play a major role in the recruitment of endangered species. the results of our research will be 
 species that are dependent on specific management regimes for successful regeneration and grow 
regimes for successful regeneration and growth.  
15033 13     the introduction of invading exotic invertebrates in aquatic environments is a matter of co 
indigenous communities, their threat to biodiversity and even because of their impact in the ma 
and even because of their impact in the management and economy of water resources. with current 
impact in the management and economy of water resources. with current trends of climatic change 
with current trends of climatic change, invasive species are predicted to become more numerous  
us and may cause major problems for the environment and regional ecomomies in the future. as su 
ies in the future. as such the study of exotic species to predict their invasion potential and  
tudy of exotic species to predict their invasion potential and the impacts associated with them 
redict their invasion potential and the impacts associated with them has taken on a new urgency 
t it is debated if we can predict which exotic species may become invasive and if there are par 
ting this with exotic ostracods area of distribution. with this research we expect to provide a 
hwaters and provide new insights to the ecology of biological invasions in general.  
 provide new insights to the ecology of biological invasions in general.  
10214 9 standing of the interaction between the environment and learning processes that occur early in  
at occur early in the life histories of coral reef fishes, we model the dispersal and subsequen 
life histories of coral reef fishes, we model the dispersal and subsequent recruitment of larva 
ries of coral reef fishes, we model the dispersal and subsequent recruitment of larvae with lit 
, we model the dispersal and subsequent recruitment of larvae with little success. as a result, 
ve little hope of deriving satisfactory fisheries and conservation strategies. through this fel 
 of deriving satisfactory fisheries and conservation strategies. through this fellowship, i wil 
nd laboratory environments to study the ecology of learning in embryos and larvae of coral reef 
gy of learning in embryos and larvae of coral reef fishes. i will use results from these studie 
10949 13 s fracture zone provide for contrasting production regimes with cold, fresh and well stratified 
t to allow accurate estimates of export production to the benthos of the mar. the use of remote 
e estimates of export production to the benthos of the mar. the use of remote sensing technolog 
n to the benthos of the mar. the use of remote sensing technologies, coupled with shipboard bio 
al measurements, will allow patterns of primary production over the mar to be studied at higher 
by integrating satellite estimations of primary production with shipboard measurements estimate 
ompared with data from an array of four sediment trap moorings. the supply of food to the deep- 
ng rate processes such as reproduction, metabolism and activity. by measuring the composition a 
n and quantity of this material both as phytoplankton, zooplankton and sedimenting aggregates t 
of this material both as phytoplankton, zooplankton and sedimenting aggregates the ecomar proje 
ving forces behind observed patterns of abundance, biomass and diversity in the fauna of the ma 
 behind observed patterns of abundance, biomass and diversity in the fauna of the mar.  
rved patterns of abundance, biomass and diversity in the fauna of the mar.  
11056 13 s fracture zone provide for contrasting production regimes with cold, fresh and well stratified 
t to allow accurate estimates of export production to the benthos of the mar. the use of remote 
e estimates of export production to the benthos of the mar. the use of remote sensing technolog 
n to the benthos of the mar. the use of remote sensing technologies, coupled with shipboard bio 
al measurements, will allow patterns of primary production over the mar to be studied at higher 
by integrating satellite estimations of primary production with shipboard measurements estimate 
ompared with data from an array of four sediment trap moorings. the supply of food to the deep- 
ng rate processes such as reproduction, metabolism and activity. by measuring the composition a 
n and quantity of this material both as phytoplankton, zooplankton and sedimenting aggregates t 
of this material both as phytoplankton, zooplankton and sedimenting aggregates the ecomar proje 
ving forces behind observed patterns of abundance, biomass and diversity in the fauna of the ma 
 behind observed patterns of abundance, biomass and diversity in the fauna of the mar.  
rved patterns of abundance, biomass and diversity in the fauna of the mar.  
11425 13 s fracture zone provide for contrasting production regimes with cold, fresh and well stratified 
t to allow accurate estimates of export production to the benthos of the mar. the use of remote 
e estimates of export production to the benthos of the mar. the use of remote sensing technolog 
n to the benthos of the mar. the use of remote sensing technologies, coupled with shipboard bio 
al measurements, will allow patterns of primary production over the mar to be studied at higher 
by integrating satellite estimations of primary production with shipboard measurements estimate 
ompared with data from an array of four sediment trap moorings. the supply of food to the deep- 
ng rate processes such as reproduction, metabolism and activity. by measuring the composition a 
n and quantity of this material both as phytoplankton, zooplankton and sedimenting aggregates t 
of this material both as phytoplankton, zooplankton and sedimenting aggregates the ecomar proje 
ving forces behind observed patterns of abundance, biomass and diversity in the fauna of the ma 
 behind observed patterns of abundance, biomass and diversity in the fauna of the mar.  
rved patterns of abundance, biomass and diversity in the fauna of the mar.  
11432 13 s fracture zone provide for contrasting production regimes with cold, fresh and well stratified 
t to allow accurate estimates of export production to the benthos of the mar. the use of remote 
e estimates of export production to the benthos of the mar. the use of remote sensing technolog 
n to the benthos of the mar. the use of remote sensing technologies, coupled with shipboard bio 
al measurements, will allow patterns of primary production over the mar to be studied at higher 
by integrating satellite estimations of primary production with shipboard measurements estimate 
ompared with data from an array of four sediment trap moorings. the supply of food to the deep- 
ng rate processes such as reproduction, metabolism and activity. by measuring the composition a 
n and quantity of this material both as phytoplankton, zooplankton and sedimenting aggregates t 
of this material both as phytoplankton, zooplankton and sedimenting aggregates the ecomar proje 
ving forces behind observed patterns of abundance, biomass and diversity in the fauna of the ma 
 behind observed patterns of abundance, biomass and diversity in the fauna of the mar.  
rved patterns of abundance, biomass and diversity in the fauna of the mar.  
9893 13 s fracture zone provide for contrasting production regimes with cold, fresh and well stratified 
t to allow accurate estimates of export production to the benthos of the mar. the use of remote 
e estimates of export production to the benthos of the mar. the use of remote sensing technolog 
n to the benthos of the mar. the use of remote sensing technologies, coupled with shipboard bio 
al measurements, will allow patterns of primary production over the mar to be studied at higher 
by integrating satellite estimations of primary production with shipboard measurements estimate 
ompared with data from an array of four sediment trap moorings. the supply of food to the deep- 
ng rate processes such as reproduction, metabolism and activity. by measuring the composition a 
n and quantity of this material both as phytoplankton, zooplankton and sedimenting aggregates t 
of this material both as phytoplankton, zooplankton and sedimenting aggregates the ecomar proje 
ving forces behind observed patterns of abundance, biomass and diversity in the fauna of the ma 
 behind observed patterns of abundance, biomass and diversity in the fauna of the mar.  
rved patterns of abundance, biomass and diversity in the fauna of the mar.  
9900 13 s fracture zone provide for contrasting production regimes with cold, fresh and well stratified 
t to allow accurate estimates of export production to the benthos of the mar. the use of remote 
e estimates of export production to the benthos of the mar. the use of remote sensing technolog 
n to the benthos of the mar. the use of remote sensing technologies, coupled with shipboard bio 
al measurements, will allow patterns of primary production over the mar to be studied at higher 
by integrating satellite estimations of primary production with shipboard measurements estimate 
ompared with data from an array of four sediment trap moorings. the supply of food to the deep- 
ng rate processes such as reproduction, metabolism and activity. by measuring the composition a 
n and quantity of this material both as phytoplankton, zooplankton and sedimenting aggregates t 
of this material both as phytoplankton, zooplankton and sedimenting aggregates the ecomar proje 
ving forces behind observed patterns of abundance, biomass and diversity in the fauna of the ma 
 behind observed patterns of abundance, biomass and diversity in the fauna of the mar.  
rved patterns of abundance, biomass and diversity in the fauna of the mar.  
12039 10                           the microbial biodiversity of french soils: an endangered patrimony t 
   the microbial biodiversity of french soils: an endangered patrimony to protect. title 1: cha 
tle 1: characterization of the « beta » diversity of soil microbial communities on the scale of 
terization of the « beta » diversity of soil microbial communities on the scale of france soil  
ty of soil microbial communities on the scale of france soil is subjected to numerous environme 
bial communities on the scale of france soil is subjected to numerous environmental perturbatio 
ronmental perturbations and perfect the development of bio-indicators of the biological state a 
ions and perfect the development of bio-indicators of the biological state and evolution of the 
-indicators of the biological state and evolution of the soils.  
e biological state and evolution of the soils.  
14300 1 ean commission, directorate general for environment  
2037 15                    loss and increase of biodiversity in marine ecosystems over relatively short 
   loss and increase of biodiversity in marine ecosystems over relatively short periods of time 
 and increase of biodiversity in marine ecosystems over relatively short periods of time is to  
mic analysis of the value of changes in biodiversity can contribute to its conservation and pro 
s in biodiversity can contribute to its conservation and protection. this project aims to inves 
h. the project will focus on functional biodiversity. attention will be devoted to integrated m 
attention will be devoted to integrated modelling and interaction between ecology and economics 
rated modelling and interaction between ecology and economics. in addition, the issue of non-us 
ing and interaction between ecology and economics. in addition, the issue of non-use values ass 
issue of non-use values associated with marine systems and biodiversity will be studied. in par 
lues associated with marine systems and biodiversity will be studied. in particular, multiple e 
ticular, multiple effects of changes in biodiversity will be considered. including use values,  
e values, human health implications and ecosystem impacts. some of the ideas will be applied in 
human health implications and ecosystem impacts. some of the ideas will be applied in a case st 
 will be applied in a case study of the north sea or the wadden sea. selection of the case will 
12400 2        summary objective: 1. to make an assessment of current ; 3. to identify potential fundin 
a detailed specificatoin for a regional scale economic and social analysis, based on the prefer 
1943 11 ay play a role in developing a national policy strategy on agro- biodiversity. from the chain/n 
ing a national policy strategy on agro- biodiversity. from the chain/network perspective this p 
 for strengthening the position of agro-biodiversity in the food-supply-chain. on the basis of  
o deliver an input to an optimal mix of policy instruments in a national policy strategy on agr 
mix of policy instruments in a national policy strategy on agro- biodiversity. this research pr 
 in a national policy strategy on agro- biodiversity. this research project is directed towards 
ards the economic implications of agro- biodiversity and will be implemented by a post doc. the 
doc. the post doc, with a background in economics and business administration, conducts analyse 
pecial attention to market analysis, an assessment of potential market shares as well as an ass 
f potential market shares as well as an assessment of optimality of policy instruments is envis 
 well as an assessment of optimality of policy instruments is envisaged.  
2103 6        international agreements require fisheries policy to be based on an ecosystem approach.  
ernational agreements require fisheries policy to be based on an ecosystem approach. the overal 
uire fisheries policy to be based on an ecosystem approach. the overall objective of this proje 
is to achieve a better understanding of marine ecosystem management with a combination of ecolo 
chieve a better understanding of marine ecosystem management with a combination of ecological c 
ria . we will focus on plankton-feeding fish and seabirds in the barents sea and the benguela s 
2203 12 omist is not satisfied with identifying incentives correcting market failures, but aims at find 
 but aims at finding the combination of policy instruments which generate explicit invasion tar 
icy instruments which generate explicit invasion targets at minimum costs, or, equivalently, fo 
on in social costs from aquatic species invasion. the ultimate purpose of this wp is thus to id 
of this wp is thus to identify the best management strategy for species risk management. this,  
he best management strategy for species risk management. this, in turn, requires three classes  
st management strategy for species risk management. this, in turn, requires three classes of in 
of this project: 1. assessing risks and impacts on ecosystem functioning from invading species. 
ject: 1. assessing risks and impacts on ecosystem functioning from invading species. ideally, t 
 possible means of mitigating risks and ecosystem impacts and calculating their costs. an examp 
means of mitigating risks and ecosystem impacts and calculating their costs. an example is redu 
elfare from the product. 3. compare the efficiency performance of different incentive mechanism 
12513 19  factors affecting the profitability of organic farming and the effects of government policies  
licies on the organic sector and public policy goals, by improving the collection and analysis  
abour use on organic farms. since 1999, organic farming in england and wales has expanded rapid 
5 accounting for ca. 4% of agricultural land use on 3500 holdings, with 10-20% growth expected  
 land use on 3500 holdings, with 10-20% growth expected in 2006. the market has also grown rapi 
ns of producers to convert or remain in organic farming, transparent price setting procedures i 
rice setting procedures in organic food markets and effective policy-making all require good fi 
s in organic food markets and effective policy-making all require good financial data and a sou 
ly-based understanding of the potential impacts of business and policy decisions on producers a 
f the potential impacts of business and policy decisions on producers and the activities they u 
 in england and wales. due to the small scale of the organic sector, organic farms are not suff 
 the performance of individual crop and livestock production activities, have been published on 
rmance of individual crop and livestock production activities, have been published on the organ 
ite , with the aim of fully integrating organic farming data collection into the main annual fa 
 the third objective covers the extent, nature and returns to labour use on organic farms. this 
ith data from the annual june census of agriculture. the intention is to understand better how  
ies both on beneficiaries and on public policy goals, and by providing an improved understandin 
roved understanding of key issues where policy intervention or adjustments might be required, i 
, and through improved data on costs of production for use in price setting.  
9923 5 occus have been identified in esthwaite water using hip1-pcr typing. this project now aims to t 
ularly mixotrophic dinoflagellates. the growth kinetics of synechococcus isolates, and those of 
ynechococcus isolates, and those of the predators, will be determined over a range of abiotic c 
ns to provide their susceptibilities to grazing by mixotrophic dinoflagellates under abiotic co 
ot, normally favour autotrophy in these predators.  
14970 4 l objective of ecoclim is to unveil the growth limitations experienced by extreme populations o 
s experienced by extreme populations of mediterranean trees and shrubs, and to understand which 
 capacity of these species to cope with climate change. this main objective will be reached by  
 scheduled to take place in continental mediterranean locations .  
14433 16                                   plant growth and productivity are negatively affected by wate 
                       plant growth and productivity are negatively affected by water stress an 
productivity are negatively affected by water stress and other unfavorable environmental factor 
tivity are negatively affected by water stress and other unfavorable environmental factors. the 
er losing more than 90% of the cellular water. these plants provide a very attractive model for 
 these plants provide a very attractive model for studying the protective mechanisms of desicca 
 effect of light during desiccation and recovery of haberlea growing at low or high irradiance  
ng at low or high irradiance in natural habitat. the effect of stress treatments will be evalua 
iance in natural habitat. the effect of stress treatments will be evaluated by measuring the le 
 be evaluated by measuring the level of stress markers, such as proline, malondialdehyde, h2o2, 
rolyte leakage. тhe extent of oxidative stress in plants subjected to desiccation under high te 
nts subjected to desiccation under high temperature or irradiance as well as during recovery af 
erature or irradiance as well as during recovery after rehydration will be assessed by measurin 
some antioxidant enzymes. the effect of stress treatments on leaf anatomy and chloroplast ultra 
d this knowledge may be applied for the development of drought-tolerant agricultural species.  
e may be applied for the development of drought-tolerant agricultural species.  
13870 9 rent environmental issues in the baltic environment are the increasing occurrence of toxic alga 
asing occurrence of toxic algal blooms, eutrophication and the increasing level of uvb radiatio 
asing level of uvb radiation. light and nutrients are key factors for photosynthetic primary pr 
tor to both the individual cell and the phytoplankton community. the ultraviolet part of the so 
e individual cell and the phytoplankton community. the ultraviolet part of the solar spectrum i 
al question to be answered is will uvbr function as a selective pressure thereby altering the m 
ressure thereby altering the microalgal biodiversity the project aims at increasing the knowled 
 factors controlling the occurrence and distribution of toxic microalgae, a knowledge crucial f 
 knowledge crucial for predicting toxic phytoplankton blooms.  
2208 25         we aim to develop tools for the management of recreational lake fisheries including the 
for the management of recreational lake fisheries including the effects on overall ecosystems p 
heries including the effects on overall ecosystems performance, and study the performance of an 
rmance, and study the performance of an adaptive management of lake ecosystems carried out in c 
mance of an adaptive management of lake ecosystems carried out in close collaboration with mana 
als of our project are to: • develop an adaptive management program for the sustainable use of  
he sustainable use of lake recreational fisheries. the adaptive process will involve o an exper 
ll involve o an experimental whole lake management study focused on the effect of catch and rel 
e of the local fishery. o a size –based modeling to investigate the outcome of different harves 
fferent harvesting regimes by the local fish management areas on fish community and overall eco 
nt harvesting regimes by the local fish management areas on fish community and overall ecosyste 
s by the local fish management areas on fish community and overall ecosystem dynamics. • invest 
the local fish management areas on fish community and overall ecosystem dynamics. • investigate 
ent areas on fish community and overall ecosystem dynamics. • investigate the effects of differ 
 • investigate the effects of different fish harvestings on ecosystem dynamics. focus will be o 
ffects of different fish harvestings on ecosystem dynamics. focus will be on the analysis of re 
amics. focus will be on the analysis of resilience in relation to the presence of alternative s 
nce of alternative states including the risk of catastrophic collapses. • develop methods for a 
system with the purpose of developing a monitoring program that is simple enough to be run by l 
hat is simple enough to be run by local fish management areas but sensitive enough to include m 
s simple enough to be run by local fish management areas but sensitive enough to include measur 
critical changes in the systems. theses management tools will be developed together with the ot 
 and in close cooperation with relevant stakeholders. • incorporate different kinds of expertis 
complished through the establishment of management systems that are based on the principles of  
 that are based on the principles of co-management.  
12439 4    summary objective develop and test a management system for implementing an ecosystem approac 
a management system for implementing an ecosystem approach to fisheries to fishing in the south 
r implementing an ecosystem approach to fisheries to fishing in the southwest.  
g an ecosystem approach to fisheries to fishing in the southwest.  
2514 34 ng process understanding in operational fisheries management under present day climate and futu 
 fisheries management under present day climate and future climate scenarios. the ne atlantic h 
nt under present day climate and future climate scenarios. the ne atlantic harbours some of the 
 present day climate and future climate scenarios. the ne atlantic harbours some of the worlds  
cks interact direct or indirect through competition and through predator-prey relationships. an 
ndirect through competition and through predator-prey relationships. another role is the impact 
nother role is the impact planktivorous fish have on the ecosystem through depletion of plankto 
e impact planktivorous fish have on the ecosystem through depletion of plankton. climate affect 
cosystem through depletion of plankton. climate affects recruitment in the stocks and warm peri 
 depletion of plankton. climate affects recruitment in the stocks and warm periods are in gener 
periods are in general linked with high recruitment. we anticipate major changes in our norther 
nticipate major changes in our northern ecosystems in the coming years, in particular with rega 
n particular with regards to changes in biogeography, as observed already. these changes will a 
ll also affect the trophic flows in the ecosystems and establish new predator-prey relations an 
ows in the ecosystems and establish new predator-prey relations and modify existing ones. in or 
at can integrate the biogeoraphy of the ecosystems with the trophodynamics. when moving outside 
al models parameterised for the present climate variability are unsuitable for providing predic 
elop further an existing 3d biophysical model to include the fish stocks listed in addition to  
ing 3d biophysical model to include the fish stocks listed in addition to the phyto and zooplan 
cks listed in addition to the phyto and zooplankton. this model will integrate spatial dynamics 
tion to the phyto and zooplankton. this model will integrate spatial dynamics of the fish stock 
 will integrate spatial dynamics of the fish stocks over the entire life cycle and their intera 
e cycle and their interactions with the environment including each other. to perform operationa 
her. to perform operationally realistic ecosystem based assessment modelling, a simpler model t 
operationally realistic ecosystem based assessment modelling, a simpler model that can perform  
ly realistic ecosystem based assessment modelling, a simpler model that can perform multiple si 
m based assessment modelling, a simpler model that can perform multiple simulations in order to 
ultiple simulations in order to address uncertainty will be developed based on an existing oper 
n existing operational imr multispecies model for the barents sea. this model will be parameter 
species model for the barents sea. this model will be parameterised using the biophysical model 
 be parameterised using the biophysical model both for present day climate and for a future cli 
 biophysical model both for present day climate and for a future climate change scenario. eco-h 
or present day climate and for a future climate change scenario. eco-harvest control rules for  
ario. eco-harvest control rules for the fish stocks will be developed and evaluated.  
6729 7 swer to the question as to what kind of ecosystem-changes conditioned the changes of the verteb 
pathian basin. the plans include the re-evaluation of some previously examined faunas as well a 
phological changes in relation to paleo-ecology, to examine with oxygen-isotope the dental enam 
ation to paleo-ecology, to examine with oxygen-isotope the dental enamel of herbivores in order 
r to clarify the connection between the habitat and the way of displacement, as well as to make 
ex faunas with the structure of present ecosystems. the new methods to be applied will hopefull 
ke it possible to reconstruct some land-ecosystems of the past 15 million years, as well as to  
14988 10                 our knowledge about the ecology of marine coastal waters has significantly incr 
     our knowledge about the ecology of marine coastal waters has significantly increased. howe 
t always adequately reflected in better management decisions. this partial failure in the appli 
ss of knowledge transmission and to the management process itself. but it is also plausible tha 
 problems fishes are vectors of organic carbon transport between algal assemblages and seagrass 
transport between algal assemblages and seagrass meadows. these three main points will be compl 
f the above-mentioned hypothesis on the seagrass ecosystem functionality. ideally, and apart fr 
ve-mentioned hypothesis on the seagrass ecosystem functionality. ideally, and apart from contri 
tegrative understanding of the littoral environment, ideally helping to a better management.  
nvironment, ideally helping to a better management.  
14989 10                 our knowledge about the ecology of marine coastal waters has significantly incr 
     our knowledge about the ecology of marine coastal waters has significantly increased. howe 
t always adequately reflected in better management decisions. this partial failure in the appli 
ss of knowledge transmission and to the management process itself. but it is also plausible tha 
 problems fishes are vectors of organic carbon transport between algal assemblages and seagrass 
transport between algal assemblages and seagrass meadows. these three main points will be compl 
f the above-mentioned hypothesis on the seagrass ecosystem functionality. ideally, and apart fr 
ve-mentioned hypothesis on the seagrass ecosystem functionality. ideally, and apart from contri 
tegrative understanding of the littoral environment, ideally helping to a better management.  
nvironment, ideally helping to a better management.  
2073 15 ntly practiced is controversial, as the grazing intensity has been claimed to be non-sustainabl 
 is interdisciplinary covering the axis ecology-social sciences aiming at identifying the deter 
aphic variation in reindeer numbers and production in finnmark. these geographic differences ha 
ollowing: if one is to devise efficient management strategies, according to internationally rec 
to internationally recognized goals for ecosystem sustainability, one needs to understand the p 
tionally recognized goals for ecosystem sustainability, one needs to understand the political,  
oject will conduct studies that analyze spatial variability in environmental and socio-cultural 
fting pattern and intensity of reindeer herbivory in conjunction with climatic variability and  
bring about long lasting transitions in vegetation structure and quality which may feed back on 
 and quality which may feed back on the productivity within reindeer herds. productivity will b 
the productivity within reindeer herds. productivity will be studied with respect to the influe 
th respect to the influence of reindeer density, habitat/resource use and climatic variation. t 
t to the influence of reindeer density, habitat/resource use and climatic variation. the social 
heir interactions with the decisions of management authorities, will be forceful social and pol 
rs. reindeer numbers/husbandry practice/production as well as the general spatial research desi 
2086 15 ntly practiced is controversial, as the grazing intensity has been claimed to be non-sustainabl 
 is interdisciplinary covering the axis ecology-social sciences aiming at identifying the deter 
aphic variation in reindeer numbers and production in finnmark. these geographic differences ha 
ollowing: if one is to devise efficient management strategies, according to internationally rec 
to internationally recognised goals for ecosystem sustainability, one needs to understand the p 
tionally recognised goals for ecosystem sustainability, one needs to understand the political,  
oject will conduct studies that analyze spatial variability in environmental and socio-cultural 
fting pattern and intensity of reindeer herbivory in conjunction with climatic variability and  
bring about long lasting transitions in vegetation structure and quality which may feed back on 
 and quality which may feed back on the productivity within reindeer herds. productivity will b 
the productivity within reindeer herds. productivity will be studied with respect to the influe 
th respect to the influence of reindeer density, habitat/resource use and climatic variation. t 
t to the influence of reindeer density, habitat/resource use and climatic variation. the social 
heir interactions with the decisions of management authorities, will be forceful social and pol 
rs. reindeer numbers/husbandry practice/production as well as the general spatial research desi 
7712 1 n support in the context of sustainable management of the saint- jacques shells stocks handle  
10720 22                                     the grasslands in china are in a state of ecological crisis 
                      the grasslands in china are in a state of ecological crisis. for example, 
l crisis. for example, about 33% of the grasslands on the qinghai-tibetan plateau, the largest  
he qinghai-tibetan plateau, the largest grassland unit on the eurasian continent, are degraded, 
graded with only 0-40 % of the original vegetation cover left. grassland degradation has import 
 of the original vegetation cover left. grassland degradation has important economic and enviro 
iginal vegetation cover left. grassland degradation has important economic and environmental co 
quences. about 80% of the rural poor in china live in grassland ecosystems and any further degr 
 80% of the rural poor in china live in grassland ecosystems and any further degradation of thi 
e rural poor in china live in grassland ecosystems and any further degradation of this fragile  
in grassland ecosystems and any further degradation of this fragile ecological environment, wit 
 degradation of this fragile ecological environment, with an associated loss of ecosystem servi 
environment, with an associated loss of ecosystem services, will accelerate their poverty. the  
osystem services, will accelerate their poverty. the overall goal of the proposed partnership a 
of the proposed partnership and project development strengthening decision-making options and t 
p and project development strengthening decision-making options and transferring this knowledge 
rnments. the ppd grant will allow us to review relevant policies and regulations on grassland m 
ew relevant policies and regulations on grassland management and poverty alleviation in china,  
t policies and regulations on grassland management and poverty alleviation in china, to compile 
regulations on grassland management and poverty alleviation in china, to compile a list of all  
d management and poverty alleviation in china, to compile a list of all major stakeholder group 
 consortium members as well as relevant stakeholders.  
15482 17 structural and functional aspect of the ecosystem, as they develops due to the interactions bet 
the interactions between the structural ecosystem components, which evolve and develop through  
 time feedback the emergent trajectory. vegetation spatial patterns are accumulating a high int 
f its potential to quantify and predict degradation stages. recent studies indicated that slow  
ociation, facilitative interactions and soil degradation and how this, in turn, determines the  
ion, facilitative interactions and soil degradation and how this, in turn, determines the spati 
patial self-organization of species and ecosystems. the outcome of these interactions is the re 
mation, particularly in arid and alpine ecosystems. employing together information about specie 
ormation about species associations and community organization we are able to identify the keys 
to identify the keystone species in the ecosystem and develop more accurate restoration and con 
the ecosystem and develop more accurate restoration and conservation programmes. particularly w 
d develop more accurate restoration and conservation programmes. particularly we will determine 
portance of plant-plant interaction and soil nutrients and runoff connectivity over a climatic  
nce of plant-plant interaction and soil nutrients and runoff connectivity over a climatic gradi 
lant interaction and soil nutrients and runoff connectivity over a climatic gradient under two  
teraction and soil nutrients and runoff connectivity over a climatic gradient under two differe 
ic gradient under two different extreme ecosystems .  
10106 13 hypothesised that the nutrient limiting forest productivity shifts from n, to n+p, to p during  
sised that the nutrient limiting forest productivity shifts from n, to n+p, to p during long-te 
s from n, to n+p, to p during long-term soil development. despite the important implications of 
m n, to n+p, to p during long-term soil development. despite the important implications of this 
ant implications of this hypothesis for ecosystem functioning and dynamics, it has received lit 
ntion. therefore, i established a large-scale fertilizer experiment in 2001 to test which facto 
ent in 2001 to test which factors limit productivity along a chronosequence in new zealand. six 
hich factors limit productivity along a chronosequence in new zealand. sixty plots were establi 
 productivity along a chronosequence in new zealand. sixty plots were established in a factoria 
, p, and n+p additions to 3 contrasting forest types within a 50 square km area of lowland rain 
hin a 50 square km area of lowland rain forest. now i propose to return to these plots to measu 
sure changes in above- and below-ground productivity, monitor changes in nutrient pools, and qu 
ntify the influences of waterlogging on growth.  
13754 15 to analyse how ecological and political incentives interact in ecosystem restoration design. we 
al and political incentives interact in ecosystem restoration design. we will examine restorati 
tem restoration design. we will examine restoration measures in ecosystems and link those to so 
we will examine restoration measures in ecosystems and link those to societal actors´ interests 
tal actors have human-centered aims for restoration projects based on particular expertise and  
 outcomes of these projects and whether biodiversity and ecosystem services are favoured or dis 
e projects and whether biodiversity and ecosystem services are favoured or disfavoured. neverth 
ubstantial funding is allocated towards ecosystem restoration projects based upon articulated a 
ulated aims of either restoring certain ecosystem services to more pristine levels, or developi 
ping them. we will evaluate and develop restoration measures in landscapes and explore inherent 
ions in, and potential added values of, restoration. we will: propose ways to develop ecosystem 
ation. we will: propose ways to develop ecosystem restoration policies and management in a dire 
elop ecosystem restoration policies and management in a direction that allows adaptation, given 
d management in a direction that allows adaptation, given results of the ecological and politic 
rative analysis and expected changes in climate and landuse.  
11402 69 ng political and public concern for the environment, and resulting changes in legislation, euro 
ulting changes in legislation, european agriculture is challenged to provide ecosystem services 
an agriculture is challenged to provide ecosystem services such as carbon storage and protectio 
d to provide ecosystem services such as carbon storage and protection of water quality, along w 
uch as carbon storage and protection of water quality, along with biodiversity conservation and 
protection of water quality, along with biodiversity conservation and maintenance of economical 
 and maintenance of economically viable production. in europe, extensively managed or restored  
e of economically viable production. in europe, extensively managed or restored grasslands are  
europe, extensively managed or restored grasslands are key elements of managed and natural land 
gical constraints and opportunities for multifunctionality in semi-natural grasslands is missin 
 for multifunctionality in semi-natural grasslands is missing. therefore, its translation into  
ts, which is required in order to guide policy and management of these agroecosystems, is limit 
s required in order to guide policy and management of these agroecosystems, is limited. vital w 
to guide policy and management of these agroecosystems, is limited. vital will test the general 
ypothesis that the delivery of multiple ecosystem services in semi-natural grasslands, and its  
iple ecosystem services in semi-natural grasslands, and its vulnerability to changing managemen 
ces in semi-natural grasslands, and its vulnerability to changing management, can be explained  
ands, and its vulnerability to changing management, can be explained by the coupling among plan 
plained by the coupling among plant and soil microbial functional diversity, and its impacts on 
coupling among plant and soil microbial functional diversity, and its impacts on carbon and nit 
microbial functional diversity, and its impacts on carbon and nitrogen turnover. vital aims to  
unctional diversity, and its impacts on carbon and nitrogen turnover. vital aims to address thi 
iversity, and its impacts on carbon and nitrogen turnover. vital aims to address this hypothesi 
and its relevance to local and regional development by producing a conceptual model of relation 
l development by producing a conceptual model of relationships among plant and microbial functi 
relationships among plant and microbial functional diversity, and multiple ecosystem service de 
bial functional diversity, and multiple ecosystem service delivery. vital will focus on mountai 
 delivery. vital will focus on mountain grasslands where traditional livelihoods relying on mul 
n mountain grasslands where traditional livelihoods relying on multifunctionality are threatene 
here traditional livelihoods relying on multifunctionality are threatened by ongoing societal c 
es in the french alps , which represent management trends spanning the full gradient of fertili 
spanning the full gradient of fertility-biodiversity interactions, and includes 6 workpackages  
igned to follow steps prescribed by the millennium ecosystem assessment for regional assessment 
 assessment for regional assessments of biodiversity and ecosystem services. wp1 will use stake 
egional assessments of biodiversity and ecosystem services. wp1 will use stakeholder semi-direc 
interviews and meetings to identify key ecosystem services associated with the maintenance of f 
he maintenance of fertility in mountain grasslands, how these are perceived to be affected by m 
w these are perceived to be affected by management, as well as indicators they use for these se 
o be affected by management, as well as indicators they use for these services. wp2-4 will anal 
analyse current trends and condition of biodiversity and ecosystem services and their underlyin 
rends and condition of biodiversity and ecosystem services and their underlying mechanisms usin 
 link them with easily measurable plant traits that respond to management and affect carbon and 
measurable plant traits that respond to management and affect carbon and nitrogen turnover. wp3 
s that respond to management and affect carbon and nitrogen turnover. wp3 will then build multi 
ond to management and affect carbon and nitrogen turnover. wp3 will then build multispecies ass 
species assemblages by manipulating the dominance of plant species with different traits on soi 
minance of plant species with different traits on soils from differently managed grasslands. wp 
 plant species with different traits on soils from differently managed grasslands. wp4 will tes 
raits on soils from differently managed grasslands. wp4 will test the robustness of this model  
s. wp4 will test the robustness of this model across management intensity gradients at the thre 
est the robustness of this model across management intensity gradients at the three field sites 
wp5 will generate projections of future ecosystem service delivery according to alternative man 
rvice delivery according to alternative management scenarios constructed by downscaling with lo 
ery according to alternative management scenarios constructed by downscaling with local stakeho 
s constructed by downscaling with local stakeholders a range of scenarios of global change, inc 
ling with local stakeholders a range of scenarios of global change, including extreme changes.  
al stakeholders a range of scenarios of global change, including extreme changes. their impacts 
hange, including extreme changes. their impacts on ecosystem services will be modelled using bo 
uding extreme changes. their impacts on ecosystem services will be modelled using both a statis 
 based on results from wp4, and dynamic ecosystem models. wp6 will use a series of three worksh 
per site to identify the needs of local stakeholders, land managers and policy makers, to meet  
f local stakeholders, land managers and policy makers, to meet these needs by transferring know 
them, and thereby to raise awareness of biodiversity and ecological processes underlying ecosys 
ity and ecological processes underlying ecosystem services delivery, and of impacts of manageme 
ing ecosystem services delivery, and of impacts of management change. their feedbacks and perce 
em services delivery, and of impacts of management change. their feedbacks and perception of ac 
 be taken in the future for sustainable rural development will be delivered to policy makers. o 
 rural development will be delivered to policy makers. outreach to managers and the public will 
public will be strengthened through the development of a training toolkit.  
481 42 ng political and public concern for the environment, and resulting changes in legislation , whi 
hanges in legislation , which represent management trends spanning the full gradient of fertili 
spanning the full gradient of fertility-biodiversity interactions. vital includes six work pack 
d to follow the steps prescribed by the millennium ecosystem assessment for regional assessment 
 assessment for regional assessments of biodiversity and ecosystem services. wp1 will use stake 
egional assessments of biodiversity and ecosystem services. wp1 will use stakeholder semi-direc 
 meetings at each site to identify with stakeholders key ecosystem services associated with the 
 site to identify with stakeholders key ecosystem services associated with the maintenance of f 
he maintenance of fertility in mountain grasslands, how these are perceived to be affected by m 
w these are perceived to be affected by management, and linkages among services, as well as ind 
and linkages among services, as well as indicators they use for these services. wp2-4 will anal 
analyse current trends and condition of biodiversity and ecosystem services and their underlyin 
rends and condition of biodiversity and ecosystem services and their underlying mechanisms. thi 
 link them with easily measurable plant traits that respond to management and affect carbon and 
measurable plant traits that respond to management and affect carbon and nitrogen turnover. wp3 
s that respond to management and affect carbon and nitrogen turnover. wp3 will then build multi 
ond to management and affect carbon and nitrogen turnover. wp3 will then build multispecies ass 
species assemblages by manipulating the dominance of plant species with different traits on soi 
minance of plant species with different traits on soils from intensively / extensively managed  
 plant species with different traits on soils from intensively / extensively managed grasslands 
 from intensively / extensively managed grasslands. analyses of realised plant and microbial fu 
nalyses of realised plant and microbial functional diversity, and of c- and n-cycling processes 
cycling processes, will provide a first model linking plant functional responses to management, 
l linking plant functional responses to management, their impacts on microbial functional diver 
nctional responses to management, their impacts on microbial functional diversity, and their co 
 management, their impacts on microbial functional diversity, and their coupled effects on mult 
, and their coupled effects on multiple ecosystem services. wp4 will test the robustness of thi 
s. wp4 will test the robustness of this model across management intensity gradients at the thre 
est the robustness of this model across management intensity gradients at the three field sites 
wp5 will generate projections of future ecosystem service delivery according to alternative man 
rvice delivery according to alternative management scenarios constructed by downscaling with lo 
ery according to alternative management scenarios constructed by downscaling with local stakeho 
s constructed by downscaling with local stakeholders a range of scenarios of global change, inc 
ling with local stakeholders a range of scenarios of global change, including extreme changes.  
al stakeholders a range of scenarios of global change, including extreme changes. their impacts 
hange, including extreme changes. their impacts on ecosystem services will be modelled using bo 
uding extreme changes. their impacts on ecosystem services will be modelled using both a statis 
 based on results from wp4, and dynamic ecosystem models. nonlinear situations, with changes ac 
nlinear situations, with changes across scenarios in association patterns among services will b 
ified, and their relationships to plant-microbial diversity linkages analysed. wp6 will use a s 
per site to identify the needs of local stakeholders, land managers and policy ma  
f local stakeholders, land managers and policy ma  
10486 4 ely on the benefits provided to them by ecosystems, or ecosystem services level, gain input fro 
fits provided to them by ecosystems, or ecosystem services level, gain input from ngos and usin 
erience and expertise into the research development from the outset is key and ensures that the 
 balancing the need to develop with the conservation of es.  
10141 14                                         poverty is particularly prevalent in mountainous areas; 
e 12.28 million poor people live in the ecosystems under the impact of the three gorges dam wil 
 three gorges dam will be analyzed. the biodiversity, ecosystem resilience, and their associate 
dam will be analyzed. the biodiversity, ecosystem resilience, and their associated ecosystem se 
e analyzed. the biodiversity, ecosystem resilience, and their associated ecosystem services in  
system resilience, and their associated ecosystem services in response to high risk natural haz 
 ecosystem services in response to high risk natural hazards and accelerated environmental chan 
ted strategies for sustainably managing ecosystem for maximizing poverty reduction and increase 
nably managing ecosystem for maximizing poverty reduction and increase resilience of the poor o 
ximizing poverty reduction and increase resilience of the poor of natural hazards, and enhancin 
rities to co-ordinate and implement the management schemes by the engagement with policy/decisi 
nagement schemes by the engagement with policy/decision makers from the early consortium buildi 
ms of the project to be developed under stream 2b. this web-presence will not only inform but w 
for both academic and social input form stakeholders.  
11169 14                                         poverty is particularly prevalent in mountainous areas; 
e 12.28 million poor people live in the ecosystems under the impact of the three gorges dam wil 
 three gorges dam will be analyzed. the biodiversity, ecosystem resilience, and their associate 
dam will be analyzed. the biodiversity, ecosystem resilience, and their associated ecosystem se 
e analyzed. the biodiversity, ecosystem resilience, and their associated ecosystem services in  
system resilience, and their associated ecosystem services in response to high risk natural haz 
 ecosystem services in response to high risk natural hazards and accelerated environmental chan 
ted strategies for sustainably managing ecosystem for maximizing poverty reduction and increase 
nably managing ecosystem for maximizing poverty reduction and increase resilience of the poor o 
ximizing poverty reduction and increase resilience of the poor of natural hazards, and enhancin 
rities to co-ordinate and implement the management schemes by the engagement with policy/decisi 
nagement schemes by the engagement with policy/decision makers from the early consortium buildi 
ms of the project to be developed under stream 2b. this web-presence will not only inform but w 
for both academic and social input form stakeholders.  
13987 17                            agricultural production is expected to continue to expand globally,  
to expand globally, despite substantial trade-offs with other ecosystem services. this has led  
spite substantial trade-offs with other ecosystem services. this has led to an increasing inter 
d to an increasing interest in managing agricultural landscapes for enhanced multi-functionalit 
essments’ of connections among multiple ecosystem services in agricultural landscapes. the core 
ns among multiple ecosystem services in agricultural landscapes. the core hypothesis is that di 
h altered land uses, spatial scales and management practices, and if so, whether this change is 
pt and non-linear. we will focus on two agricultural landscapes, one in sweden and one in south 
 on two agricultural landscapes, one in sweden and one in south africa, where we have substanti 
al landscapes, one in sweden and one in south africa, where we have substantial previous field  
ll connected to researchers, actors and policy makers. both landscapes contain large-scale comm 
y makers. both landscapes contain large-scale commercial farming, small-scale farming, and a na 
n large-scale commercial farming, small-scale farming, and a national park/nature reserve. usin 
mall-scale farming, and a national park/nature reserve. using case studies from two widely diff 
he conceptual framework and methodology development. methods include expert interviews using pa 
analyses of ‘bundle indexes’, and cross-scale analyses using gis imagery.  
ndexes’, and cross-scale analyses using gis imagery.  
7675 32                                         ecosystem services are underpinned by fundamental ecolo 
ence on these services, and the use and management of ecosystems. our hypothesis is that ecosys 
services, and the use and management of ecosystems. our hypothesis is that ecosystem services c 
t of ecosystems. our hypothesis is that ecosystem services can thus be modelled as networks of  
sis by assessing alternative futures of ecosystem services under combined scenarios of land-use 
es of ecosystem services under combined scenarios of land-use and climate change for the grenob 
em services under combined scenarios of land-use and climate change for the grenoble urban regi 
nder combined scenarios of land-use and climate change for the grenoble urban region in the fre 
use and climate change for the grenoble urban region in the french alps. we will capitalize on  
ld and integrate models of the relevant ecosystem services and land-use change. our assessment  
 of the relevant ecosystem services and land-use change. our assessment will benefit from our d 
ystem services and land-use change. our assessment will benefit from our detailed understanding 
 from our detailed understanding of how biodiversity and different ecosystem services are inter 
nding of how biodiversity and different ecosystem services are interconnected. trade-offs and s 
 ecosystem services are interconnected. trade-offs and synergies will be quantified by a specif 
al multi-criteria analysis. besides the urban region, we will focus on two case study sub-syste 
valley upstream of the city and a mixed landscape of forests and grasslands in a mountain range 
am of the city and a mixed landscape of forests and grasslands in a mountain range south of the 
ty and a mixed landscape of forests and grasslands in a mountain range south of the city. as be 
 south of the city. as beneficiaries of ecosystem services, local and regional stakeholders wil 
 ecosystem services, local and regional stakeholders will be involved in formulating the projec 
ting the project working hypotheses and scenarios. these scenarios will build on current urban  
working hypotheses and scenarios. these scenarios will build on current urban planning exercise 
. these scenarios will build on current urban planning exercises by public authorities, and dow 
 public authorities, and downscaling of land-use and climate change projections. we will engage 
rities, and downscaling of land-use and climate change projections. we will engage stakeholders 
mate change projections. we will engage stakeholders in the comparison of scenarios and the ass 
ngage stakeholders in the comparison of scenarios and the assessment of trade-offs in order to  
 in the comparison of scenarios and the assessment of trade-offs in order to foster a dialog on 
ison of scenarios and the assessment of trade-offs in order to foster a dialog on development p 
ade-offs in order to foster a dialog on development pathways and mitigation options.  
er a dialog on development pathways and mitigation options.  
12594 43 w wide recognition of the importance to human well-being of services delivered by the peatland  
g of services delivered by the peatland environment. despite this, there remains little ecologi 
ains little ecological understanding of ecosystem services, particularly in terms of how and wh 
 and consumed at a regional or national scale. the new cross government natural environment psa 
scale. the new cross government natural environment psa28 target aims to secure a diverse, heal 
 diverse, healthy and resilient natural environment, which provides the basis for everyones wel 
of the services provided by the natural environment are reflected in decision-making. therefore 
he natural environment are reflected in decision-making. therefore, when taking action in peatl 
efore, when taking action in peatlands, management should strive to achieve multiple benefits a 
er project, which will inform the defra ecosystem approach framework in light of the millennium 
stem approach framework in light of the millennium ecosystem assessment. it is novel and vision 
 novel and visionary work, bringing key stakeholders for peatlands together for strategic mappi 
rs for peatlands together for strategic mapping and spatial analysis of public benefits . the o 
ands together for strategic mapping and spatial analysis of public benefits . the overall aim o 
f this defra project is to identify the distribution and assess cost-benefit flows of different 
 assess cost-benefit flows of different ecosystem services in upland and lowland peatlands. as  
ata and scientific evidence on peatland ecosystem service provision as well as the transferabil 
g detailed case studies. the concept of ecosystem services is interdisciplinary and critically  
partnership, one of the biggest uk peat restoration projects, in collaboration with internation 
e project team harnesses both practical restoration expertise and research expertise. the proje 
ators have developed good networks with stakeholders and peatland projects thereby adding value 
ill hold a conference inviting key peat stakeholders and scientists with complementary expertis 
case study sites in different states of degradation and assess the information available on the 
rovision and quantification of peatland ecosystem services for each site. for each case study w 
case study we will identify and map key ecosystem services provided by peat. the project team h 
evaluate cost-benefit flows of peatland ecosystem services, we will determine suitable valuatio 
em services, we will determine suitable valuation data required to undertake peatland ecosystem 
ion data required to undertake peatland ecosystem service valuation based on peatland maintenan 
to undertake peatland ecosystem service valuation based on peatland maintenance and restoration 
ation based on peatland maintenance and restoration. where possible we will provide assements o 
de assements of cost-benefiot flows for ecosystem services from the case study sites and map op 
e capacity of each site to increase its ecosystem service provision and assess the case for res 
rvice provision and assess the case for restoration, outline conflicts between service provisio 
e provisions and compare differences in ecosystem service provision between sites. we will asse 
 top 10 criteria for assessing peatland ecosystem service provision to facilitate monitoring of 
osystem service provision to facilitate monitoring of the health of ecosystems. ultimately, the 
 facilitate monitoring of the health of ecosystems. ultimately, the project identify informatio 
 to scope and set-up a phase 2 peatland ecosystem service project in order to provide critical  
o provide critical guidance on peatland management actions to prioritise locations and actions  
rioritise locations and actions of peat restoration in england and wales. it as ecosystem servi 
restoration in england and wales. it as ecosystem services are a matter of societal choice, we  
al and environmental scientists and key stakeholders from the outset of the project. a conferen 
e knowledge exchange, opportunities for evaluation of project results and synthesis, and a join 
7629 20             studying the functioning of urban ecosystems and ecosystem services that they provi 
      studying the functioning of urban ecosystems and ecosystem services that they provide is  
the functioning of urban ecosystems and ecosystem services that they provide is a major environ 
 major environmental challenge. indeed, urban areas are characterized by extreme human impacts  
rban areas are characterized by extreme human impacts on the structure of habitats, biotic homo 
describe the impact of threats to non - urban areas for decades, and propose appropriate manage 
as for decades, and propose appropriate management measures. from this perspective, this projec 
duction of exotic floral species in the ecosystem service of pollination urban. the results obt 
ral species in the ecosystem service of pollination urban. the results obtained and the analysi 
in the ecosystem service of pollination urban. the results obtained and the analysis of the per 
, will propose measures to preserve the ecosystem service of pollination in urban and non-urban 
es to preserve the ecosystem service of pollination in urban and non-urban areas. the ever incr 
the ecosystem service of pollination in urban and non-urban areas. the ever increasing impact o 
service of pollination in urban and non-urban areas. the ever increasing impact of human activi 
the biosphere is strongly linked to the growth of cities worldwide, almost 50 % of the human po 
, more than ¾ of the population live in urban areas, which currently cover nearly 20 % of the t 
pports. for example, parameters such as ecological engineering in 2010 pir fragmentation of hab 
h as ecological engineering in 2010 pir fragmentation of habitats, biotic homogenization throug 
y native species or the introduction of exotic species reach extreme values ​​in urban areas. w 
xotic species reach extreme values ​​in urban areas. well, this denotes the cities as a new bio 
15493 4                   answering how and why biodiversity affects the provision of ecosystem service 
y biodiversity affects the provision of ecosystem services under global change is now a priorit 
e provision of ecosystem services under global change is now a priority in ecological research  
w a priority in ecological research and environmental management. in this project, we integrate 
1092 9 s at comparing the relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning in various habit 
of ecological organization: population, community and landscape. biodiversity will be defined a 
organization: population, community and landscape. biodiversity will be defined at population l 
n: population, community and landscape. biodiversity will be defined at population level . the  
so to study the brackish bentho-pelagic food webs. the analysis of multispectral and multiscala 
es of the terrestrial parts of the lake watershed will concentrate on classifying procedures fo 
te on classifying procedures for corine habitat mapping and productivity estimates which will b 
assifying procedures for corine habitat mapping and productivity estimates which will be valida 
ocedures for corine habitat mapping and productivity estimates which will be validated by geo-r 
15116 17 uate the quality of the territory using biodiversity indicators at landscape and ecosystem leve 
ity of the territory using biodiversity indicators at landscape and ecosystem level, in order t 
ritory using biodiversity indicators at landscape and ecosystem level, in order to obtain the p 
iodiversity indicators at landscape and ecosystem level, in order to obtain the possible relati 
s between the structural and functional biodiversity of soil and the aboveground plant communit 
ructural and functional biodiversity of soil and the aboveground plant communities. the propose 
mmunities. the proposed methodology and sustainability indices will be very much applicable at  
l be very much applicable at eco-region scale. the project is framed within the conceptual and  
ternational scientific programme of the millennium ecosystem assessment, with the aim of genera 
knowledge applicable into a sustainable land management. it mainly focuses on the natural herit 
imation of the services provided by the ecosystems, and the way these services are affected by  
heritage critical level, defined as the natural resources essential and impossible to replace a 
 would be able to avoid or minimize the human impacts on ecosystems. it is expected to provide  
 avoid or minimize the human impacts on ecosystems. it is expected to provide planning and mana 
n ecosystems. it is expected to provide planning and management tools, and also to offer future 
 it is expected to provide planning and management tools, and also to offer future sceneries of 
sions taken that affect the flow of the ecosystem services.  
15117 17 uate the quality of the territory using biodiversity indicators at landscape and ecosystem leve 
ity of the territory using biodiversity indicators at landscape and ecosystem level, in order t 
ritory using biodiversity indicators at landscape and ecosystem level, in order to obtain the p 
iodiversity indicators at landscape and ecosystem level, in order to obtain the possible relati 
s between the structural and functional biodiversity of soil and the aboveground plant communit 
ructural and functional biodiversity of soil and the aboveground plant communities. the propose 
mmunities. the proposed methodology and sustainability indices will be very much applicable at  
l be very much applicable at eco-region scale. the project is framed within the conceptual and  
ternational scientific programme of the millennium ecosystem assessment, with the aim of genera 
knowledge applicable into a sustainable land management. it mainly focuses on the natural herit 
imation of the services provided by the ecosystems, and the way these services are affected by  
heritage critical level, defined as the natural resources essential and impossible to replace a 
 would be able to avoid or minimize the human impacts on ecosystems. it is expected to provide  
 avoid or minimize the human impacts on ecosystems. it is expected to provide planning and mana 
n ecosystems. it is expected to provide planning and management tools, and also to offer future 
 it is expected to provide planning and management tools, and also to offer future sceneries of 
sions taken that affect the flow of the ecosystem services.  
7401 1 m of genes of interest in poplar. after development of technology and the identification of pol 
12147 2 toxicological studies. the influence of leaf litter of the most widely spread tree in coastal r 
idely spread tree in coastal regions of water bodies, black alder .  
7168 13    even more than the boreal coniferous forests or mountains, lowland hardwood forests are ecos 
 forests or mountains, lowland hardwood forests are ecosystems of great complexity, both spatia 
mountains, lowland hardwood forests are ecosystems of great complexity, both spatially ectomyco 
ardwood forests are ecosystems of great complexity, both spatially ectomycorrhizal fungi alien  
plexity, both spatially ectomycorrhizal fungi alien not only in terms of biodiversity conservat 
rhizal fungi alien not only in terms of biodiversity conservation, but especially in terms prot 
iogeochemical processes that ensure the stability of lowland deciduous forests. the results sho 
sure the stability of lowland deciduous forests. the results show that a representative ectomyc 
w that a representative ectomycorrhizal community of many deciduous forests of western and cent 
mycorrhizal community of many deciduous forests of western and central europe plain is function 
eciduous forests of western and central europe plain is functionally very diverse, which gives  
lly very diverse, which gives it a high resistance to disturbances such as the introduction of  
he introduction of non-native symbiotic fungi. however, short- term changes can be observed wit 
7565 7  associated with two types of deciduous forests, one materialized by an old oak grove plain, th 
n old oak grove plain, the other by the riparian forest in these contrasting habitats, 2- ident 
 grove plain, the other by the riparian forest in these contrasting habitats, 2- identify proce 
environments, 3- and assumptions of the management of these ecosystems and the parameters that  
 assumptions of the management of these ecosystems and the parameters that can have an importan 
e an important influence on the in situ conservation of ectomycorrhizal fungal species. to answ 
pertise in the areas of systematics and ecology of filamentous macromycetes  
14946 8 tionships between the substrate and the vegetation growing on it have been widely recognized fr 
 appears to have pioneered the chemical soil theory. it was not unexpected, then, that a contra 
cted, then, that a contrasting physical soil theory would emerge. the conflict between these tw 
 objective, the vegetal communities and soils of dolomite and peridotites outcrops will be comp 
ompared between them and with limestone soils and communities. 2. to elucidate the most adequat 
f these floras and vegetations- for the recovery of plants threatened populations and for the e 
ants threatened populations and for the ecological restoration of their habitats, especially wh 
order to promote sustainable use of the mining resources. these objectives will be met through  
13741 12 roject aims at assessing the effects of forest fragmentation on biodiversity with focus on bore 
 the effects of forest fragmentation on biodiversity with focus on boreal forest edges. the mai 
mentation on biodiversity with focus on boreal forest edges. the main objective is to assess th 
s the total, landscapel-level impact of forest edges for species showing contrasting responses  
uence can be predicted from contrast in vegetation structure and matrix characteristics . the a 
al aerial photographs. vascular plants, lichens and beetles are quantified in sample plots and  
tified in sample plots and transects. a model will be constructed for predicting edge effects o 
structed for predicting edge effects on biodiversity at landscape level. expected outputs inclu 
dicting edge effects on biodiversity at landscape level. expected outputs include width of buff 
rvival of sensitive species and optimal landscape configurations for biodiversity. the project  
nd optimal landscape configurations for biodiversity. the project is done in co-operation with  
the national inventory of landscapes in sweden and slu.  
13318 13 h the scientific basis and capacity for biodiversity conservation. the operational and structur 
ng of excellence to fulfil the needs of biodiversity and ecosystem research for taxonomy based  
to fulfil the needs of biodiversity and ecosystem research for taxonomy based information. edit 
biodiversity and ecosystem research for taxonomy based information. edit will address significa 
ill address significant information and management of knowledge problems in a rapidly changing  
e scientific but also structural: about governance and management; about providing a suitable i 
t also structural: about governance and management; about providing a suitable it environment;  
nagement; about providing a suitable it environment; about the development of new tools; and ab 
ng a suitable it environment; about the development of new tools; and about getting taxonomists 
onomists to work as one across european institutions. edit will bring together the leading taxo 
ll bring together the leading taxonomic institutions in europe that for historical reasons have 
r the leading taxonomic institutions in europe that for historical reasons have developed indep 
emier natural history collections-based institutions, to progress toward edits structural and s 
15269 8 als of the project are to determine the nitrogen total inputs to evergreen holm oak forests in  
ogen total inputs to evergreen holm oak forests in the northeastern region of the iberian penin 
y the effects of this deposition in the nitrogen biogeochemical cycle through this forest type. 
rogen biogeochemical cycle through this forest type. because dry deposition can account for 95& 
sition . to evaluate the effects of the nitrogen deposition, at both sites the n content in lea 
 both sites the n content in leaves and soils will be measured, as well as the soil solution an 
 soils will be measured, as well as the soil solution and streamwaters draining the study sites 
 the protection state of these holm oak forests.  
199 14      interactions between parameters of photosynthesis, transpiration, growth and changes in st 
eters of photosynthesis, transpiration, growth and changes in structural parameters of trees in 
g - term changes in air humidity affect water and co2 fluxes through the foliage of fast - grow 
be grown at different air humidities in growth-chamber experiments. differences in structural a 
rameters, caused by air humidity during growth and also dynamic changes of these parameters aft 
red. mechanisms of interactions between photosynthesis, growth and transpiration and effects of 
of interactions between photosynthesis, growth and transpiration and effects of air humidity on 
hamber experiments. interaction between photosynthesis and transpiration can be caused by vario 
humidity might decrease with increasing growth rate both at the level of one species and in com 
 hypothesize, that optimal humidity for photosynthesis and growth occurs in fast - growing tree 
optimal humidity for photosynthesis and growth occurs in fast - growing trees because lower tra 
umidity can cause deficiency in mineral nutrients and decrease in growth rate. experiments in g 
cy in mineral nutrients and decrease in growth rate. experiments in growth chambers and leaf ch 
decrease in growth rate. experiments in growth chambers and leaf chambers are prepairing experi 
2055 2  arrived postglacially by long-distance dispersal. such species , genotype assignment tests, an 
 plant species to svalbard, to estimate dispersal abilities of putative immigrant species that  
15302 8                                     the freshwater fish fauna of the western mediterranean has  
                         the freshwater fish fauna of the western mediterranean has clearly ins 
he freshwater fish fauna of the western mediterranean has clearly insular characteristics, a lo 
 clearly insular characteristics, a low diversity compared to the european and african ichthyof 
ments that appear on the edges of their distribution in the pyrennes and southern parts of nort 
he pyrennes and southern parts of north africa. the western mediterranean ichthyofauna share/ha 
hern parts of north africa. the western mediterranean ichthyofauna share/have a common a common 
ng of the gibraltar strait. in this way freshwater ichthyofauna was divided during this period  
198 4 ing behaviour of species with different habitat preferences, food choice and daily activity rhy 
 to the chemical communication of these insects with their external environment will be given m 
on of these insects with their external environment will be given much attention. by gas chroma 
nisms of olfactory orientation of these insects will be explained also. some international coop 
14625 3                                         habitat fragmentation causes biodiversity loss, threate 
           habitat fragmentation causes biodiversity loss, threatening plant species persistenc 
 and persistence of arid and fragmented ecosystems.  
7123 10                    mineral nutrition of forest trees depends on the capabilities of mineralizat 
n the capabilities of mineralization of organic matter, the possibility of alteration of soil m 
atter, the possibility of alteration of soil minerals and soil transfer opportunities to the sh 
lity of alteration of soil minerals and soil transfer opportunities to the shaft a set of proce 
anging the level of rhizodeposition and species composition of ecosystems should alter the comp 
zodeposition and species composition of ecosystems should alter the composition and functioning 
lter the composition and functioning of soil microbial populations. so we are in the situation  
ituation where a central element in the stability of forest ecosystems, absorbing unit  
e a central element in the stability of forest ecosystems, absorbing unit  
tral element in the stability of forest ecosystems, absorbing unit  
538 27                                         biological diversity is often exclusively considered at 
and animals, whereas the bulk of global biodiversity is in fact at the microbial level. althoug 
al level. although it is clear that the ecology of our planet is driven by microbial ecosystems 
gy of our planet is driven by microbial ecosystems, we are severely hampered by our limited und 
red by our limited understanding of the diversity and function of such microbial ecosystems. in 
ited understanding of the diversity and function of such microbial ecosystems. in the present p 
iversity and function of such microbial ecosystems. in the present project, teams in the discip 
ams in the disciplines of geochemistry, soil microbiology, genomics and ecosystem processes are 
mistry, soil microbiology, genomics and ecosystem processes are assembled to study the relation 
mbled to study the relationship between environmental change, land use changes, biodiversity, a 
ationship between environmental change, land use changes, biodiversity, and functioning of fore 
environmental change, land use changes, biodiversity, and functioning of forest ecosystems. the 
anges, biodiversity, and functioning of forest ecosystems. the network has a strong focus on de 
biodiversity, and functioning of forest ecosystems. the network has a strong focus on developin 
ress key scientific issues in microbial soil ecology. these include assessing the impact of env 
essing the impact of environmental- and land use changes on microbial diversity and function an 
 environmental- and land use changes on microbial diversity and function and exploring the evol 
 use changes on microbial diversity and function and exploring the evolutionary and mechanistic 
lutionary and mechanistic links between biological diversity and ecosystem function. in the pre 
 links between biological diversity and ecosystem function. in the present study, we have shown 
nt study, we have shown that: bacterial denitrification rates were dramatically modified by the 
ly by taking into account the impact of forest management on microbial diversity below ground c 
ount the impact of forest management on microbial diversity below ground can one hope to get a  
below ground can one hope to get a full ecosystem-based understanding, and this must be address 
tanding, and this must be addressed via modelling in order to provide relevant and useful infor 
ide relevant and useful information for conservation and policy making.  
useful information for conservation and policy making.  
6910 7 emblages . 2. effect of the surrounding vegetation and pest management strategies on the coloni 
 of the surrounding vegetation and pest management strategies on the colonisation rate of some  
is study focuses on the joint effect of pesticide treatments and the neighbouring vegetation on 
sticide treatments and the neighbouring vegetation on colonisation rate of aculeata, coleoptera 
ation on colonisation rate of aculeata, coleoptera and auchaenorrhynca assemblages. 3. effect o 
ages. 3. effect of different herb layer management strategies on the fauna of apple orchards. a 
erent herb layers on the main pests and predators in the canopy will be investigated.  
15518 14 work that contributes to generate a new landscape planning model based on ecosystem services ma 
es to generate a new landscape planning model based on ecosystem services management and meant  
a new landscape planning model based on ecosystem services management and meant to avoid potent 
nning model based on ecosystem services management and meant to avoid potential mismatches betw 
able landscapes. different policies and management strategies in mediterranean ecosystems have  
t policies and management strategies in mediterranean ecosystems have resulted in temporal and  
 management strategies in mediterranean ecosystems have resulted in temporal and spatial mismat 
ll allow us to understand how different management strategies of mediterranean social-ecologica 
 how different management strategies of mediterranean social-ecological systems generate differ 
 management strategies of mediterranean social-ecological systems generate different degrees of 
esearch proposes a new approach for the management of mediterranean ecosystems, based on the an 
es a new approach for the management of mediterranean ecosystems, based on the analysis of huma 
ach for the management of mediterranean ecosystems, based on the analysis of human-nature relat 
systems, based on the analysis of human-nature relationships from an interdisciplinary perspect 
15289 15                                the weed diversity losses of cereal fields and the reduction and 
 of field boundaries network related to agricultural intensification can affect negatively the  
tensification can affect negatively the conservation of biodiversity and ecosystems functioning 
n affect negatively the conservation of biodiversity and ecosystems functioning. the new cap re 
ly the conservation of biodiversity and ecosystems functioning. the new cap recognizes their va 
. the aim of this subproject is analyse plant diversity of arable fields and field boundaries r 
 fields and field boundaries related to agricultural landscape intensification and management . 
aries related to agricultural landscape intensification and management . the results from this  
icultural landscape intensification and management . the results from this subproject will hope 
ute toward the definition of a balanced management of crop production and biodiversity conserva 
nition of a balanced management of crop production and biodiversity conservation in mediterrane 
anced management of crop production and biodiversity conservation in mediterranean agricultural 
uction and biodiversity conservation in mediterranean agricultural landscapes differing in thei 
diversity conservation in mediterranean agricultural landscapes differing in their agrarian int 
 landscapes differing in their agrarian intensification.  
7202 14  the research project concerns microger microbial ecology in agricultural and forest soils and  
r microbial ecology in agricultural and forest soils and environmental issues related to it. th 
bial ecology in agricultural and forest soils and environmental issues related to it. the soil  
environmental issues related to it. the soil is one of larger reservoirs of microbial diversity 
the soil is one of larger reservoirs of microbial diversity. the composition and functioning of 
ver, are poorly understood. quality and soil fertility and mineral nutrition of plants, however 
bacterial and fungal communities in the soil. the modes of management and agricultural and fore 
l communities in the soil. the modes of management and agricultural and forestry land disrupt t 
odes of management and agricultural and forestry land disrupt the structure, diversity and acti 
nd forestry land disrupt the structure, diversity and activity of soil microbial communities an 
he structure, diversity and activity of soil microbial communities and thereby alter the microb 
 in other words, genetic and functional microbial diversity of agricultural and forest ecosyste 
microbial diversity of agricultural and forest ecosystems nont never been associated. the netwo 
al diversity of agricultural and forest ecosystems nont never been associated. the network of l 
12507 7        background and purpose fertility management remains one of the most crucial aspects of o 
 of the most crucial aspects of organic production systems; there is a reliance on legume deriv 
; there is a reliance on legume derived nitrogen but long term fertility building leys are expe 
en they give no direct economic return. soil nutrient management and improvement of fertility b 
o direct economic return. soil nutrient management and improvement of fertility building strate 
s area will also be of benefit to other stakeholders eg policy makers and regulatory bodies.  
 be of benefit to other stakeholders eg policy makers and regulatory bodies.  
11669 13             adaptive responses to rapid environmental change are typically associated with stro 
ected, and the rate at which nucleotide diversity declines within it, depends on the opportunit 
england, driven by the effects of smoke pollution on the relative visibility of the two morphs  
ve visibility of the two morphs to bird predators, is predicted to have generated a strong hitc 
 the carbonaria frequency cline between urban manufacturing areas in northwest england and adja 
 fixation for about 70 generations, the diversity of carbonaria haplotypes should have changed  
progressively eroded over time, and for genetic diversity to have been at least partially resto 
 interacting processes of selection and dispersal, whose impacts on genetic diversity and linka 
esses of selection and dispersal, whose impacts on genetic diversity and linkage disequilibrium 
lection and dispersal, whose impacts on genetic diversity and linkage disequilibrium are expect 
ultiple mutational origins. patterns in genetic diversity will be explained with respect to sel 
rial melanism in peppered moths, and to environmental policy makers who need to appreciate the  
ciate the evolutionary ramifications of environmental change.  
14434 13      with the growing concern about the conservation of biodiversity and sustainable management 
owing concern about the conservation of biodiversity and sustainable management of environment, 
rvation of biodiversity and sustainable management of environment, studies on natural habitats’ 
diversity and sustainable management of environment, studies on natural habitats’ fragmentation 
vironment, studies on natural habitats’ fragmentation become more intensive. there are only few 
t is given to the effect of ski-runs on biodiversity. the present study aims to determine the e 
-runs in the pirin national park on the biodiversity of 7 model groups of organisms on the stru 
 national park on the biodiversity of 7 model groups of organisms on the structure of studied c 
ds for collecting and analysis of data. species composition and abundances of model groups will 
. species composition and abundances of model groups will be determined using different approac 
w data on the relationships between the model groups of organisms and their habitats in respect 
to make recommendations for sustainable management of territories, where intentions to build sk 
m to minimizing the negative effects on biodiversity.  
10175 4 ne transcription in single filaments of cyanobacteria from laboratory cultures. quantitative pc 
rent temperatures and during changes of temperature. the transcription rate of rbc genes will b 
bc genes will be related to the rate of photosynthesis at different temperatures and irradiance 
nd the insolation at depths where these cyanobacteria stratify in lakes.  
7697 3 eart of major socio-economic processes: intensification / agricultural abandonment, and urbaniz 
ication / agricultural abandonment, and urbanization industrialization policy  
ent, and urbanization industrialization policy  
13806 18                                         climate change will lead to shifts in species distribut 
o revise present strategies to preserve biodiversity. one example of a potential distribution s 
iodiversity. one example of a potential distribution shift is the northward migration of beechs 
ial distribution shift is the northward migration of beechs climate envelope . this project wil 
ft is the northward migration of beechs climate envelope . this project will provide prediction 
different national strategies for beech forest establishment north of its current main distribu 
establishment north of its current main distribution on species’ ability to colonize these esta 
rt up by simulating fictitious species’ colonization. at a later stage, after having developed  
t a later stage, after having developed colonization models based on empirical data, we will si 
al data, we will simulate real species’ colonization of established stands. the colonisation mo 
of established stands. the colonisation model development includes testing a new method for the 
ablished stands. the colonisation model development includes testing a new method for the devel 
t includes testing a new method for the development of simulation models for metapopulations in 
ation models. finally, we will identify extinction thresholds for a red-listed moss as a functi 
s. finally, we will identify extinction thresholds for a red-listed moss as a function of dead  
n thresholds for a red-listed moss as a function of dead wood quantity and turnover under diffe 
d quantity and turnover under different scenarios of climate change. predictions of future spec 
d turnover under different scenarios of climate change. predictions of future species distribut 
2068 11 examines how plant species interact for pollination through pollinator attraction and heterospe 
pecies interact for pollination through pollinator attraction and heterospesific pollination. m 
ollinator attraction and heterospesific pollination. moreover the effects of such interaction f 
ects of such interaction for plant seed production and population dynamics is examined. finally 
teraction for plant seed production and population dynamics is examined. finally, an experiment 
experiment where the composition of the pollinator fauna is altered is conducted to examine if  
 conducted to examine if a shift in the pollinator fauna will have impacts on the plant species 
shift in the pollinator fauna will have impacts on the plant species composition and diversity  
or fauna will have impacts on the plant species composition and diversity of ecosystems.  
ts on the plant species composition and diversity of ecosystems.  
nt species composition and diversity of ecosystems.  
14814 17 dictions of climatic models, the future climate of mediterranean regions in spain will be chara 
 climatic models, the future climate of mediterranean regions in spain will be characterized by 
ure climate of mediterranean regions in spain will be characterized by higher temperatures and  
hat will increase the degree of abiotic stress experienced by these areas. these changes may af 
e changes may affect specially to those ecosystems developed under high stress conditions, whos 
o those ecosystems developed under high stress conditions, whose capacity to respond against di 
l is to evaluate the effects of abiotic stress on two terrestrial ecosystems ecosystem composit 
ts of abiotic stress on two terrestrial ecosystems ecosystem composition, structure and functio 
ic stress on two terrestrial ecosystems ecosystem composition, structure and functioning along  
ucture and functioning along an abiotic stress gradient. this proposal will provide relevant in 
l will provide relevant information for policy makers to establish legislation aiming to mitiga 
ation aiming to mitigate the effects of climate change, and for land managers to establish appr 
 land managers to establish appropriate land use policies in mediterranean gypsum and alpine sh 
ablish appropriate land use policies in mediterranean gypsum and alpine shrublands, which rank  
s, which rank among the most threatened ecosystems in europe and are highly vulnerable to clima 
among the most threatened ecosystems in europe and are highly vulnerable to climate change.  
 in europe and are highly vulnerable to climate change.  
14754 8 edge of the physiology and the original habitat of an endangered species erica andevalensis cab 
ysiology and the original habitat of an endangered species erica andevalensis cabezudo & rivera 
a andevalensis cabezudo & rivera, which distribution area covers most of the andevalo area , an 
s important to the study of heavy metal resistance and excluding mechanisms. the localization o 
of natural populations, the sampling of soil, plants and seeds of different populations in the  
ay provide precise information on metal resistance and excluding mechanisms of this vulnerable  
 uicn, and characteristic of a singular habitat, that will allow elaborate suitable conservatio 
tat, that will allow elaborate suitable conservation plans. the possibility to use e. andevalen 
15270 1 t of the executive body of clrtap. both institutions will be external observer entities of the  
15216 16 nd continuous deposition of atmospheric nitrogen derived from human activities through changes  
functional descriptor parameters in the ecosystem in response to the increased availability of  
sponse to the increased availability of nitrogen. for this we have chosen a mediterranean scrub 
 of nitrogen. for this we have chosen a mediterranean scrub ecosystem represented by kermes oak 
is we have chosen a mediterranean scrub ecosystem represented by kermes oak thickets in a prote 
represented by kermes oak thickets in a protected area in the center of the iberian peninsula s 
rtance of the increased availability of nitrogen in ecosystems typically limited by this nutrie 
e increased availability of nitrogen in ecosystems typically limited by this nutrient. these ob 
address both in the field by simulating fertilization controlled of four possible n deposition  
ontrolled of four possible n deposition scenarios, such as under laboratory conditions with sel 
ions with selected species of scrub and grassland understory. quantifying variables of the resp 
elated to effects on the seed bank, the richness, diversity of the communities affected and on  
effects on the seed bank, the richness, diversity of the communities affected and on productivi 
sity of the communities affected and on productivity and growth of certain key species in these 
nities affected and on productivity and growth of certain key species in these systems. the abo 
pid and drastic changes such as loss of biodiversity.  
13818 17               atmospheric deposition of nitrogen regulates growth of phytoplankton in lakes. in 
pheric deposition of nitrogen regulates growth of phytoplankton in lakes. increased n loading d 
osition of nitrogen regulates growth of phytoplankton in lakes. increased n loading due to atmo 
c deposition has not been treated as an eutrophication process since p is generally regarded as 
st if there are regional differences in nutrient limitation of phytoplankton growth in swedish  
l differences in nutrient limitation of phytoplankton growth in swedish lakes and if such diffe 
in nutrient limitation of phytoplankton growth in swedish lakes and if such differences can be  
, this project aims to test if n limits phytoplankton growth in areas with low n-deposition, if 
 aims to test if n limits phytoplankton growth in areas with low n-deposition, if lakes are n+p 
oderately enhanced n-deposition, and if phytoplankton growth is p-limited in areas with high n- 
nced n-deposition, and if phytoplankton growth is p-limited in areas with high n-deposition. in 
 investigate if n-deposition has caused eutrophication of naturally n-limited lakes in southern 
f naturally n-limited lakes in southern sweden where n-deposition is enhanced, and if enhanced  
anced atmospheric n-loading affects the species composition and the succession of phytoplankton 
affects the species composition and the succession of phytoplankton in swedish lakes. lake samp 
ecies composition and the succession of phytoplankton in swedish lakes. lake sampling and nutri 
e number of lakes in different parts of sweden.  
13614 22                              changes in climate and reindeer grazing may both influence the veg 
        changes in climate and reindeer grazing may both influence the vegetation structure on  
reindeer grazing may both influence the vegetation structure on arctic tundra heaths. long-term 
iled century-old historical data set on vegetation composition in combination with new surveys  
unity to evaluate effects of changes in climate and reindeer grazing on vegetation type distrib 
ects of changes in climate and reindeer grazing on vegetation type distributions in northern sc 
nges in climate and reindeer grazing on vegetation type distributions in northern scandinavia.  
e no previous long-term studies in this ecosystem investigating vegetation responses to both cl 
studies in this ecosystem investigating vegetation responses to both climate and reindeer grazi 
estigating vegetation responses to both climate and reindeer grazing, which is of great importa 
 responses to both climate and reindeer grazing, which is of great importance in order to under 
portance in order to understand ongoing vegetation processes. in order to minimize overestimati 
in order to minimize overestimations of extinction/colonisation rates, the project will focus o 
sation rates, the project will focus on vegetation type transitions rather than species. vegeta 
n type transitions rather than species. vegetation types represent a more reliable indicator of 
etation types represent a more reliable indicator of changing conditions than the extinction of 
dicator of changing conditions than the extinction of a single species. thus, the project will  
roject will gain important knowledge of vegetation responses to changes in both climate and rei 
vegetation responses to changes in both climate and reindeer grazing, which will be of great im 
to changes in both climate and reindeer grazing, which will be of great importance for sustaina 
great importance for sustainable use of grazing resources in the arctic tundra in the future an 
 future and an understanding of ongoing vegetation processes.  
2172 15 id changes are expected in the mountain forest and the forest-alpine transition zone due to glo 
expected in the mountain forest and the forest-alpine transition zone due to global warming. si 
he forest-alpine transition zone due to global warming. since steep temperature-productivity gr 
zone due to global warming. since steep temperature-productivity gradients characterize these m 
global warming. since steep temperature-productivity gradients characterize these marginal area 
, two fundamental effects are expected: remote sensing. this technology is the most sensitive a 
nstrated on a 1500 km n-s gradient. the lidar transect encompasses hundreds of elevation gradie 
gradients, and changes in tree line and biomass stores in the mountain forest will, for the fir 
line and biomass stores in the mountain forest will, for the first time, be provided. such chan 
h changes are relevant for reporting on climate conventions, and experience gained may provide  
provide vital input to design of future monitoring programs. experiments will be set up to gain 
ects on biological processes regulating recruitment and growth of trees along the alpine tree l 
al processes regulating recruitment and growth of trees along the alpine tree line. by doing so 
ded to reliably detect changes in these climate-sensitive ecosystems  
tect changes in these climate-sensitive ecosystems  
416 12 ny temperate coastlines where they form ecosystems similar to terrestrial forests. laminaria di 
 form ecosystems similar to terrestrial forests. laminaria digitata is the dominant species alo 
stigate the responses of l. digitata to competition with s. polyschides. moreover, multidiscipl 
otentially threatened by the effects of climate change and anthropogenic activity. indeed, l. d 
much less tolerant to light and thermal stress than s. polyschides and therefore potentially mo 
ction between the two species follows a model of ecological succession, l. digitata being the c 
o species follows a model of ecological succession, l. digitata being the climax species. in th 
predict using a prospective demographic model, that harvesting may be a threat for the persiste 
f the populations. finally, even though genetic diversity seems to be decreasing under the effe 
creasing under the effect of population fragmentation, no direct harvesting effect could be dis 
dapted to the potential fluctuations of abundance in order to sustain this marine resource.  
s of abundance in order to sustain this marine resource.  
2002 24 er the question what effects changes in temperature, precipitation and n deposition will have o 
on what effects changes in temperature, precipitation and n deposition will have on the competi 
ation and n deposition will have on the competition between sphagnum species and the rate of ca 
etween sphagnum species and the rate of carbon sequestration. the project will focus on four si 
north-south transect throughout western-europe: north-sweden, central sweden, south-sweden, ger 
ansect throughout western-europe: north-sweden, central sweden, south-sweden, germany. this tra 
t western-europe: north-sweden, central sweden, south-sweden, germany. this transect constitute 
pe: north-sweden, central sweden, south-sweden, germany. this transect constitutes both a tempe 
rmany. this transect constitutes both a temperature and a n deposition gradient. along this tra 
 the combined effects of an increase in temperature and n deposition. after three years changes 
 changes in sphagnum and vascular plant species composition and the accumulated amounts of carb 
position and the accumulated amounts of carbon will be measured. experiments will be performed  
ns to analyse the effects of changes in temperature, water table and n input on growth and comp 
 the effects of changes in temperature, water table and n input on growth and competition betwe 
temperature, water table and n input on growth and competition between sphagnum species. in sep 
, water table and n input on growth and competition between sphagnum species. in separate exper 
e experiments we will measure potential growth, dead moss decomposability, drought resistance a 
tial growth, dead moss decomposability, drought resistance and length growth per unit mass incr 
wth, dead moss decomposability, drought resistance and length growth per unit mass increment. t 
sability, drought resistance and length growth per unit mass increment. these plant features wi 
 to morphological features as branching density, leaf density and leaf length and the concentra 
cal features as branching density, leaf density and leaf length and the concentrations of the v 
hemical compounds that affect dead moss decomposition. we attempt to explain the reconstructed  
to explain the reconstructed changes in species composition and c accumulation during the last  
13533 15            higher temperatures and more precipitation are likely to affect the distribution and 
 precipitation are likely to affect the distribution and abundance of pike, a key lake piscivor 
e likely to affect the distribution and abundance of pike, a key lake piscivore, and thereby th 
, a key lake piscivore, and thereby the production of several species of salmonid fish. the cli 
oduction of several species of salmonid fish. the climate can have direct effects on intake rat 
f several species of salmonid fish. the climate can have direct effects on intake rates, metabo 
ts on intake rates, metabolic costs and dispersal ability, and indirect effects mediated via ch 
abolic costs and dispersal ability, and indirect effects mediated via changes in the carrying c 
ect effects mediated via changes in the carrying capacity. the objectives of this project is: a 
ical models that predict how a changing climate will affect the distribution of pike and its ef 
 how a changing climate will affect the distribution of pike and its effects on salmonid popula 
build mechanistic models describing how temperature affects the interaction between an omnivoro 
s the interaction between an omnivorous predator and an intermediate consumer. these models wil 
rameterized using published data on the temperature dependence of energy mobilization in lakes, 
d data on the temperature dependence of energy mobilization in lakes, and intake rates and meta 
15100 10 rculation models predict an increase in temperature and a potential reduction in precipitation  
emperature and a potential reduction in precipitation in the ne of the iberian peninsula during 
ring the next decades. these effects of climate change are likely to affect the functioning and 
affect the functioning and structure of forest ecosystems and, ultimately, the distribution of  
the functioning and structure of forest ecosystems and, ultimately, the distribution of species 
 forest ecosystems and, ultimately, the distribution of species. evergreen and deciduous oaks t 
eciduous oaks to analyze the effects of climate change on vegetative growth and acorn productio 
effects of climate change on vegetative growth and acorn production of holm oak and deciduous o 
e change on vegetative growth and acorn production of holm oak and deciduous oaks by modelling  
ction of holm oak and deciduous oaks by modelling techniques.  
14920 13                                         climate exerts a major influence on soil organic carbon 
    climate exerts a major influence on soil organic carbon content and, consequently, there is 
g concern over the feedback response of carbon-rich soils to increasing global atmospheric temp 
er the feedback response of carbon-rich soils to increasing global atmospheric temperatures. re 
ures have been offsetting absorption of carbon by these terrestrial sinks resulting in the stim 
l sinks resulting in the stimulation of soil organic matter mineralization with associated rele 
ed release of co2 and dissolved organic carbon describing the possible mechanisms involved and  
k effects by developping a mathematical model which would allow to link biodiversity and carbon 
matical model which would allow to link biodiversity and carbon cycle. these three aims will pr 
ch would allow to link biodiversity and carbon cycle. these three aims will provide a better un 
of the functional response of peatlands ecosystems to global warming and, therefore, will reduc 
nal response of peatlands ecosystems to global warming and, therefore, will reduce uncertainati 
, will reduce uncertainaties for future climate change predictions.  
15397 32 rganisms use environmental cues, mainly temperature and photoperiod, which correlate with futur 
e-cycle events, such as reproduction or migration in birds. increasing evidence suggests that e 
s, such as reproduction or migration in birds. increasing evidence suggests that environmental  
onditions may have consequences for the distribution, phenology and life histories of birds. ho 
have consequences for the distribution, phenology and life histories of birds. however, the ove 
bution, phenology and life histories of birds. however, the overwhelming majority of studies co 
aearctic have been focussed in northern europe, and few long-term studies are available from th 
ong-term studies are available from the mediterranean ecosystems. the observed changes cannot b 
es are available from the mediterranean ecosystems. the observed changes cannot be interpreted  
 especially how other components of the ecosystem are affected by climate change. in the presen 
onents of the ecosystem are affected by climate change. in the present project, variation in li 
e. in the present project, variation in life history traits of some bird species is examined in 
sent project, variation in life history traits of some bird species is examined in relation to  
 temporal and spatial scales in several birds in mediterranean ecosystems. our main aims are to 
 and spatial scales in several birds in mediterranean ecosystems. our main aims are to study th 
cales in several birds in mediterranean ecosystems. our main aims are to study the: 1. effects  
in aims are to study the: 1. effects of climate warming on life history traits of birds using l 
are to study the: 1. effects of climate warming on life history traits of birds using long-term 
y the: 1. effects of climate warming on life history traits of birds using long-term data in me 
ects of climate warming on life history traits of birds using long-term data in mediterranean e 
imate warming on life history traits of birds using long-term data in mediterranean ecosystems. 
traits of birds using long-term data in mediterranean ecosystems. 2. effects of temperatures on 
s using long-term data in mediterranean ecosystems. 2. effects of temperatures on fecundity and 
mperatures on fecundity and survival of birds: an experimental approach. 3. effects of environm 
ony between different trophic levels in mediterranean ecosystems. 4. effects of climate change  
fferent trophic levels in mediterranean ecosystems. 4. effects of climate change on demographic 
mediterranean ecosystems. 4. effects of climate change on demographic parameters of coexisting  
nd long-distance migrant species in the mediterranean region. 5. genetic diversity and differen 
species in the mediterranean region. 5. genetic diversity and differentiation of insectivorous  
ty and differentiation of insectivorous birds living in wetlands and their implications in a cl 
iation of insectivorous birds living in wetlands and their implications in a climate change sce 
in wetlands and their implications in a climate change scenario.  
15384 3                                         climate trends during recent decades and atmospheric ge 
try to determine whether any changes in soil mycorrhizal fungal communities might be associated 
ted with corresponding changes in plant community composition, structure or ecophysiological pe 
2139 21 environmental changes of greenhouse-gas warming, with likely strong consequences for structure  
ure of plant and animal communities and ecosystem processes. the rates of the biological proces 
he biological processes are mediated by temperature, season length, temporal and spatial distri 
re, season length, temporal and spatial distribution of snow and water conditions, i.e. factors 
al and spatial distribution of snow and water conditions, i.e. factors predicted to undergo str 
dergo strong changes. at the same time, decomposition processes are moderated by the organisms  
 the organisms themselves. microbes and soil fauna use litter and soil organic matter as energy 
 microbes and soil fauna use litter and soil organic matter as energy, carbon and nutrient sour 
a use litter and soil organic matter as energy, carbon and nutrient sources for biomass product 
tter and soil organic matter as energy, carbon and nutrient sources for biomass production and  
energy, carbon and nutrient sources for biomass production and for their metabolic functions. c 
carbon and nutrient sources for biomass production and for their metabolic functions. climatic  
te an increase in the mineralisation of soil organic matter by microbes and microarthropods, wh 
lability. it is essential to reveal the diversity of species, species and population densities, 
 and population densities, life cycles, population dynamics and turnover in microarthopod commu 
nities to understand the effects on the decomposition processes. experimental sites for investi 
p at zackenberg, greenland, and abisko, sweden. here, intensive investigations of biological an 
s have been carried out. the ability of soil organisms to adapt to a changing environment will  
f soil organisms to adapt to a changing environment will determine their response to climatic m 
effort will be on functional aspects on ecosystem level of processes, and interactions at the l 
y experimental perturbations within the ecosystems, and by laboratory studies.  
2080 14                                         climate change may have profound effects on insects tha 
ate change may have profound effects on insects that cause widespread tree mortality and have s 
s on insects that cause widespread tree mortality and have significant impacts on forest ecosys 
ead tree mortality and have significant impacts on forest ecosystems. the spruce bark beetle .  
rtality and have significant impacts on forest ecosystems. the spruce bark beetle . the project 
 and have significant impacts on forest ecosystems. the spruce bark beetle . the project aims a 
g of how climatic factors influence the risk of bark beetle outbreaks through tempo-spatial ana 
l analyses of a data set from a 23-year monitoring programme in southern norway. the distributi 
oring programme in southern norway. the distribution of bivoltism and the risk of damages by th 
. the distribution of bivoltism and the risk of damages by the spruce bark beetle will be estim 
 beetle will be estimated under various scenarios of climate change. the results will be made a 
be estimated under various scenarios of climate change. the results will be made available for  
s will be made available for economical modelling and forest management adaptations in various  
 available for economical modelling and forest management adaptations in various districts of n 
10526 4 oject will test the hypothesis that sea water acidification, a consequence of increases in the  
ses in the concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide , one of the centres of excellence for m 
 , one of the centres of excellence for marine science in the uk and with an established track  
ater chemistry and the ecophysiology of marine organisms.  
13855 29 f this project is to explore effects of biodiversity loss and eutrophication on local diversity 
xplore effects of biodiversity loss and eutrophication on local diversity processes, trophic in 
ersity loss and eutrophication on local diversity processes, trophic interactions and ecosystem 
phication on local diversity processes, trophic interactions and ecosystem function. specifical 
ity processes, trophic interactions and ecosystem function. specifically, i will examine multi- 
i will examine multi-trophic effects of community complexity and resource availability on biodi 
mine multi-trophic effects of community complexity and resource availability on biodiversity an 
complexity and resource availability on biodiversity and productivity by exposing macroalgal co 
source availability on biodiversity and productivity by exposing macroalgal communities in diff 
lgal communities in different states of succession to artificial nutrient/light conditions and  
/light conditions and manipulate grazer/predator presence. although coastal eutrophication chan 
zer/predator presence. although coastal eutrophication changes both light and nutrient availabi 
anipulate nutrient load only. moreover, macroalgae have a fundamental role as basic habitat for 
oalgae have a fundamental role as basic habitat for many associated organisms but there are few 
are few studies that address effects on biodiversity by habitat change over more than one troph 
that address effects on biodiversity by habitat change over more than one trophic level. the co 
el. the combined influence of light and nutrients should promote strong interactions on local d 
ld promote strong interactions on local diversity and trophic processes, since they set differe 
ince they set different limits on plant growth and determine the quality of organic matter tran 
ant growth and determine the quality of organic matter transfer to higher trophic levels. recen 
els. recent research also suggests that diversity in one trophic level influences diversity pro 
versity in one trophic level influences diversity processes and productivity at other trophic l 
evel influences diversity processes and productivity at other trophic levels. it is therefore e 
l that we explore relationships between diversity at different trophic levels and the impact of 
mpact of plant resource composition and trophic interactions on local diversity processes, to d 
ition and trophic interactions on local diversity processes, to detect possible cascade effects 
, to detect possible cascade effects of eutrophication on ecosystem function and biodiversity.  
le cascade effects of eutrophication on ecosystem function and biodiversity.  
utrophication on ecosystem function and biodiversity.  
10814 22 is period will set the magnitude of the extinction wave that is presently building. what we do  
generation has had such responsibility. coral reefs are the most biologically diverse of marine 
fs are the most biologically diverse of marine ecosystems and are arguably the most deeply thre 
the most biologically diverse of marine ecosystems and are arguably the most deeply threatened  
r lost worldwide largely as a result of climate change, overexploitation and pollution. we urge 
of climate change, overexploitation and pollution. we urgently need to understand the process o 
 need to understand the process of reef degradation in order to develop tools and strategy with 
which to manage reefs better to sustain biodiversity. we propose to study reefs in the philippi 
ures and is on the global front line of coral reef degradation. it is also the world centre of  
 on the global front line of coral reef degradation. it is also the world centre of shallow wat 
 it is also the world centre of shallow water marine biodiversity. reefs there stand to lose mo 
 also the world centre of shallow water marine biodiversity. reefs there stand to lose more spe 
he world centre of shallow water marine biodiversity. reefs there stand to lose more species th 
ow they are affected by factors such as body size, size at maturity, depth range and desirabili 
hell trade. this will help us determine vulnerability to biodiversity loss, both of philippine  
will help us determine vulnerability to biodiversity loss, both of philippine reefs, and by ext 
ding of reef change will help us devise management strategies that can stem the losses - even,  
 unpromising regions of the world where human impacts are severe. we are convinced there are af 
fordable and feasible solutions to reef degradation. it is the aim of this pilot project to gat 
ocus public attention on the problem of coral reef degradation, the consequences of biodiversit 
 attention on the problem of coral reef degradation, the consequences of biodiversity loss for  
l reef degradation, the consequences of biodiversity loss for today s and future generations, a 
10954 3  used to analyse levels and patterns of diversity within and between samples. the data obtained 
d, if possible, data to be generated in marine productivity application 2.3. complementary data 
ossible, data to be generated in marine productivity application 2.3. complementary data will b 
13829 5 ect is to gather data useful for making conservation strategies in the swedish forests. the pro 
 conservation strategies in the swedish forests. the project deals with saproxylic in cooperati 
iftelsen will be the base for a similar mapping process. except for the mapping, a field experi 
similar mapping process. except for the mapping, a field experiment on polypore-living insects  
, a field experiment on polypore-living insects was done the first year. three manuscripts base 
13467 6 project grant to study the influence of environmental change on the dynamics of genetic archite 
opulations and the complex interplay of population dynamics and population genetics. i will use 
polymorphism in pygmy grasshoppers as a model system. i will combine information on colour morp 
ortance of propagule size and propagule diversity for the dynamics and persistence of populatio 
d of considerable relevance for applied conservation biology and agriculture.  
ce for applied conservation biology and agriculture.  
11682 6              the study will be based on community-wide quantitative inventories of plants . dat 
nventories of plants . data analysis of community-wide properties of each assemblage, and the p 
 and the patterns of both occupancy and abundance of single species will be carried out primari 
 out primarily using generalized linear modelling and logistic regressions taking into account  
gressions taking into account patch and landscape variables, as well as the history of disturba 
pe variables, as well as the history of disturbance within a site.  
2005 19                                         soil-borne micro-organisms are the greatest source of b 
ro-organisms are the greatest source of biodiversity on earth, and plants drive the dynamics of 
earth, and plants drive the dynamics of soil-borne microbial communinities via the quality and  
inities via the quality and quantity of carbon source inputs into the system. fot rerestrial ec 
 inputs into the system. fot rerestrial ecosystems, it is expected that global climate changes  
 ecosystems, it is expected that global climate changes will affect plants most directly, and t 
ctly, and thes changes include elevated temperature, alterations in moisture do enhanced co2 co 
 shifts we will detemine changes in the abundance of fungi and bacteria, as well as functional  
ll detemine changes in the abundance of fungi and bacteria, as well as functional groups within 
e changes in the abundance of fungi and bacteria, as well as functional groups within thes micr 
dance of fungi and bacteria, as well as functional groups within thes microbial groups, with pa 
 plant pathogens and antagonists in the rhizosphere of two dominant plant species of dune ecosy 
e of two dominant plant species of dune ecosystems, festuca rubra and carexd arenaria, exposed  
acking changes in, and consequences of, functional diversity in these rhizosphere habitats, we  
ences of, functional diversity in these rhizosphere habitats, we propose to address the consequ 
 propose to address the consequences of global change for this vulnerable dune ecosystem as wel 
 global change for this vulnerable dune ecosystem as well as more generally for the development 
ystem as well as more generally for the development of natural vegetation.  
enerally for the development of natural vegetation.  
12193 1 nd bird populations have become a major conservation issue and the uk government is committed t 
2095 7 tigates the role of carotenoids for egg development and early juvenile survival in atlantic sal 
ts cannot be synthesized de novo by the fish, but stem from the natural food of the species. ca 
nd negative effects on the viability of fish eggs and larvae. the main positive effect is likel 
terious effects of free radicals during growth. however, too high intake of certain carotenoids 
nments, with higher and lower oxidative stress, respectively. an improved understanding of the  
etter understand variation in offspring production and therefore be highly relevant for a prope 
erefore be highly relevant for a proper management of viable salmon populations.  
13441 24 tats and is the largest inland delta in africa. the ecosystem is driven by annual flooding, whi 
the largest inland delta in africa. the ecosystem is driven by annual flooding, which brings wa 
driven by annual flooding, which brings water and initiates forage growth during the dry season 
which brings water and initiates forage growth during the dry season, allowing the area to supp 
obal tourist attraction with its unique biodiversity and aesthetics. despite policies aimed at  
at protecting the area from detrimental disturbance, it remains under threat due to seasonal bu 
ounded by a lack of knowledge about the vegetation and its resilience. it is crucial to ascerta 
 knowledge about the vegetation and its resilience. it is crucial to ascertain how disturbance  
ilience. it is crucial to ascertain how disturbance affects the structure and function of the e 
w disturbance affects the structure and function of the ecosystem. this project focuses on gain 
fects the structure and function of the ecosystem. this project focuses on gaining an understan 
g an understanding of the structure and function of the ecosystems, to provide robust ecologica 
ng of the structure and function of the ecosystems, to provide robust ecological data that can  
t can be used by managers for long-term management strategies and to assess the potential envir 
 strategies and to assess the potential environmental impacts of the delta´s principal conserva 
mental impacts of the delta´s principal conservation issues. this will be achieved by gathering 
ed by gathering detailed information on stakeholders perception, species richness, tree recruit 
information on stakeholders perception, species richness, tree recruitment, seed banks, seed di 
ders perception, species richness, tree recruitment, seed banks, seed dispersal, seedling estab 
richness, tree recruitment, seed banks, seed dispersal, seedling establishment in relation to f 
, seedling establishment in relation to fire regime and herbivore pressure. these data should i 
character and current state of the area vegetation resource with respect to the independent and 
the independent and combined effects of fire and herbivory.  
endent and combined effects of fire and herbivory.  
423 24                         after 1987, the temperature of the whole water column in the continenta 
fter 1987, the temperature of the whole water column in the continental shelf of the bay of bis 
nges in the structure of the groundfish community of the bay of biscay during the three last de 
 the three last decades, in relation to climate change and effects of fishery. during the ninet 
ffects of fishery. during the nineties, abundance of the small subtropical fish species increas 
ies, abundance of the small subtropical fish species increased, while the abundance of the larg 
pical fish species increased, while the abundance of the largest individuals decreased, especia 
duals and species are less sensitive to fishing impacts because of the gear selectivity and bec 
d species are less sensitive to fishing impacts because of the gear selectivity and because the 
e gear selectivity and because the life traits of these species make them more resilient to fis 
ese species make them more resilient to fishing mortality. moreover, small species are more abl 
ies make them more resilient to fishing mortality. moreover, small species are more able to qui 
re more able to quickly benefit from an environmental change. the individual-based modelling se 
ironmental change. the individual-based modelling seemed to support the hypothesis that these c 
 that these changes are related to both fishing and climate effects. total landings of the fren 
changes are related to both fishing and climate effects. total landings of the french fishing f 
e effects. total landings of the french fishing fleets operating in the region reflect these ch 
the region reflect these changes in the ecosystem. the total value of these landings showed gre 
are not easily linked to changes in the fish community. this is du to the fact that no relation 
ot easily linked to changes in the fish community. this is du to the fact that no relationships 
es have been strongly influenced by the evolution of markets for seafood in europe, and the dev 
strongly influenced by the evolution of markets for seafood in europe, and the development of s 
the evolution of markets for seafood in europe, and the development of substitute products .  
 markets for seafood in europe, and the development of substitute products .  
7140 22                                     the impacts of fishing and climate change on ecological pro 
                         the impacts of fishing and climate change on ecological processes in m 
             the impacts of fishing and climate change on ecological processes in maintaining e 
cal processes in maintaining ecological diversity in fish communities of the Gulf of Gascony in 
 in maintaining ecological diversity in fish communities of the Gulf of Gascony in the last thr 
om time-series statistical analysis and modeling by individuals -centrée. a statistical analysi 
proach to biological, environmental and fisheries allow a description of the patterns of divers 
 allow a description of the patterns of diversity and will interpret the dynamics and causes of 
es of observed changes and identify the impacts on fisheries. The diversity in terms of spatial 
ved changes and identify the impacts on fisheries. The diversity in terms of spatial variations 
 identify the impacts on fisheries. The diversity in terms of spatial variations in number of s 
r not, along depth gradients of primary productivity and flexibility, will be identified and in 
ding to the theories of the dynamics of diversity. temporal trends will be analyzed and interpr 
interpreted according to the effects of fishing and / or climate change. changes in commercial  
ding to the effects of fishing and / or climate change. changes in commercial fisheries of the  
r climate change. changes in commercial fisheries of the Gulf of Gascony. it also will integrat 
 of Gascony. it also will integrate the fishing mortality generated by a fleet simply by formal 
ony. it also will integrate the fishing mortality generated by a fleet simply by formalizing th 
 these processes a spatial structure of diversity. the effects of realistic changes of temperat 
f temperatures and changes over time of fishing fleets on this structure will be simulated by a 
ic dependency mechanism of reproduction temperature. Finally, the economic implications of chan 
ed with the operation and impact of the warming will be analyzed.  
14966 14 systems, and in particular those in the mediterranean, can experiment a growing variability in  
can experiment a growing variability in runoff as a result of the global change in rainfall int 
ariability in runoff as a result of the global change in rainfall intensity and frequency. the  
r extension of periods with low flow or drought and the occurrence of flow intermittency and th 
cy and the interruption of hydrological connectivity in the river network. the effects will be  
rk. the effects will be analysed on the community structure of algae, macroinvertebrates and fi 
 analysed on the community structure of algae, macroinvertebrates and fish, before and after th 
ed on the community structure of algae, macroinvertebrates and fish, before and after the extre 
ucture of algae, macroinvertebrates and fish, before and after the extreme events of low flow . 
aches, which are sensitive areas to the biological diversity. the results will contribute to th 
 to the comprehension of the effects of climate change on mediterranean stream ecosystems.  
ion of the effects of climate change on mediterranean stream ecosystems.  
ects of climate change on mediterranean stream ecosystems.  
 climate change on mediterranean stream ecosystems.  
13967 18 his project will investigate effects of fragmentation and invasion on pollination service to fo 
nvestigate effects of fragmentation and invasion on pollination service to forbs in marginal gr 
ffects of fragmentation and invasion on pollination service to forbs in marginal grassland habi 
ollination service to forbs in marginal grassland habitats by combining large-scale field exper 
l grassland habitats by combining large-scale field experiments, focal observations of pollinat 
ield experiments, focal observations of pollinator behavior and monitoring of pollinator abunda 
ments, focal observations of pollinator behavior and monitoring of pollinator abundance. pollin 
observations of pollinator behavior and monitoring of pollinator abundance. pollination service 
f pollinator behavior and monitoring of pollinator abundance. pollination service will be estim 
r behavior and monitoring of pollinator abundance. pollination service will be estimated in lar 
and monitoring of pollinator abundance. pollination service will be estimated in large continuo 
imated in large continuous semi-natural grasslands and in road-verges at different distance fro 
ad-verges, will be studied by comparing pollination success in experimentally invaded and non-i 
invaded and non-invaded sites. decay in pollination service will be indicated by increased poll 
creased visitation rates with increased fragmentation or invasion status. the effects of pollen 
n rates with increased fragmentation or invasion status. the effects of pollen limitation on ma 
nd importance of the project lies in an evaluation of the ecological importance of pollen limit 
ollen limitation and the effect of seed production on population and metapopulation dynamics of 
14469 16                                         habitat fragmentation, that is the reduction of a conti 
, that is the reduction of a continuous habitat into several spatially isolated remnants, repre 
ants, represents a major threat for the biological diversity of terrestrial ecosystems. the fra 
the biological diversity of terrestrial ecosystems. the fragmentation of habitats and the resul 
iversity of terrestrial ecosystems. the fragmentation of habitats and the resulting isolation o 
netic consequences, including losses of species richness and abundance, reduced mutualistic int 
ncluding losses of species richness and abundance, reduced mutualistic interactions between pla 
rmation already available and to assess biodiversity components at regional scale; to calculate 
ess biodiversity components at regional scale; to calculate basic descriptors of genetic divers 
cale; to calculate basic descriptors of genetic diversity at species, inter- and intrapopulatio 
 different species; to identify spatial thresholds of fragmentation that are necessary to maint 
cies; to identify spatial thresholds of fragmentation that are necessary to maintain genetic di 
entation that are necessary to maintain genetic diversity; to correlate genetic parameters with 
ze, fragment size, isolation degree and biodiversity components. ultimately, the project aims t 
ims to set a theoretical ground for the development of effective both in situ and ex situ conse 
t of effective both in situ and ex situ conservation action plans.  
13849 19                                         habitat fragmentation caused by dams and road passes ca 
 road passes can lead to extinctions of fish populations, while species introductions can cause 
tions can cause extinctions of isolated fish populations and a homogenization of the fish fauna 
populations and a homogenization of the fish fauna at the landscape level. to increase our unde 
homogenization of the fish fauna at the landscape level. to increase our understanding of fragm 
level. to increase our understanding of fragmentation effects we will quantify extinction and c 
 fragmentation effects we will quantify extinction and colonization rates. extinction rates as  
effects we will quantify extinction and colonization rates. extinction rates as a function of h 
tify extinction and colonization rates. extinction rates as a function of habitat size will be  
lonization rates. extinction rates as a function of habitat size will be quantified from the in 
ates. extinction rates as a function of habitat size will be quantified from the incidence of s 
ke from the sea, we will use remains of fish scales and zooplankton in lake sediments. effects  
 we will use remains of fish scales and zooplankton in lake sediments. effects of introductions 
uctions will be quantified by comparing diversity patterns before vs. after introductions. to b 
 that can be used to predict effects of fragmentation and introductions we will use data on the 
e outcome of introductions to formulate habitat dependent assembly rules. these rules specify h 
 or more species can coexist depends on habitat size and presence of other species. we will use 
mmun including before and after data on fish assemblages, and documentation of dispersal barrie 
 fish assemblages, and documentation of dispersal barriers.  
7125 8 rch project aims to study the impact of global change on ocean and lake aquatic ecosystems in W 
global change on ocean and lake aquatic ecosystems in Western Europe by using plankton indicato 
 and lake aquatic ecosystems in Western Europe by using plankton indicators. it lies in a globa 
ems in Western Europe by using plankton indicators. it lies in a global context, essential to t 
ntext, essential to tackle the issue of climate change impacts on biodiversity and functioning  
l to tackle the issue of climate change impacts on biodiversity and functioning of aquatic ecos 
 the issue of climate change impacts on biodiversity and functioning of aquatic ecosystems. Thi 
biodiversity and functioning of aquatic ecosystems. This multidisciplinary project will combine 
540 21 ination of long-term records of aquatic ecosystems has provided useful information to find out  
ing forces. understanding the impact of climate change on these ecosystems, the management of t 
g the impact of climate change on these ecosystems, the management of their resources and the e 
climate change on these ecosystems, the management of their resources and the extrapolation bet 
can be achieved by inter-site and inter-ecosystem comparisons. this approach was undertaken dur 
hich has the originality to tackle with marine and freshwater ecosystems. it allowed us to comp 
e originality to tackle with marine and freshwater ecosystems. it allowed us to compile and val 
ty to tackle with marine and freshwater ecosystems. it allowed us to compile and validate sever 
d on the analysis of the variability of climate indices and biological data across several spat 
 spatial scales was used. the different ecosystems analyzed here showed clear response to the n 
ed clear response to the north atlantic climate variability, although abrupt changes in differe 
hough abrupt changes in different local community compositions occurred in all ecosystems in th 
 community compositions occurred in all ecosystems in the middle of the 1980s. during this peri 
ve resulted in long-term changes in cod recruitment in the north sea . on the other hand, both  
-term changes in cod recruitment in the north sea . on the other hand, both climate change and  
the north sea . on the other hand, both climate change and the improvement of trophic status in 
hitefish during the 1990s. lower larval mortality and better recruitment are supposed to be lin 
990s. lower larval mortality and better recruitment are supposed to be linked to faster growth  
ent are supposed to be linked to faster growth associated with warmer temperatures and better f 
ral overlap between larvae hatching and zooplankton development.  
between larvae hatching and zooplankton development.  
15184 9 nalyze microbial communities in aquatic ecosystems has reveled its huge richness and diversity  
aquatic ecosystems has reveled its huge richness and diversity of phylo-phenetic species. the s 
stems has reveled its huge richness and diversity of phylo-phenetic species. the search of the  
 novel approaches as those derived from macroecology. that is, microbial communities in inland  
munities in inland waters are linked by dispersal making up the metacommunity which dynamics ha 
s are linked by dispersal making up the metacommunity which dynamics has unknown consequences f 
 waterbirds are effective dispersers of zooplankton and phytoplankton species, but their signif 
effective dispersers of zooplankton and phytoplankton species, but their significance for aquat 
ies, but their significance for aquatic bacteria and viruses remains unexplored. the general go 
15315 9 nalyze microbial communities in aquatic ecosystems has revealed their huge richness and diversi 
atic ecosystems has revealed their huge richness and diversity of phylophenetic species. the se 
ms has revealed their huge richness and diversity of phylophenetic species. the search for unde 
l approaches such as those derived from macroecology. that is, microbial communities in inland  
ities in inland waters are connected by dispersal making up a metacommunity. currently, the dyn 
 are connected by dispersal making up a metacommunity. currently, the dynamics of microbial met 
 waterbirds are effective dispersers of zooplankton and phytoplankton species, but their signif 
effective dispersers of zooplankton and phytoplankton species, but their significance for aquat 
ies, but their significance for aquatic bacteria and viruses remains practically unexplored. th 
15245 24                                         habitat modification by land use change is a major driv 
                habitat modification by land use change is a major driver of biodiversity loss, 
by land use change is a major driver of biodiversity loss, but little is known about the effect 
ut little is known about the effects of landscape change on biotic interactions. our overall ob 
s of spatial and temporal components of habitat loss, fragmentation and restoration on plant an 
nd temporal components of habitat loss, fragmentation and restoration on plant and pollinator c 
ents of habitat loss, fragmentation and restoration on plant and pollinator communities and on  
gmentation and restoration on plant and pollinator communities and on interactions between thes 
hip often provides a partial picture of biodiversity loss because not all species are equally a 
not all species are equally affected by landscape change. habitats may exhibit either higher-th 
may exhibit either higher-than-expected species richness in regressive patches due to delayed e 
yed extinctions, or lower-than-expected species richness in newly originated patches due to dis 
ness in newly originated patches due to dispersal constraints. biotic homogenization is expecte 
ersistence of particular species in the landscape will depend on certain biological and ecologi 
 on these attributes for plant s in the mediterranean region is scarce. landscape modification  
 in the mediterranean region is scarce. landscape modification by human land use is also consid 
scarce. landscape modification by human land use is also considered to be one of the major driv 
dered to be one of the major drivers of pollinator diversity loss, but the processes through wh 
 one of the major drivers of pollinator diversity loss, but the processes through which habitat 
y loss, but the processes through which habitat modification over the last 50 years. biological 
ast 50 years. biological and ecological traits at the species and population levels will be rec 
 relation to species persistence. plant-pollinator interactions will also be surveyed to charac 
 surveyed to characterize the effect of landscape change on the topology of plant-pollinator ne 
ndscape change on the topology of plant-pollinator networks.  
13953 16 project aims to estimate the effects of habitat loss and fragmentation on biodiversity of macro 
stimate the effects of habitat loss and fragmentation on biodiversity of macrofauna using musse 
ts of habitat loss and fragmentation on biodiversity of macrofauna using mussel beds as a model 
ss and fragmentation on biodiversity of macrofauna using mussel beds as a model system. habitat 
ty of macrofauna using mussel beds as a model system. habitat loss is a main cause for species  
na using mussel beds as a model system. habitat loss is a main cause for species extinctions an 
 main cause for species extinctions and biodiversity declines, while habitat fragmentation mode 
ctions and biodiversity declines, while habitat fragmentation model data and results obtained t 
y declines, while habitat fragmentation model data and results obtained to refine predictions o 
fine predictions of the critical mussel habitat amount needed to sustain a high diversity and a 
habitat amount needed to sustain a high diversity and abundance. thus, this project will be abl 
 needed to sustain a high diversity and abundance. thus, this project will be able to predict h 
will be able to predict how much mussel habitat should be conserved for persistence of populati 
rved for persistence of populations and diversity, and the relative importance of habitat fragm 
versity, and the relative importance of habitat fragmentation and different population processe 
different population processes for this threshold.  
13830 14 roject is to evaluate the importance of habitat quality and quantity for the recruitment potent 
of habitat quality and quantity for the recruitment potential of fish using coastal nursery gro 
antity for the recruitment potential of fish using coastal nursery grounds. the quality of coas 
irectly from the viability of the adult fish stocks, but requires local investigations of the n 
ed increase in the cover of filamentous macroalgae in the coastal zone over the last decades. d 
t these changes alter the structure and function of the communities present, but there is no in 
 but there is no information on how the recruitment potential of fish populations is affected.  
ion on how the recruitment potential of fish populations is affected. in this project i will te 
est hypothesis concerning the effect of algae on distribution, growth and survival of juvenile  
hesis concerning the effect of algae on distribution, growth and survival of juvenile fish in t 
ng the effect of algae on distribution, growth and survival of juvenile fish in the coastal zon 
bution, growth and survival of juvenile fish in the coastal zone. the effect of juvenile growth 
he coastal zone. the effect of juvenile growth rate on the survival during later life stages wi 
e stages will also be evaluated and the recruitment potential of the nursery grounds will be mo 
12177 14 lowland britain hedgerows are important landscape and historic features, and they play a key ro 
c features, and they play a key role in wildlife conservation, stock management, shelter and er 
s, and they play a key role in wildlife conservation, stock management, shelter and erosion con 
ey role in wildlife conservation, stock management, shelter and erosion control. the hedgerow n 
ervation, stock management, shelter and erosion control. the hedgerow network may also play an  
y also play an important future role in adaptation for climate change by facilitating the movem 
important future role in adaptation for climate change by facilitating the movement of species  
ged landscapes. hedges require frequent management in order to maintain their character, condit 
maintain their character, condition and ecological function, and to prevent them overgrowing an 
he results of experiments 1-3 to inform management prescriptions, policy development and furthe 
1-3 to inform management prescriptions, policy development and further research. it is recognis 
inform management prescriptions, policy development and further research. it is recognised that 
her research. it is recognised that the impacts of management regimes are likely to take many y 
h. it is recognised that the impacts of management regimes are likely to take many years to hav 
11066 12 population gets smaller or decreases in density, the number of opportunities for parasite trans 
sence, is the idea of a host population threshold: that there is a certain population size or d 
t there is a certain population size or density below which the parasite cannot persist. extinc 
elow which the parasite cannot persist. extinction of a parasite in one host population may onl 
 of hosts has increased again above the threshold number. if there is a whole group of such hos 
 knowing where and when host population thresholds and metapopulations are found for parasites  
apopulations are found for parasites in nature would be of great interest, because it could exp 
erest, because it could explain why the risk of becoming infected varies between different plac 
w almost no examples of host population thresholds and parasite metapopulations in wild species 
 the first examples for host population thresholds and metapopulation structure influencing and 
nfluencing and potentially limiting the distribution of parasite species within a landscape.  
stribution of parasite species within a landscape.  
14741 13  river has recently suffered changes in water quality, trophic structure and composition of the 
ntly suffered changes in water quality, trophic structure and composition of the biological com 
 biological communities. the increasing water transparency has caused an important proliferatio 
as caused an important proliferation of macrophytes, probably accentuated by the increasing hyd 
lly, with the purpose of characterizing habitat and communities; - development of a macrophyte  
aracterizing habitat and communities; - development of a macrophyte habitat model; - evaluation 
munities; - development of a macrophyte habitat model; - evaluation of the effect of controlled 
; - development of a macrophyte habitat model; - evaluation of the effect of controlled flows o 
opment of a macrophyte habitat model; - evaluation of the effect of controlled flows on the eco 
f the effect of controlled flows on the ecosystem: specific sampling to evaluate its effect on  
its effect on hydromorphology and river ecology; - management proposals to improve the lower eb 
on hydromorphology and river ecology; - management proposals to improve the lower ebro river ec 
cal status and to minimize the negative impacts.  
11547 9                  inbreeding and loss of genetic diversity are believed to reduce the ability of 
ity of natural populations to cope with disease, presenting important implications for the cons 
esenting important implications for the conservation of small, bottlenecked populations. this p 
itored each year as part of the ongoing recovery programme. field aviaries on mauritius will en 
low immunocompetence to reflect reduced resistance to infection. however, on mauritius, immunoc 
 be re-measured in free-living infected birds to evaluate change in immune function as infectio 
cted birds to evaluate change in immune function as infection progresses. the project will use  
eractions between inbreeding and immune function. genetically confirmed pedigrees already exist 
munocompetence will be measured in ~180 birds from each of the four populations using the pha s 
2136 19 rwegian sea harbors some of the largest fish stocks in the world, including norwegian spring sp 
 have a strong ecological impact on the ecosystem and each other. in spite of the potential imp 
n spite of the potential importance for ecosystem functioning, there have been few studies addr 
 the interactions between planktivorous fish stocks in general and in the norwegian sea in part 
 therefore remains a major challenge in marine ecology. the main goal of the project is to quan 
ore remains a major challenge in marine ecology. the main goal of the project is to quantify th 
rt involving historic data analysis and modeling. the project will benefit strongly from extens 
sive data sets on physics, plankton and fish distribution from collaborating norwegian, russian 
data sets on physics, plankton and fish distribution from collaborating norwegian, russian, ice 
wegian, russian, icelandic and faeroese marine institutions. a novel individual based modeling  
 russian, icelandic and faeroese marine institutions. a novel individual based modeling approac 
 institutions. a novel individual based modeling approach will be used to generate data driven  
data driven 3d distributions of the key fish stocks and quantify their overlap and interactions 
of the functioning of the norwegian sea ecosystem and generate several products that can be use 
several products that can be useful for ecosystem management including estimates of carrying ca 
ystem management including estimates of carrying capacity of planktivorous fish and distributio 
s of carrying capacity of planktivorous fish and distribution of fish stocks among economic zon 
ying capacity of planktivorous fish and distribution of fish stocks among economic zones.  
 planktivorous fish and distribution of fish stocks among economic zones.  
13944 15 theory of metacommunities predicts that biodiversity and function of local communities are dete 
munities predicts that biodiversity and function of local communities are determined by an inte 
t the effect of an increase in regional diversity, which is a common but often overlooked conse 
mon but often overlooked consequence of biological invasions, on patterns and processes at the  
 on patterns and processes at the local scale. the study will be performed in ponds along the r 
tem that has received a large influx of exotic species. the relative importance of local and re 
s with different flooding frequency and dispersal distance. in a subsequent mesocosm experiment 
and dispersal distance. in a subsequent mesocosm experiment, i will test the interacting effect 
est the interacting effects of regional diversity and resource availability on local diversity, 
sity and resource availability on local diversity, productivity and biotic interactions. the pr 
source availability on local diversity, productivity and biotic interactions. the project will  
 predictions about processes regulating diversity and will provide new insights in the long-ter 
sights in the long-term consequences of biological invasions on biodiversity and ecosystem func 
consequences of biological invasions on biodiversity and ecosystem function at multiple spatial 
iological invasions on biodiversity and ecosystem function at multiple spatial scales.  
14718 19                                         land use and climate changes have been suggested as the 
                           land use and climate changes have been suggested as the two main thr 
en suggested as the two main threats to biodiversity conservation. in the next years it is pred 
ears it is predicted a strong change in landscape composition and configuration as a consequenc 
hese processes, but the information for mediterranean landscapes is scarce so far. the mediterr 
ranean landscapes is scarce so far. the mediterranean area has been hypothesised as one of the  
d as one of the most affected by global climate change. in the particular case of spain, it cou 
imate change. in the particular case of spain, it could be also suggested a strong impact on la 
rocesses to individual-level perfomance traits. in the present project we aim to achieve the fo 
 and simulated models on the effects of landscape change on species distribution and abundance. 
 effects of landscape change on species distribution and abundance. 2. predictive and simulated 
cape change on species distribution and abundance. 2. predictive and simulated models on the ef 
 and simulated models on the effects of climate change on species distribution and abundance. s 
he effects of climate change on species distribution and abundance. simulated scenarios of simu 
mate change on species distribution and abundance. simulated scenarios of simultaneously landsc 
s distribution and abundance. simulated scenarios of simultaneously landscape and climate chang 
. simulated scenarios of simultaneously landscape and climate change on habitat suitability for 
enarios of simultaneously landscape and climate change on habitat suitability for the studied s 
neously landscape and climate change on habitat suitability for the studied species. 3. populat 
14833 27 ered areas under especial protection in europe, becoming priority areas for conservation. in th 
 in europe, becoming priority areas for conservation. in the iberian peninsula these communitie 
these communities are at their southern distribution limit, which makes them more sensitive to  
mit, which makes them more sensitive to environmental change. at present the evidence of the ef 
 present the evidence of the effects of climate change on calluna heath is very limited. howeve 
s very limited. however, an increase in temperature and drought are likely to affect their dist 
however, an increase in temperature and drought are likely to affect their distribution and com 
 and drought are likely to affect their distribution and composition. temperature increase coul 
ect their distribution and composition. temperature increase could have an influence on the mov 
om the iberian peninsula. a decrease in precipitation during the summer could favour the develo 
tion during the summer could favour the development of dry heathlands more than the permanence  
 ones. likewise, the increase in summer drought produces an increased risk of fire with possibl 
in summer drought produces an increased risk of fire with possible alterations in heathland beh 
r drought produces an increased risk of fire with possible alterations in heathland behaviour,  
ciated fauna as well as globally on the biodiversity, dynamic and behaviour of these ecosystems 
versity, dynamic and behaviour of these ecosystems. therefore the main objective of the propose 
ed project is to analyse the effects of climate change, land use and forest fires on biodiversi 
 analyse the effects of climate change, land use and forest fires on biodiversity, dynamic and  
effects of climate change, land use and forest fires on biodiversity, dynamic and functioning o 
te change, land use and forest fires on biodiversity, dynamic and functioning of the areas of i 
functioning of the areas of interest to conservation, in accordance with european union criteri 
ntabrian mountain range at the southern distribution limit, and on the other, the wet heathland 
other, the wet heathlands situated on a climate slope in the montes galaicos, characterised by  
ke models for predicting changes in the biodiversity of these communities as a result of the sm 
se communities as a result of the small scale alterations to which they can be subjected, and o 
h they can be subjected, and on a large scale as a result of climate change, which can displace 
ed, and on a large scale as a result of climate change, which can displace current conditions t 
14832 27 ered areas under especial protection in europe, becoming priority areas for conservation. in th 
 in europe, becoming priority areas for conservation. in the iberian peninsula these communitie 
these communities are at their southern distribution limit, which makes them more sensitive to  
mit, which makes them more sensitive to environmental change. at present the evidence of the ef 
 present the evidence of the effects of climate change on calluna heath is very limited. howeve 
s very limited. however, an increase in temperature and drought are likely to affect their dist 
however, an increase in temperature and drought are likely to affect their distribution and com 
 and drought are likely to affect their distribution and composition. temperature increase coul 
ect their distribution and composition. temperature increase could have an influence on the mov 
om the iberian peninsula. a decrease in precipitation during the summer could favour the develo 
tion during the summer could favour the development of dry heathlands more than the permanence  
 ones. likewise, the increase in summer drought produces an increased risk of fire with possibl 
in summer drought produces an increased risk of fire with possible alterations in heathland beh 
r drought produces an increased risk of fire with possible alterations in heathland behaviour,  
ciated fauna as well as globally on the biodiversity, dynamic and behaviour of these ecosystems 
versity, dynamic and behaviour of these ecosystems. therefore the main objective of the propose 
ed project is to analyse the effects of climate change, land use and forest fires on biodiversi 
 analyse the effects of climate change, land use and forest fires on biodiversity, dynamic and  
effects of climate change, land use and forest fires on biodiversity, dynamic and functioning o 
te change, land use and forest fires on biodiversity, dynamic and functioning of the areas of i 
functioning of the areas of interest to conservation, in accordance with european union criteri 
ntabrian mountain range at the southern distribution limit, and on the other, the wet heathland 
other, the wet heathlands situated on a climate slope in the montes galaicos, characterised by  
ke models for predicting changes in the biodiversity of these communities as a result of the sm 
se communities as a result of the small scale alterations to which they can be subjected, and o 
h they can be subjected, and on a large scale as a result of climate change, which can displace 
ed, and on a large scale as a result of climate change, which can displace current conditions t 
12172 4 ips, has apparent benefits at the field scale for birds, by often holding greater diversity and 
pparent benefits at the field scale for birds, by often holding greater diversity and sometimes 
ale for birds, by often holding greater diversity and sometimes abundance than equivalent areas 
holding greater diversity and sometimes abundance than equivalent areas of crop in each study 1 
15207 5 to develop a research on the use of sea water by the dune vegetation of spanish coasts and to a 
rch on the use of sea water by the dune vegetation of spanish coasts and to assess whether it i 
ble to generalize a multiple pattern of water use as occurs in tropical coasts. besides this pr 
ect aims to get deeply into the oceanic water role on key species in dune building and the cons 
he project are: 1 to assess whether the water source to evaluate the impact of climatic change  
15218 16  of temporary ponds because they affect primary production, nutrient cycling, leaf litter decom 
because they affect primary production, nutrient cycling, leaf litter decomposition, and invert 
t primary production, nutrient cycling, leaf litter decomposition, and invertebrate populations 
mary production, nutrient cycling, leaf litter decomposition, and invertebrate populations. the 
vertebrate populations. the presence of predators, however, can modify the interactions between 
mphibians are capable of altering their development in response to the presence of predators, p 
elopment in response to the presence of predators, producing anti-predator morphologies, reduci 
e presence of predators, producing anti-predator morphologies, reducing activity levels, and/or 
evolved under selection from a suite of predators would be readily activated by cues from a nov 
activated by cues from a novel invasive predator species, and if they do, whether they would be 
would be as effective as against native predators. the red swamp crayfish constitutes a textboo 
yfish constitutes a textbook example of biological invasion and has expanded over the doñana na 
this crayfish is an extremely efficient predator of amphibian eggs and larvae, that may have al 
ions exposed to it. we will compare the density-dependent and trait-mediated effects of the red 
ts of the red swamp crayfish and native predators such as odonates on larval amphibians and the 
ng field surveys, field, laboratory and mesocosm experiments, quantitative and population genet 
13968 9 ormorants are often accused of reducing fish populations and destroying the vegetation on nesti 
ing fish populations and destroying the vegetation on nesting islands. while the effect on fish 
on nesting islands. while the effect on fish populations have received considerable research in 
e research have been aimed at examining ecosystem effects on nesting islands in the baltic. in  
, on active colonies of various nesting density and on abandoned islands. as a framework for in 
slands. as a framework for interpreting density responses, following the increased nutrient inf 
 inflow, we will use recent advances in ecological stoichiometry, which is a method for indepen 
on. to study dynamics, we will quantify density response across multiple years for herbivore sp 
ween the nutrient content of plants and life history characteristics.  
2515 9 le negative consequences of near future ocean acidification scenarios on the copepod calanus fi 
nces of near future ocean acidification scenarios on the copepod calanus finmarchicus. since th 
stitutes a key component of the pelagic food web in the north sea and north atlantic/barents se 
omponent of the pelagic food web in the north sea and north atlantic/barents sea negative effec 
ects could have a massive impact at the ecosystem level, also including commercially important  
ation of the findings from wp1&2 into a modelling tool to upscale acidification effects on indi 
on effects on individuals to population scale using an ecosystem model.  
ndividuals to population scale using an ecosystem model.  
 to population scale using an ecosystem model.  
14184 16     recognizing the increasing chemical pollution of the environment, more agricultural farms a 
he increasing chemical pollution of the environment, more agricultural farms attempt to avoid u 
nthetic plant protection products. pest management by any plant protection product is costly, w 
ut still may result in partial or total extinction of the population later. experiments with th 
 not an entire picture of action of the pesticides over various organisms which are why it is e 
er the physiological functioning of the insects and result in interferences in preparations for 
ticides on the physiology of beneficial insects. minor, externally invisible transformations ca 
lly invisible transformations caused by pesticides may give essential important information abo 
anges in insect physiological state and development. the aim of this project is to clarify the  
 project is to clarify the influence of pesticides over important insects development and physi 
 influence of pesticides over important insects development and physiology. the complex equipme 
ce of pesticides over important insects development and physiology. the complex equipment elabo 
 in our laboratory enables simultaneous monitoring of the various organ systems and mutual func 
l condition of insect caused by several stress factors. this project is a continuation of our p 
in knowledge based on influence of some pesticides sub-lethal doses and in elaboration of scien 
aboration of scientific grounds for the pesticides using in plant protection.  
13843 17 ed our knowledge on how reindeer affect species richness at small spatial scales. however, we d 
s. however, we do not know how reindeer grazing affect species richness at large spatial scales 
do not know how reindeer grazing affect species richness at large spatial scales. the relations 
patial scales. the relationship between species richness and area is particularly important as  
s it holds out a prospect of predicting species richness at large scales from data gathered rel 
 scales. however, predicting effects of grazing on species richness at large spatial scales fro 
wever, predicting effects of grazing on species richness at large spatial scales from small-sca 
ness at large spatial scales from small-scale studies is by no means a simple task as different 
e task as different processes determine species diversity at different spatial scales. i will h 
 here test the hypothesis that reindeer grazing increase species richness at small spatial scal 
pothesis that reindeer grazing increase species richness at small spatial scales but decrease s 
ss at small spatial scales but decrease species richness at large spatial scales. moreover, i w 
study whether the effect of reindeer on species richness at different spatial scales driven by  
patial scales driven by their effect on spatial heterogeneity of plant biomass and nutrient ava 
ffect on spatial heterogeneity of plant biomass and nutrient availability. a combination of sma 
nt availability. a combination of small-scale manipulations, natural experiments and descriptiv 
se our knowledge on how reindeer affect species richness at larger spatial scales. this increas 
13488 20 re minor, reindeer can still have large indirect effects on the vegetation by influencing soil  
till have large indirect effects on the vegetation by influencing soil temperature, nutrient tu 
ffects on the vegetation by influencing soil temperature, nutrient turnover and competition bet 
s on the vegetation by influencing soil temperature, nutrient turnover and competition between  
soil temperature, nutrient turnover and competition between plants. the vegetation in the scand 
ver and competition between plants. the vegetation in the scandinavian mountains is expected to 
s is expected to change due to a warmer climate and many species have already increased their a 
y warm. how reindeer will interact with climate induced vegetation changes are poorly studied.  
deer will interact with climate induced vegetation changes are poorly studied. i will study the 
will study how reindeer influence plant community composition, dynamics of carbon and nitrogen  
lant community composition, dynamics of carbon and nitrogen and the regeneration and survival o 
ity composition, dynamics of carbon and nitrogen and the regeneration and survival of trees and 
 are expected to be favored by a warmer climate. field studies will be combined with mathematic 
dies will be combined with mathematical modeling of carbon and nitrogen dynamics. results from  
 combined with mathematical modeling of carbon and nitrogen dynamics. results from these theore 
ith mathematical modeling of carbon and nitrogen dynamics. results from these theoretical and e 
es will be important for evaluating the sustainability of present reindeer management regimes a 
 the sustainability of present reindeer management regimes and for understanding how reindeer i 
nderstanding how reindeer interact with climate-induced vegetation changes. these studies will  
 reindeer interact with climate-induced vegetation changes. these studies will reveal if reinde 
14900 12                          the scientific community is committed to search approaches of ecologic 
ty is committed to search approaches of ecological restoration that allow to conciliate ecosyst 
al restoration that allow to conciliate ecosystem exploitation and nature conservation. this wi 
o conciliate ecosystem exploitation and nature conservation. this will improve the sustainabili 
ure conservation. this will improve the sustainability in the use of natural resources. the maj 
mprove the sustainability in the use of natural resources. the major goal of this proposal is t 
al of this proposal is to ascertain how revegetation in agricultural landscapes, passive or act 
sal is to ascertain how revegetation in agricultural landscapes, passive or active, affects div 
 landscapes, passive or active, affects diversity patterns at different scales as web as to exp 
hat drive these patterns. the scales of diversity mentioned before refer to taxonomic . 8. to u 
fer to taxonomic . 8. to use raptors as ecological indicators of revegetation success. to cope  
use raptors as ecological indicators of revegetation success. to cope with these objectives we  
13739 17  alternative stable states in lakes and wetlands and how these transitions affect biodiversity  
tlands and how these transitions affect biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. changes in alte 
ially from a macrophyte dominated clear-water state to a turbid, phytoplankton dominated state, 
ominated clear-water state to a turbid, phytoplankton dominated state, result in a dramatic red 
tate, result in a dramatic reduction in biodiversity and a degradation of ecosystem functioning 
ramatic reduction in biodiversity and a degradation of ecosystem functioning. here, we intend t 
on in biodiversity and a degradation of ecosystem functioning. here, we intend to study the imp 
o study the importance of seasonal mass-migration of cyprinids between lakes and their tributar 
tributaries, the mechanisms behind this migration and its importance as a driving force for the 
intend to study how changes in seasonal migration affects biodiversity and ecosystem function i 
w changes in seasonal migration affects biodiversity and ecosystem function in these systems. o 
onal migration affects biodiversity and ecosystem function in these systems. our main hypothesi 
s. our main hypothesis is that relative predation risk differs between habitats seasonally and  
n hypothesis is that relative predation risk differs between habitats seasonally and during win 
lise refuges in tributaries. changes in migration patterns should affect organisms at lower tro 
trophic levels, resulting in effects on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. the hypotheses  
sing a combination of surveys and large-scale field experiments. the project is a continuation  
13844 7                                         marine brown algal species of the genus fucus are very  
 at investigating how the structure and diversity in those associated communities are influence 
e the inheritance patterns of herbivore resistance and ability of the algal plants to produce c 
ul models to study questions concerning community structure, species richness, and inheritance  
estions concerning community structure, species richness, and inheritance patterns in terrestri 
enetic and chemical analyses, where the biodiversity of associated communities, resistance, and 
biodiversity of associated communities, resistance, and chemical defence of parent and hybrid f 
12576 2 the effects of heavy metal additions on soil fertility and agricultural productivity.  
ions on soil fertility and agricultural productivity.  
11769 9                                     the distribution and the abundance of organisms depend on b 
               the distribution and the abundance of organisms depend on both the persistence o 
lance between colonisation of available habitat and local extinctions. both local and regional  
al and regional processes depend on the density-dependent regulation of population growth rates 
sity-dependent regulation of population growth rates and the fecundity of their constituent ind 
eir constituent individuals. population growth decreases with population density as a result of 
lation growth decreases with population density as a result of reduced individual survivorship  
dual survivorship and fecundity through competition for resources and microsites for germinatio 
ions through both positive and negative density dependence.  
9906 9                                     the distribution and the abundance of organisms depend on b 
               the distribution and the abundance of organisms depend on both the persistence o 
lance between colonisation of available habitat and local extinctions. both local and regional  
al and regional processes depend on the density-dependent regulation of population growth rates 
sity-dependent regulation of population growth rates and the fecundity of their constituent ind 
eir constituent individuals. population growth decreases with population density as a result of 
lation growth decreases with population density as a result of reduced individual survivorship  
dual survivorship and fecundity through competition for resources and microsites for germinatio 
ions through both positive and negative density dependence.  
13698 6 ltural simulation system which is under development. to not only include volume production but  
development. to not only include volume production but also development of value in planning in 
only include volume production but also development of value in planning instruments will proba 
uction but also development of value in planning instruments will probably increase the long-te 
is that silvicultural treatments affect growth and morphology of norway spruce in a predictable 
d this will also affect timber quality. growth and timber-quality will be investigated in old e 
15272 15 mmunities develop in systems conforming habitat islands. spatial structure of fragments determi 
atial structure of fragments determines community persistence. several global change forces are 
termines community persistence. several global change forces are changing the arrangement of th 
e systems the opposite process happens. conservation biologists must consider a priority increa 
hange in spatial arrangement can affect community structure and composition. the systems we are 
elative to the processes that determine community organization and more specifically questions  
lter based on competitive exclusion, is community phylogenetic structure a main process in the  
omponents of species mobility determine species richness in community fragments, is there any m 
 mobility determine species richness in community fragments, is there any mechanism dealing wit 
 questions. the spatial organization of phylogenetic diversity in the community structure may b 
zation of phylogenetic diversity in the community structure may be due to a neutral assembly de 
eractions. the relationship between the spatial pattern and the environmental factors allows us 
te the role of environmental filters in community clustering. the temporal component of communi 
y clustering. the temporal component of community organization processes can be studied using d 
vidual plants are recruited and how the function of different species changes with time.  
1088 32               the relationships between species diversity and ecosystem processes have received 
tionships between species diversity and ecosystem processes have received a growing attention i 
ion in recent years. several studies on carbon cycling and decomposition have been done on sing 
. several studies on carbon cycling and decomposition have been done on single species. the res 
these processes by climatic conditions, litter quality, decomposers, soil factors, pollution an 
onditions, litter quality, decomposers, soil factors, pollution and global warming, but the rol 
ter quality, decomposers, soil factors, pollution and global warming, but the role of biodivers 
ecomposers, soil factors, pollution and global warming, but the role of biodiversity remains ef 
ion and global warming, but the role of biodiversity remains effectively unexplained. in genera 
dies on mixed litters showed that their decomposition processes cannot be simply related to the 
ot be simply related to the dynamics of decomposition of single species litters. there is a cle 
perimental work on he effects of litter diversity in order to model the biogeochemical cycles i 
effects of litter diversity in order to model the biogeochemical cycles in the soil. in particu 
 model the biogeochemical cycles in the soil. in particular, no such studies have been performe 
 no such studies have been performed in mediterranean ecosystems despite their high biodiversit 
es have been performed in mediterranean ecosystems despite their high biodiversity and their ve 
terranean ecosystems despite their high biodiversity and their very fine spatial grain of veget 
ty and their very fine spatial grain of vegetation composition and cover. objective of this pro 
is project will be the experimental and modelling study of the primary production and decomposi 
experimental and modelling study of the primary production and decomposition processes of a med 
ing study of the primary production and decomposition processes of a mediterranean maquis in re 
uction and decomposition processes of a mediterranean maquis in relation to plant biodiversity. 
diterranean maquis in relation to plant biodiversity. the expected results by the different res 
ill be used to develop a new integrated model able to simulate spatially distributed c and n fl 
atially distributed c and n fluxes. the model will be implemented on the basis of an existing m 
implemented on the basis of an existing model built during a previous national research program 
ral networks. this will make possible a model evaluation and discussion on the possible impacts 
tworks. this will make possible a model evaluation and discussion on the possible impacts of bi 
aluation and discussion on the possible impacts of biodiversity changes on ecosystem processes  
d discussion on the possible impacts of biodiversity changes on ecosystem processes at differen 
ible impacts of biodiversity changes on ecosystem processes at different spatial and temporal s 
n exercises will be run under different scenarios of climatic and environmental conditions and  
15446 29                  the increase in earths temperature in the last decades has made to proliferate 
proliferate studies within the scope of climate change. we will be able to discern changes in e 
. we will be able to discern changes in ecosystem processes caused by climate change from those 
hanges in ecosystem processes caused by climate change from those of natural variability if we  
 a profound knowledge on the effects of temperature in such processes. the fact that there is a 
fact that there is a national action on adaptation to the climate change is enough to understan 
 a national action on adaptation to the climate change is enough to understand that it is very  
ant to know profoundly the responses of ecosystems to the increase of temperature on earth. the 
ponses of ecosystems to the increase of temperature on earth. the effects of climate change on  
of temperature on earth. the effects of climate change on ecosystems, the headwater streams inc 
earth. the effects of climate change on ecosystems, the headwater streams included, the target  
ate change on ecosystems, the headwater streams included, the target of our interest, are still 
 still poorly known, in particular when temperature interacts with other factors locally. in th 
 processes arousing greater interest is leaf litter decomposition, by its repercussion on the g 
esses arousing greater interest is leaf litter decomposition, by its repercussion on the global 
tion, by its repercussion on the global carbon cycle, as warming can enhance decomposition rate 
rcussion on the global carbon cycle, as warming can enhance decomposition rates. few studies, h 
al carbon cycle, as warming can enhance decomposition rates. few studies, however, have tried t 
s process in different materials and in streams draining different geologic substrates, with po 
his project is to assess the effects of temperature in the functioning of northern spain headwa 
perature in the functioning of northern spain headwater streams through the response of a key e 
functioning of northern spain headwater streams through the response of a key ecosystem process 
r streams through the response of a key ecosystem process, leaf litter decomposition, and under 
he response of a key ecosystem process, leaf litter decomposition, and underlying variables, an 
sponse of a key ecosystem process, leaf litter decomposition, and underlying variables, and to  
les, and to discern its implications on stream ecosystems under the projected climate change sc 
d to discern its implications on stream ecosystems under the projected climate change scenarios 
n stream ecosystems under the projected climate change scenarios.  
tems under the projected climate change scenarios.  
15517 24                                  global climate change is one of the principal threats to the c 
 is one of the principal threats to the conservation of biodiversity, particularly in areas whe 
rincipal threats to the conservation of biodiversity, particularly in areas where a large numbe 
marked changes in the distributions and phenology of many species as a result of increasing tem 
valuated urgently in order to establish adaptive management of conservation. however, little is 
der to establish adaptive management of conservation. however, little is known about the sensit 
ittle is known about the sensitivity to climate variation of different populations of the same  
hich are typically exposed to different temperature and humidity conditions. the possibility th 
 same species show adaptations to local climate conditions is potentially important in quantify 
otentially important in quantifying the impacts of climate change, since it could lead to consi 
important in quantifying the impacts of climate change, since it could lead to considerable und 
 over-estimations of changes to species abundance and phenology compared with estimated impacts 
ons of changes to species abundance and phenology compared with estimated impacts based on the  
e and phenology compared with estimated impacts based on the assumption that species show homog 
t species show homogeneous responses to climate conditions across their distributions. this pro 
ims to determine the association of the abundance and phenology of the butterflies of the sierr 
ne the association of the abundance and phenology of the butterflies of the sierra de guadarram 
rflies of the sierra de guadarrama with temperature and humidity for an 11 year dataset in mult 
is to quantify the relationship between abundance and climate, and between phenology and climat 
 the relationship between abundance and climate, and between phenology and climate, for all spe 
ween abundance and climate, and between phenology and climate, for all species with sufficient  
 and climate, and between phenology and climate, for all species with sufficient data, to then  
he altitudinal gradient. in the case of abundance, a comparative analysis will also be carried  
es which are most sensitive to temporal climate variability are also those which have experienc 
14790 6 y islands has never been studied from a community or species diversity perspective. in spite of 
 never been studied from a community or species diversity perspective. in spite off the importa 
species communities, if it is favouring exotic species or endangering native species, and if th 
ering native species, and if there is a recovery of potential vegetation. more specifically we  
and if there is a recovery of potential vegetation. more specifically we pretend to describe pl 
e abandonment and suggest a sustainable management of these areas base on our results. we also  
15099 22 tions of climatic models predict for ne spain a temperature rise and an increase in water stres 
 climatic models predict for ne spain a temperature rise and an increase in water stress during 
n a temperature rise and an increase in water stress during the next decades. both climatic tre 
mperature rise and an increase in water stress during the next decades. both climatic trends ma 
on and the phenological organization of mediterranean tree species but we do not know the funct 
ne iberian peninsula, as in most of the mediterranean basin, the evergreen and deciduous quercu 
rowing season promoted by the predicted temperature rise will reduce the competition for intern 
dicted temperature rise will reduce the competition for internal resources required byvegetativ 
nternal resources required byvegetative growth and reproduction. however, it is also expected a 
also expected a greater duration of the drought period which could counteract the first effect  
t the first effect leading to a greater competition for the internal resources between growth a 
tion for the internal resources between growth and reproduction. we hypothesize that the overla 
ing between phenological phases and the competition for resources in response to the forecasted 
g experimental systems which modify the water availability through the induction of different l 
gh the induction of different levels of drought intensity. the specific projects of this propos 
proposal are: to analyse the effects of climate change on the dynamics of growth and acorn prod 
ts of climate change on the dynamics of growth and acorn production in mediterranean oaks using 
nge on the dynamics of growth and acorn production in mediterranean oaks using a forest growth  
amics of growth and acorn production in mediterranean oaks using a forest growth model.  
roduction in mediterranean oaks using a forest growth model.  
on in mediterranean oaks using a forest growth model.  
editerranean oaks using a forest growth model.  
15021 4                      the history of the mediterranean population has an enormous relevance for  
igratory events. on the other hand, the mediterranean is full of small and large islands whose  
orca in relation to majorcas and in the mediterranean context by using new methodologies of stu 
arities among them and with majorca and mediterranean populations.  
14645 5                      the history of the mediterranean population has an enormous relevance in t 
igratory events. on the other hand, the mediterranean is full of small and large islands whose  
on to the majorca population and in the mediterranean context by using new methodologies of stu 
atomo-pathological activity patterns, 4 stable isotopes of n and c for diet determination; 5 mi 
arities among them and with majorca and mediterranean populations  
14636 2 n of non-native seaweeds into different ecosystems is a global phenomenon that may cause signif 
etermine the ecological consequences of invasion by s. muticum. in addition, we will determine  
14755 18 cies could imply several changes in the food web to which it belongs inducing, for example, fur 
e lost species, or another with similar function, in the ecosystem. from the scientific perspec 
r another with similar function, in the ecosystem. from the scientific perspective, the preoccu 
cupation about the relationship between biodiversity and food webs is obvious, and it should be 
e relationship between biodiversity and food webs is obvious, and it should be deepened in thos 
reas of knowledge which would allow the evaluation of the effect of these changes within the tr 
se changes within the trophic webs: its stability, productivity and resistance to change. new a 
within the trophic webs: its stability, productivity and resistance to change. new approaches a 
c webs: its stability, productivity and resistance to change. new approaches and methods of res 
the study, amongst other things, of the connectivity and connectance; the more effective energy 
ity and connectance; the more effective energy and information transference routes within a foo 
orces between trophic elements, and iii model equations or formulas that would allow the predic 
nd the effect of a loss of species in a community of which it forms a part, and to determine if 
not just on the species but also on its function, on the foodweb to which it belongs, and on th 
e research team making this proposal in community assemblies in the laboratory; in dynamic proc 
ocesses and in the self-organisation of community formation and the achievement of its stabilit 
ty formation and the achievement of its stability , will allow it to work with laboratory maint 
ons and graph analysis, will permit the adaptation of analytical models of networks and system  
7590 1 n with a b. mexican tropica doubles its aboveground biomass in 3 weeks, alone or in combination 
13861 2 on short-term consumer dynamics in open ecosystems and have significant effects on juvenile sur 
ficant effects on juvenile survival and growth in detritus based systems.  
15385 10  profound effects on the functioning of forest ecosystems and, because of this, contribute to d 
nd effects on the functioning of forest ecosystems and, because of this, contribute to determin 
ute to determine the characteristics of carbon global cycle. competitive equilibria between eve 
ree species may strongly depend on leaf productivity along the different seasons, and on the mo 
inter contributes to intensify the leaf traits that confer persistence to the leaves in seasona 
crown only during periods favorable for photosynthesis, and, then, could respond to any climati 
ects of low winter temperatures on leaf traits and photosynthesis and dark respiration in leave 
 winter temperatures on leaf traits and photosynthesis and dark respiration in leaves of evergr 
leaf traits and photosynthesis and dark respiration in leaves of evergreen tree species in medi 
 in leaves of evergreen tree species in mediterranean environments. the results of the research 
13524 3 gate how top-down how future changes in climate and top predators may impact ecosystem structur 
n how future changes in climate and top predators may impact ecosystem structures.  
in climate and top predators may impact ecosystem structures.  
6955 8                             plant virus resistance breeding is difficult as resistance sources  
rus resistance breeding is difficult as resistance sources are limited and because many resista 
ce sources are limited and because many resistance factors are monogenic, thus resistance can b 
 resistance factors are monogenic, thus resistance can be broken easily. therefore, it would be 
able to incorporate a horizontal' virus resistance trait into major crops that could provide du 
all readthrough utilizing viruses. this resistance might be durable as to break it the gene exp 
 to elaborate a novel, horizontal virus resistance system based on artificial reduction of read 
genic tobacco lines, and then the virus resistance of these plants will be tested. finally, if  
11869 16 a major role in determining the world s climate. in part this is due to the production of oxyge 
d s climate. in part this is due to the production of oxygen and the consumption of carbon diox 
n part this is due to the production of oxygen and the consumption of carbon dioxide by very sm 
uction of oxygen and the consumption of carbon dioxide by very small, single celled organisms,  
 to as the photosynthetic picoplankton. marine cyanobacteria of the closely-related genera proc 
the photosynthetic picoplankton. marine cyanobacteria of the closely-related genera prochloroco 
y lab has demonstrated that the in situ community structure of these organisms is fairly comple 
s, the factors that dictate this global community structure are still poorly defined. this is i 
icate major domain shifts in planktonic ecosystems and by observing and interpreting their dist 
stand the molecular basis of this niche adaptation we propose here to undertake a molecular app 
ertake a molecular approach focusing on marine synechococcus so as to identify the role that sp 
re fundamental understanding of how the environment of genes expressed in specific environments 
vironmental parameters that dictate the growth rate and yield of these organisms, information w 
meters that dictate the growth rate and yield of these organisms, information which is critical 
ch is critical for defining controls on marine photosynthesis.  
ritical for defining controls on marine photosynthesis.  
11393 30 olled burning is used worldwide for the management of vegetation, yet there is serious concern  
is used worldwide for the management of vegetation, yet there is serious concern about the envi 
for encouraging and maintaining heather growth will ai to: 1. increase understanding of the eff 
ffects of moorland patch burning on the hydrology and physicochemistry of peat, through examina 
peat, through examination of changes in soil hydrology and water quality. 2. provide a better u 
 through examination of changes in soil hydrology and water quality. 2. provide a better unders 
nation of changes in soil hydrology and water quality. 2. provide a better understanding of the 
ects of moorland patch burning on basin runoff quantity and quality, through examination of riv 
nation of river flow regimes, suspended sediment concentration and water chemistry. 3. assess t 
s, suspended sediment concentration and water chemistry. 3. assess the influence of changes in  
. 3. assess the influence of changes in stream hydrology, water quality and sediment fluxes on  
sess the influence of changes in stream hydrology, water quality and sediment fluxes on stream  
fluence of changes in stream hydrology, water quality and sediment fluxes on stream ecosystems  
 in stream hydrology, water quality and sediment fluxes on stream ecosystems through examinatio 
y, water quality and sediment fluxes on stream ecosystems through examination of stream inverte 
r quality and sediment fluxes on stream ecosystems through examination of stream invertebrate c 
tream ecosystems through examination of stream invertebrate community biodiversity and fish abu 
ough examination of stream invertebrate community biodiversity and fish abundance 4. gain a mor 
nation of stream invertebrate community biodiversity and fish abundance 4. gain a more fundamen 
invertebrate community biodiversity and fish abundance 4. gain a more fundamental understanding 
tebrate community biodiversity and fish abundance 4. gain a more fundamental understanding of s 
environmental drivers of upland aquatic community response to burning by experimentally manipul 
ing by experimentally manipulating fine sediment flux under controlled conditions using a serie 
will provide a holistic patch- to basin-scale evaluation of burning from the perspective of pea 
rovide a holistic patch- to basin-scale evaluation of burning from the perspective of peat hydr 
of burning from the perspective of peat hydrology, chemistry, river water quantity and quality, 
ive of peat hydrology, chemistry, river water quantity and quality, and stream ecosystems, thus 
, river water quantity and quality, and stream ecosystems, thus providing the balanced knowledg 
 water quantity and quality, and stream ecosystems, thus providing the balanced knowledge base  
erence underpinning uk moorland burning policy.  
7507 3 everal f2 families from crosses between mediterranean and domestic grandparents. genotyping wil 
d requiring a specific consideration in diversity management programs. the methods are commonly 
g a specific consideration in diversity management programs. the methods are commonly used in t 
12045 23 ergence of new plant diseases caused by fungi during the last century, human activity has great 
seases, among which > 30% are caused by fungi on plants. to better assess the risks of emergenc 
 role of potentially important factors: dispersal processes in fungi, their ability to adapt an 
portant factors: dispersal processes in fungi, their ability to adapt and the impact of environ 
heir ability to adapt and the impact of environmental change.s the role of these factors has be 
s, environmental damage, or regarded as model pathogens. to obtain the widest possible view of  
se of biological data and a theoretical model was developed and analyzed in parallel. the role  
d by studies of population genetics and phylogeny, the evaluation of biological traits and a th 
 population genetics and phylogeny, the evaluation of biological traits and a theoretical appro 
netics and phylogeny, the evaluation of biological traits and a theoretical approach. the histo 
ation genetics. to determine whether an adaptation of the pathogens was necessary to allow the  
to allow the emergence of new diseases, biological traits were evaluated in controlled environm 
lent pathogens. the potential impact of environmental change have been studied in the case of t 
studied in the case of the emergence of forest diseases through modeling for linking climate ch 
he emergence of forest diseases through modeling for linking climate change, forest density and 
t diseases through modeling for linking climate change, forest density and disease levels . sta 
gh modeling for linking climate change, forest density and disease levels . statistical analysi 
ling for linking climate change, forest density and disease levels . statistical analysis were  
king climate change, forest density and disease levels . statistical analysis were performed us 
using a database of pathogen species of forest trees non-native in europe and models have been  
n species of forest trees non-native in europe and models have been developed to analyze the im 
red, revealing the processes underlying dispersal. we have shown that climate changes may favor 
nderlying dispersal. we have shown that climate changes may favor emergences and that isease em 
7276 6  on the structure of the stoichiometric diversity in species. we use a theoretical model based  
ersity in species. we use a theoretical model based on physiological constraints, to generate h 
about the emergence and inter- specific diversity stoichiometric structure. to test these hypot 
e. to test these hypotheses, we measure functional traits on a collection of marine bacterial s 
re functional traits on a collection of marine bacterial strains. our results contribute to a b 
contribute to a better understanding of biodiversity patterns observed in natural settings, inc 
15161 32 hat planted areas affect positively the water restoration capacity of constructed wetlands. thi 
anted areas affect positively the water restoration capacity of constructed wetlands. this fact 
ively the water restoration capacity of constructed wetlands. this fact derives mainly from the 
ives mainly from the stimulation of the growth of belowground microbial population due to the a 
obial population due to the activity of macrophytes. however, fundamental interactions between  
 associated microorganisms in treatment wetlands remain only partly understood at a molecular l 
be interactions as a way to analyze the microbial diversity in wetlands and to promote the enri 
y to analyze the microbial diversity in wetlands and to promote the enrichment and isolation of 
hnology. most of the work will focus on nitrogen metabolism. to obtain new bacteria and archaea 
most of the work will focus on nitrogen metabolism. to obtain new bacteria and archaea isolates 
s on nitrogen metabolism. to obtain new bacteria and archaea isolates is one of the major focus 
f molecular methods for the analysis of microbial diversity in many environmental conditions ha 
arities to those obtained from cultured bacteria. this idea points to the extended conviction t 
lyze and compare the impact of emergent macrophytes in the diversity and activity of microorgan 
e impact of emergent macrophytes in the diversity and activity of microorganisms both in natura 
y of microorganisms both in natural and constructed wetlands. second- to use the emergent veget 
d wetlands. second- to use the emergent vegetation as an additional element to develop new meth 
 of useful microorganisms targeting the nitrogen cycle. wetlands constitute real repositories o 
organisms targeting the nitrogen cycle. wetlands constitute real repositories of an enormous di 
titute real repositories of an enormous diversity of microorganisms. this is due to the large h 
icroorganisms. this is due to the large heterogeneity of microenvironments that can be present  
ronments that can be present in a small scale. the major part of this bacterial diversity is co 
scale. the major part of this bacterial diversity is concentrated over the surfaces of plant le 
lant leaves, roots, decaying litter and sediment particles. surfaces allow the development of c 
 sediment particles. surfaces allow the development of complex biofilms which will offer a high 
lms which will offer a higher degree of stability to the living bacteria. this diversity has be 
igher degree of stability to the living bacteria. this diversity has been intensively studied u 
 stability to the living bacteria. this diversity has been intensively studied using molecular  
een the physiology of the plant and the metabolism of the prevailing bacteria. bacterial commun 
nt and the metabolism of the prevailing bacteria. bacterial communities are key factors in wast 
niques to increase the knowledge of the microbial diversity of these environments. besides, the 
nhance the comprehension of the role of bacteria in planted systems for wastewater treatment.  
10734 24   as organisms that can cause death and disease in their hosts, parasites are forms of life tha 
 future danger both to human health and ecosystems. this great diversity of parasites is not im 
human health and ecosystems. this great diversity of parasites is not immediately obvious becau 
 of their mainly microscopic and hidden nature, which means that they cannot be easily seen or  
expensive way to sample a wide range of biological diversity present in environmental samples,  
s. it is now possible to collect a wide diversity of invertebrates and other small animals pres 
possible to collect a wide diversity of invertebrates and other small animals present in soil,  
ates and other small animals present in soil, ponds and marine environments and then extract th 
mall animals present in soil, ponds and marine environments and then extract the dna from all t 
parasite in the sample. by studying the diversity of this dna we can identify the number and di 
this dna we can identify the number and diversity of microscopic parasites present in the origi 
graphic location, season, and including marine, terrestrial and freshwater environments. the gr 
, and including marine, terrestrial and freshwater environments. the group of parasites that we 
. these are highly unusual relatives of fungi that are adapted to live inside the cells of a va 
ically important animals such as farmed fish and honeybees. microsporidia have been found in al 
in all major animal lineages and in all environment types worldwide. currently over 1200 specie 
of uncovered species are present in the environment. we intend to sample freshwater, estuarine, 
in the environment. we intend to sample freshwater, estuarine, marine and soil environments acr 
intend to sample freshwater, estuarine, marine and soil environments across different seasons a 
ample freshwater, estuarine, marine and soil environments across different seasons and geograph 
ctors, for example season, latitude, or environment type are associated with high levels of div 
type are associated with high levels of diversity of microsporidian parasites this type of quan 
 environments we can understand whether climate change or human movement by trade or travel has 
a to cause new infections in humans and wildlife.  
10597 35 ion. while the impact of glaciation and landscape has been studies intensively we understand li 
ensively we understand little about how soil develops after ice has retreated. about one third  
eated. about one third of the icelandic landscape is still ice impacted and the central highlan 
 central highland resemble a wet desert environment where denuded soils harbour scant vegetatio 
 a wet desert environment where denuded soils harbour scant vegetation. as such this is an isla 
nment where denuded soils harbour scant vegetation. as such this is an island that is isolated  
from continental influences in terms of soil colonisation. in iceland, currently, there are two 
mmer, uniquely, at these two locations, soil that has been covered since the little ice age bio 
ook at the molecular composition of the microbial community using standard techniques, for the  
d to monitor biochemical changes in the soil. typically, molecular analysis involves extraction 
lecular analysis involves extraction of soil dna or rna and amplification of genes that provide 
etic analysis to determine identity and diversity of the community. in mature soils, molecular  
determine identity and diversity of the community. in mature soils, molecular analysis has reve 
d diversity of the community. in mature soils, molecular analysis has revealed the existence of 
 revealed the existence of considerable microbial diversity in soil and the existence of many g 
 of considerable microbial diversity in soil and the existence of many groups with no cultivate 
ted with extreme environments, e.g. low ph, high temperature. non-thermophilic crenarchaeota ar 
extreme environments, e.g. low ph, high temperature. non-thermophilic crenarchaeota are abundan 
re abundant and ubiquitous in temperate soils but, because none has ever been cultivated, we ha 
hysiological characteristics. to assess soil function we will look at how these soils play a ro 
logical characteristics. to assess soil function we will look at how these soils play a role in 
soil function we will look at how these soils play a role in the cycling of nitrogen. by using  
ese soils play a role in the cycling of nitrogen. by using 15n which has been incorporated into 
enous microorganisms will use this as a carbon substrate and break down this material. we can t 
his material. we can then track how the soil processes the nitrogen from the plant litter. inst 
n then track how the soil processes the nitrogen from the plant litter. instead of focussing on 
anisms we study the full process of the soil. if the process is effective then it may be conclu 
f mature systems can develop from these soils that have been contained the glacier. to place th 
to place the results in context, mature soil from neighbouring locations will also be sampled.  
g locations will also be sampled. these soils will also be examined using the same methods as d 
tional attributes have developed in the soil over time or if they were present from this seed o 
ve we are collaborating with a group of soil scientists in iceland who will assist in the field 
celand who will assist in the fieldwork planning and execution and in the setting up of the fun 
and in the setting up of the functional soil tests at their research facility near reykjavik. n 
correct weather conditions, but careful soil survey and robust sampling methods are essential t 
14693 7 m of this subproject is to evaluate the recovery possibilities of some wild populations of the  
low-up to evaluate the possibilities of recovery of wild population at a bigger scale. this stu 
recovery of wild population at a bigger scale. this study on seahorses is innovative in spain a 
his study on seahorses is innovative in spain and europe. the results generated by this study w 
on seahorses is innovative in spain and europe. the results generated by this study will be of  
udy will be of main value in the future recovery of wild populations of seahorses in spain.  
ery of wild populations of seahorses in spain.  
14910 3 of the genus centaurea is a paradigm of endemism and speciation in the mediterranean. the three 
adigm of endemism and speciation in the mediterranean. the three sections present several speci 
al speciation centres: 1 in the eastern mediterranean region and the study of polymorfisms in t 
14270 4 xt- analyses of endocrine disrupters in water, suspended solids, sediment and biota and perform 
 disrupters in water, suspended solids, sediment and biota and performs important policy suppor 
diment and biota and performs important policy supporting research on the scheldt estuary.  
licy supporting research on the scheldt estuary.  
10134 7 al signalling is to be reliable, signal production or maintenance should be costly. in many spe 
 which testosterone influences parasite resistance are still little known, and we know even les 
vidual s genetic quality influences the trade-offs between ornamentation and parasite resistanc 
offs between ornamentation and parasite resistance. with the proposed work, my aim is to unders 
the effects of key hormones on parasite resistance, thereby influencing levels of sexual orname 
stigate how mhc genotype influences the trade-offs between hormones, parasite resistance and se 
e trade-offs between hormones, parasite resistance and sexual ornamentation.  
14843 5 s that evolved via sexual selection and function in intra-sexual competition or mate choice. to 
 selection and function in intra-sexual competition or mate choice. to understand the evolution 
ition or mate choice. to understand the evolution and maintenance of these ornaments, we need t 
riation in immune response and parasite resistance, and influences the trade-offs between hormo 
parasite resistance, and influences the trade-offs between hormones, immunocompetence and sexua 
11083 7        available evidence suggests that net primary productivity of forest ecosystems declines  
ggests that net primary productivity of forest ecosystems declines with stand age. two question 
that net primary productivity of forest ecosystems declines with stand age. two question marks  
age. two question marks exist about the nature and the degree of this decline: a whether the de 
ether the decline is limited to the net growth of the aboveground organs . measurements of avai 
lable light, nutrient concentration and specific leaf area will be taken to scale branch-level  
and specific leaf area will be taken to scale branch-level measurements across age classes. in  
13762 7                                   large-scale diebacks and declines caused by pathogenic fungi  
backs and declines caused by pathogenic fungi are common in deciduous forests of sweden and eur 
athogenic fungi are common in deciduous forests of sweden and europe. among the best known of t 
ungi are common in deciduous forests of sweden and europe. among the best known of these diseas 
mmon in deciduous forests of sweden and europe. among the best known of these diseases is the d 
nown of these diseases is the dutch elm disease new knowledge about the resistance mechanisms o 
tch elm disease new knowledge about the resistance mechanisms of ring-porous trees against wilt 
10452 4 consistent long-term variation in chick growth rates and reproductive success. the second study 
 related to the breeding success of the birds and that albatrosses of different breeding succes 
in different areas. we will examine the economics of foraging on circumglobal migrations, in pa 
particular comparing the performance of birds that failed with those that were successful in re 
11024 15  all living organisms: when it comes to predator-prey interactions, this involves predators dev 
edator-prey interactions, this involves predators developing more effective means to catch prey 
y counteracts with new evasion tactics. energy is a primary limiting resource in most natural s 
most natural systems. to understand how energy budgets compel certain species to inhabit specif 
dentify a species that displays extreme energy requirements. within mammals, large predators of 
rgy requirements. within mammals, large predators often experience high energy costs while hunt 
, large predators often experience high energy costs while hunting and it is suggested that thi 
 with abundant food sources and minimal competition. however, no study has yet attempted to mea 
, no study has yet attempted to measure energy expenditure in a large carnivore while simultane 
 a large carnivore while simultaneously monitoring interactions between competitors and prey. w 
ll also be used to calculate a proxy of energy expenditure, known as overall dynamic body accel 
 the energetics data and provide a fine-scale record of continuous activity. thus, individual a 
ividual activities and their associated energy costs will be elucidated to paint a complete pic 
paint a complete picture of the animals energy budgets. the study will provide valuable informa 
 how carnivores in general manage their energy budgets. it will also demonstrate how the measur 
10816 5 habitats. the most structurally complex environment on land must be the canopy of tropical rain 
edictable changes in the continuity and nature of the supports available for locomotion. in thi 
ports available for locomotion. in this habitat, tree-living animals such as primates must cope 
otentially viable method for estimating energy expenditure during complex locomotion in large-b 
ol children, will learn about great ape ecology and our ancestral heritage. our results are rel 
14655 7 ect aims to study the variations in the energy storage levels of aquatic insects living under d 
in the energy storage levels of aquatic insects living under different types and degrees of env 
rent types and degrees of environmental stress. this will lead to the design of a system for de 
or detecting and assessing the level of pollution in freshwater ecosystems. in order to achieve 
and assessing the level of pollution in freshwater ecosystems. in order to achieve this, we hav 
ng the level of pollution in freshwater ecosystems. in order to achieve this, we have developed 
ces of energetic reserve jointed to the metabolism of polysaccharides, lipids and proteins stud 
10661 46                               renewable energy has recently received considerable media and pub 
on because of perceived benefits to the environment, including climate change, the potential to 
 benefits to the environment, including climate change, the potential to replace imported sourc 
otential to replace imported sources of energy, the possible impact on food production, and aes 
 of energy, the possible impact on food production, and aesthetic issues related to the locatio 
tential sources of land-based renewable energy include bioenergy from forests, arable crops, en 
 of land-based renewable energy include bioenergy from forests, arable crops, energy crops and  
renewable energy include bioenergy from forests, arable crops, energy crops and waste, solar he 
e bioenergy from forests, arable crops, energy crops and waste, solar heating and electricity,  
ectricity, ground-source heat, and wind-energy. the spatial organisation of such energy sources 
nergy. the spatial organisation of such energy sources, together with energy demand, energy inf 
n of such energy sources, together with energy demand, energy infrastructure and other energy-s 
y sources, together with energy demand, energy infrastructure and other energy-sources within a 
demand, energy infrastructure and other energy-sources within a particular landscape can be ter 
ther energy-sources within a particular landscape can be termed the energyscape . ecosystem ser 
ndscape can be termed the energyscape . ecosystem services is a collective term to describe the 
 we obtain from land and its associated ecosystems. they include the provision of food, fibre a 
food, fibre and fuel, the regulation of nutrients, water supply and water quality, the creation 
 and fuel, the regulation of nutrients, water supply and water quality, the creation of opportu 
gulation of nutrients, water supply and water quality, the creation of opportunities for recrea 
lity, the creation of opportunities for recreation and education, the maintenance of biodiversi 
ation and education, the maintenance of biodiversity, and the space to build and maintain our s 
tain our supporting infrastructure. the development and use of land-based renewable energy reso 
lopment and use of land-based renewable energy resources will have both negative and positive i 
es will have both negative and positive impacts on these services. positive aspects may include 
 positive aspects may include increased biodiversity from biomass crops; negative aspects may i 
may include increased biodiversity from biomass crops; negative aspects may include reduced riv 
r flows and increased road transport of biomass. this one-year research project aims to determi 
ic understanding of the energyscape and ecosystem services could help guide the deployment of l 
er, and contains a mix of agricultural, forestry and urban land. it is the site of a community  
ins a mix of agricultural, forestry and urban land. it is the site of a community forest and th 
try and urban land. it is the site of a community forest and there is local interest in renewab 
ban land. it is the site of a community forest and there is local interest in renewable energy. 
nd there is local interest in renewable energy. working with national and local stakeholder gro 
l identify the key sources of renewable energy within the study area and the key ecosystem serv 
nergy within the study area and the key ecosystem services likely to be affected by the develop 
m services likely to be affected by the development of land-based renewables. using spatial dat 
cription of the energyscape and the key ecosystem services for the study area. because some mod 
and based renewables. because renewable energy sources have different spatial and temporal char 
racteristics relative to the demand for energy, the outputs will not be simply additive. simila 
re will be complex interactions between energy generation and different ecosystem services, and 
between energy generation and different ecosystem services, and amongst the ecosystem services. 
ent ecosystem services, and amongst the ecosystem services. some interactions will be antagonis 
h will be limited to the renewables and ecosystems of a specific area, can be applied to other  
lied to other regions and at a national spatial scale in future research projects. to validate  
pproach, we will submit papers for peer review, seeking to get them published in high-impact sc 
10912 46                               renewable energy has recently received considerable media and pub 
on because of perceived benefits to the environment, including climate change, the potential to 
 benefits to the environment, including climate change, the potential to replace imported sourc 
otential to replace imported sources of energy, the possible impact on food production, and aes 
 of energy, the possible impact on food production, and aesthetic issues related to the locatio 
tential sources of land-based renewable energy include bioenergy from forests, arable crops, en 
 of land-based renewable energy include bioenergy from forests, arable crops, energy crops and  
renewable energy include bioenergy from forests, arable crops, energy crops and waste, solar he 
e bioenergy from forests, arable crops, energy crops and waste, solar heating and electricity,  
ectricity, ground-source heat, and wind-energy. the spatial organisation of such energy sources 
nergy. the spatial organisation of such energy sources, together with energy demand, energy inf 
n of such energy sources, together with energy demand, energy infrastructure and other energy-s 
y sources, together with energy demand, energy infrastructure and other energy-sources within a 
demand, energy infrastructure and other energy-sources within a particular landscape can be ter 
ther energy-sources within a particular landscape can be termed the energyscape . ecosystem ser 
ndscape can be termed the energyscape . ecosystem services is a collective term to describe the 
 we obtain from land and its associated ecosystems. they include the provision of food, fibre a 
food, fibre and fuel, the regulation of nutrients, water supply and water quality, the creation 
 and fuel, the regulation of nutrients, water supply and water quality, the creation of opportu 
gulation of nutrients, water supply and water quality, the creation of opportunities for recrea 
lity, the creation of opportunities for recreation and education, the maintenance of biodiversi 
ation and education, the maintenance of biodiversity, and the space to build and maintain our s 
tain our supporting infrastructure. the development and use of land-based renewable energy reso 
lopment and use of land-based renewable energy resources will have both negative and positive i 
es will have both negative and positive impacts on these services. positive aspects may include 
 positive aspects may include increased biodiversity from biomass crops; negative aspects may i 
may include increased biodiversity from biomass crops; negative aspects may include reduced riv 
r flows and increased road transport of biomass. this one-year research project aims to determi 
ic understanding of the energyscape and ecosystem services could help guide the deployment of l 
er, and contains a mix of agricultural, forestry and urban land. it is the site of a community  
ins a mix of agricultural, forestry and urban land. it is the site of a community forest and th 
try and urban land. it is the site of a community forest and there is local interest in renewab 
ban land. it is the site of a community forest and there is local interest in renewable energy. 
nd there is local interest in renewable energy. working with national and local stakeholder gro 
l identify the key sources of renewable energy within the study area and the key ecosystem serv 
nergy within the study area and the key ecosystem services likely to be affected by the develop 
m services likely to be affected by the development of land-based renewables. using spatial dat 
cription of the energyscape and the key ecosystem services for the study area. because some mod 
and based renewables. because renewable energy sources have different spatial and temporal char 
racteristics relative to the demand for energy, the outputs will not be simply additive. simila 
re will be complex interactions between energy generation and different ecosystem services, and 
between energy generation and different ecosystem services, and amongst the ecosystem services. 
ent ecosystem services, and amongst the ecosystem services. some interactions will be antagonis 
h will be limited to the renewables and ecosystems of a specific area, can be applied to other  
lied to other regions and at a national spatial scale in future research projects. to validate  
pproach, we will submit papers for peer review, seeking to get them published in high-impact sc 
11158 46                               renewable energy has recently received considerable media and pub 
on because of perceived benefits to the environment, including climate change, the potential to 
 benefits to the environment, including climate change, the potential to replace imported sourc 
otential to replace imported sources of energy, the possible impact on food production, and aes 
 of energy, the possible impact on food production, and aesthetic issues related to the locatio 
tential sources of land-based renewable energy include bioenergy from forests, arable crops, en 
 of land-based renewable energy include bioenergy from forests, arable crops, energy crops and  
renewable energy include bioenergy from forests, arable crops, energy crops and waste, solar he 
e bioenergy from forests, arable crops, energy crops and waste, solar heating and electricity,  
ectricity, ground-source heat, and wind-energy. the spatial organisation of such energy sources 
nergy. the spatial organisation of such energy sources, together with energy demand, energy inf 
n of such energy sources, together with energy demand, energy infrastructure and other energy-s 
y sources, together with energy demand, energy infrastructure and other energy-sources within a 
demand, energy infrastructure and other energy-sources within a particular landscape can be ter 
ther energy-sources within a particular landscape can be termed the energyscape . ecosystem ser 
ndscape can be termed the energyscape . ecosystem services is a collective term to describe the 
 we obtain from land and its associated ecosystems. they include the provision of food, fibre a 
food, fibre and fuel, the regulation of nutrients, water supply and water quality, the creation 
 and fuel, the regulation of nutrients, water supply and water quality, the creation of opportu 
gulation of nutrients, water supply and water quality, the creation of opportunities for recrea 
lity, the creation of opportunities for recreation and education, the maintenance of biodiversi 
ation and education, the maintenance of biodiversity, and the space to build and maintain our s 
tain our supporting infrastructure. the development and use of land-based renewable energy reso 
lopment and use of land-based renewable energy resources will have both negative and positive i 
es will have both negative and positive impacts on these services. positive aspects may include 
 positive aspects may include increased biodiversity from biomass crops; negative aspects may i 
may include increased biodiversity from biomass crops; negative aspects may include reduced riv 
r flows and increased road transport of biomass. this one-year research project aims to determi 
ic understanding of the energyscape and ecosystem services could help guide the deployment of l 
er, and contains a mix of agricultural, forestry and urban land. it is the site of a community  
ins a mix of agricultural, forestry and urban land. it is the site of a community forest and th 
try and urban land. it is the site of a community forest and there is local interest in renewab 
ban land. it is the site of a community forest and there is local interest in renewable energy. 
nd there is local interest in renewable energy. working with national and local stakeholder gro 
l identify the key sources of renewable energy within the study area and the key ecosystem serv 
nergy within the study area and the key ecosystem services likely to be affected by the develop 
m services likely to be affected by the development of land-based renewables. using spatial dat 
cription of the energyscape and the key ecosystem services for the study area. because some mod 
and based renewables. because renewable energy sources have different spatial and temporal char 
racteristics relative to the demand for energy, the outputs will not be simply additive. simila 
re will be complex interactions between energy generation and different ecosystem services, and 
between energy generation and different ecosystem services, and amongst the ecosystem services. 
ent ecosystem services, and amongst the ecosystem services. some interactions will be antagonis 
h will be limited to the renewables and ecosystems of a specific area, can be applied to other  
lied to other regions and at a national spatial scale in future research projects. to validate  
pproach, we will submit papers for peer review, seeking to get them published in high-impact sc 
11170 46                               renewable energy has recently received considerable media and pub 
on because of perceived benefits to the environment, including climate change, the potential to 
 benefits to the environment, including climate change, the potential to replace imported sourc 
otential to replace imported sources of energy, the possible impact on food production, and aes 
 of energy, the possible impact on food production, and aesthetic issues related to the locatio 
tential sources of land-based renewable energy include bioenergy from forests, arable crops, en 
 of land-based renewable energy include bioenergy from forests, arable crops, energy crops and  
renewable energy include bioenergy from forests, arable crops, energy crops and waste, solar he 
e bioenergy from forests, arable crops, energy crops and waste, solar heating and electricity,  
ectricity, ground-source heat, and wind-energy. the spatial organisation of such energy sources 
nergy. the spatial organisation of such energy sources, together with energy demand, energy inf 
n of such energy sources, together with energy demand, energy infrastructure and other energy-s 
y sources, together with energy demand, energy infrastructure and other energy-sources within a 
demand, energy infrastructure and other energy-sources within a particular landscape can be ter 
ther energy-sources within a particular landscape can be termed the energyscape . ecosystem ser 
ndscape can be termed the energyscape . ecosystem services is a collective term to describe the 
 we obtain from land and its associated ecosystems. they include the provision of food, fibre a 
food, fibre and fuel, the regulation of nutrients, water supply and water quality, the creation 
 and fuel, the regulation of nutrients, water supply and water quality, the creation of opportu 
gulation of nutrients, water supply and water quality, the creation of opportunities for recrea 
lity, the creation of opportunities for recreation and education, the maintenance of biodiversi 
ation and education, the maintenance of biodiversity, and the space to build and maintain our s 
tain our supporting infrastructure. the development and use of land-based renewable energy reso 
lopment and use of land-based renewable energy resources will have both negative and positive i 
es will have both negative and positive impacts on these services. positive aspects may include 
 positive aspects may include increased biodiversity from biomass crops; negative aspects may i 
may include increased biodiversity from biomass crops; negative aspects may include reduced riv 
r flows and increased road transport of biomass. this one-year research project aims to determi 
ic understanding of the energyscape and ecosystem services could help guide the deployment of l 
er, and contains a mix of agricultural, forestry and urban land. it is the site of a community  
ins a mix of agricultural, forestry and urban land. it is the site of a community forest and th 
try and urban land. it is the site of a community forest and there is local interest in renewab 
ban land. it is the site of a community forest and there is local interest in renewable energy. 
nd there is local interest in renewable energy. working with national and local stakeholder gro 
l identify the key sources of renewable energy within the study area and the key ecosystem serv 
nergy within the study area and the key ecosystem services likely to be affected by the develop 
m services likely to be affected by the development of land-based renewables. using spatial dat 
cription of the energyscape and the key ecosystem services for the study area. because some mod 
and based renewables. because renewable energy sources have different spatial and temporal char 
racteristics relative to the demand for energy, the outputs will not be simply additive. simila 
re will be complex interactions between energy generation and different ecosystem services, and 
between energy generation and different ecosystem services, and amongst the ecosystem services. 
ent ecosystem services, and amongst the ecosystem services. some interactions will be antagonis 
h will be limited to the renewables and ecosystems of a specific area, can be applied to other  
lied to other regions and at a national spatial scale in future research projects. to validate  
pproach, we will submit papers for peer review, seeking to get them published in high-impact sc 
11420 46                               renewable energy has recently received considerable media and pub 
on because of perceived benefits to the environment, including climate change, the potential to 
 benefits to the environment, including climate change, the potential to replace imported sourc 
otential to replace imported sources of energy, the possible impact on food production, and aes 
 of energy, the possible impact on food production, and aesthetic issues related to the locatio 
tential sources of land-based renewable energy include bioenergy from forests, arable crops, en 
 of land-based renewable energy include bioenergy from forests, arable crops, energy crops and  
renewable energy include bioenergy from forests, arable crops, energy crops and waste, solar he 
e bioenergy from forests, arable crops, energy crops and waste, solar heating and electricity,  
ectricity, ground-source heat, and wind-energy. the spatial organisation of such energy sources 
nergy. the spatial organisation of such energy sources, together with energy demand, energy inf 
n of such energy sources, together with energy demand, energy infrastructure and other energy-s 
y sources, together with energy demand, energy infrastructure and other energy-sources within a 
demand, energy infrastructure and other energy-sources within a particular landscape can be ter 
ther energy-sources within a particular landscape can be termed the energyscape . ecosystem ser 
ndscape can be termed the energyscape . ecosystem services is a collective term to describe the 
 we obtain from land and its associated ecosystems. they include the provision of food, fibre a 
food, fibre and fuel, the regulation of nutrients, water supply and water quality, the creation 
 and fuel, the regulation of nutrients, water supply and water quality, the creation of opportu 
gulation of nutrients, water supply and water quality, the creation of opportunities for recrea 
lity, the creation of opportunities for recreation and education, the maintenance of biodiversi 
ation and education, the maintenance of biodiversity, and the space to build and maintain our s 
tain our supporting infrastructure. the development and use of land-based renewable energy reso 
lopment and use of land-based renewable energy resources will have both negative and positive i 
es will have both negative and positive impacts on these services. positive aspects may include 
 positive aspects may include increased biodiversity from biomass crops; negative aspects may i 
may include increased biodiversity from biomass crops; negative aspects may include reduced riv 
r flows and increased road transport of biomass. this one-year research project aims to determi 
ic understanding of the energyscape and ecosystem services could help guide the deployment of l 
er, and contains a mix of agricultural, forestry and urban land. it is the site of a community  
ins a mix of agricultural, forestry and urban land. it is the site of a community forest and th 
try and urban land. it is the site of a community forest and there is local interest in renewab 
ban land. it is the site of a community forest and there is local interest in renewable energy. 
nd there is local interest in renewable energy. working with national and local stakeholder gro 
l identify the key sources of renewable energy within the study area and the key ecosystem serv 
nergy within the study area and the key ecosystem services likely to be affected by the develop 
m services likely to be affected by the development of land-based renewables. using spatial dat 
cription of the energyscape and the key ecosystem services for the study area. because some mod 
and based renewables. because renewable energy sources have different spatial and temporal char 
racteristics relative to the demand for energy, the outputs will not be simply additive. simila 
re will be complex interactions between energy generation and different ecosystem services, and 
between energy generation and different ecosystem services, and amongst the ecosystem services. 
ent ecosystem services, and amongst the ecosystem services. some interactions will be antagonis 
h will be limited to the renewables and ecosystems of a specific area, can be applied to other  
lied to other regions and at a national spatial scale in future research projects. to validate  
pproach, we will submit papers for peer review, seeking to get them published in high-impact sc 
11421 46                               renewable energy has recently received considerable media and pub 
on because of perceived benefits to the environment, including climate change, the potential to 
 benefits to the environment, including climate change, the potential to replace imported sourc 
otential to replace imported sources of energy, the possible impact on food production, and aes 
 of energy, the possible impact on food production, and aesthetic issues related to the locatio 
tential sources of land-based renewable energy include bioenergy from forests, arable crops, en 
 of land-based renewable energy include bioenergy from forests, arable crops, energy crops and  
renewable energy include bioenergy from forests, arable crops, energy crops and waste, solar he 
e bioenergy from forests, arable crops, energy crops and waste, solar heating and electricity,  
ectricity, ground-source heat, and wind-energy. the spatial organisation of such energy sources 
nergy. the spatial organisation of such energy sources, together with energy demand, energy inf 
n of such energy sources, together with energy demand, energy infrastructure and other energy-s 
y sources, together with energy demand, energy infrastructure and other energy-sources within a 
demand, energy infrastructure and other energy-sources within a particular landscape can be ter 
ther energy-sources within a particular landscape can be termed the energyscape . ecosystem ser 
ndscape can be termed the energyscape . ecosystem services is a collective term to describe the 
 we obtain from land and its associated ecosystems. they include the provision of food, fibre a 
food, fibre and fuel, the regulation of nutrients, water supply and water quality, the creation 
 and fuel, the regulation of nutrients, water supply and water quality, the creation of opportu 
gulation of nutrients, water supply and water quality, the creation of opportunities for recrea 
lity, the creation of opportunities for recreation and education, the maintenance of biodiversi 
ation and education, the maintenance of biodiversity, and the space to build and maintain our s 
tain our supporting infrastructure. the development and use of land-based renewable energy reso 
lopment and use of land-based renewable energy resources will have both negative and positive i 
es will have both negative and positive impacts on these services. positive aspects may include 
 positive aspects may include increased biodiversity from biomass crops; negative aspects may i 
may include increased biodiversity from biomass crops; negative aspects may include reduced riv 
r flows and increased road transport of biomass. this one-year research project aims to determi 
ic understanding of the energyscape and ecosystem services could help guide the deployment of l 
er, and contains a mix of agricultural, forestry and urban land. it is the site of a community  
ins a mix of agricultural, forestry and urban land. it is the site of a community forest and th 
try and urban land. it is the site of a community forest and there is local interest in renewab 
ban land. it is the site of a community forest and there is local interest in renewable energy. 
nd there is local interest in renewable energy. working with national and local stakeholder gro 
l identify the key sources of renewable energy within the study area and the key ecosystem serv 
nergy within the study area and the key ecosystem services likely to be affected by the develop 
m services likely to be affected by the development of land-based renewables. using spatial dat 
cription of the energyscape and the key ecosystem services for the study area. because some mod 
and based renewables. because renewable energy sources have different spatial and temporal char 
racteristics relative to the demand for energy, the outputs will not be simply additive. simila 
re will be complex interactions between energy generation and different ecosystem services, and 
between energy generation and different ecosystem services, and amongst the ecosystem services. 
ent ecosystem services, and amongst the ecosystem services. some interactions will be antagonis 
h will be limited to the renewables and ecosystems of a specific area, can be applied to other  
lied to other regions and at a national spatial scale in future research projects. to validate  
pproach, we will submit papers for peer review, seeking to get them published in high-impact sc 
11701 46                               renewable energy has recently received considerable media and pub 
on because of perceived benefits to the environment, including climate change, the potential to 
 benefits to the environment, including climate change, the potential to replace imported sourc 
otential to replace imported sources of energy, the possible impact on food production, and aes 
 of energy, the possible impact on food production, and aesthetic issues related to the locatio 
tential sources of land-based renewable energy include bioenergy from forests, arable crops, en 
 of land-based renewable energy include bioenergy from forests, arable crops, energy crops and  
renewable energy include bioenergy from forests, arable crops, energy crops and waste, solar he 
e bioenergy from forests, arable crops, energy crops and waste, solar heating and electricity,  
ectricity, ground-source heat, and wind-energy. the spatial organisation of such energy sources 
nergy. the spatial organisation of such energy sources, together with energy demand, energy inf 
n of such energy sources, together with energy demand, energy infrastructure and other energy-s 
y sources, together with energy demand, energy infrastructure and other energy-sources within a 
demand, energy infrastructure and other energy-sources within a particular landscape can be ter 
ther energy-sources within a particular landscape can be termed the energyscape . ecosystem ser 
ndscape can be termed the energyscape . ecosystem services is a collective term to describe the 
 we obtain from land and its associated ecosystems. they include the provision of food, fibre a 
food, fibre and fuel, the regulation of nutrients, water supply and water quality, the creation 
 and fuel, the regulation of nutrients, water supply and water quality, the creation of opportu 
gulation of nutrients, water supply and water quality, the creation of opportunities for recrea 
lity, the creation of opportunities for recreation and education, the maintenance of biodiversi 
ation and education, the maintenance of biodiversity, and the space to build and maintain our s 
tain our supporting infrastructure. the development and use of land-based renewable energy reso 
lopment and use of land-based renewable energy resources will have both negative and positive i 
es will have both negative and positive impacts on these services. positive aspects may include 
 positive aspects may include increased biodiversity from biomass crops; negative aspects may i 
may include increased biodiversity from biomass crops; negative aspects may include reduced riv 
r flows and increased road transport of biomass. this one-year research project aims to determi 
ic understanding of the energyscape and ecosystem services could help guide the deployment of l 
er, and contains a mix of agricultural, forestry and urban land. it is the site of a community  
ins a mix of agricultural, forestry and urban land. it is the site of a community forest and th 
try and urban land. it is the site of a community forest and there is local interest in renewab 
ban land. it is the site of a community forest and there is local interest in renewable energy. 
nd there is local interest in renewable energy. working with national and local stakeholder gro 
l identify the key sources of renewable energy within the study area and the key ecosystem serv 
nergy within the study area and the key ecosystem services likely to be affected by the develop 
m services likely to be affected by the development of land-based renewables. using spatial dat 
cription of the energyscape and the key ecosystem services for the study area. because some mod 
and based renewables. because renewable energy sources have different spatial and temporal char 
racteristics relative to the demand for energy, the outputs will not be simply additive. simila 
re will be complex interactions between energy generation and different ecosystem services, and 
between energy generation and different ecosystem services, and amongst the ecosystem services. 
ent ecosystem services, and amongst the ecosystem services. some interactions will be antagonis 
h will be limited to the renewables and ecosystems of a specific area, can be applied to other  
lied to other regions and at a national spatial scale in future research projects. to validate  
pproach, we will submit papers for peer review, seeking to get them published in high-impact sc 
11702 46                               renewable energy has recently received considerable media and pub 
on because of perceived benefits to the environment, including climate change, and the potentia 
 benefits to the environment, including climate change, and the potential to replace imported s 
otential to replace imported sources of energy, the possible impact on food production, and aes 
 of energy, the possible impact on food production, and aesthetic issues related to the locatio 
tential sources of land-based renewable energy include bioenergy from forests, arable crops, en 
 of land-based renewable energy include bioenergy from forests, arable crops, energy crops and  
renewable energy include bioenergy from forests, arable crops, energy crops and waste, solar he 
e bioenergy from forests, arable crops, energy crops and waste, solar heating and electricity,  
ectricity, ground-source heat, and wind-energy. the spatial organisation of such energy sources 
nergy. the spatial organisation of such energy sources, together with energy demand, energy inf 
n of such energy sources, together with energy demand, energy infrastructure and other energy-s 
y sources, together with energy demand, energy infrastructure and other energy-sources within a 
demand, energy infrastructure and other energy-sources within a particular landscape can be ter 
ther energy-sources within a particular landscape can be termed the energyscape . ecosystem ser 
ndscape can be termed the energyscape . ecosystem services is a collective term to describe the 
 we obtain from land and its associated ecosystems. they include the provision of food, fibre a 
food, fibre and fuel, the regulation of nutrients, and water supply and water quality, the crea 
 fuel, the regulation of nutrients, and water supply and water quality, the creation of opportu 
tion of nutrients, and water supply and water quality, the creation of opportunities for recrea 
lity, the creation of opportunities for recreation and education, the maintenance of biodiversi 
ation and education, the maintenance of biodiversity, and the space to build and maintain our s 
tain our supporting infrastructure. the development and use of land-based renewable energy reso 
lopment and use of land-based renewable energy resources will have both negative and positive i 
es will have both negative and positive impacts on these services. positive aspects may include 
 positive aspects may include increased biodiversity from biomass crops; negative aspects may i 
may include increased biodiversity from biomass crops; negative aspects may include reduced riv 
r flows and increased road transport of biomass. this one-year research project aims to determi 
ic understanding of the energyscape and ecosystem services could help guide the deployment of l 
er, and contains a mix of agricultural, forestry and urban land. it is the site of a community  
ins a mix of agricultural, forestry and urban land. it is the site of a community forest and th 
try and urban land. it is the site of a community forest and there is local interest in renewab 
ban land. it is the site of a community forest and there is local interest in renewable energy. 
nd there is local interest in renewable energy. working with national and local stakeholder gro 
l identify the key sources of renewable energy within the study area and the key ecosystem serv 
nergy within the study area and the key ecosystem services likely to be affected by the develop 
m services likely to be affected by the development of land-based renewables. using spatial dat 
cription of the energyscape and the key ecosystem services for the study area. because some mod 
and based renewables. because renewable energy sources have different spatial and temporal char 
acteristics, relative to the demand for energy, the outputs will not be simply additive. simila 
re will be complex interactions between energy generation and different ecosystem services, and 
between energy generation and different ecosystem services, and amongst the ecosystem services. 
ent ecosystem services, and amongst the ecosystem services. some systems interactions will tend 
h will be limited to the renewables and ecosystems of a specific area, can be applied in future 
ects to other regions and at a national spatial scale in future research projects. to validate  
pproach, we will submit papers for peer review, seeking to get them published in high-impact sc 
9896 46                               renewable energy has recently received considerable media and pub 
on because of perceived benefits to the environment, including climate change, the potential to 
 benefits to the environment, including climate change, the potential to replace imported sourc 
otential to replace imported sources of energy, the possible impact on food production, and aes 
 of energy, the possible impact on food production, and aesthetic issues related to the locatio 
tential sources of land-based renewable energy include bioenergy from forests, arable crops, en 
 of land-based renewable energy include bioenergy from forests, arable crops, energy crops and  
renewable energy include bioenergy from forests, arable crops, energy crops and waste, solar he 
e bioenergy from forests, arable crops, energy crops and waste, solar heating and electricity,  
ectricity, ground-source heat, and wind-energy. the spatial organisation of such energy sources 
nergy. the spatial organisation of such energy sources, together with energy demand, energy inf 
n of such energy sources, together with energy demand, energy infrastructure and other energy-s 
y sources, together with energy demand, energy infrastructure and other energy-sources within a 
demand, energy infrastructure and other energy-sources within a particular landscape can be ter 
ther energy-sources within a particular landscape can be termed the energyscape . ecosystem ser 
ndscape can be termed the energyscape . ecosystem services is a collective term to describe the 
 we obtain from land and its associated ecosystems. they include the provision of food, fibre a 
food, fibre and fuel, the regulation of nutrients, water supply and water quality, the creation 
 and fuel, the regulation of nutrients, water supply and water quality, the creation of opportu 
gulation of nutrients, water supply and water quality, the creation of opportunities for recrea 
lity, the creation of opportunities for recreation and education, the maintenance of biodiversi 
ation and education, the maintenance of biodiversity, and the space to build and maintain our s 
tain our supporting infrastructure. the development and use of land-based renewable energy reso 
lopment and use of land-based renewable energy resources will have both negative and positive i 
es will have both negative and positive impacts on these services. positive aspects may include 
 positive aspects may include increased biodiversity from biomass crops; negative aspects may i 
may include increased biodiversity from biomass crops; negative aspects may include reduced riv 
r flows and increased road transport of biomass. this one-year research project aims to determi 
ic understanding of the energyscape and ecosystem services could help guide the deployment of l 
er, and contains a mix of agricultural, forestry and urban land. it is the site of a community  
ins a mix of agricultural, forestry and urban land. it is the site of a community forest and th 
try and urban land. it is the site of a community forest and there is local interest in renewab 
ban land. it is the site of a community forest and there is local interest in renewable energy. 
nd there is local interest in renewable energy. working with national and local stakeholder gro 
l identify the key sources of renewable energy within the study area and the key ecosystem serv 
nergy within the study area and the key ecosystem services likely to be affected by the develop 
m services likely to be affected by the development of land-based renewables. using spatial dat 
cription of the energyscape and the key ecosystem services for the study area. because some mod 
and based renewables. because renewable energy sources have different spatial and temporal char 
racteristics relative to the demand for energy, the outputs will not be simply additive. simila 
re will be complex interactions between energy generation and different ecosystem services, and 
between energy generation and different ecosystem services, and amongst the ecosystem services. 
ent ecosystem services, and amongst the ecosystem services. some interactions will be antagonis 
h will be limited to the renewables and ecosystems of a specific area, can be applied to other  
lied to other regions and at a national spatial scale in future research projects. to validate  
pproach, we will submit papers for peer review, seeking to get them published in high-impact sc 
12644 7 ing arrangements for the enforcement of nature conservation legislation in the marine environme 
 nature conservation legislation in the marine environment, in particular considering if and ho 
 conservation legislation in the marine environment, in particular considering if and how exist 
es responsible for enforcement of wider marine legislation could be used. the intended output w 
ing arrangements, realise synergies and efficiency savings to improve enforcement. options of h 
tlined. the resulting report provides a review of the existing enforcement arrangements and gen 
y will need to analyse from a legal and policy perspective alongside other proposals being deve 
12478 22 nment policies that protect the natural environment are diverse and do not fully integrate to p 
for the many functions and services the environment provides to mankind. if we are to achieve s 
ainable patterns of economic and social development, and therefore meet the goals set by both t 
 goals set by both the uks strategy for sustainable development and agreements made at the euro 
ent and agreements made at the european scale following the göteborg summit in 2001, then a dif 
t in 2001, then a different approach to policy development and implementation needs to be adopt 
01, then a different approach to policy development and implementation needs to be adopted. the 
ions international work programme, the ‘millennium ecosystem assessment, not only recognised th 
gical systems provide but realised that policy and planning decisions must also take into accou 
ms provide but realised that policy and planning decisions must also take into account an ecosy 
ecisions must also take into account an ecosystem-based approach can be developed. we will &#61 
ent evidence base to identify trends in ecosystems and the services they provide  ident 
ethod of demonstrating the health of an ecosystem and how the concepts of valuation and critica 
of an ecosystem and how the concepts of valuation and critical thresholds and limits can be inc 
 the concepts of valuation and critical thresholds and limits can be incorporated  reco 
rporated  recommend whether the ecosystem approach is appropriate and sufficiently robu 
obust for incorporation into government policy, for example, its ability to identify and deal w 
ty to identify and deal with cumulative impacts and trade-offs. adoption and implementation of  
fy and deal with cumulative impacts and trade-offs. adoption and implementation of the approach 
mentation of the approach by government policy makers and decision-makers like the planning aut 
icy makers and decision-makers like the planning authorities will ultimately protect and enhanc 
imately protect and enhance the natural environment ensuring it can continue to provide the ben 
1929 1 ine the potential for manipulating crop diversity as a means of introducing antagonistic micro- 
1928 1 ine the potential for manipulating crop diversity as a means of introducing antagonistic micro- 
1926 1 ine the potential for manipulating crop diversity as a means of introducing antagonistic micro- 
14839 6 tic stresses by altering their cellular metabolism and invoking various defense mechanisms. sur 
ate biochemical changes that adjust the metabolism accordingly. various agents such as ros, sal 
ses of plants to high concentrations of heavy metals by using bioactive compounds. assays will  
rder to improve their behaviour against heavy metals. secondly, endemic plant species formerly  
taminated areas before the beginning of mining activities will be produced using micropropagati 
ethodologies useful for preservation of endangered species and for phytoremediation programmes. 
7472 5          the project corpus - enhancing connectivity between research and policymaking in susta 
nge, information provision, and offline community-building. since community-building is crucial 
, and offline community-building. since community-building is crucial for successful and ongoin 
ces against the background of knowledge management theory. related to that, a built-in evaluati 
ent theory. related to that, a built-in evaluation further enhances continued learning on the k 
7488 12 0. liquid fuels derived from cellulosic biomass offer an important alternative to conventional  
n important alternative to conventional energy sources to reduce europe s dependence on fossil  
o conventional energy sources to reduce europe s dependence on fossil fuels. trees are attracti 
l fuels. trees are attractive dedicated energy crops because they display a wide range of growt 
ps because they display a wide range of growth habits and can be grown on marginal lands unsuit 
d to other agricultural crops including energy grasses, with reduced input costs and optimised  
 with reduced input costs and optimised land management. energypoplar is designed to develop do 
lar is designed to develop domesticated energy poplars having both desirable cell-wall traits a 
poplars having both desirable cell-wall traits and high biomass yield under sustainable low-inp 
oth desirable cell-wall traits and high biomass yield under sustainable low-input conditions to 
rable cell-wall traits and high biomass yield under sustainable low-input conditions to be used 
mental mechanisms determining optimised yield in populus - understand mechanisms that regulate  
10487 3                          increased food production is widely considered to be a fundamental ste 
undamental step toward the reduction of poverty in sub-saharan africa .  
the reduction of poverty in sub-saharan africa .  
9885 3                          increased food production is widely considered to be a fundamental ste 
undamental step toward the reduction of poverty in sub-saharan africa .  
the reduction of poverty in sub-saharan africa .  
462 7  show the recent epidemics of arbovirus disease that have touched them. little recent informati 
sland characterized by a strong endemic biodiversity, contrasting climate conditions and import 
trong endemic biodiversity, contrasting climate conditions and important alterations of habitat 
recent events of epidemics of arbovirus disease have affected human populations. we will analyz 
 diseases in mankind. we will study the dispersal and the competences of different species of v 
nd, as potential reservoirs species. in africa, simian primates constitute important reservoirs 
 - following the results, draw up human risk maps in relation to habitats  
12497 3                                     the environment change network at the centre for ecology an 
onment change network at the centre for ecology and hydrology.  
e network at the centre for ecology and hydrology.  
12503 10                                     the environmental change network platforms, at which shorte 
shorter term experiments and additional monitoring are encouraged to test environmental change  
ional monitoring are encouraged to test environmental change hypotheses that may have been gene 
heses that may have been generated from assessment of the long-term data or from other sources. 
ther sources. as concern grows over how policy is best applied to conserve or enhance biodivers 
 is best applied to conserve or enhance biodiversity and ecosystem services, the ecn provides u 
to conserve or enhance biodiversity and ecosystem services, the ecn provides unique national ca 
bility to address emerging research and policy needs. the primary aim of this proposal, therefo 
e character, causes and consequences of environmental change within the uk. the five key projec 
ivities, and provide consistent project management.  
15359 22                       the coralligenous community is one of the most characteristic of mediterr 
ty is one of the most characteristic of mediterranean communities. in recent years mass mortali 
anean communities. in recent years mass mortality events have severely affected the community i 
ality events have severely affected the community in the nw mediterranean, especially the popul 
verely affected the community in the nw mediterranean, especially the populations of gorgonians 
nians and sponges. the link between sea warming and mass mortality events supports the current  
. the link between sea warming and mass mortality events supports the current trend of increasi 
t trend of increasing frequency of mass mortality events. our current understanding of the even 
rocesses and mechanisms underlying mass mortality events. determining whether mass mortalities  
g-term persistence of the coralligenous community requires the ability to predict future events 
major and unique characteristic of mass mortality events in coralligenous communities is the dr 
ies is the dramatic increase in partial mortality that clonal animals such as gorgonians and sp 
he proposed work will address causes of mortality and the recovery capacity of the organisms. t 
ill address causes of mortality and the recovery capacity of the organisms. to date it is unkno 
y link climatic anomalies with the mass mortality of gorgonians and sponges colonial mixotrophs 
ing the natural variability in pumping, respiration and metabolism and the role of microbial sy 
variability in pumping, respiration and metabolism and the role of microbial symbionts in spong 
e role of microbial symbionts in sponge metabolism. a better understanding of these topics will 
e causes and mechanisms underlying mass mortality events. obtaining such understanding should a 
predict future impact on other species, functional groups, structural processes and ecosystems  
tional groups, structural processes and ecosystems that at present have not been affected. sinc 
t present have not been affected. since global change is expected to exacerbate in the near fut 
6906 2 nosae, which have essential role in the nitrogen cycle of the life and in agriculture as well.  
n the nitrogen cycle of the life and in agriculture as well. in order to grow alfalfa more agro 
13950 6  acoustico-lateralis in teleost fishes. growth increments are deposited daily in juveniles, and 
er master thesis doing pilot studies of stable isotopes in otoliths, with promising results. sh 
th the co-investigators for training in fisheries science and ecology. we will apply the new me 
s for training in fisheries science and ecology. we will apply the new methods to case studies  
the new methods to case studies of dire fisheries problems, i.e. cod stock identification and s 
cod stock identification and silver eel recruitment.  
10677 4  and can be directly implicated in mass extinction. the geological history of this event, and r 
y of this event, and recently developed climate models has been largely elucidated from studies 
e setting, test hypotheses of biosphere-climate interactions as a cause of mass extinction and  
climate interactions as a cause of mass extinction and provide the first global perspective of  
10995 5                                     the evolution of sociality is one of the major transitions  
 factors such as latitude, altitude and habitat features. yet the extent to which differences a 
esearch will use a combination of large-scale manipulative field experiments and molecular gene 
-social populations in an intraspecific phylogeny. the work will involve a collaboration betwee 
em will be british populations of sweat bees.  
11053 5                                     the evolution of sociality is one of the major transitions  
 factors such as latitude, altitude and habitat features. yet the extent to which differences a 
esearch will use a combination of large-scale manipulative field experiments and molecular gene 
-social populations in an intraspecific phylogeny. the work will involve a collaboration betwee 
em will be british populations of sweat bees.  
11787 5                                     the evolution of sociality is one of the major transitions  
 factors such as latitude, altitude and habitat features. yet the extent to which differences a 
esearch will use a combination of large-scale manipulative field experiments and molecular gene 
-social populations in an intraspecific phylogeny. the work will involve a collaboration betwee 
em will be british populations of sweat bees.  
11091 6 posed to investigate patterns of muscle growth in the four morphs of arctic charr found in lake 
n environmental conditions during early development and muscle satellite cell numbers and fibre 
muscle satellite cell numbers and fibre recruitment patterns will be investigated in laboratory 
f phenotypic plasticity in muscle fibre recruitment between morphs, reflecting the stability of 
ruitment between morphs, reflecting the stability of environmental conditions during early deve 
f environmental conditions during early development.  
12305 12 nsored by defra through the sustainable livestock link programme. the use of protein concentrat 
mme. the use of protein concentrates in livestock feeding is an essential feature of the modern 
g is an essential feature of the modern livestock industry. however there has been undue relian 
ised environmental concerns relating to land use change and, specifically, the release of carbo 
hange and, specifically, the release of carbon from cropping of high carbon stock soils. althou 
release of carbon from cropping of high carbon stock soils. although co-products currently used 
rbon from cropping of high carbon stock soils. although co-products currently used in animal di 
tibility, inefficient uptake of dietary nutrients, reduced livestock performance and increased  
nt uptake of dietary nutrients, reduced livestock performance and increased emissions of methan 
 performance and increased emissions of methane, nitrous oxide, ammonia, nitrate and phosphate. 
ons of methane, nitrous oxide, ammonia, nitrate and phosphate. distillers dried grains with sol 
bles , and enhancing home-grown protein production, 6. ensure effective knowledge transfer of r 
7107 10 tion of biological continuity is public policy issue of biodiversity management of local scales 
al continuity is public policy issue of biodiversity management of local scales at european lev 
 is public policy issue of biodiversity management of local scales at european level. regional  
ocal scales at european level. regional nature parks have a special place in this issue because 
al place in this issue because of their function, but the regions are concerned increasingly to 
 and work on projects and parks charter review. the research team formed around the caren inclu 
sts. it has both a strong background in landscape ecology, including connectivity, remote sensi 
kground in landscape ecology, including connectivity, remote sensing, landscape management by f 
dscape ecology, including connectivity, remote sensing, landscape management by farmers and var 
including connectivity, remote sensing, landscape management by farmers and various aspects of  
13599 10                          the successful management of biodiversity in a changing world requires 
           the successful management of biodiversity in a changing world requires an increased  
d knowledge of how genetic variation in traits of adaptive significance is maintained in natura 
he perennial herb primula farinosa as a model system to explore the relationship between geneti 
p between genetic variation in adaptive traits and population viability in a changing environme 
 and population viability in a changing environment. combining demographic studies in permanent 
val in landscapes subject to changes in climate and land use. based on the results, we will for 
capes subject to changes in climate and land use. based on the results, we will formulate and c 
an be integrated in viability analyses, conservation planning and management design.  
ity analyses, conservation planning and management design.  
11161 1              summary global atmospheric carbon dioxide levels .  
14664 6 l seeks to understand the environmental evolution by means of lacustrine sedimentary records in 
ques and methods will be applied to the sediment studies; mineralogical, chemical and biochemic 
duced by human activities as the modern agriculture and the industrial developing, has been occ 
s two reference intervals: medieval age warming and the little ice age, which have been well hi 
ntal variability, mainly related to the precipitation regime and land uses. paleoecological and 
redictions over the new climatic change scenarios.  
12286 7                                     the environmental change network is to protect and improve  
e network is to protect and improve the environment, and to integrate the environment with othe 
e the environment, and to integrate the environment with other policies across government and i 
es on agricultural systems and farmland biodiversity. defra has funded adas at drayton in warwi 
rove the understanding of the causes of environmental change. there are currently 57 ecn sites, 
cated throughout the uk. most are fresh-water sites but drayton is important among the 12 terre 
sh midlands and the only lowland, mixed-agriculture farm. data collection will continue at dray 
14922 23 rganisms use environmental cues, mainly temperature and photoperiod, which correlate with futur 
e-cycle events, such as reproduction or migration in birds. increasing evidence suggests that e 
s, such as reproduction or migration in birds. increasing evidence suggests that environmental  
tal conditions may have consequences on distribution, breeding phenology and life histories of  
 consequences on distribution, breeding phenology and life histories of birds. however, the ove 
reeding phenology and life histories of birds. however, the overwhelming studies conducted in t 
aearctic have been focussed in northern europe, and few are currently available in the mediterr 
 and few are currently available in the mediterranean ecosystems . the observed changes cannot  
urrently available in the mediterranean ecosystems . the observed changes cannot be interpreted 
 especially how other components of the ecosystem are affected by climate change. in the presen 
onents of the ecosystem are affected by climate change. in the present project, variations in l 
. in the present project, variations in life history traits of some bird species are examined i 
ent project, variations in life history traits of some bird species are examined in relation to 
onmental fluctuations at a temporal and spatial scale in several small- and large-sized birds i 
scale in several small- and large-sized birds in mediterranean ecosystems. our main aims are to 
several small- and large-sized birds in mediterranean ecosystems. our main aims are to study th 
 and large-sized birds in mediterranean ecosystems. our main aims are to study the:1. effects o 
itions and local change on life-history traits of small- and large-sized birds in the iberian p 
istory traits of small- and large-sized birds in the iberian peninsula with special emphasis on 
rian peninsula with special emphasis on population dynamics.2. effects of environmental conditi 
s on survival and dispersion of several birds at several spatial and temporal scales.3. effects 
ony between different trophic levels in mediterranean ecosystems.  
fferent trophic levels in mediterranean ecosystems.  
15417 9                   along with the global temperature rise, taking place as a consequence of gree 
 as a consequence of greenhouse effect, precipitation also shows spatio-temporal changes. model 
ion also shows spatio-temporal changes. modelling the potential impacts that these changes woul 
mporal changes. modelling the potential impacts that these changes would have on available wate 
t these changes would have on available water for ecosystems represents a challenge for actual  
anges would have on available water for ecosystems represents a challenge for actual ecology sc 
stems represents a challenge for actual ecology science. however, acquiring this knowledge is n 
n easy task, as models relating primary productivity with precipitation are different in space  
dels relating primary productivity with precipitation are different in space and time. these di 
11853 17 ces in food availability that depend on habitat quality. traits closely related to fitness, suc 
ability that depend on habitat quality. traits closely related to fitness, such as those involv 
particularly sensitive to environmental stress; an animal that develops in a low quality enviro 
n animal that develops in a low quality environment is likely to grow poorly and suffer from re 
election, the success of individuals in competition for mates. male sexual ornaments and female 
gher quality individuals. environmental stress has negative effects on the average expression o 
sh environments. however, environmental stress also tends to amplify . females prefer to join a 
le eyespans decrease, on average, under stress, and females, on average, become less choosy. ho 
ess choosy. however, males reared under stress become more variable in their eyespans; some are 
is true for preference in females under stress; some show strong preferences for large eyespan  
iscriminatory. i will look at how local habitat quality influences sexual selection using a ser 
aysia. i will ask whether environmental stress affects mating behaviour and the distribution of 
stress affects mating behaviour and the distribution of reproductive success among individuals  
viour. for instance, does environmental stress result in changes in the size and composition of 
ifferent mates before choosing how does habitat quality influence a male s likelihood of gainin 
iet quality to create varying levels of stress. such findings will allow me to test how the str 
rences is dependent on variation in the environment in one of the most charismatic species exhi 
7701 34                                  animal production are a major component of the agricultural se 
 of the world. they are to an important development to meet the growing demand in the southern  
hern countries. in the current state of livestock systems and in the future, this development r 
vestock systems and in the future, this development raises questions about externalities and in 
this development raises questions about externalities and induced effects. especially in light  
induced effects. especially in light of climate change, the contribution of livestock activitie 
 of climate change, the contribution of livestock activities in the production of greenhouse ga 
ribution of livestock activities in the production of greenhouse gases is widely highlighted. a 
vestock activities in the production of greenhouse gases is widely highlighted. a wide variety  
 in poor economies is very important. . energy flow, carbon and nitrogen can provide interestin 
omies is very important. . energy flow, carbon and nitrogen can provide interesting indicators  
ry important. . energy flow, carbon and nitrogen can provide interesting indicators in the glob 
on and nitrogen can provide interesting indicators in the global understanding of sustainable f 
itory, between farms and because of the diversity of individual practices a high efficiency div 
iversity of individual practices a high efficiency diversity on the different technical indicat 
 individual practices a high efficiency diversity on the different technical indicators, energy 
cy diversity on the different technical indicators, energy, economic, environmental or social t 
 on the different technical indicators, energy, economic, environmental or social that can be s 
ronmental or social that can be set. by efficiency is meant the multiple des'objectifs achieved 
 project focuses on the analysis of the diversity of farming systems inter and intra system eff 
 farming systems inter and intra system efficiency for large animal production. research projec 
ntra system efficiency for large animal production. research project progress margins contained 
tial innovations and best contribute to sustainable development. by focusing on the flow of car 
development. by focusing on the flow of carbon and energy in livestock farming of ruminants and 
. by focusing on the flow of carbon and energy in livestock farming of ruminants and through me 
ing on the flow of carbon and energy in livestock farming of ruminants and through methodologic 
ical locations in the uses of renewable energy and non-renewable , to tropical conditions to co 
ation models of the emission of ges and carbon stock and 3 - stream nitrogen, to develop energy 
mission of ges and carbon stock and 3 - stream nitrogen, to develop energy indicators used to d 
 of ges and carbon stock and 3 - stream nitrogen, to develop energy indicators used to describe 
ock and 3 - stream nitrogen, to develop energy indicators used to describe systems at different 
 3 - stream nitrogen, to develop energy indicators used to describe systems at different scales 
o compare systems, and explore based on modeling innovations and sustainable improvements in ef 
vations and sustainable improvements in efficiency systems  
14587 2                          a quantitative risk assessment based only on exposure and toxicity is  
ing . there is a great interest for its conservation, however the knowledge about the impact of 
10999 2 en sequences from padul and the western mediterranean marine core .  
rom padul and the western mediterranean marine core .  
11207 2 en sequences from padul and the western mediterranean marine core .  
rom padul and the western mediterranean marine core .  
11789 2 en sequences from padul and the western mediterranean marine core .  
rom padul and the western mediterranean marine core .  
10462 6                     the ability of some fish to survive in both freshwater and seawater represe 
ability of some fish to survive in both freshwater and seawater represents one of the most extr 
 and hyper-osmotic challenge in teleost fish. this will be achieved by the screening of micro a 
 physiological techniques to define the function of these systems in relation to osmotic change 
s in relation to osmotic changes in the environment. the results will provide a more complete p 
he control of osmoregulation in teleost fish to be constructed.  
11747 10                              calcareous grasslands are among the most species-rich plant commun 
 most species-rich plant communities in europe. a clear understanding of the molecular mechanis 
lcicole species to thrive on calcareous soils will contribute to the development of strategies  
calcareous soils will contribute to the development of strategies to maintain the biodiversity  
velopment of strategies to maintain the biodiversity of these vulnerable ecosystems. we will te 
in the biodiversity of these vulnerable ecosystems. we will test the hypothesis that adaptation 
stems. we will test the hypothesis that adaptation to a calcareous environment reflects altered 
othesis that adaptation to a calcareous environment reflects altered patterns of gene expressio 
we will examine whether these calcicole adaptation genes show similar patterns of expression in 
d determine the impact of environmental stress on their expression and on the calcicole phenoty 
13970 14 gene level forms the foundation for all evolution and represents the basic unit of biodiversity 
lution and represents the basic unit of biodiversity. information on the factors influencing th 
olutionary processes as for sustainable management of species. a number of studies have found c 
dividuals without any obvious extrinsic migration barriers. few have, however, addressed the un 
 such structures, such as environmental heterogeneity over the species distribution. the aim of 
onmental heterogeneity over the species distribution. the aim of this project is to identify ma 
 major barriers to gene flow in coastal fish species in the baltic sea and to relate the barrie 
ene flow in coastal fish species in the baltic sea and to relate the barriers to disruption in  
gradients, life-history variability and heterogeneity in fish community structure with barriers 
istory variability and heterogeneity in fish community structure with barriers to gene flow, an 
y variability and heterogeneity in fish community structure with barriers to gene flow, and wil 
ill cooperate with the swedish board of fisheries and stockholm university. the suggested propo 
e factors of importance for the spatial distribution of coastal fish populations.  
for the spatial distribution of coastal fish populations.  
7037 17 dministrative action can be seen in the landscape: boundaries between nation states often can b 
ften can be discerned from satellite as agricultural landscapes bear the signs of different adm 
 administrations. in early modern times agriculture was the most important sector in the econom 
sector in the economy, as both food and energy needs had to be served. during the 16th. to the  
o sustain control over the agricultural production. such tools were maps, registers with topogr 
riptions and inventories of homesteads, livestock and infrastructure. the grip on the -rural po 
nd allocation. a well known example are forests and the regulations developed to optimize their 
m a complete analysis of the total agro-ecosystem in question. thus a whole seigniorial estate  
where natural boundaries define an agro-ecosystem distinct from others under the same persons r 
 interdisciplinary study on population, production and agro-ecosystem as the three basic factor 
tudy on population, production and agro-ecosystem as the three basic factors of the development 
ystem as the three basic factors of the development of cultural landscape. the historical study 
 factors of the development of cultural landscape. the historical study undertaken within this  
ations of environmental matters such as water, soil and infrastructure, the environmental histo 
of environmental matters such as water, soil and infrastructure, the environmental history data 
ia will be used for further comparative evaluation. the material will be published in a wide ra 
terdisciplinary use of the material for landscape planning processes as well as for use within  
10379 1  record is often attributed to climatic adaptation, yet we have very little understanding of ho 
6738 2  to the interpretation of the important diversity peaks recorded in the mesozoic representing o 
he local and global effects on changing diversity.  
15444 6 actual knowledge about the structure of food webs: 1 food webs are short and wide; and 2 the le 
dge about the structure of food webs: 1 food webs are short and wide; and 2 the length of food  
on of the importance of system size and connectivity. section ii determines the effect of colon 
ty. section ii determines the effect of colonization. finally, section iii analyzes the importa 
l covers different trophic levels, from bacteria to amphibians and/or fish, including field sur 
els, from bacteria to amphibians and/or fish, including field surveys and small experiments, al 
14971 17 n the face of the change of the current climate. the general objetive of climhaya is to improve 
edge of the beech response to light and water in a marginal population of the species. the stan 
is one of the sowthermost limits in the distribution of the species in europe: the beechwood of 
s in the distribution of the species in europe: the beechwood of montejo de la sierra. the site 
factors on functional and morphological traits. we try to analyze the role of the light and wat 
ry to analyze the role of the light and water, together its interplay, on the performance of se 
 the performance of seelings during the recruitment in the regeneration phase. task 1. to estab 
 comparing the effects of the light and drought, both under two levels, about the response of t 
of seedlings according to the light and water availabilities. task 3. to compare the morphologi 
bjetive 2: to identify a putative local adaptation to drought, and a higher thermotolerance, fr 
identify a putative local adaptation to drought, and a higher thermotolerance, from the populat 
 the three populations in response to a water stress cycle. task 6. to evaluate thermotolerance 
hree populations in response to a water stress cycle. task 6. to evaluate thermotolerance in pl 
nvironmental conditions. objetive 3: to model the carbon balance of beech seedlings in response 
al conditions. objetive 3: to model the carbon balance of beech seedlings in response to hydric 
jetive 4. to establish the existence of growth limitations due to extreme climatic events or un 
ees. task 8. annual and daily secondary growth will be recorded in mature beech trees under two 
10372 1 ation and ability to pursue a career in environmental management to succeed. this grant support 
7309 9 tive of this exploratory project is the development, validation and application of mathematical 
cations of bde with large, there is the modeling of earthquakes and gene networks, as well as s 
eraction between the variability of the environment and the human activities acting on the natu 
 and the human activities acting on the nature. very interesting outcomes of this study seem to 
e context of integrated environmental - modeling companies, regionally. we propose the applicat 
the complex problems of this integrated modeling. this application will be closely integrated w 
ion will be closely integrated with the modeling studies pursued by m. patrick dumas in the par 
the paris region network of research on sustainable development and broader collaboration betwe 
ormale superieure school, http: // www. environment. us. en /  
10945 7 vironmental factors modify such plastic traits or what the cost implications of such modificati 
ce that is altered by environmental and predation chemical cues, as a model. two, sequential ex 
ental and predation chemical cues, as a model. two, sequential experiments will be performed: t 
be performed: the first will gauge when predation resistance in shells of lymnaea peregra is si 
ed: the first will gauge when predation resistance in shells of lymnaea peregra is significantl 
 increases in shell strength induced by predation cues and whether there are associated trade o 
ssociated trade offs with behaviour and growth. together, these studies will provide essential  
10592 12 hs are key microorganisms in the global methane cycle. this grant will investigate which type o 
is grant will investigate which type of methane monooxygenase enzyme is the most important for  
genase enzyme is the most important for methane oxidation in the environment using molecular te 
 important for methane oxidation in the environment using molecular techniques such as stable i 
nal genes for methanotrophs, rt-pcr and fish. we will test the hypothesis that soluble methane  
e will test the hypothesis that soluble methane monooxygenase is important in cycling carbon in 
e monooxygenase is important in cycling carbon in environments where there are high concentrati 
 where there are high concentrations of methane. we will investigate methanotroph activity, pop 
igate methanotroph activity, population diversity and dynamics in response to changes in enviro 
changes in environmental conditions and land use and determine the environmental factors that a 
ctivity of both particulate and soluble methane monooxygenases, key enzymes in the global carbo 
nooxygenases, key enzymes in the global carbon cycle.  
7306 16 o manager of the aggregate structure of soil and its cultivability. moreover, globally, the dec 
ity. moreover, globally, the decline in soil carbon stocks is likely to accelerate global warmi 
l carbon stocks is likely to accelerate global warming. - evaluate, using the model, the impact 
e global warming. - evaluate, using the model, the impact of different farming systems on the f 
ming systems on the functioning of agro-ecosystem. it is used for a number of indicators of the 
o-ecosystem. it is used for a number of indicators of the functioning of a agrosystem. . these  
he functioning of a agrosystem. . these indicators are particularly valuable because they provi 
ide information on both the utilization efficiency of expensive resources and the ability of a  
he ability of a agrosystem to limit air pollution, and groundwater. the aim is to assess how th 
 agrosystem to limit air pollution, and groundwater. the aim is to assess how the proper functi 
ve sustainable cropping systems, from a model inversion. we seek to characterize all cropping s 
l cropping systems compatible with some sustainability constraints on model output. expected -  
with some sustainability constraints on model output. expected - selection and calibration of t 
cted - selection and calibration of the model - predicting the impacts of different farming sys 
libration of the model - predicting the impacts of different farming systems on the operation o 
nnovative cropping systems by inversion model  
15012 1 ronments. the first includes the saline wetland of fuente de piedra and in the bay of cadiz. th 
7200 5 es into account not only the productive function of ecosystems through agriculture, traditional 
unt not only the productive function of ecosystems through agriculture, traditionally understoo 
oductive function of ecosystems through agriculture, traditionally understood by agricultural p 
fective consideration of the concept of environmental services in the new public action in rura 
 understand the recomposition of public policy and to be able to develop practical recommendati 
14150 8 niversal characteristic of quantitative traits. the relative role of different mechanisms deter 
nces form the raw material for adaptive evolution. life-history traits are of special interest  
al for adaptive evolution. life-history traits are of special interest in this context because  
are variances in different life-history traits between males and females of the same species. m 
ame species. moreover, comparing within-environment variance in environments with predictably d 
ypic variance of different life-history traits in field conditions. here, we will focus on the  
 of phenotypic variance to gradients of temperature and humidity as these are of special intere 
cial interest in the context of ongoing global warming.  
12184 2 . this study will consider whether some climate change mitigation methods would be more suited  
ll consider whether some climate change mitigation methods would be more suited to implementati 
11593 17                                tropical coral reefs are among the most important centres of mar 
are among the most important centres of marine biodiversity, providing invaluable ecosystem ser 
ng the most important centres of marine biodiversity, providing invaluable ecosystem services a 
rine biodiversity, providing invaluable ecosystem services as millions of people are economical 
ral and anthropogenic stressors such as global warming and ocean acidification might result in  
ic stressors such as global warming and ocean acidification might result in a dramatic loss of  
tion might result in a dramatic loss of coral reefs within this century. increasing stress for  
l reefs within this century. increasing stress for marine organisms is expected in response to  
hin this century. increasing stress for marine organisms is expected in response to the anthrop 
ng seawater temperatures and decreasing ph. the future of coral reefs is strongly dependent on  
atures and decreasing ph. the future of coral reefs is strongly dependent on the capability of  
nges in environmental conditions. their adaptation potential is defined by their capacity to ev 
defined by their capacity to evolve new traits or to regulate the expression of existing genes. 
ion of existing genes. however, current climate change happens over an unprecedented short peri 
ted short period of time, preventing an adaptation of reef corals by evolution of new traits. c 
venting an adaptation of reef corals by evolution of new traits. consequently, their main strat 
tion of reef corals by evolution of new traits. consequently, their main strategy for survival  
7221 4 dagascar, characterized by high endemic biodiversity, contrasting weather conditions and major  
weather conditions and major changes in habitat due to increasing anthropogenic activities. anc 
ly non-human primates on the island. in africa, apes are major reservoirs of these viruses. it  
ods. - according to the results, sketch risk maps for humans based on habitats  
11643 7 search has shown that a great continent-scale ice cap on east antarctica first appeared about 3 
ice cap, and the major change in global climate that accompanied it, are currently under debate 
nder debate. a reduction in atmospheric greenhouse gases is one possibility; another , might ha 
 another , might have cause sea surface temperature reduction in the tropics, but at present th 
ea surface temperature reduction in the tropics, but at present the temperatures or the extent  
al cooling are not known. the amount of temperature change will allow us to distinguish between 
utstanding questions about this ancient climate change event.  
7017 18               understanding the role of biodiversity is a central theme of community ecology. h 
e of biodiversity is a central theme of community ecology. however, how biodiversity is regulat 
heme of community ecology. however, how biodiversity is regulated, and how biodiversity impacts 
 how biodiversity is regulated, and how biodiversity impacts ecosystem functioning, is still un 
sity is regulated, and how biodiversity impacts ecosystem functioning, is still unclear. this i 
regulated, and how biodiversity impacts ecosystem functioning, is still unclear. this is partic 
lear that the linked population patches disturbance experiments will use as the disturbance the 
disturbance experiments will use as the disturbance the replacement of entire basins with in a  
no ciliates in order to open patches to colonization. both the scale and frequency of disturban 
 open patches to colonization. both the scale and frequency of disturbance will be experimental 
zation. both the scale and frequency of disturbance will be experimentally manipulated. the exp 
osal will increase understanding of how competition, predation and disturbance influence divers 
rease understanding of how competition, predation and disturbance influence diversity and bioma 
nding of how competition, predation and disturbance influence diversity and biomass when the en 
on, predation and disturbance influence diversity and biomass when the environment consists of  
and disturbance influence diversity and biomass when the environment consists of linked patches 
nfluence diversity and biomass when the environment consists of linked patches. moreover, bette 
er, better understanding of the role of spatial heterogeneity is essential to understanding ben 
15228 3    infectious keratoconjunctivitis is a disease affecting domestic and wild ruminants, mainly c 
tified in southern chamois and domestic livestock sharing its habitat, both in the pyrenees and 
mois and domestic livestock sharing its habitat, both in the pyrenees and the cantabrian mounta 
10813 14 first cases of a new form of infectious disease - a kind of pox - were reported from common bir 
kind of pox - were reported from common birds in the uk. while pox is found in many birds, this 
s in the uk. while pox is found in many birds, this usually occurs in low frequency and often w 
 have been found to cause death in wild birds, but otherwise very little is known about how the 
wise very little is known about how the disease is transmitted and what effects it has on birds 
 transmitted and what effects it has on birds. this new form of pox seems to infect tits, in pa 
t high frequency. in may 2010, this new disease appeared in a long-term study population of the 
 rare to study the emergence of a novel disease from the first cases, and this research aims bo 
s both to understand the effect of this disease on birds, but also to study the factors determi 
nderstand the effect of this disease on birds, but also to study the factors determining its sp 
lect further data on the spread of this disease in 2011. infectious diseases can represent seri 
seases can represent serious threats to wildlife; our aim with this research is both to assess  
both to assess the threat that this new disease poses to common uk garden birds, as well as to  
s new disease poses to common uk garden birds, as well as to develop an understanding of the wa 
13319 3 l organise a workshop on the effects of precipitation change on terrestrial ecosystems in order 
 of precipitation change on terrestrial ecosystems in order to bring together international res 
al research groups and experiences from precipitation related research.the ultimate goal of the 
12536 18 ers allowing greater time for prolonged growth periods. the combination of more favourable clim 
ods. the combination of more favourable climate and introduced species and hybrids has lead to  
bination of more favourable climate and introduced species and hybrids has lead to the establis 
ort . all these plants pose a very high risk to the integrity of uk aquatic ecosystems. the aim 
igh risk to the integrity of uk aquatic ecosystems. the aim of any non-native invasive weed con 
a grandiflora as the target species for assessment of the feasibility of eradication using herb 
ibuted, indicating a human influence on dispersal and introduction. it is currently present in  
ved. l. grandiflora exhibits very rapid growth rates, growing in water up to 3 m deep, reaching 
its very rapid growth rates, growing in water up to 3 m deep, reaching the surface and producin 
howy yellow flowers about 1 m above the water surface. the rapid growth rates are responsible f 
 1 m above the water surface. the rapid growth rates are responsible for complete coverage of a 
 of 83 hectares a year. these excessive growth rates are not yet observed in the uk, with domin 
es are not yet observed in the uk, with dominance of only one site being reported to date. howe 
to date. however, we expect to see such growth and establishment rates in the near future and w 
ch is novel and will contriibute to the management of such species if successful, and will also 
ies if successful, and will also reduce pesticide use in the environment by improving efficacy  
d will also reduce pesticide use in the environment by improving efficacy of single applicartio 
 method of control, without any adverse environmental impact.  
14375 22 d, leaders are increasingly recognizing ecosystems as natural capital assets that supply life-s 
 increasingly recognizing ecosystems as natural capital assets that supply life-support service 
that supply life-support services, i.e. ecosystem services, of tremendous value, e.g. water pur 
tem services, of tremendous value, e.g. water purification and carbon sequestration. in 1997, t 
dous value, e.g. water purification and carbon sequestration. in 1997, the work by defined the  
997, the work by defined the concept of ecosystem services as the representation of goods and s 
tion of goods and services derived from ecosystem functions. since then, increased scientific e 
as been put into further understanding, mapping, modelling and valuation of ecosystem functioni 
ut into further understanding, mapping, modelling and valuation of ecosystem functioning and se 
r understanding, mapping, modelling and valuation of ecosystem functioning and services. in 200 
ng, mapping, modelling and valuation of ecosystem functioning and services. in 2005, the millen 
 functioning and services. in 2005, the millennium ecosystem assessment provided another boost  
 boost by documenting the importance of ecosystem services to human well-being and showing that 
the importance of ecosystem services to human well-being and showing that continued supply of t 
he global recognition by scientists and policy makers, the science of ecosystem service mapping 
tists and policy makers, the science of ecosystem service mapping is still a key front in which 
akers, the science of ecosystem service mapping is still a key front in which advances are requ 
ulating services. two key challenges of ecosystem services primary production and climate regul 
wo key challenges of ecosystem services primary production and climate regulation, more specifi 
osystem services primary production and climate regulation, more specifically: carbon sequestra 
 climate regulation, more specifically: carbon sequestration in ecosystems  
e specifically: carbon sequestration in ecosystems  
12229 5 an play an important role in developing livestock systems that will be sustainable in the futur 
ly manner. also, genetic improvement of livestock is a particularly cost-effective technology,  
ce. moran et al in the gin, a web-based management system to facilitate project management and  
management system to facilitate project management and partner collaboration, a scoping exercis 
dge exchange of the gin and support the management and interaction between project partners and 
11399 12 ity to establish a long-term ecological monitoring site to study the colonization of volcanic l 
ecological monitoring site to study the colonization of volcanic lava flows over time, to under 
lava flows over time, to understand the development of a carbon cycle in newly formed rocks and 
ime, to understand the development of a carbon cycle in newly formed rocks and the early proces 
ant we seek support to begin biological monitoring of the lava and to establish a microbial mon 
f the lava and to establish a microbial monitoring observatory on the flows. this work has dire 
olcanic rocks, which account for 30% of carbon dioxide drawdown from the atmosphere each year t 
ce of events for the establishment of a carbon cycle and active microbial communities on volcan 
eather station with a view to long-term monitoring of the biotic community on the flows. this w 
w to long-term monitoring of the biotic community on the flows. this work will yield new scient 
 community on the flows. this work will yield new scientific insights into volcanic rock coloni 
 scientific insights into volcanic rock colonization and new defined protocols and technical in 
7246 15 ms to improve knowledge in the field of water cycle in its wastewater and rainwater in urban di 
ycle in its wastewater and rainwater in urban dimensions. more precisely, it is to achieve a de 
 of rainfall phenomena at fine scales * assessment of water flows and urban-background * impact 
henomena at fine scales * assessment of water flows and urban-background * impact of wastewater 
 scales * assessment of water flows and urban-background * impact of wastewater discharges and  
ater discharges and rain on the natural environment * interactions stormwater controls and the  
ity and quality of wastewater and storm water quality of natural areas will be shared. from sit 
gical and hydrometeorological models in urban areas, and the development of aid to the understa 
ological models in urban areas, and the development of aid to the understanding and management  
lopment of aid to the understanding and management tools, qualitatively and quantitatively, urb 
ools, qualitatively and quantitatively, urban water to optimize the operation of sanitation sys 
qualitatively and quantitatively, urban water to optimize the operation of sanitation systems m 
ize the operation of sanitation systems management devices. stages * creation of a website * se 
dents on the various sites * scientific equity valuation conducted in observatories  
n the various sites * scientific equity valuation conducted in observatories  
7157 17 a database accessible to the scientific community. observation medium and long term changes in  
rvation medium and long term changes in biodiversity is currently recognized as an imperative n 
tive need to understand the response of marine ecosystems to both the natural constraints of th 
ed to understand the response of marine ecosystems to both the natural constraints of the envir 
 to both the natural constraints of the environment and human impacts. it is obviously the case 
ural constraints of the environment and human impacts. it is obviously the case of particularly 
e will of the laboratory to observe the evolution in the medium and long-term interaction betwe 
erm interaction between the dynamics of marine bacterial biodiversity and associated environmen 
etween the dynamics of marine bacterial biodiversity and associated environmental changes. the  
l be established both from the temporal monitoring of the diversity of species present in six r 
oth from the temporal monitoring of the diversity of species present in six representative ecos 
f species present in six representative ecosystems in which we will identify the major species  
ify the major species likely to be good indicators of environmental disturbance, but also a bac 
 to be good indicators of environmental disturbance, but also a bacterial culture collection th 
enic accidents on the natural bacterial biodiversity, such as point source pollution by hydroca 
rial biodiversity, such as point source pollution by hydrocarbons or pesticides  
int source pollution by hydrocarbons or pesticides  
12740 7 ment of a baseline of uk performance in landscape policy in 2007. the monitoring of changes to  
baseline of uk performance in landscape policy in 2007. the monitoring of changes to this polic 
rmance in landscape policy in 2007. the monitoring of changes to this policy and legislation ov 
2007. the monitoring of changes to this policy and legislation over a 5 year period and its con 
ear period and its consequent impact on landscape. in light of these findings, the assessment o 
dscape. in light of these findings, the assessment of the impact of the european landscape conv 
ssessment of the impact of the european landscape convention on uk landscapes.  
14435 4 infrastructure of 10 bulgarian research institutions, which develop in collaboration centre of  
n collaboration centre of excellence in biodiversity and ecosystem research about the biodivers 
entre of excellence in biodiversity and ecosystem research about the biodiversity of bulgaria.  
ersity and ecosystem research about the biodiversity of bulgaria. the work program envisages 8  
10403 3 decisions that plants make affect their genetic diversity and adaptive potential. this project  
stablish how variation in rates of self-fertilization affect genetic diversity and patterns of  
n in rates of self-fertilization affect genetic diversity and patterns of reproductive isolatio 
15019 2 is one of the main game species both in spain . the results of this project should be a tool di 
oject should be a tool directly used by management consulting companies or directly by game man 
9804 1 ns of importance to biologists studying evolution.  
12330 2 al england are now keen to undertake an assessment of the incidental socio-economic benefits of 
 creation as an indirect result of agri-environment expenditure. this will help us understand t 
9875 25                                         agriculture is currently the largest threat to biodiver 
ture is currently the largest threat to biodiversity of birds globally and is likely to be a ma 
y the largest threat to biodiversity of birds globally and is likely to be a major threat to ot 
erstanding how to integrate farming and wildlife together successfully is a major goal for cons 
gether successfully is a major goal for conservation ecologists. organic farming is one method  
major goal for conservation ecologists. organic farming is one method that increases biodiversi 
ic farming is one method that increases biodiversity relative to conventional methods of agricu 
ity relative to conventional methods of agriculture. developed countries have seen huge growth  
ure. developed countries have seen huge growth in organic farming over the last 20 years owing, 
oped countries have seen huge growth in organic farming over the last 20 years owing, to a larg 
 owing, to a large extent, to consumers perceptions of the perceived environmental benefits of  
the perceived environmental benefits of organic farming. by promoting biodiversity and reducing 
nefits of organic farming. by promoting biodiversity and reducing chemical inputs, organic farm 
diversity and reducing chemical inputs, organic farming could deliver important ecosystem servi 
organic farming could deliver important ecosystem services, including higher pollinator abundan 
nt ecosystem services, including higher pollinator abundance and cleaner waterways. many studie 
m services, including higher pollinator abundance and cleaner waterways. many studies have comp 
r waterways. many studies have compared biodiversity on organic and conventional farms or focus 
ntify whether more targeted schemes can yield the same biodiversity benefits as organic farming 
ore targeted schemes can yield the same biodiversity benefits as organic farming, without a who 
yield the same biodiversity benefits as organic farming, without a wholesale change in manageme 
 farming, without a wholesale change in management. modern agriculture faces a conflict between 
 wholesale change in management. modern agriculture faces a conflict between demand for increas 
a conflict between demand for increased production and awareness of the environmental need for  
onmental need for reduced intensity. if policy makers are to resolve this conflict, it is essen 
6769 5  rotate around a longitudinal axis. the development of this event depends on the relation betwe 
 based on this theoretical approach the development of the idiopathic scoliosis is supposed to  
lity and the decrease of its mechanical resistance are postulated as a contributing factor in t 
bed as follows: measurement of the bone density in the lumbar spine, serum and urine laboratory 
ry measurements to investigate the bone metabolism, bone histomorphometry. curve measurements w 
12331 4 ponse to a specification for an initial evaluation of the influence of etip on option selection 
d that this will be part of the initial evaluation. in addition there will be an evaluation of  
valuation. in addition there will be an evaluation of the content of the etip programme but, ag 
in, this will not be the focus for this evaluation.  
6894 7  research are connected with technology development in this project with the aim of developing  
ctice. as a result, the quality of agri-environment and biodiversity improves, there will be a  
lt, the quality of agri-environment and biodiversity improves, there will be a significant incr 
only in agricultural fields but also in urban areas and national parks. special emphasis is giv 
ecial emphasis is given to research and development of new pest-forecasting and monitoring tech 
development of new pest-forecasting and monitoring techniques and throughout the project enviro 
rotection methods are favoured, such as resistance breeding.  
13320 22                  to halt the decline of biodiversity by 2010 is one of the most important objec 
st important objectives of the european community biodiversity strategy. despite of considerabl 
nt objectives of the european community biodiversity strategy. despite of considerable effort w 
ite of considerable effort was put into conservation of threatened species and habitats on euro 
 and national level in recent years, no monitoring system that is able to check whether this go 
his is not a lack of methods to measure biodiversity or missing monitoring programs, but a lack 
hods to measure biodiversity or missing monitoring programs, but a lack of a eu framework, that 
ndardize, focus and coordinate existing monitoring programs towards this objective. the eumon p 
ework by comparing existing methods and monitoring schemes of species and habitats of community 
ring schemes of species and habitats of community interests. the most successful methods in ter 
ill pay special attention that existing monitoring programs can incorporate these methods and w 
e recommendation how new and successful monitoring programs can be established. special conside 
 special consideration for implementing monitoring programs will be paid by studying the social 
 paid by studying the social effects of monitoring regimes, because the relationship between am 
important for implementing a successful monitoring regime. the establishing of the natura 2000  
 the main actions on a eu level to halt biodiversity loss. therefore it is a prerequisite to ev 
ite to evaluate its ability to maintain biodiversity. additionally eumon will develop methods t 
 states for the species and habitats of community interests living under their protection. for  
protection. for information and to give policy advise a comprehensive database on monitoring sc 
licy advise a comprehensive database on monitoring schemes and recommended methods will be made 
net portal to the end users scientists, policy makers, decision makers and nature conservators  
sts, policy makers, decision makers and nature conservators on eu, national and regional levels 
12547 2 the euphresco is insulated from the air temperature as measured by weather stations. to date, n 
corporate this insulating effect on the development rate of anoplophora spp. therefore the biol 
13321 8 n of european research organisations on global change and pelagic marine ecosystems, and to dev 
anisations on global change and pelagic marine ecosystems, and to develop models for assessing  
ons on global change and pelagic marine ecosystems, and to develop models for assessing and for 
odels for assessing and forecasting the impacts of climate and anthropogenic forcing on food-we 
ssessing and forecasting the impacts of climate and anthropogenic forcing on food-web dynamics  
 excellence. close cooperation with the usa, australia, canada, namibia and japan.  
llence. close cooperation with the usa, australia, canada, namibia and japan.  
se cooperation with the usa, australia, canada, namibia and japan.  
13322 30                                         freshwater ecosystems, under stress from land-use chang 
                             freshwater ecosystems, under stress from land-use change and pollu 
           freshwater ecosystems, under stress from land-use change and pollution, face additio 
reshwater ecosystems, under stress from land-use change and pollution, face additional pressure 
, under stress from land-use change and pollution, face additional pressures from climate chang 
llution, face additional pressures from climate change, directly and through interaction with o 
ese interactions. it is relevant to the water framework directive and other international direc 
otocols and supports the eus charter on sustainable development. the project comprises a consor 
scientists to integrate river, lake and wetland ecosystem science at the catchment scale. it fo 
ts to integrate river, lake and wetland ecosystem science at the catchment scale. it focuses on 
land ecosystem science at the catchment scale. it focuses on the key drivers of aquatic ecosyst 
t focuses on the key drivers of aquatic ecosystem change years/decades, concerned with ecologic 
se to environmental pressure, including stress reduction and ecosystem recovery. an innovative  
ressure, including stress reduction and ecosystem recovery. an innovative toolkit for integrate 
ncluding stress reduction and ecosystem recovery. an innovative toolkit for integrated catchmen 
t for integrated catchment analysis and modelling will be developed to simulate hydrological, h 
d ecological processes at the catchment scale for use in assessing the potential impact of glob 
se in assessing the potential impact of global change under different climate and socio-economi 
impact of global change under different climate and socio-economic scenarios. a unified system  
er different climate and socio-economic scenarios. a unified system of ecological indicators fo 
economic scenarios. a unified system of ecological indicators for monitoring freshwater ecosyst 
ied system of ecological indicators for monitoring freshwater ecosystem health, and new methods 
of ecological indicators for monitoring freshwater ecosystem health, and new methods for defini 
al indicators for monitoring freshwater ecosystem health, and new methods for defining referenc 
s for defining reference conditions and restoration strategies will be developed. these will ta 
ese will take into account the probable impacts of future climate change and the need for a hol 
 account the probable impacts of future climate change and the need for a holistic approach to  
and the need for a holistic approach to restoration based on habitat connectivity.  
listic approach to restoration based on habitat connectivity.  
pproach to restoration based on habitat connectivity.  
2517 20 crobes are the catalysts and drivers of ecosystems on earth. despite their importance environme 
al microbial communities are not on the biodiversity conservation agenda. nothing is known rega 
 agenda. nothing is known regarding the vulnerability and resilience of microbial communities a 
s known regarding the vulnerability and resilience of microbial communities a situation exacerb 
ed by the inherent problem of assigning microbial activity to species identity. this knowledge  
blem of assigning microbial activity to species identity. this knowledge is currently lacking i 
considering the challenges that global, ecosystems are facing. the mecomecon project proposes m 
 facing. the mecomecon project proposes methane-oxidizing bacteria in the set of habitats and d 
econ project proposes methane-oxidizing bacteria in the set of habitats and disturbances will b 
bances will be implemented in a process model incorporating microbial traits in order to predic 
a process model incorporating microbial traits in order to predict response to disturbance from 
 traits in order to predict response to disturbance from community composition. the latter is o 
to predict response to disturbance from community composition. the latter is of importance for  
sition. the latter is of importance for policy or management guidelines concerning questions re 
e latter is of importance for policy or management guidelines concerning questions related to g 
s or consumption in natural and managed ecosystems. the european research consortium synergises 
gether knowledge on the process and the bacteria, expertise on experimental design and molecula 
se on experimental design and molecular diversity assessment methodology, metagenomic data hand 
rimental design and molecular diversity assessment methodology, metagenomic data handling. the  
ered warrant the value of this work for europe wide impact.  
2516 15                                     one-carbon compounds such as methane and methanol are attra 
           one-carbon compounds such as methane and methanol are attractive, non-food and low-c 
l are attractive, non-food and low-cost carbon and energy sources for microbial bioprocesses, w 
ctive, non-food and low-cost carbon and energy sources for microbial bioprocesses, which can be 
trophs. research efforts with different model strains revealed that methylotrophy consists of a 
s that are ultimately linked to central metabolism. in the different phylogenetic groups of kno 
ogenetic groups of known methylotrophic bacteria, which include proteobacteria and gram-positiv 
nclude proteobacteria and gram-positive bacteria, alternative non-orthologous modules exist for 
ion of the reduced c1 source to co2 for energy generation, and c1 assimilation with or without  
 with or without netto co2 fixation for biomass formation. formaldehyde is a key intermediate i 
rial c1 conversion; in consequence, the metabolism of this toxic compound must be very efficien 
knowledge from different methylotrophic model organisms, e.g. bacillus methanolicus and methylo 
 we will define - by means of in silico modelling - ideal combinations and minimal sets of modu 
lotrophy to biotechnologically relevant bacteria as a new modular platform for methanol-based p 
new modular platform for methanol-based production of bulk chemicals.  
7011 15                               while the biodiversity ecosystem functiong by successively adding 
                 while the biodiversity ecosystem functiong by successively adding complexity f 
system functiong by successively adding complexity from biofilm surface topography, dispersal,  
lexity from biofilm surface topography, dispersal, hydrodynamics and quorum sensing, and by com 
cs and quorum sensing, and by comparing model predictions with the experimental observations. u 
ons. ultimately, we will link nitrifier biodiversity in streams to nitrogen cycling and export  
 we will link nitrifier biodiversity in streams to nitrogen cycling and export to larger downst 
nk nitrifier biodiversity in streams to nitrogen cycling and export to larger downstream ecosys 
cycling and export to larger downstream ecosystems. comix will significantly contribute to brid 
at has develped between microbiolgy and ecology, advance mathematical modelling in microbial ec 
iolgy and ecology, advance mathematical modelling in microbial ecology across scales, and will  
logy, advance mathematical modelling in microbial ecology across scales, and will be a unique o 
d, most importantly, test theories from landscape and invasion ecology on microbial terrain.  
antly, test theories from landscape and invasion ecology on microbial terrain.  
st theories from landscape and invasion ecology on microbial terrain.  
9878 37 an analysis of the effects of different management and conservation strategies for beech forest 
the effects of different management and conservation strategies for beech forest biodiversity e 
t and conservation strategies for beech forest biodiversity employed under natura 2000. further 
onservation strategies for beech forest biodiversity employed under natura 2000. furthermore, t 
yed under natura 2000. furthermore, the impacts of global climate change on beech forest ecosys 
000. furthermore, the impacts of global climate change on beech forest ecosystems are assessed. 
pacts of global climate change on beech forest ecosystems are assessed. field studies will be u 
f global climate change on beech forest ecosystems are assessed. field studies will be used to  
d to assess the impact of the different forest management strategies on intra- and inter-specif 
strategies on intra- and inter-specific diversity in beech forests as well as to evaluate the i 
- and inter-specific diversity in beech forests as well as to evaluate the impact of climate ch 
ts as well as to evaluate the impact of climate change on beech growth across its range. the ec 
e the impact of climate change on beech growth across its range. the ecological and management  
th across its range. the ecological and management related data derived from the uk-led wp1 wil 
y other european partners assessing the governance strategies of natura 2000 areas, the ecosyst 
ce strategies of natura 2000 areas, the ecosystem services provided by beech forests and market 
he ecosystem services provided by beech forests and market-based instruments for beech forest c 
 services provided by beech forests and market-based instruments for beech forest conservation. 
 and market-based instruments for beech forest conservation. all european partners will then wo 
o develop recommendations on innovative management, conservation and governance strategies for  
commendations on innovative management, conservation and governance strategies for beech forest 
innovative management, conservation and governance strategies for beech forests. all in all, th 
ion and governance strategies for beech forests. all in all, the project will drive scientific  
s in the following research fields: the ecology of beech forests and their conservation under c 
g research fields: the ecology of beech forests and their conservation under changing climatic  
 the ecology of beech forests and their conservation under changing climatic conditions, multi- 
anging climatic conditions, multi-level governance of beech forests in europe, and valuation an 
itions, multi-level governance of beech forests in europe, and valuation and marketing of the e 
ti-level governance of beech forests in europe, and valuation and marketing of the environmenta 
ernance of beech forests in europe, and valuation and marketing of the environmental services b 
ope, and valuation and marketing of the environmental services beech forests can provide. the r 
ing of the environmental services beech forests can provide. the results will be used to create 
uation as well as to develop innovative management, conservation and governance strategies to e 
ll as to develop innovative management, conservation and governance strategies to ensure the su 
innovative management, conservation and governance strategies to ensure the survival of beech f 
ategies to ensure the survival of beech forests and associated biodiversity for future generati 
urvival of beech forests and associated biodiversity for future generations.  
483 19 o develop recommendations on innovative management, conservation and governance strategies for  
commendations on innovative management, conservation and governance strategies for beech forest 
innovative management, conservation and governance strategies for beech forests. to meet this c 
ion and governance strategies for beech forests. to meet this complex objective, wp3 is going t 
, wp3 is going to initiate an iterative evaluation process with participation of political and  
te an iterative evaluation process with participation of political and scientific stakeholders, 
rticipation of political and scientific stakeholders, which will produce, inter alia, a compreh 
ll produce, inter alia, a comprehensive policy paper as well as interdisciplinary scientific pu 
ll goal of the project is to incite the policy-science-interface by involving politics and poli 
nce-interface by involving politics and policy related institutions, scientists and practitione 
y involving politics and policy related institutions, scientists and practitioners during the w 
n, which will be conducted with diverse stakeholders and experts at the beginning and towards t 
s in the following research fields: the ecology of beech forests and their conservation under c 
g research fields: the ecology of beech forests and their conservation under changing climatic  
 the ecology of beech forests and their conservation under changing climatic conditions, multi- 
anging climatic conditions, multi-level governance of beech forests in europe, and valuation an 
itions, multi-level governance of beech forests in europe, and valuation and marketing of the e 
ti-level governance of beech forests in europe, and valuation and marketing of the environmen  
ernance of beech forests in europe, and valuation and marketing of the environmen  
7454 6 in the present proposal is to develop a biodiversity observation system that is transmissible,  
d eo. there are three requirements: the production of protocols to enable extant data to be pla 
a system for estimating past change and monitoring as well as enabling forecasting of future op 
g forecasting of future options so that policy makers can generate appropriate strategies for m 
can generate appropriate strategies for mitigation. the present consortium has a major advantag 
f the institutes concerned to long term monitoring. it will also provide the necessary structur 
2041 15    inter disciplinary, legally-oriented review and assessment of european community common fish 
sciplinary, legally-oriented review and assessment of european community common fisheries polic 
ented review and assessment of european community common fisheries policies vis-à-vis developin 
assessment of european community common fisheries policies vis-à-vis developing countries from  
m the perspective of sustainable use of marine resources and promoting development, building on 
e use of marine resources and promoting development, building on biological and economic data a 
and economic data and analyses as well. assessment of the coherence of european fisheries and d 
assessment of the coherence of european fisheries and development policies. analysis and critic 
the coherence of european fisheries and development policies. analysis and critical evaluation  
lopment policies. analysis and critical evaluation of main legal instruments, including multila 
lateral conventions such as unclos, the biological diversity convention, the stradding stocks c 
 cotonou agreement as well as bilateral fisheries agreements of the ec with developing countrie 
d on biological information on relevant fish stocks, for sustainable and responsible exploitati 
ainable and responsible exploitation of fisheries resources by european fleets in waters of thi 
n fleets in waters of third states from sustainable development perspectives.  
7452 9 ogical role in many european countries. recruitment failure has contributed to a halving of cat 
o less than 20,000t today. the eu s eel recovery plan aims to maximize silver eel production an 
covery plan aims to maximize silver eel production and escapement to the sea to maintain the st 
nt european river systems to successful recruitment because almost nothing is known about the l 
 research initiative to investigate the ecology and environmental dependencies of european eels 
 of european eels during their spawning migration. archival tags that detach from their eel hos 
via satellite will be used to determine migration routes, migration success and habitat prefere 
 be used to determine migration routes, migration success and habitat preferences of different  
migration routes, migration success and habitat preferences of different stock components.  
12396 5  scope of emeco is from physics through biogeochemistry to fish, it will develop tools that wil 
from physics through biogeochemistry to fish, it will develop tools that will generate new info 
 together the wide variety of data from monitoring and research, including models. this knowled 
sed to strengthen the evidence base for assessment of the eutrophication status in the uk. the  
the evidence base for assessment of the eutrophication status in the uk. the infrastructure cre 
7456 7 overall goal of the european project on ocean acidification related to ocean acidification at s 
oject on ocean acidification related to ocean acidification at scales ranging from sub-cellular 
at scales ranging from sub-cellular, to ecosystem and from local to global. it will also assess 
f co2 emissions required to avoid these thresholds and describe the state change and the subseq 
ibe the state change and the subsequent risk to the marine environment and earth system should  
e change and the subsequent risk to the marine environment and earth system should these emissi 
e and the subsequent risk to the marine environment and earth system should these emissions be  
7242 16 the general objective is to develop new food web analysis approaches to understanding our abili 
rstanding our ability to manage aquatic ecosystems in a sustainable way, including the fight ag 
ainst major disruptions affecting these ecosystems. this is particularly detailed analysis of t 
ly detailed analysis of the response of food webs in the context of environmental technology ap 
 approaches such as biomanipulations of fish communities, such as fight against eutrophication, 
fish communities, such as fight against eutrophication, erosion of biodiversity, trivialization 
, such as fight against eutrophication, erosion of biodiversity, trivialization of communities  
ight against eutrophication, erosion of biodiversity, trivialization of communities or organiza 
of communities or organizations and the development of harmful species for ecosystem functionin 
 the development of harmful species for ecosystem functioning, focusing as much as possible the 
oning, focusing as much as possible the scale of the ecosystem and integrated approaches, coupl 
ng as much as possible the scale of the ecosystem and integrated approaches, coupling long-term 
may have important implications for the management of water and the development of ecological e 
tant implications for the management of water and the development of ecological engineering  
ons for the management of water and the development of ecological engineering  
agement of water and the development of ecological engineering  
13784 23         the aim is to elucidate if high productivity in aquatic systems leads to increased abun 
y in aquatic systems leads to increased abundance of predation resistant and potentially pathog 
systems leads to increased abundance of predation resistant and potentially pathogenic bacteria 
on resistant and potentially pathogenic bacteria, such as the tularemia bacterium francisella t 
r probes for f. tularensis to study its distribution in natural waters in an emerging tularemia 
ors, e.g. nutrient status and protozoan abundance, governing the occurrence of the bacterium. w 
r intend to study occurrence of general predation-resistance in bacteria in the same productivi 
o study occurrence of general predation-resistance in bacteria in the same productivity gradien 
ence of general predation-resistance in bacteria in the same productivity gradient, by performi 
tion-resistance in bacteria in the same productivity gradient, by performing transplantation ex 
ularensis is studied using natural lake water including the microbial food web and mosquito lar 
ural lake water including the microbial food web and mosquito larvae as top predator. the coupl 
ial food web and mosquito larvae as top predator. the coupling between bacterial predation-resi 
redator. the coupling between bacterial predation-resistance and pathogenicity will be approach 
he coupling between bacterial predation-resistance and pathogenicity will be approached by comp 
d by comparing molecular mechanisms for predation-resistance in protozoa and human macrophages, 
ring molecular mechanisms for predation-resistance in protozoa and human macrophages, and by st 
 and by studying if prolonged protozoan grazing can induce a simultaneous increased resistance  
ing can induce a simultaneous increased resistance to degradation by protozoa and human macroph 
 a simultaneous increased resistance to degradation by protozoa and human macrophages. if this  
l aquatic systems with a high protozoan predation-pressure constitute a biological gym for the  
ure constitute a biological gym for the evolution of pathogenic bacteria.  
cal gym for the evolution of pathogenic bacteria.  
10354 37                                    both climate change and tropical deforestation have regularl 
       both climate change and tropical deforestation have regularly been in the news for years 
e wider media and within the scientific community. for example, remaining virgin tropical fores 
ommunity. for example, remaining virgin tropical forests are thought by many to be pristine env 
environments. however, we now know that human impacts on the environment, such as rising air te 
, we now know that human impacts on the environment, such as rising air temperatures, affect ev 
 will continue to rise, and atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations will reach levels unprece 
alone, these global changes will change tropical forests, while in concert with other human imp 
al forests, while in concert with other human impacts the implications are likely to be stagger 
ions are likely to be staggering, since deforestation alone is predicted to cause the sixth mas 
ne is predicted to cause the sixth mass extinction in evolutionary history. recent research sho 
earch shows that apparently undisturbed tropical forests have altered dramatically over recent  
 been collating data from 200 long-term tropical forest monitoring plots, and i have 5+ years f 
data from 200 long-term tropical forest monitoring plots, and i have 5+ years funding from a ro 
set: firstly the second largest area of tropical forest on earth is the congo basin, yet there  
the congo basin, yet there are very few monitoring plots there, and secondly there are too few  
and secondly there are too few plots in africa with three repeat sets of measurements available 
ements available to evaluate changes in growth, recruitment, mortality rates across africa. a n 
vailable to evaluate changes in growth, recruitment, mortality rates across africa. a new inves 
valuate changes in growth, recruitment, mortality rates across africa. a new investigators awar 
th, recruitment, mortality rates across africa. a new investigators award will allow me to make 
allow me to make repeat measurements of monitoring plots across africa. this targeted fieldwork 
measurements of monitoring plots across africa. this targeted fieldwork, including collecting m 
ing collecting missing data on relevant plant functional traits, alongside novel analytical tec 
or two reasons. firstly, will surviving tropical forests remain a carbon sink - currently equiv 
ill surviving tropical forests remain a carbon sink - currently equivalent to ~15% of global ca 
 currently equivalent to ~15% of global carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuel use - or will 
nd other changes cause them to become a carbon source with the potential to increase the rate a 
l to increase the rate and magnitude of climate change secondly, as tropical forests house more 
agnitude of climate change secondly, as tropical forests house more than half the world s speci 
hange, even within the largest areas of forest. what does this mean for global biodiversity con 
 forest. what does this mean for global biodiversity conservation on the ground monitoring of f 
biodiversity conservation on the ground monitoring of forests, as this project proposes, to und 
onservation on the ground monitoring of forests, as this project proposes, to understand how, w 
nd where changes in the composition and carbon balance of tropical forests are occurring will p 
n the composition and carbon balance of tropical forests are occurring will provide essential i 
 essential information that will assist policy makers and wider civil society to make better-in 
12220 58   as defra moves towards evidence-based development of policy, there is a need to integrate inf 
s towards evidence-based development of policy, there is a need to integrate information across 
der to determine the impact that future policy decisions may have on the ability of uk agricult 
decisions may have on the ability of uk agriculture to meet the biodiversity targets being set  
e ability of uk agriculture to meet the biodiversity targets being set by the government. in 20 
2005, the surplus report suggested that ecosystem scale modelling might be a potential approach 
surplus report suggested that ecosystem scale modelling might be a potential approach that coul 
s report suggested that ecosystem scale modelling might be a potential approach that could be u 
 approach that could be used to aid the development of policy by predicting the impacts of poli 
could be used to aid the development of policy by predicting the impacts of policy decisions on 
development of policy by predicting the impacts of policy decisions on land-use and biodiversit 
 of policy by predicting the impacts of policy decisions on land-use and biodiversity, amongst  
ting the impacts of policy decisions on land-use and biodiversity, amongst a wide range of soci 
cts of policy decisions on land-use and biodiversity, amongst a wide range of social and econom 
 clarification of the needs of specific stakeholders. the research prioirites group recommended 
e done to enable the prediction, at the ecosystem level, of the impacts of changes in farming s 
diction, at the ecosystem level, of the impacts of changes in farming systems and land manageme 
pacts of changes in farming systems and land management on biodiversity. the aim of this desk s 
 farming systems and land management on biodiversity. the aim of this desk study is to determin 
determine whether it is feasible to use ecosystem scale modelling to answer policy questions an 
whether it is feasible to use ecosystem scale modelling to answer policy questions and to predi 
r it is feasible to use ecosystem scale modelling to answer policy questions and to predict the 
use ecosystem scale modelling to answer policy questions and to predict the impact that future  
s and to predict the impact that future policy directions may have on land-use, and its consequ 
at future policy directions may have on land-use, and its consequent impact on biodiversity tar 
 land-use, and its consequent impact on biodiversity targets. the desk study will take changes  
s an example and will determine typical policy questions that need to be answered, biodiversity 
icy questions that need to be answered, biodiversity targets that must be met in the future and 
 that must be met in the future and the scale at which the models will need to operate. an expe 
and indicate criteria against which the ecosystem scale modelling approaches will be judged. si 
te criteria against which the ecosystem scale modelling approaches will be judged. since change 
teria against which the ecosystem scale modelling approaches will be judged. since changes in f 
d. since changes in farming systems and land management are likely to alter patterns of vegetat 
agement are likely to alter patterns of vegetation within the landcape, the project team will n 
m will need to identify features of the environment which have the greatest impact on biodivers 
nment which have the greatest impact on biodiversity and farmland bird populations. by understa 
 bird populations. by understanding how vegetation pattern and land-use affect biodiversity, it 
nderstanding how vegetation pattern and land-use affect biodiversity, it will be possible to as 
 vegetation pattern and land-use affect biodiversity, it will be possible to assess and evaluat 
be possible to assess and evaluate both ecosystem scale models and land management models for t 
e to assess and evaluate both ecosystem scale models and land management models for their abili 
valuate both ecosystem scale models and land management models for their ability to predict bio 
ent models for their ability to predict biodiversity changes. the models wil be critically revi 
 strengths and weaknesses of particular ecosystem scale modelling approaches will be determined 
 and weaknesses of particular ecosystem scale modelling approaches will be determined. the pote 
eaknesses of particular ecosystem scale modelling approaches will be determined. the potential  
across the range of scales at which the ecosystem scale models are required to operate will als 
 range of scales at which the ecosystem scale models are required to operate will also be evalu 
riorities for future research to enable ecosystem scale modelling to be used to develop future  
for future research to enable ecosystem scale modelling to be used to develop future policy in  
ture research to enable ecosystem scale modelling to be used to develop future policy in relati 
 modelling to be used to develop future policy in relation to biodiversity targets, particularl 
to develop future policy in relation to biodiversity targets, particularly farmland bird popula 
proaches are appropriate for predicting ecosystem impacts of changes to farming systems and lan 
re appropriate for predicting ecosystem impacts of changes to farming systems and land manageme 
pacts of changes to farming systems and land management in relation to policy development.  
tems and land management in relation to policy development.  
d land management in relation to policy development.  
15230 7                                     the management of rabbit populations , it is still unclear  
s still unclear what the most effective management techniques are. for example, previous studie 
 peninsular. this paper aims to make an assessment of management techniques currently applied,  
his paper aims to make an assessment of management techniques currently applied, and seeks to i 
terest. we aim to design more effective management techniques, that recognize the associated co 
ociated costs and benefits, and provide policy makers with scientific advice to design effectiv 
h scientific advice to design effective management policies.  
10336 15  the indian ocean were not protected by coral reefs. these reefs act as sea defences and can ab 
s and can absorb as much as 68% of wave energy on a low tide and up to 77% on a high tide. in t 
tal protection but also in promotion of tourism. not surprisingly there is now concern about ho 
 over of boulder corals and evidence of sediment covering coral surfaces. to accurately measure 
 information about the condition of the coral reefs before the tsunami waves hit the reefs. we  
hit the reefs. we have worked at phuket marine biological center in thailand for over 26 years  
haracteristics, such as coral cover and diversity, on selected reefs over this time. on some re 
erview of potential damage and the time-scale for recovery of reefs over a wide area. in additi 
potential damage and the time-scale for recovery of reefs over a wide area. in addition we plan 
easuring physical variables such as sea temperature and light levels which were destroyed. thes 
l for improved interpretation of global climate change effects on coral reefs e.g bleaching or  
ion of global climate change effects on coral reefs e.g bleaching or loss of coral colour / a s 
g bleaching or loss of coral colour / a stress response of corals due to the combined effects o 
als due to the combined effects of high water temperature and sunlight .  
e to the combined effects of high water temperature and sunlight .  
14822 6 ifferent life histories, and to provide conservation managers with a tool capable to manage suc 
valuate the performance of the existing protected areas networks in the iberian peninsula to co 
s costs incurred on the acquisition and management of areas for conservation. to achieve these  
acquisition and management of areas for conservation. to achieve these ends, data on vertebrate 
 analyze the performance of the iberian protected area network, and identify priority areas for 
etwork, and identify priority areas for conservation with the goal of species persistence and c 
12444 9 ved sahfos continuous plankton recorder fish larval samples from uk shelf seas from 1948 to the 
esent day and explore changes in larval abundance, distribution, timing and size in relation to 
nd explore changes in larval abundance, distribution, timing and size in relation to environmen 
ibution, timing and size in relation to environment, plankton and adult fish. evaluate how diff 
tion to environment, plankton and adult fish. evaluate how different species of fish have respo 
fish. evaluate how different species of fish have responded to past environmental changes at th 
r understanding and take account of the impacts of environmental change on commercial fish stoc 
ding and take account of the impacts of environmental change on commercial fish stocks. the pro 
s of environmental change on commercial fish stocks. the project will also maximise utilisation 
13768 14                                         habitat loss is a great threat to biodiversity. still m 
      habitat loss is a great threat to biodiversity. still much work remains to quantify the e 
work remains to quantify the effects of fragmentation. the main aim of this post-doctoral proje 
will evaluate its response to different scenarios of climate change. t. opacus will be surveyed 
 its response to different scenarios of climate change. t. opacus will be surveyed on hollow oa 
urveyed on hollow oaks in landscapes in sweden and in central europe. the population size and d 
 in landscapes in sweden and in central europe. the population size and dispersal capacity will 
central europe. the population size and dispersal capacity will be estimated from field data. i 
ise a spatially explicit metapopulation model based on presence/absence data for this species,  
ulations in oak landscapes with varying density and quality of hollow oaks. i will also evaluat 
l also evaluate its response to varying scenarios of restoration and re-introductions, and diff 
te its response to varying scenarios of restoration and re-introductions, and different scenari 
ion and re-introductions, and different scenarios of climate change.  
troductions, and different scenarios of climate change.  
10358 10                    major losses in crop productivity occur as a result of pest attack. these ca 
can be alleviated by the application of pesticides, the introduction of biocontrol agents, or b 
tion of pesticides, the introduction of biocontrol agents, or by artificially inducing the plan 
y artificially inducing the plant s own resistance mechanisms. this project will explore the co 
tial of a novel method of inducing pest resistance using a natural plant product that would neg 
t that would negate the need for use of pesticides or other biocontrol agents. current data ind 
the need for use of pesticides or other biocontrol agents. current data indicate this method pr 
 method provides robust and medium-term resistance in a particular plant-pest interaction in a  
cally important pests, to determine the scale, life-span and applicability of the technology, a 
rent feeding strategies to those of the model for which we currently have data.  
12771 2                                       a pesticides safety directorate report concluded that ant 
the humaneness of these rodenticides. a review of the literature on analgesics has identified m 
12574 1 p . this work is jointly managed by the biodiversity programme bristol team.  
12325 3 ly labelled as ‘easy access’ in defras ‘conservation walks and rides’ website. the survey work  
y discrimination act . in addition, the evaluation will include recommended criteria to be used 
etailed site information for use in the conservation walks and rides website to enable potentia 
13373 4 -morphologic, molecular and biochemical traits and markers. for this reason, totally 3500 popul 
 were lost due to severe winterkill and drought and 2525 of these material were identified by u 
identified by using 21 agro-morphologic traits during the last three years. turkish barley germ 
out performing barley lines in terms of yield and basic feed and malt quality parameters compar 
14597 13  recent years, the research progress on restoration ecology are remarkable. however, three majo 
the factors involved, and the long-term evaluation. the general goals of this project are to ev 
ns and technological improvement on the introduced species response. from that evaluation, simp 
 introduced species response. from that evaluation, simple environmental indicators of restorat 
m that evaluation, simple environmental indicators of restoration potential will be selected an 
ion, simple environmental indicators of restoration potential will be selected and the environm 
ical approach lies on the comprehensive evaluation of 66 experimental plots, already establishe 
 of previous research projects, and the evaluation of a number of restoration actions developed 
ects, and the evaluation of a number of restoration actions developed by the forest administrat 
of restoration actions developed by the forest administration, which includes ancient and recen 
a pilot demonstration project to combat desertification. the proposal focusses on mediterranean 
sertification. the proposal focusses on mediterranean areas characterised by water scarcity  
on mediterranean areas characterised by water scarcity  
12326 6  stewardship scheme, following the agri-environment access review in 2002. this evaluation cont 
, following the agri-environment access review in 2002. this evaluation contract will examine,  
environment access review in 2002. this evaluation contract will examine, from a sample of arou 
 that it is meeting their expectations. evaluation objectives 1determine the effectiveness of d 
 4examine how educational access within agri-environment schemes relates to wider provision of  
 england and include a ‘value for money assessment.  
7513 2 ces of association. for each index, the behavior of two types of markers is analyzed as a funct 
f two types of markers is analyzed as a function of the physical distance between markers. the  
7561 3 vironments with significant genetic and functional diversity, preserving this diversity in the  
d functional diversity, preserving this diversity in the medium and long term, can be a determi 
 of preservation of bacterial consortia soil extracts on different characteristic parameters of 
14586 4 ational programmes, a detailed study of soil-plants-hydromorphy interactions is proposed which  
ith the identification of biomarkers of pollution in areas with high biodiversity. the research 
markers of pollution in areas with high biodiversity. the research will be developed in two sal 
n to flooding and the presence of plant rhizosphere. based on the results obtained, recommendat 
13807 18                                 in this ph.d. project, different strategies to preserve ancient 
pecies confined to old oaks are used as model species. snapshot field data will be used to para 
e used to parameterise a metapopulation model considering the age of each local habitat patch.  
model considering the age of each local habitat patch. by repeated surveys at a per tree level, 
l be tested. moreover, a metapopulation model will be parameterised based on information about  
arameterised based on information about habitat history and current occurrence patterns. that i 
ible because oaks have been surveyed in sweden in 1749 and later. a bayesian approach will be u 
metapopulation models. a metapopulation model will be combined with a habitat model at a landsc 
opulation model will be combined with a habitat model at a landscape level. the models will be  
n model will be combined with a habitat model at a landscape level. the models will be used to  
l be combined with a habitat model at a landscape level. the models will be used to predict the 
 the models will be used to predict the extinction risks of lichens given different conservatio 
used to predict the extinction risks of lichens given different conservation scenarios. in part 
nction risks of lichens given different conservation scenarios. in particular, the effect of th 
of lichens given different conservation scenarios. in particular, the effect of the spatial dis 
n particular, the effect of the spatial distribution of conservation efforts will be analysed.  
e effect of the spatial distribution of conservation efforts will be analysed. the project will 
cies associated with a naturally patchy habitat where each patch has a limited life-time.  
7415 10                                     the intensification of farming methods profoundly changed t 
anged the functioning of european agro- ecosystems, causing significant erosion of all biodiver 
n agro- ecosystems, causing significant erosion of all biodiversity compartments hosted by thes 
ems, causing significant erosion of all biodiversity compartments hosted by these environments. 
. the decline of many species of common birds found across europe is part of this process. one  
ny species of common birds found across europe is part of this process. one of the supposed par 
ar mechanisms imply an increase in bird mortality as a result of reduced food supplies during t 
ood supplies during the winter when the birds should cover important energy needs. even though  
r when the birds should cover important energy needs. even though numerous studies have demonst 
n of the 4th action programme under the water framework directive  
12627 19 .introduction a total of 98 out of 2666 soil cores taken for countryside survey in 2007 that: ‘ 
r countryside survey in 2007 that: ‘the soil ph data show an increase over time in the frequenc 
ntryside survey in 2007 that: ‘the soil ph data show an increase over time in the frequency of  
 increase over time in the frequency of ph values in excess of ph 8.5. in 2007 approximately tw 
the frequency of ph values in excess of ph 8.5. in 2007 approximately two thirds of the 54 plot 
imately two thirds of the 54 plots with ph > 8.5 were in the arable broad habitat, with values  
 with ph > 8.5 were in the arable broad habitat, with values approaching ph 9 in some plots. so 
 broad habitat, with values approaching ph 9 in some plots. soil ph values in excess of 8.3 ind 
 values approaching ph 9 in some plots. soil ph values in excess of 8.3 indicate that calcium c 
es approaching ph 9 in some plots. soil ph values in excess of 8.3 indicate that calcium carbon 
ate solubility is no longer controlling soil ph and there is an influence from sodium salts acc 
olubility is no longer controlling soil ph and there is an influence from sodium salts accumula 
e from sodium salts accumulating in the soil. two of the sample points with the highest ph valu 
o of the sample points with the highest ph values are very close to the coast and are mapped as 
to the coast and are mapped as littoral sediment or supra-littoral sediment broad habitats wher 
 as littoral sediment or supra-littoral sediment broad habitats where sodium will be abundant.  
, there may be abundant sodium in these soils. the remaining sites are further west in oxfordsh 
in oxfordshire and may be influenced by irrigation which can lead to sodium accumulation in the 
 can lead to sodium accumulation in the soil’  
1961 21 nal heat sources to maintain their body temperature, which therefore follows more or less the a 
refore follows more or less the ambient temperature. as a consequence, all biochemical processe 
 ectotherms body are speeded up by high temperature and retarded by low temperature. the non-di 
by high temperature and retarded by low temperature. the non-diapause temperature response of i 
ed by low temperature. the non-diapause temperature response of insects is usually described by 
he non-diapause temperature response of insects is usually described by two parameters, thresho 
is usually described by two parameters, threshold temperature and thermal constant. the latter  
 described by two parameters, threshold temperature and thermal constant. the latter parameter  
rmal time relative to physical time. in insects, there is a large degree of inter-species varia 
 novel hypothesis, which holds that the energy equivalent of a temperature change is not only u 
h holds that the energy equivalent of a temperature change is not only used to fuel the kinetic 
ge is not only used to fuel the kinetic energy of physiological reactants, but also to induce e 
iological reactants, but also to induce energy-requiring conformational changes in the cell. it 
partition the energetic equivalent of a temperature change in different ways over conformationa 
 over conformational change and kinetic energy. in this study we want to test this hypothesis b 
xperimental selection studies using the model species orchesella cincta. strong directional sel 
al constant is expected to increase the threshold temperature and at the same time to increase  
t is expected to increase the threshold temperature and at the same time to increase the alloca 
same time to increase the allocation to energy-requiring conformational change. genes different 
itioning behaviour. given the universal nature of the thermal time hypothesis, our model has a  
ure of the thermal time hypothesis, our model has a very wide applicability.  
15079 9                     large area accurate mapping of evapotranspiration, water budget components  
         large area accurate mapping of evapotranspiration, water budget components of soil lay 
accurate mapping of evapotranspiration, water budget components of soil layer and water stress  
anspiration, water budget components of soil layer and water stress of land surface vegetation  
ter budget components of soil layer and water stress of land surface vegetation cover, at high  
dget components of soil layer and water stress of land surface vegetation cover, at high spatia 
 layer and water stress of land surface vegetation cover, at high spatial and temporal resoluti 
 spatial and temporal resolution . this model will be improved by introducing the advances obta 
roducts that can directly form an input stream into an advanced spatial web application.  
13716 16 e dramatic declines of swedish farmland birds, reflecting european trends, have been attributed 
uropean trends, have been attributed to agricultural intensification resulting in loss of ecolo 
ication resulting in loss of ecological heterogeneity at multiple scales. agri-environment sche 
gical heterogeneity at multiple scales. agri-environment schemes are used to reduce agricultura 
ral intensity and/or restore ecological heterogeneity to benefit farmland biodiversity. however 
gical heterogeneity to benefit farmland biodiversity. however, there is a lack of rigorous scie 
 there is a lack of rigorous scientific evaluation of their effectiveness in preserving biodive 
on of their effectiveness in preserving biodiversity. in particular, there is little understand 
anding on how to optimize the effect of agri-environment schemes on the preservation of biodive 
ironment schemes on the preservation of biodiversity in different types of agricultural landsca 
n of biodiversity in different types of agricultural landscapes, e.g. intensively farmed plains 
farmed plains and landscapes with mixed agriculture. the aim of this project is to: propose cos 
 to: propose cost-efficient ways to use agri-environment schemes to restore biodiversity of far 
use agri-environment schemes to restore biodiversity of farmland birds in sweden  
mes to restore biodiversity of farmland birds in sweden  
store biodiversity of farmland birds in sweden  
2537 14  to test alternative hypotheses for the evolution and maintenance of natural competence for tra 
as well as cannibalism and martyrdom in bacteria. these two processes are fascinating strategie 
re fascinating strategies for bacterial adaptation and survival. an increased understanding of  
ad to new clues as how to deal with the evolution and spread of pathogenic and antibiotic resis 
 of pathogenic and antibiotic resistant bacteria. horizontal gene transfer and incorporation of 
on of dna from other organisms, enables bacteria to sample the entire prokaryotic, archeal and  
s to play a prominent role in bacterial evolution by providing bacteria with a source of geneti 
ole in bacterial evolution by providing bacteria with a source of genetic variation required fo 
genetic variation required for adaptive evolution as well as genes needed for habitat- and nich 
e evolution as well as genes needed for habitat- and niche- expansion. not so clear is how this 
 experimentally that competence induced growth arrest can provide a selective advantage during  
ther hypothesis for the maintenance and evolution of competence and transformation; the dna rep 
r hypotheses. we also want to study the population dynamics of bacterial cannibalism recently d 
 and potentially has evolved as an anti invasion strategy rather than an elaborate and potentia 
15140 3 onica subsect. pentasepalae benth. as a model case. the representatives of this polyploid linea 
problematic. additionally, the parallel evolution of many morphological characters and the cons 
cterize them and will explore character evolution in order to detect homoplasies. a taxonomic r 
14817 2  this project is to obtain a consistent phylogeny of the genus campanula using molecular marker 
 as its relation with the biogeographic distribution.  
7048 6          new caledonia is one of the 34 biodiversity hotspots defined by conservation internati 
the 34 biodiversity hotspots defined by conservation international where fossil records are ava 
es and thus verification of the type of endemism. we will investigate the patterns and processe 
atterns and processes of speciation and genetic diversity within and among these endemics, for  
nd among these endemics, for evaluating biodiversity and compiling conservation strategies for  
r evaluating biodiversity and compiling conservation strategies for the new caledonian diospyro 
14918 27                                  circum-mediterranean river courses comprise one of the richest 
comprise one of the richest and endemic freshwater fish fauna, being the family cyprinidae one  
e of the richest and endemic freshwater fish fauna, being the family cyprinidae one of the main 
g the family cyprinidae one of the main freshwater fish group inhabiting these water systems. c 
y cyprinidae one of the main freshwater fish group inhabiting these water systems. cyprinids ar 
 freshwater fish group inhabiting these water systems. cyprinids are strict freshwater organism 
ese water systems. cyprinids are strict freshwater organisms and their dispersion is limited to 
isms and their dispersion is limited to freshwater and continental routes. therefore, these spe 
iogeographical hypothesis. in addition, freshwater fish communities have recently experienced a 
cal hypothesis. in addition, freshwater fish communities have recently experienced a strong mod 
trong modification caused by changes in agriculture practices, which now require higher amounts 
es, which now require higher amounts of water, pesticides and fertilizers. for all these reason 
ch now require higher amounts of water, pesticides and fertilizers. for all these reasons cypri 
s an ideal group to carry on studies on evolution, biogeography and conservation. in this proje 
group to carry on studies on evolution, biogeography and conservation. in this project we attem 
 studies on evolution, biogeography and conservation. in this project we attempt to construct t 
 attempt to construct the most complete phylogeny of the cyprinids species inhabiting the circu 
cyprinids species inhabiting the circum-mediterranean area, the atlantic europe, and some speci 
circum-mediterranean area, the atlantic europe, and some species across tropical africa, and as 
urope, and some species across tropical africa, and asia. we will use different molecular marke 
lecular markers to address the complete phylogeny of cyprinids, and to elucidate their evolutio 
evolutionary history. once the cyprinid phylogeny will be established, we will test main biogeo 
al hypothesis focusing on the lago mare dispersal theory during the messinian period. we will e 
iables that might have affected current distribution of cyprinid species distribution in order  
urrent distribution of cyprinid species distribution in order to infer their significance in th 
e historical configuration of cyprinids distribution. we will study some alternative speciation 
ill define the most important areas for conservation based on current and past distributions co 
10383 1                                         ants .  
15162 13 lignisation processes, no comprehensive model bringing together the evolution, basic and infect 
mprehensive model bringing together the evolution, basic and infection biology and epidemiology 
ovided thus far. our knowledge about pv evolution is rather scarce. the pi of this proposal has 
rocess possibly followed by host-linked evolution, together with zoonotic events and with evide 
cellular specialisations related to the evolution of the modern mammalian skin. our previous re 
rn mammalian skin. our previous results stress the concept that different viruses are different 
sures that have driven the differential evolution of the pves, their differential interaction w 
 with zoological gardens in germany and spain, with cetacean research groups in united kingdom  
n research groups in united kingdom and peru, and with small mammal research groups in spain. a 
nd with small mammal research groups in spain. after the first three years it is our aim to hav 
 will generate global hypotheses on the distribution and evolution of these viruses, related to 
obal hypotheses on the distribution and evolution of these viruses, related to their hosts. the 
hosts. the broadening of the number and diversity of the pvs to be empirically studied will sur 
11620 2 rtance to our understanding both of the evolution of life-histories to investigate the factors  
effects of variation in ageing rates on population dynamics.  
15449 5                                     the evolution of signals used in sexual selection is one of 
he most studied aspects in evolutionary ecology. however, most research has focused on signals  
fferent sensory channels the effects of predation and parasitization risk on the evolution of s 
effects of predation and parasitization risk on the evolution of sexual signals, and the behavi 
redation and parasitization risk on the evolution of sexual signals, and the behavioral mechani 
15158 6            angiosperms exhibit enormous diversity in the colour of their flowers, apparent both 
pecies and within the same species. the evolution and maintenance of such flower colour polymor 
t is believed this variability reflects adaptation through pollinators, there is increasing evi 
variability reflects adaptation through pollinators, there is increasing evidence that other fa 
out the importance of selection through pollinators as opposed to other factors in the evolutio 
tors as opposed to other factors in the evolution of flower colour.  
13752 13 he project is to discover mechanisms of growth rate regulation in ivertebrates. this will be do 
patterns in biochemical composition and growth rate responses of terrestrial and aquatic herbiv 
anisms, and the importance of these for nutrient limitation of secondary growth. these factors  
se for nutrient limitation of secondary growth. these factors affect the transfer of matter and 
ctors affect the transfer of matter and energy in food webs which is a fundamental ecological p 
ct the transfer of matter and energy in food webs which is a fundamental ecological process. th 
s a fundamental ecological process. the efficiency and regulation of these transfers has conseq 
sequences for individual and population growth rates of consumer species, community composition 
ation growth rates of consumer species, community composition, energy mobilisation and biogeoch 
onsumer species, community composition, energy mobilisation and biogeochemical cycles in food w 
bilisation and biogeochemical cycles in food webs, as well as broad-scale processes such as glo 
l cycles in food webs, as well as broad-scale processes such as global carbon cycles.  
as broad-scale processes such as global carbon cycles.  
1965 1 ng among-races variation in morphology, life history, feeding and oviposition preference and wi 
15352 4 ow and selective preasure on phenotypic traits. within the genus anacyclus, there is a species  
 as analysis of quantitative phenotypic traits in a wide and representative sampling in pure an 
opulations of both species, all western mediterranean species, and all species in the genus, wi 
of fecundation, flower visitors, achene dispersal, and germination success in both a. clavatus  
6815 3 ts and methods of evolutionary biology, ecology, biomathematics and mathematical systems theory 
volutionary game theory is evolutionary stability that is based on the darwinian principle of n 
ily of classical mathematical models of density-dependent interaction of populations. a major o 
7581 6  limit introgression between varieties. erosion of diversity"adaptive"could be at work in the s 
ogression between varieties. erosion of diversity"adaptive"could be at work in the studied agro 
ms. the effective demonstration of this erosion is through the identification of molecular poly 
hisms responsible for the architectural diversity of domestic and wild mils via genetic associa 
sequilibrium. this research involve the development of snp markers in the region containing the 
s analysis of different varieties cycle management methods and selective processes that result. 
14116 1 jor groups of biofouling and calcifying marine organism. the mineral composition of serpulid tu 
15073 9  3 perspectives, cytogenetic, molecular phylogeny and genomic, to the evolution of one of the g 
molecular phylogeny and genomic, to the evolution of one of the groups of insects that fulfils  
o the evolution of one of the groups of insects that fulfils a great number of requirements to  
number of requirements to be considered model test organisms. among them is its peculiar geneti 
lit of the gondwana continent, its high species richness . firstly we shall analyze the differe 
on. secondly, a species level molecular phylogeny will be constructed for two genera representi 
esenting two radiations in the south of africa and madagascar that will allow to address the ta 
eral questions of evolutionary biology, taxonomy and phylogenetic relationships in one of the g 
c relationships in one of the groups of insects with higher speciation rates.  
9803 4 rising, but little empirical study. the marine cleaning symbiosis, in which cleaner fish inspec 
le empirical study. the marine cleaning symbiosis, in which cleaner fish inspect client reef fi 
ne cleaning symbiosis, in which cleaner fish inspect client reef fish for parasites, but may ch 
 which cleaner fish inspect client reef fish for parasites, but may cheat by biting client tiss 
10266 6                    many interactions in nature are antagonistic because darwinian natural selec 
eration exist: from sterile soldiers in ants that do not reproduce and only work for the colony 
meerkats that give the alarm in case of predators approaching. altruists pay a cost for helping 
t altruists are usually family members: ants and other social insects for example help their si 
y family members: ants and other social insects for example help their sisters by helping the n 
actory, because there are many cases of symbiosis and cooperation in which individuals are not  
1103 24      the climatic change induced by the global warming is expected to modify the agricultural a 
 sectors. in this context, an efficient management of the water resources is considered very im 
context, an efficient management of the water resources is considered very important for italy  
uthern areas characterized by a typical mediterranean climate in order to improve the economica 
haracterized by a typical mediterranean climate in order to improve the economical and environm 
mprove the economical and environmental sustainability of the agricultural activity. climate wa 
inability of the agricultural activity. climate warming could have a substantial impact on some 
y of the agricultural activity. climate warming could have a substantial impact on some agronom 
 the rotations, the sowing time and the irrigation scheduling. for a particular zone, the impac 
ivity will depend also on the continuum soil-plant-climate and this continuum has to be include 
depend also on the continuum soil-plant-climate and this continuum has to be included in the an 
r forecast for several decades at daily scale comparing two method of downscaling. within the w 
in the wp3, several researches at field scale will be carried out to investigate for the optimi 
l be carried out to investigate for the optimization of several irrigation variables using wate 
stigate for the optimization of several irrigation variables using water resources of different 
n of several irrigation variables using water resources of different salinity and quality. an o 
bles using water resources of different salinity and quality. an other important issue of this  
terize the simulation models about crop growth and photosynthesis translocation, soil water flu 
simulation models about crop growth and photosynthesis translocation, soil water fluxes and sol 
rowth and photosynthesis translocation, soil water fluxes and solute transport. with the conclu 
 and photosynthesis translocation, soil water fluxes and solute transport. with the conclusive  
ll be effectuated at field and regional scale by using numerical models for simulating crops an 
te the effects that the future climatic scenarios will have on crop yields and to individuate t 
nomical strategy to optimize the use of water resources.  
13978 14                         with increasing habitat fragmentation and isolation, the cost for an in 
butterflies originating from contunuous forest landscapes and fragmented agricultural landscape 
unuous forest landscapes and fragmented agricultural landscapes will be reared in the lab and t 
be released in the wild to studiy their dispersal behaviour. i will track released butterflies  
sed butterflies when moving through the landscape matrix and when approaching habitat and analy 
e landscape matrix and when approaching habitat and analyse flight velocity, turning angles and 
es and perceptual range with respect to landscape of origin. i will also use artificial habitat 
e of origin. i will also use artificial habitat silhouettes to test whether butterflies from th 
o test whether butterflies from the two landscape types differ in the cues they use to locate h 
s differ in the cues they use to locate habitat. the outcome of my experiment will be used to c 
 will be used to construct a predictive model of butterfly movement behaviour in response to la 
erfly movement behaviour in response to landscape structure. this model may provide information 
n response to landscape structure. this model may provide information on both population persis 
ntial of range expansion in response to climate change.  
10477 1 of food or protection of offspring from predators. however high investment in one area provides 
7364 3                          exploration of diversity to meet new requirements or new demands: the  
hanging environmental and anthropogenic stress on the genetic structure of populations of two s 
tep, we relate to those genetic data on habitat and on the demographics of the two species  
14776 9  flower form is widely considered as an adaptation to increase interactions with the most effic 
se interactions with the most efficient pollinators, and is expressed both at the microevolutio 
 of elucidating the factors driving its evolution. to describe flower shape and understand its  
escribe flower shape and understand its evolution we propose using geometric morphometrics, an  
es. first, we will explore the adaptive function of flower shape by quantifying the selective r 
pe by quantifying the selective role of pollinators, and determine the spatial variation in sel 
mine the spatial variation in selective scenarios provoked by a concomitant change in pollinato 
ios provoked by a concomitant change in pollinator fauna. second, we will explore the effect of 
 will explore the effect of a change in pollinator fauna and the potential for selective diverg 
11868 11  his theory of sexual selection, or the competition for mates. subsequent interest in sexually  
bsequent interest in sexually dimorphic traits showed that males who bear exaggerated features  
red to be a major force responsible for biodiversity. for these trait changes to occur, however 
 strong force responsible for molecular evolution. however, evidence that sexual selection also 
e role of sexual selection in molecular evolution by a combined approach of experimental evolut 
 by a combined approach of experimental evolution of fruit flies, in which sexual selection is  
t. we can thus connect these phenotypic biodiversity changes that were predicted as a consequen 
g genetic changes associated with these traits. this work will provide decisive evidence for ho 
urn how it may generate the spectacular diversity of phenotypic traits associated with variatio 
the spectacular diversity of phenotypic traits associated with variation in mating systems. thu 
standing of one of the major drivers of biological diversity.  
11872 11  his theory of sexual selection, or the competition for mates. subsequent interest in sexually  
bsequent interest in sexually dimorphic traits showed that males who bear exaggerated features  
red to be a major force responsible for biodiversity. for these trait changes to occur, however 
 strong force responsible for molecular evolution. however, evidence that sexual selection also 
e role of sexual selection in molecular evolution by a combined approach of experimental evolut 
 by a combined approach of experimental evolution of fruit flies, in which sexual selection is  
t. we can thus connect these phenotypic biodiversity changes that were predicted as a consequen 
g genetic changes associated with these traits. this work will provide decisive evidence for ho 
urn how it may generate the spectacular diversity of phenotypic traits associated with variatio 
the spectacular diversity of phenotypic traits associated with variation in mating systems. thu 
standing of one of the major drivers of biological diversity.  
11873 11  his theory of sexual selection, or the competition for mates. subsequent interest in sexually  
bsequent interest in sexually dimorphic traits showed that males who bear exaggerated features  
red to be a major force responsible for biodiversity. for these trait changes to occur, however 
 strong force responsible for molecular evolution. however, evidence that sexual selection also 
e role of sexual selection in molecular evolution by a combined approach of experimental evolut 
 by a combined approach of experimental evolution of fruit flies, in which sexual selection is  
t. we can thus connect these phenotypic biodiversity changes that were predicted as a consequen 
g genetic changes associated with these traits. this work will provide decisive evidence for ho 
urn how it may generate the spectacular diversity of phenotypic traits associated with variatio 
the spectacular diversity of phenotypic traits associated with variation in mating systems. thu 
standing of one of the major drivers of biological diversity.  
7491 1                                     the invasion of new territories by new species is the subje 
14488 12  interaction between adult and juvenile mortality, health state and the predisposition to inves 
riation of clutch size of insectivorous birds at different scales. this project continues with  
oup. reproductive costs are the base of life history evolution, and more specifically of the ev 
tive costs are the base of life history evolution, and more specifically of the evolution of fe 
evolution, and more specifically of the evolution of fecundity, and the main cost could be the  
ost could be the impact of reproductive function on the defensive capacity against infections a 
pulation level in several insectivorous birds in a climate change scenario in the mediterranean 
vel in several insectivorous birds in a climate change scenario in the mediterranean area. all  
rds in a climate change scenario in the mediterranean area. all these objectives will be tackle 
ecies in different woodlands in central spain, valencia and chile. our main objectives are the  
on the effect of food availability in a climate change scenario. 4. determine the geographic an 
 on the determination of clutch size in birds.  
1960 2 s available to study these processes in nature, and a lack of integration of theory with data f 
tative genetic analysis and theoretical modelling. using a hybrid zone between collared and pie 
10737 4 . however, a blood meal is a very harsh environment to be mating in, as blood is rapidly coolin 
cies of malaria parasite maintian their species identity. a greater understanding of how and wh 
undamental insights into the process of adaptation, as well as having valuable practical applic 
n areas ranging from medical science to conservation. given the medical and economic importance 
2122 5 sts that s. lacrymans provides a unique model system to study evolutionary processes and life h 
tem to study evolutionary processes and life history traits in basidiomycetes, including the ma 
evolutionary processes and life history traits in basidiomycetes, including the mating and vege 
ieve that the fungus is a very suitable model organism that can be used to accumulate new knowl 
ample of living culture isolates of the model organism. it has been hypothesized that both the  
10178 9 he adaptive significance of melanism in insects. recent research has focussed on the strong cor 
any insect species between melanism and resistance to parasites and pathogens. here, we propose 
etic correlations between melanism and: disease resistance. this approach to examining the adap 
relations between melanism and: disease resistance. this approach to examining the adaptive sig 
y facilitate further examination of the disease resistance hypothesis for the evolution of mela 
tate further examination of the disease resistance hypothesis for the evolution of melanism, bu 
e disease resistance hypothesis for the evolution of melanism, but will also allow us to examin 
us to examine the costs of melanism and disease resistance.  
amine the costs of melanism and disease resistance.  
11652 9 he adaptive significance of melanism in insects. recent research has focussed on the strong cor 
any insect species between melanism and resistance to parasites and pathogens. here, we propose 
etic correlations between melanism and: disease resistance. this approach to examining the adap 
relations between melanism and: disease resistance. this approach to examining the adaptive sig 
y facilitate further examination of the disease resistance hypothesis for the evolution of mela 
tate further examination of the disease resistance hypothesis for the evolution of melanism, bu 
e disease resistance hypothesis for the evolution of melanism, but will also allow us to examin 
us to examine the costs of melanism and disease resistance.  
amine the costs of melanism and disease resistance.  
15170 8                          the origin and evolution of specialized pollination systems constitute 
the origin and evolution of specialized pollination systems constitutes a major paradigm in pla 
s constitutes a major paradigm in plant ecology. among specialized pollination interactions, nu 
igm in plant ecology. among specialized pollination interactions, nursery pollination systems a 
lized pollination interactions, nursery pollination systems as selective agents of flower trait 
n systems as selective agents of flower traits. finally, from a methodological point of view, w 
to develop more detailed studies on the evolution of flower scent traits.  
tudies on the evolution of flower scent traits.  
11072 18 predicting how parasites adapt to their environment is becoming increasingly important. for exa 
important. for example, changes to: the climate, composition of host-parasite-vector communitie 
f host-parasite-vector communities, and habitat, are implicated in the emergence of new infecti 
emergence of new infectious diseases of wildlife, crop species, livestock, and humans. more bro 
ous diseases of wildlife, crop species, livestock, and humans. more broadly, the in-host enviro 
, and humans. more broadly, the in-host environment experienced by parasites also varies rapidl 
 parasites cope with a variable in-host environment is central to understanding disease and inf 
environment is central to understanding disease and infectiousness, as well as providing a fram 
ing a framework for predicting parasite evolution in response to other changes in their ecology 
n in response to other changes in their ecology. we will use evolutionary theory to ask fundame 
 in evolutionary biology and infectious disease research: how do reproductive parasites in the  
haped by the variation in their in-host environment that they encounter during infections. most 
 but evolutionary theory predicts these traits are simultaneously optimised - therefore they ne 
xplaining variation in the life-history traits exhibited by individuals is a major aim in evolu 
to understand how parasite life-history traits shape within-infection dynamics and contribute t 
long-term responses to changes in their ecology: such as how habitat change, host shifts, or co 
o changes in their ecology: such as how habitat change, host shifts, or control measures influe 
ontrol measures influence the spread of disease.  
10801 10 nstable. thus, a key aim in behavioural ecology is to understand how parent-offspring communica 
ion models: honest signalling, scramble competition and cost-free models of begging. honest sig 
odels suggest that parents benefit from monitoring costly offspring begging displays because su 
ion of resources. by contrast, scramble competition models, suggest that costly offspring beggi 
offspring begging is a form of scramble competition among siblings, and that resource allocatio 
rtant unresolved problem in behavioural ecology. the models make very similar predictions conce 
led by offspring as assumed by scramble competition models of begging. the second aim is to tes 
sumed by honest signalling and scramble competition models of begging or whether begging is cos 
inguish between existing models for the evolution of parent-offspring communication. this proje 
 contribute to our understanding of the evolution of parent-offspring communication and the res 
10306 4 cause of the threat posed to species by climate change. species have evolved by natural selecti 
 causing a reduction in numbers or even extinction. natural selection is a phenomenon that acts 
-effective monitor of the health of the marine environment. as such it is vital to understand t 
ive monitor of the health of the marine environment. as such it is vital to understand the pote 
10849 3 es. plants need to secure resources for growth and successful reproduction that will culminate  
 seeds. anything that acts to limit the growth of a plant can be seen as a bad thing as it will 
. they too need to secure resources for growth, which are ultimately directed toward successful 
10590 1 zygotic stage, and is mediated by sperm competition. post-mating, post-zygotic isolation will b 
10401 3 tegrate both approaches to describe the evolution of reproductive mode in this powerful researc 
etter understand the conditions for the evolution and maintenance of androdioecy and, more gene 
ndrodioecy and, more generally, for the evolution of separate sexes versus hermaphroditism, wit 
10989 2 sexes. further, it aims at studying the evolution of dimorphism by creating a novel dimorphism  
g to a phenomenon that is ubiquitous in nature and give insights in the molecular processes tha 
433 21 nal rain fed cultivation contributes to food security. in sahel, important human and climatic c 
ted area have doubled in 25 years. this evolution has important socio-economic impacts on culti 
 evolution has important socio-economic impacts on cultivation methods. in this study, we perfo 
 study, we performed an analysis of the evolution of diversity of these two major crops in nige 
rformed an analysis of the evolution of diversity of these two major crops in niger: pearl mill 
mpling performed in 2003 to analyze the evolution of the distribution of varieties, their morph 
in 2003 to analyze the evolution of the distribution of varieties, their morphological and phen 
s, their morphological and phenological evolution and finally their genetic diversity evolution 
henological evolution and finally their genetic diversity evolution. we also collected data on  
ion and finally their genetic diversity evolution. we also collected data on environmental chan 
al and environmental changes impact the diversity of pearl millet and sorghum. the main results 
n results of our study are 1 a relative stability in the distribution of traditional local vari 
study are 1 a relative stability in the distribution of traditional local varieties; 2 a signif 
features which seems linked to climatic adaptation of varieties; 3 a slight evolution of allele 
tic adaptation of varieties; 3 a slight evolution of allele frequencies but no difference in ge 
allele frequencies but no difference in genetic diversity between the 1976 and 2003 samples. th 
samples. these results suggest a strong resilience of traditional landrace diversity to climati 
rong resilience of traditional landrace diversity to climatic and human changes. this diversity 
ity to climatic and human changes. this diversity resilience is paradoxically associated with a 
matic and human changes. this diversity resilience is paradoxically associated with a significa 
nvironmental data to assess the role of climate change in this case.  
11032 6 ait but it has had a huge effect on the evolution of the earth s climate. at one time, south am 
 effect on the evolution of the earth s climate. at one time, south america and antarctica were 
 32 million years ago, cold, deep ocean water was able to circle the globe around antarctica, f 
rations and the earth s orbital cycles. modelling the opening of this gateway and assessing its 
gia could have blocked the flow of deep water until long after glaciation had started, so suppo 
nelled through drake passage. in a 2001 nature paper with colleagues from the british antarctic 
15366 3 ormation of body asymmetries during the development of a group of metazoa, the lophotrochozoa.  
scribe their expression patterns during development and to determine their interactions and reg 
organisms, as well as their role during development. we will use three species of gastropod mol 
14867 6  aspects of the genetic architecture of adaptation and speciation using drosophila as a model s 
on and speciation using drosophila as a model system. first, we try to understand the underlyin 
so changes according to latitude. since temperature is the obvious environmental factor that ch 
rstand these introgressive processes in invasive species and its putative role in speciation. e 
ii and d. koepferae support an additive model with threshold. however, these results do not all 
oepferae support an additive model with threshold. however, these results do not allow rejectin 
14729 2 sms in the genus rumex, to be used as a model case study of these processes in plants. specific 
e hand, to analyze the features and the evolution of the sex chromosomes in the different speci 
15312 1 ome groups of western palaearctic lotic water beetles preliminary data suggest that the widespr 
15476 12         over the past 100 years, earths climate has become warmer and precipitation regimes hav 
s, earths climate has become warmer and precipitation regimes have changed. can we predict the  
etween the distributions of species and climate. however, models are based on some problematic  
 variable as to compromise the simplest assessment of whether species distributions should be e 
t or expand for any given scenario. can uncertainty from bioclimate models be reduced to foreca 
ic reconstructions and ecological niche modelling. the main objectives of this proposal are: 1- 
ount for the evolutive potential in the assessment of the effect of climate change based on eco 
tial in the assessment of the effect of climate change based on ecological niche modelling. a l 
limate change based on ecological niche modelling. a large-scale experimental setup is proposed 
 on ecological niche modelling. a large-scale experimental setup is proposed using a group of s 
a molecular clock will be applied. this phylogeny will be used to study the phylogenetic signal 
, taking into account the speed at with global warming is happening.  
13323 26 major disciplines - genomics, genetics, ecology and evolution - for understanding, monitoring a 
lines - genomics, genetics, ecology and evolution - for understanding, monitoring and predictin 
logy and evolution - for understanding, monitoring and predicting genetic diversity, ecosystems 
nderstanding, monitoring and predicting genetic diversity, ecosystems structures, dynamics and  
oring and predicting genetic diversity, ecosystems structures, dynamics and processes.this stra 
jor interacting elements of terrestrial ecosystems: trees, phytophagous insects and mycorrhizal 
estrial ecosystems: trees, phytophagous insects and mycorrhizal fungi. the functional role of t 
s, phytophagous insects and mycorrhizal fungi. the functional role of trees as drivers of biodi 
 functional role of trees as drivers of biodiversity will be deciphered by investigating their  
iphered by investigating their adaptive diversity, their structuring role on diversity of assoc 
ve diversity, their structuring role on diversity of associated species and their own evolution 
nce, and contribute to the emergence of ecosystem genomics. the genomic activities will be cond 
e and associated species, starting with model species.evoltree will setup the necessary experim 
 and made accessible by developing data mining procedures for the analysis of geographic and te 
the analysis of geographic and temporal distribution of genetic diversity. evoltree will spread 
geographic and temporal distribution of genetic diversity. evoltree will spread its knowledge a 
expertise for the purpose of education, biodiversity monitoring, and conservation. the network  
 the purpose of education, biodiversity monitoring, and conservation. the network will develop  
education, biodiversity monitoring, and conservation. the network will develop training capacit 
itate mobility opportunities throughout europe. a dynamic communication strategy will dissemina 
sseminate its results to the scientific community, end users and public.evoltree will greatly c 
nd international efforts for preserving biodiversity, in particular, the resolutions initiated  
ated by the pan-european biological and landscape diversity strategy initiative and adopted by  
e pan-european biological and landscape diversity strategy initiative and adopted by the minist 
ministerial conference on protection of forests in europe.  
 conference on protection of forests in europe.  
7716 17 most organisms on earth, allowing major ecosystem services and play a fundamental role in the c 
role in the creation and maintenance of biological diversity. mutualistic symbioses have been i 
 is the likely product of intracellular symbiosis between archaea and an alpha- proteobacteria. 
n archaea and an alpha- proteobacteria. mutualism a huge diversity have emerged and évolués- ma 
alpha- proteobacteria. mutualism a huge diversity have emerged and évolués- many forms of symbi 
ot constituting a critical component of ecosystem functioning and the maintenance of soil ferti 
stem functioning and the maintenance of soil fertility, our work should lead to be taken into a 
aken into account in the legislation on soil protection, research in agronomy and plant breedin 
nomy and plant breeding, especially for sustainable agriculture. our work includes internationa 
boratories working with a laboratory in the netherlands, one in germany and two in the united s 
 systerra including the axis ecological intensification of production systems sub- axis ' desig 
 the axis ecological intensification of production systems sub- axis ' design steering the ecol 
systems sub- axis ' design steering the ecological functions of soil ' and also the sub- axis d 
gn steering the ecological functions of soil ' and also the sub- axis draw new precision agricu 
d also the sub- axis draw new precision agriculture technologies contributing to ecologically i 
 contributing to ecologically intensive management of agricultural production  
ly intensive management of agricultural production  
14999 3 ons that surround hybrid speciation and evolution, including trophic specialisation, female and 
ely outcome, unless parental and hybrid habitat tolerance are relaxed. ultimately, we want to s 
l, almost unavoidable phenomenon in the evolution of this group of beetles, definitely of great 
14740 9                            subterranean ecosystems represent perfect natural laboratories for t 
lutionary transition to the underground habitat in populations of cave animals, testing hypothe 
ng hypotheses on the timing and mode of evolution of subterranean lineages using molecular data 
logenetic- phylogeographic patterns and genetic diversity estimates using mitochondrial and nuc 
w and/or dispersion across the hypogean environment, between the epigean and hypogean populatio 
re general aspects of basic and applied biodiversity research, i. e. speciation and adaptation  
iversity research, i. e. speciation and adaptation processes, neutral and selective evolution,  
tation processes, neutral and selective evolution, establishment of significant units of biolog 
ment of significant units of biological conservation and intrinsic causes of species threat.  
2064 11  have mainly focused on introduction of exotic species. however, introductions across smaller g 
er regions of the species' geographical distribution are probably more common, particularly for 
icularly for the commercially important freshwater fishes. the project will study the effect of 
troducing atlantic salmon into parts of rivers with brown trout as the only fish species. the p 
 of rivers with brown trout as the only fish species. the project will study effects of the int 
ading effects on other organisms in the ecosystem, exemplified by the freshwater pearl mussel - 
ms in the ecosystem, exemplified by the freshwater pearl mussel - a species that depend on the  
at studying morphological variation and habitat use of brown trout in populations living in all 
ry and in sympatry with salmon. for the freshwater pearl mussel the field study will explore th 
cific populations in different parts of rivers. in the lab the project will experimentally stud 
d absence of salmon, and to what extent freshwater pearl mussels from different populations wit 
15146 2 he study of genomic resulting data. the gis will be used to study the large-scale ecological an 
the gis will be used to study the large-scale ecological and evolutionary causes of seed dorman 
15293 15 onary processes in chronically polluted soils, and contributes to the foundation of the paradig 
es to the foundation of the paradigm of soil ecosystem health and its impairment by chemical po 
 the foundation of the paradigm of soil ecosystem health and its impairment by chemical polluta 
utants. the effects and consequences of stress exposure on life history strategies and quantita 
 and consequences of stress exposure on life history strategies and quantitative genetic variat 
d populations remain poorly understood. ecotoxicology provides consistent laboratory results re 
 field populations subjected to chronic pollution. acclimation or adaptation to long exposures  
ed to chronic pollution. acclimation or adaptation to long exposures affect the application of  
ay/bio analytic approach since critical threshold values may result modified. from a darwinian  
 modified. from a darwinian perspective evolution is a slow process that results in adaptation  
ution is a slow process that results in adaptation and substantial change. the present view is  
antial change. the present view is that evolution can be fast enough to be observable. interest 
 empirical studies documenting adaptive evolution are essentially circumscribed to the conseque 
hose organisms adapted to metal chronic pollution that survive after being eventually subjected 
eventually subjected to to non-chemical stress.  
14134 5 c delimitation and understanding of the diversity and evolution of the studied taxa. despite th 
 and understanding of the diversity and evolution of the studied taxa. despite the fact that th 
re quite different . • to determine the distribution of different genotypes of some usnea and l 
c variation are probably the centres of distribution and diversification; that makes these area 
uable for both evolutionary studies and nature conservation.  
2025 2 how species are formed birth, death and dispersal/migration of individuals. this framework will 
s are formed birth, death and dispersal/migration of individuals. this framework will be shaped 
10090 2 e. recent theory suggests that resource competition will over-ride genetic benefits, but this t 
 extreme polyembryony and soldier caste production, allows these influences to be experimentall 
11358 6  linking genetic structure and adaptive evolution is well developed, empirical data that tests  
been made predominantly for the case of resistance evolution of pathogens to human-made drugs.  
redominantly for the case of resistance evolution of pathogens to human-made drugs. nevertheles 
n grouse moors in the uk has led to the evolution of resistance in t. tenuis. thus, my research 
s in the uk has led to the evolution of resistance in t. tenuis. thus, my research will provide 
 between genetic structure and adaptive evolution empirically.  
10730 8  lack a mechanism, other than numerical competition. by contrast, reproductive biologists and c 
nd sophisticated design of experimental evolution with my previous experience in ecology, behav 
volution with my previous experience in ecology, behaviour, physiology and evolution will put m 
e in ecology, behaviour, physiology and evolution will put me in a unique position to test the  
organismal level. bed bugs are an ideal model organism with which to address this hypothesis. u 
enetic constraints of sperm age-related traits, and subsequently test these estimates quantitat 
on lines. the importance of bed bugs as model organisms for sexual conflict and their re-emerge 
ergence as human pests under an altered environment guarantee a wide and cross-discipline appli 
7003 2 posed project aims at testing a general model an the potential causes for acoustic differentati 
gnificance of the tested factors in the evolution of this species' geographic differentiation a 
10016 9 ribute to the origin and maintenance of biodiversity. the diversity of recent species is not eq 
in and maintenance of biodiversity. the diversity of recent species is not equally distributed  
ccounts for a large part of the world s diversity and a number of relatively small areas with h 
atively small areas with high levels of endemism are populated by unusually large numbers of sp 
usually large numbers of species. these biodiversity hotspots comprise important systems for in 
 to document, explain, and conserve the diversity of life we observe today. the southeast asian 
e today. the southeast asian peat swamp forests predictive ecological modelling and community a 
eat swamp forests predictive ecological modelling and community assembly.  
sts predictive ecological modelling and community assembly.  
10470 15 nisms with large genomes are at greater risk of extinction, are less adaptable to living in pol 
th large genomes are at greater risk of extinction, are less adaptable to living in polluted so 
re less adaptable to living in polluted soils, and are less able to tolerate extreme environmen 
ecological consequences which shape the distribution and persistence of biodiversity. in fact a 
ape the distribution and persistence of biodiversity. in fact an analysis of many thousands of  
so that we could discover in detail the nature and occurrence of genic and non-genic dna. this  
 from around the world. to minimise the scale of the task, plants with small genomes, like the  
s, this fascinating view of the dynamic nature of plant genomic dna is flawed because we only u 
a sequencing. is this picture of genome evolution true for organisms with large genomes to addr 
e the herculean task of determining the nature and evolution of so much dna in fritillaria. for 
lean task of determining the nature and evolution of so much dna in fritillaria. fortunately a  
at enables us to get a handle on genome evolution in organisms with giant genomes. these method 
genome enlargement happened suddenly in evolution, or slowly over time. thus our study will pro 
r time. thus our study will provide the community with fundamental knowledge of the processes o 
the processes occurring in plant genome evolution.  
11415 15 nisms with large genomes are at greater risk of extinction, are less adaptable to living in pol 
th large genomes are at greater risk of extinction, are less adaptable to living in polluted so 
re less adaptable to living in polluted soils, and are less able to tolerate extreme environmen 
ecological consequences which shape the distribution and persistence of biodiversity. in fact a 
ape the distribution and persistence of biodiversity. in fact an analysis of many thousands of  
so that we could discover in detail the nature and occurrence of genic and non-genic dna. this  
 from around the world. to minimise the scale of the task, plants with small genomes, like the  
s, this fascinating view of the dynamic nature of plant genomic dna is flawed because we only u 
a sequencing. is this picture of genome evolution true for organisms with large genomes to addr 
e the herculean task of determining the nature and evolution of so much dna in fritillaria. for 
lean task of determining the nature and evolution of so much dna in fritillaria. fortunately a  
at enables us to get a handle on genome evolution in organisms with giant genomes. these method 
genome enlargement happened suddenly in evolution, or slowly over time. thus our study will pro 
r time. thus our study will provide the community with fundamental knowledge of the processes o 
the processes occurring in plant genome evolution.  
10472 7 ects and interactions of interbreeding, migration and local adaptation in the genetic structure 
s of interbreeding, migration and local adaptation in the genetic structure of young population 
number of propagules, and under several migration regimes will be subject to a number of popula 
e. the results will be relevant for the management of biodiversity in the context of climate ch 
 will be relevant for the management of biodiversity in the context of climate change and human 
ement of biodiversity in the context of climate change and human impacts.  
ty in the context of climate change and human impacts.  
10204 1 yses in two years to check for temporal stability of the patterns we observe and will use the t 
9884 1 yses in two years to check for temporal stability of the patterns we observe and will use the t 
10038 5 wild population, using parental care in birds as our model system. parental care in birds is a  
on, using parental care in birds as our model system. parental care in birds is a good framewor 
s as our model system. parental care in birds is a good framework for this type of test because 
framework for this type of test because birds provide many of the classic examples in sexual se 
 we gather, we will build a theoretical model that seeks to explain why different individuals d 
14605 3 s the study of different aspects of the ecology of the reproductive behaviour of a group of ins 
he reproductive behaviour of a group of insects with very diversified strategies. the goals are 
n different aspects of the evolutionary ecology of these animals.  
10119 4 ic co2 emissions. as a consequence, the ph and carbonate supersaturation of the ocean is changi 
geological record of the last 300 myrs. marine carbonate producers, such as corals, coccoliths, 
 the changes in foraminiferal carbonate production during the last 100 myrs and constrain the e 
e of foraminiferal calcification on the recovery of the ocean from elevated co2 levels.  
9834 1 aleoecological relationships of the top predators of the late pleistocene: the giant felids .  
7376 2 ce where the evolutionary forces behind biodiversity must be exercised in vascular phytobactéri 
exercised in vascular phytobactériose r model. solanacearum. we propose to explore these phenom 
14651 9                                  in the mediterranean basin, evergreen-sclerophyllous sprouters 
en-sclerophyllous sprouters share a pre-mediterranean to establish the relationship between a p 
ic analysis will be complemented by the assessment of genetic and phenotypic variation both in  
exual expression, spatial structure and recruitment patterns. hopefully, the results of this pr 
 light on the current conception of the mediterranean flora heterogeneity within the frame of t 
t conception of the mediterranean flora heterogeneity within the frame of the global change, an 
a heterogeneity within the frame of the global change, and thus, on the conservation strategies 
 of the global change, and thus, on the conservation strategies and ecological restoration prot 
hus, on the conservation strategies and ecological restoration protocols.  
2495 8 st regime of moose to represent a large-scale population manipulation experiment, which can be  
al differences in temporal variation of genetic diversity of norwegian moose can be related to  
ctive population size. in a fluctuating environment, environmental and demographic stochasticit 
isher suggested for analysis of genetic evolution that individuals should be weighted by their  
sate for deviations from the stable age distribution. here we will apply a new statistical meth 
n on two important quantitative fitness-traits in moose, date of birth and calf body mass, at t 
 the evolutionary dynamics of these two traits, using the dynamics of the reproductive value. t 
 from different parts of norway in this model to explore how different patterns in age-specific 
15201 14              madagascar is an excellent model region for the study of patterns of species diver 
solation, geological and climatological heterogeneity, hiperdiverse endemic radiations, and the 
use the five endemic frog radiations as model to understand general patterns of diversification 
pecies locality data to investigate the spatial pattern of amphibian diversity. these integrati 
tigate the spatial pattern of amphibian diversity. these integrative analyses will allow testin 
 mechanisms better explain the observed biodiversity patterns. in addition to these questions,  
e major problems on the systematics and taxonomy of malagasy amphibians. the proposed objective 
oject are: 1. resolve the species-level phylogeny for all five frog radiations of madagascar ba 
cal and bioacoustic data to clarify the taxonomy and systematics on these groups. 3. generate a 
nd compare with traditional measures of species richness and endemism. 5. test available hypoth 
tional measures of species richness and endemism. 5. test available hypotheses on the historica 
 available hypotheses on the historical biogeography and spatial patterns of species diversity, 
al biogeography and spatial patterns of species diversity, by integrating lineage age, phylogen 
netic, climatic, geological and species distribution data.  
14709 2 elective locus related to the amount of oxygen in the environment. with the aim of clarifiying  
 related to the amount of oxygen in the environment. with the aim of clarifiying the evolutiona 
13502 8                             the current global warming induces selection on natural populations 
s. a very pertinent question concerning biodiversity is then how well populations will adapt, o 
 adapt, or if they will dwindle down to extinction. this is part of a more general question, na 
 i will to test this in the lab using a model organism, the bean weavil, which is very well-stu 
ell-studied with regard to life-history traits and basic genetic parameters. i will simulate a  
l also study the importance of genotype-environment interactions by experiments. this kind of l 
on between individual organisms and the environment is rare in the literature, but reflect a mu 
rtance for the prediction of effects of climate change.  
10388 13 its concomitant effect on intraspecific biodiversity. this is a critical gap in our knowledge a 
s is a critical gap in our knowledge as biodiversity plays a key role in population persistence 
population persistence and thus affects ecosystem function. to address this issue, we propose a 
e propose an experimental approach on a model marine protist since this taxon is fast-growing,  
ose an experimental approach on a model marine protist since this taxon is fast-growing, ecolog 
widespread and easy to culture, and its growth rate is affected by ph conditions, although the  
ure, and its growth rate is affected by ph conditions, although the specific physiological resp 
iverse selection experiment at a single ph with replicate populations founded with different le 
iment determines whether the outcome of competition between strains varies with population dive 
 between strains varies with population diversity, and whether the response to selection is str 
veal not simply the immediate impact of ocean acidification but the potential consequences of t 
tial consequences of this well accepted climate-change pressure on the evolution of life in the 
accepted climate-change pressure on the evolution of life in the oceans, and thus the adaptabil 
6817 2 ave to be answered in the actual social environment. 2. our judgments and evaluations regarding 
r adaptive problems in the evolutionary environment. those features are considered highly attra 
15257 6  continental and insular regions of the mediterranean basin. the phylogenetic relationships amo 
ese studies have addressed the distinct colonization strategies of the different insular popula 
he different lineages during the island colonization process. to achieve this goal, three main  
ry change in ecological and behavioural traits that are particularly relevant to colonization s 
raits that are particularly relevant to colonization success and persistence of insular lineage 
chanisms and behaviours associated with predator defence and foraging strategies  
15258 7  continental and insular regions of the mediterranean basin. the phylogenetic position and evol 
genus and any work is oriented to study colonization strategies of different insular population 
dopted by different lineages during the colonization process. to do it, our proposal will work  
wing topics: a construction of a robust phylogeny and estimation of time of divergence of diffe 
wo groups of ecological and behavioural traits that are particularly relevant for the success o 
cularly relevant for the success of the colonization and the persistence of insular lineages: m 
viours related with the defence against predators and foraging strategies.  
15432 1                                 current classification of scleractinian corals is highly incong 
10273 17   there is great scientific interest in monitoring, understanding and predicting the ecological 
g demonstrated shifts in the geographic distribution of species, the stability of populations,  
geographic distribution of species, the stability of populations, and the timing of biological  
 have typically focussed on the current ecology of populations and have necessarily had to igno 
al for species to evolve in response to climate change. the overall aim of this study is to und 
an be expected to evolve in response to climate change. the study is based on a classic example 
ample of the ecological consequences of climate change, namely the association between global w 
 change, namely the association between global warming and the earlier onset of breeding activi 
tivity in a wild population of european birds. several recent studies have demonstrated this ea 
ected to evolve to cope with a changing climate. this project will overcome these shortfalls by 
imental field manipulations of breeding phenology with a long-term pedigree on a wild populatio 
ng the timing of breeding of individual birds we will estimate the rate at which the population 
e able to evolve in response to ongoing environmental change. this project tackles one of nerc  
edicting the ecological consequences of climate change. the project also investigates factors t 
igates factors that determine long-term resilience to environmental change, which are an import 
 that determine long-term resilience to environmental change, which are an important part of ne 
t of nerc s focus on the maintenance of biodiversity in complex natural systems.  
12069 7 alysis and forecasting of the impact of global change on biodiversity do not currently incorpor 
sting of the impact of global change on biodiversity do not currently incorporate the effect of 
es in species distributions mediated by climate change often rely on the assumption that specie 
imatic niches are conserved at the time scale at which the ecological modification occurs. yet, 
 the demographic response of species to global change. ideally such studies should help to iden 
pproaches, including different types of modelling, experimental evolution, comparative analyses 
ferent types of modelling, experimental evolution, comparative analyses and data collection in  
13422 5                               anatolian water buffalo has been the most important animal produc 
falo has been the most important animal production material in turkey for centuries for their m 
 in eastern anatolia. the activities on conservation, characterisation and sustainable utilizat 
nd sustainable utilization of anatolian water buffalo in-situ and ex-situ program have been car 
hese efforts include all aspects of the production, sustainable utilization and characterisatio 
13420 4                                 in-situ conservation project was started in 2005 in çanakkale p 
portant breeds of sheep famous for milk production. the activities on conservation, characteris 
 for milk production. the activities on conservation, characterisation and sustainable utilizat 
hese efforts include all aspects of the production, sustainable utilization and characterisatio 
13419 3                                 in-situ conservation project was started in 2005 in kırklareli  
own for meat quality. the activities on conservation, characterisation and sustainable utilizat 
hese efforts include all aspects of the production, sustainable utilization and characterisatio 
13417 7    the national and ongoing project of ‘conservation and sustainable utilization of farm animal 
has been conducted since 1995 under the management and coordination of general directorates of  
s of agricultural research. the ex-situ conservation flock for the sakız sheep breed was establ 
andırma sheep research station. in-situ conservation project was started in 2005 in izmir provi 
nt breeds of sheep famous for high milk production and prolificacy. the activities on conservat 
tion and prolificacy. the activities on conservation, characterisation and sustainable utilizat 
hese efforts include all aspects of the production, sustainable utilization and characterisatio 
13421 1 ace region in turkey. the activities on conservation, characterisation and sustainable utilizat 
13401 4 ion, characterization, reproduction and evaluation of some medicinal and aromatic plants which  
wering time, plant height, fresh herbal yield, drag herbal yield, drag leaf yield, harvesting t 
height, fresh herbal yield, drag herbal yield, drag leaf yield, harvesting time, essential oil  
bal yield, drag herbal yield, drag leaf yield, harvesting time, essential oil rate and componen 
13424 4                             the ex-situ conservation flock for the daglic sheep breed was estab 
 a fat tail sheep breed and most of its production characteristics are lower than other native  
breeds so that they are at the brink of extinction. it is believed to be beneficial for country 
ved to be beneficial for countrys sheep production that daglic breed that is well adapted to th 
13425 1                             the ex-situ conservation flock for the honamlı goat breed was estab 
6784 4 tional and ecological farming system on soil biological activity and yield. within the two farm 
 system on soil biological activity and yield. within the two farming system we are also going  
to study the effect of plant nutrition, crop rotation and soil amelioration and prove the authe 
t of plant nutrition, crop rotation and soil amelioration and prove the authenticity of them.  
6947 3 s project is a theriological survey and monitoring of the most characteristic grasslands of the 
d monitoring of the most characteristic grasslands of the pannon eco-region and comparing them  
m for the mammalian biology in hungary. development of this method for terrestrial small mammal 
6772 1                               plant and soil samples of heavy-metal load experiment in nagyhörc 
12767 20 industrial, recreational and commercial development is placing increasing pressures on protecte 
es and their habitats in the uk. when a development threatens an area containing a species that 
gal obligation to undertake appropriate mitigation measures to reduce the impact of the develop 
on measures to reduce the impact of the development on the species. under current guidelines, a 
es. under current guidelines, a typical mitigation involves pre- and post-development populatio 
pical mitigation involves pre- and post-development population and habitat assessments, habitat 
re- and post-development population and habitat assessments, habitat management and enhancement 
ent population and habitat assessments, habitat management and enhancement and actions that wil 
kelihood of animals being killed by the development activity ponds for which there are existing 
ned from a sample of sites subjected to mitigation prior to the 2001 guidelines: this will allo 
the 2001 guidelines: this will allow an assessment of the impact of the improved guidance. on a 
ct of the improved guidance. on a wider scale, modelling and mapping will be used to explore th 
he improved guidance. on a wider scale, modelling and mapping will be used to explore the likel 
idance. on a wider scale, modelling and mapping will be used to explore the likely affects of m 
e used to explore the likely affects of mitigation actions on favourable conservation status of 
cts of mitigation actions on favourable conservation status of great crested newts. different t 
great crested newts. different types of mitigation actions will be evaluated in relation to cur 
d in relation to current population and habitat status, and recommendations provided to refine  
 and recommendations provided to refine mitigation protocols and standardised population assess 
 their habitats come into conflict with development.  
11258 6 us, it has been recognised that all the extinction events of the past 300 million years coincid 
dying a unique example of the volcanism-extinction link from 260 million years ago when lavas a 
rupted into shallow seas in present-day china. the limestones that formed in these seas contain 
 fossils and evidence of a catastrophic extinction. by studying these chinese rocks it will be  
o study directly both the volcanism and extinction story in the same place. the work will be su 
rk will be supplemented with studies of carbon and sulphur isotopes from the limestones which w 
11391 6 us, it has been recognised that all the extinction events of the past 300 million years coincid 
dying a unique example of the volcanism-extinction link from 260 million years ago when lavas a 
rupted into shallow seas in present-day china. the limestones that formed in these seas contain 
 fossils and evidence of a catastrophic extinction. by studying these chinese rocks it will be  
o study directly both the volcanism and extinction story in the same place. the work will be su 
rk will be supplemented with studies of carbon and sulphur isotopes from the limestones which w 
10528 14 n explosion was a huge expansion in the diversity of earth s biosphere, witnessed, for the firs 
is critical for investigating the early development of animal body plans, particularly crustace 
 is of particular importance given that insects and therefore the majority of living animal div 
therefore the majority of living animal diversity arose within this group. orsten style fossil  
uch as antennae, mouth parts and micron-scale hairs in 3-dimensions before they could decay. so 
ges provide a window on the anatomy and evolution of early animals, especially ecdysozoan and a 
ls, especially ecdysozoan and arthropod evolution; why and how is the soft anatomy preserved; a 
 assemblages a snapshot of the original marine community or are they biased towards certain ani 
lages a snapshot of the original marine community or are they biased towards certain animal gro 
ertain animal groups; and what types of marine environments did these early animals occupy this 
ed on the shallow margins of an ancient marine basin that extended into wales. they yield age d 
ne basin that extended into wales. they yield age diagnostic trilobites that allow correlation  
 these data can be used to identify the marine setting of the orsten , what fossils are being p 
and their wider significance for animal evolution.  
470 9 done for the last 10,000 years bp . the riparian forest was well-developed all along the last 1 
the last 10,000 years bp . the riparian forest was well-developed all along the last 10000 year 
 along the last 10000 years. halophytic ecosystems developed recently. man activities significa 
activities significantly modified plant ecosystems in the rhône delta, favouring herb prolifera 
ion of some thermophilous elements, and invasive plants, the representation of which in the pre 
 being consistent with the elevation in temperature. some simulations are proposed for the fort 
phic strengthening of two thermophilous mediterranean species. it appears essential to moderate 
s. it appears essential to moderate the tourism growth as well as to reduce the economic use of 
pears essential to moderate the tourism growth as well as to reduce the economic use of lands,  
12763 3 sed project aims to further investigate urban badger behaviour and ecology in order to identify 
 investigate urban badger behaviour and ecology in order to identify more effective, humane, ac 
 sustainable solutions to problems that urban badgers cause.  
13859 3 ps overall goal of a global late blight model, and the nordic data will be an extreme test of t 
ical system. sub-goals include checking model performance using parameters developed within njk 
models, such as spatial spread within a gis framework. the final implementations of the differe 
15274 7 ng an annual pattern in secondary xylem growth, annual rings, provides information about the ag 
ge of the individual plants. since this growth can be related with calendar years, it is possib 
 and c isotopic ratio. the novel island scenarios created by juniperus sabina allows nemoral sp 
 may hide the existence of differential life history traits between the individuals living in t 
 existence of differential life history traits between the individuals living in the forest or  
s between the individuals living in the forest or the juniper patches. task 6.3 aims to identif 
 age-structure, age to maturity, radial growth rates, non-structural carbohydrate reserve level 
12141 11 egetation in context of the postglacial ecosystem dynamics in the eastern baltic is to obtain a 
hips among the indicated pattern of the vegetation changes and peculiarities of the palaeoenvir 
ime recorded on the regional and global scale will be assessed. investigations of the postglaci 
e formation and further dynamics of the vegetation cover, actual for the protection of the livi 
actual for the protection of the living environment and natural resources. should be pointed ou 
rotection of the living environment and natural resources. should be pointed out that top level 
vestigations describing the postglacial vegetation in the context of the environmental alterati 
ironmental alterations of the different scale are still quite few in the eastern baltic. during 
tarted to change: new refugee areas and migration pathways identified, new species recorded, ne 
ata a detailed, chronologically founded model describing the peculiarities of the vegetation pa 
del describing the peculiarities of the vegetation pattern in the context of the regional and g 
13766 8  ecologists agree that the shape of the dispersal curve is crucial for understanding e.g. meta- 
 is crucial for understanding e.g. meta-population dynamics, gene flow, species distributions,  
, gene flow, species distributions, and invasion of exotic species, this research field is seve 
 species distributions, and invasion of exotic species, this research field is severely hampere 
project aims to measure and empirically model the dispersal curve of a bryophyte species, exten 
ms to measure and empirically model the dispersal curve of a bryophyte species, extending the s 
source for which our knowledge of their dispersal ecology is especially poor.  
 which our knowledge of their dispersal ecology is especially poor.  
9811 5  individuals using dinoponera queenless ants as a model system. in queenless ants a colony is h 
ls using dinoponera queenless ants as a model system. in queenless ants a colony is headed by a 
ss ants as a model system. in queenless ants a colony is headed by a mated worker . conflict be 
lict in multiple gamergate species, and review the evidence for conflict and policing in queenl 
 for conflict and policing in queenless ants.  
7365 3                          exploration of diversity to meet new constraints or new objective dema 
onia legume symbiont in an experimental evolution approach by cultivating a population of indiv 
viduals in conditions favorable to this evolution, then analyze the genetic and genomic term co 
9868 5 udies of two closely related species of fish by the investigators have revealed evidence for an 
stigators have revealed evidence for an adaptation in stickleback learning, suggesting that the 
rs has evolved in species vulnerable to predation to allow them to forage safely. we plan a ser 
s of experiments on sticklebacks, using fish drawn from multiple natural populations, to assess 
earchers studying evolutionary biology, ecology and animal behaviour.  
11537 19 ationship between plant communities and hydrology in fynbos habitat in the cape of south africa 
ween plant communities and hydrology in fynbos habitat in the cape of south africa will be used 
ant communities and hydrology in fynbos habitat in the cape of south africa will be used in the 
rology in fynbos habitat in the cape of south africa will be used in the experiment to determin 
eriment to determine the effect of root competition on plant performance along the soil moistur 
petition on plant performance along the soil moisture gradient. if hypothesis a is correct, the 
 hypothesis a is correct, then seedling mortality ought to be greater in translocated monoliths 
onoliths than controls and the ultimate species composition of monoliths should be influenced b 
iths should be influenced by their post-fire location on the hydrological gradient. hypothesis  
ient. hypothesis b will be supported if competition treatments alter the effect of hydrology on 
petition treatments alter the effect of hydrology on distribution. results will be incorporated 
tments alter the effect of hydrology on distribution. results will be incorporated into a spati 
lts will be incorporated into a spatial model that will be used to determine whether the effect 
ent to generate the patterns of species distribution observed late in post-fire succession. the 
cies distribution observed late in post-fire succession. the sensitivity of the model outputs t 
distribution observed late in post-fire succession. the sensitivity of the model outputs to a r 
fire succession. the sensitivity of the model outputs to a range of patterns of seed dispersal  
model outputs to a range of patterns of seed dispersal and changes in hydrology will be tested. 
tterns of seed dispersal and changes in hydrology will be tested.  
11363 2 al interest to evolutionary biology and conservation biology alike, because environmental modif 
ses and the viability of populations of endangered species. recent pilot analyses that we have  
10188 6                                       a diversity of actinomycetes is readily isolated from and 
 secondary metabolic activity. however, marine isolates of streptomycetes, so far, fall in the  
tives. accordingly, the relationship of marine and terrestrial actinomycetes has evolutionary,  
iles of conserved genes, in response to marine stress , of marine and terrestrial isolates comp 
 conserved genes, in response to marine stress , of marine and terrestrial isolates compared.  
enes, in response to marine stress , of marine and terrestrial isolates compared.  
15401 3 remediation as a viable option to treat soil pollution by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons . th 
iation as a viable option to treat soil pollution by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons . the fin 
-users is considered through the active participation of a remediation company.  
11103 4 s, and therefore a good record of their evolution through time. finally, the separate parts of  
ime. finally, the separate parts of the sediment can be measured accurately, providing a record 
 the way these influence and respond to environmental change, such as warming climates.  
espond to environmental change, such as warming climates.  
11202 3 tion between individuals, infection and population dynamics and sperm competition. the first pa 
ction and population dynamics and sperm competition. the first part of the programme will be a  
art of the programme will be a critical assessment of the utility of different proteomics metho 
10511 2 henotypic and ecological consequence of soil pollution to be linked.  
ypic and ecological consequence of soil pollution to be linked.  
7531 5  the recent identification of symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria legumes. this project also aim 
tification of symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria legumes. this project also aims to conduct a p 
n of symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria legumes. this project also aims to conduct a pilot stud 
ial application areas are industry, the environment and food security  
areas are industry, the environment and food security  
7383 2 h will highlight discontinuities in the evolution of fungi  
ght discontinuities in the evolution of fungi  
7291 1 ny actors and constitute a reservoir of diversity that it is necessary to better explore for a  
10454 3 ssociated with archaea and thermophilic bacteria, are considerably more widespread and structur 
: 1 further evaluate the occurrence and diversity of ether lipids in non-extreme environments;  
ining prokaryotes and obtain sufficient biomass for lipid isolation, detailed characterisation  
11523 3 ssociated with archaea and thermophilic bacteria, are considerably more widespread and structur 
: 1 further evaluate the occurrence and diversity of ether lipids in non-extreme environments;  
ining prokaryotes and obtain sufficient biomass for lipid isolation, detailed characterisation  
6901 7 enomena are essentially multivariate in nature. to recover the hidden information, a specific g 
d in biology at individual, population, community and ecosystem levels. particular studies, how 
t individual, population, community and ecosystem levels. particular studies, however, may have 
evel studies based on molecular data to community level surveys utilizing functional attributes 
perience in data analysis and numerical ecology, and the necessary infrastructure is also guara 
 may receive applications especially in nature conservation and forestry. last but not least, t 
s especially in nature conservation and forestry. last but not least, two postdocs and two pred 
10203 38                                         methane is a potent greenhouse gas, second in importanc 
house gas, second in importance only to carbon dioxide. most methane is produced by microorgani 
importance only to carbon dioxide. most methane is produced by microorganisms and methane conce 
thane is produced by microorganisms and methane concentrations in the atmosphere had been incre 
 important to understand as atmospheric methane increases in the geological past have been link 
the geological past have been linked to global warming. global methane production in marine sed 
e been linked to global warming. global methane production in marine sediments is very signific 
inked to global warming. global methane production in marine sediments is very significant and  
l warming. global methane production in marine sediments is very significant and these sediment 
ontain the largest, global reservoir of methane. this includes huge stores of methane in an ice 
f methane. this includes huge stores of methane in an ice matrix called hydrates, which might b 
alled hydrates, which might be a future energy store, as well as being a sensitive trigger for  
 as being a sensitive trigger for rapid climate change. surprisingly, we know relatively little 
ns in ocean sediments that produce this methane, as only a few have been isolated and studied . 
rrently remove approximately 80% of all methane produced in sediments before it can enter the o 
her have major influence on the flux of methane from sediments. there are even suggestions that 
ere are even suggestions that anaerobic methane production and consumption may be due to the sa 
even suggestions that anaerobic methane production and consumption may be due to the same micro 
derstanding of the microbes controlling methane flux in marine sediments severely limits our ab 
he microbes controlling methane flux in marine sediments severely limits our ability to predict 
anges in the extremely important global methane cycle. we intend to significantly increase know 
ease knowledge of the controls on ocean methane flux, and the microorganisms driving this proce 
 driving this process, by investigating methane production in high-pressure systems. these syst 
 this process, by investigating methane production in high-pressure systems. these systems mimi 
h-pressure systems. these systems mimic sediment conditions, and within which both methane-prod 
iment conditions, and within which both methane-producing and methane-consuming microbial commu 
within which both methane-producing and methane-consuming microbial communities are active. we  
riments with microbial communities from marine gas hydrate sediments to determine their respons 
ediments to determine their response to temperature and pressure changes, the supply of compoun 
re changes, the supply of compounds for methane oxidation or production, and other factors cont 
y of compounds for methane oxidation or production, and other factors controlling methane conce 
oduction, and other factors controlling methane concentrations. from these experiments and a ra 
. from these experiments and a range of marine sediments we will isolate a number of methanogen 
f methanogens, many of which may be new marine types, as their presence has been indicated by d 
 being an important potential source of methane. we will identify the physiology and metabolism 
ne. we will identify the physiology and metabolism of these methanogens to significantly increa 
ificantly increase our knowledge of the biodiversity and function of this important group of mi 
e our knowledge of the biodiversity and function of this important group of microorganisms. thi 
2107 15 it is a well established fact that kelp forest are highly productive areas, with an annual prod 
highly productive areas, with an annual production about 10 times of what might be found in phy 
bout 10 times of what might be found in phytoplankton dominated waters. resent research have al 
ve also shown that kelp is an important carbon source for many animals in these areas. however, 
tly on the kelp plants which means that carbon from kelp mainly enters food webs through pom .  
ans that carbon from kelp mainly enters food webs through pom . this project focuses on exposur 
ysical factor in regulating primary and secondary production in a kelp forest on the norwegian  
mary and secondary production in a kelp forest on the norwegian west coast. it will look closer 
ast. it will look closer into different functional groups and compare food webs at three differ 
different functional groups and compare food webs at three different degrees of exposure. will  
ees of exposure. will there be a higher production of pom in exposed areas, and will the bacter 
 a crucial role in preventing bacterial growth in high energy sits where wounds and scars cause 
 in preventing bacterial growth in high energy sits where wounds and scars caused by the heavy  
common. increased knowledge of the kelp forest as an ecological system is important for a corre 
gical system is important for a correct management of this important coastal system.  
10547 24              many of the threats facing marine biodiversity, from climate change to overfishing 
      many of the threats facing marine biodiversity, from climate change to overfishing, occur 
hreats facing marine biodiversity, from climate change to overfishing, occur over very large ar 
rge areas, yet most of our knowledge of marine ecology is derived from rather small-scale studi 
as, yet most of our knowledge of marine ecology is derived from rather small-scale studies. to  
ne ecology is derived from rather small-scale studies. to address this mismatch, there is there 
erefore a pressing need to find ways to scale up local knowledge so that we can gain a better u 
 pressing need to find ways to scale up local knowledge so that we can gain a better understand 
 can gain a better understanding of how biodiversity is distributed at scales relevant to inter 
ted at scales relevant to international environmental policy. an important first step in this d 
 results of local surveys into regional biodiversity databases. for instance, data on the distr 
ty databases. for instance, data on the distribution of all kinds of organisms living in the se 
of all kinds of organisms living in the sediment at the bottom of the sea in different areas, t 
e know much more about terrestrial than marine biodiversity, some of the questions we can addre 
much more about terrestrial than marine biodiversity, some of the questions we can address with 
f the questions we can address with new marine databases have actually proved very difficult to 
rest to all ecologists working on large scale patterns of biodiversity. by establishing a colla 
ists working on large scale patterns of biodiversity. by establishing a collaboration between a 
t dominated by the study of terrestrial ecology and a leading marine institute, we will be in a 
dy of terrestrial ecology and a leading marine institute, we will be in an enviable position to 
e as possible. as well as extending the scale of marine biodiversity research, then, we hope al 
ible. as well as extending the scale of marine biodiversity research, then, we hope also to exp 
s well as extending the scale of marine biodiversity research, then, we hope also to expand the 
 we hope also to expand the horizons of marine and terrestrial ecologists.  
12196 13 s to develop and test reduced intensity grazing options for agricultural grassland that aim to  
ensity grazing options for agricultural grassland that aim to deliver substantial benefits for  
aim to deliver substantial benefits for biodiversity while minimising costs and complexity for  
biodiversity while minimising costs and complexity for farmers. grazing grassland less intensiv 
ising costs and complexity for farmers. grazing grassland less intensively should confer a rang 
sts and complexity for farmers. grazing grassland less intensively should confer a range of wid 
ing reduced fertilizer inputs, improved soil structure, reduced soil erosion and run-off, enhan 
nputs, improved soil structure, reduced soil erosion and run-off, enhanced pollinator services  
uced soil erosion and run-off, enhanced pollinator services and increased resilience of biodive 
anced pollinator services and increased resilience of biodiversity to climate change impacts.  
or services and increased resilience of biodiversity to climate change impacts.  
increased resilience of biodiversity to climate change impacts.  
ience of biodiversity to climate change impacts.  
12268 7                                     the environmental change network is to protect and improve  
e network is to protect and improve the environment, and to integrate the environment with othe 
e the environment, and to integrate the environment with other policies across government and i 
es on agricultural systems and farmland biodiversity. defra has funded adas at drayton in warwi 
rove the understanding of the causes of environmental change. there are currently 57 ecn sites, 
cated throughout the uk. most are fresh-water sites but drayton is important among the 12 terre 
sh midlands and the only lowland, mixed-agriculture farm. data collection will continue at dray 
12198 8                                         grassland is the predominant habitat in the agri-enviro 
           grassland is the predominant habitat in the agri-environment schemes associated with 
sland is the predominant habitat in the agri-environment schemes associated with entry level st 
wardship will enable a full, integrated assessment of the benefits of the different management  
ssment of the benefits of the different management prescriptions on biodiversity and ecosystem  
e different management prescriptions on biodiversity and ecosystem services over the life of an 
ement prescriptions on biodiversity and ecosystem services over the life of an els agreement. i 
to be placed in the recommendations and policy guidance emerging from the project.  
7301 6                                 allelic diversity at a single locus determines sex in hymenopte 
optera and can lead people goulotées in extinction vortex. . despite the importance of this sce 
ite the importance of this scenario for pollinator conservation and the introduction of parasit 
ortance of this scenario for pollinator conservation and the introduction of parasitoids, its r 
or conservation and the introduction of parasitoids, its relevance has not been assessed. our p 
combination of genetics, demography and behavior  
14228 33 nthropogenic influence and accompanying degradation, area loss and fragmentation of natural hab 
accompanying degradation, area loss and fragmentation of natural habitats are considered to be  
s are considered to be major threats to biodiversity. due to vast changes in landscape configur 
to biodiversity. due to vast changes in landscape configuration and environmental conditions, n 
and environmental conditions, number of habitat characteristic species are expected to go local 
ring of the geographical and ecological dispersal barriers opens a new window for a number of s 
lonize deteriorated habitats. thus, the extinction of habitat specialist species does not neces 
rated habitats. thus, the extinction of habitat specialist species does not necessarily mean de 
ssarily mean decrease in total observed diversity. however, due to slow dynamics of populations 
slow dynamics of populations or limited dispersal capacity and community resistance, both extin 
tions or limited dispersal capacity and community resistance, both extinction and colonization  
imited dispersal capacity and community resistance, both extinction and colonization can be del 
capacity and community resistance, both extinction and colonization can be delayed. extinction  
mmunity resistance, both extinction and colonization can be delayed. extinction debt and coloni 
nction and colonization can be delayed. extinction debt and colonization credit can occur simul 
ion can be delayed. extinction debt and colonization credit can occur simultaneously in altered 
 act upon different components of total biodiversity. we will use biodiversity partitioning bas 
ents of total biodiversity. we will use biodiversity partitioning based on historical species p 
n historical species pools to study the extinction and colonization patterns in altered grassla 
ecies pools to study the extinction and colonization patterns in altered grassland habitats. or 
on and colonization patterns in altered grassland habitats. original diversity consists of spec 
in altered grassland habitats. original diversity consists of species that have been part of hi 
been part of historical species pool of habitat. derived diversity consists of species that are 
orical species pool of habitat. derived diversity consists of species that are novel to communi 
y consists of species that are novel to community and do not belong to habitat-specific species 
novel to community and do not belong to habitat-specific species pool. we will explore the envi 
genic factors that increase the derived diversity and propel the extinction of original species 
se the derived diversity and propel the extinction of original species. we will study the effec 
s. we will study the effects of derived diversity to community properties and relate it with ch 
udy the effects of derived diversity to community properties and relate it with change in taxon 
axonomic, functional and phylogenetical diversity. our results will allow to estimate the state 
l allow to estimate the state of future biodiversity in altered ecosystems.  
state of future biodiversity in altered ecosystems.  
11384 27 tifying populations with high threat of extinction is important for deciding how we target cons 
is important for deciding how we target conservation effort for individual species and, because 
e those species have different roles in ecosystems, for predicting the ecosystem consequences o 
roles in ecosystems, for predicting the ecosystem consequences of species loss. the majority of 
redicting the ecosystem consequences of species loss. the majority of what is known about mecha 
ty of what is known about mechanisms of extinction focuses on species in isolation. for example 
arger bodied species can suffer greater extinction risk, due to lower reproductive rates slowin 
d species can suffer greater extinction risk, due to lower reproductive rates slowing recovery, 
due to lower reproductive rates slowing recovery, and also because they are less abundant. this 
bout what types of species are prone to extinction, and the underpinning ecological theory, has 
 been extremely important for designing classification schemes and predictors of species extinc 
ation schemes and predictors of species extinction risk, such as those used in the iucn red lis 
es and predictors of species extinction risk, such as those used in the iucn red list of threat 
s. many of these predictors reflect the vulnerability of individual species to effects of envir 
ity of individual species to effects of environmental change. such impacts can be direct: for e 
o effects of environmental change. such impacts can be direct: for example a small population i 
e a small population is more is at high risk of extinction through direct effects of environmen 
l population is more is at high risk of extinction through direct effects of environmental vari 
nd death rates. however, there are also indirect effects that result from the interactions betw 
y role in developing classifications of risk that are used by international agencies such as th 
wwf, iucn and cbd. their evidence based development of risk classification systems has previous 
bd. their evidence based development of risk classification systems has previously involved ref 
heir evidence based development of risk classification systems has previously involved referenc 
munities, under different environmental scenarios, over the course of several species extinctio 
nctions, to test whether an established classification system correctly identifies those experi 
ions reduce the predictive power of the classification system, and why poor performance might o 
inform us about the utility of existing risk classifications and how they may be improved.  
7042 2 h project p 13742 reconstructin miocene ecosystems with diaspores in austria david k. ferguson  
son 28.06.1999 during miocene times the evolution and uplift of the alpine orogenic belt create 
10958 9 d a severe impact on the biosphere. the recovery of geochemically pristine cretaceous sediments 
ion of oceanic change and its effect on marine biota. with this material, we want to study the  
ith this material, we want to study the evolution of planktonic foraminifera during early albia 
nd late albian/cenomanian oaeld. stable oxygen and carbon isotope analyses on individual specie 
ian/cenomanian oaeld. stable oxygen and carbon isotope analyses on individual species will prov 
l provide the data to reconstruct their habitat. we will count the faunas, to determine rates o 
count the faunas, to determine rates of evolution, and measure the isotopic composition of all  
 reconstruct the effects of oaes on the marine ecosystem.  
truct the effects of oaes on the marine ecosystem.  
14634 15                                    dune ecosystems offer an exceptional opportunity for the stu 
 restrictions like the access to ground water and nutrients and the different intensity of adve 
ons like the access to ground water and nutrients and the different intensity of adverse factor 
ng winds, summer high radiation or high soil surface temperature. the combination of these fact 
mer high radiation or high soil surface temperature. the combination of these factors strongly  
ow them to survive in such systems. the invasion of dune ecosystems by exotic species and their 
e in such systems. the invasion of dune ecosystems by exotic species and their incorporation to 
ems. the invasion of dune ecosystems by exotic species and their incorporation to the current e 
the study of the processes that control community assembly and the incorporation of foreign spe 
es, with the possibility of testing the competition/facilitation process in the obtaining of re 
 possibility of testing the competition/facilitation process in the obtaining of resources and  
onous and foreign plants exhibit common traits that allow them to be grouped similar defined fu 
ional types, and that they also develop competition/facilitation patterns that result in the su 
 and that they also develop competition/facilitation patterns that result in the success or fai 
d eventually differentiate the specific traits permiting to determine the invasive degree of a  
15455 1  is one of the main game species in all europe. the main value of the animal is the trophy, and 
14646 9             this project deals with the distribution and abundance of terrestrial birds within  
project deals with the distribution and abundance of terrestrial birds within the framework of  
stribution and abundance of terrestrial birds within the framework of biogeographical ecology a 
within the framework of biogeographical ecology and macroecology. our main goal is to analyse t 
ramework of biogeographical ecology and macroecology. our main goal is to analyse the determina 
als are related to the species-specific traits related to continental distribution patterns, ha 
-specific traits related to continental distribution patterns, habitat preferences, ecological  
d to continental distribution patterns, habitat preferences, ecological breadth and morphology, 
ture of bird communities in mature pine forests of the southwestern palearctic.  
14589 7 eir exploitation implies some degree of management including: fragmentation of populations, ext 
es some degree of management including: fragmentation of populations, extreme deviations of sex 
 rut. we have shown that these types of management are associated with losing genetic variation 
ies. these problems, widely extended in europe, are increasingly reaching the iberian deer subs 
 vulnerable category due to the serious risk of genetic alteration despite its numerical abunda 
enetic alteration despite its numerical abundance. it is of great importance to know the degree 
opulations, as well as the way in which management associated to hunting contributes to change  
14201 11                     treeless calcareous grasslands in northern europe . we analyse the effect o 
eless calcareous grasslands in northern europe . we analyse the effect of environmental conditi 
al conditions and impact of traditional management on the species richness, cover or compositio 
impact of traditional management on the species richness, cover or composition of lichens on es 
ecies richness, cover or composition of lichens on estonian alvars. we intend to relate the tot 
s. we intend to relate the total lichen species richness on alvars and species richness of lich 
l lichen species richness on alvars and species richness of lichens on particular substrate gro 
hness on alvars and species richness of lichens on particular substrate group to size and conne 
 particular substrate group to size and connectivity of alvars in the present and in the past t 
he present and in the past to reveal if richness of lichen species responds to the changes in t 
 species responds to the changes in the landscape.  
7548 11   the project aims to study the in situ management of corn ecotypes by comparing the diversity  
ement of corn ecotypes by comparing the diversity of the collection conducted in 1982 in a new  
 conducted in 1982 in a new collection. agroecosystem is studied creole garden, traditional sys 
ies conducted, maintaining an important genetic diversity. two contrasting situations will be s 
ntify evolutionary factors. analysis of diversity microsatellite markers will assess the evolut 
 microsatellite markers will assess the evolution of diversity. we can evaluate the product of  
te markers will assess the evolution of diversity. we can evaluate the product of what can be t 
 the product of what can be termed farm conservation and have elements to offer a combination o 
ments to offer a combination of ex situ conservation management and conservation"on the farm"  
r a combination of ex situ conservation management and conservation"on the farm"  
 of ex situ conservation management and conservation"on the farm"  
13597 17 ical research is which factors regulate community composition and diversity at the local scale. 
tors regulate community composition and diversity at the local scale. since bacteria are key dr 
 composition and diversity at the local scale. since bacteria are key drivers of ecosystem func 
and diversity at the local scale. since bacteria are key drivers of ecosystem function, it is o 
cale. since bacteria are key drivers of ecosystem function, it is of particular importance to f 
to focus on mechanisms regulating their community structure to be able to make predictions abou 
ocal and regional factors for bacterial community composition and assembly, the character and e 
bacterial communities and the effect of disturbance intensity and frequency on bacterial commun 
ce intensity and frequency on bacterial community composition. this project will therefore sign 
y advance our knowledge about bacterial biogeography, regulating factors of microbial diversity 
ial biogeography, regulating factors of microbial diversity, and microbial metacommunity ecolog 
s of microbial diversity, and microbial metacommunity ecology. it will also help us to understa 
 diversity, and microbial metacommunity ecology. it will also help us to understand to which de 
to understand to which degree bacterial community composition is predictable from the environme 
conditions and provide insight into the resistance and resilience of bacterial communities afte 
provide insight into the resistance and resilience of bacterial communities after a disturbance 
lience of bacterial communities after a disturbance event.  
14624 14 e study of the factors related with the distribution, abundance and production of fish in sever 
 factors related with the distribution, abundance and production of fish in several reservoirs  
ed with the distribution, abundance and production of fish in several reservoirs from the river 
stribution, abundance and production of fish in several reservoirs from the river guadalquivir  
. in the first one, will be studied the distribution, abundance and production of the fish spec 
 one, will be studied the distribution, abundance and production of the fish species in eleven  
studied the distribution, abundance and production of the fish species in eleven reservoirs of  
bution, abundance and production of the fish species in eleven reservoirs of different age, cap 
e analyzed the factors related with the distribution, abundance and production of the fish. thi 
 factors related with the distribution, abundance and production of the fish. this analysis wil 
ed with the distribution, abundance and production of the fish. this analysis will allow to ela 
bution, abundance and production of the fish. this analysis will allow to elaborate simple mode 
ill allow to elaborate simple models of fish dynamics in our dammed waters, as well as to test  
l as to test the utility of programs of fisheries management used in other countries.  
14746 26                                         biodiversity degradation is one of the most important a 
                           biodiversity degradation is one of the most important anthropogenic  
most important anthropogenic effects on ecosystems and, unfortunately, the amazon fish communit 
s on ecosystems and, unfortunately, the amazon fish community is not an exception. land erosion 
osystems and, unfortunately, the amazon fish community is not an exception. land erosion has mo 
ems and, unfortunately, the amazon fish community is not an exception. land erosion has modifie 
ish community is not an exception. land erosion has modified fish habitats and threatens specie 
an exception. land erosion has modified fish habitats and threatens species diversity. the rest 
as modified fish habitats and threatens species diversity. the restoration of degraded communit 
ts and threatens species diversity. the restoration of degraded communities requires informatio 
and how many species live in a specific habitat . however, the mechanisms that maintain high fi 
ever, the mechanisms that maintain high fish diversity in amazonian ecosystem are unknown. ecol 
 the mechanisms that maintain high fish diversity in amazonian ecosystem are unknown. ecologica 
intain high fish diversity in amazonian ecosystem are unknown. ecological factors may positivel 
al factors may positively contribute to species richness because they have promoted in the past 
ely related species. the integration of phylogeny into community ecology is, therefore, necessa 
cies. the integration of phylogeny into community ecology is, therefore, necessary to understan 
herefore, necessary to understand fully community assembly. however, despite the potential impo 
the potential importance of considering phylogeny in community ecology studies, phylogenetic ap 
 importance of considering phylogeny in community ecology studies, phylogenetic approaches have 
ed to elucidate the factors determining community structure. the aim of this study is to identi 
 to identify the factors that determine community assembly in the fish community of the amazon. 
hat determine community assembly in the fish community of the amazon. we will approach the stud 
etermine community assembly in the fish community of the amazon. we will approach the study by  
y assembly in the fish community of the amazon. we will approach the study by exploring the phy 
 by exploring the phylogenetic basis of community niche structure. it will use both genetic and 
10294 33                    the concentration of methane in the atmosphere is currently 1.8 ppm and abou 
e is currently 1.8 ppm and about 20% of global warming has been attributed to this potent green 
gas. it is estimated that 400-640 tg of methane is produced annually by methanogenic bacteria i 
ne is produced annually by methanogenic bacteria in anaerobic soils and sediments much of which 
y by methanogenic bacteria in anaerobic soils and sediments much of which is oxidised at the ae 
d at the aerobic-anaerobic interface in wetlands or overlying aerobic soils before it is releas 
erface in wetlands or overlying aerobic soils before it is released to the atmosphere, thereby  
reby mitigating the global emissions of methane into the atmosphere. wetlands and soils are the 
issions of methane into the atmosphere. wetlands and soils are therefore important sinks for me 
thane into the atmosphere. wetlands and soils are therefore important sinks for methane, consum 
soils are therefore important sinks for methane, consuming an estimated 27 and 40 tg ch4 per ye 
ctively. this is carried out by aerobic methane oxidising bacteria. bacteria which grow on meth 
arried out by aerobic methane oxidising bacteria. bacteria which grow on methane as sole carbon 
 by aerobic methane oxidising bacteria. bacteria which grow on methane as sole carbon source ha 
dising bacteria. bacteria which grow on methane as sole carbon source have been obtained from m 
 bacteria which grow on methane as sole carbon source have been obtained from many environments 
ere are more novel methanotrophs in the environment that await isolation. generally, methanotro 
egarded as obligate, ie only growing on methane . recent exciting discoveries of facultative me 
tative methanotrophs which grow on both methane and multi-carbon compounds such as acetate now  
hs which grow on both methane and multi-carbon compounds such as acetate now make it imperative 
rophs, which appear to be widespread in wetlands and soils, regulate their methane oxidation sy 
appear to be widespread in wetlands and soils, regulate their methane oxidation systems and how 
d in wetlands and soils, regulate their methane oxidation systems and how they contribute to th 
s and how they contribute to the global methane cycle. we propose to study the environmental re 
o study the environmental regulation of methane oxidation in a model facultative methanotroph m 
al regulation of methane oxidation in a model facultative methanotroph methylocella silvestris. 
o elucidate the pathways of facultative metabolism. we have developed a number of physiological 
ine what environmental factors regulate metabolism in this bacterium. we have also developed a  
oped a number of cutting edge molecular ecology tools which enable us to parallel the laborator 
tive methanotrophs in peat and landfill soils in order to address the hypothesis that in certai 
 address the hypothesis that in certain growth environments facultative methanotrophs have a co 
nificant contribution to the cycling of methane in the environment.  
bution to the cycling of methane in the environment.  
11660 10 is the most renowned mesolithic site in europe. it occupies a pre-eminent position in every syn 
ther in order to determine the rates of degradation and the processes of diagenesis. this proje 
 to solve the reasons behind this rapid degradation. the combination of the right team of exper 
 have far reaching applications for the management of other wetland sites throughout europe. th 
pplications for the management of other wetland sites throughout europe. the studentship aims t 
ement of other wetland sites throughout europe. the studentship aims to integrate results from  
he reasons for and processes behind the degradation. the study will provide a unique opportunit 
star carr and for preservation at other wetland sites, particularly acidic sites, will be fully 
rmed decision about the rapidity of the degradation of the site and therefore recommended mitig 
n of the site and therefore recommended mitigation strategies.  
12511 35                                         soil quality is an important consideration for the succ 
ainable farming systems. traditionally, soil quality has been assessed primarily on physical an 
lowly over time, and may poorly predict soil functions. biological properties, which respond mo 
hich respond more rapidly to changes in management, may be more efficient and sensitive indicat 
nt, may be more efficient and sensitive indicators with which to assess soil health, but are no 
nsitive indicators with which to assess soil health, but are not widely considered. worldwide,  
sider biological, chemical and physical indicators when assessing soil health. for example when 
 and physical indicators when assessing soil health. for example when measuring potential impac 
h. for example when measuring potential impacts of heavy metals and pesticides on the soil biot 
ple when measuring potential impacts of heavy metals and pesticides on the soil biota. however, 
g potential impacts of heavy metals and pesticides on the soil biota. however, the approaches t 
s of heavy metals and pesticides on the soil biota. however, the approaches to use soil indicat 
l biota. however, the approaches to use soil indicators to assess soil health vary widely even  
ta. however, the approaches to use soil indicators to assess soil health vary widely even betwe 
oaches to use soil indicators to assess soil health vary widely even between regions within cou 
n countries. the aim of this literature review is to examine international approaches to using  
using biological, chemical and physical indicators to assess soil health in farming and related 
mical and physical indicators to assess soil health in farming and related systems. this will i 
de assessing approaches to dealing with biodiversity and function in relation to soil health, a 
oaches to dealing with biodiversity and function in relation to soil health, and soil health as 
iodiversity and function in relation to soil health, and soil health assessment in organic farm 
unction in relation to soil health, and soil health assessment in organic farming systems. the  
elation to soil health, and soil health assessment in organic farming systems. the work will ad 
l health, and soil health assessment in organic farming systems. the work will address the spec 
red. international approaches to manage soil health, such as the use of inoculants and changes  
as the use of inoculants and changes in management practice, will also be included. the specifi 
mental biological, chemical or physical assessment of soil health in farming or other relevant  
cal, chemical or physical assessment of soil health in farming or other relevant systems is con 
r other relevant systems is conducted 2.review the way in which the data gathered on biological 
l, chemical or physical contributors to soil health in the systems identified have been interpr 
ified have been interpreted and used. 3.review international approaches to manage soil health 4 
view international approaches to manage soil health 4.compare the relative merits of internatio 
, chemical and physical contributors to soil health with current uk approaches based on functio 
lth with current uk approaches based on function 5.make recommendations to defra for strategies 
 and physical components to address the soil health concept in farming systems, including futur 
12236 8 e farmer and land manager in delivering environment benefits. there has been a long-standing co 
ision of environmental benefits through incentives and regulation and more recently an increasi 
ion through the campaign for the farmer environment detailed whole farm ecological surveys to i 
nmental benefits of formal and informal environmental management practices. the quality or cond 
 practices. the quality or condition of habitat and associated management will be measured as a 
 or condition of habitat and associated management will be measured as a means of indicating th 
benefits that can be delivered with the habitat. phase 3: data analysis: detailed summaries of  
ists will come together collectively to review each farm and to analyse the links between farme 
15577 28                                         agricultural landscapes occupy 40% of the available lan 
ch play an important role in conserving biodiversity. farmland biodiversity makes an important  
le in conserving biodiversity. farmland biodiversity makes an important contribution to agricul 
 important contribution to agricultural production by providing ecosystem services such as crop 
to agricultural production by providing ecosystem services such as crop pollination and biologi 
oviding ecosystem services such as crop pollination and biological control of crop pests. in ma 
m services such as crop pollination and biological control of crop pests. in many regions farm  
ltural regions are now dedicated to the production of a small number of crop types. what are th 
changes in farmland pattern on farmland biodiversity and the ecosystem services important for a 
attern on farmland biodiversity and the ecosystem services important for agricultural productio 
tem services important for agricultural production are there policies which, if followed, would 
icies which, if followed, would improve biodiversity and ecosystem services in farmlands withou 
ollowed, would improve biodiversity and ecosystem services in farmlands without compromising ag 
lands without compromising agricultural production farmland is an international research progra 
ns. previous work has demonstrated that agricultural landscapes which contain significant areas 
areas of semi-natural lands have higher biodiversity and better ecosystem services than farmlan 
nds have higher biodiversity and better ecosystem services than farmlands with less semi-natura 
olicies require taking crop area out of production. there are many situations where this may no 
 the area of semi-natural habitats, the spatial heterogeneity of the cropped lands may be posit 
pped lands may be positively related to biodiversity and provision of ecosystem services. if th 
elated to biodiversity and provision of ecosystem services. if this is true, then it may be pos 
be possible to develop new policies for agriculture that could restore biodiversity and associa 
cies for agriculture that could restore biodiversity and associated ecosystem services by incre 
uld restore biodiversity and associated ecosystem services by increasing farmland heterogeneity 
osystem services by increasing farmland heterogeneity, without reducing cropped area. the aim o 
onomically feasible recommendations for policy-makers that enhance biodiversity and ecosystem s 
ndations for policy-makers that enhance biodiversity and ecosystem services in farmland.  
cy-makers that enhance biodiversity and ecosystem services in farmland.  
12600 23                                         soil is the essential growing medium for our food, timb 
 and other crops. it helps to shape our landscape and supports diverse ecological systems. it a 
h it, preventing them from ending up in water or air. construction work results in the disturba 
r air. construction work results in the disturbance of large volumes of soil resources annually 
 in the disturbance of large volumes of soil resources annually. topsoils may be stripped and s 
rally for re-use, because up to half of development areas are returned to vegetated uses, but c 
 compact and impermeable. any damage to soil quality affects the long-term functioning of the s 
ffects the long-term functioning of the soils and has an impact not only on ecological diversit 
nd has an impact not only on ecological diversity and the performance and visual quality of the 
ity of the vegetated areas but can have impacts off-site such as on flooding, aquifer recharge  
ch as on flooding, aquifer recharge and water quality. the first soil action plan for england,  
r recharge and water quality. the first soil action plan for england, 2004-06 recognises that t 
ognises that there is a need to improve soil management practice on construction sites and iden 
pportunities for the sustainable use of soil material. consequently this project will: · review 
rial. consequently this project will: · review current practices of soil management on construc 
ect will: · review current practices of soil management on construction and development sites,  
 of soil management on construction and development sites, · document good and bad practice, ·  
, · identify constraints to sustainable soil use and re-use, whether economic or planning-relat 
oil use and re-use, whether economic or planning-related, · describe current best practice, and 
endations on how to improve sustainable soil use at construction and development sites. much of 
ustainable soil use at construction and development sites. much of the research will be based o 
uce a good practice note on sustainable soil use on construction and development sites.  
ustainable soil use on construction and development sites.  
14194 2 ba were applied together, a synergistic growth inhibitory effect was observed. however, this in 
 atfaah-gfp fusion exhibited slight aba resistance and tolerance to exogenous nae. in this stud 
10848 9  is generally considered a food-limited environment and therefore it has been postulated that f 
y determining factor affecting organism distribution. many species of deep-sea fish are opportu 
 distribution. many species of deep-sea fish are opportunistic scavengers and show a bigger-dee 
ngers and show a bigger-deeper trend in distribution. however, studies of the diet of such deep 
furthermore, any available data of this nature only reflects single feeding events and are not  
iet of several species of benthopelagic fish to assess the importance of scavenging, seasonalit 
to assess the importance of scavenging, seasonality, vertical migration and ontogenetic changes 
ce of scavenging, seasonality, vertical migration and ontogenetic changes in the various life h 
 and ontogenetic changes in the various life history strategies. this will significantly advanc 
14568 2             we propose the study of the taxonomy and the geographic distributionof the ca 70 sp 
cies will serve to achieve the critical review of the family which will result in the prduction 
14565 2 about the natural history, geographical distribution and species biology. the author of this su 
phagidae and cryptophagidae families of coleoptera.  
14566 2 ailed information related to geographic distribution, conservation, and related biological and  
ion related to geographic distribution, conservation, and related biological and life-history d 
15413 4  90s, spanish researchers in polychaete taxonomy have been involved in the iberian fauna projec 
 been published regarding this group of marine invertebrates; a third is currently being revise 
ublished regarding this group of marine invertebrates; a third is currently being revised and a 
ncertain phylogenetic affinities in the classification of the polychaetes. this will result in  
10533 6 chaeological sites in se britain and nw europe, with particular emphasis on faunal evidence for 
 is engaged in providing archaeological evaluation and rescue excavation of important quaternar 
 sites, especially in se england, where development pressures have been high in recent times. t 
cular molluscs and ostracods, both good indicators of the environment at the time of deposition 
 ostracods, both good indicators of the environment at the time of deposition and palaeolithic  
h also provide important indications of salinity and therefore sea-level. mollusc fossils can b 
6882 4                                     the marine sediments of egerian in hungary on the surface c 
l investigations we shall recollect the macrofauna of the existing sites, we intend to look for 
stigate some boreholes, too. beside the macrofauna we shall investigate also the microfauna fro 
vestigate the geological conditions and sedimentation, the bedforms and the trace fossils, taki 
11193 2 bird populations throughout britain and europe. these populations have played a central role in 
es how i will initiate passerine genome mapping by utilising the existing public human and chic 
12217 3 bility study into the potential of crop pollinators to act as delivery agents of entomopathogen 
 as delivery agents of entomopathogenic fungi for invertebrate pest control  
entomopathogenic fungi for invertebrate pest control  
15249 10 sses. therefore, their relevance in the ecosystems functioning may be crucial. the depth unders 
limination of meat refuse residues from livestock operations and game and, at the same time, to 
and, at the same time, to contribute to wildlife conservation. in the present project our aim i 
he same time, to contribute to wildlife conservation. in the present project our aim is to inve 
esent an useful tool for environmental, wildlife and livestock managers. overall, the results o 
ul tool for environmental, wildlife and livestock managers. overall, the results of the propose 
 may contribute to the knowledge of the life history, ecology, evolution and conservation of av 
e to the knowledge of the life history, ecology, evolution and conservation of avian scavengers 
knowledge of the life history, ecology, evolution and conservation of avian scavengers.  
he life history, ecology, evolution and conservation of avian scavengers.  
10657 7 ences to study the pliocene-pleistocene evolution of millennial- to milankovitch- scale climati 
olution of millennial- to milankovitch- scale climatic oscillations in the bering sea, the marg 
acific and arctic oceans. paleoclimatic indicators will be used to generate complete and detail 
 as well as of the adjacent continental climate. in addition to being sensitive to regional and 
tive to regional and potentially global climate change, the bering sea is one of the source reg 
gions of the north pacific intermediate water between the atlantic and pacific, via the arctic  
 ocean, occurs today. investigating the evolution of the bering strait is critical for understa 
11491 2 e is clearly increasing. whereas global sea level rise during the previous century was ~1.8 mm/ 
 -,rapid depositional rates. - tectonic stability. - well-preserved, cosmopolitan fossils suita 
2184 13 . uncertainties derive from unrealistic model assumptions as well as the intrinsic stochasticit 
g of ecological mechanisms with applied climate scenario forecasting. expected output is i impr 
s for forecasting ecological effects of climate change, ii climate change scenarios for case st 
cological effects of climate change, ii climate change scenarios for case study systems and iii 
ts of climate change, ii climate change scenarios for case study systems and iii quantification 
 models forecasting impact of different climate scenarios. northern freshwaters with their salm 
forecasting impact of different climate scenarios. northern freshwaters with their salmonid fis 
shwaters with their salmonid fishes and zooplankton prey will be used as case studies. these sy 
e will compare the different sources of uncertainty, ranging from measurement error to process  
ss stochasticity and expert opinions on model performance. the project will promote recruitment 
l performance. the project will promote recruitment to ecological climate change forecasting by 
 will promote recruitment to ecological climate change forecasting by including a phd position  
osition in biostatistics and ecological modeling.  
13971 24 idly and feeds efficiently on plankton, fish larvae and eggs. a permanent establishment may the 
 and in the worst case scenario lead to regime shifts from fish to jellyfish dominance. in the  
ase scenario lead to regime shifts from fish to jellyfish dominance. in the black sea, fisherie 
to regime shifts from fish to jellyfish dominance. in the black sea, fisheries collapses coinci 
 jellyfish dominance. in the black sea, fisheries collapses coincided with the mnemiopsis invas 
collapses coincided with the mnemiopsis invasion. ecosystem effects depend on complex food web  
coincided with the mnemiopsis invasion. ecosystem effects depend on complex food web and enviro 
on. ecosystem effects depend on complex food web and environmental interactions. it is not poss 
isticated video methods and mechanistic modeling, in collaboration with world leading american  
s and stomach analyses we will estimate predation pressure on zooplankton and fish larvae. repr 
 we will estimate predation pressure on zooplankton and fish larvae. reproductive potential and 
e predation pressure on zooplankton and fish larvae. reproductive potential and survival will b 
al will be examined in experiments as a function of temperature and salinity. results will be c 
xamined in experiments as a function of temperature and salinity. results will be combined with 
iments as a function of temperature and salinity. results will be combined with field data of t 
lts will be combined with field data of temperature, salinity and predators to estimate menmiop 
ombined with field data of temperature, salinity and predators to estimate menmiopsis´ ecologic 
field data of temperature, salinity and predators to estimate menmiopsis´ ecological boundaries 
 detection and may therefore outcompete fish when light environment changes, for ex. due to eut 
ay therefore outcompete fish when light environment changes, for ex. due to eutrophication. eff 
ght environment changes, for ex. due to eutrophication. effects on fish by contemporary changes 
r ex. due to eutrophication. effects on fish by contemporary changes in optical and temperature 
 by contemporary changes in optical and temperature environment will be modeled in collaboratio 
rary changes in optical and temperature environment will be modeled in collaboration with norwe 
13769 8                     the introduction of exotic species is considered a major threat to global b 
 is considered a major threat to global biodiversity and the ongoing climate change could alter 
 to global biodiversity and the ongoing climate change could alter species distributions. this  
ms to assess feeding characteristics of invasive species and to find out if species with wide f 
 feeding niches how the invader affects food web structure. this project will assess how feedin 
l invaders and their effects on the new food web. the new methods i will apply for analysing st 
data put the project at the frontier in food web ecology.  
the project at the frontier in food web ecology.  
14303 9 ct are: quantification of the impact of forest conversion from coniferous to broadleaved forest 
nversion from coniferous to broadleaved forests on biodiversity and environmental quality, stud 
om coniferous to broadleaved forests on biodiversity and environmental quality, study of the at 
ental quality, study of the attitude of forest owners towards forest conversion and relevant po 
f the attitude of forest owners towards forest conversion and relevant political tools, selecti 
on of political tools, establishment of policy guidelines and publication of results.the vast m 
esults.the vast majority of the belgian forests are private property. at the moment, little inf 
n is available about the willingness of forest owners to convert coniferous forests and about p 
 of forest owners to convert coniferous forests and about possible ways to stimulate them in th 
15042 30                    current knowledge of food web dynamics in terrestrial ecosystems is limited  
dge of food web dynamics in terrestrial ecosystems is limited by the scarcity of studies includ 
 chain and incorporating the effects of spatial heterogeneity on food web structure and functio 
the effects of spatial heterogeneity on food web structure and functioning. the need to conduct 
tegrating the different components of a food web has been repeatedly pointed out as a priority  
ointed out as a priority on terrestrial food webs. therefore, the inclussion of detritus based  
efore, the inclussion of detritus based food webs remains among the most relevant questions in  
ns among the most relevant questions in food web ecology. in addition, spatial heterogeneity ap 
the most relevant questions in food web ecology. in addition, spatial heterogeneity appears as  
tions in food web ecology. in addition, spatial heterogeneity appears as a challenging question 
hallenging question to fully understand food web dinamycs. the analysis of mechanisms allowing  
ral goal of this proposal is to include spatial heterogeneity in food webs investigating the mo 
 is to include spatial heterogeneity in food webs investigating the mosaic of interactions gene 
 generated by different shub species on soil characteristics and to relate their effects on soi 
eristics and to relate their effects on soil macroinvertebrate distribution, and b to experimen 
their effects on soil macroinvertebrate distribution, and b to experimentally test the effects  
b to experimentally test the effects of macroinvertebrates on the establishment and maintenance 
ave dealt with the effects of shrubs on soil properties and soil organisms in fertile islands,  
ffects of shrubs on soil properties and soil organisms in fertile islands, none of them have ta 
uires to consider the feedbacks between soil organisms their effects as ecosystem engineers inc 
between soil organisms their effects as ecosystem engineers increasing infiltration rates of wa 
ineers increasing infiltration rates of water and nutrients into the soil. the obtained results 
reasing infiltration rates of water and nutrients into the soil. the obtained results will incr 
n rates of water and nutrients into the soil. the obtained results will increase our knowledge  
ncrease our knowledge on the functional ecology of mediterranean arid ecosystems, a particularl 
 knowledge on the functional ecology of mediterranean arid ecosystems, a particularly relevant  
unctional ecology of mediterranean arid ecosystems, a particularly relevant question for conser 
s, a particularly relevant question for conservation and management of these environments, thre 
 relevant question for conservation and management of these environments, threatened by deserti 
nt of these environments, threatened by desertification processes.  
12281 6 nalise these after comments by the peer review panel. as part of the ongoing process of develop 
anel. as part of the ongoing process of development, a technical document will be released desc 
e in a particularly user friendly form. development of a web based front end will encourage its 
nd will encourage its wider use and the development of further international links. it will imm 
e the effectiveness of eu-rotate_n as a management tool to plan more environmentally friendly c 
p rotations whilst maintaining economic sustainability.  
12235 15 ndations to be generated for individual grassland fields according to the intended management ` 
ssland fields according to the intended management `. planet v3 however, will not provide recom 
r, will not provide recommendations for grassland since these were not available in time. inclu 
cluding functionality to generate rb209 grassland recommendations will meet the following requi 
the following requirements: 1. to allow evaluation and ‘validation of the new system of grassla 
on and ‘validation of the new system of grassland recommendations, to test industry reaction an 
ovide feedback to defra and the science community. this is needed to identify if any changes ne 
ements. coding and provision of the new grassland recommendations into planet is an essential s 
 step/milestone in this process so that grassland recommendations can be widely and easily gene 
at the farm and field level. 2. the new grassland recommendations are complex, and ideally suit 
se by farmers. this trend of increasing complexity is also happening for other crops, suggestin 
ed from new research. 3. the absence of grassland recommendations in planet v3 will significant 
significantly detract from its value to grassland farmers, the potential for obtaining feedback 
mmendations, and for improving nutrient management practices on grassland farms.  
roving nutrient management practices on grassland farms.  
12221 27 k government is committed to increasing energy security and reducing greenhouse gas emissions.  
sions. amongst the sources of renewable energy that have been recognised as important are the c 
ibutions that are possible from growing biomass crops. in the uk, the most advanced biomass cro 
ass crops. in the uk, the most advanced biomass crops are short-rotation coppice of genetically 
icide tolerant crops has shown that the management systems employed can affect changes in biodi 
 systems employed can affect changes in biodiversity, and that these management systems should  
changes in biodiversity, and that these management systems should be optimised to assure the hi 
ould be optimised to assure the highest biodiversity attainable. for biomass crops, management  
he highest biodiversity attainable. for biomass crops, management systems that will affect biod 
iversity attainable. for biomass crops, management systems that will affect biodiversity includ 
ps, management systems that will affect biodiversity include the scales of growing, within a la 
include the scales of growing, within a landscape, and temporal effects including the crop age, 
on which to draw up guidelines on these management systems and, given the rate at which plantin 
ect aims to expand the evidence base on biodiversity in energy crops for policy development by  
nd the evidence base on biodiversity in energy crops for policy development by determining how  
ase on biodiversity in energy crops for policy development by determining how the biodiversity  
biodiversity in energy crops for policy development by determining how the biodiversity of misc 
licy development by determining how the biodiversity of miscanthus and src willow is affected b 
nthus and src willow is affected by the spatial scale, structuring and management of the planti 
d by the spatial scale, structuring and management of the plantings. this will be done by sampl 
. this will be done by sampling for the abundance and diversity of weeds and invertebrates usin 
 done by sampling for the abundance and diversity of weeds and invertebrates using fse-standard 
ling for the abundance and diversity of weeds and invertebrates using fse-standard methods. the 
he abundance and diversity of weeds and invertebrates using fse-standard methods. the suitabili 
and we will investigate the use of both biomass crops by birds in relation to cropping scale.  
tigate the use of both biomass crops by birds in relation to cropping scale.  
 crops by birds in relation to cropping scale.  
13372 3              the aim of this project is conservation, collection and molecular-morphological ch 
 of plant genetic resources, especially genetic diversity of crop plants, their wild relatives  
lants present and unique in the turkish biodiversity.  
7053 10 ough, and the analysis of trends in the evolution of cryptic species is a field ripe for study. 
ose a three-step procedure to study the evolution of a complex of at least seven cryptic ant sp 
ing a cohesive protocol for integrative taxonomy. information from traditional morphometrics, a 
 will address three questions about the evolution of the cryptic-species complex: relation of m 
their species integrity remain unknown. ecology could be involved and the species could, for ex 
ate the cautious inference of a role of ecology in the species’ evolution. the project will be  
ce of a role of ecology in the species’ evolution. the project will be relevant beyond meeting  
 the specific project aims: integrative taxonomy needs well-documented case studies for the fin 
ch into further aspects of the species’ evolution. more broadly speaking, the evolutionary-prof 
d characteristics often involved in the evolution of cryptic species.  
12366 2 new project to research and support the development of local and regional coastal forums in eng 
proportionate options for improving the development and durability of coastal forums.  
6876 15      the concept of plant neighbourhood diversity provides an operational linkage among several 
ing spatially explicit individual based modelling of population dynamics, experimental populati 
 explicit individual based modelling of population dynamics, experimental population and commun 
n dynamics, experimental population and community ecology, and the statistical analysis of vege 
cology, and the statistical analysis of vegetation. we will develop and test a new standard sam 
methodology for surveying neighbourhood diversity experienced by dominant-, codominant- and int 
 subordinate species in a wide range of grasslands. our comparative studies with specific trait 
sassembly rules along environmental and land-use gradients. patterns of functional plant neighb 
nt neighbourhoods have implications for conservation and restoration practice where the primary 
 have implications for conservation and restoration practice where the primary aim is to manage 
protocol will also be applicable during restoration of damaged ecosystems or abandoned agricult 
pplicable during restoration of damaged ecosystems or abandoned agricultural fields as well as  
doned agricultural fields as well as in conservation management. the project will provide oppor 
tural fields as well as in conservation management. the project will provide opportunities for  
sities for developing database of plant traits and functional types, and for testing sampling t 
7305 3 e very different abilities and borgou a model of choice to identify regions of the genome of ta 
 manner retained in connection with its adaptation to the environment. the objective of this pr 
n connection with its adaptation to the environment. the objective of this project is to achiev 
215 11 her their mass and length , in european forests. the main novelty of the research lies in the c 
ain novelty of the research lies in the complexity in the summarizing of different estimates of 
owledge about the role of fine roots in ecosystem-level carbon and nutrient cycling. the determ 
e role of fine roots in ecosystem-level carbon and nutrient cycling. the determination, in spuc 
ine roots in ecosystem-level carbon and nutrient cycling. the determination, in spuce stands, o 
 the determination, in spuce stands, of biomass and production of ectomycorrhizal extrametrical 
nation, in spuce stands, of biomass and production of ectomycorrhizal extrametrical mycelia and 
branches of science: mycology and plant ecology, in the field of mineral nutrition of woody pla 
roject, the generalization of fine root adaptation strategies for european coniferous and decid 
s for european coniferous and deciduous forests, will increase our knowledge base and also be o 
 base and also be of practical value in forestry applications.  
9931 8 are largely restricted to nutrient-poor grasslands and are of significant conservation interest 
-poor grasslands and are of significant conservation interest in the uk context. these species  
nothing is known about their functional ecology. it is proposed to use species-specific pcr pro 
ific pcr probes to measure the vertical distribution in soil of mycelia. detailed mapping of fr 
to measure the vertical distribution in soil of mycelia. detailed mapping of fruitbodies of the 
stribution in soil of mycelia. detailed mapping of fruitbodies of the various plot treatments a 
f the various plot treatments and local soil variations at sourhope to be quantified. 15n-enric 
 tracking over shorter periods. natural abundance of these isotopes in fbs will also be measure 
10529 8 ve on the chemical forms of elements in soil. the proposal aims to determine the physiological  
u building on results of these studies, soils collected from mod testing ranges at kirkcudbrigh 
cquisition of du from real contaminated soils. impacts of plant growth on du distribution and c 
ion of du from real contaminated soils. impacts of plant growth on du distribution and chemical 
al contaminated soils. impacts of plant growth on du distribution and chemical forms in these s 
ed soils. impacts of plant growth on du distribution and chemical forms in these soils will be  
istribution and chemical forms in these soils will be determined. in addition, key processes af 
ombining expertise in plant physiology, soil science and analytical chemistry to identify proce 
10457 12                                    fine sediment plays an important role in the transfer and fa 
ortant role in the transfer and fate of nutrients through river basins. in recent years, ground 
 through river basins. in recent years, groundwater-fed rivers throughout lowland england have  
asins. in recent years, groundwater-fed rivers throughout lowland england have exhibited increa 
e exhibited increases in both suspended sediment loads and concentrations of macro-nutrients li 
iment loads and concentrations of macro-nutrients linked to changes in land use and river manag 
of macro-nutrients linked to changes in land use and river management practices. these increase 
linked to changes in land use and river management practices. these increase have resulted in a 
of environmental problems not least for stream biota. to inform the sustainable management of l 
stream biota. to inform the sustainable management of lowland permeable catchments there is an  
need for improved understanding of fine sediment dynamics including the complex inter-actions b 
anding of biological transformations of sediment in reaches of the frome/piddle catchment.  
15505 18   over 40.000 wildfires occur yearly in mediterranean europe causing a devastating environmenta 
wildfires occur yearly in mediterranean europe causing a devastating environmental damage. burn 
amage. burning modifies the morphology, taxonomy and phylogenetic structure of plant communitie 
genetic structure of plant communities. fire also stamps a genetic fingerprint on primary produ 
ng alters the decomposer system and its ecosystem services through changing the soil environmen 
ecosystem services through changing the soil environment. in this proposal it is intended to su 
stem services through changing the soil environment. in this proposal it is intended to survey  
s proposal it is intended to survey the fire-induced shifts in the soil microbial genomes, biog 
o survey the fire-induced shifts in the soil microbial genomes, biogeochemical functions and co 
l genomes, biogeochemical functions and community structure in mediterranean forests that have  
al functions and community structure in mediterranean forests that have been either submitted t 
nd community structure in mediterranean forests that have been either submitted to experimental 
lects certain phenotypes. understanding community phylogenetic patterns and the molecular basis 
tic patterns and the molecular basis of adaptation to recurrent fire is essential for revealing 
ecular basis of adaptation to recurrent fire is essential for revealing evolutionary and ecolog 
gical processes, and to predict how the ecosystem functioning can be altered through the increa 
g can be altered through the increasing wildfire frequency caused by temperature rise.  
increasing wildfire frequency caused by temperature rise.  
13757 71                                         fire is a natural disturbance agency of many forest and 
                      fire is a natural disturbance agency of many forest and grassland ecosyst 
is a natural disturbance agency of many forest and grassland ecosystems that contributes to spe 
l disturbance agency of many forest and grassland ecosystems that contributes to species dynami 
nce agency of many forest and grassland ecosystems that contributes to species dynamics and div 
hat contributes to species dynamics and diversity, physical structure and ecosystem function. m 
s and diversity, physical structure and ecosystem function. many european heathland systems owe 
 origin and maintenance to burning, and fire is a key disturbance agency in both mediterranean  
intenance to burning, and fire is a key disturbance agency in both mediterranean and boreal bio 
ire is a key disturbance agency in both mediterranean and boreal biomes that impacts the biodiv 
th mediterranean and boreal biomes that impacts the biodiversity of ecosystems, species and gen 
nean and boreal biomes that impacts the biodiversity of ecosystems, species and genetic structu 
biomes that impacts the biodiversity of ecosystems, species and genetic structure. fire-ecosyst 
systems, species and genetic structure. fire-ecosystem relationships are altered by changing cl 
ms, species and genetic structure. fire-ecosystem relationships are altered by changing climate 
m relationships are altered by changing climate and earlier european fire regimes are now heavi 
y changing climate and earlier european fire regimes are now heavily modified by human activiti 
omic problems. intense or inappropriate fire can wreak enormous damage and following recent ext 
ous damage and following recent extreme fire years in parts of europe, there is an urgent need  
g recent extreme fire years in parts of europe, there is an urgent need for a co-ordinated euro 
urgent need for a co-ordinated european policy on fire management. the main aim of fireman is t 
d for a co-ordinated european policy on fire management. the main aim of fireman is to generate 
 a co-ordinated european policy on fire management. the main aim of fireman is to generate poli 
 the main aim of fireman is to generate policy guidance and management tools for the appropriat 
eman is to generate policy guidance and management tools for the appropriate use of fire to fos 
gement tools for the appropriate use of fire to foster biodiversity in three major european eco 
r the appropriate use of fire to foster biodiversity in three major european ecosystems. firema 
er biodiversity in three major european ecosystems. fireman will focus on fire-biodiversity-soc 
opean ecosystems. fireman will focus on fire-biodiversity-society relationships in engage with  
 ecosystems. fireman will focus on fire-biodiversity-society relationships in engage with local 
age with local communities and regional policy-makers to impact planning and policy. specifical 
es and regional policy-makers to impact planning and policy. specifically, we will evaluate soc 
al policy-makers to impact planning and policy. specifically, we will evaluate societal prefere 
l evaluate societal preferences towards fire and biodiversity management and develop economic m 
e societal preferences towards fire and biodiversity management and develop economic models to  
eferences towards fire and biodiversity management and develop economic models to explore cause 
 explore causes of over-exploitation of public goods. such knowledge is important for policy de 
 goods. such knowledge is important for policy development. anticipated major outcomes will be  
 such knowledge is important for policy development. anticipated major outcomes will be charact 
tcomes will be characterised ‘base-line fire regimes, local and regional models of fire-biodive 
e regimes, local and regional models of fire-biodiversity-climate relationships that are used t 
imes, local and regional models of fire-biodiversity-climate relationships that are used to exp 
nd regional models of fire-biodiversity-climate relationships that are used to explore likely f 
 that are used to explore likely future scenarios and assessments of reactions of local communi 
ts of reactions of local communities to fire and biodiversity management. these tools will be d 
ctions of local communities to fire and biodiversity management. these tools will be developed  
al communities to fire and biodiversity management. these tools will be developed in close conj 
th local managers and be used to impact policy to favour biodiversity. fireman will help with t 
 and be used to impact policy to favour biodiversity. fireman will help with the european targe 
elp with the european target of halting biodiversity loss by 2010. the european environmental a 
rds the 2010 goal and reported in 2006: fire is a major natural disturbance factor for several  
ported in 2006: fire is a major natural disturbance factor for several types of forest in europ 
disturbance factor for several types of forest in europe. from a biodiversity perspective, effe 
e factor for several types of forest in europe. from a biodiversity perspective, effective fire 
veral types of forest in europe. from a biodiversity perspective, effective fire suppression ma 
m a biodiversity perspective, effective fire suppression may threaten species that depend on ha 
ecies that depend on habitats formed by fire, which is the case in the boreal and the mediterra 
which is the case in the boreal and the mediterranean forests........the adoption of an integra 
ase in the boreal and the mediterranean forests........the adoption of an integrated approach t 
e adoption of an integrated approach to forest fire management is crucial, and starts with land 
ion of an integrated approach to forest fire management is crucial, and starts with landscape a 
f an integrated approach to forest fire management is crucial, and starts with landscape and af 
 management is crucial, and starts with landscape and afforestation planning. fireman closely f 
 crucial, and starts with landscape and afforestation planning. fireman closely follows this ad 
starts with landscape and afforestation planning. fireman closely follows this advice with an i 
s advice with an integrated approach to fire management through modelling and a focus on landsc 
ice with an integrated approach to fire management through modelling and a focus on landscape a 
ted approach to fire management through modelling and a focus on landscape and afforestation pl 
gement through modelling and a focus on landscape and afforestation planning in partnership wit 
 modelling and a focus on landscape and afforestation planning in partnership with practical sp 
 a focus on landscape and afforestation planning in partnership with practical specialists.  
9881 63                                         fire is a natural disturbance agency of many forest and 
                      fire is a natural disturbance agency of many forest and grassland ecosyst 
is a natural disturbance agency of many forest and grassland ecosystems that contributes to spe 
l disturbance agency of many forest and grassland ecosystems that contributes to species dynami 
nce agency of many forest and grassland ecosystems that contributes to species dynamics and div 
hat contributes to species dynamics and diversity, physical structure and ecosystem function. m 
s and diversity, physical structure and ecosystem function. many european heathland systems owe 
 origin and maintenance to burning, and fire is a key disturbance agency in both mediterranean  
intenance to burning, and fire is a key disturbance agency in both mediterranean and boreal bio 
ire is a key disturbance agency in both mediterranean and boreal biomes that impacts the biodiv 
th mediterranean and boreal biomes that impacts the biodiversity of ecosystems, species and gen 
nean and boreal biomes that impacts the biodiversity of ecosystems, species and genetic structu 
biomes that impacts the biodiversity of ecosystems, species and genetic structure. fire-ecosyst 
systems, species and genetic structure. fire-ecosystem relationships are altered by changing cl 
ms, species and genetic structure. fire-ecosystem relationships are altered by changing climate 
m relationships are altered by changing climate and earlier european fire regimes are now heavi 
y changing climate and earlier european fire regimes are now heavily modified by human activiti 
omic problems. intense or inappropriate fire can wreak enormous damage and following recent ext 
ous damage and following recent extreme fire years in parts of europe, there is an urgent need  
g recent extreme fire years in parts of europe, there is an urgent need for a co-ordinated euro 
urgent need for a co-ordinated european policy on fire management. the main aim of fireman is t 
d for a co-ordinated european policy on fire management. the main aim of fireman is to generate 
 a co-ordinated european policy on fire management. the main aim of fireman is to generate poli 
 the main aim of fireman is to generate policy guidance and management tools for the appropriat 
eman is to generate policy guidance and management tools for the appropriate use of fire to fos 
gement tools for the appropriate use of fire to foster biodiversity in three major european eco 
r the appropriate use of fire to foster biodiversity in three major european ecosystems. firema 
er biodiversity in three major european ecosystems. fireman will focus on fire-biodiversity-soc 
opean ecosystems. fireman will focus on fire-biodiversity-society relationships in engage with  
 ecosystems. fireman will focus on fire-biodiversity-society relationships in engage with local 
age with local communities and regional policy-makers to impact planning and policy. anticipate 
es and regional policy-makers to impact planning and policy. anticipated major outcomes will be 
al policy-makers to impact planning and policy. anticipated major outcomes will be characterise 
utcomes will be characterised base-line fire regimes and local and regional models of fire-biod 
egimes and local and regional models of fire-biodiversity-climate relationships that are used t 
s and local and regional models of fire-biodiversity-climate relationships that are used to exp 
nd regional models of fire-biodiversity-climate relationships that are used to explore likely f 
 that are used to explore likely future scenarios and assessments of reactions of local communi 
ts of reactions of local communities to fire and biodiversity management. fireman will help wit 
ctions of local communities to fire and biodiversity management. fireman will help with the eur 
al communities to fire and biodiversity management. fireman will help with the european target  
elp with the european target of halting biodiversity loss by 2010. the european environmental a 
european environmental agency reported: fire is a major natural disturbance factor for several  
gency reported: fire is a major natural disturbance factor for several types of forest in europ 
disturbance factor for several types of forest in europe. from a biodiversity perspective, effe 
e factor for several types of forest in europe. from a biodiversity perspective, effective fire 
veral types of forest in europe. from a biodiversity perspective, effective fire suppression ma 
m a biodiversity perspective, effective fire suppression may threaten species that depend on ha 
ecies that depend on habitats formed by fire, which is the case in the boreal and the mediterra 
which is the case in the boreal and the mediterranean forests........the adoption of an integra 
ase in the boreal and the mediterranean forests........the adoption of an integrated approach t 
e adoption of an integrated approach to forest fire management is crucial, and starts with land 
ion of an integrated approach to forest fire management is crucial, and starts with landscape a 
f an integrated approach to forest fire management is crucial, and starts with landscape and af 
 management is crucial, and starts with landscape and afforestation planning. fireman closely f 
 crucial, and starts with landscape and afforestation planning. fireman closely follows this ad 
starts with landscape and afforestation planning. fireman closely follows this advice with an i 
s advice with an integrated approach to fire management through modelling and a focus on landsc 
ice with an integrated approach to fire management through modelling and a focus on landscape a 
ted approach to fire management through modelling and a focus on landscape and afforestation pl 
gement through modelling and a focus on landscape and afforestation planning in partnership wit 
 modelling and a focus on landscape and afforestation planning in partnership with practical sp 
 a focus on landscape and afforestation planning in partnership with practical specialists.  
473 56                                         fire is a natural disturbance agency of many forest and 
                      fire is a natural disturbance agency of many forest and grassland ecosyst 
is a natural disturbance agency of many forest and grassland ecosystems that contributes to spe 
l disturbance agency of many forest and grassland ecosystems that contributes to species dynami 
nce agency of many forest and grassland ecosystems that contributes to species dynamics and div 
hat contributes to species dynamics and diversity, physical structure and ecosystem function. m 
s and diversity, physical structure and ecosystem function. many european heathland systems owe 
 origin and maintenance to burning, and fire is a key disturbance agency in both mediterranean  
intenance to burning, and fire is a key disturbance agency in both mediterranean and boreal bio 
ire is a key disturbance agency in both mediterranean and boreal biomes that impacts the biodiv 
th mediterranean and boreal biomes that impacts the biodiversity of ecosystems, species and gen 
nean and boreal biomes that impacts the biodiversity of ecosystems, species and genetic structu 
biomes that impacts the biodiversity of ecosystems, species and genetic structure. fire-ecosyst 
systems, species and genetic structure. fire-ecosystem relationships are altered by changing cl 
ms, species and genetic structure. fire-ecosystem relationships are altered by changing climate 
m relationships are altered by changing climate and earlier european fire regimes are now heavi 
y changing climate and earlier european fire regimes are now heavily modified by human activiti 
omic problems. intense or inappropriate fire can wreak enormous damage and following recent ext 
ous damage and following recent extreme fire years in parts of europe, there is an urgent need  
g recent extreme fire years in parts of europe, there is an urgent need for a co-ordinated euro 
urgent need for a co-ordinated european policy on fire management. the main aim of fireman is t 
d for a co-ordinated european policy on fire management. the main aim of fireman is to generate 
 a co-ordinated european policy on fire management. the main aim of fireman is to generate poli 
 the main aim of fireman is to generate policy guidance and management tools for the appropriat 
eman is to generate policy guidance and management tools for the appropriate use of fire to fos 
gement tools for the appropriate use of fire to foster biodiversity in three major european eco 
r the appropriate use of fire to foster biodiversity in three major european ecosystems. firema 
er biodiversity in three major european ecosystems. fireman will focus on fire-biodiversity-soc 
opean ecosystems. fireman will focus on fire-biodiversity-society relationships in engage with  
 ecosystems. fireman will focus on fire-biodiversity-society relationships in engage with local 
age with local communities and regional policy-makers to impact planning and policy. specifical 
es and regional policy-makers to impact planning and policy. specifically, we will evaluate soc 
al policy-makers to impact planning and policy. specifically, we will evaluate societal prefere 
l evaluate societal preferences towards fire and biodiversity management and develop economic m 
e societal preferences towards fire and biodiversity management and develop economic models to  
eferences towards fire and biodiversity management and develop economic models to explore cause 
 explore causes of over-exploitation of public goods. such knowledge is important for policy de 
 goods. such knowledge is important for policy development. anticipated major outcomes will be  
 such knowledge is important for policy development. anticipated major outcomes will be charact 
tcomes will be characterised ‘base-line fire regimes, local and regional models of fire-biodive 
e regimes, local and regional models of fire-biodiversity-climate relationships that are used t 
imes, local and regional models of fire-biodiversity-climate relationships that are used to exp 
nd regional models of fire-biodiversity-climate relationships that are used to explore likely f 
 that are used to explore likely future scenarios and assessments of reactions of local communi 
ts of reactions of local communities to fire and biodiversity management. these tools will be d 
ctions of local communities to fire and biodiversity management. these tools will be developed  
al communities to fire and biodiversity management. these tools will be developed in close conj 
th local managers and be used to impact policy to favour biodiversity. fireman will help with t 
 and be used to impact policy to favour biodiversity. fireman will help with the european targe 
elp with the european target of halting biodiversity loss by 2010. the european environmental a 
rds the 2010 goal and reported in 2006: fire is a major natural disturbance factor for several  
ported in 2006: fire is a major natural disturbance factor for several types of forest in europ 
disturbance factor for several types of forest in europe. from a biodiversity perspective, effe 
e factor for several types of forest in europe. from a biodiversity perspective, effective fire 
veral types of forest in europe. from a biodiversity perspective, effective fire suppression ma 
m a biodiversity perspective, effective fire suppression may threaten spe  
15569 71                                         fire is a natural disturbance agency of many forest and 
                      fire is a natural disturbance agency of many forest and grassland ecosyst 
is a natural disturbance agency of many forest and grassland ecosystems that contributes to spe 
l disturbance agency of many forest and grassland ecosystems that contributes to species dynami 
nce agency of many forest and grassland ecosystems that contributes to species dynamics and div 
hat contributes to species dynamics and diversity, physical structure and ecosystem function. m 
s and diversity, physical structure and ecosystem function. many european heathland systems owe 
 origin and maintenance to burning, and fire is a key disturbance agency in both mediterranean  
intenance to burning, and fire is a key disturbance agency in both mediterranean and boreal bio 
ire is a key disturbance agency in both mediterranean and boreal biomes that impacts the biodiv 
th mediterranean and boreal biomes that impacts the biodiversity of ecosystems, species and gen 
nean and boreal biomes that impacts the biodiversity of ecosystems, species and genetic structu 
biomes that impacts the biodiversity of ecosystems, species and genetic structure. fire-ecosyst 
systems, species and genetic structure. fire-ecosystem relationships are altered by changing cl 
ms, species and genetic structure. fire-ecosystem relationships are altered by changing climate 
m relationships are altered by changing climate and earlier european fire regimes are now heavi 
y changing climate and earlier european fire regimes are now heavily modified by human activiti 
omic problems. intense or inappropriate fire can wreak enormous damage and following recent ext 
ous damage and following recent extreme fire years in parts of europe, there is an urgent need  
g recent extreme fire years in parts of europe, there is an urgent need for a co-ordinated euro 
urgent need for a co-ordinated european policy on fire management. the main aim of fireman is t 
d for a co-ordinated european policy on fire management. the main aim of fireman is to generate 
 a co-ordinated european policy on fire management. the main aim of fireman is to generate poli 
 the main aim of fireman is to generate policy guidance and management tools for the appropriat 
eman is to generate policy guidance and management tools for the appropriate use of fire to fos 
gement tools for the appropriate use of fire to foster biodiversity in three major european eco 
r the appropriate use of fire to foster biodiversity in three major european ecosystems. firema 
er biodiversity in three major european ecosystems. fireman will focus on fire-biodiversity-soc 
opean ecosystems. fireman will focus on fire-biodiversity-society relationships in engage with  
 ecosystems. fireman will focus on fire-biodiversity-society relationships in engage with local 
age with local communities and regional policy-makers to impact planning and policy. specifical 
es and regional policy-makers to impact planning and policy. specifically, we will evaluate soc 
al policy-makers to impact planning and policy. specifically, we will evaluate societal prefere 
l evaluate societal preferences towards fire and biodiversity management and develop economic m 
e societal preferences towards fire and biodiversity management and develop economic models to  
eferences towards fire and biodiversity management and develop economic models to explore cause 
 explore causes of over-exploitation of public goods. such knowledge is important for policy de 
 goods. such knowledge is important for policy development. anticipated major outcomes will be  
 such knowledge is important for policy development. anticipated major outcomes will be charact 
tcomes will be characterised ‘base-line fire regimes, local and regional models of fire-biodive 
e regimes, local and regional models of fire-biodiversity-climate relationships that are used t 
imes, local and regional models of fire-biodiversity-climate relationships that are used to exp 
nd regional models of fire-biodiversity-climate relationships that are used to explore likely f 
 that are used to explore likely future scenarios and assessments of reactions of local communi 
ts of reactions of local communities to fire and biodiversity management. these tools will be d 
ctions of local communities to fire and biodiversity management. these tools will be developed  
al communities to fire and biodiversity management. these tools will be developed in close conj 
th local managers and be used to impact policy to favour biodiversity. fireman will help with t 
 and be used to impact policy to favour biodiversity. fireman will help with the european targe 
elp with the european target of halting biodiversity loss by 2010. the european environmental a 
rds the 2010 goal and reported in 2006: fire is a major natural disturbance factor for several  
ported in 2006: fire is a major natural disturbance factor for several types of forest in europ 
disturbance factor for several types of forest in europe. from a biodiversity perspective, effe 
e factor for several types of forest in europe. from a biodiversity perspective, effective fire 
veral types of forest in europe. from a biodiversity perspective, effective fire suppression ma 
m a biodiversity perspective, effective fire suppression may threaten species that depend on ha 
ecies that depend on habitats formed by fire, which is the case in the boreal and the mediterra 
which is the case in the boreal and the mediterranean forests........the adoption of an integra 
ase in the boreal and the mediterranean forests........the adoption of an integrated approach t 
e adoption of an integrated approach to forest fire management is crucial, and starts with land 
ion of an integrated approach to forest fire management is crucial, and starts with landscape a 
f an integrated approach to forest fire management is crucial, and starts with landscape and af 
 management is crucial, and starts with landscape and afforestation planning. fireman closely f 
 crucial, and starts with landscape and afforestation planning. fireman closely follows this ad 
starts with landscape and afforestation planning. fireman closely follows this advice with an i 
s advice with an integrated approach to fire management through modelling and a focus on landsc 
ice with an integrated approach to fire management through modelling and a focus on landscape a 
ted approach to fire management through modelling and a focus on landscape and afforestation pl 
gement through modelling and a focus on landscape and afforestation planning in partnership wit 
 modelling and a focus on landscape and afforestation planning in partnership with practical sp 
 a focus on landscape and afforestation planning in partnership with practical specialists.  
7275 6 d quantitative impact of v. velutina on biodiversity will be evaluated based on: 1 spectrum and 
uated based on: 1 spectrum and relative abundance of prey according to habitat; 2 of the size a 
relative abundance of prey according to habitat; 2 of the size and the average biomass of a col 
 habitat; 2 of the size and the average biomass of a colony; 3 of the importance of its foragin 
rey will be done. . future risks across europe can be estimated based on potential expansion hi 
d on potential expansion highlighted by modeling  
6819 6 four-year research we will continue our monitoring-type fish parasitological and faunistic stud 
ch we will continue our monitoring-type fish parasitological and faunistic studies started earl 
f this work we will collect data on the fish species of lake balaton, the kis-balaton reservoir 
ds. we will also study the intrapiscine development and pathological effects of blood-parasitic 
 attention to studying the parasites of fish that will get into lake balaton with the planned w 
 get into lake balaton with the planned water supplementation. the parasite faunistic data coll 
2209 14 nning of a suite of applied problems in fish and wildlife management in sweden. it also aims at 
a suite of applied problems in fish and wildlife management in sweden. it also aims at developi 
f applied problems in fish and wildlife management in sweden. it also aims at developing useful 
lems in fish and wildlife management in sweden. it also aims at developing useful and operation 
ms at developing useful and operational management tools for detection of population change and 
and impact of human activities, and for risk analysis. adaptive management of natural resources 
uman activities, and for risk analysis. adaptive management of natural resources does not only  
r risk analysis. adaptive management of natural resources does not only require an efficient ma 
rces does not only require an efficient management infrastructure, political, social and econom 
tate of the system under consideration. adaptive management requires information input and anal 
tion input and analytical tools for the management process. the goals of this project are there 
• identify the most critical sources of uncertainty about the biological state of an adaptively 
alternative harvesting, protection, and monitoring procedures can reduce that uncertainty • fin 
d monitoring procedures can reduce that uncertainty • find rational procedures to select the be 
11327 18                a major component of the marine-atmospheric carbon cycle is the precipitation an 
jor component of the marine-atmospheric carbon cycle is the precipitation and dissolution of ca 
 marine-atmospheric carbon cycle is the precipitation and dissolution of calcium carbonate in s 
tant to our understanding of the global carbon cycle, and to the earth system as a whole. this  
cted change to our understanding of the marine inorganic carbon budget. large amounts of calciu 
r understanding of the marine inorganic carbon budget. large amounts of calcium carbonate are p 
te are produced in the global oceans by marine plankton and, specifically, by microscopic organ 
ional contribution to oceanic carbonate production by marine bony fish. these animals ingest se 
tion to oceanic carbonate production by marine bony fish. these animals ingest sea water and ar 
nic carbonate production by marine bony fish. these animals ingest sea water and are now known  
ine bony fish. these animals ingest sea water and are now known to also precipitate calcium car 
 this previously unrecognised source of marine carbonate is significant in its own right but, w 
n combined with new estimates of global fish biomass, it is clear that it makes a major contrib 
bined with new estimates of global fish biomass, it is clear that it makes a major contribution 
makes a major contribution to carbonate production on a global scale. furthermore, due to their 
ion to carbonate production on a global scale. furthermore, due to their rather unusually high  
sually high content of magnesium, these fish carbonates are predicted to be more soluble on the 
ng potential of carbonates derived from fish. this would help explain a mystery of ocean chemis 
2201 13                                    in a risk analysis of ecosystem effects of introduced exotic 
                  in a risk analysis of ecosystem effects of introduced exotic fish it can be o 
 ecosystem effects of introduced exotic fish it can be of advantage to use experiences and data 
eriences and data both from releases of exotic species in sweden as well as doing comparative a 
both from releases of exotic species in sweden as well as doing comparative analyses on perform 
ogically similar natural and introduced fish species. this will be done through: i to compile t 
 to compile the existing data regarding aquaculture mediated introductions of alien species and 
g aquaculture mediated introductions of alien species and to build a conceptual model regarding 
alien species and to build a conceptual model regarding main factors resulting in successful es 
ng in successful establishment of alien fish and their ecological impact find out the role of s 
 such species in aquatic communities as predators, competitors or as parasitic hosts. the resul 
itic hosts. the resulting impact on the ecosystem function in some areas where alien species ha 
 ecosystem function in some areas where alien species have established will be described and an 
6974 6 electronic version of the book entitled fish fauna of hungary by ákos harka and zoltán sallai,  
, published by nimfea environmental and nature conservation association in 2004. this illustrat 
04. this illustrated identification and distribution area guide summarizes 25 years of research 
ct would complete the description of 90 fish species, 21 figures, 90 distribution maps and 100  
tion of 90 fish species, 21 figures, 90 distribution maps and 100 colorful photos with internal 
 a better understanding of habitats and nature conservation aspects, and contributing to the mo 
2200 9                   1. identify phases of invasion , and characterize species, habitats and fish  
 and characterize species, habitats and fish assemblages where non-indigenous fish species have 
d fish assemblages where non-indigenous fish species have established in the drainage area of t 
established in the drainage area of the baltic sea. 2. analyze the effects of disturbance on su 
e baltic sea. 2. analyze the effects of disturbance on susceptibility to non-indigenous fishes  
ndigenous fishes along the coast of the baltic sea by: - assessing the effects of increased wat 
y: - assessing the effects of increased water temperature on establishment and spreading of non 
ssessing the effects of increased water temperature on establishment and spreading of non-indig 
 - assessing the effects of fishery and eutrophication on the susceptibility for non-indigenous 
11677 13                                         fish kills are a common occurrence in shallow, european 
s where among several other factors low oxygen and chronic pollution can cause the sudden morta 
al other factors low oxygen and chronic pollution can cause the sudden mortality of a species a 
 chronic pollution can cause the sudden mortality of a species and in some cases a lake s entir 
ecies and in some cases a lake s entire fish population. fish have a strong influence on food-w 
 cases a lake s entire fish population. fish have a strong influence on food-webs in shallow la 
llow lakes due to the key importance of trophic cascades whereby changes in the abundance of pr 
trophic cascades whereby changes in the abundance of predators . analysis of our data will seek 
des whereby changes in the abundance of predators . analysis of our data will seek to evaluate  
o evaluate the effectiveness with which sediment fossils represent kills with the expectation t 
ectable post-kill decline in numbers of fish scales. furthermore we will determine the conseque 
number of food-web layers affected, the nature of change in these layers and the longevity of e 
effectively lake sediments might record fish kills and other food-web changes in shallow lakes. 
15585 48               present models predicting biodiversity resilience to environmental change are alm 
 present models predicting biodiversity resilience to environmental change are almost exclusive 
s predicting biodiversity resilience to environmental change are almost exclusively based on ap 
usively based on approaches that ignore dispersal limitations. nevertheless, several recent stu 
l recent studies have demonstrated that habitat connectivity is a key determinant of biodiversi 
 studies have demonstrated that habitat connectivity is a key determinant of biodiversity respo 
at connectivity is a key determinant of biodiversity responses to anthropogenic changes of land 
y responses to anthropogenic changes of land use and climate. this is particularly evident for  
o anthropogenic changes of land use and climate. this is particularly evident for organisms liv 
cularly evident for organisms living in freshwater where the dendritic network structure leads  
ritic network structure leads to uneven dispersal among localities and species. in the proposed 
ll investigate the dynamic link between management and future biodiversity scenarios using fres 
amic link between management and future biodiversity scenarios using freshwater fishes as the s 
ween management and future biodiversity scenarios using freshwater fishes as the study organism 
and future biodiversity scenarios using freshwater fishes as the study organisms. the projects  
uild integrated scenario models for key biodiversity indicators colonize streams, lakes or more 
ed scenario models for key biodiversity indicators colonize streams, lakes or more suitable hab 
or key biodiversity indicators colonize streams, lakes or more suitable habitats after a pulsed 
r more suitable habitats after a pulsed disturbance. thus, the connectivity of the system large 
s after a pulsed disturbance. thus, the connectivity of the system largely determines its resil 
ty of the system largely determines its resilience to environmental changes. limited connectivi 
ience to environmental changes. limited connectivity may also have positive effects on biodiver 
ivity may also have positive effects on biodiversity by hindering invasive species dispersal an 
ve effects on biodiversity by hindering invasive species dispersal and providing refuges in iso 
diversity by hindering invasive species dispersal and providing refuges in isolated lakes and s 
providing refuges in isolated lakes and streams. the impact of anthropogenic connectivity modif 
nd streams. the impact of anthropogenic connectivity modifications on biodiversity such as the  
ropogenic connectivity modifications on biodiversity such as the construction or removal of dam 
dy aims for the first time to integrate habitat connectivity into scenarios of biodiversity mai 
for the first time to integrate habitat connectivity into scenarios of biodiversity maintenance 
 to integrate habitat connectivity into scenarios of biodiversity maintenance, management and r 
 habitat connectivity into scenarios of biodiversity maintenance, management and resilience. wh 
 scenarios of biodiversity maintenance, management and resilience. while past studies have eval 
iodiversity maintenance, management and resilience. while past studies have evaluated suitable  
re habitats for fishes at the catchment scale, we have the unique opportunity to combine detail 
pportunity to combine detailed lake and stream data sets across three countries spanning a lati 
h, analysing data and predicting future fish distributions at multiple spatial scales ranging f 
at multiple spatial scales ranging from biodiversity scenarios across europe to scenarios for s 
patial scales ranging from biodiversity scenarios across europe to scenarios for specific catch 
ging from biodiversity scenarios across europe to scenarios for specific catchments that are re 
biodiversity scenarios across europe to scenarios for specific catchments that are relevant for 
 catchments that are relevant for local management. we will collaborate with local managers and 
ill collaborate with local managers and stakeholders to identify possible strategies for managi 
entify possible strategies for managing habitat connectivity within focal catchments. this will 
ossible strategies for managing habitat connectivity within focal catchments. this will provide 
provide the basis for investigating how management actions feedbacks to affect biodiversity sce 
 management actions feedbacks to affect biodiversity scenarios.  
ctions feedbacks to affect biodiversity scenarios.  
2133 7 educe the impact of human activities on ecosystems is a major challenge of the next decades. wo 
orldwide, overfishing depletes numerous fish stocks, threatening fisheries economy, biodiversit 
letes numerous fish stocks, threatening fisheries economy, biodiversity and the functioning of  
 stocks, threatening fisheries economy, biodiversity and the functioning of ecosystems. however 
my, biodiversity and the functioning of ecosystems. however, developing sustainable fishery pol 
sitates a thorough understanding of how fish populations respond to the fishing pressure. in th 
 of how fish populations respond to the fishing pressure. in the present project, we have acces 
12066 12           the world is entering a major extinction crisis, the so called sixth extinction and t 
 extinction crisis, the so called sixth extinction and this is particularly true for freshwater 
ction and this is particularly true for freshwater ecosystems that are among the most threatene 
his is particularly true for freshwater ecosystems that are among the most threatened on earth. 
ong the most threatened on earth. among freshwater taxa, fishes are the best known regarding bi 
xa, fishes are the best known regarding biodiversity patterns and dynamics and play a predomina 
mics and play a predominant role in the food webs. fishes are also useful indicators of aquatic 
n the food webs. fishes are also useful indicators of aquatic ecosystem health and sustainabili 
s are also useful indicators of aquatic ecosystem health and sustainability and provide many ec 
icators of aquatic ecosystem health and sustainability and provide many economic services. cons 
er understanding of the determinants of fish species likely to lead to different patterns of vu 
likely to lead to different patterns of vulnerability.  
1996 15                                         migration is a widespread phenomenon among birds. rathe 
ration is a widespread phenomenon among birds. rather than being a unitary character, there is  
thin species. theories that explain the evolution of migration patterns primarily rely on a cos 
 theories that explain the evolution of migration patterns primarily rely on a cost-benefit app 
on a cost-benefit approach: the cost of migration is traded off against the benefits of breedin 
n the level of inter- and intraspecific competition and on individual characteristics of the bi 
eristics of the bird, such as age, sex, body size and competitive ability. empirical measuremen 
l measurements of costs and benefits of migration remain scarce, however, as most migratory bir 
main scarce, however, as most migratory birds are difficult to follow throughout their annual c 
im to quantify the relationship between migration patterns and fitness components spoonbills ar 
fitness components spoonbills are large birds that use only a restricted number of breeding and 
tionship between fitness components and migration patterns by comparing breeding success and se 
success and seasonal survival rates for birds that breed versus winter in different areas, and  
 in different areas, and in relation to migration distance. despite the fact that costs and ben 
off that spoonbills and other migratory birds make between breeding in temperate and wintering  
15043 6 long-lived vertebrates and has profound conservation implications, which have never been explor 
ividual and territory quality and their conservation implications can be examined through a fra 
vely studied population of a long-lived predator, the black kite milvus migrans, breeding in do 
isciplinary approach mixing elements of ecology, conservation biology, eco-physiology and genet 
ry approach mixing elements of ecology, conservation biology, eco-physiology and genetics to pr 
ther provide a much needed quantitative review of studies published in this field of science. a 
15044 1 enefits of cooperative breeding and the evolution of altruism in vertebrates. the role of kin s 
2089 6              the flagellates inhabiting marine sandy shores in general and in norway in particu 
ablish firm knowledge of the flagellate biodiversity and community structure of sandy beaches i 
edge of the flagellate biodiversity and community structure of sandy beaches in different geogr 
sts of norway, svalbard and the gulf of mexico. norway alone has about 83000 km of shore-line a 
ry limited and studies to elucidate the biodiversity and ecology of these habitats are long ove 
udies to elucidate the biodiversity and ecology of these habitats are long overdue. their ecolo 
2500 11  the annual cycles of many animals. for birds breeding in seasonal environments of the northern 
es movement. life-history strategies in birds are often classified according to such spatiotemp 
dily available long-term data from four model systems. firstly, migration data from numerous bi 
 data from four model systems. firstly, migration data from numerous bird observatories will fo 
es will form a basis for studying large-scale environmental control of movement patterns across 
 histories, and for constructing coarse-scale predictive models. the second model system, with  
rse-scale predictive models. the second model system, with detailed data on movement and breedi 
ort-lived species. our third and fourth model systems contrast the generalist approach in tits  
ards an integration of animal movement, life history and population dynamics. such efforts are  
on of animal movement, life history and population dynamics. such efforts are necessary to more 
ore fully understand the sensitivity of biodiversity to environmental variability and change.  
15447 2 ers offer nectar as the main reward for pollinators. numerous studies indicate that the nectar  
is independent of the commonest type of pollinator on its flowers .  
6813 2 e or less detailed picture of flora and vegetation history and climatic changes has developed f 
ras the deterioration of the palaeogene climate occurred already during the eocene or later in  
222 30    the loss of natural habitats and the diversity of their biota due to the changed land-use pr 
rsity of their biota due to the changed land-use practices is one of the biggest environmental  
st environmental problems on the global scale. different spatial changes in ecosystems accompan 
bal scale. different spatial changes in ecosystems accompany the habitat loss – fragmentation,  
ial changes in ecosystems accompany the habitat loss – fragmentation, increase in isolation and 
ecosystems accompany the habitat loss – fragmentation, increase in isolation and increase in ed 
 impact on plant communities’ quality – species richness and florsitic composition. during the  
n significantly changed in estonia. the forest cover has gradually increased since 1930-ies, to 
ce 1930-ies, total area of semi-natural grasslands is decrease nearly ten fold, the agricultura 
vidently increased. in this project the distribution of different plant communities in the land 
n of different plant communities in the landscape and its change during the last 50 years. the  
 the comparison of past and present-day landscape structure and floristic composition will be b 
on will be based mainly on the estonian vegetation mapping data from 1934-1955. the floristic c 
based mainly on the estonian vegetation mapping data from 1934-1955. the floristic composition  
ill be described newly for species-rich grassland and forest communities. the change in their a 
ed newly for species-rich grassland and forest communities. the change in their area over the p 
rea over the period will be revealed by gis analyse. the main aims of the project are following 
ecies-rich plant communities – in their species richness and species composition. 2. to study t 
unities – in their species richness and species composition. 2. to study the relationship betwe 
tudy the relationship between floristic richness of originally species-rich communities and the 
the present-day spatial extent of these habitat types on the landscape level, but also the effe 
al extent of these habitat types on the landscape level, but also the effect of the landscape c 
scape level, but also the effect of the landscape change during the last 50 years. 3. to reveal 
o agricultural use. we will compare the stability of floristic composition in habitat speicalis 
e stability of floristic composition in habitat speicalists and generalists. we assume that hab 
calists and generalists. we assume that habitat loss will have more negative impact to habitat  
 loss will have more negative impact to habitat specialists. for that purposes we will analyse  
. for that purposes we will analyse the habitat spcifity of the plants in target communities of 
 investigate the reasons of decrease in distribution and of rarity of plant species, formation  
s, formation and persistence of species-richness.  
7318 11 f the axis 1 /"territorial strategy and biodiversity"to the extent that the relationship betwee 
lso within the axis 2 /"interdependence production and biodiversity systems"because sheep breed 
axis 2 /"interdependence production and biodiversity systems"because sheep breeding systems, me 
se sheep breeding systems, meat or milk production standards are likely to affect the availabil 
omic, social and dynamic maintenance of biodiversity relationships between agriculture and biod 
e of biodiversity relationships between agriculture and biodiversity are complex and there are  
y relationships between agriculture and biodiversity are complex and there are few examples of  
 in these interactions. in the previous agriculture and biodiversity program, a multidisciplina 
ctions. in the previous agriculture and biodiversity program, a multidisciplinary study was con 
representing an economic alternative to management by the rendering industry. ecotoxicological  
 risks associated with the treatment of livestock appear limited. finally, behavioral studies s 
10295 7 tats and exert major effects on aquatic ecosystems. this interdisciplinary project will use hyd 
ism size and the physical properties of water, such as temperature, may influence feeding by th 
e physical properties of water, such as temperature, may influence feeding by this key function 
ture, may influence feeding by this key functional group in situations not addressed by current 
nvolves integrating both experiment and modelling at the interface between ecology, engineering 
 and modelling at the interface between ecology, engineering, and physics. suspension feeding r 
eeding structures and mode on a massive scale across almost all phyla, convergence that we are  
11223 7 tats and exert major effects on aquatic ecosystems. this interdisciplinary project will use hyd 
ism size and the physical properties of water, such as temperature, may influence feeding by th 
e physical properties of water, such as temperature, may influence feeding by this key function 
ture, may influence feeding by this key functional group in situations not addressed by current 
nvolves integrating both experiment and modelling at the interface between ecology, engineering 
 and modelling at the interface between ecology, engineering, and physics. suspension feeding r 
eeding structures and mode on a massive scale across almost all phyla, convergence that we are  
11762 7 tats and exert major effects on aquatic ecosystems. this interdisciplinary project will use hyd 
ism size and the physical properties of water, such as temperature, may influence feeding by th 
e physical properties of water, such as temperature, may influence feeding by this key function 
ture, may influence feeding by this key functional group in situations not addressed by current 
nvolves integrating both experiment and modelling at the interface between ecology, engineering 
 and modelling at the interface between ecology, engineering, and physics. suspension feeding r 
eeding structures and mode on a massive scale across almost all phyla, convergence that we are  
10705 7 y the input, transfer and subsequent re-distribution of 13c labelled substrates into and throug 
 into and through the components of the soil structure. this will be achieved by the innovative 
hieved by the innovative combination of soil micromorphological analysis with laser ablation is 
 different labelled c inputs within the soil structure to assist with the overall modelling of  
il structure to assist with the overall modelling of the effects of biodiversity on carbon flux 
the overall modelling of the effects of biodiversity on carbon fluxes.  
lling of the effects of biodiversity on carbon fluxes.  
15177 3 uch interactions is likely to shape the evolution of floral traits in natural populations. the  
likely to shape the evolution of floral traits in natural populations. the yellow gentian the s 
ry context, if the preferences shown by pollinators and herbivores are likely to affect the mai 
9990 1 for making high quality measurements of carbon dioxide .  
10612 2 d cysts may be used as environmental or productivity indicators.  
e used as environmental or productivity indicators.  
14794 4 bioaccumulation in different species of macrophytes, benthic macroinvertebrates and fishes inha 
fferent species of macrophytes, benthic macroinvertebrates and fishes inhabiting the duraton ri 
dentify suitable biomarkers of fluoride pollution in inland aquatic ecosystems.  
of fluoride pollution in inland aquatic ecosystems.  
7052 3 anic compounds using a process oriented model of ecosystem scale bovoc fluxes. this exercise is 
ounds using a process oriented model of ecosystem scale bovoc fluxes. this exercise is thought  
g a process oriented model of ecosystem scale bovoc fluxes. this exercise is thought to represe 
11661 2 persist for long periods of time in the environment are of growing concern, but these same prot 
 between 1990 and 2007, only 26% of the birds were identified to species.  
14208 4 ide cost-effective tools for addressing ecosystem integrity in the increasingly human-dominated 
uate the potential of focal species for ecosystem management both on the theoretical basis and  
 theoretical basis and by regarding the cost-effectiveness of the selection process needed list 
w many species are suitable for guiding management.  
12329 5                                      an evaluation of environmental stewardship had recently be 
 out by csl. as part of this project, a modelling process was developed which attempted to esti 
stimate the impact of els on a range of indicators. the process adopted depended on expert scor 
n because the impact of many options on water quality depends on their location. this proposal  
 estimating the impact of els uptake on water quality.  
13604 3 obes are integral components of aquatic food webs and are crucial for the cycling of carbon and 
webs and are crucial for the cycling of carbon and nutrients. microbial populations are control 
e crucial for the cycling of carbon and nutrients. microbial populations are controlled by a co 
11269 59                          the millennium development goals pledged to halve the number of people 
e world bank has assessed that economic growth from agriculture generates at least twice as muc 
 has assessed that economic growth from agriculture generates at least twice as much poverty re 
ulture generates at least twice as much poverty reduction as growth from any other sector. east 
east twice as much poverty reduction as growth from any other sector. eastern africa has severe 
s growth from any other sector. eastern africa has severe food security problems often related  
other sector. eastern africa has severe food security problems often related to high inter-annu 
al and decadal variability in rainfall. tanzania and kenya are amongst the few african countrie 
l variability in rainfall. tanzania and kenya are amongst the few african countries where under 
ver the period 1990/2-2003/54. rain-fed agriculture and pastoral activity dominates the subsist 
te farms growing export crops depend on irrigation to smooth fluctuations in annual production  
gation to smooth fluctuations in annual production levels. there is apparent potential in terms 
ent potential in terms of both land and water resources, but the reality is that often these su 
lready providing valuable and necessary ecosystem services which support livelihoods and econom 
essary ecosystem services which support livelihoods and economies. it is therefore necessary to 
 to view the potential for agricultural development within the broader frame of other, often ov 
er frame of other, often over-stressed, ecosystem services. for example, despite apparent abund 
services. for example, despite apparent abundance of water per capita on the national scale, mo 
 example, despite apparent abundance of water per capita on the national scale, most tanzanian  
nce of water per capita on the national scale, most tanzanian and kenyan river basin authoritie 
basin authorities consider basins to be water-stressed as multiple conflicting demands are exce 
conflicting demands are exceeding basin water supply. this is a particular issue in relation to 
s a particular issue in relation to the growth of intensive market-based crops . agriculture is 
rowth of intensive market-based crops . agriculture is the major contributor to gdp in both cou 
or to gdp in both countries, with other ecosystem services related income, such as that from to 
vices related income, such as that from tourism, providing important additions of foreign curre 
ant additions of foreign currency. both kenya and tanzania have identified the expansion of agr 
ons of foreign currency. both kenya and tanzania have identified the expansion of agricultural  
dentified the expansion of agricultural productivity as the growth engine to address poverty an 
ion of agricultural productivity as the growth engine to address poverty and development. tanza 
ctivity as the growth engine to address poverty and development. tanzania is embarking on exten 
he growth engine to address poverty and development. tanzania is embarking on extensive irrigat 
ine to address poverty and development. tanzania is embarking on extensive irrigation agricultu 
ent. tanzania is embarking on extensive irrigation agriculture to capture the potential of its  
ia is embarking on extensive irrigation agriculture to capture the potential of its river basin 
 the potential of its river basins amid water scarcity in areas earmarked as of high irrigation 
 scarcity in areas earmarked as of high irrigation potential. balancing between water availabil 
irrigation potential. balancing between water availability and expansion of irrigated agricultu 
availability and expansion of irrigated agriculture in tanzania is therefore an urgent task. ag 
d expansion of irrigated agriculture in tanzania is therefore an urgent task. agriculture expan 
n tanzania is therefore an urgent task. agriculture expansion and growth will be reliant on sus 
 urgent task. agriculture expansion and growth will be reliant on sustainable resource supply i 
sustainable resource supply in terms of water and land and associated ecosystem services. howev 
 terms of water and land and associated ecosystem services. however, the complexity of existing 
ciated ecosystem services. however, the complexity of existing land use and its impact on water 
es. however, the complexity of existing land use and its impact on water resources and associat 
 of existing land use and its impact on water resources and associated ecosystem function is a  
mpact on water resources and associated ecosystem function is a major knowledge gap. to enable  
or knowledge gap. to enable sustainable management of water and land resources, in an era of fa 
ap. to enable sustainable management of water and land resources, in an era of fast development 
r and land resources, in an era of fast development and change, new approaches to assessment ar 
velopment and change, new approaches to assessment are needed. this project will, therefore, fo 
 on three principal interlinked issues: water, land and associated ecosystem services for suppo 
nked issues: water, land and associated ecosystem services for supporting poverty alleviation a 
iated ecosystem services for supporting poverty alleviation and development, in particular in r 
 for supporting poverty alleviation and development, in particular in rural areas in kenya and  
opment, in particular in rural areas in kenya and tanzania facing major challenges from socio-e 
 particular in rural areas in kenya and tanzania facing major challenges from socio-ecological  
or challenges from socio-ecological and climate change.  
11416 59                          the millennium development goals pledged to halve the number of people 
e world bank has assessed that economic growth from agriculture generates at least twice as muc 
 has assessed that economic growth from agriculture generates at least twice as much poverty re 
ulture generates at least twice as much poverty reduction as growth from any other sector. east 
east twice as much poverty reduction as growth from any other sector. eastern africa has severe 
s growth from any other sector. eastern africa has severe food security problems often related  
other sector. eastern africa has severe food security problems often related to high inter-annu 
al and decadal variability in rainfall. tanzania and kenya are amongst the few african countrie 
l variability in rainfall. tanzania and kenya are amongst the few african countries where under 
ver the period 1990/2-2003/54. rain-fed agriculture and pastoral activity dominates the subsist 
te farms growing export crops depend on irrigation to smooth fluctuations in annual production  
gation to smooth fluctuations in annual production levels. there is apparent potential in terms 
ent potential in terms of both land and water resources, but the reality is that often these su 
lready providing valuable and necessary ecosystem services which support livelihoods and econom 
essary ecosystem services which support livelihoods and economies. it is therefore necessary to 
 to view the potential for agricultural development within the broader frame of other, often ov 
er frame of other, often over-stressed, ecosystem services. for example, despite apparent abund 
services. for example, despite apparent abundance of water per capita on the national scale, mo 
 example, despite apparent abundance of water per capita on the national scale, most tanzanian  
nce of water per capita on the national scale, most tanzanian and kenyan river basin authoritie 
basin authorities consider basins to be water-stressed as multiple conflicting demands are exce 
conflicting demands are exceeding basin water supply. this is a particular issue in relation to 
s a particular issue in relation to the growth of intensive market-based crops . agriculture is 
rowth of intensive market-based crops . agriculture is the major contributor to gdp in both cou 
or to gdp in both countries, with other ecosystem services related income, such as that from to 
vices related income, such as that from tourism, providing important additions of foreign curre 
ant additions of foreign currency. both kenya and tanzania have identified the expansion of agr 
ons of foreign currency. both kenya and tanzania have identified the expansion of agricultural  
dentified the expansion of agricultural productivity as the growth engine to address poverty an 
ion of agricultural productivity as the growth engine to address poverty and development. tanza 
ctivity as the growth engine to address poverty and development. tanzania is embarking on exten 
he growth engine to address poverty and development. tanzania is embarking on extensive irrigat 
ine to address poverty and development. tanzania is embarking on extensive irrigation agricultu 
ent. tanzania is embarking on extensive irrigation agriculture to capture the potential of its  
ia is embarking on extensive irrigation agriculture to capture the potential of its river basin 
 the potential of its river basins amid water scarcity in areas earmarked as of high irrigation 
 scarcity in areas earmarked as of high irrigation potential. balancing between water availabil 
irrigation potential. balancing between water availability and expansion of irrigated agricultu 
availability and expansion of irrigated agriculture in tanzania is therefore an urgent task. ag 
d expansion of irrigated agriculture in tanzania is therefore an urgent task. agriculture expan 
n tanzania is therefore an urgent task. agriculture expansion and growth will be reliant on sus 
 urgent task. agriculture expansion and growth will be reliant on sustainable resource supply i 
sustainable resource supply in terms of water and land and associated ecosystem services. howev 
 terms of water and land and associated ecosystem services. however, the complexity of existing 
ciated ecosystem services. however, the complexity of existing land use and its impact on water 
es. however, the complexity of existing land use and its impact on water resources and associat 
 of existing land use and its impact on water resources and associated ecosystem function is a  
mpact on water resources and associated ecosystem function is a major knowledge gap. to enable  
or knowledge gap. to enable sustainable management of water and land resources, in an era of fa 
ap. to enable sustainable management of water and land resources, in an era of fast development 
r and land resources, in an era of fast development and change, new approaches to assessment ar 
velopment and change, new approaches to assessment are needed. this project will, therefore, fo 
 on three principal interlinked issues: water, land and associated ecosystem services for suppo 
nked issues: water, land and associated ecosystem services for supporting poverty alleviation a 
iated ecosystem services for supporting poverty alleviation and development, in particular in r 
 for supporting poverty alleviation and development, in particular in rural areas in kenya and  
opment, in particular in rural areas in kenya and tanzania facing major challenges from socio-e 
 particular in rural areas in kenya and tanzania facing major challenges from socio-ecological  
or challenges from socio-ecological and climate change.  
13369 5 ogical characterization and preliminary evaluation activities were performed on chickpea sample 
natural conditions. characters of grain yield per plant, biological yield , pod number per plan 
rs of grain yield per plant, biological yield , pod number per plant, black spots on seed, pigm 
o been implemented on wild relatives of legumes in different regions in collaboration with fore 
t regions in collaboration with foreign institutions abroad.  
14828 13  is still a central issue in population ecology. habitat heterogeneity and despotic settlement  
 a central issue in population ecology. habitat heterogeneity and despotic settlement have been 
f population regulation for territorial birds. combined under the traditional density-dependent 
l birds. combined under the traditional density-dependent population regulation theory, these s 
ent population regulation theory, these scenarios predict that the progressive occupation of lo 
 of low quality territories as breeding density increases may cause a decline in the mean per c 
 cause a decline in the mean per capita productivity of a population while its variation increa 
ile its variation increases, leading to density-dependent regulation. golden eagle populations  
 seem to be regulated by intra-specific competition and density-dependent mechanisms arise at h 
lated by intra-specific competition and density-dependent mechanisms arise at high densities. c 
ed. in spite of, many mountain areas in europe hold breeding population of golden eagle as well 
 of the golden eagle and to discuss the conservation implications of carrion management.  
he conservation implications of carrion management.  
12467 7 links between the cfp and international fisheries governance and identify aspects that could be 
een the cfp and international fisheries governance and identify aspects that could be included  
nternational elements. this involves an assessment of policy coherence between the cfp and fish 
lements. this involves an assessment of policy coherence between the cfp and fisheries developm 
of policy coherence between the cfp and fisheries development policy. it will also involve iden 
coherence between the cfp and fisheries development policy. it will also involve identification 
tween the cfp and fisheries development policy. it will also involve identification of aspects  
11501 26                          predicting the impacts of global change on rural communities at local  
              predicting the impacts of global change on rural communities at local to regional 
llenging due to the accelerated pace of climate and economic change. however, it is clear that  
nomic change. however, it is clear that food security will continue to remain a critical issue  
s due to the volatile and unpredictable nature of food chains. food security in rural communiti 
nd unpredictable nature of food chains. food security in rural communities rely significantly o 
ities rely significantly on the flow of ecosystem services proposal therefore brings together e 
n anthropology and the social sciences, economics, ecology, risk management, spatial planning,  
ogy and the social sciences, economics, ecology, risk management, spatial planning, climate cha 
he social sciences, economics, ecology, risk management, spatial planning, climate change and c 
cial sciences, economics, ecology, risk management, spatial planning, climate change and comple 
mics, ecology, risk management, spatial planning, climate change and complexity sciences to des 
ogy, risk management, spatial planning, climate change and complexity sciences to design and in 
t, spatial planning, climate change and complexity sciences to design and integrate a suite of  
analyse how dynamic stocks and flows of ecological services at the landscape scale translate to 
and flows of ecological services at the landscape scale translate to local-level nutritional we 
of ecological services at the landscape scale translate to local-level nutritional well-being a 
he study is to examine the link between ecosystem services and impacts on nutritional and socio 
the link between ecosystem services and impacts on nutritional and socio-economic status and ma 
 bring together the partners, and other stakeholders, including local communities, ngos and pol 
, including local communities, ngos and policy-makers to design a new integrating framework tha 
 local case-study areas in amazonia and africa which are characterised by mosaics of forests an 
a which are characterised by mosaics of forests and agricultural lands to explore the uncertain 
s and agricultural lands to explore the uncertainty, volatility, trade-offs and tipping points  
to explore the uncertainty, volatility, trade-offs and tipping points associated with managing  
managing these dynamic landscapes under climate and social-economic change.  
9838 15                              studies of food webs rarely encompass more than one class of natur 
e than one class of natural enemy. with insects, most terrestrial food webs are highly biased t 
l enemy. with insects, most terrestrial food webs are highly biased towards parasitoids while m 
ial food webs are highly biased towards parasitoids while most aquatic food webs are equally bi 
 towards parasitoids while most aquatic food webs are equally biased towards predators. the aim 
ic food webs are equally biased towards predators. the aim of this proposal is to construct a w 
l is to construct a web containing both predators and parasitoids . detailed data on the parasi 
uct a web containing both predators and parasitoids . detailed data on the parasitoids already  
 and parasitoids . detailed data on the parasitoids already exists but, as in other terrestrial 
ady exists but, as in other terrestrial food web studies, obtaining quantified trophic informat 
rophic information from the terrestrial predators in the field is extremely difficult. in this  
proposal molecular techniques, novel to food webs, will be used to detect and identify prey dna 
ed to detect and identify prey dna from predator gut samples. following sequencing of relevant  
to compare the role of native and alien predators in food webs.  
e role of native and alien predators in food webs.  
14836 11 s significantly increased the inputs of nutrients, specially din. different studies have report 
fferent studies have reported that some cyanobacteria communities produce microcystins in medit 
ria communities produce microcystins in mediterranean streams. at the same time, the presence o 
s produce microcystins in mediterranean streams. at the same time, the presence of dissolved mi 
evels near 4 ppb evaluating the role of cyanobacteria biofilms on the ecological stoichiometry  
e role of cyanobacteria biofilms on the ecological stoichiometry of stream food webs, and model 
ilms on the ecological stoichiometry of stream food webs, and modelling the stoichiometric rela 
 the ecological stoichiometry of stream food webs, and modelling the stoichiometric relations b 
 stoichiometry of stream food webs, and modelling the stoichiometric relations between compartm 
ations between compartments in complete stream food webs.  
between compartments in complete stream food webs.  
15310 3                                         trophic interactions constitute the basis of population 
rce, has the capacity of modulating the abundance of consumers by acting on demographic paramet 
as pathogen vectors of a spanish raptor community counting with threatened species.  
7620 9 depend on the lichen in winter. swedish forestry, soil preparation by following clearcutting, d 
the lichen in winter. swedish forestry, soil preparation by following clearcutting, destroys th 
t aims to restore the lichen barrens by ecological engineering methods for maintaining biodiver 
cal engineering methods for maintaining biodiversity and reduce the impact of forestry practice 
g biodiversity and reduce the impact of forestry practices on livestock. by choosing species cl 
uce the impact of forestry practices on livestock. by choosing species cladina capable of rapid 
oosing species cladina capable of rapid colonization we will develop lichen fragments scatterin 
agments scattering techniques to foster growth, study the effects of a lower planting density.  
, study the effects of a lower planting density.  
13371 3 nserve forage crop species in danger of erosion and extinction thus to serve this material to r 
e crop species in danger of erosion and extinction thus to serve this material to researchers a 
d. studies for pre-characterization and evaluation are conducted within the frame work of the p 
210 29      general and widespread shortage of pollinator abundance and diversity in agricultural land 
l and widespread shortage of pollinator abundance and diversity in agricultural landscapes of a 
ad shortage of pollinator abundance and diversity in agricultural landscapes of america, asia a 
f pollinator abundance and diversity in agricultural landscapes of america, asia and europe giv 
ultural landscapes of america, asia and europe gives cause for alarm. reduction of pollination  
ope gives cause for alarm. reduction of pollination service threatens not only the quantity and 
use of the need to reverse the damaging impacts of modern agricultural practice on biodiversity 
acts of modern agricultural practice on biodiversity, it is important to understand the relativ 
 and regional factors in regulating the species richness and abundance of pollinators in these  
 in regulating the species richness and abundance of pollinators in these habitats. the aims of 
g the species richness and abundance of pollinators in these habitats. the aims of this project 
 are: 1. to assess the effectiveness of agri-environment schemes in estonia. for this purpose,  
stonia. for this purpose, the effect of landscape structure, land-use intensity, and habitat di 
ose, the effect of landscape structure, land-use intensity, and habitat diversity on community  
cape structure, land-use intensity, and habitat diversity on community structure of bumble bees 
ucture, land-use intensity, and habitat diversity on community structure of bumble bees will be 
use intensity, and habitat diversity on community structure of bumble bees will be investigated 
ersity on community structure of bumble bees will be investigated. 2. to determine the nutritio 
 nutritional value of various crops for bees and to specify their agronomic requirements. for t 
s purpose, the resource partitioning of bees in relation to availability of nectar and pollen i 
r and the physiological state of bumble bees. for this purpose, bumble bee foraging behaviour w 
s exchange cycles and heart activity of bees poisoned by pesticides. these new insights will ai 
 and heart activity of bees poisoned by pesticides. these new insights will aid the development 
icides. these new insights will aid the development of strategies to protect both wild and dome 
egies to protect both wild and domestic pollinators and help develop more effective agri-enviro 
inators and help develop more effective agri-environment schemes that aim to conserve pollinato 
nvironment schemes that aim to conserve pollinators. provision of adequate pollination services 
erve pollinators. provision of adequate pollination services will help achieve more reliable cr 
 of native flora, which in turn benefit pollinator populations.  
2106 5 e measurements directly explore benthic community assemblages at, near and outside bearded seal 
l foraging areas in order to assess the impacts of bearded seal feeding on the benthic communit 
the benthic communities composition and productivity in the arctic. this programme will add sig 
cantly to our knowledge of bearded seal ecology and the dynamics of benthic community structure 
eal ecology and the dynamics of benthic community structure in the arctic.  
9970 13               the foraging behaviour of predators not only determines species distribution patt 
f predators not only determines species distribution patterns, but influences the dynamics and  
tterns, but influences the dynamics and stability of prey populations. however despite a large  
theoretical predictions in free-ranging marine fish predators. the proposed research will lest  
ical predictions in free-ranging marine fish predators. the proposed research will lest the hyp 
predictions in free-ranging marine fish predators. the proposed research will lest the hypothes 
ypothesis arising from the optimal diet model, that a fish predator has higher search times per 
ing from the optimal diet model, that a fish predator has higher search times per prey item con 
rom the optimal diet model, that a fish predator has higher search times per prey item consumed 
ader diet, in a relatively unproductive environment compared to productive habitat. this novel  
tive environment compared to productive habitat. this novel project will combine fine-scale tra 
t. this novel project will combine fine-scale tracking of dogfish foraging trips with sampling  
her with simultaneous invertebrate prey abundance surveys, this approach will reconcile the for 
11359 13               the foraging behaviour of predators not only determines species distribution patt 
f predators not only determines species distribution patterns, but influences the dynamics and  
tterns, but influences the dynamics and stability of prey populations. however despite a large  
theoretical predictions in free-ranging marine fish predators. the proposed research will lest  
ical predictions in free-ranging marine fish predators. the proposed research will lest the hyp 
predictions in free-ranging marine fish predators. the proposed research will lest the hypothes 
ypothesis arising from the optimal diet model, that a fish predator has higher search times per 
ing from the optimal diet model, that a fish predator has higher search times per prey item con 
rom the optimal diet model, that a fish predator has higher search times per prey item consumed 
ader diet, in a relatively unproductive environment compared to productive habitat. this novel  
tive environment compared to productive habitat. this novel project will combine fine-scale tra 
t. this novel project will combine fine-scale tracking of dogfish foraging trips with sampling  
her with simultaneous invertebrate prey abundance surveys, this approach will reconcile the for 
7016 1 lied to foraminiferan tests and several sediment parameters will be compiled. all these data wi 
10659 16 e from fossil shells to understand past climate changes in these regions . during my advanced f 
sts who investigate changes in the past climate. forams can be carried over great distances in  
though there seem to be few barriers to dispersal, individual genotypes do have different adapt 
e become adapted to live in the extreme environment of the sea-ice while others have found them 
scoveries in leading journals. for past climate reconstruction, pooling several genotypes toget 
rror into researcher s calculations and climate models. my evidence on the genetic diversity an 
 and climate models. my evidence on the genetic diversity and ecology of living forams in the c 
y evidence on the genetic diversity and ecology of living forams in the cold regions of the hig 
h play an equally vital role in earth s climate system to determine the genotypic structure of  
ypic structure of these quite different ecosystems. i propose to sample these regions during th 
h genotypes live there and the specific water column conditions they live in. i will combine ge 
een shell geochemistry and the physical environment in which genotypes grow is vital for past c 
 which genotypes grow is vital for past climate modelling. this work will be done in collaborat 
enotypes grow is vital for past climate modelling. this work will be done in collaboration with 
 who work on the reconstruction of past climate both in the uk and abroad. in addition, a new d 
ade available for use by the scientific community when complete.  
14314 10 ect will bring together a large team of forest researchers to tackle the very relevant and time 
he very relevant and timely question of biodiversity functionality. the network that will be fu 
ntary view on the functional aspects of forest biodiversity. the network will furthermore build 
iew on the functional aspects of forest biodiversity. the network will furthermore build bridge 
rmore build bridges between science and policy. on the one hand, the cluster project will synth 
ing knowledge on the importance of tree species diversity for the provisioning of forest ecosys 
ecies diversity for the provisioning of forest ecosystem goods and services and on the other ha 
iversity for the provisioning of forest ecosystem goods and services and on the other hand the  
s for long-term top quality research on forest ecosystems in belgium.  
ong-term top quality research on forest ecosystems in belgium.  
11877 10                    our vision: to impel climate change mitigation action by motivating private  
    our vision: to impel climate change mitigation action by motivating private investments in  
vate investments in sustainably managed forest ecosystem services. our contribution: to address 
vestments in sustainably managed forest ecosystem services. our contribution: to address a crit 
ritical ke gap between expertise on the mapping, modelling and quantification of the risk of fo 
e gap between expertise on the mapping, modelling and quantification of the risk of forest carb 
ng, modelling and quantification of the risk of forest carbon loss, and investor s confidence i 
lling and quantification of the risk of forest carbon loss, and investor s confidence in forest 
nd quantification of the risk of forest carbon loss, and investor s confidence in forest invest 
rbon loss, and investor s confidence in forest investments .  
7145 14 of past agricultural practices on plant biodiversity in forest areas, in which we showed that t 
ural practices on plant biodiversity in forest areas, in which we showed that the former use of 
 which we showed that the former use of forest soils for agriculture engendered changes in the  
we showed that the former use of forest soils for agriculture engendered changes in the composi 
that the former use of forest soils for agriculture engendered changes in the composition of th 
es in the composition of the herbaceous vegetation which might last for very long periods, or e 
or even be irreversible on a historical scale. in this project, we wish to: * assess the influe 
o: * assess the influence of the former land use on the faunal biodiversity. * measure the rela 
ce of the former land use on the faunal biodiversity. * measure the relative incidence of ancie 
lative incidence of ancient customs and climate change on the biodiversity of the tree layer. * 
cient customs and climate change on the biodiversity of the tree layer. * analyze and model the 
ersity of the tree layer. * analyze and model the very long -term sustainability of soil fertil 
* analyze and model the very long -term sustainability of soil fertility changes induced by anc 
l the very long -term sustainability of soil fertility changes induced by ancient custom, in a  
7473 7 a a strategic research roadmap, between europe and north america regarding adaptation of forest 
ween europe and north america regarding adaptation of forest trees to climate changes, linking  
d north america regarding adaptation of forest trees to climate changes, linking different disc 
regarding adaptation of forest trees to climate changes, linking different disciplines: ecology 
changes, linking different disciplines: ecology, genetics, genomics and evolution. foresttrac b 
plines: ecology, genetics, genomics and evolution. foresttrac brings together a critical mass o 
ian partners. for the time being, large scale genomics projects have been conducted and dissemi 
13464 17                                         boreal forest soils are reservoirs of enormous biodiver 
                          boreal forest soils are reservoirs of enormous biodiversity and conta 
forest soils are reservoirs of enormous biodiversity and contain diverse communities of ectomyc 
 diverse communities of ectomycorrhizal fungi that contribute to the uptake and transfer of dif 
to the uptake and transfer of different nutrients to their tree hosts and to sequestration of c 
heir tree hosts and to sequestration of carbon. however the biodiversity of these organisms is  
to sequestration of carbon. however the biodiversity of these organisms is affected by addition 
e organisms is affected by additions of nutrients designed to stimulate tree growth. negative e 
of nutrients designed to stimulate tree growth. negative effects on dominant species are often  
lowground, in favour of increased shoot growth. results obtained in our lab using conventional  
 dynamic interactions between ´natural´ biological diversity and artificial stimulation of fore 
diversity and artificial stimulation of forest growth using different fertiliser applications.  
ty and artificial stimulation of forest growth using different fertiliser applications. the res 
wledge should enable a more sustainable management of swedish forests optimising the balance be 
 more sustainable management of swedish forests optimising the balance between the dual goals o 
g the balance between the dual goals of production and maintenance of biological diversity.  
 goals of production and maintenance of biological diversity.  
404 23 nd duration of effects from operational forest fertilization on forest biodiversity and product 
tion of effects from operational forest fertilization on forest biodiversity and productivity.  
rom operational forest fertilization on forest biodiversity and productivity. the official repo 
rational forest fertilization on forest biodiversity and productivity. the official report on f 
ertilization on forest biodiversity and productivity. the official report on fertilization effe 
nd productivity. the official report on fertilization effects on forest ecosystems abundance of 
cial report on fertilization effects on forest ecosystems abundance of vaccinium dwarf-shrubs.  
port on fertilization effects on forest ecosystems abundance of vaccinium dwarf-shrubs. in the  
tilization effects on forest ecosystems abundance of vaccinium dwarf-shrubs. in the context of  
ccinium dwarf-shrubs. in the context of forest productivity, the observed changes in plant comm 
 dwarf-shrubs. in the context of forest productivity, the observed changes in plant community c 
uctivity, the observed changes in plant community composition suggests that forest fertilizatio 
ant community composition suggests that forest fertilization had induced a permanent shift of t 
munity composition suggests that forest fertilization had induced a permanent shift of the site 
 fertilizer derived enhancement of tree growth. the planned project will quantify long-lasting  
nned project will quantify long-lasting fertilization effects on forest biodiversity and produc 
y long-lasting fertilization effects on forest biodiversity and productivity, and identify resp 
lasting fertilization effects on forest biodiversity and productivity, and identify responsible 
tion effects on forest biodiversity and productivity, and identify responsible mechanisms. know 
ovided will be critical for the swedish forestry sector in its effort to make informed decision 
ke informed decisions about the optimal forest management strategy to ensure that both producti 
management strategy to ensure that both production and nature conservation goals are accomplish 
tegy to ensure that both production and nature conservation goals are accomplished.  
14504 29              on august 2003, a woodland fire affected several headwater mediterranean streams i 
oodland fire affected several headwater mediterranean streams in catalonia. in this project we  
ffected several headwater mediterranean streams in catalonia. in this project we want to study  
a. in this project we want to study the fire effects on the aquatic biota and its recovery proc 
re effects on the aquatic biota and its recovery process. very little is known on these effects 
conducted in united states in temperate rivers, while mediterranean rivers reaction to fire is  
nited states in temperate rivers, while mediterranean rivers reaction to fire is still unknown, 
n temperate rivers, while mediterranean rivers reaction to fire is still unknown, although thei 
 while mediterranean rivers reaction to fire is still unknown, although their higher exposure t 
nown, although their higher exposure to fire events. headwaters are key areas for freshwater bi 
re events. headwaters are key areas for freshwater biota conservation, and are very sensitive t 
ters are key areas for freshwater biota conservation, and are very sensitive to losses of biodi 
on, and are very sensitive to losses of biodiversity because its isolation as consequence of st 
because its isolation as consequence of stream fragmentation due to downstream pollution. so we 
 its isolation as consequence of stream fragmentation due to downstream pollution. so we consid 
 stream fragmentation due to downstream pollution. so we consider very important to define the  
very important to define the effects of fire disturbance in small headwater streams and its res 
important to define the effects of fire disturbance in small headwater streams and its resilien 
 of fire disturbance in small headwater streams and its resilience. the opportunity of the subm 
ance in small headwater streams and its resilience. the opportunity of the submitted project is 
of having already information about pre-fire communities in some of the proposed areas; in some 
allow us to establish the reference pre-fire conditions and to recognize when the total recover 
ditions and to recognize when the total recovery have been reached. also, we have data from sim 
eached. also, we have data from similar streams with unburned watersheds, which can be used as  
 which can be used as control, and from streams with 10-years old burned catchments. all the se 
old burned catchments. all the selected stream reaches are of similar order and have similar ge 
ilar order and have similar geology and vegetation conditions. we pretend to analyse and follow 
 pretend to analyse and follow the post-fire evolution of general physicochemical parameters .  
end to analyse and follow the post-fire evolution of general physicochemical parameters .  
14972 18                             the lost of biodiversity is one of the biggest problem today. a lot 
 of the biggest problem today. a lot of forests have been fragmented along the world due to hum 
 been fragmented along the world due to human impact. the lost of forests might be great conseq 
 world due to human impact. the lost of forests might be great consequences to the biodiversity 
ests might be great consequences to the biodiversity. by other hand, if a this problem we add t 
ther hand, if a this problem we add the global change, the effects on the biodiversity will be  
d the global change, the effects on the biodiversity will be increased. by this, the main objec 
s proposal is to evaluate the effect of forests fragmentation on the biodiversity along a stres 
al is to evaluate the effect of forests fragmentation on the biodiversity along a stress gradie 
 effect of forests fragmentation on the biodiversity along a stress gradient, using lichens com 
agmentation on the biodiversity along a stress gradient, using lichens communities. the specifi 
iversity along a stress gradient, using lichens communities. the specific objectives are: 1. to 
are: 1. to evaluate the effect of beech forests fragmentation on epiphytic lichen communities a 
to evaluate the effect of beech forests fragmentation on epiphytic lichen communities along a s 
on epiphytic lichen communities along a stress gradient. 2. to evaluate the edge effect on epip 
ons of three threatened species along a stress gradient. 4. to evaluate the genetic structure o 
pulations of lobaria pulmonaria along a stress gradient. 5. to evaluate the phenotipic plastici 
lasticity of lobaria pulmonaria along a stress gradient.  
13459 12                                         logging disturbances in boreal watersheds generally lea 
erally leads to short-term increases in soil nutrient availability followed by increased leachi 
ong terms effects of enhanced inorganic nitrogen . long-term effects will be evaluated by study 
be assessed how excess inorganic n from logging affect pelagic productivity and plankton struct 
inorganic n from logging affect pelagic productivity and plankton structure, and the energy tra 
ctivity and plankton structure, and the energy transfer efficiency from basal trophic levels up 
kton structure, and the energy transfer efficiency from basal trophic levels up to zooplankton. 
iciency from basal trophic levels up to zooplankton. the capacity of the lake ecosystems to ret 
o zooplankton. the capacity of the lake ecosystems to retain excess inorganic n will also be ev 
ated. the results intend to be used for management and protection of surface waters, and to adv 
ction of surface waters, and to advance forest management guidelines for limiting nutrient expo 
 catchments and minimize its affects on water quality and planktonic biostructure in boreal lak 
13873 31     the aim of this project is to study forestry-induced cascading effects on the interaction o 
effects on the interaction of epiphytic lichens, invertebrates and birds. there is a strong cor 
n the interaction of epiphytic lichens, invertebrates and birds. there is a strong correlation  
of epiphytic lichens, invertebrates and birds. there is a strong correlation between abundance  
. there is a strong correlation between abundance of epiphytic lichens and abundance of inverte 
relation between abundance of epiphytic lichens and abundance of invertebrates in boreal forest 
ween abundance of epiphytic lichens and abundance of invertebrates in boreal forests. however,  
e of epiphytic lichens and abundance of invertebrates in boreal forests. however, many epiphyti 
nd abundance of invertebrates in boreal forests. however, many epiphytic lichens have declined  
boreal forests. however, many epiphytic lichens have declined drastically due to forestry. the  
ichens have declined drastically due to forestry. the same pattern is found for some non-migrat 
pattern is found for some non-migratory birds, e.g. tits. my hypothesis is that high invertebra 
my hypothesis is that high invertebrate abundance mediated by high lichen biomass is critical t 
brate abundance mediated by high lichen biomass is critical to non-migratory passerines during  
 during winter, when food is scarce and energy needs high. this will be tested by comparing bir 
ng bird-mediated giving up densities of invertebrates in bird territories located in lichen-ric 
bird territories located in lichen-rich forests and lichen-poor forests. the magnitude of the g 
 in lichen-rich forests and lichen-poor forests. the magnitude of the gud will be used as an in 
patch should be abandoned when its food density equals the average food abundance in the habita 
ts food density equals the average food abundance in the habitat. the experiment will be comple 
quals the average food abundance in the habitat. the experiment will be complemented with focal 
 differences among species of epiphytic lichens, different species probably provide separate ha 
s probably provide separate habitats to invertebrates. in light of that some lichen species hav 
n species have declined recently due to forestry, species composition of lichens will be relate 
have declined recently due to forestry, species composition of lichens will be related to speci 
due to forestry, species composition of lichens will be related to species composition of inver 
mposition of lichens will be related to species composition of invertebrates. the proposed rese 
ll be related to species composition of invertebrates. the proposed research will be especially 
esearch will be especially relevant for conservation of biodiversity in boreal coniferous fores 
especially relevant for conservation of biodiversity in boreal coniferous forests.  
on of biodiversity in boreal coniferous forests.  
11691 7 de mineral phase which forms in natural soils under reducing conditions. in addition, this mine 
.e. fe changes as the mineral particles growth and then transform during oxidation. by applicat 
element and contaminant mobility in the environment the first 4 objectives will consist of exte 
analogous to those found in the natural environment. to answer question 5, the data from the ex 
 incorporated into geochemical computer modelling packages which will allow us to predict how g 
th natural system and contaminated land scenarios. for example, it will allow us to perform mod 
or example, it will allow us to perform modelling under the conditions that green rust will for 
9942 7 de mineral phase which forms in natural soils under reducing conditions. in addition, this mine 
.e. fe changes as the mineral particles growth and then transform during oxidation. by applicat 
element and contaminant mobility in the environment the first 4 objectives will consist of exte 
analogous to those found in the natural environment. to answer question 5, the data from the ex 
 incorporated into geochemical computer modelling packages which will allow us to predict how g 
th natural system and contaminated land scenarios. for example, it will allow us to perform mod 
or example, it will allow us to perform modelling under the conditions that green rust will for 
7310 3  -de- france, the observatory building, monitoring and proper scientific expertise service for  
ntific expertise service for integrated management of biodiversity resources area. this objecti 
se service for integrated management of biodiversity resources area. this objective will be pur 
10399 18 source of high cultural, scientific and nature conservation importance throughout europe. in a  
ture conservation importance throughout europe. in a recently published hypothesis, a danish wo 
a, has argued that the current european management policy towards closed canopy woodland is aff 
ed that the current european management policy towards closed canopy woodland is affecting the  
f specialised plants and animals of the forest. many sites are highly valued for these speciali 
 open areas in the wildwood of primeval europe, so that the forest, far from being closed, was  
ildwood of primeval europe, so that the forest, far from being closed, was in fact quite open.  
g that the wildwood was a closed canopy forest and so management of ancient woodland sites, whi 
dwood was a closed canopy forest and so management of ancient woodland sites, which aims to mai 
 these precious sites and well-recorded management systems, including grazing and mowing. the r 
-recorded management systems, including grazing and mowing. the recent fossil data will be coll 
nagement systems, including grazing and mowing. the recent fossil data will be collected from s 
cent fossil data will be collected from sediment samples taken from the loose sediments at the  
ent woodlands. a proportion of whatever insects are living in the woodlands will end up being d 
ooded areas, their canopy structure and management, we will be able to identify a fossil finger 
, possibly, establish the importance of management influences on their insect faunas. finally,  
standing of beetle characteristics from forest environments. this will allow us to produce a mo 
tory or supporting evidence towards the landscape structure identified by vera and its continue 
11632 4 mal vent fluid. vent fluid is very hot, oxygen poor, acidic and full of metals at vent sites wi 
ed in the laboratory to investigate the nature of the mineralization that has occurred on the b 
l. the new data will allow us to make a model explaining how modern vent fauna become fossilize 
f evolutionary patterns in this extreme habitat. it will also enable us to find more ancient ve 
6921 4 ld join in the improvement of hungarian agriculture. results of the project could be utilized b 
gricultural products. as cost effective development, we plan to establish a central laboratory  
tes avoiding wasteful parallel capacity development. in case of being approved, inland r&d acti 
d activities and a favorable scientific policy process would also be supported.  
7710 13 e respective shares of genetics and the soil in the composition of the aroma. we aim to improve 
 by managing the original inoculum as a function of the implantation site. trufficoles the ecos 
 the implantation site. trufficoles the ecosystems have a role in the landscape and the mainten 
coles the ecosystems have a role in the landscape and the maintenance of a rural activity. we h 
we hope to improve their profitability, biodiversity and sustainability link production / lands 
e their profitability, biodiversity and sustainability link production / landscape perfecting c 
y, biodiversity and sustainability link production / landscape perfecting currently empirical m 
ty and sustainability link production / landscape perfecting currently empirical methods. we al 
ical methods. we also wish to establish soil production potential indicators, especially after  
methods. we also wish to establish soil production potential indicators, especially after inocu 
 to establish soil production potential indicators, especially after inoculation, or the geneti 
f the population, especially in case of invasion by china truffle. an important knowledge trans 
tion, especially in case of invasion by china truffle. an important knowledge transfer componen 
7205 1 expected results managing heterogeneous forests  
14324 3 requires: brgm: specialized in economic evaluation of water resources management.  
: specialized in economic evaluation of water resources management.  
 economic evaluation of water resources management.  
7006 20  has been applied on various aspects of ecology such as patterns of plant and landscapes, appli 
and landscapes, applications on benthic freshwater environments and patterns of community struc 
freshwater environments and patterns of community structure have only recently emerged. fractal 
 response of organisms to environmental heterogeneity that may be independent of differences in 
at may be independent of differences in species composition and body size distribution. few stu 
 differences in species composition and body size distribution. few studies have considered spa 
es in species composition and body size distribution. few studies have considered spatial scale 
stribution. few studies have considered spatial scale-dependent aspects of distribution pattern 
ered spatial scale-dependent aspects of distribution pattern of different-sized organisms, part 
ganisms, particularly in lotic systems. body size influences an organisms energetic requirement 
exploitation, and its susceptibility to predation. the existence of a general relation, between 
 a general relation, between population density and body size in benthic animal assemblages may 
elation, between population density and body size in benthic animal assemblages may be attribut 
ed to non-metabolic constraints such as habitat complexity. we aim to examine the implications  
 the implications of substratum surface heterogeneity and its fractal characteristics for the b 
actal characteristics for the body-size distribution of benthic communities. in eight geographi 
ties. in eight geographically separated streams we shall explore if scaling of population densi 
 shall explore if scaling of population density to body size converges across communities. furt 
ore if scaling of population density to body size converges across communities. furthermore, we 
lation between body-size and population density in benthic animal assemblages may be influenced 
15404 20                                         habitat loss and fragmentation are thought to be major  
                       habitat loss and fragmentation are thought to be major drivers of the on 
 be major drivers of the ongoing global biodiversity crisis. a central tenet of fragmentation t 
biodiversity crisis. a central tenet of fragmentation theory, the extinction threshold hypothes 
tral tenet of fragmentation theory, the extinction threshold hypothesis, states that fragmentai 
of fragmentation theory, the extinction threshold hypothesis, states that fragmentaion agravate 
t fragmentaion agravates the effects of habitat loss, making more habitat necessary to avoid ex 
he effects of habitat loss, making more habitat necessary to avoid extinctions. however, adequa 
e at broad geographical scales i.e. the scale most critical to inform biodiversity conservation 
 i.e. the scale most critical to inform biodiversity conservation policies and strategies. here 
here we present a spanish- and european-scale research proposal that combines atlas species dis 
ch proposal that combines atlas species distribution data, the satellite imagery-generated cori 
 the satellite imagery-generated corine land cover database, and statistical modelling with log 
ne land cover database, and statistical modelling with logistic regression techniques in order  
 order to: evaluate methods to optimize modelling of spatially distributed data that are likely 
 research have the potential to benefit fragmentation theory, to improve numerical techniques t 
ographical studies, and are relevant to conservation policies involving the forest biotas of eu 
 to conservation policies involving the forest biotas of europe in general and spain in particu 
policies involving the forest biotas of europe in general and spain in particular.  
 forest biotas of europe in general and spain in particular.  
15383 6 of protozoa in the survival, virulence, resistance and resuscitation of legionella pneumophila  
citation of legionella pneumophila is a model that can be applied to other pathogens such as ca 
 a methodology for co-cultures protozoa-bacteria that improves the isolation of these intracell 
cies of legionella and campylobacter in water samples from water facilities repeatedly related  
and campylobacter in water samples from water facilities repeatedly related to cases of legione 
ribute to a better understanding of the ecosystem in which these organisms live and how they ev 
10682 3 batesian mimicry theory with aggressive fish mimics parasitising indo-pacific cleanerfish and t 
sing indo-pacific cleanerfish and their fish clients. using field data, i will test if the succ 
o provide a framework to understand the nature and maintenance of aggressive mimicry.  
10009 15                                     the hydrology, soils and ecology of moorland are vulnerable 
                         the hydrology, soils and ecology of moorland are vulnerable to local e 
               the hydrology, soils and ecology of moorland are vulnerable to local environment 
ogy of moorland are vulnerable to local environmental change, and in many areas uninformed mana 
al change, and in many areas uninformed management has increased erosion and flooding, and degr 
eas uninformed management has increased erosion and flooding, and degraded the water quality an 
 erosion and flooding, and degraded the water quality and biodiversity of streams. whilst much  
ing, and degraded the water quality and biodiversity of streams. whilst much research has been  
d the water quality and biodiversity of streams. whilst much research has been directed at the  
 structure of ecological communities in rivers and streams draining moorland stream ecology. th 
of ecological communities in rivers and streams draining moorland stream ecology. the student w 
in rivers and streams draining moorland stream ecology. the student will be based at the 5 rae  
rs and streams draining moorland stream ecology. the student will be based at the 5 rae rated s 
e training in translating research into conservation targets for rivers in areas designated as  
 research into conservation targets for rivers in areas designated as sssi and sac.  
12038 42                              predicting diversity of freshwater fish communities: a framework f 
                predicting diversity of freshwater fish communities: a framework for global cha 
     predicting diversity of freshwater fish communities: a framework for global changes assess 
unities: a framework for global changes assessment rivers belong to the most intensively human  
framework for global changes assessment rivers belong to the most intensively human influenced  
o the most intensively human influenced ecosystems on earth, and there is no doubt that the rec 
cent regional and global extinctions of freshwater fauna documented so far are due to human act 
give an example, the present decline in freshwater biodiversity in north america is about five  
mple, the present decline in freshwater biodiversity in north america is about five times great 
 for one of the best known taxa, namely fish, habitat loss, flow modification, industrial pollu 
ne of the best known taxa, namely fish, habitat loss, flow modification, industrial pollution,  
tat loss, flow modification, industrial pollution, eutrophication and introduction of non-nativ 
low modification, industrial pollution, eutrophication and introduction of non-native species a 
s are believed to be among the greatest diversity threats worldwide. global climate change may  
est diversity threats worldwide. global climate change may further regionally amplify habitat l 
e change may further regionally amplify habitat loss through chronic reduction in water availab 
bitat loss through chronic reduction in water availability and endanger many more fish species  
ter availability and endanger many more fish species in the near future and is thought to repre 
represent the most pervasive threats to biodiversity. under these circumstances our understandi 
nt-day factors and processes that drive species diversity at large spatial extents is a critica 
ep for elaborating predictive models of fish biodiversity changes in response to ongoing and fu 
r elaborating predictive models of fish biodiversity changes in response to ongoing and future  
ovide science-based answers to pressing conservation questions that are currently being asked b 
ning species occurrence for the world’s freshwater fish fauna at the river drainage basin scale 
s occurrence for the world’s freshwater fish fauna at the river drainage basin scale and endemi 
 fish fauna at the river drainage basin scale and endemism are not fully congruent and result f 
a at the river drainage basin scale and endemism are not fully congruent and result from distin 
ons are an ongoing driver of the global biogeography of body size in freshwater fishes. we furt 
ng driver of the global biogeography of body size in freshwater fishes. we further built and us 
the global biogeography of body size in freshwater fishes. we further built and used an empiric 
r built and used an empirically derived extinction-area curve to project future rates of freshw 
n-area curve to project future rates of freshwater fish extinction following variations in rive 
e to project future rates of freshwater fish extinction following variations in river drainage  
project future rates of freshwater fish extinction following variations in river drainage area  
ver drainage area resulting from global climate change. we predict that only few, and narrowly  
should suffer an increase in population extinction rates from drainage area loss by 2090. moreo 
m drainage area loss by 2090. moreover, habitat loss in these drainage basins will hasten natur 
ese drainage basins will hasten natural extinction rates by only 1.47 times. this result strong 
 chance to counteract actual and future fish species loss by preferentially focusing conservati 
ce to counteract actual and future fish species loss by preferentially focusing conservation ac 
species loss by preferentially focusing conservation actions on the other important anthropogen 
reats generating ongoing extinctions in rivers.  
14603 11 tween dissolved and particulate organic carbon has ecological sense because poc goes down by gr 
aters, whereas doc is retained into the water column. traditionally, poc formation has been ass 
 poc formation has been associated with phytoplankton biomass growth, neglecting microparticles 
 has been associated with phytoplankton biomass growth, neglecting microparticles formation by  
n associated with phytoplankton biomass growth, neglecting microparticles formation by self agg 
 loop lead to a c loss due to bacterial respiration. however, abiotic doc-poc conversion does n 
ot involve a c loss suggesting a higher efficiency of this last pathway. to evaluate the relati 
 consideration that most inland aquatic ecosystems have doc concentrations up to 30 times highe 
ncentrations up to 30 times higher than marine ecosystems and colloids aggregation is density-d 
tions up to 30 times higher than marine ecosystems and colloids aggregation is density-dependen 
 ecosystems and colloids aggregation is density-dependent, the application of polymer gel theor 
11502 13 dely accepted that human-induced global environmental change has important implications for bio 
l change has important implications for biodiversity and associated ecosystems, our understandi 
cations for biodiversity and associated ecosystems, our understanding of the ecological mechani 
poor. within populations, the impact of environmental change depends on how individual fitness  
n determines vital rates and population growth. a key aspect of this process is the way individ 
s is the way individuals are exposed to environmental change in space and time, and the implica 
portant issue by working on the spatial ecology of a tropical seabird, the round island petrel. 
d island petrel. this is an interesting model system because the population breeding on round i 
rop in sea surface temperatures affects distribution patterns, exposure to environmental change 
ects distribution patterns, exposure to environmental change, and its consequences at the indiv 
on individual genotypes, phenotypes and distribution patterns. our proposed work is novel becau 
l s genome might affect its exposure to environmental change and its consequences, and in this  
gether evolutionary biology and applied ecology.  
1972 7 e most intriguing questions in chemical ecology is why one plant species produces so many diffe 
tructure, single-step modifications may yield a compound that provides protection against an en 
ferent effects on phytophages and their natural enemies. here we propose to analyse the molecul 
t shoot-feeding aphids and root-feeding nematodes. additionally, we will analyse how the natura 
. additionally, we will analyse how the natural enemies of the aphids are affected by the diffe 
c processes that are fundamental to the evolution of plant chemical diversity.  
ntal to the evolution of plant chemical diversity.  
2539 18                this research will study life history evolution of african butterflies in the ge 
  this research will study life history evolution of african butterflies in the genus lepidochr 
to the ground where they are carried by ants into the brood chamber of the nest. here they eith 
like cuckoos for the remainder of their development. the some 120 species of lepidochrysops are 
 expand our sampling to analyze feeding behavior throughout the genus. we will investigate the  
hout the genus. we will investigate the evolution of phyto-predation in a phylogenetic framewor 
will investigate the evolution of phyto-predation in a phylogenetic framework by inferring the  
 applying comparative methods to assess life history evolution and diversification patterns in  
parative methods to assess life history evolution and diversification patterns in the group. in 
making collections, we will also assess distribution patterns of different taxa, and use this i 
xamine the effects of anthropogenic and climate change. the life histories of african lepidochr 
 of which are the focus of considerable conservation attention. probably as a consequence of th 
amongst the first to be threatened when habitat is destroyed as a result of human interference; 
ever, lepidochrysops species parasitize ants in the subfamily formicinae, whereas maculinea spe 
his difference is likely to shape their population dynamics. our results will therefore be of g 
l assist in establishing guidelines for conservation and management of these specialized insect 
lishing guidelines for conservation and management of these specialized insects, their hosts an 
ion and management of these specialized insects, their hosts and habitats.  
7385 5 l norms and practices of perception and management of agro-biodiversity, heritage both biologic 
es of perception and management of agro-biodiversity, heritage both biological and cultural, ar 
rticulate the legal instruments for the conservation and enhancement of biodiversity and associ 
for the conservation and enhancement of biodiversity and associated knowledge recently put up i 
associated knowledge recently put up in brazil and how they meet the concerns of traditional po 
10773 18 ext of the research: measurement of the distribution and abundance of marine mammals has been i 
ch: measurement of the distribution and abundance of marine mammals has been identified as one  
nt of the distribution and abundance of marine mammals has been identified as one of the sofi p 
ed to advise national and international policy on marine protected areas for wide ranging marin 
se national and international policy on marine protected areas for wide ranging marine mammals. 
marine protected areas for wide ranging marine mammals. potential application and benefits: the 
ary outcome of this project will be the assessment of priorities and constraints for offshore m 
constraints for offshore mpa design for marine mammals. this will be of primary interest to pol 
ls. this will be of primary interest to policy-makers and the major project deliverable to this 
d the major project deliverable to this community will be software for use in dynamic ongoing a 
 be software for use in dynamic ongoing assessment and prioritisation of areas based on updates 
timates and variations in anthropogenic risk. this software will also lend itself well to publi 
 to public exhibition, illustrating how management of the open ocean can be achieved. within th 
can be achieved. within the oceans 2025 community, this work is also likely to be of interest t 
ly to be of interest to the sustainable marine resources theme, particularly elements concernin 
theme, particularly elements concerning marine spatial planning and analysis of marine policy d 
marine spatial planning and analysis of marine policy drivers to enhance decision-support. we a 
spatial planning and analysis of marine policy drivers to enhance decision-support. we aim to f 
11115 8                       in the pursuit of sustainable development and protection of marine ecosys 
stainable development and protection of marine ecosystems. it is recognised that greater commun 
le development and protection of marine ecosystems. it is recognised that greater communication 
ween research establishments, industry, conservation bodies, regulatory agencies and policy-mak 
rvation bodies, regulatory agencies and policy-makers is essential in order to develop and deli 
wardship now being advocated in the uk, europe and world-wide. it is important to demonstrate s 
 and industry, and develop an effective marine science forum in the south west, based at the mb 
ant information on designated southwest marine sites .  
14745 2  mbc in these species reliably reflects migration ability, body condition, reproductive effort, 
dition, reproductive effort, and immune function. using a combination of physiological and phen 
9872 10 ome internationally renowned due to the richness of the organic artefacts and ecofacts deposite 
est evidence of systematic carpentry in europe. more recent excavations since 2004 have produce 
sts that people were settling into this landscape, as opposed to being highly mobile. however,  
sation. wood of this period and in this abundance is unique to this site in the uk, and so far  
ions for hunter-gatherer archaeology in europe, but will also contribute to key debates in late 
 key debates in later prehistory on the function of similar platforms and trackways and the use 
 platforms and trackways and the use of wetlands in prehistory. research demonstrates that the  
 months of 2010. such a lowering of the water table is predicted to have further disastrous con 
ood will be rapidly digested by aerobic bacteria and fungi. the team believes that the now prec 
apidly digested by aerobic bacteria and fungi. the team believes that the now precariously frag 
13389 2              this project will focus on conservation and evaluation of various wild, local and  
 project will focus on conservation and evaluation of various wild, local and developed fruit v 
14661 6  one of the most commonly studied fruit traits within the context of endozoochory systems. amon 
unt its variability or the shape of its distribution at intra- and inter-individual scales. fur 
ssures that could be driving fruit size evolution in a fleshy-fruit producing plant species, cr 
tive success of the plant, by analyzing seed predation, germination and early survival and grow 
ion, germination and early survival and growth as a function of fruit size.  
tion and early survival and growth as a function of fruit size.  
2195 36 rns and threats • to describe the large distribution patterns and abundance of fucoid species i 
ibe the large distribution patterns and abundance of fucoid species in swedish waters. this inf 
his information will be used to develop gis models of relationships between environmental facto 
ips between environmental factors, e.g. salinity, secchi depth, effective fetch and distributio 
nity, secchi depth, effective fetch and distribution of fucoids • to identify threats to the sh 
f the key fucus species and natural and anthropogenic disturbance regimes. processes generating 
generating patterns observed in fucoids distribution and abundance • to test the gis model and  
ns observed in fucoids distribution and abundance • to test the gis model and the correlations  
istribution and abundance • to test the gis model and the correlations observed between disturb 
ibution and abundance • to test the gis model and the correlations observed between disturbance 
l and the correlations observed between disturbance patterns of fucus and different natural and 
is structure will change with different disturbance scenarios. • to evaluate whether the declin 
 will change with different disturbance scenarios. • to evaluate whether the decline of f. vesi 
ne of f. vesiculosus populations in the baltic sea has reached such a level that it will be mot 
es • to compile and describe the large- scale distribution and species diversity patterns of fl 
o compile and describe the large- scale distribution and species diversity patterns of flora an 
cribe the large- scale distribution and species diversity patterns of flora and fauna associate 
sh waters. data will be used to develop gis models of relationships between environmental facto 
ips between environmental factors, e.g. salinity, secchi depth, effective fetch and distributio 
nity, secchi depth, effective fetch and distribution patterns of associated organisms. • to ide 
he key stone species fucus, natural and anthropogenic disturbance regimes and species and funct 
nic disturbance regimes and species and functional diversity of associated flora and fauna. pro 
d flora and fauna. processes generating species diversity • to reveal main processes generating 
l main processes generating species and functional diversity of associated flora and fauna in t 
d predict relationships between natural disturbance and biodiversity of fucus biotopes. • to te 
onships between natural disturbance and biodiversity of fucus biotopes. • to test and predict r 
e key species fucus and the species and functional diversity of associated organisms. • to prod 
nisms. • to produce models and tools on biodiversity patterns in fucoids that can be used in pl 
patterns in fucoids that can be used in planning and management of these ecosystems. genetic st 
ucoids that can be used in planning and management of these ecosystems. genetic structure • ana 
sed in planning and management of these ecosystems. genetic structure • analyze the genetic str 
 habitats and with different phenotypic traits. • use existing and new data for ascophyllum nod 
nodosum and f. serratus to evaluate the intraspecific variation. • define evolutionary signific 
ficant units . scientific synthesis and management guidelines • to co-ordinate the work carried 
scientific syntheses and guidelines for management tools. • to compile literature review and ne 
nagement tools. • to compile literature review and new research results and information within  
11592 17                           measuring and monitoring the structure of vegetation and seasonal cha 
asuring and monitoring the structure of vegetation and seasonal changes in vegetation propertie 
e of vegetation and seasonal changes in vegetation properties is important in better understand 
ter understanding key processes such as forest growth and the carbon cycle. traditional direct  
erstanding key processes such as forest growth and the carbon cycle. traditional direct measure 
processes such as forest growth and the carbon cycle. traditional direct measurements of import 
tional direct measurements of important forest structure parameters, such as leaf area index to 
and of more detailed information on the nature of objects, such as the proportion of the beam a 
provide information on the structure of forest canopies with unprecedented levels of detail. th 
s been tested in laboratory trials, and modelling techniques have been used to understand the r 
asurement of structure in a range of uk forest types, with a focus on accurately quantifying la 
ai estimates to seasonal changes in the forest canopy and examine the variability in reflectanc 
ine the potential of the instrument for monitoring changes in vegetation characteristics over t 
he instrument for monitoring changes in vegetation characteristics over time, which would aid b 
er interpretation of data obtained from carbon flux measurement towers. knowledge gained from t 
ement towers. knowledge gained from the development and testing of salca can contribute to futu 
sting of salca can contribute to future development and application of multiple wavelength and  
14685 8 ehaviour patterns is well documented in birds. however, there are still large gaps in our knowl 
till large gaps in our knowledge of the evolution of sexually selected signals. we know very li 
cological and social factors behind the evolution of condition-dependent traits in birds, as we 
nd the evolution of condition-dependent traits in birds, as well as their physiological underly 
lution of condition-dependent traits in birds, as well as their physiological underlying mechan 
al and social factors have promoted the evolution of the aforementioned behaviours in the spotl 
he steroid reproductive hormones in the development and expression of these signalling behaviou 
 have shaped them; 4 to examine whether traits involved in sexual communication in the spotless 
13753 4 ors of human infectious diseases. these insects locate and identify suitable hosts using olfact 
to dissecting mosquito vector olfactory function should yield results that will enhance our und 
squito vector olfactory function should yield results that will enhance our understanding of th 
putative disruptors of the host seeking behavior of female mosquitoes. the effectiveness of the 
10263 18 t and moisture. the life cycles of many marine organisms ranging from bacteria, algae, small an 
s of many marine organisms ranging from bacteria, algae, small animals, whales and even humans  
marine organisms ranging from bacteria, algae, small animals, whales and even humans are influe 
and even humans are influenced by large-scale cycles of sea ice formation. thus, sea ice is rec 
ch is key for our predictions of future climate conditions as has become increasingly apparent  
pparent in the last decade due to rapid global warming. the possible implications of a gradual  
ponsible for 25% of primary fixation of carbon dioxide, which is as much as all tropical rain f 
, which is as much as all tropical rain forests combined. why especially diatoms dominate sea i 
 are virtually the sole source of fixed carbon for higher trophical levels in ice-covered water 
ain diatom-krill-whale is depend on ice algae because they provide food for young krill when ot 
uenced by a reduction of sea ice due to global warming. despite the significance of polar sea i 
spite the significance of polar sea ice algae virtually nothing is know about their fundamental 
ology. this is why the us department of energy . we will then sequence the transcriptome with h 
us to sea ice as it forms every autumn. adaptation to sea ice will be studied by comparative ge 
sis, which lives also in cold polar sea water but doesn t thrive in sea ice. this comparison wi 
on will not only shed light on specific adaptation necessary for thriving in sea ice but also t 
 ice but also the predicted outcomes of global warming in polar oceans because ice free waters  
 of f. kerguelensis and large and small scale genome analysis will reveal the differences.  
7641 8 echlor the project aims to implement an ecosystem approach through metagenomics and métaprotéom 
 and métaprotéomique techniques for the rehabilitation of sites polluted by recalcitrant compou 
lorinated such as pcbs and chlordecone. restoration of polluted environments by methods little  
ed environments by methods little or no disturbance of local ecosystems is a challenge today. a 
thods little or no disturbance of local ecosystems is a challenge today. an integrated approach 
e adaptive potential and bioremediation bacteria. this functional characterization allows highl 
 forty years, either for the purpose of pesticides and métaprotéomiques will better identify th 
ssary. after a necessary and inevitable development in laboratory microcosms these approaches c 
14879 6 s has to be done in such a way that the conservation of its natural capital be compatible with  
such a way that the conservation of its natural capital be compatible with socio-economic activ 
ithin a context of sustainable regional development. in essence, this consists in defining the  
work. to fulfil this objective, the key conservation elements will be delimited, social percept 
will be delimited, social perception on conservation needs will be assessed. moreover, a functi 
ommendations for the improvement of its governance processes. the proposed research will be car 
14880 6 s has to be done in such a way that the conservation of its natural capital be compatible with  
such a way that the conservation of its natural capital be compatible with socio-economic activ 
ithin a context of sustainable regional development. in essence, this consists in defining the  
network . to fulfil this objective, key conservation elements will be delimited, social percept 
will be delimited, social perception on conservation needs will be assessed. moreover, a functi 
ommendations for the improvement of its governance process. the proposed research will be carri 
14881 6 s has to be done in such a way that the conservation of its natural capital be compatible with  
such a way that the conservation of its natural capital be compatible with socio-economic activ 
ithin a context of sustainable regional development. in essence, this consists in defining the  
network . to fulfil this objective, key conservation elements will be delimited, social percept 
will be delimited, social perception on conservation needs will be assessed. moreover, a functi 
ommendations for the improvement of its governance process. the proposed research will be carri 
14882 6 s has to be done in such a way that the conservation of its natural capital be compatible with  
such a way that the conservation of its natural capital be compatible with socio-economic activ 
ithin a context of sustainable regional development. in essence, this consists in defining the  
network . to fulfil this objective, key conservation elements will be delimited, social percept 
will be delimited, social perception on conservation needs will be assessed. moreover, a functi 
ommendations for the improvement of its governance process. the proposed research will be carri 
13836 5   to clarify the genetic basis of plant adaptation is a fundamental problem of evolutionary bio 
but also of greatest importance for the development of sound strategies for the maintenance of  
sound strategies for the maintenance of biodiversity. in collaboration with population and mole 
e significance of variation in trichome production, a character known to reduce damage from ins 
iation can be related to differences in climate and biotic interactions. our study system is ar 
10557 3                          the origin and colonization of the land by photosynthetic terrestrial  
en species. our proposal is an exciting development following earlier analyses of the structure 
l knowledge and understanding on the co-evolution of one of the most ancient symbioses on earth 
11577 3 ory of the different ways in which this climate-changing process occurs in different bacteria.  
te-changing process occurs in different bacteria. so, in the not-too-distant future, we, and ot 
 investigate, even more thoroughly, the biodiversity that underpins the smell of the seaside.  
1945 20 are major problems for sustainable food production. global economic developments have resulted  
 developments have resulted in narrowed crop rotation schemes, enlarged field sizes, and simpli 
estion is how to integrate agricultural biodiversity measures, so that they improve both above- 
o evaluate consequences of agricultural biodiversity measures for crop protection against above 
thesize results from three former dutch biodiversity programme projects, model studies on natur 
 dutch biodiversity programme projects, model studies on natural plant-enemy interactions and f 
tural plant-enemy interactions and farm-scale stake-holder experiments. the interdisciplinary p 
the interdisciplinary proposal combines modelling, empirical meta-analysis, and a socio-economi 
 proposal combines modelling, empirical meta-analysis, and a socio-economic assessment. postdoc 
cal meta-analysis, and a socio-economic assessment. postdoc 1 performs an empirical meta-evalua 
t. postdoc 1 performs an empirical meta-evaluation using soils from biodiversity trials to inve 
orms an empirical meta-evaluation using soils from biodiversity trials to investigate how plant 
irical meta-evaluation using soils from biodiversity trials to investigate how plant species di 
versity trials to investigate how plant species diversity, plant functional diversity, and soil 
gate how plant species diversity, plant functional diversity, and soil amendments, influence so 
ersity, plant functional diversity, and soil amendments, influence soil suppressiveness against 
versity, and soil amendments, influence soil suppressiveness against below-aboveground inverteb 
evelops an above-belowground food-chain model based on recent studies and integrates the result 
udies and integrates the results of the meta-analysis of postdoc 1 in relation to crop protecti 
wground crop protection by agricultural soil biodiversity measures in relation to farmers incom 
10377 6 hococcus are abundant components of the marine microbiota and contribute significantly to globa 
 and contribute significantly to global productivity. they occupy environmental niches that typ 
utrient conditions, and possess a large genetic diversity comprising a number of distinct ecoty 
own homologue in the database and whose function remains cryptic. we hypothesise this polypepti 
his polypeptide plays a novel role in p metabolism or acquisition at low nutrient concentration 
ons. the proposal aims to establish the function of this protein by construction of an interpos 
14197 2 that several bridge mutants affect cell growth and translational accuracy. bridge b2a was found 
hese questions will help us to create a model describing the roles of individual bridges during 
15474 16   among the main challenges for current ecology are to understand and to be able to predict the 
e to predict the responses of plants to global change. one of the developed approaches suggests 
ecological processes through the use of plant functional types. however, effective functional t 
oody plants. we suggest to improve this classification system using integrator traits as those  
 classification system using integrator traits as those related to xylem which have been little 
ich have been little used in functional ecology. the analysis of xylem traits will allow improv 
nctional ecology. the analysis of xylem traits will allow improving the functional classificati 
its will allow improving the functional classification of woody plants to select those function 
with the highest adaptive value against climate change. such approach must be complemented with 
here proposed to simulate the effect of climate warming on the development of the xylem to anal 
posed to simulate the effect of climate warming on the development of the xylem to analyze how  
te the effect of climate warming on the development of the xylem to analyze how the temperature 
lopment of the xylem to analyze how the temperature rise affects xylogenesis, phenology, the pa 
e temperature rise affects xylogenesis, phenology, the pattern of secondary growth and the use  
is, phenology, the pattern of secondary growth and the use of non-structural carbohydrates in s 
predictions derived from the functional classification obtained through the fulfillment of the  
2009 28                           tropical rain forests are remarkably diverse in tree species. the mai 
species. the maintenance of such a high biodiversity is, amongst others, possible through niche 
tion occurs when species have different life history traits, and exploit limiting resources in  
hen species have different life history traits, and exploit limiting resources in different way 
erent ways. insight in the life-history trade-offs that drive species coexistence is far from c 
 pertinent to our understanding of rain forest functioning and diversity. this study focuses on 
standing of rain forest functioning and diversity. this study focuses on the two major environm 
he two major environmental gradients in tropical forest; light and rainfall. hundred species fr 
nfall. hundred species from dry and wet tropical forests will be screened for a large number of 
 for a large number of functional plant traits related to shade and drought tolerance. the asso 
ional plant traits related to shade and drought tolerance. the association of co-evolved plant  
ce. the association of co-evolved plant traits will be shown using a trait-correlation network. 
nd enable to predict plant responses to environmental change. based on these networks, species  
tworks, species will be classified into functional groups, that respond in a similar way to the 
s, that respond in a similar way to the environment. the functional grouping of trees is very i 
grouping of trees is very important for tropical forest conservation, management, and climate c 
of trees is very important for tropical forest conservation, management, and climate change mit 
rtant for tropical forest conservation, management, and climate change mitigation efforts. the  
al forest conservation, management, and climate change mitigation efforts. the classification o 
rvation, management, and climate change mitigation efforts. the classification of the wealth of 
 climate change mitigation efforts. the classification of the wealth of tree species into a lim 
f tree species into a limited number of functional groups allows to model forest communities, a 
d number of functional groups allows to model forest communities, and predict species responses 
er of functional groups allows to model forest communities, and predict species responses to di 
 predict species responses to different management scenarios. key-words: species coexistence, n 
ecies responses to different management scenarios. key-words: species coexistence, niche differ 
ies coexistence, niche differentiation, functional groups, life history trade offs, trait corre 
che differentiation, functional groups, life history trade offs, trait correlation network  
11329 25 jor unresolved problems in contemporary ecology is to understand how diversity arises in plant  
ntemporary ecology is to understand how diversity arises in plant function. this has important  
nderstand how diversity arises in plant function. this has important implications for interpret 
ons for interpreting global patterns of biodiversity and predicting the impacts of climate chan 
erns of biodiversity and predicting the impacts of climate change. in this application, we prop 
diversity and predicting the impacts of climate change. in this application, we propose to inve 
stigate the factors responsible for the diversity of growth traits among the world s grass spec 
actors responsible for the diversity of growth traits among the world s grass species, addressi 
responsible for the diversity of growth traits among the world s grass species, addressing the  
ates, and allocate different amounts of growth to roots vs leaves. we are particularly interest 
way is classically thought to boost the growth of plants under hot conditions, in comparison wi 
y is a major axis of variation in plant function that has been invoked to explain significant c 
voked to explain significant changes in ecosystem structure in response to past episodes of cli 
ructure in response to past episodes of climate change, the turnover of grass species compositi 
f climate change, the turnover of grass species composition along global climatic gradients, an 
ations by demonstrating that ecological adaptation to temperature and drought, and evolutionary 
nstrating that ecological adaptation to temperature and drought, and evolutionary history may e 
cological adaptation to temperature and drought, and evolutionary history may each play an equa 
ally important role in explaining large-scale biogeographical and ecological patterns. in combi 
 questions about the extent to which c4 photosynthesis interacts with other plant traits, ecolo 
otosynthesis interacts with other plant traits, ecology and evolutionary history to influence p 
esis interacts with other plant traits, ecology and evolutionary history to influence plant gro 
evolutionary history to influence plant growth. we will address these major issues by taking a  
e screening approach to investigate the growth traits of ~400 species under a range of environm 
ning approach to investigate the growth traits of ~400 species under a range of environmental c 
14136 22                    limited knowledge of functional traits of symbiotic fungal communities is ha 
mpering the advance in understanding of ecosystem functioning in terrestrial habitats where the 
habitats where the roles of mycorrhizal fungi are substantial. this proposal aims to assess the 
ntial. this proposal aims to assess the functional diversity of naturally coexisting arbuscular 
ess the relationship between horizontal growth of plants and functional groups of am fungi. 3.a 
between horizontal growth of plants and functional groups of am fungi. 3.assess biomass product 
h of plants and functional groups of am fungi. 3.assess biomass production of plants as a funct 
functional groups of am fungi. 3.assess biomass production of plants as a function of colonisat 
al groups of am fungi. 3.assess biomass production of plants as a function of colonisation of d 
ssess biomass production of plants as a function of colonisation of different functional groups 
a function of colonisation of different functional groups of am fungi. there is limited data on 
on of different functional groups of am fungi. there is limited data on the functional structur 
ture of am fungal communities and their functional groups. the project intends to provide to fi 
mbinations of plant and fungal species, soil- based and monoxenic culturing of am fungi, real-t 
il- based and monoxenic culturing of am fungi, real-time pcr and plfa based quantification of a 
ulturing of am fungi, real-time pcr and plfa based quantification of am fungi, pyrosequencing f 
pcr and plfa based quantification of am fungi, pyrosequencing for fungal identification, cdna-a 
ioning of fungal communities as well as ecosystems; the present and newly obtained fungal cultu 
ungal cultures may find use in inoculum development for agriculture, ornamental plant productio 
ay find use in inoculum development for agriculture, ornamental plant production, landscaping a 
pment for agriculture, ornamental plant production, landscaping and ecosystem restoration.  
ental plant production, landscaping and ecosystem restoration.  
13939 22                                     the diversity of ectomycorrhizal fungi is high even at smal 
       the diversity of ectomycorrhizal fungi is high even at small spatial scales but the fact 
gely unknown. stratified mineral podzol soils exhibit a range of different soil conditions. pat 
dzol soils exhibit a range of different soil conditions. patterns of species diversity in relat 
 different soil conditions. patterns of species diversity in relation to soil horizon have been 
rns of species diversity in relation to soil horizon have been demonstrated for fungi colonisin 
soil horizon have been demonstrated for fungi colonising root tips and forming mycelia in a pod 
ot tips and forming mycelia in a podzol soil. the aim of this project is to identify functional 
ersus biotic interactions for the large diversity of these fungi in soil. field studies of the  
ctions for the large diversity of these fungi in soil. field studies of the realised niche of d 
r the large diversity of these fungi in soil. field studies of the realised niche of different  
vailable nutrient resources and species distribution at a spatial scale relevant to soil hetero 
resources and species distribution at a spatial scale relevant to soil heterogeneity and myceli 
ribution at a spatial scale relevant to soil heterogeneity and mycelial size. experimental stud 
ion at a spatial scale relevant to soil heterogeneity and mycelial size. experimental studies o 
onses to relevant inorganic and organic nitrogen and phosphorus substrates. comparing the reali 
vant inorganic and organic nitrogen and phosphorus substrates. comparing the realized niche of  
ring the realized niche of a species in soil with its potential niche in vitro will demonstrate 
c resource utilization determines their distribution in the field. this will shed light upon th 
d light upon the significance of fungal biodiversity for the ecosystem function of boreal fores 
ificance of fungal biodiversity for the ecosystem function of boreal forest.  
diversity for the ecosystem function of boreal forest.  
7020 28                                         ecosystems are threatened and transformed at unpreceden 
n affairs massively changes our planets biodiversity, and this trend is expected to continue ov 
ed to continue over the coming decades. human impacts on biodiversity take place against a back 
er the coming decades. human impacts on biodiversity take place against a background of highly  
research recognises the consequences of biodiversity loss for the services and goods ecosystems 
versity loss for the services and goods ecosystems provide to humans, such as food production,  
systems provide to humans, such as food production, the maintenance of water quality and soil f 
 as food production, the maintenance of water quality and soil fertility, carbon storage, the m 
n, the maintenance of water quality and soil fertility, carbon storage, the mitigation of the e 
ce of water quality and soil fertility, carbon storage, the mitigation of the effects of greenh 
and soil fertility, carbon storage, the mitigation of the effects of greenhouse gas emissions a 
cts of greenhouse gas emissions and the resistance to climate and other environmental changes.  
use gas emissions and the resistance to climate and other environmental changes. understanding  
-economic factors interact to determine biodiversity and ecosystem functioning across scales is 
aims at elucidating the significance of microbial diversity on ecosystem functioning by explici 
 significance of microbial diversity on ecosystem functioning by explicit coupling of microbial 
tem functioning by explicit coupling of microbial ecology and community structure to biogeochem 
licit coupling of microbial ecology and community structure to biogeochemistry. despite conside 
bial ecology and community structure to biogeochemistry. despite considerable advances in biodi 
istry. despite considerable advances in biodiversity research during the past decade, which pri 
evelop the functional role of microbial biodiversity in ecosystems. micdif entails intensive th 
ional role of microbial biodiversity in ecosystems. micdif entails intensive theoretical work i 
, environmental microbiology, genomics, biogeochemistry, and advanced mathematical modelling. r 
geochemistry, and advanced mathematical modelling. rather than studying terrestrial and aquatic 
r than studying terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems in isolation, we also focus on the functiona 
he functional interactions across these ecosystems. this cross-system approach requires profoun 
ovative and internationally competitive biodiversity - ecosystem function research in austria.  
ernationally competitive biodiversity - ecosystem function research in austria.  
15251 10                                  global climate change is perhaps the most pervasive threat for 
rhaps the most pervasive threat for the conservation of current biodiversity. climate models ma 
 threat for the conservation of current biodiversity. climate models make now available tempera 
e conservation of current biodiversity. climate models make now available temperature projectio 
sity. climate models make now available temperature projections for the next decades with relat 
poral scales. to evaluate the impact of warming on organisms it is necessary, moreover, to know 
e the optima and the thermal limits for growth, reproduction and survival, and whether species  
ts through evolutionary change in these traits. the aim of this proposal is the enhancement of  
amphibians undergo variation in thermal stress along gradients of latitude and altitude, popula 
ures and tolerance limits, and in their stress-induced expression of molecular chaperons  
169 5                                         functional traits of plants determine their reaction to 
 determine their reaction to changes in environment. the most important changes in species-rich 
 are related to cessation or restart of management. despite the expectation that species which  
species which react in a similar way to disturbance and the role of functional traits in specie 
ilar way to disturbance and the role of functional traits in species coexistence.  
13738 14 oal is to demonstrate the importance of biodiversity for ecological processes in the sea. this  
this multidisciplinary study focuses on marine benthic fauna and how infaunal diversity affects 
n marine benthic fauna and how infaunal diversity affects biogeochemical processes. the fauna i 
processes. the fauna is classified into functional groups in relation to where they feed, their 
 and their feeding habit; altogether 25 functional groups. we hypothesise that biogeochemical p 
hesise that biogeochemical processes in marine sediments, i.e. mineralisation and nitrification 
rine sediments, i.e. mineralisation and nitrification-denitrification rates, are positively cor 
, i.e. mineralisation and nitrification-denitrification rates, are positively correlated with n 
re positively correlated with number of functional groups . in this experimental study we will  
ed sediments from the skagerrak and the baltic sea for comparison. different functional biodive 
ities will be used and their ecological impacts on the biogeochemical processes analysed. for e 
suggest that the mineralisation rate in baltic sea sediments is significantly lower than in ska 
ents, and that this is related to fewer functional groups in the baltic sea.  
lated to fewer functional groups in the baltic sea.  
418 7                the relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning has emerged as a 
dies have measured interactions between soil microorganisms and plant diversity. our purpose is 
actions between soil microorganisms and plant diversity. our purpose is to examine the link bet 
 purpose is to examine the link between plant diversity and microbial communities in fertilized 
ities in fertilized versus unfertilized grasslands. the study was carried out in a permanent gr 
he study was carried out in a permanent grassland in northeastern france using the same agricul 
ld lead to the maintenance of floristic diversity.  
7135 15            one of the current issues of sustainable agriculture is to maintain the biodiversity 
tainable agriculture is to maintain the biodiversity in ecosystems anthropized. the research pr 
ture is to maintain the biodiversity in ecosystems anthropized. the research program aims to im 
ch program aims to improve knowledge of grassland agro-ecosystems. the innovative approach of t 
 aims to improve knowledge of grassland agro-ecosystems. the innovative approach of this projec 
and the functional relationship between plant diversity and soil microbial diversity in permane 
elationship between plant diversity and soil microbial diversity in permanent grassland undergo 
onship between plant diversity and soil microbial diversity in permanent grassland undergoing v 
d soil microbial diversity in permanent grassland undergoing various systems of organic and min 
ertilizers. thus, a characterization of plant diversity and microbial diversity will be in perm 
characterization of plant diversity and microbial diversity will be in permanent grasslands und 
icrobial diversity will be in permanent grasslands undergoing four types of fertilization. func 
ent grasslands undergoing four types of fertilization. functional classifications of plant spec 
ased on their biology and their rate of carbon and nitrogen compounds will be related to those  
ir biology and their rate of carbon and nitrogen compounds will be related to those performed o 
14943 12 d its relation with processes linked to grazing and its abandonment. a multicale approach inclu 
pproaches focused to plant tolerance to grazing, the role played by seed dispersal and regenera 
olerance to grazing, the role played by seed dispersal and regeneration processes form seeds. i 
eds. in particular the relative role of grazing vs. physical determinats of community gradients 
 of grazing vs. physical determinats of community gradients is analyzed in pastures dominated b 
n parts, to trampling and to changes in soil nutrient levels. we also study several aspects of  
evels. we also study several aspects of dispersal capacity of plant species and their dependenc 
 are carried out under the framework of functional traits with the aim to generate results of b 
p the understanding of implications for diversity of grazing and abandonment, and it will be us 
anding of implications for diversity of grazing and abandonment, and it will be useful for the  
useful for the prediction of changes in grazing areas facing global changes. moreover, informat 
environmental policies aimed at pasture conservation.  
14573 5 ication of the phenotypic plasticity of invasive species. the work plan of objective 1 includes 
ncludes: the build up of a data base on functional traits of plant species; the selection of gr 
etically independent; identification of traits that provide invasiveness; quantification of the 
enetic inertia; statistical analysis of functional traits predominant in altered plant communit 
d estimations of allometry and relative growth rate; calculation of phenotypic plasticity accou 
10077 2                               dissolved organic matter establish and apply a set of assays, in  
key functions of dom vary among surface freshwater locations, and in time. in analysing the dat 
1953 8 exual selection, is instrumental in the evolution of conspicuous secondary sexual traits in the 
olution of conspicuous secondary sexual traits in the non-limiting sex of many animal species.  
species. it potentially also causes the evolution of reproductive isolation between diverging p 
architecture of preference and selected traits meets certain requirements, and if a new mutant  
 in lake victoria haplochromine cichlid fish. in a multidisciplinary approach we study the fuii 
ding from choosy mates to the origin of species diversity, and test whether sympatric speciatio 
ehavioural mechanisms and physiological ecology. together we will unravel the selection dynamic 
dynamics that affect the probability of invasion of a new trait or preference mutant.  
12034 27           ectomycorrhizas contribute to forest stability european forests are presently sufferi 
   ectomycorrhizas contribute to forest stability european forests are presently suffering from 
contribute to forest stability european forests are presently suffering from increasing stresse 
es but also the quality and quantity of ecosystem services. these forests are dominated by soci 
d quantity of ecosystem services. these forests are dominated by social tree species which form 
articular type of root association with fungi: the ectomycorrhizal symbiosis. the ectomycorrhiz 
ciation with fungi: the ectomycorrhizal symbiosis. the ectomycorrhizal complex plays a major ro 
major role in biogeochemical cycles and primary production. however, its complexity and the lac 
es and primary production. however, its complexity and the lack of appropriate investigation me 
perimental approach chosen was based on ecosystem manipulation and response modelling: relevant 
 on ecosystem manipulation and response modelling: relevant variables concerning the functional 
ural controlled factors.. thanks to the development, within the frame of the project, of new sp 
 is now possible to explore in situ the functional diversity of ectomycorrhizal communities. th 
processes of interest for sylviculture, soil conservation and ladscape management. main results 
sses of interest for sylviculture, soil conservation and ladscape management. main results of t 
culture, soil conservation and ladscape management. main results of the fundiv project the anal 
f all data pooled together shows a wide diversity of species composition of ectomycorrhizal com 
oled together shows a wide diversity of species composition of ectomycorrhizal communities depe 
ustness of these communities and of the complementarity of their specific components. forestry  
mentarity of their specific components. forestry practices aimed at preserving fungal diversity 
ry practices aimed at preserving fungal diversity are therefore to be promoted. however, the mo 
ch as the increased ability to mobilize phosphorus from soil organic matter under drought condi 
sed ability to mobilize phosphorus from soil organic matter under drought conditions. il also a 
osphorus from soil organic matter under drought conditions. il also appears that the contributi 
hat the contribution of ectomycorrhizal fungi to the degradation of forest litters have to date 
ibution of ectomycorrhizal fungi to the degradation of forest litters have to date been underes 
mycorrhizal fungi to the degradation of forest litters have to date been underestimated.  
11079 32                               globally, forests contain a vast reservoir of carbon, approximate 
ly, forests contain a vast reservoir of carbon, approximately 30% of that in the biosphere, muc 
imilar amount is broken down to co2 and water, and nutrients are released. understanding what c 
nt is broken down to co2 and water, and nutrients are released. understanding what controls thi 
is balance is crucial for understanding carbon cycling, and for predicting carbon cycle respons 
ding carbon cycling, and for predicting carbon cycle responses to global climate changes. recyc 
icting carbon cycle responses to global climate changes. recycling of woody resources is almost 
onfined to a narrow range of specialist fungi: basidiomycetes and a few ascomycetes. thus, thes 
etes and a few ascomycetes. thus, these fungi are central to carbon and nutrient cycling, and y 
cetes. thus, these fungi are central to carbon and nutrient cycling, and yet we still have rela 
, these fungi are central to carbon and nutrient cycling, and yet we still have relatively litt 
eract with each other and how different community composition affects decay. key objectives of  
te these dynamics into global models of carbon cycling. the majority of decay takes place in fa 
d attached dead branches. moreover, the fungi that start the process are already latently prese 
tional. when the wood dries, the latent fungi grow throughout the wood as mycelium and begin th 
d begin the decay process. later, other fungi, arriving as spores, fight with those already pre 
eliminary evidence suggests that fungal community composition, when species become established, 
ect on the rates of wood decay and thus carbon cycling. we have a general understanding of fact 
ed logs do not reflect the situation in nature as they are not already well colonized. in this  
 we will for the first time investigate community development when naturally colonized wood fal 
or the first time investigate community development when naturally colonized wood falls to the  
n naturally colonized wood falls to the forest floor. we will simulate naturally fallen wood by 
wood by pre-colonising wood slices with fungi that are primary colonizers of attached beech bra 
ertain species effectively select which fungi follow them, by leaving colonized slices on the f 
hem, by leaving colonized slices on the forest floor and collecting after different times, usin 
y wood decay rate, by measuring loss of density of slices in the field experiment. thus, we wil 
ic primary colonisers, by measuring co2 evolution and weight loss. thirdly, we will study how a 
y how antagonistic interactions between fungi affect decay rate. when fungi interact, the outco 
s between fungi affect decay rate. when fungi interact, the outcome can be deadlock in which ne 
related to decay rate, by following co2 evolution during the interaction. finally we want to kn 
ies affect decay rate, provide data for carbon cycling models, and possibly form the basis for  
tions of fungal communities to optimise carbon cycling.  
10832 21  invertebrate herbivores and pathogenic fungi, by the production of chemicals, active against t 
herbivores and pathogenic fungi, by the production of chemicals, active against the attacker. h 
baceous plants, the number of endophyte fungi may be ten times that found in a grass or a tree. 
ar in the laboratory. remarkably, these fungi have escaped attention by ecologists. do they exi 
s against attack through their chemical production alternatively, if they cause no symptoms of  
arch to answer these questions, using a model system of creeping thistle can affect the numbers 
t resources then they might compete for carbon in the plant, thereby reducing the growth of the 
rbon in the plant, thereby reducing the growth of the symbiotic fungi. finally, when we have di 
by reducing the growth of the symbiotic fungi. finally, when we have discovered the factors tha 
hat effects fungal infection has on the growth and survival of a sucking, chewing and a galling 
m to those in uninfected plants and the fungi themselves. why is this work important because it 
emicals in plants are produced by these fungi, rather than the plants themselves, this could ha 
ons for the use of endophytes as insect biological control agents. we could inoculate the fungi 
 control agents. we could inoculate the fungi into crop plants and so protect the plant from th 
 c. arvense is one of the world s worst weeds and all attempts to use insects or pathogenic fun 
d s worst weeds and all attempts to use insects or pathogenic fungi as biological control agent 
l attempts to use insects or pathogenic fungi as biological control agents of it have failed. w 
s to use insects or pathogenic fungi as biological control agents of it have failed. we think t 
how that they protect the plant against insects, then in weeds, we can start to manipulate fung 
tect the plant against insects, then in weeds, we can start to manipulate fungal occurrence, so 
o manipulate fungal occurrence, so that biological control agents stand a better chance of succ 
7293 4                  most plants in natural ecosystems are colonized by invisible microscopic fungi 
 are colonized by invisible microscopic fungi that create no symptoms, called endophytes. folia 
mental context. studying their genotype diversity of metabolites they produce is a challenge to 
es that interact with plant - endophyte symbiosis  
10187 12 ant are inhabited by a special class of fungi, endophytic fungi, that show limited development  
by a special class of fungi, endophytic fungi, that show limited development in the leaves and  
gi, endophytic fungi, that show limited development in the leaves and cause no visible symptoms 
d cause no visible symptoms. endophylic fungi do not colonise the leaf or reproduce until the l 
ed naturally. although there are a huge diversity of endophytic fungi we know very little about 
here are a huge diversity of endophytic fungi we know very little about what they do or how the 
owever it has been suggested that these fungi may play a role in protecting the plant against p 
 protecting the plant against parasitic fungi that destroy the leaves. we aim to test this hypo 
 comparing the damage done by parasitic fungi when they attack scots pine needles that either c 
hods for genetically fingerprinting the fungi. this will allow us to recognise different indivi 
against parasites they could be used in biological control of plant disease.  
 be used in biological control of plant disease.  
12466 10 a number of the limitations of a vessel monitoring system vessels in the south west. key custom 
stomer purpose this project will inform policy making including on cfp reform and the sustainab 
m and the sustainable access to inshore fisheries project; enforcement of marine protected area 
shore fisheries project; enforcement of marine protected areas nationally; development of marin 
t of marine protected areas nationally; development of marine management organisation inshore f 
tected areas nationally; development of marine management organisation inshore fisheries enforc 
areas nationally; development of marine management organisation inshore fisheries enforcement p 
 marine management organisation inshore fisheries enforcement procedures; data gathering for in 
 procedures; data gathering for inshore fisheries and conservation authorities.  
ata gathering for inshore fisheries and conservation authorities.  
12337 4  objective: to take work forward on the development of pressure data-layers, for use in the pla 
of pressure data-layers, for use in the planning of the marine conservation zone network. key c 
-layers, for use in the planning of the marine conservation zone network. key customer purpose: 
, for use in the planning of the marine conservation zone network. key customer purpose: pressu 
12684 1                     •annual updates and climate change on butterfly populations  
10253 13 g of hydrological systems and dependent ecology is essential for optimal environmental manageme 
endent ecology is essential for optimal environmental management. floodplains in particular are 
 in particular are important due to the ecosystem services they provide. the species compositio 
he ecosystem services they provide. the species composition of floodplain vegetation and their  
hey provide. the species composition of floodplain vegetation and their ecosystem functions sim 
. the species composition of floodplain vegetation and their ecosystem functions simulation mod 
tion of floodplain vegetation and their ecosystem functions simulation model predictions. in th 
nd their ecosystem functions simulation model predictions. in that way high resolution maps of  
in that way high resolution maps of key soil and vegetation variables can be constructed. compu 
ay high resolution maps of key soil and vegetation variables can be constructed. computer scien 
ence tools, e.g. a so-called integrated development environment to help environmental scientist 
e.g. a so-called integrated development environment to help environmental scientist to set up a 
sis, parameter estimation and real-time model output, will be developed.  
10254 13 g of hydrological systems and dependent ecology is essential for optimal environmental manageme 
endent ecology is essential for optimal environmental management. floodplains in particular are 
 in particular are important due to the ecosystem services they provide. the species compositio 
he ecosystem services they provide. the species composition of floodplain vegetation and their  
hey provide. the species composition of floodplain vegetation and their ecosystem functions sim 
. the species composition of floodplain vegetation and their ecosystem functions simulation mod 
tion of floodplain vegetation and their ecosystem functions simulation model predictions. in th 
nd their ecosystem functions simulation model predictions. in that way high resolution maps of  
in that way high resolution maps of key soil and vegetation variables can be constructed. compu 
ay high resolution maps of key soil and vegetation variables can be constructed. computer scien 
ence tools, e.g. a so-called integrated development environment to help environmental scientist 
e.g. a so-called integrated development environment to help environmental scientist to set up a 
sis, parameter estimation and real-time model output, will be developed.  
10754 13 g of hydrological systems and dependent ecology is essential for optimal environmental manageme 
endent ecology is essential for optimal environmental management. floodplains in particular are 
 in particular are important due to the ecosystem services they provide. the species compositio 
he ecosystem services they provide. the species composition of floodplain vegetation and their  
hey provide. the species composition of floodplain vegetation and their ecosystem functions sim 
. the species composition of floodplain vegetation and their ecosystem functions simulation mod 
tion of floodplain vegetation and their ecosystem functions simulation model predictions. in th 
nd their ecosystem functions simulation model predictions. in that way high resolution maps of  
in that way high resolution maps of key soil and vegetation variables can be constructed. compu 
ay high resolution maps of key soil and vegetation variables can be constructed. computer scien 
ence tools, e.g. a so-called integrated development environment to help environmental scientist 
e.g. a so-called integrated development environment to help environmental scientist to set up a 
sis, parameter estimation and real-time model output, will be developed.  
11529 13 g of hydrological systems and dependent ecology is essential for optimal environmental manageme 
endent ecology is essential for optimal environmental management. floodplains in particular are 
 in particular are important due to the ecosystem services they provide. the species compositio 
he ecosystem services they provide. the species composition of floodplain vegetation and their  
hey provide. the species composition of floodplain vegetation and their ecosystem functions sim 
. the species composition of floodplain vegetation and their ecosystem functions simulation mod 
tion of floodplain vegetation and their ecosystem functions simulation model predictions. in th 
nd their ecosystem functions simulation model predictions. in that way high resolution maps of  
in that way high resolution maps of key soil and vegetation variables can be constructed. compu 
ay high resolution maps of key soil and vegetation variables can be constructed. computer scien 
ence tools, e.g. a so-called integrated development environment to help environmental scientist 
e.g. a so-called integrated development environment to help environmental scientist to set up a 
sis, parameter estimation and real-time model output, will be developed.  
11533 13 g of hydrological systems and dependent ecology is essential for optimal environmental manageme 
endent ecology is essential for optimal environmental management. floodplains in particular are 
 in particular are important due to the ecosystem services they provide. the species compositio 
he ecosystem services they provide. the species composition of floodplain vegetation and their  
hey provide. the species composition of floodplain vegetation and their ecosystem functions sim 
. the species composition of floodplain vegetation and their ecosystem functions simulation mod 
tion of floodplain vegetation and their ecosystem functions simulation model predictions. in th 
nd their ecosystem functions simulation model predictions. in that way high resolution maps of  
in that way high resolution maps of key soil and vegetation variables can be constructed. compu 
ay high resolution maps of key soil and vegetation variables can be constructed. computer scien 
ence tools, e.g. a so-called integrated development environment to help environmental scientist 
e.g. a so-called integrated development environment to help environmental scientist to set up a 
sis, parameter estimation and real-time model output, will be developed.  
9994 13 g of hydrological systems and dependent ecology is essential for optimal environmental manageme 
endent ecology is essential for optimal environmental management. floodplains in particular are 
 in particular are important due to the ecosystem services they provide. the species compositio 
he ecosystem services they provide. the species composition of floodplain vegetation and their  
hey provide. the species composition of floodplain vegetation and their ecosystem functions sim 
. the species composition of floodplain vegetation and their ecosystem functions simulation mod 
tion of floodplain vegetation and their ecosystem functions simulation model predictions. in th 
nd their ecosystem functions simulation model predictions. in that way high resolution maps of  
in that way high resolution maps of key soil and vegetation variables can be constructed. compu 
ay high resolution maps of key soil and vegetation variables can be constructed. computer scien 
ence tools, e.g. a so-called integrated development environment to help environmental scientist 
e.g. a so-called integrated development environment to help environmental scientist to set up a 
sis, parameter estimation and real-time model output, will be developed.  
10089 1  future. the project will involve large-scale manipulative field experiments and microsatellite 
14628 3 nowledge of the composition, structure, phylogeny and evolution of one of the most complex, str 
e composition, structure, phylogeny and evolution of one of the most complex, structured and di 
mine the phylogenetic relationships and evolution of the chalcidoid families ormyridae and tory 
10651 8 who must fly away into an unpredictable environment, they give them variable reproductive poten 
roductive potential also have different dispersal propensities and dispersal distances. in this 
ve different dispersal propensities and dispersal distances. in this way, a correlation between 
ay, a correlation between phenotype and environment is created that satisfies the assumption of 
 bet hedging as an adaptive response to heterogeneity. a better understanding of bet hedging in 
 in a changing, and extremely variable, environment. this may guide tactics for pest control in 
environment. this may guide tactics for pest control in a changing climate, and may even sugges 
 tactics for pest control in a changing climate, and may even suggest optimal tactics for human 
15248 5 y real impact of anthropogenic sound on marine environment and marine animal species conservati 
impact of anthropogenic sound on marine environment and marine animal species conservation . 4. 
pogenic sound on marine environment and marine animal species conservation . 4. a comparative m 
e environment and marine animal species conservation . 4. a comparative molecular and immuhisto 
 order to identify likely decompressive stress biomarkers associated with or without tissular m 
10101 2 n other systems, where the overwhelming complexity of mhc diversity and host-parasite interacti 
here the overwhelming complexity of mhc diversity and host-parasite interactions makes investig 
13558 7                            gbif - gobal biodiversity information facility - is an international 
network to enable free access of global biodiversity data via internet. gbif sweden, placed at  
al biodiversity data via internet. gbif sweden, placed at the swedish museum of natural history 
tory is the main funding source of gbif sweden, and a new 5-years contract was recently establi 
funds for this position, and there is a risk that the position will be retracted. because biodi 
the position will be retracted. because biodiversity databases have been established for variou 
refer to previous contacts between gbif sweden and formas, when formas showed interest in contr 
14700 5 nts is a difference in the reproductive ecology of the sexes that results in sex differences in 
al or sexual selection on secondary sex traits. much research has shown that males and females  
nt microhabitats, with consequences for growth, survival and population structure. we also aim  
play a major role in regulating species distribution in coastal dune systems which are in same  
d to investigate the evidences of local adaptation in the genders and to determine whether gend 
9809 2  to elucidate generalised mechanisms of evolution in toxin families and to show how allelic var 
regulation adapt the organisms to their environment.  
15185 6 process with important implications for biodiversity conservation. the purpose of this project  
 of the consequences of gene flow among forest tree populations on their local adaptation. for  
 forest tree populations on their local adaptation. for this purpose, we will develop new stati 
 gene flow rate estimates among several model tree populations. these estimates will be perform 
, and demographic organization on local adaptation. the combination of original statistical mod 
tree species, central components of our ecosystems.  
15193 5                                     the distribution of genetic variation within species is a d 
oal of evolutionary biology, population ecology and conservartion biology, among others. in the 
d seeds using microsatellites, movement ecology and also variation of plant sex expression. the 
 of this study would be very useful for conservation and management of those insular plant spec 
uld be very useful for conservation and management of those insular plant species which, in som 
10506 12  are fundamental to an understanding of colonization, evolution and biodiversity. the research  
al to an understanding of colonization, evolution and biodiversity. the research will examine t 
standing of colonization, evolution and biodiversity. the research will examine the influence o 
oceanographic processes, bathymetry and life history variation on dispersal and gene flow in tw 
athymetry and life history variation on dispersal and gene flow in two antarctic fishes that di 
two antarctic fishes that differ in the distribution of eggs and larvae and longevity. ocean ge 
odels such as the ocean circulation and climate advanced model will be used to analyse populati 
 ocean circulation and climate advanced model will be used to analyse population structure at b 
with predictions from the oceanographic model. additionally, mtdna analysis will be used to exa 
c regime on dispersive phases and adult migration, thereby providing novel insights into the na 
ereby providing novel insights into the nature of biological and environmental constraints on d 
ogical and environmental constraints on dispersal and gene flow.  
9922 12  are fundamental to an understanding of colonization, evolution and biodiversity. the research  
al to an understanding of colonization, evolution and biodiversity. the research will examine t 
standing of colonization, evolution and biodiversity. the research will examine the influence o 
oceanographic processes, bathymetry and life history variation on dispersal and gene flow in tw 
athymetry and life history variation on dispersal and gene flow in two antarctic fishes that di 
two antarctic fishes that differ in the distribution of eggs and larvae and longevity. ocean ge 
odels such as the ocean circulation and climate advanced model will be used to analyse populati 
 ocean circulation and climate advanced model will be used to analyse population structure at b 
with predictions from the oceanographic model. additionally, mtdna analysis will be used to exa 
c regime on dispersive phases and adult migration, thereby providing novel insights into the na 
ereby providing novel insights into the nature of biological and environmental constraints on d 
ogical and environmental constraints on dispersal and gene flow.  
7437 9 project aims to assess the magnitude of habitat fragmentation at two plant species restricted t 
nical conservatory bailleul. scientific valuation is provided in the form of international publ 
he expected results allow us to propose management measures adapted to each case according to t 
 according to the geographic isolation, landscape structure and resilience of the habitat to th 
phic isolation, landscape structure and resilience of the habitat to the dispersion of pollinat 
ndscape structure and resilience of the habitat to the dispersion of pollinators. assistance re 
nce of the habitat to the dispersion of pollinators. assistance requested focuses on the recrui 
rs. assistance requested focuses on the recruitment of a lab technician for a year on travel ex 
ts on molecular biology consumables and valuation fees  
11240 10 l form an important part of the oceanic ecosystem, acting as predators on plankton and as a foo 
art of the oceanic ecosystem, acting as predators on plankton and as a food source for a variet 
urce for a variety of animals including fish, sea birds and aquatic mammals. they migrate in a  
 variety of animals including fish, sea birds and aquatic mammals. they migrate in a predictabl 
during the day to avoid visually guided predators. krill also synchronise their spawning and mo 
on. it has recently been shown that the abundance of krill has dramatically decreased in the an 
ion in the extent of the sea ice due to global warming. in view of the importance of the specie 
and the apparent threat from changes in climate, it is necessary that we fully understand krill 
limatic changes. in particular, regular recruitment to the stock is necessary to maintain popul 
e will make available to the scientific community. it is likely that other pelagic crustaceans  
11497 10 l form an important part of the oceanic ecosystem, acting as predators on plankton and as a foo 
art of the oceanic ecosystem, acting as predators on plankton and as a food source for a variet 
urce for a variety of animals including fish, sea birds and aquatic mammals. they migrate in a  
 variety of animals including fish, sea birds and aquatic mammals. they migrate in a predictabl 
during the day to avoid visually guided predators. krill also synchronise their spawning and mo 
on. it has recently been shown that the abundance of krill has dramatically decreased in the an 
ion in the extent of the sea ice due to global warming. in view of the importance of the specie 
and the apparent threat from changes in climate, it is necessary that we fully understand krill 
limatic changes. in particular, regular recruitment to the stock is necessary to maintain popul 
e will make available to the scientific community. it is likely that other pelagic crustaceans  
6803 2 iments, first we will carry out a large scale mutagenesis with the gene trapping transposon and 
zygous viable mutations and the loss-of-function phenotype of the germline specific genes and s 
2193 2  accurate sampling design and statistic evaluation • compare results over the five chosen ecosy 
 • compare results over the five chosen ecosystems and over geographic areas and relate to resu 
2011 9 riation is the raw material of adaptive evolution, and understanding its generation is a crucia 
rthermore, since genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity are a universal characteristic of living  
section of the genetic basis of complex traits. the study of wing patterns in bicyclus anynana  
lying phenotypic variation and adaptive evolution. wing patterns are visually compelling produc 
 which of the genes contribute to trait evolution. we also know little about how the genetic an 
velopmental basis of variation in these traits influences their evolutionary change. bicyclus b 
ific studies for ecologically important traits. this project will integrate the study of the ge 
 using modern genomic resources in gene mapping and expression-profiling, with a more classical 
this will address fundamental issues in evolution, as the origins of novelties and the patterns 
9830 1 o cold tolerance. we propose to use the model vertebrate, the zebrafish, danio rerio, that offe 
7393 3 e practices, identify potential genetic management units and to propose actions of distribution 
agement units and to propose actions of distribution patterns among stakeholders involved  
 actions of distribution patterns among stakeholders involved  
7167 5 n for the study of complex evolutionary scenarios. for the purpose of management of invasive po 
lutionary scenarios. for the purpose of management of invasive populations, the occurrence of f 
istic which promote the rapid and large-scale dissemination of the parasites or viruses such co 
initially treated. secondly, these high migration rates make difficult the emergence of local a 
s make difficult the emergence of local adaptation phenomena and consequently, the settlement a 
15305 10                                      as invasive species spread through a new environment they  
s invasive species spread through a new environment they encounter novel selection pressures an 
 monitor the rate and predictability of evolution in the wild. historical records of clinal pat 
evidence of selection. rapid convergent evolution in the signs of the correlation between gene  
latitude a few years after the american invasion supplied strong evidence that environmental la 
sting a directional response to current climate change. yet, the generality of seasonal changes 
 been employed to monitor the impact of climate change on the genetic constitution of populatio 
onstantly recurring seasonal changes in climate-related traits superimposed on long-term trends 
ing seasonal changes in climate-related traits superimposed on long-term trends, as already det 
es can therefore reflect differences in seasonality across geographic locations and/or in time. 
14126 3 t, was of fundamental importance to the development of human society and culture. following the 
ct our common aim is to investigate the genetic diversity and population structure of past indi 
ology of different animals, such as the body size or robustness as well as horn characteristics 
14652 15 an any other group, as a consequence of habitat destruction, water pollution, climatic change,  
s a consequence of habitat destruction, water pollution, climatic change, and emerging infectio 
nsequence of habitat destruction, water pollution, climatic change, and emerging infectious dis 
 steadily since the 1950s. the tropical andes are considered the most important hotspot of biod 
onsidered the most important hotspot of biodiversity, and amphibians are extremely diverse ther 
s have also been reported. the field of taxonomy is experimenting some controversial debates in 
e are necessary tools for the fields of macroecology and conservation biology; the rather pejor 
ools for the fields of macroecology and conservation biology; the rather pejorative term taxono 
his phenomenon. one the other hand, the biodiversity crisis and the fact that there are fewer a 
iversal barcodes on which to base a dna-taxonomy has been proposed as a necessity. testing whet 
 sound recordings at the mncn and other institutions; the development of a bioacoustic tool to  
at the mncn and other institutions; the development of a bioacoustic tool to establish differen 
cies; and a better understanding of the diversity and evolution of andean amphibians, which wil 
tter understanding of the diversity and evolution of andean amphibians, which will be instrumen 
hibians, which will be instrumental for conservation policies.  
14541 6 h the aim of determinate levels and the distribution of inter- and intra- population genetic va 
opulations of three vegetal endemic and endangered species from the canary islands: myrica riva 
luate the genetic causes and factors of erosion in the natural population, as well as estimate  
btained arise a method, methodology and management proceeding. the final objectives are centred 
lations using molecular markers suggest management, restitution, reintroductions and reinforcin 
of the natural populations of the three endangered species analysed.  
15238 14                                 partial migration is the situation where part of a population l 
ucial state for understanding the rapid evolution of migration or residency. this is particular 
or understanding the rapid evolution of migration or residency. this is particularly important  
otomy migrant-nonmigrant is caused by a threshold. this migration threshold is presumably not f 
nmigrant is caused by a threshold. this migration threshold is presumably not fixed but influen 
s caused by a threshold. this migration threshold is presumably not fixed but influenced both b 
t assumptions and predictions from this model have, however, not been tested yet. here, we prop 
t aims at testing the generality of the threshold model and at measuring the effects of environ 
testing the generality of the threshold model and at measuring the effects of environmental and 
esults of these different approaches to model how migratory behaviour changes in a population i 
 a population in response to changes in climate with the aim of predicting whether migratory bi 
the aim of predicting whether migratory birds will be able to track the rapid environmental cha 
xciting new insights on the control and evolution of avian migration.  
s on the control and evolution of avian migration.  
15025 1 uence becomes more evident. the current climate change proceeds inexorably and its negative inf 
11616 1 ant mechanisms of speciation in plants. evolution is generally considered to be a slow process, 
7547 9 last 10 years, studies of environmental bacteria were performed without knowing the identity of 
rformed without knowing the identity of bacteria. they have, however, shown the key role occupi 
logical and biogeochemical processes of ecosystems. the recent emergence of molecular biology m 
rtant questions about the environmental ecology concepts and mechanisms in the genetic diversit 
 ecology concepts and mechanisms in the genetic diversity of wild bacteria, and their links wit 
anisms in the genetic diversity of wild bacteria, and their links with their environment. this  
ld bacteria, and their links with their environment. this project raises the question of whethe 
ere is a relationship between bacterial diversity and biogeochemical role in the ecosystem  
iversity and biogeochemical role in the ecosystem  
15335 3                                         biodiversity of chironomidae of streams in the high are 
        biodiversity of chironomidae of streams in the high areas of andes will be explored.  
nomidae of streams in the high areas of andes will be explored.  
11015 10  is central to our understanding of the diversity of life on this planet, the evolution and mai 
e diversity of life on this planet, the evolution and maintenance of cooperative behaviour rema 
y act to help one another, they run the risk of disruptive cheaters that do not pay their fair  
will first be important to identify the nature of the genes and pathways that regulate cooperat 
y that it simply is not be possible for evolution to mould them achieve the optimal or favoured 
the study of cooperative behaviour, the soil dwelling social amoeba d. discoideum. under favour 
uals that grow and divide by feeding on bacteria. upon starvation, however, up to 100,000 amoeb 
s thus sacrifice themselves to help the dispersal of spores, raising the question of why select 
y their fair share of the cost of stalk production. to achieve this goal, we will employ a nove 
 determine the number of different ways evolution has allowed social strategies to be modified. 
9991 10  is central to our understanding of the diversity of life on this planet, the evolution and mai 
e diversity of life on this planet, the evolution and maintenance of cooperative behaviour rema 
y act to help one another, they run the risk of disruptive cheaters that do not pay their fair  
will first be important to identify the nature of the genes and pathways that regulate cooperat 
y that it simply is not be possible for evolution to mould them achieve the optimal or favoured 
the study of cooperative behaviour, the soil dwelling social amoeba d. discoideum. under favour 
uals that grow and divide by feeding on bacteria. upon starvation, however, up to 100,000 amoeb 
s thus sacrifice themselves to help the dispersal of spores, raising the question of why select 
y their fair share of the cost of stalk production. to achieve this goal, we will employ a nove 
 determine the number of different ways evolution has allowed social strategies to be modified. 
14543 2 ccess in understanding the processes of adaptation using traits with a simple genetic basis. ho 
nding the processes of adaptation using traits with a simple genetic basis. however, less is kn 
2549 1 ure, the underlying basis of phenotypic traits, and its relationship to evolutionary change, is 
6724 1 l of retinoids are also involved in the development or these diseases. the aim is to find a gen 
10704 9 ntal, and the signalling value of these traits. in contrast, there has been a neglect of in dep 
der appreciation of the variability and complexity of female preference behaviour. we have alre 
or effects or alternatively a more even distribution of effect sizes of genes across the genome 
studies measuring the responses of male traits to environmental stress, we do not expect this.  
sponses of male traits to environmental stress, we do not expect this. rather we believe that t 
 this. rather we believe that the harsh environment will amplify genetic differences between fe 
emale eyespan and female fertility, two traits that strongly reflect resources available during 
urces available during larval and adult development respectively. we will test whether qtl for  
me genes for condition underlie several traits such as preference, eyespan and fecundity.  
11414 9 ntal, and the signalling value of these traits. in contrast, there has been a neglect of in dep 
der appreciation of the variability and complexity of female preference behaviour. we have alre 
or effects or alternatively a more even distribution of effect sizes of genes across the genome 
studies measuring the responses of male traits to environmental stress, we do not expect this.  
sponses of male traits to environmental stress, we do not expect this. rather we believe that t 
 this. rather we believe that the harsh environment will amplify genetic differences between fe 
emale eyespan and female fertility, two traits that strongly reflect resources available during 
urces available during larval and adult development respectively. we will test whether qtl for  
me genes for condition underlie several traits such as preference, eyespan and fecundity.  
10923 15                                     the evolution of land plants in the palaeozoic led to drama 
lants in the palaeozoic led to dramatic environmental change. one of the direct results of the  
hange. one of the direct results of the development of the land flora was an increase in contin 
 onwards. these activities gave rise to soils and the development of the complex terrestrial ec 
e activities gave rise to soils and the development of the complex terrestrial ecosystem. both  
 development of the complex terrestrial ecosystem. both rhizoids and root hairs are required fo 
ed for the anchorage of plants to their growth substrate and for the uptake of water and inorga 
 growth substrate and for the uptake of water and inorganic ions. we recently discovered that t 
lants. here we propose to determine the function of these putative moss regulatory genes. we pr 
t the same regulatory genes control the development of rhizoids and root hairs and that this fu 
f rhizoids and root hairs and that this function has been conserved over the past 400 million y 
. if these genes do not control rhizoid development in moss it suggests that the root hair deve 
 in moss it suggests that the root hair development pathway recruited genes with a different fu 
athway recruited genes with a different function in the ancestral plant. if the latter is true  
our analysis will define this ancestral function.  
10131 18                    at the centre of the evolution of life is the origin of new species. the bal 
tween the origin of new species and the extinction of existing ones determines the current leve 
ng ones determines the current level of biological diversity. speciation connects microevolutio 
gate if we are to understand and manage biological diversity. much has been learned about the o 
allow rapid sequencing of dna and large-scale determination of genotypes, as well as new insigh 
l and empirical studies suggesting that adaptation to local environments can lead towards speci 
saxatilis, found on rocky shores around europe. in many areas, two forms exist in close contact 
e exposure and the other to resist crab predation. these forms still exchange genes over most o 
ontain genes directly involved in local adaptation. in the present project, we will ask two que 
ittorina the same in different parts of europe, or have the morphs evolved independently in geo 
kers and between markers and phenotypic traits. our data will significantly advance understandi 
of speciation as a consequence of local adaptation. we will also develop methods that will be a 
 will be applicable to other speciation model systems and will be valuable in identifying genes 
luable in identifying genes involved in adaptation in other circumstances, such as in conservat 
tion in other circumstances, such as in conservation biology or the management of pesticide res 
 such as in conservation biology or the management of pesticide resistance.  
nservation biology or the management of pesticide resistance.  
 biology or the management of pesticide resistance.  
11417 18                    at the centre of the evolution of life is the origin of new species. the bal 
tween the origin of new species and the extinction of existing ones determines the current leve 
ng ones determines the current level of biological diversity. speciation connects microevolutio 
gate if we are to understand and manage biological diversity. much has been learned about the o 
allow rapid sequencing of dna and large-scale determination of genotypes, as well as new insigh 
l and empirical studies suggesting that adaptation to local environments can lead towards speci 
saxatilis, found on rocky shores around europe. in many areas, two forms exist in close contact 
e exposure and the other to resist crab predation. these forms still exchange genes over most o 
ontain genes directly involved in local adaptation. in the present project, we will ask two que 
ittorina the same in different parts of europe, or have the morphs evolved independently in geo 
kers and between markers and phenotypic traits. our data will significantly advance understandi 
of speciation as a consequence of local adaptation. we will also develop methods that will be a 
 will be applicable to other speciation model systems and will be valuable in identifying genes 
luable in identifying genes involved in adaptation in other circumstances, such as in conservat 
tion in other circumstances, such as in conservation biology or the management of pesticide res 
 such as in conservation biology or the management of pesticide resistance.  
nservation biology or the management of pesticide resistance.  
 biology or the management of pesticide resistance.  
10892 1 arker to be scored. to test whether the model is plausible, the experiments will use sexual fem 
6828 2 agation we have to strive after genetic stability and obtain true-to-type plantlets. at the sam 
ors are suspected to play a role in the development of genetic changes, the somaclonal variatio 
14438 22         the contemporary approaches for development of a strategy for long-term gene conservati 
opment of a strategy for long-term gene conservation and management of castanea sativa are base 
egy for long-term gene conservation and management of castanea sativa are based on the inventor 
, estimation of genetic variability and assessment of exchanging of genetic material between di 
 populations, in order to separate gene conservation units and to select potentially important  
 important genotypes for nut and timber production. nevertheless the importance and multiple us 
r understanding the impact of genotype, environment and genotype x environmental interaction on 
 researches in the field of sustainable management and conservation of genetic resources of for 
the field of sustainable management and conservation of genetic resources of forest-fruit speci 
nd conservation of genetic resources of forest-fruit species. in this connection, the main obje 
urces in bulgaria and to assess current distribution range, genetic diversity and health status 
d to assess current distribution range, genetic diversity and health status of these valuable p 
ific characters and quality of chestnut production. • to find out correlations between genetic  
commendations and guidelines for future management of chestnut stands, forest products quality  
r future management of chestnut stands, forest products quality monitoring and a strategy for c 
hestnut stands, forest products quality monitoring and a strategy for conservation of european  
s quality monitoring and a strategy for conservation of european chestnut genetic resources. th 
urces. the recommendations will provide forest owners and state forest enterprises personnel wi 
ns will provide forest owners and state forest enterprises personnel with updated information a 
rmation about health status of chestnut forests and the level of contamination of forest produc 
rests and the level of contamination of forest products, with the aim of taking correct managem 
roducts, with the aim of taking correct management decisions and implementing good practices.  
7523 4 his is not without its problems for the planning of mauges integrating increasingly the sustain 
 of mauges integrating increasingly the sustainability parameters in its development. the ident 
ly the sustainability parameters in its development. the identification of specific genetic mar 
resis - accompanied by the stock plants production layout should allow: ➢proposer in plantation 
7525 2 tionary processes responsible for their distribution in french rivers.  
nsible for their distribution in french rivers.  
10930 6  a variety of forces that can constrain adaptation and prevent perfection. these include a chan 
nt perfection. these include a changing environment, historical or developmental constraints, c 
 process relevant information about the environment. determining the relative importance of the 
f the different possible constraints on adaptation. we are doing this by examining a single beh 
nteractions between genes can constrain adaptation because they can lead to the same genes bein 
iour at all levels from the gene to the environment.  
1097 2 process can be exploited as a source of genetic diversity to be introgressed into selected vari 
peninsula, in close proximity with seed production areas for the cultivated varieties. gene flo 
10961 3 lling feather pigmentation, patterning, growth and distribution, and zone-specific expression.  
er pigmentation, patterning, growth and distribution, and zone-specific expression. we will: us 
le of sexual selection in promoting the evolution of plumage genes.  
9979 3 lling feather pigmentation, patterning, growth and distribution, and zone-specific expression.  
er pigmentation, patterning, growth and distribution, and zone-specific expression. we will: us 
le of sexual selection in promoting the evolution of plumage genes.  
10374 4 selection is the prime factor governing recruitment would avoid this problem. hybrid zones in w 
compete other genotypes within a narrow habitat range satisfy this requirement, and would permi 
experiments leading to the detection of habitat-tolerance qtls, assuming that generation time o 
ity of f1s over other hybrid classes is habitat-mediated.  
11209 2 f drosophila melanogaster to changes in temperature and parasitoid attack will be studied using 
anogaster to changes in temperature and parasitoid attack will be studied using whole-genome an 
15297 2 wledge about the genetic control of the development in ferns and in vascular plants in general. 
l. moreover, they are important for the conservation biology of this species.  
10766 6 t is essential for our understanding of biodiversity that we assess the causes of population di 
d speciation. geographic separation and adaptation to different ecological niches are the most  
been argued that sexual selection / the evolution of female mate preferences and male behaviour 
as been found that a species of mexican fish with extreme differences in male and female morpho 
will be able to assess if a behavioural traits diverge more quickly than others b males move be 
n this species, and provide data on the genetic diversity within this species, which belongs to 
7520 2                                         development of neutral molecular markers of the onset m 
e onset mechanisms and dissemination of resistance genes  
14219 10 ic salmon populations with captive-bred fish is a common practice in the baltic sea for both co 
e-bred fish is a common practice in the baltic sea for both commercial and conservation purpose 
 the baltic sea for both commercial and conservation purposes. currently, about 80% of atlantic 
ut 80% of atlantic salmon smolts in the baltic sea originate from hatcheries. however, evidence 
ew possibilities for studying molecular adaptation in non-model organisms like atlantic salmon. 
or studying molecular adaptation in non-model organisms like atlantic salmon. another major goa 
pact of hatchery breeding programmes on genetic diversity and fitness of atlantic salmon popula 
sults are applicable for improvement of conservation and management plans of atlantic salmon in 
ble for improvement of conservation and management plans of atlantic salmon in the baltic sea,  
agement plans of atlantic salmon in the baltic sea, particularly in gulf of finland.  
14781 12                                         invasion by non-native species is second only to habita 
by non-native species is second only to habitat loss as a threat to global biodiversity. the br 
y to habitat loss as a threat to global biodiversity. the brine shrimp artemia franciscana is n 
ed into the iberian peninsula and other mediterranean countries, where it threatens native arte 
isms that depend on them in hypersaline ecosystems. we aim to characterize the genetic diversit 
 ecosystems. we aim to characterize the genetic diversity of a. franciscana in its introduced r 
 other means. we will compare levels of diversity with those observed in the natural range and  
to evaluate their relative capacity for dispersal via waterbirds. we will also identify cysts p 
 conserve native artemia species in the mediterranean region and to understand the relevance of 
gion and to understand the relevance of genetic diversity and dispersal in the establishment an 
 the relevance of genetic diversity and dispersal in the establishment and expansion of invasiv 
l in the establishment and expansion of invasive species.  
7166 9  What is the phylogenetic origin of the invasion c. raciborskii in France * what are the adapta 
nditions * what is the extension of the invasion of France and what types of water bodies are v 
he invasion of France and what types of water bodies are vulnerable a collection of 61 strains  
roposed settlement is a step by step of europe from shelters sites in europe or asia. contamina 
y step of europe from shelters sites in europe or asia. contaminated water bodies are low depth 
s sites in europe or asia. contaminated water bodies are low depth and reduced surface. it is t 
d surface. it is to be connected to the temperature reached by the sediment, allowing germinati 
ected to the temperature reached by the sediment, allowing germination akinetes, cell resistanc 
nt, allowing germination akinetes, cell resistance to adverse conditions  
220 18 ng and maintaining the local and global biological diversity is very actual at the present time 
s very actual at the present time, when biological diversity of our planet is rapidly decreasin 
of direct or indirect human influences. biological diversity consists of many aspects, like var 
nsists of many aspects, like variety of ecosystems, species, populations within species and gen 
species, populations within species and genetic diversity within species. the knowledge of gene 
ersity within species. the knowledge of genetic diversity within populations and species, along 
vel, is essential for understanding and conservation of the biological diversity. this allows t 
r understanding and conservation of the biological diversity. this allows to identify the indep 
r envisaging practical activity for the conservation of biological diversity. it has been shown 
ctical activity for the conservation of biological diversity. it has been shown that the breedi 
reeding system significantly influences genetic diversity within and between populations. gener 
graphically restricted species had high genetic diversity and common species vice versa, are al 
s. the project envisages to investigate genetic diversity in different plant genera with differ 
genera with different breeding systems, distribution range and population size and compare the  
or better understanding the patterns of genetic diversity we compare species pairs that are lik 
riable reproductive modes and different distribution ranges. for this purpose we planned: ·to e 
le species; ·to reveal the structure of genetic diversity in sexual vs. clonal species; ·to eva 
 species; ·to evaluate the structure of genetic diversity in widespread vs. narrow distributed  
2126 7                                         genetic diversity drives evolution. processes which ero 
               genetic diversity drives evolution. processes which erode genetic variation, suc 
h erode genetic variation, such as self-fertilization and sibling mating, are therefore expecte 
 find ancient, species-rich lineages in nature which have been inbreeding for millions of years 
sses facilitate and maintain sufficient genetic diversity in such lineages how can closely inbr 
 project seeks to elucidate patterns of genetic diversity, population subdivision and speciatio 
nuclear dna allows direct comparison of genetic diversity between ecologically similar inbreedi 
14914 8                the larger human african genetic diversity has been explained by the african ori 
size. nevertheless, the exact amount of genetic diversity within africa is unknown because ther 
xact amount of genetic diversity within africa is unknown because there is a large number of po 
 processes in the making of the african biological diversity. one of these geographical areas n 
is correlate linguistic, geographic and genetic diversity of these populations, compare them to 
th population groups and their internal diversity will allow us to test if there was a populati 
escribed as well as the possible sexual migration asymmetries in central africa.  
sexual migration asymmetries in central africa.  
10198 4     it is estimated that picoplanktonic cyanobacteria contribute between 5 and 80% to the total 
ntribute between 5 and 80% to the total primary production in lakes. for such an important grou 
nobacterial population in an individual water body 2 does each water body support a unique coll 
in an individual water body 2 does each water body support a unique collection of taxa or are s 
7589 3 utionary framework based on a molecular phylogeny established in parallel with neutral markers, 
utral markers, the data obtained on the diversity of genes pathogenicity will trace the evoluti 
y of genes pathogenicity will trace the evolution of different functional aspects of parasitism 
6758 3  alps and asia. the aim of the study is evaluation of genetic diversity of the central european 
. the aim of the study is evaluation of genetic diversity of the central european populations,  
ions referring to area-geographical and landscape history of this relict species.  
7546 5                        maintaining wood production in madagascar, the first energy source, requ 
ood production in madagascar, the first energy source, requires the planting of eucalyptus. gol 
antations. the challenge is to give the forestry administration the necessary arguments for bet 
e of national resources for a sustained production of wood for the malagasy population. it is t 
recently introduced and sampling of old growth  
14775 5 or events for the human peopling of the mediterranean space. to evaluate the impact of the diff 
es that have shaped the current genetic landscape of the andalusian region, the variation of y- 
sula and other populations settled over mediterranean space will be analyzed. restrictions to g 
ant physical barrier to effective human migration. the relationships among linguistic differenc 
this research. the allelic structure of genetic diversity of andalusias will be related to the  
7585 3  within each breed, the dog is a unique model to analyze genetic determinism. in this context,  
e molecular tools needed to analyze the genetic diversity of dog breeds by gene amplification a 
lts will be made ​​available for better management of farming practices  
11606 7                             the world s biodiversity has been moulded by the quaternary ice age 
s. these repeated major oscillations in climate caused species to move their ranges, adapt or g 
promoted diversification. for temperate europe the southern peninsulas of iberia, italy and the 
the source of colonists for the rest of europe. this project seeks to combine recent fossil pol 
al areas in the balkans and then across europe. these results will be of general relevance to u 
refugia worldwide, and particularly for conservation strategies in europe.  
icularly for conservation strategies in europe.  
13765 11 it also aims at investigating means for monitoring natural and anthropogenically induced tempor 
distributions where obvious barriers to migration are lacking. the moose is the most intensely  
 most intensely managed game species in sweden; one third of the population is killed annually  
ally through hunting, and human induced mortality shapes the demographic and genetic dynamics o 
ation on the genetic effects of present management strategies is lacking. preliminary results i 
t regional bottlenecks affect levels of diversity. access to a tissue bank comprising over 20,0 
l provide results of importance for the development of guidelines for monitoring gene level bio 
e for the development of guidelines for monitoring gene level biodiversity in harvested populat 
of guidelines for monitoring gene level biodiversity in harvested populations and for identifyi 
populations and for identifying genetic management units for species with continuous distributi 
ement units for species with continuous distribution.  
2111 9 ld be of importance also for regulatory risk assessment. the replacement of traditional fish fe 
essment. the replacement of traditional fish feed with ge feed and the development of new gener 
ditional fish feed with ge feed and the development of new generation dna vaccines may fundamen 
nes may fundamentally alter the present production systems of fish feed , wild fisheries and fi 
alter the present production systems of fish feed , wild fisheries and finally the market. the  
 production systems of fish feed , wild fisheries and finally the market. the biological analys 
ce to improve the present framework for governance of risk of ge in aquaculture. this project e 
the present framework for governance of risk of ge in aquaculture. this project extends and bro 
amework for governance of risk of ge in aquaculture. this project extends and broadens the scop 
15462 8 s, reduced census number and population fragmentation have important genetic consequences that  
population survival, regarding both the evolution of fitness and that of its genetic diversity  
he evolution of fitness and that of its genetic diversity in small subpopulations, as well as t 
lation differentiation for quantitative traits. our aim is to study these processes, focusing i 
sing in the following objectives: - 1.- development of mathematical models providing reliable p 
s, such as those met in the practice of conservation and animal breeding, taking into account t 
h the corresponding consequences on the evolution of the average fitness - 3.- determination of 
 metapopulation, regarding quantitative traits with complex gene action and genetic architectur 
6904 8 stations, severity and prognosis of the disease. consequently, lupus may appear in different cl 
forms. sle, the term for this colourful disease, collects heterogeneous subgroups. our knowledg 
enetic alterations, which influence the function of immune system, are associated with disease  
n of immune system, are associated with disease susceptibility or with particular organ involve 
ents, such as those with severe or mild disease, those with and without kidney involvement and  
 and also those with active or inactive disease. we use two methods: 1./ analysis of different  
fferent subgroups of this heterogeneous disease. genetic pattern can be used in the future foll 
 future follow-up of these patients, or monitoring the efficacy of a given medication in an ind 
14653 6                                         genetic diversity in human groups is a basic demonstrat 
roups is a basic demonstration of human biodiversity, with very promising perspectives nowadays 
ut the population relationships, as the evolution of a species can only be understood as a whol 
d to genes associated to cardiovascular risk, and check the specific role of the diversity foun 
isk, and check the specific role of the diversity found in the susceptibility to that disease f 
ity found in the susceptibility to that disease from a genetic association  
15183 3                                         freshwater colonization by invasive species has huge ec 
                             freshwater colonization by invasive species has huge ecologic and  
             freshwater colonization by invasive species has huge ecologic and economic consequ 
206 5 ill focus on actual problems related to conservation and management of genetic resources of end 
al problems related to conservation and management of genetic resources of endangered salmonids 
at interest to international scientific community because revealing molecular mechanisms of ada 
cause revealing molecular mechanisms of adaptation to local conditions is one of the most chall 
ging tasks in evolutionary genetics and ecology research today.  
15055 5             in the design of biological conservation programmes, the analysis of the genetic co 
depression of fitness and its component traits in endangered populations, as well as the geneti 
nces of the implementation of different management reproduction strategies in ex situ conservat 
ment reproduction strategies in ex situ conservation programmes. 2 the change in the components 
e components of the genetic variance of traits determining the evolutionary potential of popula 
7402 3           several models suggest slower adaptation of low effective population. we will check a 
 overdominance. then we will evaluate a model where people passing cyclically by a small number 
ts should be integrated into population management protocols  
14870 8                          populations of endangered species have to be often maintained in capti 
 in captivity, in the so called ex-situ conservation programmes, because of their reduced censu 
s or the deterioration of their natural habitat. the present project will deal with different a 
with different aspects related with the management of captive populations using analytic techni 
: 1. design of an automatic and dynamic management system for subdivided populations to allow t 
ations to allow the maximisation of the genetic diversity maintained, but controlling the level 
grants needed to reach those levels. 2. development of efficient techniques to use the maintena 
nance of the original allelic , and the evolution of fitness.  
14869 8                          populations of endangered species have to be often maintained in capti 
 in captivity, in the so called ex-situ conservation programmes, because of their reduced censu 
s or the deterioration of their natural habitat. the present project will deal with different a 
with different aspects related with the management of captive populations using analytic techni 
: 1. design of an automatic and dynamic management system for subdivided populations to allow t 
ations to allow the maximisation of the genetic diversity maintained, but controlling the level 
grants needed to reach those levels. 2. development of efficient techniques to use the maintena 
nance of the original allelic , and the evolution of fitness.  
13973 1  is to understand the genetic basis and evolution of defense mechanisms in plant-virus interact 
10948 9            the earth currently faces an extinction crisis unprecedented in its history. identif 
precedented in its history. identifying conservation priorities in need of action requires info 
ction requires information on trends in abundance over time. however, such data are often lacki 
comparatively well-studied taxa such as birds. in this project, we aim to develop a statistical 
roject, we aim to develop a statistical model for reconstructing abundance trends using microsa 
 a statistical model for reconstructing abundance trends using microsatellite data, and apply t 
ing microsatellite data, and apply this model to predict abundance trends over time in two enda 
e data, and apply this model to predict abundance trends over time in two endangered bird speci 
t population histories. the statistical model should have wide application for reconstructing p 
11539 1 eration, the rearing of brood by social insects. adult workers would benefit by preferentially  
13484 9                     sustainable fishery management of exploited species should include preserva 
 species should include preservation of biological diversity. this requires knowledge of popula 
ect fitness characteristics and natural productivity. this project focuses on the commercially  
 activities 4 has intense and selective fishing resulted in evolutionary changes we aim at answ 
ic impact of stocking activities. local adaptation will be studied by rearing different populat 
lly based differentiation in phenotypic traits. evolutionary effects of fishing will be evaluat 
notypic traits. evolutionary effects of fishing will be evaluated statistically by comparisons  
 will deliver information necessary for development of biologically sound management strategies 
y for development of biologically sound management strategies.  
15223 1 traspecific variability in quantitative traits considered adaptatives .  
1098 2 ibrium molecular markers and phenotypic traits in the samples of european germplasm will provid 
vide indications of the potential of ld mapping in p.vulgaris. here, comparisons of the data ob 
12433 5 cod in the eastern channel and southern north sea to examine the evidence for stock separation  
ficant mixing between stocks as well as fisheries-significant mixing. key customer purpose the  
stock movements collected under ongoing fish tagging programmes, and will provide a valuable li 
ne of evidence for the justification of fisheries policy in this sea region.  
ence for the justification of fisheries policy in this sea region.  
15418 5 aboratories where general hypotheses on evolution, biogeography, ecology and conservation can b 
 where general hypotheses on evolution, biogeography, ecology and conservation can be conceived 
 hypotheses on evolution, biogeography, ecology and conservation can be conceived and assessed. 
on evolution, biogeography, ecology and conservation can be conceived and assessed. our project 
anary islands and the major westernmost mediterranean islands geological history, and with scar 
15419 5 aboratories where general hypotheses on evolution, biogeography, ecology and conservation can b 
 where general hypotheses on evolution, biogeography, ecology and conservation can be conceived 
 hypotheses on evolution, biogeography, ecology and conservation can be conceived and assessed. 
on evolution, biogeography, ecology and conservation can be conceived and assessed. our project 
anary islands and the major westernmost mediterranean islands geological history, and with scar 
6806 2 th respect to the pathomechanism of the disease and the penetrance of the mutations. - the read 
l allow comparative studies on a larger scale that may help the diagnostic and research efforts 
13525 10  anthropogenic activities such as large-scale fisheries affect the genetic profiles of socioeco 
opogenic activities such as large-scale fisheries affect the genetic profiles of socioeconomica 
 important species. the degree to which fish genetic resources are depleted is unknown, however 
netic variation is largely neglected in fisheries management. basic knowledge of the spatial an 
h information is needed for sustainable management. this research address the effects of fisher 
t. this research address the effects of fisheries on gene pool retention using cod and herring  
pool retention using cod and herring as model organisms. based on observed genotypic patterns a 
bserved genotypic patterns and computer modelling we will assess the amount of temporal genetic 
ost important for promoting sustainable management of these fish resources  
omoting sustainable management of these fish resources  
10838 7            the response of organisms to climate change may be limited by evolution at the range 
sms to climate change may be limited by evolution at the range edge. studies on butterflies hav 
entary specialist species may depend on adaptation to exploit a wider range of habitats, and di 
erse further to cross areas of marginal habitat. the range of the butterfly aricia agestis has  
 range edge. this project will test for adaptation at four pairs of established and newly-expan 
ps associated with spread into marginal habitat. these data will identity genomic regions under 
ion structure during rapid responses to climate change.  
6743 4 reveal the relationship between genetic heterogeneity and phenotypic variation. scaling of char 
ludes experimental investigation on the ecology of the taxons too. the aim of the second analys 
 of natural populations of the species, fertilization distances and clonal structure of populat 
y contribute to effective protection of endangered species.  
14553 4 y of pyrenean desman along its pyrenean distribution on rivers of catalonia, aragon and navarre 
sman along its pyrenean distribution on rivers of catalonia, aragon and navarre, in spain, by n 
rs of catalonia, aragon and navarre, in spain, by nuclear and mitochondrial dna molecular marke 
tructure of the species in the pyrenean distribution to contribute to the biological knowledge  
13847 6                       how genes and the environment interact in determining phenotypic variatio 
on is a fundamental question in biology diversity. the study object, to determine a populations 
utionary models of general interest for biodiversity. in a large set of sub-populations of diff 
ure, genetic variation, inbreeding, and dispersal will be studied in relation to the biotic env 
ll be studied in relation to the biotic environment and climate change.  
 relation to the biotic environment and climate change.  
13520 7 aims of this project are to establish a classification of enchytraeids that is consistent with  
t with the best supported hypotheses of phylogeny, using specimens from this survey and applyin 
g species, with the goal to resolve the taxonomy of these forms using dna data. the project wil 
f great significance for the knowledge, monitoring and conservation of swedish biodiversity, th 
cance for the knowledge, monitoring and conservation of swedish biodiversity, the production of 
 monitoring and conservation of swedish biodiversity, the production of the encyclopedia of the 
nservation of swedish biodiversity, the production of the encyclopedia of the swedish flora and 
13871 8 ulations ability to adapt to a changing environment. small and fragmented populations are signi 
ill focus on the detrimental effects of habitat fragmentation and isolation that tend to erode  
, small population size, inbreeding and extinction risk. the ultimate goal of the research is t 
ulation size, inbreeding and extinction risk. the ultimate goal of the research is to study asp 
 of the research is to study aspects of habitat fragmentation and its role for loss of genetic  
 variation are important for preserving biodiversity. is neutral genetic variation a sufficient 
enetic variation a sufficient target in biodiversity research or do genetic variation at loci d 
loci determining ecologically important traits show different patterns  
6889 4 des. thus the aim of various studies in conservation genetics is to analyse the genetic structu 
re of species which are significant for nature conservation. in the present study, we have chos 
therefore, they are significant both in taxonomy and biogegeography. at the same time they are  
hey belong to the vulnerable species of europe. the main goal of our study is to compare the le 
6779 4 lysis of foundler mutations in 3 romean community. the preliminary results have been published  
ields than winter type of rapessed. the yield may increase with using hybrid seed varieties lik 
inter rapeseed growing. for hybrid seed production we use male sterile and restorer lines. for  
ficial testing and starting hybrid seed production and propagation of parent lines. the first o 
13580 13 erbicide resistant types and types with growth and flowering modifications. however, the ecolog 
m trees have not yet been evaluated. gm forest trees potentially pose ecological problems beyon 
gricultural crops. the reasons are that forest trees are essentially undomesticated which makes 
also have long life spans, dominate the landscape and define the structure of many communities. 
how the use of gm trees might influence biodiversity and ecosystem processes. by comparing the  
 trees might influence biodiversity and ecosystem processes. by comparing the communities of ar 
cesses. by comparing the communities of arthropods and pathogens on gm and un-modified poplars  
 and fibre characteristics or resistant traits support a different community of arthropods and  
or resistant traits support a different community of arthropods and pathogens than un-modified  
traits support a different community of arthropods and pathogens than un-modified poplars. furt 
if the genetic modification will affect decomposition processes, macro-invertebrates in aquatic 
l affect decomposition processes, macro-invertebrates in aquatic systems, biotic interactions a 
 vital data that can be used in current development of gm trees and for future political decisi 
11137 14 ies is fundamental to understanding the diversity of form in the natural world. species on isla 
rovide a wonderful opportunity to study evolution in action. these simplified systems allow us  
us to examine the role of genes and the environment in causing a form to diverge. one group of  
causing a form to diverge. one group of birds, called white-eyes, are very successful at coloni 
c region, there are many forms of these birds and because there have often been multiple invasi 
ms. one important tenet of evolutionary ecology is that two forms cannot coexist if they are to 
eir ecological requirements. therefore, competition for resources between related species may b 
nsible for the diversification of these birds. other processes may also contribute to diversifi 
 offspring that do well in a particular environment or climates. selection may operate in a gra 
ne the genetic, physical and ecological traits of pairs of white-eye species in new caledonia,  
ated species in terms of their physical traits. this will also allow me to quantify the diverge 
s its different island populations. the ecology of each form will likewise be quantified in ter 
d how they forage in those habitats. if competition between the two species is important in cau 
fluence patterns of diversification. in birds, song is crucial in determining the formation of  
1995 6  know little about the genetic basis of adaptation. how many genes are involved in an adaptive  
xtent organisms can adapt to a changing environment. this project will investigate the genetic  
t will investigate the genetic basis of adaptation in nasonia parasitoid wasps. there exist thr 
 genetic basis of adaptation in nasonia parasitoid wasps. there exist three closely related nas 
ly isolated, but occur sympatrically in nature. the species differ in courtship and reproductiv 
ations, which is the basis of darwinian evolution by natural selection.  
15255 3 and its populations experience a strong climate gradient. research on its wealthy chromosomal i 
ersion polymorphism started well before global warming became an issue of major concern, but th 
 of populations is responding to recent climate change. as numerous loci are located within dro 
7292 2 rstand the genetic basis of the trophic adaptation of the pea aphid, we will look for the locus 
ntially responsible for a large part of biodiversity  
14547 10                                         habitat fragmentation is one of the most ubiquitous and 
stricted to remnant habitats, effective management for long-term conservation requires a quanti 
ats, effective management for long-term conservation requires a quantitative understanding of t 
 the genetic and demographic effects of habitat fragmentation, and the implications for populat 
eppes have been continuosly modified by agriculture for centuries, and, nowadays, they are cons 
ost threaten and fragmented habitats in europe. steppe-land birds living in steppes and pseudos 
gmented habitats in europe. steppe-land birds living in steppes and pseudosteppes are a basic l 
d pseudosteppes are a basic link in the conservation of biodiversity through the world. the mai 
are a basic link in the conservation of biodiversity through the world. the main aim of this re 
vestigate the genetic effects caused by fragmentation of steppe habitats using as models the le 
2552 7 d that is produced in several groups of marine phytoplankton. dmsp appears to act both as an os 
is produced in several groups of marine phytoplankton. dmsp appears to act both as an osmolyte  
ocessing, sensing and uptake of dmsp in phytoplankton are unknown. here, we propose to use func 
quences of three ecologically important phytoplankton species: the diatom t. pseudonana, the ha 
p and dms in three important classes of phytoplankton. implementation of this knowledge into su 
e models will improve prediction of dms production and its effect on the global sulphur cycle a 
hur cycle and cloud formation in future scenarios.  
10800 4  / how do species form. the most recent development in our understanding of the speciation proc 
pecies may significantly accelerate the adaptation process. on the other hand, genes under dive 
these species are widely distributed in europe; their ranges broadly overlap and they are known 
ill allow us to test modern theories of adaptation and speciation.  
15441 1  the comparative framework to study the evolution of these target genes in the diversification  
11766 6                 thanks to its versatile nature, saccharomyces cerevisiae is an excellent experi 
cerevisiae is an excellent experimental model for biological and medical studies, including env 
alyses. s. cerevisiae has also become a model organism for pioneering studies on speciation and 
eering studies on speciation and genome evolution. the availability of vast amounts of sequence 
ity for an in-depth analysis of genetic redundancy, conservation of synteny and gene order in t 
n-depth analysis of genetic redundancy, conservation of synteny and gene order in the hemiascom 
10880 1  a coordinated effort by the drosophila community and are having their genomes sequenced to a h 
15299 2                       most of the human genetic diversity analyses have been interested in the  
 will be used to detect possible sexual migration asymmetries in north african populations.  
10097 2                                         evolution generally proceeds via step-by-step changes i 
olyploidy on plant genome structure and evolution.  
13730 3 y such that further diversification and adaptation may take place. in the former case, polyploi 
ion at nuclear microsatellite loci. the diversity patterns obtained will be compared with a rel 
tion covers lab running costs including development of nuclear microsatellite markers, some equ 
10761 7 species of invertebrate carry inherited bacteria-bacteria that live inside cells and transmit f 
f invertebrate carry inherited bacteria-bacteria that live inside cells and transmit from a fem 
 through her egg, to her progeny. these bacteria have emerged as very important components of t 
 filarial worms require their wolbachia bacteria, leading to a recognition and filarial disease 
production, creating a bias towards the production of daughters above sons . this proposal seek 
 wolbachia may give us clues to how the bacteria kills its host. this has both practical and in 
ow much these parties drive each others evolution.  
10532 8                                         marine bacteria are probably the most abundant group of 
                                 marine bacteria are probably the most abundant group of organi 
ce in the major elemental cycles. their abundance as biological entities is only exceeded by th 
 us clues about their life strategy and evolution. it is not clear what these genome sequences  
cyanophage genomes, and considering the abundance, genetic and physiologic diversity of their h 
 the abundance, genetic and physiologic diversity of their hosts, the outcomes of this research 
 very informative in the context of the evolution and ecology of roseobacters and their phages  
ive in the context of the evolution and ecology of roseobacters and their phages and are very l 
2501 4 h at exploring the causal links between growth rate, genome size and cell size and the evolutio 
thesize that this could be related to a phosphorus allocation from dna to rna under p-deficienc 
ng elements the tight coupling of rapid growth and cellular rrna copy numbers, meaning that hig 
 rna. the project will be based both on meta-analysis of existing data and by experiments with  
11486 2 ronmental research is understanding the evolution and maintenance of genetic diversity. central 
anding the evolution and maintenance of genetic diversity. central to these efforts is to under 
11396 6  integrated with qtl and candidate gene mapping. genome-wide surveys of dna polymorphism over a 
educed levels of variation and a skewed distribution of allele frequencies, while the opposite  
 to selection, we shall investigate the function and role of such segments in two ways. first w 
 we shall determine if qtls controlling traits that distinguish the three diploid senecio speci 
l determine if candidate genes of known function and likely to control traits implicated in div 
of known function and likely to control traits implicated in divergence and speciation are flan 
11200 6  the dna will be obtained directly from bacteria in soils at the unique rothamsted broadbalk ex 
l be obtained directly from bacteria in soils at the unique rothamsted broadbalk experiment whi 
important biogeochemical cycle, even in bacteria that cannot be cultured. we will also determin 
 long-term environmental differences on biodiversity of soil bacteria, at the levels of the gen 
onmental differences on biodiversity of soil bacteria, at the levels of the genes, the processe 
tal differences on biodiversity of soil bacteria, at the levels of the genes, the processes, th 
10692 1 he role of non-coding dna in phenotypic evolution.  
10702 2 e moment-by-moment workings of adaptive evolution is essential for biological science. however, 
 account of a single moment of adaptive evolution - from primary dna sequence change, through t 
10739 2 e moment-by-moment workings of adaptive evolution is essential for biological science. however, 
 account of a single moment of adaptive evolution - from primary dna sequence change, through t 
10578 5 tions to the effectiveness of medicine, aquaculture and agriculture. in particular it contribut 
ectiveness of medicine, aquaculture and agriculture. in particular it contributes to the bioban 
butes to the biobanking of samples from endangered species and to the reduction of the number o 
specific and, even after six decades of development, there is little understanding of the facto 
s of cryoinjury in the spermatozoa of a model species a well-trained and versatile post-doctora 
2027 17               with the rapidly changing environment, it has become even more important to under 
variation, which is the core element of evolution, remains largely undefined. only now, with th 
 compare it across related species. the parasitoid-host interaction is particularly suitable fo 
 studying rapid evolutionary responses. parasitoids are insects whose larvae kill other insects 
evolutionary responses. parasitoids are insects whose larvae kill other insects while developin 
ids are insects whose larvae kill other insects while developing on their bodies. they are impo 
are important in nearly all terrestrial ecosystems, and several insect species have evolved pot 
ne defences to encapsulate and kill the parasitoid eggs. natural populations of drosophila diff 
 drosophila differ genetically in their resistance to parasitoids. this can be exploited to fin 
ffer genetically in their resistance to parasitoids. this can be exploited to find crucial info 
rmation about evolutionary processes in nature. moreover, in the laboratory one can select for  
laboratory one can select for increased parasitoid resistance. in this research, i will investi 
one can select for increased parasitoid resistance. in this research, i will investigate what g 
ariation enabled the rapid acquiring of parasitoid resistance during artificial selection. fina 
abled the rapid acquiring of parasitoid resistance during artificial selection. finally, i will 
fy the conserved functional elements in parasitoid resistance among the 12 sequenced drosophila 
erved functional elements in parasitoid resistance among the 12 sequenced drosophila species.  
11046 10 e exchange stems from a small number of model organisms. the recent sequencing of the populus g 
rspecific differences in morphological, yield-related, and ecophysiological traits in several p 
al, yield-related, and ecophysiological traits in several populus species, including interspeci 
cific trait differences associated with yield and biomass accumulation. work on natural hybrid  
t differences associated with yield and biomass accumulation. work on natural hybrid zones indi 
 in evolutionary genetics and admixture mapping as utilized in human genetics. the present proj 
taset to conduct a replicated admixture mapping genomic scan for loci controlling leaf morpholo 
ped markers in plants with extreme leaf traits. the proposed work represents a significant step 
or breeding activities in the important biomass crop populus, and for our ability to predict th 
ssfully in situ to the expected rate of climate change.  
11287 10 e exchange stems from a small number of model organisms. the recent sequencing of the populus g 
rspecific differences in morphological, yield-related, and ecophysiological traits in several p 
al, yield-related, and ecophysiological traits in several populus species, including interspeci 
cific trait differences associated with yield and biomass accumulation. work on natural hybrid  
t differences associated with yield and biomass accumulation. work on natural hybrid zones indi 
 in evolutionary genetics and admixture mapping as utilized in human genetics. the present proj 
taset to conduct a replicated admixture mapping genomic scan for loci controlling leaf morpholo 
ped markers in plants with extreme leaf traits. the proposed work represents a significant step 
or breeding activities in the important biomass crop populus, and for our ability to predict th 
ssfully in situ to the expected rate of climate change.  
11243 5              scientists are certain the global warming is occurring at an alarming rate, but we 
n look even closer, and investigate the function of genes in the sections from different specie 
 some sections will be so integral to a species identity that they cannot part with them. other 
th them. others will be selected by the environment and move to wherever they are needed, regar 
as well as helping us to understand how global warming will affect rare species.  
9820 10  genetic changes contribute to adaptive evolution. to achieve such an understanding it is neces 
mbine knowledge of the genetic basis of traits under selection with knowledge of how natural se 
lenge to achieve this goal because most traits of interest are complex, meaning that there are  
ffecting phenotypic expression. further complexity arises from the presence of epistatic intera 
nce of epistatic interactions, genotype-environment interactions and pleiotropy. although the e 
to dissect the genetic basis of complex traits, it remains unclear whether allelic effects esti 
 arabidopsis thaliana that combines the genetic diversity of 19 accessions. this project will a 
to investigate the influence of gene-by-environment interaction effects on response to selectio 
rmed for a large number of life-history traits under both environmental conditions to investiga 
e correlated responses to selection and trade-offs that could affect the outcome of the experim 
10690 3 m synechococcus, a major contributor to marine primary production. s-pm2 exhibits a phenomenon  
hococcus, a major contributor to marine primary production. s-pm2 exhibits a phenomenon termed  
m2 will be determined to facilitate the development of an understanding of the pseudolysogenic  
11060 5 terfly widely distributed in subsaharan africa, is a particularly striking example, because it  
gical forms that each mimic a different model. from breeding studies it is well known that a si 
ollowing up on older proposals that the complexity of diversity is likely to be controlled by e 
 older proposals that the complexity of diversity is likely to be controlled by equally complex 
ually applicable to, for example, human disease genes showing advantageous variants in a popula 
15478 17 nd recently discovered legume-rhizobial symbiosis, that of lupinus mariae-josephi with its bact 
l geographic area with basic, lime-rich soils in mediterranean eastern spain. our previous rese 
hic area with basic, lime-rich soils in mediterranean eastern spain. our previous research has  
ime-rich soils in mediterranean eastern spain. our previous research has shown that this symbio 
r previous research has shown that this symbiosis is highly specific and that rhizobia nodulati 
gether with the very limited geographic distribution of the symbiosis, provide a rare opportuni 
 limited geographic distribution of the symbiosis, provide a rare opportunity to investigate th 
e a rare opportunity to investigate the diversity, phylogeny and evolution of the rhizobial sym 
portunity to investigate the diversity, phylogeny and evolution of the rhizobial symbiont and o 
nvestigate the diversity, phylogeny and evolution of the rhizobial symbiont and of the specific 
etic and functional determinants of its symbiosis with l. mariae-josephi. this investigation is 
genetic / genomic determinants of their adaptation towards specificity in the symbiosis with l. 
r adaptation towards specificity in the symbiosis with l. mariae-josephi, with its characterist 
mariae-josephi, with its characteristic habitat; c are these and genes of interest. if this pro 
ariae-josephi root-nodule, diazotrophic symbiosis will become the model system for the study of 
 diazotrophic symbiosis will become the model system for the study of the mechanisms of speciat 
lities by an otherwise diverse group of bacteria, with implications not only on rhizobiology bu 
9869 29 type is a product of a genotype and its environment, and phenotype determines fitness, then spa 
 an important mechanism for maintaining genetic diversity within species, and is particularly c 
d sedentary organisms like trees, where adaptation to local conditions is crucial, as they will 
rm reasonable predictions of the likely impacts of environmental change on tree species, then w 
le predictions of the likely impacts of environmental change on tree species, then we must begi 
egin to understand the process of local adaptation at a genomic level and identify the genes, a 
cant, and demographic processes such as extinction and recolonisation may confound local adapta 
n and recolonisation may confound local adaptation. therefore, successful detection of the mole 
ion of the molecular signature of local adaptation requires parallel evaluation of evolutionary 
e of local adaptation requires parallel evaluation of evolutionary and demographic processes, a 
rom the gene to phenotype to population scale and apply this to a specially selected group of e 
 nuclear genes related to environmental stress, phenology and wood formation, and in the mitoch 
 genes related to environmental stress, phenology and wood formation, and in the mitochondrial  
hips but strong contrasts in geographic distribution, biology and ecology. fundamentally, the p 
in geographic distribution, biology and ecology. fundamentally, the project will integrate geno 
g contribution to a developing field of biodiversity research. the application of genomic appro 
enomic approaches to the study of local adaptation is in its infancy and this project will make 
, will be of direct application in gene conservation and breeding programs. this will enhance m 
nd breeding programs. this will enhance management of forest genetic resources and tree product 
ograms. this will enhance management of forest genetic resources and tree production quality, p 
nt of forest genetic resources and tree production quality, particularly under the climate chan 
duction quality, particularly under the climate change scenarios currently affecting adaptive o 
, particularly under the climate change scenarios currently affecting adaptive optima of most f 
ently affecting adaptive optima of most forest tree species. project outputs will also be of di 
 of direct application in science-based conservation, for example, in conserving genetic resour 
tic resources in the remnant scots pine forest fragments in scotland. ceh s strong links with s 
s with statutory bodies responsible for management of the uk forest resource and experience in  
es responsible for management of the uk forest resource and experience in communicating scienti 
he project promises high impact for low risk and with significant potential for downstream rese 
11507 1  conditions can create and maintain the diversity that we see in the natural world.  
7298 9                                         fynbos project aims to characterize viral diversity pre 
nbos project aims to characterize viral diversity present in a wild ecosystem, the fynbos of ca 
erize viral diversity present in a wild ecosystem, the fynbos of cap1, and within the bordering 
ersity present in a wild ecosystem, the fynbos of cap1, and within the bordering agrosystems. g 
tive and quantitative analyzes of viral diversity in both habitats by estimating evolutionary a 
d population parameters and the spatial mapping of all plant viruses present. moreover its expl 
ll help better understand the impact of agriculture on phytovirale diversity of a wild ecosyste 
he impact of agriculture on phytovirale diversity of a wild ecosystem  
ture on phytovirale diversity of a wild ecosystem  
10890 7 lose to the postulated centre of a high-temperature anomaly has shown an anomalous zone of low  
s unknown; it may represent a change in temperature and/or a zone of intense mantle upwelling a 
 already been done by the pi. numerical modelling of the chemistry of these lavas together with 
l be used to constrain the composition, temperature and pressure of melting of the underlying m 
ould place important constraints on the nature of mass transport that occurs when these two dyn 
 integrated geochemical and geophysical model to account for the causes of widespread active vo 
n will increase our knowledge of global-scale deep-mantle and earth surface processes.  
10286 16 re kilometres - and store about as much carbon as do the living plants in tropical rainforests. 
ts living on peatlands have been fixing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and storing it as de 
in a future warmer, and possibly drier, climate, this stored carbon could be respired back to t 
nd possibly drier, climate, this stored carbon could be respired back to the atmosphere or leac 
 back to the atmosphere or leached into rivers. will increased temperatures and decreased rainf 
fall lead to rapid loss of the peatland carbon store if so, then the extra carbon released from 
land carbon store if so, then the extra carbon released from peatlands could enhance greenhouse 
from peatlands could enhance greenhouse warming further, leading to a runaway positive feedback 
o a runaway positive feedback on global climate. or will rapid climate change trigger a shift t 
edback on global climate. or will rapid climate change trigger a shift to peatland types that a 
poses and how it responds to changes in temperature. of special concern is the bog-moss, sphagn 
osition that makes it very resistant to decomposition. our field site is a peatland in central  
our field site is a peatland in central sweden that shows a great variety of plant types and en 
onmental conditions, ranging from swamp forest to fen to bog. using the full range of variation 
ill help us to predict how the peatland carbon store will fare in the face of future climate ch 
n store will fare in the face of future climate change.  
10539 16 re kilometres - and store about as much carbon as do the living plants in tropical rainforests. 
ts living on peatlands have been fixing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and storing it as de 
in a future warmer, and possibly drier, climate, this stored carbon could be respired back to t 
nd possibly drier, climate, this stored carbon could be respired back to the atmosphere or leac 
 back to the atmosphere or leached into rivers. will increased temperatures and decreased rainf 
fall lead to rapid loss of the peatland carbon store if so, then the extra carbon released from 
land carbon store if so, then the extra carbon released from peatlands could enhance greenhouse 
from peatlands could enhance greenhouse warming further, leading to a runaway positive feedback 
o a runaway positive feedback on global climate. or will rapid climate change trigger a shift t 
edback on global climate. or will rapid climate change trigger a shift to peatland types that a 
poses and how it responds to changes in temperature. of special concern is the bog-moss, sphagn 
osition that makes it very resistant to decomposition. our field site is a peatland in central  
our field site is a peatland in central sweden that shows a great variety of plant types and en 
onmental conditions, ranging from swamp forest to fen to bog. using the full range of variation 
ill help us to predict how the peatland carbon store will fare in the face of future climate ch 
n store will fare in the face of future climate change.  
11043 16 re kilometres - and store about as much carbon as do the living plants in tropical rainforests. 
ts living on peatlands have been fixing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and storing it as de 
in a future warmer, and possibly drier, climate, this stored carbon could be respired back to t 
nd possibly drier, climate, this stored carbon could be respired back to the atmosphere or leac 
 back to the atmosphere or leached into rivers. will increased temperatures and decreased rainf 
fall lead to rapid loss of the peatland carbon store if so, then the extra carbon released from 
land carbon store if so, then the extra carbon released from peatlands could enhance greenhouse 
from peatlands could enhance greenhouse warming further, leading to a runaway positive feedback 
o a runaway positive feedback on global climate. or will rapid climate change trigger a shift t 
edback on global climate. or will rapid climate change trigger a shift to peatland types that a 
poses and how it responds to changes in temperature. of special concern is the bog-moss, sphagn 
osition that makes it very resistant to decomposition. our field site is a peatland in central  
our field site is a peatland in central sweden that shows a great variety of plant types and en 
onmental conditions, ranging from swamp forest to fen to bog. using the full range of variation 
ill help us to predict how the peatland carbon store will fare in the face of future climate ch 
n store will fare in the face of future climate change.  
10199 11 2d measurement in sediments on a micron scale of trace metals by dgt and of oxygen aid nutrient 
ron scale of trace metals by dgt and of oxygen aid nutrients by planar optrodes have revealed m 
f trace metals by dgt and of oxygen aid nutrients by planar optrodes have revealed microniche s 
aled microniche structure. hot spots of microbial activity have been separately identified usin 
es will be developed to measure metals, oxygen and microbial activity simultaneously in freshwa 
developed to measure metals, oxygen and microbial activity simultaneously in freshwater and mar 
nd microbial activity simultaneously in freshwater and marine sediment. the high resolution cap 
tivity simultaneously in freshwater and marine sediment. the high resolution capabilities of in 
simultaneously in freshwater and marine sediment. the high resolution capabilities of in situ v 
rming measurements of trace metals in a water column of a small productive pond that has tightl 
vide a major step in understanding both microbial diversity and geochemical transformations.  
10510 11 2d measurement in sediments on a micron scale of trace metals by dgt and of oxygen aid nutrient 
ron scale of trace metals by dgt and of oxygen aid nutrients by planar optrodes have revealed m 
f trace metals by dgt and of oxygen aid nutrients by planar optrodes have revealed microniche s 
aled microniche structure. hot spots of microbial activity have been separately identified usin 
es will be developed to measure metals, oxygen and microbial activity simultaneously in freshwa 
developed to measure metals, oxygen and microbial activity simultaneously in freshwater and mar 
nd microbial activity simultaneously in freshwater and marine sediment. the high resolution cap 
tivity simultaneously in freshwater and marine sediment. the high resolution capabilities of in 
simultaneously in freshwater and marine sediment. the high resolution capabilities of in situ v 
rming measurements of trace metals in a water column of a small productive pond that has tightl 
vide a major step in understanding both microbial diversity and geochemical transformations.  
14524 14 ill analyse the main features affecting abundance distribution of wintering birds in farmlands  
e the main features affecting abundance distribution of wintering birds in farmlands of norther 
ing abundance distribution of wintering birds in farmlands of northern spain, a habitat formed  
intering birds in farmlands of northern spain, a habitat formed by a mixture of meadows, hedger 
birds in farmlands of northern spain, a habitat formed by a mixture of meadows, hedgerows and w 
ive pine and eucalipt plantations. this habitat is a major wintering ground for huge numbers of 
s well as for many local populations of birds breeding in the surrounding tree plantations and  
he 600-km long coastal belt in northern spain, to explore the effects of landscape , we will ap 
rthern spain, to explore the effects of landscape , we will approach the response of individual 
tegies or food-tracking tactics on bird distribution along the region. the results of these stu 
studies will be used for evaluating the carrying capacity of the area for wintering birds, whic 
ying capacity of the area for wintering birds, which is of interest to improve management strat 
 birds, which is of interest to improve management strategies directed to the conservation of m 
e management strategies directed to the conservation of migratory avifauna in northern iberia.  
15498 13 ait of gibraltar stands out at a global scale by the diversity and singularity of its flora. on 
tar stands out at a global scale by the diversity and singularity of its flora. one of the most 
entative habitats in this region is the mediterranean heathland, a fire-prone shrubland communi 
egion is the mediterranean heathland, a fire-prone shrubland community type associated to nutri 
anean heathland, a fire-prone shrubland community type associated to nutrient-poor, acid sandst 
ciated to nutrient-poor, acid sandstone soils which harbours a large proportion of the endemic  
ill contribute to ascertain the role of fire as an intrinsic element of the mediterranean heath 
 of fire as an intrinsic element of the mediterranean heathland. this project will unveil an in 
project will unveil an intrinsic higher vulnerability of the mediterranean heathland in the sca 
n intrinsic higher vulnerability of the mediterranean heathland in the scattered sandstone patc 
ound scientific basis to help designing management policies aimed to preserve the biodiversity  
nagement policies aimed to preserve the biodiversity of this unique habitat.  
reserve the biodiversity of this unique habitat.  
14969 8 onmental variation. an array of iberian forest-living species with strongly sensitive, marginal 
e, marginal populations will be used as indicators of response to climate change. response to c 
ll be used as indicators of response to climate change. response to climatic variation, mostly  
y described by variation in irradiance, temperature and moisture, will be analyzed for both phy 
th physiological and reproductive plant traits. environmental effects, both direct and indirect 
and indirect study of the role of local adaptation and phenotypic plasticity as responses to en 
lasticity as responses to environmental stress. an improvement in our knowledge of the role of  
role of phenotypic plasticity and local adaptation or maladaptation in organisms facing severe  
14896 3               lizards provide excellent model systems for documenting patterns of geographical  
 geographical variation in life-history traits, and to clarify the causes of such variation, be 
 geographical variation of life-history traits from a explicitly historical, phylogeographic pe 
14168 2                                         habitat of a population forms a background for its loca 
lation forms a background for its local adaptation, divergence of life-histories and, possibly, 
14774 6  to biosurvey and investigate microbial ecosystems from terrestrial oligitrophic habitats of di 
 . this will provide insight into their biodiversity and the ecological and biogeomorphological 
at gains importance at the level of the ecosystem. identifying the different biogeomorphologica 
ithic substrate could have on microbial colonization, will provides relevant information for pa 
s will contribute to characterizing the microbial diversity of natural environments and are ess 
 and are essential for designing future conservation strategies or for biotechnological researc 
11378 3 n arthropod species must originate from intraspecific variation. yet such variation is absent i 
philomorph centipedes exhibit extensive intraspecific variation in segment number and so form a 
 segment number and so form a potential model system for studying this issue. but the inheritan 
10154 2  lifeforms and detailed records of past climate change. examination of these contents requires  
rst fully characterised subglacial lake environment and the establishment of a candidate for fu 
10423 4 c subglacial lakes are liquid bodies of water located in topographic hollows beneath the ice sh 
 lifeforms and detailed records of past climate change. examination of these contents requires  
a lake, and measure and sample the lake water and sediment. no lake has yet to be explored in t 
d measure and sample the lake water and sediment. no lake has yet to be explored in this way, h 
11773 4 c subglacial lakes are liquid bodies of water located in topographic hollows beneath the ice sh 
 lifeforms and detailed records of past climate change. examination of these contents requires  
a lake, and measure and sample the lake water and sediment. no lake has yet to be explored in t 
d measure and sample the lake water and sediment. no lake has yet to be explored in this way, h 
14916 5 gical tags has been analysed in various ecosystems, most frequently marine ecosystems postulati 
 in various ecosystems, most frequently marine ecosystems postulation of a global host/parasite 
ious ecosystems, most frequently marine ecosystems postulation of a global host/parasite model  
s postulation of a global host/parasite model being able to predict prospective parasite epidem 
s after an environmental disaster. this model might be applied in public health, particularly i 
10666 14 s exciting possibilities to observe our environment in ways we have only dreamt of. we will use 
gliders as part of our future ocean and climate observing systems will save tax-payers money si 
tem works around antarctica. dense cold water sinks around the continent of antarctica when col 
ntarctica when cold wind blows over the water and helps sea ice to form. we ve known for nearly 
liders will measure the amount of dense water spilling off the continental shelf. this is impor 
nental shelf. this is important because climate models suggest that the amount and properties o 
the amount and properties of this dense water are likely to impact on the global ocean overturn 
erturning circulation that controls our climate; we need to know if these are changing. this de 
 know if these are changing. this dense water spilling over the continental slope probably also 
rther onshore or offshore, as the dense water changes. we ll try to measure and understand this 
nderpinning a multi-million pound krill fishing industry . krill lay their eggs around the anta 
travel to south georgia, it may be that marine mammals and the krill fishing industry will be l 
ay be that marine mammals and the krill fishing industry will be less vulnerable to climate cha 
ing industry will be less vulnerable to climate change than we have feared. in which case, kril 
10668 14 s exciting possibilities to observe our environment in ways we have only dreamt of. we will use 
gliders as part of our future ocean and climate observing systems will save tax-payers money si 
tem works around antarctica. dense cold water sinks around the continent of antarctica when col 
ntarctica when cold wind blows over the water and helps sea ice to form. we ve known for nearly 
liders will measure the amount of dense water spilling off the continental shelf. this is impor 
nental shelf. this is important because climate models suggest that the amount and properties o 
the amount and properties of this dense water are likely to impact on the global ocean overturn 
erturning circulation that controls our climate; we need to know if these are changing. this de 
 know if these are changing. this dense water spilling over the continental slope probably also 
rther onshore or offshore, as the dense water changes. we ll try to measure and understand this 
nderpinning a multi-million pound krill fishing industry . krill lay their eggs around the anta 
travel to south georgia, it may be that marine mammals and the krill fishing industry will be l 
ay be that marine mammals and the krill fishing industry will be less vulnerable to climate cha 
ing industry will be less vulnerable to climate change than we have feared. in which case, kril 
10983 14 s exciting possibilities to observe our environment in ways we have only dreamt of. we will use 
gliders as part of our future ocean and climate observing systems will save tax-payers money si 
tem works around antarctica. dense cold water sinks around the continent of antarctica when col 
ntarctica when cold wind blows over the water and helps sea ice to form. we ve known for nearly 
liders will measure the amount of dense water spilling off the continental shelf. this is impor 
nental shelf. this is important because climate models suggest that the amount and properties o 
the amount and properties of this dense water are likely to impact on the global ocean overturn 
erturning circulation that controls our climate; we need to know if these are changing. this de 
 know if these are changing. this dense water spilling over the continental slope probably also 
rther onshore or offshore, as the dense water changes. we ll try to measure and understand this 
nderpinning a multi-million pound krill fishing industry . krill lay their eggs around the anta 
travel to south georgia, it may be that marine mammals and the krill fishing industry will be l 
ay be that marine mammals and the krill fishing industry will be less vulnerable to climate cha 
ing industry will be less vulnerable to climate change than we have feared. in which case, kril 
11016 14 s exciting possibilities to observe our environment in ways we have only dreamt of. we will use 
gliders as part of our future ocean and climate observing systems will save tax-payers money si 
tem works around antarctica. dense cold water sinks around the continent of antarctica when col 
ntarctica when cold wind blows over the water and helps sea ice to form. we ve known for nearly 
liders will measure the amount of dense water spilling off the continental shelf. this is impor 
nental shelf. this is important because climate models suggest that the amount and properties o 
the amount and properties of this dense water are likely to impact on the global ocean overturn 
erturning circulation that controls our climate; we need to know if these are changing. this de 
 know if these are changing. this dense water spilling over the continental slope probably also 
rther onshore or offshore, as the dense water changes. we ll try to measure and understand this 
nderpinning a multi-million pound krill fishing industry . krill lay their eggs around the anta 
travel to south georgia, it may be that marine mammals and the krill fishing industry will be l 
ay be that marine mammals and the krill fishing industry will be less vulnerable to climate cha 
ing industry will be less vulnerable to climate change than we have feared. in which case, kril 
12043 17            global investigations on the distribution of endangered antarctic seabirds in relati 
gered antarctic seabirds in relation to fisheries activities to promote candidate marine protec 
sheries activities to promote candidate marine protected areas. to date the most important thre 
te the most important threat on pelagic ecosystems results from overfishing, with direct or ind 
om overfishing, with direct or indirect impacts on the marine ecosystems in the southern ocean, 
 with direct or indirect impacts on the marine ecosystems in the southern ocean, the conservati 
irect or indirect impacts on the marine ecosystems in the southern ocean, the conservation stat 
e ecosystems in the southern ocean, the conservation status of seabird to describe pelagic regi 
was based on a framework that considers water properties and circulatory systems. to sum-up, gl 
rm the first global study of the at-sea distribution of 13 species of threatened southern seabi 
 threatened southern seabirds and their marine habitat, based on the tracking data analyses of  
ened southern seabirds and their marine habitat, based on the tracking data analyses of 357 ind 
vealed the first descriptions of winter migration and dispersion patterns for several endangere 
ion and dispersion patterns for several endangered species. glides had important scientific imp 
lso significant effects with respect to conservation issues, such some new restrictions concern 
w restrictions concerning the long-line fisheries activities in the sub-tropical areas and the  
promote the future extensive network of marine protect areas in in the southern ocean, in the f 
14369 21        context and objectives nowadays, food security and crop production variability become a  
ctives nowadays, food security and crop production variability become a major concern. moreover 
systems. a major gap exists between the remote sensing operationally used and the current scien 
 scientific state of the art in eo crop monitoring. there is a lack of relevant field data over 
current state of the art for local crop monitoring and the wide-scale operational system requir 
 for local crop monitoring and the wide-scale operational system requirement. the research will 
grated approach providing area and crop production estimate by combining satellite remote sensi 
duction estimate by combining satellite remote sensing and crop modelling in a quantitative and 
ining satellite remote sensing and crop modelling in a quantitative and physically-based approa 
ill then attempt to develop more robust indicators of the crop production. methodology the over 
elop more robust indicators of the crop production. methodology the overall research strategy i 
he different steps of the proposed crop monitoring system, i.e. croplands mapping and crop area 
 crop monitoring system, i.e. croplands mapping and crop area estimation, eo monitoring, crop m 
ds mapping and crop area estimation, eo monitoring, crop modelling and, assimilation of the eo- 
op area estimation, eo monitoring, crop modelling and, assimilation of the eo-derived informati 
of 300 x 300 km distributed in northern europe, africa and asia. in each site, a calibration ar 
 300 km distributed in northern europe, africa and asia. in each site, a calibration area of 60 
ge areas and to better monitor the crop development thanks to a quantitative coupling of eo-der 
to unusual growing conditions. new crop indicators should also be proved to be more robust than 
ical ndvi profile anomalies or absolute production estimate. besides the knowledge accumulation 
d, in particular when considering large scale experiment. finally, thanks to the openings to ke 
10644 17 undreds of millions of people depend on coral reefs for their livelihood and source of food. al 
d and source of food. almost all of the ecosystem services provided by reefs are founded upon l 
ded upon living corals which, through a mutualism with symbiotic algae, are able to deposit a c 
ich, through a mutualism with symbiotic algae, are able to deposit a coral skeleton. unfortunat 
t a coral skeleton. unfortunately, this symbiosis is precarious and easily disturbed by thermal 
carious and easily disturbed by thermal stress; rapid increases in sea temperature of only 1 de 
 thermal stress; rapid increases in sea temperature of only 1 degree can result in massive area 
ssociated with the intensity of thermal stress in 1998 , this nerc grant allows us to complete  
g the processes driving patterns of sea temperature on reefs and generate new hypotheses to fol 
ause they assess the scope for managing climate change on reefs throughout the world. those reg 
s great geographic variation in thermal stress will not lend themselves to a stratification of  
 lend themselves to a stratification of management for coral bleaching, so this will be one les 
g, so this will be one less tool in the management arsenal for such places. however, where appr 
onstrations of targeting local resource management to address the problem of global climate cha 
gement to address the problem of global climate change. as such, we anticipate a broad impact u 
 impact upon the science of sustainable management and climate change.  
e science of sustainable management and climate change.  
10424 10                                         biodiversity hotspots are geographical areas that conta 
a disproportionately high proportion of biodiversity. here we consider three types of hotspot:  
hree types of hotspot: based on species-richness, endemism and extinction threat, respectively. 
 of hotspot: based on species-richness, endemism and extinction threat, respectively. such hots 
based on species-richness, endemism and extinction threat, respectively. such hotspots pose man 
lling species unusual in terms of their ecology or life history do the same mechanisms determin 
es unusual in terms of their ecology or life history do the same mechanisms determine hotspots  
answered because effort has focussed on mapping hotspots, rather than understanding the mechani 
se massive new databases on the spatial distribution and biology of the world s birds to perfor 
distribution and biology of the world s birds to perform the first statistically rigorous study 
10665 10                                         biodiversity hotspots are geographical areas that conta 
a disproportionately high proportion of biodiversity. here we consider three types of hotspot:  
hree types of hotspot: based on species-richness, endemism and extinction threat, respectively. 
 of hotspot: based on species-richness, endemism and extinction threat, respectively. such hots 
based on species-richness, endemism and extinction threat, respectively. such hotspots pose man 
lling species unusual in terms of their ecology or life history do the same mechanisms determin 
es unusual in terms of their ecology or life history do the same mechanisms determine hotspots  
answered because effort has focussed on mapping hotspots, rather than understanding the mechani 
se massive new databases on the spatial distribution and biology of the world s birds to perfor 
distribution and biology of the world s birds to perform the first statistically rigorous study 
10683 10                                         biodiversity hotspots are geographical areas that conta 
a disproportionately high proportion of biodiversity. here we consider three types of hotspot:  
hree types of hotspot: based on species-richness, endemism and extinction threat, respectively. 
 of hotspot: based on species-richness, endemism and extinction threat, respectively. such hots 
based on species-richness, endemism and extinction threat, respectively. such hotspots pose man 
lling species unusual in terms of their ecology or life history do the same mechanisms determin 
es unusual in terms of their ecology or life history do the same mechanisms determine hotspots  
answered because effort has focussed on mapping hotspots, rather than understanding the mechani 
se massive new databases on the spatial distribution and biology of the world s birds to perfor 
distribution and biology of the world s birds to perform the first statistically rigorous study 
9899 10                                         biodiversity hotspots are geographical areas that conta 
a disproportionately high proportion of biodiversity. here we consider three types of hotspot:  
hree types of hotspot: based on species-richness, endemism and extinction threat, respectively. 
 of hotspot: based on species-richness, endemism and extinction threat, respectively. such hots 
based on species-richness, endemism and extinction threat, respectively. such hotspots pose man 
lling species unusual in terms of their ecology or life history do the same mechanisms determin 
es unusual in terms of their ecology or life history do the same mechanisms determine hotspots  
answered because effort has focussed on mapping hotspots, rather than understanding the mechani 
se massive new databases on the spatial distribution and biology of the world s birds to perfor 
distribution and biology of the world s birds to perform the first statistically rigorous study 
10428 7     this is a proposal to build a novel biodiversity web-resource for monocot plants. the site  
nt of all monocots with rich associated biodiversity information; it would also be a platform o 
t would also be a platform on which new taxonomy can be published and new biological informatio 
them on an animal group for which a web taxonomy is already available. finally, we shall work w 
have revolutionised the way the core of biodiversity science is organised and accessed. we will 
ged the type of fundamental and applied biodiversity science that is possible and we argue will 
jor thematic priorities, the science of biodiversity.  
10759 7     this is a proposal to build a novel biodiversity web-resource for monocot plants. the site  
nt of all monocots with rich associated biodiversity information; it would also be a platform o 
t would also be a platform on which new taxonomy can be published and new biological informatio 
them on an animal group for which a web taxonomy is already available. finally, we shall work w 
have revolutionised the way the core of biodiversity science is organised and accessed. we will 
ged the type of fundamental and applied biodiversity science that is possible and we argue will 
jor thematic priorities, the science of biodiversity.  
11014 7     this is a proposal to build a novel biodiversity web-resource for monocot plants. the site  
nt of all monocots with rich associated biodiversity information; it would also be a platform o 
t would also be a platform on which new taxonomy can be published and new biological informatio 
them on an animal group for which a web taxonomy is already available. finally, we shall work w 
have revolutionised the way the core of biodiversity science is organised and accessed. we will 
ged the type of fundamental and applied biodiversity science that is possible and we argue will 
jor thematic priorities, the science of biodiversity.  
11041 18 palaeozoic era, a major crisis affected marine and terrestrial organisms, resulting in a catast 
ng in a catastrophic drop in animal and plant diversity. this crisis is known as the permian ma 
his crisis is known as the permian mass extinction event. while the factors underlying this cri 
ge suffered a remarkable collapse. this extinction is the most dramatic of all large-scale biol 
ction is the most dramatic of all large-scale biological crises that have taken place over the  
event are held to have undergone a slow recovery and were responsible for carrying out a critic 
ble for carrying out a critical mass of diversity that allowed expansion of life at the beginni 
the beginning of the mesozoic era. this recovery was accompanied by a major remodelling of anim 
and plant communities, resulting in the dominance of certain groups that were poorly represente 
that were poorly represented before the extinction, the emergence of new groups, and the establ 
and the establishment of modern-looking ecosystems and food chains. but just how dramatic was t 
eks to assess the impact of the permian extinction on terrestrial vertebrate communities. some  
rs showed a sudden or steady decrese in abundance and went extinct forever before the end permi 
s, but the patterns and dynamics of the extinction require detailed scrutiny. this project ther 
 terms of biological signal and whether abundance levels in some geological sections do in fact 
 sections do in fact reflect real taxon richness. corrections for missing portions of phylogeny 
ss. corrections for missing portions of phylogeny are possible, and these provide a clearer pic 
iods of major biotic disaster and large-scale faunal transformations.  
428 14 he study of the history and dynamics of biodiversity looks into interactions between human bein 
ractions between human beings and their environment, in a changing ecological and cultural cont 
t seeks to understand the formation and development of biodiversity according to the uses and t 
rstand the formation and development of biodiversity according to the uses and the practices as 
e uses and the practices as well as the decision-making and representation modes of former soci 
ome aspects of the relationship between global change, animal diversity and human societies in  
ationship between global change, animal diversity and human societies in northern france have b 
this project was devoted to documenting biodiversity changes in time and space according to flu 
 space according to fluctuations of the environment, over the late glacial/late holocene period 
hows that the effects of the changes in climate are recorded in the various components of biodi 
e recorded in the various components of biodiversity, although the reaction time varies from on 
big herbivores are evident and relevant indicators for piecing together the process of re-colon 
 for piecing together the process of re-colonization of northern areas that has lead to the dev 
 of northern areas that has lead to the development of the current wild fauna in temperate regi 
7144 16             the study of the history of biodiversity and its dynamics are fundamentally interes 
ted in interactions between man and his environment in an ecological and evolutionary sociocult 
also interested in building process and development of biodiversity in connection with operatin 
 in building process and development of biodiversity in connection with operating modes, practi 
ection with operating modes, practices, decision making and representations of past societies.  
s. aspects of the relationships between global change, animal biodiversity and human societies  
tionships between global change, animal biodiversity and human societies on the northern part o 
 the program has sought to document the biodiversity changes over time and space in relation to 
area. the data show that the effects of climate change are recorded in the various components o 
e recorded in the various components of biodiversity but times response times are differentiate 
entiated according to the components of biodiversity. the remains of large herbivores appear as 
ivores appear as witnesses and relevant indicators to render the process of recolonization of t 
s to the establishment of the temperate wildlife we currently inherit. and redial large animals 
se, shortly before 12000, marked by the migration of reindeer towards northern countries for de 
reindeer towards northern countries for development of deer population. however, during the neo 
ures that could indicate access an open environment by neolithic groups. a configuration simila 
7212 29  this project is to study the effect of global change on the biological and functional diversit 
 of global change on the biological and functional diversity of soil engineers madagascar, a wi 
 biological and functional diversity of soil engineers madagascar, a wildlife group that soil p 
versity of soil engineers madagascar, a wildlife group that soil plays a particularly important 
neers madagascar, a wildlife group that soil plays a particularly important role in the functio 
ly important role in the functioning of soil. the study of the diversity of madagascar soils, b 
e functioning of soil. the study of the diversity of madagascar soils, biodiversity that they c 
he study of the diversity of madagascar soils, biodiversity that they contain and the role of a 
y of the diversity of madagascar soils, biodiversity that they contain and the role of agencies 
and the role of agencies, major players soil functioning, is of utmost importance for the devel 
ioning, is of utmost importance for the development of the island. one particular study the eff 
and. one particular study the effect of land use and climate change on the abundance, diversity 
icular study the effect of land use and climate change on the abundance, diversity and function 
t of land use and climate change on the abundance, diversity and function of three main groups  
se and climate change on the abundance, diversity and function of three main groups of inverteb 
 change on the abundance, diversity and function of three main groups of invertebrates: worms,  
ty and function of three main groups of invertebrates: worms, termites and beetle larvae scarab 
udy on traditional knowledge related to diversity and functions of wildlife in madagascar soils 
e related to diversity and functions of wildlife in madagascar soils will also be conducted. th 
and functions of wildlife in madagascar soils will also be conducted. this knowledge is a prere 
 projects related to the functioning of soils and ecosystems. the results of this project could 
related to the functioning of soils and ecosystems. the results of this project could help poli 
 the results of this project could help policy in terms of biodiversity conservation and manage 
s project could help policy in terms of biodiversity conservation and management of cultivated  
 terms of biodiversity conservation and management of cultivated areas. we also plan to build a 
we also plan to build a database on the diversity of soil macrofauna in madagascar and conserve 
to build a database on the diversity of soil macrofauna in madagascar and conserve species desc 
ild a database on the diversity of soil macrofauna in madagascar and conserve species described 
onserve species described in a malagasy conservation unit  
452 24 ect of global changes on biological and functional diversity of soil engineers in madagascar, a 
 biological and functional diversity of soil engineers in madagascar, a group of soil fauna tha 
oil engineers in madagascar, a group of soil fauna that plays a role that is particularly impor 
cularly important in the functioning of soil. the study of madagascars soil diversity, of the b 
oning of soil. the study of madagascars soil diversity, of the biodiversity it encloses and the 
 of soil. the study of madagascars soil diversity, of the biodiversity it encloses and the role 
y of madagascars soil diversity, of the biodiversity it encloses and the role of the organisms, 
isms, main actors in the functioning of soil, is of greatest importance for the development of  
soil, is of greatest importance for the development of the island. we will in particular study  
 will in particular study the effect of soil usage and climate changes on the abundance, the di 
ular study the effect of soil usage and climate changes on the abundance, the diversity and the 
f soil usage and climate changes on the abundance, the diversity and the functions of three maj 
d climate changes on the abundance, the diversity and the functions of three major groups of in 
 the functions of three major groups of invertebrates: earthworms, termites and coléoptères sca 
of three major groups of invertebrates: earthworms, termites and coléoptères scarabeoidea larva 
dy of traditional knowledge linked with diversity and functions of the fauna will also be carri 
rder to set up projects linked with the function of soils and ecosystems. the results of this p 
up projects linked with the function of soils and ecosystems. the results of this project could 
s linked with the function of soils and ecosystems. the results of this project could be of hel 
ts of this project could be of help for policy makers in terms of biodiversity preservation and 
e of help for policy makers in terms of biodiversity preservation and management of cultivated  
 terms of biodiversity preservation and management of cultivated areas. we also anticipate crea 
o anticipate creating a database on the diversity of madagascars soil macro-fauna and preservin 
atabase on the diversity of madagascars soil macro-fauna and preserving the identified species  
15416 5 re with implications for the cycling of carbon and nitrogen of ecosystems. during the last 3 de 
lications for the cycling of carbon and nitrogen of ecosystems. during the last 3 decades, ther 
r the cycling of carbon and nitrogen of ecosystems. during the last 3 decades, there has been a 
 uvb radiation changes, with or without water deficit, may alter the allocation of photoassimil 
reen vs deciduous species and native vs invasive species.  
2008 2                                         climate change at high latitudes is predicted to be gre 
ing the responses of vascular plants to climate change, very little is known about the response 
417 19                                         biological diversity in tropical rain forests is essent 
  biological diversity in tropical rain forests is essentially known through punctual reports.  
gests that the sampling effort for this biodiversity remains insufficient and the understanding 
more unfortunate given that the natural ecosystems that are most threatened by human activities 
 by human activities are found in these tropical forests. moreover these changes could have imp 
on of species assemblages is related to migration within tropical landscapes fragmented by huma 
andscapes. in order to study fragmented tropical forest landscapes, it is essential to develop  
ynamics at this particular level of the landscape. this study was carried out in one of the wor 
y was carried out in one of the world’s tropical forest landscapes where biodiversity is best k 
orld’s tropical forest landscapes where biodiversity is best known: the panama canal area. deta 
ty years on the dispersion of seeds and forest dynamics delivered some precious knowledge on th 
ecious knowledge on the functioning and diversity of this ecosystem. our project attempted to s 
n the functioning and diversity of this ecosystem. our project attempted to study the structuri 
 to study the structuring mechanisms of biodiversity at this spatial scale, both looking at loc 
ring mechanisms of biodiversity at this spatial scale, both looking at local diversity . the re 
is spatial scale, both looking at local diversity . the research plan of this project foresaw f 
roach to study the link between spatial diversity and environmental factors, 2/ compilation of  
ation of biological data on species, 3/ development of a spatially unequivocal modeling system, 
 development of a spatially unequivocal modeling system, 4/ extending the programme to other en 
7134 18                                         biodiversity in tropical rainforests remains known prim 
ggests that the sampling effort of this biodiversity is still inadequate, and understanding of  
. this is all the more regrettable that tropical forests have natural ecosystems among the most 
able that tropical forests have natural ecosystems among the most threatened on the planet by h 
position of species assemblages regards migration in fragmented tropical landscapes by man, and 
tions between plants and animals in the landscape. it is essential to develop an integrative ap 
ive approach to the study of fragmented tropical forest landscapes, taking into account the mec 
f spatial and temporal dynamics of this landscape scale. this study was conducted in one of the 
and temporal dynamics of this landscape scale. this study was conducted in one of the tropical  
 this study was conducted in one of the tropical forest landscapes that biodiversity is best kn 
 of the tropical forest landscapes that biodiversity is best known in the world: the area of ​​ 
ch programs in the last twenty years on seed dispersal and forest dynamics have helped to gain  
last twenty years on seed dispersal and forest dynamics have helped to gain valuable knowledge  
knowledge about the functioning and the diversity of this ecosystem. our project has sought to  
e functioning and the diversity of this ecosystem. our project has sought to study the structur 
t to study the structural mechanisms of biodiversity at this spatial scale, both local diversit 
ural mechanisms of biodiversity at this spatial scale, both local diversity  
rsity at this spatial scale, both local diversity  
15171 31 and the deep and rapid changes that the environment is undergoing in the last decades are havin 
st decades are having a major impact on biodiversity. despite being a hot spot for diversity, i 
diversity. despite being a hot spot for diversity, it is still known very little on the impact  
till known very little on the impact of global change on the mediterranean environment. species 
e on the impact of global change on the mediterranean environment. species indicators are a too 
t of global change on the mediterranean environment. species indicators are a tool frequently u 
 the mediterranean environment. species indicators are a tool frequently used for knowing and u 
for knowing and understanding how these impacts can affect the dynamics of its ecosystems. thes 
 impacts can affect the dynamics of its ecosystems. these cover a range of species that converg 
 a range of species that converge in an ecosystem, and allow for analyses that yield general pa 
 ecosystem, and allow for analyses that yield general patterns that can be used by decision-mak 
at can be used by decision-makers. many conservation measures that are currently based on the m 
easures that are currently based on the monitoring of bioindicator taxa, assume that these grou 
that these groups largely represent the biodiversity of the system and its response to anthropo 
ystem and its response to anthropogenic impacts. however, the responses of various groups again 
et been integrated appropriately in the mediterranean area; therefore, the simultaneous respons 
gent level and to a comparable regional scale remains unknown. thus, the starting hypothesis fo 
lap between the information provided by birds and butterflies on the effects of global change o 
birds and butterflies on the effects of global change on biodiversity, although there is also a 
lies on the effects of global change on biodiversity, although there is also a part of this inf 
edicting in a robust way the changes in biodiversity at a regional scale through the use of dat 
e changes in biodiversity at a regional scale through the use of data from large scale monitori 
cale through the use of data from large scale monitoring programs of different taxa. now, catal 
hrough the use of data from large scale monitoring programs of different taxa. now, catalonia i 
nt taxa. now, catalonia is one of a few mediterranean regions that possess large scale monitori 
editerranean regions that possess large scale monitoring projects on birds and butterflies. thi 
ranean regions that possess large scale monitoring projects on birds and butterflies. this proj 
sess large scale monitoring projects on birds and butterflies. this project will firstly addres 
that determine the spatial and temporal diversity patterns of birds and butterflies in a medite 
tial and temporal diversity patterns of birds and butterflies in a mediterranean region .  
 patterns of birds and butterflies in a mediterranean region .  
15408 6                              effects of global change drivers on the local persistence of plant 
ve rather than additive. in particular, climate change and human-driven fragmentation are expec 
icular, climate change and human-driven fragmentation are expected to interact by both hamperin 
 expected to interact by both hampering migration routes following climate change and by modify 
th hampering migration routes following climate change and by modifying local selective pressur 
m both abiotic and biotic interactions. mediterranean woody plants depend on keystone mutualist 
14534 16 h project is focused in forecasting and modelling the behaviour and evolution of interhemispher 
casting and modelling the behaviour and evolution of interhemispheric processes, relating them  
main scientific and technologic, as the evaluation of polutant fluxes, and the evolution of glo 
 evaluation of polutant fluxes, and the evolution of global climatic change and his effect on t 
l climatic change and his effect on the ecosystems, related with the biological diversity, stud 
ect on the ecosystems, related with the biological diversity, studied from the annalysis in two 
atic change as well as the antropogenic pollution, in which the research team has a borad exper 
, to confirm the existence of phases of sedimentation and coastal retreat. another target are t 
e to increment the data about long time evolution in rocky coasts, as a way for dilucidate the  
rological stations. the data of present climate, will help to start the study of the climatic c 
luding the induced climatic change. the monitoring of present snow processes allows forecasting 
ition.the reconstruction of atmospheric pollution recorded in ombrotrophic peats is also propos 
ion; polinic records to reconstruct the evolution of the vegetation, climate and land uses; and 
rds to reconstruct the evolution of the vegetation, climate and land uses; and several isotopic 
struct the evolution of the vegetation, climate and land uses; and several isotopic tracers to  
 limits of the intensity of the present pollution.the starting point supposes that the signals  
9950 27                                         tropical forests are places with an amazingly rich dive 
rests are places with an amazingly rich diversity of life with many thousands of different spec 
imal living together. compared with the forests of northwest europe this diversity is astonishi 
 compared with the forests of northwest europe this diversity is astonishing. for example, a si 
th the forests of northwest europe this diversity is astonishing. for example, a single forest  
y is astonishing. for example, a single forest plot measuring only a hundred metres square -abo 
 of a football pitch - in north-western peru may contain up to 300 different species of tree. i 
 in contrast, in the whole of northwest europe there are only 50 native tree species ecologists 
hy there are so many species of tree in tropical forests for a long time and we are still a lon 
he how so many types of tree coexist in tropical forests requires us to understand what happens 
 a tree falls, the gap it leaves in the forest provides an opportunity for the seeds, seedlings 
died then it makes no difference to the diversity of the forest. if, on the other hand, differe 
s no difference to the diversity of the forest. if, on the other hand, different species grow u 
e the original tree then this makes the diversity higher in that patch of forest. surprisingly, 
s the diversity higher in that patch of forest. surprisingly, no one really knows whether falle 
s that grow in more shaded parts of the forest. i will be studying this process at a range of d 
places. i will work with scientists and institutions in different parts of the amazon rain fore 
 institutions in different parts of the amazon rain forest, in south america. despite the threa 
s in different parts of the amazon rain forest, in south america. despite the threats from defo 
south america. despite the threats from deforestation, logging and road building, amazonia rema 
despite the threats from deforestation, logging and road building, amazonia remains awe inspiri 
: it is the largest continuous block of tropical forest in the world and houses more than half  
the differences in the structure of the forest between different places, and some of the change 
anges in the atmosphere, such as rising carbon dioxide concentrations , and the climatic change 
ic changes associated with them. if the forest is increasingly living fast and dying young then 
inds of species that are found in these forests. understanding what happens when a tree falls o 
 why so many species can coexist in the tropical forests now, but also for predicting what migh 
2459 5  has been recorded for norway spruce in resistance towards h. annosum, but the defence mechanis 
defence mechanisms contributing to host resistance remain poorly understood. the recent genome  
uencing of populus has made the genus a model to facilitate tree genetics. genome-wide transcri 
rway spruce clones showing differential resistance toward h. annosum. this will enable identifi 
 used in a breeding program targeted to resistance of norway spruce toward heterobasidion.  
10824 5 on of rhs is initiated by photolysis of marine organo-halogens and also, in the case of bromine 
lease from sea-salt aerosol. open ocean production of reactive organo-halogens is however very  
of such oceanic compounds is that their production tends to be patchy and their atmospheric con 
mprehensive database of atmospheric and marine concentrations and sea-to-air fluxes of a range  
d aerosol recycling to reactive bromine production. data coverage will span coastal and open oc 
11069 27                                         climate policy should be informed by robust and credibl 
                                climate policy should be informed by robust and credible inform 
 robust and credible information on the impacts of climate change across the global domain; a g 
 credible information on the impacts of climate change across the global domain; a global persp 
spective also places local and regional impacts in context, and helps identify potential hotspo 
gation. the project assesses the global-scale impact of climate change using a range of linked  
ect assesses the global-scale impact of climate change using a range of linked impact modules a 
nge of linked impact modules and impact indicators, representing impacts on water resources, fl 
les and impact indicators, representing impacts on water resources, flood risk, food production 
act indicators, representing impacts on water resources, flood risk, food production, biodivers 
nting impacts on water resources, flood risk, food production, biodiversity and human health an 
ts on water resources, flood risk, food production, biodiversity and human health and well-bein 
resources, flood risk, food production, biodiversity and human health and well-being on land, a 
identification of the risks of specific impacts occurring at different rates of climate change. 
impacts occurring at different rates of climate change. the methodology and results of the proj 
roject also provide a framework for the assessment of the impacts of defined climate policies.  
e a framework for the assessment of the impacts of defined climate policies. first, it allows d 
he assessment of the impacts of defined climate policies. first, it allows detailed geographica 
ically-explicit assessments of specific climate scenarios or climate policies, using the suite  
xplicit assessments of specific climate scenarios or climate policies, using the suite of linke 
sments of specific climate scenarios or climate policies, using the suite of linked models. sec 
odels. second, it allows the more rapid assessment of a very large number of climate outcomes u 
id assessment of a very large number of climate outcomes using regionalised functions relating  
s using regionalised functions relating climate impact to indices of climate forcing. the proje 
s relating climate impact to indices of climate forcing. the project will be undertaken by a co 
ternational reputations in the field of climate impact assessment.  
nal reputations in the field of climate impact assessment.  
9930 6                    we will use a simple model ecosystem to build a global view at the transcrip 
             we will use a simple model ecosystem to build a global view at the transcriptome l 
e expression in stressed and unstressed ecosystems will be examined by whole-genome microarray  
nents of the insect-plant-rhizobacteria ecosystem. we anticipate the discovery of potential mec 
potential mechanistic pathways by which environment and global gene expression interact to affe 
cation of novel genes involved in plant-rhizosphere interactions. the project will also produce 
13802 11 populations are today affected by large-scale climate changes. in order to understand how birds 
tions are today affected by large-scale climate changes. in order to understand how birds respo 
ate changes. in order to understand how birds respond to these changes we need to understand ho 
e changes we need to understand how the environment affects different reproductive variables in 
ifferent reproductive variables in wild birds. the major stepping-stone from environmental vari 
 variables to reproductive life-history traits is via a cascade of neuroendocrine and endocrine 
 changes in environmental cues, such as temperature or food abundance than southern populations 
ental cues, such as temperature or food abundance than southern populations are. in the long ru 
ns are. in the long run this means that birds breeding at northern latitudes will breed at less 
and less optimal conditions the further global warming goes - unless birds rapidly adapt to the 
he further global warming goes - unless birds rapidly adapt to the new environmental conditions 
15367 15                      at present, earths ecosystems face up to two major problems that are the e 
lation of our planet and the increasing global warming produced by the greenhouse effect. this  
ts is putting not only species but also ecosystems at risk. many scientists have remarked that  
not only species but also ecosystems at risk. many scientists have remarked that the magnitude  
have remarked that the magnitude of the biodiversity loss seen today has only been recorded fiv 
 we could be going towards a sixth mass extinction. among all animals, vertebrates, above all a 
e project we propose here will focus on monitoring mammalian biodiversity evolution at a contin 
here will focus on monitoring mammalian biodiversity evolution at a continental scale occurred  
us on monitoring mammalian biodiversity evolution at a continental scale occurred during the la 
biodiversity evolution at a continental scale occurred during the last 23 millions of years. we 
an communities turnovers caused by past global warming episodes of a comparable magnitude to cu 
es of a comparable magnitude to current warming and at different temperature and duration scale 
ude to current warming and at different temperature and duration scales. the obtained informati 
al changes reflect a unique response to global warming or if these changes fall inside what we  
gauge the efforts made on environmental conservation nowadays and in the coming decades.  
13324 14            many of the world's mountain ecosystems are moving along trajectories that couple hi 
 trajectories that couple high rates of environmental change with strong economic changes, whos 
trategy for detecting signals of global environmental change in mountain environments, for defi 
ain resources, and for facilitating the development of sustainable resource management regimes  
the development of sustainable resource management regimes for mountain regions. following a ki 
ted workshops dedicated to: 1 long-term monitoring, 2 integrated modelling, 3 process studies,  
o: 1 long-term monitoring, 2 integrated modelling, 3 process studies, and 4 sustainable develop 
ted modelling, 3 process studies, and 4 sustainable development. the concepts developed in thes 
ring a final open science conference on global change in mountain regions. by gearing the resea 
sting unesco infrastructure and ongoing global change research in these areas. the structure of 
osphere reserves provides ideal natural global change laboratories with core protected mountain 
y human activities. european scientific participation, capacity building and leadership will be 
his will be achieved through the active participation of biosphere reserve managers in the deve 
on of biosphere reserve managers in the development of the research strategy.  
13750 4 environments are included at each site. soil temperature loggers are deployed at all summits si 
onments are included at each site. soil temperature loggers are deployed at all summits since t 
d the latnjajaure field station and its climate station. the first re-inventory was made at 15  
sis analysis of observed changes across europe.  
2075 7 the project will perform ecological and food web experiments with genetically modified organism 
 with genetically modified organisms in freshwater . foreign dna will be introduced by: 1. dna  
introduced by: 1. dna transformation of bacteria, 2. by microinjection of engineered expression 
o oocytes, 3. by letting filter-feeding zooplankton and mussels feed on genetically engineered  
eered dna constructs, and 4. by letting zooplankton and mussels feed on powders/particles made  
c and unmodified maize. post experiment monitoring will include uptake, expression and establis 
he food chain, and basic ecological and life history comparisons between control organisms and  
10064 8  of the oceans where they carry out key ecological services. these include forming the main foo 
ude forming the main food stock of most fisheries, the ability to control our climate and the g 
t fisheries, the ability to control our climate and the generation of half the oxygen we breath 
 climate and the generation of half the oxygen we breathe. plankton are tiny organisms, general 
eded to tackle the global challenges of climate, fisheries, pollution, and ocean acidification. 
ackle the global challenges of climate, fisheries, pollution, and ocean acidification. the fund 
lobal challenges of climate, fisheries, pollution, and ocean acidification. the funding request 
s of climate, fisheries, pollution, and ocean acidification. the funding requested is to pump p 
11405 20  such as escherichia coli o157 how will climate change, shifts in land use and extreme events a 
o157 how will climate change, shifts in land use and extreme events affect the spatial distribu 
e and extreme events affect the spatial distribution of pathogen sources and receptors are urba 
n of pathogen sources and receptors are urban populations more vulnerable to pathogens than rur 
tors might increase a person s level of vulnerability how should planning and health protection 
son s level of vulnerability how should planning and health protection measures be constructed  
ture health risks from pathogens in the soil-water environment to respond to these challenges w 
health risks from pathogens in the soil-water environment to respond to these challenges we req 
 risks from pathogens in the soil-water environment to respond to these challenges we require a 
processes of pathogen interactions with soil and water; catchment risk assessment; water resour 
 of pathogen interactions with soil and water; catchment risk assessment; water resource manage 
ractions with soil and water; catchment risk assessment; water resource management; human healt 
l and water; catchment risk assessment; water resource management; human health and epidemiolog 
tchment risk assessment; water resource management; human health and epidemiology; and environm 
logy; and environmental / public health policy. this proposal will convene 5 themed meetings ov 
comes will be: a comprehensive critical review of the current state of the science, risks and p 
current state of the science, risks and policy in the uk, published in a high quality peer-revi 
mmendations for research priorities and policy directions; and at least one proposal for a larg 
 and at least one proposal for a larger-scale interdisciplinary research consortium based on th 
consortium based on the outcomes of the review.  
11584 20  such as escherichia coli o157 how will climate change, shifts in land use and extreme events a 
o157 how will climate change, shifts in land use and extreme events affect the spatial distribu 
e and extreme events affect the spatial distribution of pathogen sources and receptors are urba 
n of pathogen sources and receptors are urban populations more vulnerable to pathogens than rur 
tors might increase a person s level of vulnerability how should planning and health protection 
son s level of vulnerability how should planning and health protection measures be constructed  
ture health risks from pathogens in the soil-water environment to respond to these challenges w 
health risks from pathogens in the soil-water environment to respond to these challenges we req 
 risks from pathogens in the soil-water environment to respond to these challenges we require a 
processes of pathogen interactions with soil and water; catchment risk assessment; water resour 
 of pathogen interactions with soil and water; catchment risk assessment; water resource manage 
ractions with soil and water; catchment risk assessment; water resource management; human healt 
l and water; catchment risk assessment; water resource management; human health and epidemiolog 
tchment risk assessment; water resource management; human health and epidemiology; and environm 
logy; and environmental / public health policy. this proposal will convene 5 themed meetings ov 
comes will be: a comprehensive critical review of the current state of the science, risks and p 
current state of the science, risks and policy in the uk, published in a high quality peer-revi 
mmendations for research priorities and policy directions; and at least one proposal for a larg 
 and at least one proposal for a larger-scale interdisciplinary research consortium based on th 
consortium based on the outcomes of the review.  
14492 2 tudy of some aspects of mammalian gonad development. we are currently investigating the express 
osible existence of dose effects in the function of these genes, a fact that has already been e 
12367 4              objectives annex ii of the marine thematic strategy provides a broad overview of w 
tive descriptors for ges and provide an evaluation of the scope of the initial assessment membe 
 evaluation of the scope of the initial assessment member states will be required to undertake. 
 together with the implications for the assessment required in order to establish the current s 
13889 11 2th international conference on harmful algae. the meeting is organized by a swedish-danish col 
rnational scientific society on harmful algae, and will be held september 4-8, 2006, in copenha 
is harmful algal blooms, including both marine and freshwater, and covering both applied and ba 
algal blooms, including both marine and freshwater, and covering both applied and basic researc 
will cover all aspects of harmful algal ecology, distribution, physiology, phylogeny, environme 
r all aspects of harmful algal ecology, distribution, physiology, phylogeny, environmental cons 
lgal ecology, distribution, physiology, phylogeny, environmental consequences and mitigation of 
ylogeny, environmental consequences and mitigation of algal blooms. the international conferenc 
the international conference on harmful algae is held every other year and is the biggest and m 
rch results and ideas among scientists, environmental policy makers, industry, governments, and 
in its role in research, education, and monitoring of harmful algal blooms.  
13410 1 this project, collection, regeneration, conservation and characterization of grape local popula 
13408 2  these provinces will be visited in all vegetation periods of grapevine during the study, local 
nstitute. phenological, pomological and yield criterias of the collected varieties types will b 
12157 13 g the densities of seed-eating farmland birds in pastoral-dominated landscapes. ryegrass can pr 
roduce abundant, large seeds on fertile soils but is rarely allowed to flower. in a small-scale 
is rarely allowed to flower. in a small-scale trial, plots of final cut silage left in situ ove 
%, although natural reseeding increased yield on some plots. leaving final cut silage in situ o 
er has great potential as a future agri-environment measure aimed at farmland birds on livestoc 
i-environment measure aimed at farmland birds on livestock farms. however, it is unclear how se 
ment measure aimed at farmland birds on livestock farms. however, it is unclear how seed yield  
 farms. however, it is unclear how seed yield will vary between grass varieties in relation to  
e the influence of closure date on seed production in a range of widely grown perennial, italia 
o assess the attractiveness to foraging birds of 0.5ha blocks of ryegrass allowed to set seed a 
seed in the winter diets of granivorous birds will be assessed through the microscopic examinat 
ill be assessed, along with three sward restoration techniques. it may be possible to extend th 
ss swards through the adoption of sward restoration techniques that promote natural reseeding a 
14376 3 ese improved inputs, along with adapted modelling processes and multiple scenarios testing can  
dapted modelling processes and multiple scenarios testing can contribute to improving the buffa 
to improving the buffalo-cattle contact modelling outputs.  
2059 12                                   sheep grazing may influence the critical autumn, winter, and  
 range conditions for reindeer, but the nature of this interaction is not known. assuming only  
ther a improve range conditions through grazing facilitation or b deteriorate conditions throug 
mprove range conditions through grazing facilitation or b deteriorate conditions through interf 
 aims to determine whether sheep summer grazing leads to facilitation or delayed competition fo 
e whether sheep summer grazing leads to facilitation or delayed competition for reindeer on aut 
razing leads to facilitation or delayed competition for reindeer on autumn, winter, and spring  
 quantity and quality of graminoids and grazing intensity by sheep during summer. with a contro 
 norway could be used in a dual-species grazing system for semi-domestic reindeer and sheep. es 
ystem could ultimately improve reindeer production and the socioeconomic and cultural interacti 
l processes and contribute to designing management models for improving optimal range use and a 
 optimal range use and avoiding delayed competition.  
10475 18  flow to the west. on each tidal cycle, water is injected into the open water of the firth of l 
 cycle, water is injected into the open water of the firth of lorn at a rate comparable to the  
rate comparable to the discharge of the amazon. not surprisingly, this flow has a profound impa 
dies, developing techniques for rapidly monitoring them via a mobile phone network. an autonomo 
lding understanding. once the essential nature and behaviour of the great race have been determ 
 the key task will be to understand how energy is distributed among eddies of different scales  
eddies of different scales and how this energy cascades between scales with increasing distance 
se features that a successful numerical model will represent accurately. model development is a 
erical model will represent accurately. model development is an integral part of this project.  
 model will represent accurately. model development is an integral part of this project. the kn 
d. the initial focus will be on a local-scale model of the great race and its surroundings. a s 
 initial focus will be on a local-scale model of the great race and its surroundings. a student 
 incorporating knowledge gained at this scale into wider area models, potentially extending to  
re west coast of scotland. a west coast model that is skilful at the important small scales but 
arger scales will allow better-informed management of fisheries, renewable energy development a 
ill allow better-informed management of fisheries, renewable energy development and more.  
rmed management of fisheries, renewable energy development and more.  
nagement of fisheries, renewable energy development and more.  
7250 44      scientific objectives the issue of biodiversity is one of the major current issues in envi 
knowledge about the natural dynamics of biodiversity are significant, the study of relationship 
ural areas is still largely build. peri-urban areas of ile-de- france are strategic places of h 
de- france are strategic places of high biodiversity and high traffic. the objective of this pr 
o analyze the expectations of different stakeholders and the role of institutions responsible f 
 different stakeholders and the role of institutions responsible for the management of 'natural 
ole of institutions responsible for the management of 'natural' spaces and determine what could 
nces of territorial changes underway on biodiversity. the fight against climate change, the ero 
rway on biodiversity. the fight against climate change, the erosion of biodiversity process is  
. the fight against climate change, the erosion of biodiversity process is the second major the 
 against climate change, the erosion of biodiversity process is the second major theme of frenc 
 french green initiative with a view to sustainable development. the determination of the state 
2004 by the establishment of a national biodiversity strategy. the importance of this project i 
 area a favorable situation in terms of biodiversity, puisquon are no fewer than 14 000 species 
co-region"european. the preservation of biodiversity is an important criterion in this perspect 
rritories teach that the inhabitants of urban areas not only give importance to landscape aspec 
urban areas not only give importance to landscape aspects and the living environment, but incre 
nce to landscape aspects and the living environment, but increasingly in the various events of  
of the people residing in the area of ​​biodiversity numerous scientific ecology work provide a 
a of ​​biodiversity numerous scientific ecology work provide a better understanding what are th 
 what are the high places of the island biodiversity -de- france and to better understand how t 
e actors and users of natural areas and biodiversity remains very unclear. few work in this fie 
 gardens in city centers or large state forests. yet it seems very important, particularly in a 
 important, particularly in an ordinary biodiversity management purpose, know what the relation 
articularly in an ordinary biodiversity management purpose, know what the relationship quentret 
roups of actors with different forms of biodiversity, what are their expectations in this area  
g to do to promote increased it. * what management areas of the green belt in the overall goal  
en belt in the overall goal of managing biodiversity in the island -de- france in terms of natu 
n green frame; * green belt; * regional nature parks and with them, the rural crown; * the gree 
areas and city centers, so they are the biodiversity - key spaces. however, in contrast to regi 
h less identified and, in recent years, urbanization oil stain is proven by numerous studies. i 
hese suburban areas prove strategic for biodiversity and more relationships between actors and  
d more relationships between actors and biodiversity. . * stages and expected a selection of ke 
ld first be performed. it would be peri-urban areas, located in the green belt. * a spatial app 
 green belt. * a spatial approach using gis is expected to locate areas of potential vulnerabil 
s expected to locate areas of potential vulnerability based on their accessibility. - for each  
uses of these areas of the greenbelt of biodiversity and their expectations in this area. - fac 
d examine the way is taken into account biodiversity in the territorial management every day. c 
account biodiversity in the territorial management every day. complemented by a working territo 
tive, it would better identify expected impacts on biodiversity. cartographic representation to 
uld better identify expected impacts on biodiversity. cartographic representation tools could w 
o promote a process of exchange between stakeholders in biodiversity across each territory. it  
ess of exchange between stakeholders in biodiversity across each territory. it would certainly  
d objectives of the regional charter of biodiversity and natural environments  
14773 3 ps is becoming increasingly relevant in mediterranean arid and semiarid areas. diverse, environ 
ic compounds from lolium rigidum affect soil microbial populations, especially those functional 
ially those functionally related to the nitrogen cycle.  
14415 1                                         green infrastructure  
6853 2                          the green peas production mainly based in import varieties in hungary. 
he special hungarian or nyirseg regions climate. that is why need the hungarian green peas bree 
7476 13 pulation, live in countries affected by water stress problems; forecast variations in rainfall  
on, live in countries affected by water stress problems; forecast variations in rainfall patter 
 rainfall pattern trends, due to global climate change, add to this already serious situation:  
4 million additional people will suffer water scarcity in southern europe by 2070. the importan 
 will suffer water scarcity in southern europe by 2070. the importance of the problem is recogn 
pean position at the recent fifth world water forum . 65% of these communities that double in s 
st presences are affected by increasing water scarcity due to several factors as climate change 
ater scarcity due to several factors as climate change, growing urbanisation of coasts, tourism 
change, growing urbanisation of coasts, tourism, sea water intrusion in aquifers. for these com 
ng urbanisation of coasts, tourism, sea water intrusion in aquifers. for these communities refr 
t the most effective solution for fresh-water supply since traditional technologies as water pi 
upply since traditional technologies as water pipelines, desalinisation plants and large water  
elines, desalinisation plants and large water vessels are unpractical solutions under technical 
12623 34 s hold the uk`s largest single store of carbon. in good condition, they can contribute to attem 
ey can contribute to attempts to offset climate change due to fossil fuel burning, steadily dra 
, if they are destabilised by poor land-management, pollution, warming or drying, they can rele 
e destabilised by poor land-management, pollution, warming or drying, they can release co2 back 
sed by poor land-management, pollution, warming or drying, they can release co2 back to the atm 
o2 back to the atmosphere, exacerbating climate change. in addition, peatlands `leak` some of t 
 addition, peatlands `leak` some of the carbon they hold into the rivers that drain them, as di 
` some of the carbon they hold into the rivers that drain them, as dissolved organic carbon , t 
s that drain them, as dissolved organic carbon , the amount of carbon released can increase if  
issolved organic carbon , the amount of carbon released can increase if peatlands become unstab 
unstable, for example through the gully erosion seen in areas such as the peak district. at pre 
t present, we do not know where all the carbon transported from peatlands into rivers goes. if  
 carbon transported from peatlands into rivers goes. if it is passively transported down rivers 
es. if it is passively transported down rivers and back into sediments in lakes, reservoirs or  
s or coastal waters, this relocation of carbon from one secure store to another will not affect 
re store to another will not affect the climate. if, on the other hand, it is actively processe 
 or to the more powerful greenhouse gas methane, this will contribute to global warming. by est 
se gas methane, this will contribute to global warming. by establishing how much of the total r 
stablishing how much of the total river carbon flux is converted into greenhouse gases, we hope 
tal river carbon flux is converted into greenhouse gases, we hope to be able to complete our un 
 make a positive contribution to global climate by helping to lock up greenhouse gases. to dete 
to global climate by helping to lock up greenhouse gases. to determine the fate of the riverine 
. to determine the fate of the riverine carbon released from peatlands, we will study how the d 
 study how the different forms of river carbon are processed at a range of critical locations w 
stems. these range from small headwater streams, lakes and reservoirs, the confluences between  
and reservoirs, the confluences between streams draining peatlands and other streams with diffe 
en streams draining peatlands and other streams with different chemistry, down to the estuary.  
s with different chemistry, down to the estuary. we will also consider the role of drinking wat 
will also consider the role of drinking water treatment works where this carbon is removed by a 
inking water treatment works where this carbon is removed by a variety of methods. the approach 
s which remove doc, poc and ic from the water, where and how fast they occur, with a parallel p 
at proportion of each of these forms of carbon is ultimately emitted to the atmosphere as green 
ultimately emitted to the atmosphere as greenhouse gases, and to identify methods of managing t 
entify methods of managing the land, or water supply systems, which could help to reduce these  
11230 28 emissions have been estimated at 20% of china s national emissions with relevant economic frame 
evant economic frameworks for analysing cost-effectiveness and distributional impacts of mitiga 
g cost-effectiveness and distributional impacts of mitigation policy. there is strong interest  
ctiveness and distributional impacts of mitigation policy. there is strong interest in agricult 
nd distributional impacts of mitigation policy. there is strong interest in agriculture s mitig 
ion policy. there is strong interest in agriculture s mitigation potential in several ministrie 
ere is strong interest in agriculture s mitigation potential in several ministries and province 
 in several ministries and provinces in china, as well as among market actors. but national pol 
 present a coherent view on the role of agriculture in china s climate mitigation plans. there  
rent view on the role of agriculture in china s climate mitigation plans. there is growing evid 
w on the role of agriculture in china s climate mitigation plans. there is growing evidence on  
 role of agriculture in china s climate mitigation plans. there is growing evidence on agricult 
ion plans. there is growing evidence on agriculture s biophysical potential, but very little ec 
ysis of costs and benefits of different mitigation practices or supporting policies. such analy 
ies. such analysis would facilitate the development of an efficient budget from the sector and  
or developing appropriate voluntary and market-based instruments for the mitigation incentives  
ry and market-based instruments for the mitigation incentives that can favour the poor. meeting 
et-based instruments for the mitigation incentives that can favour the poor. meeting these poli 
that can favour the poor. meeting these policy information needs would require an inter-discipl 
al and economic issues. this consortium development project will target the five broad project  
ring all the main areas of agricultural mitigation potential in china. this expertise will be b 
of agricultural mitigation potential in china. this expertise will be brought together in this  
aborative research can only emerge when participation in the consortium provides real additiona 
 of research both inside and outside of china. they have ongoing mous with the major research i 
s with the major research institutes in china, as well as long-term collaborations with numerou 
inese researchers in basic, applied and policy research. these qualities will be used to bring  
 to bring together the most appropriate institutions and individuals to develop innovative form 
ss for sharing lessons from the work in china with other developing countries.  
14154 11    the rise in atmospheric humidity and precipitation is expected to accompany the global clima 
ion is expected to accompany the global climate change in several parts of the world including  
 of the world including in the northern europe. water vapor, acting as greenhouse gas and absor 
world including in the northern europe. water vapor, acting as greenhouse gas and absorbing inf 
red radiation, can create an additional temperature rise. however, only a few scientific studie 
been committed about the functioning of ecosystems in altered atmospheric humidity conditions.  
ees . relative air humidity affects the water vapor pressure difference between plant leaf inte 
cal processes can result in slower tree growth. the applicant has previously researched ecology 
the applicant has previously researched ecology and management of birch and aspen plantations c 
t has previously researched ecology and management of birch and aspen plantations creating a ba 
 practical implications for sustainable forest management will be acquired as the outcomes of t 
7311 39 ess in the technical mastery imbalances model in the resolution is more difficult than the stan 
 from different fields: macroeconomics, energy, transport , demography. . . . it is a project t 
should allow a real breakthrough in the community called integrated models through modeling str 
munity called integrated models through modeling structure most suited to the study of the deve 
ructure most suited to the study of the development strategies of sustainability conditions and 
 study of the development strategies of sustainability conditions and building on a rich databa 
rmation on the status of the technical, environmental impacts and uncertainties. in other words 
 work program is based on the numerical modeling effort cired around imaclim -r model. this mod 
modeling effort cired around imaclim -r model. this model is based on a modular architecture an 
ort cired around imaclim -r model. this model is based on a modular architecture and recursive. 
r architecture and recursive. the whole model consists of a sequence of static equilibria, desc 
ssive photographs governing the dynamic evolution of stresses and thus leading to model the gro 
olution of stresses and thus leading to model the growth and long-term changes in the economy.  
 stresses and thus leading to model the growth and long-term changes in the economy. modeling s 
h and long-term changes in the economy. modeling structure adopted here acknowledges these diff 
 agents to adjust their decisions under stress, techniques and installed capital for companies, 
d allows representing the technological evolution process, demographic, sociological, etc.. and 
ical, etc.. and the process of economic growth that results. finally coupled modeling of physic 
ic growth that results. finally coupled modeling of physical phenomena of concern - carbon cycl 
ling of physical phenomena of concern - carbon cycle and climate - also agrees satisfactorily w 
phenomena of concern - carbon cycle and climate - also agrees satisfactorily with this time hor 
derestimate the effects of inertia. . a model coupling structure from different fields it is to 
 recursive structure creates a scalable model, in which the slow evolution of these systems des 
tes a scalable model, in which the slow evolution of these systems described additional modules 
ic balance of short-term. it may be the carbon cycle, the whole climate system, a technical mod 
. it may be the carbon cycle, the whole climate system, a technical module on energy and transp 
e climate system, a technical module on energy and transport infrastructure, or a change in lan 
ransport infrastructure, or a change in land use module. coupled to each module defining the in 
xpected results expected results of the model are placed on three levels: * produce a set of fu 
three levels: * produce a set of future scenarios of climate change; * fuel discussions within  
 * produce a set of future scenarios of climate change; * fuel discussions within the energy mo 
e change; * fuel discussions within the energy modeling forum; * conduct a synergy of efforts w 
e; * fuel discussions within the energy modeling forum; * conduct a synergy of efforts with mod 
um; * conduct a synergy of efforts with modeling laboratory jae edmonds in addition to these re 
o price; project results, including the model itself will be discussed in the context of energy 
elf will be discussed in the context of energy modeling forum. the model will be used among oth 
l be discussed in the context of energy modeling forum. the model will be used among others to  
e context of energy modeling forum. the model will be used among others to test future scenario 
ill be used among others to test future scenarios as part of the work of the ipcc. a collaborat 
2504 12 udy in the lysefjord was the first full-scale experiment to use submerged brackish water discha 
le experiment to use submerged brackish water discharged in a controlled manner to force upwell 
ling in a fjord area providing enhanced phytoplankton concentration and production. in this pro 
nhanced phytoplankton concentration and production. in this project we hypothesize that this en 
oject we hypothesize that this enhanced phytoplankton production can efficiently be exploited t 
hesize that this enhanced phytoplankton production can efficiently be exploited to mitigate alg 
tigate algal toxicity and increase meat yield in mussels cultured for human consumption. the pr 
oject will study how mussel feeding and growth performance responds to the specific environment 
th performance responds to the specific environment of enhanced phytoplankton production from f 
to the specific environment of enhanced phytoplankton production from forced upwelling. by impl 
c environment of enhanced phytoplankton production from forced upwelling. by implementing and a 
g. by implementing and applying the deb model we will study how food quantity vs active detoxif 
7141 6                                     the mediterranean region is considered a biodiversity hotsp 
he mediterranean region is considered a biodiversity hotspot. the ranges of these species vary  
last 20 millennia in relation to global climate change. as part of this project, we set out to  
t of paleoenvironmental changes on some mediterranean tree species, including cedar of the atla 
nd simulate their distributions using a vegetation model  
 their distributions using a vegetation model  
12706 8 e authoritative guidance on appropriate development of brown filed sites, with emphasis on prot 
iled sites, with emphasis on protecting biodiversity, recognising the priority habitat open hab 
 biodiversity, recognising the priority habitat open habitat mosaics on previously developed la 
, recognising the priority habitat open habitat mosaics on previously developed land and recogn 
es for creation of open green spaces in urban settings. it will be managed by ciria, with a con 
issioned project to define and map open habitat mosaics. the two projects will involve close co 
t will coincide with the definition and mapping of the priority habitat.  
 definition and mapping of the priority habitat.  
12707 9                               a scoping review of the implications for wetlands of energy gener 
 scoping review of the implications for wetlands of energy generation and distribution activiti 
iew of the implications for wetlands of energy generation and distribution activities, covering 
s for wetlands of energy generation and distribution activities, covering both the conventional 
ing both the conventional and renewable energy sectors, with reference to issues concerning cli 
rs, with reference to issues concerning climate change and wetlands, linking as appropriate to  
to issues concerning climate change and wetlands, linking as appropriate to work done in relati 
d taking account of up-to-date evolving policy perspectives in these sectors and on issues of e 
tives in these sectors and on issues of energy security in general.  
11644 8 se to factors such as changes in global climate. phylogeography - the study of the evolutionary 
in identifying centres of intraspecific genetic diversity on which conservation efforts should  
ntraspecific genetic diversity on which conservation efforts should be focussed. however, phylo 
biological communities. do members of a community commonly show similar histories of origin and 
ories of origin and range expansion the development of a multispecies approach is essential to  
 this in turn is central to analyses of community structure. 2. they rarely consider the full l 
y rarely consider the full longitudinal distribution of widespread species. many species regard 
into turkey, iran and the caucasus. the genetic diversity present in eastern populations .  
12677 7 that explored options and to produce an indicator of functional habitat connectivity, associate 
d to produce an indicator of functional habitat connectivity, associated explanatory text and m 
duce an indicator of functional habitat connectivity, associated explanatory text and metadata  
hich will enable updates to the england biodiversity indicators and contribute to completion of 
ble updates to the england biodiversity indicators and contribute to completion of the suite of 
ontribute to completion of the suite of indicators for reporting at the uk level to the convent 
rs for reporting at the uk level to the convention on biological diversity by march 2009.  
12669 6            this project will produce an indicator of functional habitat connectivity for the uk 
will produce an indicator of functional habitat connectivity for the uk and for england. it wil 
duce an indicator of functional habitat connectivity for the uk and for england. it will have f 
rovide time-series data; 2. testing and evaluation of a range of metrics; 3. consultation on op 
metrics; 3. consultation on options; 4. production of recommended indicator and associated data 
n options; 4. production of recommended indicator and associated data.  
12670 5 ed methodology and data sources for the production of uk and country level indicators of functi 
 the production of uk and country level indicators of functional habitat connectivity and provi 
 country level indicators of functional habitat connectivity and provide recommendations for fu 
 level indicators of functional habitat connectivity and provide recommendations for further de 
and provide recommendations for further development  
14753 2 may afford an added benefit in terms of management suggestions for conservation of endemic plan 
 in terms of management suggestions for conservation of endemic plants.  
1932 23 otion that when studying the effects of habitat fragmentation and isolation on biodiversity, it 
 habitat fragmentation and isolation on biodiversity, it is pivotal to investigate the relevant 
actions of the species of interest, how habitat changes effect these interactions and the funct 
 general hypotheses that as a result of habitat fragmentation and isolation the stability of mu 
habitat fragmentation and isolation the stability of multitrophic systems decreases because i w 
rophic systems there are differences in dispersal ability of the participants ii these differen 
nce of the participants with the lowest dispersal capacity iii in turn this may lead to overexp 
evel iv these processes are enforced by habitat fragmentation and isolation. more specifically  
 specifically we assume that especially parasitoids or predators are susceptible to habitat fra 
e assume that especially parasitoids or predators are susceptible to habitat fragmentation comp 
sitoids or predators are susceptible to habitat fragmentation compared to their hosts leading t 
o their hosts leading to the absence of parasitoids in fragmented populations and a greater ext 
in fragmented populations and a greater extinction risk of the system as a whole. therefore, in 
ed populations and a greater extinction risk of the system as a whole. therefore, in this proje 
on the sensitivity of the hervbivore to fragmentation. as a model system we will use senecio ja 
f the hervbivore to fragmentation. as a model system we will use senecio jacobaea, its speciali 
ore tyria jacobaeae and the specialized parasitoid cotesia popularis. for this tritrophic syste 
ularis. for this tritrophic system, the dispersal abilities of the component species and the ef 
he component species and the effects of habitat fragmentation and isolation on the dynamics of  
be studied both on a local and regional scale. in joint effort with projects 3 and 5 a broad sc 
nt effort with projects 3 and 5 a broad scale inventory for a large number of species will be m 
lead to an operational system to derive thresholds for spatial and temporal standards for diffe 
al and temporal standards for different landscape types to be developed in project 2.  
11365 14                                         habitat fragmentation is one of the greatest threats to 
s one of the greatest threats to global biodiversity, but empirical data from the field on the  
l data from the field on the effects of fragmentation on species interactions and the structure 
ield on the effects of fragmentation on species interactions and the structure of food webs are 
ecies interactions and the structure of food webs are scarce. a replicated, large-scale habitat 
od webs are scarce. a replicated, large-scale habitat fragmentation experiment involving bracke 
s are scarce. a replicated, large-scale habitat fragmentation experiment involving bracken habi 
wales will be carried out. quantitative food webs will be constructed for bracken herbivores an 
ructed for bracken herbivores and their parasitoids over a 3-year period in patches representin 
in patches representing three levels of fragmentation. a series of hypotheses about the impact  
eries of hypotheses about the impact of fragmentation on community structure, food web statisti 
es about the impact of fragmentation on community structure, food web statistics, and the proce 
f fragmentation on community structure, food web statistics, and the process of community disas 
food web statistics, and the process of community disassembly will be tested.  
9955 14 stage in their lives: usually the major dispersal event comes between birth and when an animal  
o reproduce. traditionally, we think of dispersal as a process that counter-acts the evolution  
rsal as a process that counter-acts the evolution of differences between, and within, populatio 
tions. as individuals move around their habitat, they effectively re-shuffle the characteristic 
 generation. however, the fact that the environment varies means that some places are better sp 
e than others, and that there should be competition to settle in these places. if the ability t 
hese places. if the ability to win this competition is predicted by an individual s characteris 
s characteristics are provided in great abundance. the birds breed less successfully at high de 
cs are provided in great abundance. the birds breed less successfully at high density because o 
e birds breed less successfully at high density because of competition for resources, meaning t 
successfully at high density because of competition for resources, meaning that these sites sho 
active than when a population is at low density, i.e. when nest-sites are in short supply. fina 
ns of the characteristics of individual birds, to test how this affects the quality of the site 
a few young between pairs of nests: the birds that are reared in reduced broods grow better and 
15262 16                                         biodiversity crisis is the most relevant problem facing 
sis is the most relevant problem facing ecosystems around the world. the main causes of biodive 
ms around the world. the main causes of biodiversity loss and the so-called global change are c 
 of biodiversity loss and the so-called global change are climate change and habitat loss and t 
oss and the so-called global change are climate change and habitat loss and transformation. the 
ed global change are climate change and habitat loss and transformation. there is a large conse 
ctive models to forecast the effects of global change on species conservation and ecosystem fun 
the effects of global change on species conservation and ecosystem functioning. however, most o 
obal change on species conservation and ecosystem functioning. however, most of the proposed mo 
rch about their validity over different ecosystems or taxonomic groups. although niche conserva 
analysis of intraspecific physiological diversity should be viewed as a vital element of resear 
nservatism and response of organisms to global change challenges. as a result of this view, new 
t of this view, new disciplines such as conservation physiology and macrophysiolgy growing in t 
 we aimed to describe the physiological diversity of several mammal species . the results of th 
ic models on the response of species to global change. furthermore, they can be used to design  
 used to design new studies about local adaptation vs phenotipic plasticity studies in spanish  
2186 17 s to evaluate thinning practices of the forestry in coniferous forest to assess its secondary b 
practices of the forestry in coniferous forest to assess its secondary biological effects. how  
nsparency and reduce the quality of the habitat by making searching easier for visual hunters.  
r for visual hunters. with thinning the forest can become a source-sink system, and the presenc 
ined there. the presence in low quality habitat can be the overflow of individuals produced els 
roduced elsewhere. different aspects of habitat qualities in the forest landscape will be inves 
ent aspects of habitat qualities in the forest landscape will be investigated in several projec 
ects of habitat qualities in the forest landscape will be investigated in several projects. tog 
this knowledge will be important in the forestry and will develop the forestry extension servic 
nt in the forestry and will develop the forestry extension service. it will also contribute to  
service. it will also contribute to the development of the environmental quality objective heal 
environmental quality objective healthy forest. the project is clearly connected to the researc 
clearly connected to the research areas forestry methods and efficiency of protected areas, but 
the research areas forestry methods and efficiency of protected areas, but also to monitoring o 
reas forestry methods and efficiency of protected areas, but also to monitoring of population v 
iciency of protected areas, but also to monitoring of population viability and ecosystem servic 
 monitoring of population viability and ecosystem services.  
13602 36         large resources are invested in habitat restoration in sweden each year, e.g. for grass 
large resources are invested in habitat restoration in sweden each year, e.g. for grasslands. s 
 are invested in habitat restoration in sweden each year, e.g. for grasslands. surprisingly, st 
storation in sweden each year, e.g. for grasslands. surprisingly, strategies for directing rest 
 surprisingly, strategies for directing restoration efforts underpinned by thorough ecological  
ttle is known about how efficient these restoration efforts actually are to enhance biodiversit 
oration efforts actually are to enhance biodiversity and functioning. landscape level restorati 
o enhance biodiversity and functioning. landscape level restoration of habitat networks have, a 
ersity and functioning. landscape level restoration of habitat networks have, although discusse 
tioning. landscape level restoration of habitat networks have, although discussed, not been dev 
mented. we will investigate how species community reassembly and reconstruction of ecosystem fu 
munity reassembly and reconstruction of ecosystem functioning following habitat restoration are 
tion of ecosystem functioning following habitat restoration are linked to the structure of the  
ecosystem functioning following habitat restoration are linked to the structure of the surround 
ked to the structure of the surrounding landscape. we focus on plant and insect communities, an 
on plant and insect communities, and on pollination which is an important ecosystem function pr 
nd on pollination which is an important ecosystem function provided by the insects. we will com 
tant ecosystem function provided by the insects. we will compare the community reassembly patte 
ded by the insects. we will compare the community reassembly patterns to our current informatio 
ation on the order of disassembly after habitat loss and fragmentation, and assess if the speci 
r of disassembly after habitat loss and fragmentation, and assess if the species traits that pr 
ss and fragmentation, and assess if the species traits that predict re-colonization success are 
s if the species traits that predict re-colonization success are the same that predict extincti 
ation success are the same that predict extinction risk. this project will contribute to our ge 
ss are the same that predict extinction risk. this project will contribute to our general under 
tribute to our general understanding of colonization and extinction processes in fragmented and 
neral understanding of colonization and extinction processes in fragmented and restored landsca 
d landscapes. in collaboration with key stakeholders we will provide a knowledge base for desig 
 provide a knowledge base for designing restoration strategies at the landscape scale, an appro 
designing restoration strategies at the landscape scale, an approach will become increasingly i 
restoration strategies at the landscape scale, an approach will become increasingly important f 
ome increasingly important for managing ecosystems that can buffer against multiple stressors s 
ging ecosystems that can buffer against multiple stressors such as land use conversion, invasiv 
ffer against multiple stressors such as land use conversion, invasive species and climate chang 
 stressors such as land use conversion, invasive species and climate change.  
nd use conversion, invasive species and climate change.  
2175 13 to test the hypotheses that former kelp forests that were grazed by sea urchins can be restored 
-dimensional habitats. this may promote colonization of sea urchin predators that may reduce re 
 may promote colonization of sea urchin predators that may reduce recruitment of sea urchin pop 
of sea urchin predators that may reduce recruitment of sea urchin populations and induce a syst 
e a system phase shift back to the kelp forest state. the project will investigate if small or  
oject will investigate if small or meso scale artificial reefs may be used as tools to restore  
fs may be used as tools to restore kelp forests. we will also study the importance of habitat c 
s. we will also study the importance of habitat complexity on different scales for the ecologic 
 on different scales for the ecological stability on barren grounds. a combination of field man 
hern norway. important deliveries are a monitoring program and amendments for actions to restor 
tions to restore destroyed habitats and fish nursery areas, including barren ground areas and i 
luding barren ground areas and increase primary production and biodiversity on the northern nor 
eas and increase primary production and biodiversity on the northern norwegian coast.  
15139 13 us to take into consideration that most invasive species are not in equilibrium with the enviro 
species are not in equilibrium with the environment, and that their current distributions may n 
ay not reflect their total capacity for invasion, and thus will help us to assess what their fu 
 full invasive potential could be. at a management level, for first time in spain, we will be a 
t a management level, for first time in spain, we will be able to develop risk maps of habitat  
me in spain, we will be able to develop risk maps of habitat invasion. we will alos generate di 
we will be able to develop risk maps of habitat invasion. we will alos generate distribution ma 
be able to develop risk maps of habitat invasion. we will alos generate distribution maps of in 
habitat invasion. we will alos generate distribution maps of invasive species for current condi 
will alos generate distribution maps of invasive species for current conditions but also for fu 
 current conditions but also for future climate and landscape scenarios predicted for the regio 
ditions but also for future climate and landscape scenarios predicted for the region.  
t also for future climate and landscape scenarios predicted for the region.  
15084 28                                         carrying capacity determines the potential abundance th 
rying capacity determines the potential abundance that a given freshwater system can support; t 
es the potential abundance that a given freshwater system can support; therefore it can be used 
 therefore it can be used to assess the conservation status of populations. however, there are  
s of populations. however, there are no carrying capacity models for brown trout salmo trutta i 
for brown trout salmo trutta in iberian rivers. for that reason, the aim of the present project 
the present project is to determine the carrying capacity of freshwater systems from physical h 
s to determine the carrying capacity of freshwater systems from physical habitat simulations, h 
ity of freshwater systems from physical habitat simulations, habitat selection patterns and ter 
tems from physical habitat simulations, habitat selection patterns and territory size assessmen 
t selection patterns and territory size assessment. a study of habitat selection patterns will  
d territory size assessment. a study of habitat selection patterns will be carried out in order 
will be carried out in order to develop habitat preference curves for iberian rivers which will 
p habitat preference curves for iberian rivers which will allow achieving very accurate simulat 
g very accurate simulations of physical habitat. on the other hand, an experimental study will  
 be performed to build a territory size model which would permit to determine the effects of bo 
ould permit to determine the effects of body size, food abundance, density of competitors and h 
etermine the effects of body size, food abundance, density of competitors and habitat character 
e effects of body size, food abundance, density of competitors and habitat characteristics. the 
d abundance, density of competitors and habitat characteristics. the model will be then applied 
titors and habitat characteristics. the model will be then applied to wild populations under co 
lation size ne, an essential concept in conservation biology and a basic parameter in many mode 
nd inbreeding and the rate at which the genetic diversity is expected to be lost at each genera 
ies. finally, a comparative analysis of carrying capacity data, estimated densities and effecti 
 on populations. a complete analysis of impacts will permit rehabilitation, restoration and mit 
omplete analysis of impacts will permit rehabilitation, restoration and mitigation measures to  
 of impacts will permit rehabilitation, restoration and mitigation measures to be performed at  
 permit rehabilitation, restoration and mitigation measures to be performed at the right time.  
6869 12              we investigate the role of spatial heterogeneity in the maintenance of biodiversit 
ial heterogeneity in the maintenance of biodiversity. a novel feature in our models is that we  
odels is that we couple the dynamics of habitat patches with the dynamics of populations. the m 
mechanisms between the organism and its environment. we wish to identify those spatial structur 
rvival of a population, and compare the efficiency of various landscape management techniques o 
, and compare the efficiency of various landscape management techniques on an evolutionary time 
ment techniques on an evolutionary time scale, we model adaptation to the abiotic environment a 
iques on an evolutionary time scale, we model adaptation to the abiotic environment and to comp 
on an evolutionary time scale, we model adaptation to the abiotic environment and to competitor 
ale, we model adaptation to the abiotic environment and to competitors. we identify the evoluti 
ons at several points in the context of reserve design and management.  
ts in the context of reserve design and management.  
10483 13 dertake the first directed study on the distribution and behaviour of the deepest-living fishes 
rface these ocean areas have clear blue water with low productivity and there is likely to be v 
an areas have clear blue water with low productivity and there is likely to be very little natu 
 surface and recordings will be made of fish, deep-sea shrimps and any other animals attracted  
st living images of the world s deepest fish abyssobrotula galatheae thought to occur down to 8 
l eels which have been filmed consuming fish and marine mammal carcasses at depths down to 5900 
ich have been filmed consuming fish and marine mammal carcasses at depths down to 5900m. it is  
 is reached where there is insufficient energy to support active forms of life. secondly pressu 
s, muscles and vital processes cease to function. deep-sea animals have special adaptations to  
imals have special adaptations to allow function at high pressures but there may be limits beyo 
h information from shallower depths. if fish thrive down to 6000m with a constant cut-off at th 
ow derivation of the first estimates of abundance and biomass of mobile life at these depths. t 
of the first estimates of abundance and biomass of mobile life at these depths. this study will 
12379 6                                         phytoplankton is the collective name given to the micro 
nd lakes. under certain conditions, the abundance of phytoplankton as a whole or of one or more 
er certain conditions, the abundance of phytoplankton as a whole or of one or more species in p 
ese blooms because of the colour of the water have been called red tides'. blooms of some 300 s 
des'. blooms of some 300 species of the phytoplankton are known as harmful algal bloom use the  
ll be examined in detail using selected phytoplankton data sets from uk, irish and norwegian wa 
13598 8                                         phytoplankton production is dynamic and the occurrence  
                          phytoplankton production is dynamic and the occurrence of blooms is h 
use the diatom skeletonema marinoi as a model organism, and we differentiate populations by mic 
ticular season is well adapted to their habitat, e.g. in respect of hydrography, grazing pressu 
abitat, e.g. in respect of hydrography, grazing pressure or competing species. we have also fou 
ill be collected together with regional monitoring programs. from each location single cells wi 
 clone will be genotyped and population diversity and differentiation will be estimated. tempor 
 this project will be incorporated into dispersal models and geographic and seasonal hot spots  
12388 3 hat is available within the coastal and marine resource atlas of the ‘magic’ website . it is en 
gnificantly assist maritime contingency planning and response in relation to breeding seabirds. 
 spatially-defined information on their distribution and trends, with particular emphasis on pr 
10162 7                      recent examples of evolution occurring over the time scales of a few gener 
n will allow us to describe the rate of evolution and how it vanes with harvesting strategy and 
ith harvesting strategy and the type of environment. it will also allow us to test a range of t 
oretical predictions about life-history evolution - such as does a varying environment lead to  
tory evolution - such as does a varying environment lead to individuals having a lower reproduc 
he populations ability to survive in an environment that may be changing due to global warming. 
environment that may be changing due to global warming. it will also give us some indication ab 
2152 35              the demand for feed to the aquaculture industry has shown a strong increase over t 
 in parallel with the increase in total production within the industry. estimated growth in the 
oduction within the industry. estimated growth in the fish farming industry is supposed to caus 
n the industry. estimated growth in the fish farming industry is supposed to cause a permanent  
pposed to cause a permanent shortage of marine oils within a few years, and of marine proteins  
 marine oils within a few years, and of marine proteins on a longer time scale. at present trad 
and of marine proteins on a longer time scale. at present traditional marine biological recours 
nger time scale. at present traditional marine biological recourses are exploited at the highes 
inable level. thus, further increase in marine harvest to sustain growth in the aquaculture ind 
r increase in marine harvest to sustain growth in the aquaculture industry, cannot be based on  
marine harvest to sustain growth in the aquaculture industry, cannot be based on the marine res 
ulture industry, cannot be based on the marine resources exploited at present. the only unexplo 
loited at present. the only unexploited marine resources of significant biomass are found at lo 
ploited marine resources of significant biomass are found at lower trophic levels, comprised by 
hic levels, comprised by populations of zooplankton and mesopelagic fish. a fishery on plankton 
ulations of zooplankton and mesopelagic fish. a fishery on plankton should not be developed wit 
tive knowledge about standing stock and production of marine plankton, and the effects of harve 
 about standing stock and production of marine plankton, and the effects of harvesting plankton 
e effects of harvesting plankton on the ecosystem in general and on commercially harvested fish 
n general and on commercially harvested fish stocks in particular. the overall goal of harvest  
e overall goal of harvest is to improve abundance estimates, assess keys stocks of zooplankton  
ndance estimates, assess keys stocks of zooplankton and quantify ecological consequences of har 
wer trophic levels. improved methods of abundance estimation and model driven stock assessment  
ved methods of abundance estimation and model driven stock assessment of plankton will form the 
dance estimation and model driven stock assessment of plankton will form the basis of our appro 
tative knowledge of plankton population biomass and production at hand, effects of harvesting p 
edge of plankton population biomass and production at hand, effects of harvesting plankton will 
ankton will be explored with the use of ecosystem models. effects of harvesting will be quantif 
to plankton populations themselves, the ecosystem and with respect to food requirement for comm 
equirement for commercial planktivorous fish stocks. the results will be disseminated as advice 
rvest on quantitative information about distribution, production and ecological role of plankto 
itative information about distribution, production and ecological role of plankton populations  
form an important knowledge base to the development of ecosystem-based management of fisheries. 
nt knowledge base to the development of ecosystem-based management of fisheries.  
opment of ecosystem-based management of fisheries.  
2528 35              the demand for feed to the aquaculture industry has shown a strong increase over t 
 in parallel with the increase in total production within the industry. estimated growth in the 
oduction within the industry. estimated growth in the fish farming industry is supposed to caus 
n the industry. estimated growth in the fish farming industry is supposed to cause a permanent  
pposed to cause a permanent shortage of marine oils within a few years, and of marine proteins  
 marine oils within a few years, and of marine proteins on a longer time scale. at present trad 
and of marine proteins on a longer time scale. at present traditional marine biological recours 
nger time scale. at present traditional marine biological recourses are exploited at the highes 
inable level. thus, further increase in marine harvest to sustain growth in the aquaculture ind 
r increase in marine harvest to sustain growth in the aquaculture industry, cannot be based on  
marine harvest to sustain growth in the aquaculture industry, cannot be based on the marine res 
ulture industry, cannot be based on the marine resources exploited at present. the only unexplo 
loited at present. the only unexploited marine resources of significant biomass are found at lo 
ploited marine resources of significant biomass are found at lower trophic levels, comprised by 
hic levels, comprised by populations of zooplankton and mesopelagic fish. a fishery on plankton 
ulations of zooplankton and mesopelagic fish. a fishery on plankton should not be developed wit 
tive knowledge about standing stock and production of marine plankton, and the effects of harve 
 about standing stock and production of marine plankton, and the effects of harvesting plankton 
e effects of harvesting plankton on the ecosystem in general and on commercially harvested fish 
n general and on commercially harvested fish stocks in particular. the overall goal is to impro 
ticular. the overall goal is to improve abundance estimates and assess stocks of zooplankton to 
bundance estimates and assess stocks of zooplankton to enable quantification of ecological cons 
wer trophic levels. improved methods of abundance estimation and model driven stock assessment  
ved methods of abundance estimation and model driven stock assessment of plankton will form the 
dance estimation and model driven stock assessment of plankton will form the basis of our appro 
. with knowledge of plankton population biomass and production at hand, effects of harvesting p 
edge of plankton population biomass and production at hand, effects of harvesting plankton can  
 harvesting plankton can be explored by ecosystem models with respect to plankton populations t 
to plankton populations themselves, the ecosystem and food requirement for commercial planktivo 
equirement for commercial planktivorous fish stocks. the results will be disseminated as advice 
st ii to quantitative information about distribution, production and ecological role of plankto 
itative information about distribution, production and ecological role of plankton populations  
form an important knowledge base to the development of ecosystem-based management of fisheries. 
nt knowledge base to the development of ecosystem-based management of fisheries.  
opment of ecosystem-based management of fisheries.  
2115 8 the central challenge will be to derive management strategies that give fluctuations of moose p 
els will however not only influenced by density-dependent processes but will also be strongly a 
st harvest strategies that minimize the risk of loss of genetic variation. furthermore, a poten 
the choice of harvest strategies is the development of large local variation in management prac 
development of large local variation in management practices even within the same region. thus, 
d when the goals and strategies for the development of the local moose populations are chosen.  
ll be useful for obtaining more unified management practices of moose population over larger ar 
eeded because previous studies of moose population dynamics have shown that regulation of moose 
13378 1 this project, collection, regeneration, conservation and characterization of hazelnut local pop 
14377 7  bogs are highly valued as habitats for biodiversity conservation and as landscapes of common e 
re on heathlands and peat-bogs, such as nitrogen deposition and desiccation, however remain hig 
t catastrophic wildfires of 2011 in the nature reserves in the kalmthoutse heide have raised a  
d a lot of public concern regarding the vulnerability of these unique heathland ecosystems to u 
vulnerability of these unique heathland ecosystems to uncontrolled fires. the overall objective 
all objective of this project is to use remote sensing as a tool to spatially and temporally in 
nteractions between fires and heathland ecosystems.  
14679 13 sting physiological characteristics and ecology. understanding the ecology of extreme environme 
eristics and ecology. understanding the ecology of extreme environments may provide insight int 
e origin. the tinto river is an extreme environment with a constant acid ph and high concentrat 
xtreme environment with a constant acid ph and high concentrations of heavy metals. these unusu 
tant acid ph and high concentrations of heavy metals. these unusual conditions are the reason w 
to river is one of the most interesting ecosystems for the study of the biological organization 
ities that inhabit it. uderstanding the microbial ecology of extreme environments may provide n 
ble origin.the main part of the primary productivity in the river is direct consequence of the  
e of the photosynthetic activity of the algae, and they are also responsible of the greatest pa 
lso responsible of the greatest part of biomass. however, currently the knowledge regarding the 
, currently the knowledge regarding the algae community of the tinto river and their role in th 
ently the knowledge regarding the algae community of the tinto river and their role in this eco 
 the tinto river and their role in this ecosystem is almost inexistent . the main objective of  
12179 1  can also provide valuable habitats for wildlife and may have historical value. this importance 
14777 5 f the knowledge on the helminthfauna of wildlife vertebrates . the research team involved in th 
ngoing studies on the helminthfaunas of birds and mammals in the canary islands back in 1998. t 
ary islands are considered hotspots for biodiversity in the planet has certainly allowed for th 
 spermatozoon of plathelminthes and the evaluation of host-parasite models as indicators of hea 
e evaluation of host-parasite models as indicators of heavy metal environmental contamination a 
10027 11 mber of red blood cells in people as an indicator of our health. the chemical that makes blood  
nt to many biological processes. in the marine microbial environment, however, very little is k 
ical processes. in the marine microbial environment, however, very little is known about hemes. 
not have enough iron to support maximal growth. one potential effect of low iron concentrations 
on in the concentration of hemes within marine microbes. this would impair photosynthetic and r 
d impair photosynthetic and respiratory efficiency and reduce productivity. in this fellowship  
c and respiratory efficiency and reduce productivity. in this fellowship i will undertake the f 
vestigations into the levels of heme in marine microbes. i will conduct laboratory investigatio 
investigations into the effect of iron, nitrogen and light on heme levels in specific species o 
t on heme levels in specific species of marine plankton. i will use these investigations to hel 
of hemes to the total amount of iron in marine biota and i will investigate the fate of hemes o 
7217 11 tern islands of the indian ocean have a development of basic and applied research, with strong  
for decision makers and users. however, seagrass meadows are poorly studied ecosystems on these 
er, seagrass meadows are poorly studied ecosystems on these islands, while their major role as  
rial for neighboring systems, source of biodiversity or pollution buffer has been demonstrated  
ring systems, source of biodiversity or pollution buffer has been demonstrated in other regions 
 in other regions. more studies in east africa demonstrate a multitude of ecosystem services ma 
 east africa demonstrate a multitude of ecosystem services making these herbaria a major compon 
imulating effects of these habitats for biodiversity and associated uses in the islands, some o 
rfold: 1 / characterize their intrinsic biodiversity; 2 / quantify the impact of human impacts  
iodiversity; 2 / quantify the impact of human impacts on seagrass. the expected products are al 
quantify the impact of human impacts on seagrass. the expected products are also advanced in te 
9808 6 how additive genetic variance for sperm traits is maintained despite selection. i will test two 
ll test two hypotheses. that sperm size traits: covary with condition and other male traits. th 
s: covary with condition and other male traits. this is a novel extension to gr3/11936 which me 
the heritability of condition and other traits in male zebra finches, and assessed their effect 
 in addition to the originally proposed traits, i have taken sperm samples from all males to te 
aintenance of genetic variance in sperm traits maybe explained.  
7434 9  a strong local heritage and functional biodiversity of freshwater fish and provide innovative  
heritage and functional biodiversity of freshwater fish and provide innovative solutions for ma 
d functional biodiversity of freshwater fish and provide innovative solutions for managers in a 
tions for managers in a context of high fragmentation and global changes. 2. develop a composit 
ating different aspects of heritage and functional diversity of fish communities, in order to p 
of heritage and functional diversity of fish communities, in order to provide assistance to man 
assistance to managers and evaluate the management measures tool. the project leaders make the  
mponents of hydro and offer to create a management support tool to answer the difficult questio 
ion: where and what priority action and recovery  
13325 30  designed to gain new insights into the biodiversity, structure, function and dynamics of ecosy 
ights into the biodiversity, structure, function and dynamics of ecosystems along europes deep- 
ty, structure, function and dynamics of ecosystems along europes deep-ocean margin. it represen 
jor attempt to understand european deep-water ecosystems and their environment in an integrated 
tempt to understand european deep-water ecosystems and their environment in an integrated way b 
uropean deep-water ecosystems and their environment in an integrated way by bringing together e 
d way by bringing together expertise in biodiversity, geology, sedimentology, physical oceanogr 
physical oceanography, microbiology and biogeochemistry, so that the generic relationship betwe 
o that the generic relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning can be understoo 
lides and deep-ocean circulation affect ecosystem development, and biodiversity hotspots, such  
deep-ocean circulation affect ecosystem development, and biodiversity hotspots, such as cold se 
ation affect ecosystem development, and biodiversity hotspots, such as cold seeps, cold-water c 
sity hotspots, such as cold seeps, cold-water coral mounds, canyons and anoxic environments, wh 
uids, presence of gas hydrates and deep-water currents. these important systems require urgent  
 genetic resources, global relevance to carbon cycling and possible susceptibility to global ch 
 cycling and possible susceptibility to global change and man-made disturbances. past changes,  
strophic events, will be assessed using sediment archives. we will make estimates of the flow r 
ill make estimates of the flow rates of methane from the geosphere and calculate how much is ut 
 gas. hermes will enable forecasting of biodiversity change in relation to natural and man-made 
 for integrating science, environmental modelling and socio-economic indicators in ecosystem ma 
ironmental modelling and socio-economic indicators in ecosystem management. the results will un 
elling and socio-economic indicators in ecosystem management. the results will underpin the dev 
nagement. the results will underpin the development of a comprehensive european ocean and seas  
sive european ocean and seas integrated governance policy enabling risk assessment, management, 
an ocean and seas integrated governance policy enabling risk assessment, management, conservati 
s integrated governance policy enabling risk assessment, management, conservation and rehabilit 
rnance policy enabling risk assessment, management, conservation and rehabilitation options for 
y enabling risk assessment, management, conservation and rehabilitation options for margin ecos 
ssessment, management, conservation and rehabilitation options for margin ecosystems.  
n and rehabilitation options for margin ecosystems.  
13340 14 nowledge of the functioning of deep-sea ecosystems and their contribution to the production of  
cosystems and their contribution to the production of goods and services. this will be achieved 
sciplinary approach that will integrate biodiversity, specific adaptions and biological capacit 
understanding is crucial, because these ecosystems are now being affected by climate change and 
se ecosystems are now being affected by climate change and impacted by man through fishing, res 
mate change and impacted by man through fishing, resource extraction, seabed installations and  
ce extraction, seabed installations and pollution. to design and implement effective governance 
tion. to design and implement effective governance strategies and management plans we must unde 
ent effective governance strategies and management plans we must understand the extent, natural 
l dynamics and interconnection of ocean ecosystems and integrate socio-economic research with n 
 include the arctic, north atlantic and mediterranean and cover a range of ecosystems including 
 and mediterranean and cover a range of ecosystems including cold-water corals, canyons, cold a 
er a range of ecosystems including cold-water corals, canyons, cold and hot seeps, seamounts an 
tform for discussion between a range of stakeholders, and contribute to eu environmental polici 
14730 20 of general laws regulating the temporal evolution of an ideal ecosystem governed by a general c 
ting the temporal evolution of an ideal ecosystem governed by a general class of reaction-diffu 
atially heterogeneous of a very general nature, not exclusively competitive. in these models, t 
e global effects on the dynamics of the ecosystem provoked by the incorporation of local facili 
 provoked by the incorporation of local facilitation effects within a competitive environment.  
cilitation effects within a competitive environment. in particular, it is planned to accomplish 
rgalef hypothesis concerning the debate diversity/stability, by incorporating local facilitatio 
othesis concerning the debate diversity/stability, by incorporating local facilitation effects  
rsity/stability, by incorporating local facilitation effects into a competition model, as well  
ating local facilitation effects into a competition model, as well as finding out the over-yiel 
facilitation effects into a competition model, as well as finding out the over-yielding promote 
 promoted by the incorporation of those facilitation interactions in a competitive environment. 
ilitation interactions in a competitive environment. moreover, it will be established the follo 
 the following mechanism for generating biodiversity: local facilitation promotes permanence, t 
nism for generating biodiversity: local facilitation promotes permanence, through incrementing  
omotes permanence, through incrementing productivity, raw competition enhances segregation, and 
 through incrementing productivity, raw competition enhances segregation, and spatial-temporal  
ances segregation, and spatial-temporal heterogeneity provokes bio-diversity through further ad 
ial-temporal heterogeneity provokes bio-diversity through further adaptation mechanisms.  
 provokes bio-diversity through further adaptation mechanisms.  
2125 17                there is a large visible biological diversity on the surface of our planet, but  
own that there are hidden reservoirs of biological diversity underneath the surface. even if th 
urface biosphere is estimated to have a biomass of similar magnitude as that of the surface bio 
d on either the microbial or the fungal diversity in rocks. as nearly all exposed rock surfaces 
 least in northern temperate and arctic europe, are covered by lichens, the lichen-mineral inte 
erate and arctic europe, are covered by lichens, the lichen-mineral interface has been especial 
 just the fungal kingdom; it is a small ecosystem of bacteria, fungi , and algae. however, litt 
gal kingdom; it is a small ecosystem of bacteria, fungi , and algae. however, little is known a 
m; it is a small ecosystem of bacteria, fungi , and algae. however, little is known about the e 
mall ecosystem of bacteria, fungi , and algae. however, little is known about the entire biolog 
wever, little is known about the entire biological diversity in these communities. the subsurfa 
ty in these communities. the subsurface distribution of organisms may, in part, be controlled b 
nism to take advantage of mineral-bound nutrients. the proposed research project will be the fi 
irst to assess the extent of the entire biological diversity in exposed terrestrial lichen cove 
g of biogeochemical processes, the mini-ecosystem lichens, the ecology of microbes, for our glo 
ochemical processes, the mini-ecosystem lichens, the ecology of microbes, for our global geneti 
cesses, the mini-ecosystem lichens, the ecology of microbes, for our global genetic resources,  
11168 30                                         climate change has been described as one of the most pr 
tific advisor to the government and its impacts are to be seen both in terrestrial and marine e 
 are to be seen both in terrestrial and marine environments. oceanic water circulation controls 
strial and marine environments. oceanic water circulation controls regional climate change in n 
nic water circulation controls regional climate change in north west europe and also affects ma 
s regional climate change in north west europe and also affects marine ecosystems, fisheries an 
e in north west europe and also affects marine ecosystems, fisheries and climatic susceptibilit 
rth west europe and also affects marine ecosystems, fisheries and climatic susceptibility to ma 
ope and also affects marine ecosystems, fisheries and climatic susceptibility to man-made emiss 
y to man-made emissions. if attempts to model the impacts of future climate change on marine ec 
ade emissions. if attempts to model the impacts of future climate change on marine ecosystems a 
attempts to model the impacts of future climate change on marine ecosystems and associated fish 
the impacts of future climate change on marine ecosystems and associated fisheries are to succe 
acts of future climate change on marine ecosystems and associated fisheries are to succeede, we 
nge on marine ecosystems and associated fisheries are to succeede, we require a highly detailed 
st climatic changes have affected those ecosystems. this can be achieved by examining how clima 
g how climatic variability has impacted marine ecosystems during the last ~10000 years, the hol 
limatic variability has impacted marine ecosystems during the last ~10000 years, the holocene.  
ghly-detailed data exist for north west europe. this study will investigate fossil assemblages  
ved in chronologically ordered, shallow-water, marine carbonate deposits spanning most of the h 
chronologically ordered, shallow-water, marine carbonate deposits spanning most of the holocene 
bonate deposits targetted are formed by algae and host very diverse communities of associated o 
ill be related to historical changes in marine climate obtained from a novel organic recorder d 
related to historical changes in marine climate obtained from a novel organic recorder develope 
ons in determining how predicted future climate change is likely to impact marine ecosystems an 
ture climate change is likely to impact marine ecosystems and humans who are the end users of c 
imate change is likely to impact marine ecosystems and humans who are the end users of comercia 
e the end users of comercially targeted ecosystems. additionlly, organic recorders of past temp 
 north atlantic to help refine european climate predictions for the next 100 years. thus the hi 
ance in obtaining sub-annual historical temperature data for north atlantic oceanic circulation 
13798 10 ool in basic ecological research and in habitat monitoring within agricultural landscapes. much 
asic ecological research and in habitat monitoring within agricultural landscapes. much of the  
search and in habitat monitoring within agricultural landscapes. much of the biodiversity value 
in agricultural landscapes. much of the biodiversity value of agricultural landscapes depends o 
apes. much of the biodiversity value of agricultural landscapes depends on the preservation of  
nformative explanatory models for plant species diversity studies will be performed in a local  
ty studies will be performed in a local landscape and compared with results from other areas. i 
ults from other areas. interacting with stakeholders, the project will provide cost-effective m 
use in basic ecological research and in biodiversity conservation in agricultural landscapes.  
rch and in biodiversity conservation in agricultural landscapes.  
10270 18 ific value upland peatlands offer vital ecosystem services from carbon storage, biodiversity, w 
nds offer vital ecosystem services from carbon storage, biodiversity, water provision, flood pr 
ecosystem services from carbon storage, biodiversity, water provision, flood protection, aesthe 
ices from carbon storage, biodiversity, water provision, flood protection, aesthetic/recreation 
ction, aesthetic/recreational value, to economic value from grouse shooting and grazing. due to 
economic value from grouse shooting and grazing. due to historic and current atmospheric pollut 
due to historic and current atmospheric pollution, inappropriate land management and wildfires, 
nt atmospheric pollution, inappropriate land management and wildfires, large areas of peatlands 
as of peatlands are degraded. peatlands restoration is one of the main tools to adress governme 
ls to adress government psa targets for biodiversity, soil and water protection in uplands. res 
overnment psa targets for biodiversity, soil and water protection in uplands. restoration is of 
 psa targets for biodiversity, soil and water protection in uplands. restoration is of crucial  
, soil and water protection in uplands. restoration is of crucial importance to protect uk soil 
 is of crucial importance to protect uk soil carbon stores, as more than 50% of uk soil carbon  
l carbon stores, as more than 50% of uk soil carbon is stored in peat and is rapidly lost. rest 
 is stored in peat and is rapidly lost. restoration efforts have started to restore bare peat a 
 have started to restore bare peat at a landscape scale in the uk; the moors for the future par 
ted to restore bare peat at a landscape scale in the uk; the moors for the future partnership . 
10898 8 we know in general terms that in the uk salt marshes occur between the elevation that correspon 
 the elevation that corresponds to high water of neap tides and high water of spring tides. how 
ds to high water of neap tides and high water of spring tides. however, on the complex coastlin 
owever, on the complex coastlines where salt marshes occur the elevation that a high water reac 
marshes occur the elevation that a high water reaches varies over quite short distances. as a r 
r year and the occurrence of particular salt marsh species and communities. the uncertainties i 
. the uncertainties in where particular salt marsh communities and species occur are at the upp 
ionship between inundation patterns and vegetation patterns  
13341 34 d aquatic resources, focused on values, livelihoods, conservation issues and wise-use options a 
ources, focused on values, livelihoods, conservation issues and wise-use options at five sites  
in asia . factors assessed will include biodiversity and ecosystem services, including provisio 
 assessed will include biodiversity and ecosystem services, including provisioning, regulating, 
d strategies of households dependent on ecosystem services derived from highland aquatic resour 
, will be assessed within a sustainable livelihoods framework and opportunities to enhance such 
ework and opportunities to enhance such livelihoods assessed. institutional features, including 
uding local, national and international policy and legislation, trajectories of change, stakeho 
 conflict will be assessed. stakeholder participation will be critical to ensure new knowledge  
 knowledge is accessible for collective decision-making and development of policies for the equ 
ible for collective decision-making and development of policies for the equitable use and conse 
t of policies for the equitable use and conservation; methods and indicators for participatory  
table use and conservation; methods and indicators for participatory monitoring and evaluation  
ethods and indicators for participatory monitoring and evaluation of ecosystem services and bio 
cators for participatory monitoring and evaluation of ecosystem services and biodiversity will  
ticipatory monitoring and evaluation of ecosystem services and biodiversity will be developed.  
nd evaluation of ecosystem services and biodiversity will be developed. action plans will then  
tion plans will then be formulated with stakeholders to: monitor the health of highland aquatic 
d promote wise-use, and where necessary livelihoods diversification, to enhance poor livelihood 
ihoods diversification, to enhance poor livelihoods and conservation; integrate sustainable and 
cation, to enhance poor livelihoods and conservation; integrate sustainable and wise-use, livel 
on; integrate sustainable and wise-use, livelihoods diversification and conservation with water 
se-use, livelihoods diversification and conservation with watershed management priorities throu 
s diversification and conservation with watershed management priorities throughout the region.  
on. action plans will be implemented by stakeholders at four sites displaying high biodiversity 
keholders at four sites displaying high biodiversity in asia and the ecosystem, livelihoods and 
aying high biodiversity in asia and the ecosystem, livelihoods and institutional impacts assess 
biodiversity in asia and the ecosystem, livelihoods and institutional impacts assessed through  
cosystem, livelihoods and institutional impacts assessed through participatory monitoring and e 
 impacts assessed through participatory monitoring and evaluation. best practices aimed at cons 
ed through participatory monitoring and evaluation. best practices aimed at conserving biodiver 
ion. best practices aimed at conserving biodiversity and sustaining ecosystem services will be  
 conserving biodiversity and sustaining ecosystem services will be communicated to potential us 
al users to promote uptake and enhanced policy formulation.  
7481 34 d aquatic resources, focused on values, livelihoods, conservation issues and wise-use options a 
ources, focused on values, livelihoods, conservation issues and wise-use options at five sites  
in asia . factors assessed will include biodiversity and ecosystem services, including provisio 
 assessed will include biodiversity and ecosystem services, including provisioning, regulating, 
d strategies of households dependent on ecosystem services derived from highland aquatic resour 
, will be assessed within a sustainable livelihoods framework and opportunities to enhance such 
ework and opportunities to enhance such livelihoods assessed. institutional features, including 
uding local, national and international policy and legislation, trajectories of change, stakeho 
 conflict will be assessed. stakeholder participation will be critical to ensure new knowledge  
 knowledge is accessible for collective decision-making and development of policies for the equ 
ible for collective decision-making and development of policies for the equitable use and conse 
t of policies for the equitable use and conservation; methods and indicators for participatory  
table use and conservation; methods and indicators for participatory monitoring and evaluation  
ethods and indicators for participatory monitoring and evaluation of ecosystem services and bio 
cators for participatory monitoring and evaluation of ecosystem services and biodiversity will  
ticipatory monitoring and evaluation of ecosystem services and biodiversity will be developed.  
nd evaluation of ecosystem services and biodiversity will be developed. action plans will then  
tion plans will then be formulated with stakeholders to: monitor the health of highland aquatic 
d promote wise-use, and where necessary livelihoods diversification, to enhance poor livelihood 
ihoods diversification, to enhance poor livelihoods and conservation; integrate sustainable and 
cation, to enhance poor livelihoods and conservation; integrate sustainable and wise-use, livel 
on; integrate sustainable and wise-use, livelihoods diversification and conservation with water 
se-use, livelihoods diversification and conservation with watershed management priorities throu 
s diversification and conservation with watershed management priorities throughout the region.  
on. action plans will be implemented by stakeholders at four sites displaying high biodiversity 
keholders at four sites displaying high biodiversity in asia and the ecosystem, livelihoods and 
aying high biodiversity in asia and the ecosystem, livelihoods and institutional impacts assess 
biodiversity in asia and the ecosystem, livelihoods and institutional impacts assessed through  
cosystem, livelihoods and institutional impacts assessed through participatory monitoring and e 
 impacts assessed through participatory monitoring and evaluation. best practices aimed at cons 
ed through participatory monitoring and evaluation. best practices aimed at conserving biodiver 
ion. best practices aimed at conserving biodiversity and sustaining ecosystem services will be  
 conserving biodiversity and sustaining ecosystem services will be communicated to potential us 
al users to promote uptake and enhanced policy formulation.  
15195 15 na marshes are an international reknown wetland. even though, the seasonal flood dynamics of th 
uction. the satellite image bank of the gis and remote sensing lab of the doñana biological sta 
the satellite image bank of the gis and remote sensing lab of the doñana biological station is  
ich we will use the radiometric data of landsat images to reconstruct flood levels, turbidity,  
od levels, turbidity, depth and aquatic vegetation cover of the marshes for the last 30 years.  
o develop new techniques to map aquatic vegetation communities, particularly to recent plant in 
ticularly to recent plant invaders, the water fern azolla filiculoides and the denseflower cord 
se our capacity to discriminate aquatic vegetation species. we will fly an hyperspectral sensor 
nd will generate annual maps of aquatic vegetation communities and of the plant invaders. the f 
nal aim of this project is to develop a wetlands monitoring system based on remote sensing tech 
f this project is to develop a wetlands monitoring system based on remote sensing techniques fo 
p a wetlands monitoring system based on remote sensing techniques for the doñana marshes, that  
oñana marshes, that can be used for the management of this dynamic and singular landscape in a  
management of this dynamic and singular landscape in a scenario of global change.  
and singular landscape in a scenario of global change.  
15529 1 d archaeological sites from the western mediterranean by paleoclimatic reconstruction and estab 
15004 13 of the trophic line that influences the biological control of aphids and psyllids that can beco 
explosions, very common in tropical and mediterranean areas. nowadays, many studies of parasite 
due to the lack of information on their biodiversity. even if the phylogeny of the charipinae h 
tion on their biodiversity. even if the phylogeny of the charipinae has been recently studied a 
pinae has been recently studied and its biodiversity has been broadly studied in europe and nor 
iodiversity has been broadly studied in europe and north america by several authors, the richne 
d north america by several authors, the richness of species of this subfamily is poorly known i 
order to be able to establish the total biodiversity of the subfamily, and its role on the cont 
their main hosts, the aphids. once this biodiversity is known, some unresolved issues will be t 
ubfamily, and so from which the present biodiversity of the charipinae comes; - know the real b 
f the charipinae comes; - know the real biodiversity of the charipinae outside europe and north 
 biodiversity of the charipinae outside europe and north america, especially that concerning th 
 project, all the ecological studies of parasitoid fauna associated to aphids and psyllids, as  
11640 29                                  global biodiversity is experiencing a dramatically high extinc 
ity is experiencing a dramatically high extinction rate unprecedented in its severity, and huma 
rate unprecedented in its severity, and human impact now ensures that extinction continues to t 
rity, and human impact now ensures that extinction continues to threaten our remaining species  
ion continues to threaten our remaining species diversity. it is therefore important for conser 
iversity. it is therefore important for conservation biologists to understand the genetic contr 
s to a species decline towards eventual extinction. experiments using model species, either in  
 eventual extinction. experiments using model species, either in the laboratory or in closely-s 
provided a clear picture of how loss of genetic diversity, and increased inbreeding at the dna  
al way forward is to examine changes in genetic diversity contained within dna across time, and 
s of hawaiian honeycreepers, a group of forest bird species famous for their diversity of pluma 
of forest bird species famous for their diversity of plumage and bill-shapes. hawaiian birds ar 
ty of plumage and bill-shapes. hawaiian birds are an ideal set of species with which to study e 
deal set of species with which to study extinction, because a large proportion of hawaiian bird 
 because a large proportion of hawaiian birds are known to have gone extinct, and detailed hist 
d to captain cook upon his discovery of hawaii in 1778. the capes contain feathers from several 
g us to compare changes in the level of genetic diversity across 230 years, for extinct and liv 
rs as ornaments. by measuring levels of genetic diversity in museum skins of this species known 
oss this time period, we can examine if extinction of the o o involved a period of small popula 
and inbreeding, during in which loss of genetic diversity could have contributed to the decline 
ill therefore sample microsatellite dna diversity in two extinct and two extant species, from m 
 to identify patterns between levels of genetic diversity and extinction. the projects findings 
between levels of genetic diversity and extinction. the projects findings will be interpreted a 
 findings from this project will inform conservation practitioners of the role of genetic proce 
ective for the us federal government in hawaii, who currently invests considerable funds into r 
considerable funds into restoring those forest bird species that are most endangered. this proj 
ion that museum collections can make to conservation science, and recovery of endangered specie 
s can make to conservation science, and recovery of endangered species.  
o conservation science, and recovery of endangered species.  
14747 9 ana marshes are an international renown wetland. even though, the seasonal flood dynamics of th 
uction. the satellite image bank of the gis and remote sensing lab of the doñana biological sta 
the satellite image bank of the gis and remote sensing lab of the doñana biological station det 
nal aim of this project is to develop a wetland monitoring system based on remote sensing techn 
of this project is to develop a wetland monitoring system based on remote sensing techniques fo 
op a wetland monitoring system based on remote sensing techniques for the doñana marshes, that  
oñana marshes, that can be used for the management of this dynamic and singular landscape in a  
management of this dynamic and singular landscape in a scenario of global change.  
and singular landscape in a scenario of global change.  
2135 37 he high arctic are characterized by low water temperature, long-term ice cover, low levels of n 
h arctic are characterized by low water temperature, long-term ice cover, low levels of nutrien 
ure, long-term ice cover, low levels of nutrients and low biodiversity. thus, minor climatic ch 
 cover, low levels of nutrients and low biodiversity. thus, minor climatic changes may be of gr 
es may be of great importance to arctic freshwater fish by influencing gonad development and in 
f great importance to arctic freshwater fish by influencing gonad development and individual gr 
ic freshwater fish by influencing gonad development and individual growth rate - two life histo 
encing gonad development and individual growth rate - two life history parameters strongly affe 
opment and individual growth rate - two life history parameters strongly affecting production a 
e history parameters strongly affecting production and subsequent year class strength. by using 
ubsequent year class strength. by using fish otolith-derived water temperature inferences based 
strength. by using fish otolith-derived water temperature inferences based on otolith thermomet 
th. by using fish otolith-derived water temperature inferences based on otolith thermometry and 
ionships between climatic variation and life history parameters may be reconstructed. the circu 
 arctic charr , and include anadromous, freshwater resident, and landlocked populations. the ch 
iths provide a highly suitable tool for growth back-calculations, thus presenting an ideal mode 
-calculations, thus presenting an ideal model for studies on how environmental factors affect l 
ies on how environmental factors affect life history traits in arctic freshwater fish communiti 
vironmental factors affect life history traits in arctic freshwater fish communities. increased 
rs affect life history traits in arctic freshwater fish communities. increased temperatures and 
ife history traits in arctic freshwater fish communities. increased temperatures and changes in 
. increased temperatures and changes in precipitation, as consequences of global warming, are p 
es in precipitation, as consequences of global warming, are predicted to affect both terrestria 
f the northern hemisphere. increases in temperature and precipitation are predicted as conseque 
emisphere. increases in temperature and precipitation are predicted as consequences of global w 
tation are predicted as consequences of global warming, and increases in winter precipitation w 
global warming, and increases in winter precipitation will come in the form of more snow at ver 
ze-up dates, insulation, ice thickness, water temperature, break-up dates, all of which profoun 
dates, insulation, ice thickness, water temperature, break-up dates, all of which profoundly wo 
ll of which profoundly would affect the ecology of fish. the objective of this proposal is to e 
 profoundly would affect the ecology of fish. the objective of this proposal is to examine the  
mine the effect of these factors on the life history of svalbard arctic charr using cutting-edg 
s and to use svalbard arctic charr as a model organism for predicting the consequences of diffe 
redicting the consequences of different climate change scenarios on freshwater ecosystem in the 
onsequences of different climate change scenarios on freshwater ecosystem in the arctic.  
f different climate change scenarios on freshwater ecosystem in the arctic.  
 climate change scenarios on freshwater ecosystem in the arctic.  
10778 2 hat corals approaches to quantify coral growth rates and styles of coral skeletal deposition in 
acropora that were collected from clear water sites at low isles during the 1928-1929 great bar 
15215 13 ssils permit the reconstruction of past vegetation and environs where it has been established.  
construction of past environs and their evolution until today can give us an idea about what ch 
he earth periods with greatest climatic stability and is precisely during this period when the  
nd mid holocene climatic changes on the vegetation during the period before the human colonizat 
tion during the period before the human colonization of the archipelago. the possibility of car 
sults about the impact of humans to the forests of the region. in this project we propose to ex 
l be carried aout. changes found in the vegetation could be related to past changes in climate  
ion could be related to past changes in climate and these relations would be used in the predic 
f vegetal communities or single species distribution ranges that may be enhanced by the coming  
nges that may be enhanced by the coming climate change. the baseline of ecosystems in gran cana 
 coming climate change. the baseline of ecosystems in gran canaria, specially the evergreen lau 
canaria, specially the evergreen laurel forest, would be established as well as the effect that 
 have caused in the composition of this forest.  
10130 11           past terrestrial responses to climate-ocean interactions in the north atlantic region 
they show how changes in key aspects of climate that will be affected by future global warming, 
climate that will be affected by future global warming, such as ice sheet volume ocean circulat 
c importance, including the atmospheric water balance soil moisture availability. although we a 
including the atmospheric water balance soil moisture availability. although we are beginning t 
ough we are beginning to understand the nature magnitude of changes in the circulation of the n 
nderstood in terms of timing, magnitude spatial pattern. it is imperative to rectify this defic 
lationships between oceanic terrestrial climate change, to enable future soil conditions water  
strial climate change, to enable future soil conditions water resources to be predicted using c 
hange, to enable future soil conditions water resources to be predicted using computer models.  
e of the ice sheet, 6800 years ago, the climate of the study area was indirectly influenced by  
10416 11           past terrestrial responses to climate-ocean interactions in the north atlantic region 
they show how changes in key aspects of climate that will be affected by future global warming, 
climate that will be affected by future global warming, such as ice sheet volume ocean circulat 
c importance, including the atmospheric water balance soil moisture availability. although we a 
including the atmospheric water balance soil moisture availability. although we are beginning t 
ough we are beginning to understand the nature magnitude of changes in the circulation of the n 
nderstood in terms of timing, magnitude spatial pattern. it is imperative to rectify this defic 
lationships between oceanic terrestrial climate change, to enable future soil conditions water  
strial climate change, to enable future soil conditions water resources to be predicted using c 
hange, to enable future soil conditions water resources to be predicted using computer models.  
e of the ice sheet, 6800 years ago, the climate of the study area was indirectly influenced by  
11698 11           past terrestrial responses to climate-ocean interactions in the north atlantic region 
they show how changes in key aspects of climate that will be affected by future global warming, 
climate that will be affected by future global warming, such as ice sheet volume ocean circulat 
c importance, including the atmospheric water balance soil moisture availability. although we a 
including the atmospheric water balance soil moisture availability. although we are beginning t 
ough we are beginning to understand the nature magnitude of changes in the circulation of the n 
nderstood in terms of timing, magnitude spatial pattern. it is imperative to rectify this defic 
lationships between oceanic terrestrial climate change, to enable future soil conditions water  
strial climate change, to enable future soil conditions water resources to be predicted using c 
hange, to enable future soil conditions water resources to be predicted using computer models.  
e of the ice sheet, 6800 years ago, the climate of the study area was indirectly influenced by  
9889 11           past terrestrial responses to climate-ocean interactions in the north atlantic region 
they show how changes in key aspects of climate that will be affected by future global warming, 
climate that will be affected by future global warming, such as ice sheet volume ocean circulat 
c importance, including the atmospheric water balance soil moisture availability. although we a 
including the atmospheric water balance soil moisture availability. although we are beginning t 
ough we are beginning to understand the nature magnitude of changes in the circulation of the n 
nderstood in terms of timing, magnitude spatial pattern. it is imperative to rectify this defic 
lationships between oceanic terrestrial climate change, to enable future soil conditions water  
strial climate change, to enable future soil conditions water resources to be predicted using c 
hange, to enable future soil conditions water resources to be predicted using computer models.  
e of the ice sheet, 6800 years ago, the climate of the study area was indirectly influenced by  
11333 5 practices into the context of long-term ecosystem dynamics to improve our understanding of how  
prove our understanding of how moorland ecosystems respond to changes in burning regime. new pa 
f concurrent studies on modern peatland ecology and fire will provide generic skills training a 
 studies on modern peatland ecology and fire will provide generic skills training attuned to rc 
llent support network and framework for assessment of progress through the research support gro 
14531 8 nellis eagle hieraaetus fasciatus is an endangered species that is declining in all europe. the 
ngered species that is declining in all europe. the main population is concentrated in spain bu 
 the main population is concentrated in spain but is also in regression specially in the half n 
c desequilibrium caused by a high adult mortality. adults are known territorial and sedentary,  
e adult home ranges, their foraging and habitat selection, and also its geographic, individual  
y and occupation of home ranges and its modelling. to analize this factors researchers will use 
ed reserves and tot set up the regional planning of the barcelona province and in order to prom 
 and in order to promote bonellis eagle conservation.  
10231 1 ng quantity - in our case the energetic efficiency of carrying. this combination means that our 
9802 1 ng quantity - in our case the energetic efficiency of carrying. this combination means that our 
14763 2 d eastern europa and those from central europe and also to explore evolutionary models that cou 
uld provide information on key adaptive traits of the neandertals; the candidate genes are: fox 
10924 2 itional environments, and environmental/climate change, has been largely unrealised. however, t 
t can be usefully applied as markers of climate change.  
11781 14 stressors can cause changes in cellular function including the generation of oxidative stress,  
n including the generation of oxidative stress, that is an imbalance between pro-oxidants and a 
 the former. the traditional conceptual model sees oxidative stress as having damaging conseque 
itional conceptual model sees oxidative stress as having damaging consequences for living syste 
tic effects: physical activity and heat stress. in a first experiment i will test whether indiv 
l later in life have a better oxidative stress response to strenuous flight or to heat stress c 
response to strenuous flight or to heat stress compared to those of individuals that were subje 
riment, i will test whether a mild heat stress experienced during development upregulates antio 
r a mild heat stress experienced during development upregulates antioxidant defences, so improv 
o improving later in life the oxidative stress response to heat stress or strenuous flight, aga 
e the oxidative stress response to heat stress or strenuous flight, again in comparison with in 
perienced either no or more severe heat stress. the results of these experiments will provide a 
sequences of variation in the oxidative stress response and of the role that specific environme 
mising responses of the organism to the environment.  
10234 7 on earth are dominated by plant-feeding insects and the insect predators that feed on them. man 
by plant-feeding insects and the insect predators that feed on them. many of the predators in t 
redators that feed on them. many of the predators in these communities attack many prey species 
s attack many prey species inflict high mortality on their gallwasp hosts, and recent work has  
population structure we find on foodweb complexity. more broadly, the use of oak galls as a stu 
ows us to address two further issues in ecology - the adaptive significance of variation in gal 
 the mechanisms by which communities of natural enemies develop around invading or introduced p 
10433 7 on earth are dominated by plant-feeding insects and the insect predators that feed on them. man 
by plant-feeding insects and the insect predators that feed on them. many of the predators in t 
redators that feed on them. many of the predators in these communities attack many prey species 
s attack many prey species inflict high mortality on their gallwasp hosts, and recent work has  
population structure we find on foodweb complexity. more broadly, the use of oak galls as a stu 
ows us to address two further issues in ecology - the adaptive significance of variation in gal 
 the mechanisms by which communities of natural enemies develop around invading or introduced p 
15013 2 ions in different ways, determining the distribution of the parasites or their vectors, modifyi 
end to obtain conclusions applicable to conservation programs in an attempt to improve their su 
10703 29 widespread and important in the natural environment. symbiotic associations can range from bein 
ssociations underpin the functioning of ecosystems: mutualism can allow pairs of organisms to s 
underpin the functioning of ecosystems: mutualism can allow pairs of organisms to survive where 
ther would and parasitism can limit the growth of host populations. these symbioses are particu 
 about how these associations shape the evolution and diversity of microbial symbionts. here we 
se associations shape the evolution and diversity of microbial symbionts. here we want to under 
nts. here we want to understand how the evolution of symbiotic organisms is different under con 
tualistic. our approach is to study the evolution of a bacterial-plasmid symbiosis where the na 
dy the evolution of a bacterial-plasmid symbiosis where the nature of the association ranges fr 
a bacterial-plasmid symbiosis where the nature of the association ranges from parasitic to mutu 
rasitic to mutualistic depending on the environment: in the presence of mercury the association 
ause the plasmid has a gene for mercury resistance; and in the absence of mercury the associati 
 because carrying the plasmid slows the growth of the bacteria. in nature carrying the plasmid  
ing the plasmid slows the growth of the bacteria. in nature carrying the plasmid allows bacteri 
id slows the growth of the bacteria. in nature carrying the plasmid allows bacteria to survive  
. in nature carrying the plasmid allows bacteria to survive in otherwise toxic mercury contamin 
in otherwise toxic mercury contaminated soils. we will exploit the short generation times, and  
on times, and large population sizes of bacteria to observe evolution in action. we will discov 
population sizes of bacteria to observe evolution in action. we will discover and contrast the  
s that occur in the genomes of both the bacteria and the plasmid as they co-evolve on a continu 
ntinuum of environments that change the symbiosis from parasitic to mutualistic. - our study is 
ause we will, for the first time, study evolution across a parasitic-mutualistic symbiosis cont 
volution across a parasitic-mutualistic symbiosis continuum using a single symbiotic associatio 
 - our study is relevant to the natural environment because such bacterial-plasmid associations 
o play an important role in maintaining biodiversity and ecosystem function, particularly in re 
nt role in maintaining biodiversity and ecosystem function, particularly in response to heavy m 
esponse to heavy metal contamination of soils. - our study is powerful because we will use an e 
l use an experimental approach to study evolution in action. - our study is timely because we w 
s in dna sequencing to directly observe evolution of genetic sequences in bacterial and plasmid 
11428 29 widespread and important in the natural environment. symbiotic associations can range from bein 
ssociations underpin the functioning of ecosystems: mutualism can allow pairs of organisms to s 
underpin the functioning of ecosystems: mutualism can allow pairs of organisms to survive where 
ther would and parasitism can limit the growth of host populations. these symbioses are particu 
 about how these associations shape the evolution and diversity of microbial symbionts. here we 
se associations shape the evolution and diversity of microbial symbionts. here we want to under 
nts. here we want to understand how the evolution of symbiotic organisms is different under con 
tualistic. our approach is to study the evolution of a bacterial-plasmid symbiosis where the na 
dy the evolution of a bacterial-plasmid symbiosis where the nature of the association ranges fr 
a bacterial-plasmid symbiosis where the nature of the association ranges from parasitic to mutu 
rasitic to mutualistic depending on the environment: in the presence of mercury the association 
ause the plasmid has a gene for mercury resistance; and in the absence of mercury the associati 
 because carrying the plasmid slows the growth of the bacteria. in nature carrying the plasmid  
ing the plasmid slows the growth of the bacteria. in nature carrying the plasmid allows bacteri 
id slows the growth of the bacteria. in nature carrying the plasmid allows bacteria to survive  
. in nature carrying the plasmid allows bacteria to survive in otherwise toxic mercury contamin 
in otherwise toxic mercury contaminated soils. we will exploit the short generation times, and  
on times, and large population sizes of bacteria to observe evolution in action. we will discov 
population sizes of bacteria to observe evolution in action. we will discover and contrast the  
s that occur in the genomes of both the bacteria and the plasmid as they co-evolve on a continu 
ntinuum of environments that change the symbiosis from parasitic to mutualistic. - our study is 
ause we will, for the first time, study evolution across a parasitic-mutualistic symbiosis cont 
volution across a parasitic-mutualistic symbiosis continuum using a single symbiotic associatio 
 - our study is relevant to the natural environment because such bacterial-plasmid associations 
o play an important role in maintaining biodiversity and ecosystem function, particularly in re 
nt role in maintaining biodiversity and ecosystem function, particularly in response to heavy m 
esponse to heavy metal contamination of soils. - our study is powerful because we will use an e 
l use an experimental approach to study evolution in action. - our study is timely because we w 
s in dna sequencing to directly observe evolution of genetic sequences in bacterial and plasmid 
10018 37  particularly important in evolutionary ecology, as this allows us to understand how individual 
 how individuals might respond to their environment. parasites make up the majority of species, 
 have been undertaken at a large enough scale to improve our knowledge of host-parasite interac 
ries markedly in space, even at a local scale in the case of avian malaria in our tit populatio 
ites with them wherever they go, so the dispersal of hosts is an important factor in understand 
n important factor in understanding the spatial heterogeneity of disease. the risk of parasite  
erstanding the spatial heterogeneity of disease. the risk of parasite infection in wild populat 
e spatial heterogeneity of disease. the risk of parasite infection in wild populations varies i 
in space, often due to variation in the abundance of infectious stages of the parasite. this ca 
ion in environmental conditions such as temperature and humidity, or inherent spatial processes 
, or inherent spatial processes such as disease clustering. does a site have a high level of di 
ering. does a site have a high level of disease infection due to the local environment, or beca 
l of disease infection due to the local environment, or because infected individuals have moved 
box population means that most breeding birds are individually ringed as chicks so we can track 
d great tits over a useful geographical scale to examine the influence of local environment and 
scale to examine the influence of local environment and host dispersal on the distribution of a 
influence of local environment and host dispersal on the distribution of avian malaria infectio 
l environment and host dispersal on the distribution of avian malaria infection. recent statist 
ecent statistical models to predict the distribution and spread of disease that take account of 
 predict the distribution and spread of disease that take account of this spatial dimension pro 
roups that each has a different spatial distribution. developments in the use of dna-based mala 
tions and environmental measurements of habitat variation using satellite imagery and microclim 
tly, logistically daunting questions in ecology. we have three objectives: 1. to understand the 
lected during this project, and a large scale field experiment to switch clutches of eggs betwe 
he extent to which the observed spatial distribution of the two malaria species results from ho 
ost-driven processes, particularly host dispersal. we will examine the spatial characteristics  
an malaria infection between classes of birds with different dispersal, both residents and immi 
between classes of birds with different dispersal, both residents and immigrants to the populat 
and conduct an experiment to manipulate dispersal by moving birds between woodlands. 3. finally 
iment to manipulate dispersal by moving birds between woodlands. 3. finally, we will employ a m 
 finally, we will employ a mathematical modelling approach to examine the relative roles if hos 
h to examine the relative roles if host dispersal, maternal immunity and the risk of malaria in 
st dispersal, maternal immunity and the risk of malaria infection in generating the spatial pat 
n in generating the spatial patterns of disease we see in our study population. these models wi 
es and leading to further empirical and modelling work. these three approaches are made possibl 
 tits, and will address the fundamental ecology of avian malaria in a wild bird population, whi 
e increasing our wider understanding of disease.  
10290 37  particularly important in evolutionary ecology, as this allows us to understand how individual 
 how individuals might respond to their environment. parasites make up the majority of species, 
 have been undertaken at a large enough scale to improve our knowledge of host-parasite interac 
ries markedly in space, even at a local scale in the case of avian malaria in our tit populatio 
ites with them wherever they go, so the dispersal of hosts is an important factor in understand 
n important factor in understanding the spatial heterogeneity of disease. the risk of parasite  
erstanding the spatial heterogeneity of disease. the risk of parasite infection in wild populat 
e spatial heterogeneity of disease. the risk of parasite infection in wild populations varies i 
in space, often due to variation in the abundance of infectious stages of the parasite. this ca 
ion in environmental conditions such as temperature and humidity, or inherent spatial processes 
, or inherent spatial processes such as disease clustering. does a site have a high level of di 
ering. does a site have a high level of disease infection due to the local environment, or beca 
l of disease infection due to the local environment, or because infected individuals have moved 
box population means that most breeding birds are individually ringed as chicks so we can track 
d great tits over a useful geographical scale to examine the influence of local environment and 
scale to examine the influence of local environment and host dispersal on the distribution of a 
influence of local environment and host dispersal on the distribution of avian malaria infectio 
l environment and host dispersal on the distribution of avian malaria infection. recent statist 
ecent statistical models to predict the distribution and spread of disease that take account of 
 predict the distribution and spread of disease that take account of this spatial dimension pro 
roups that each has a different spatial distribution. developments in the use of dna-based mala 
tions and environmental measurements of habitat variation using satellite imagery and microclim 
tly, logistically daunting questions in ecology. we have three objectives: 1. to understand the 
lected during this project, and a large scale field experiment to switch clutches of eggs betwe 
he extent to which the observed spatial distribution of the two malaria species results from ho 
ost-driven processes, particularly host dispersal. we will examine the spatial characteristics  
an malaria infection between classes of birds with different dispersal, both residents and immi 
between classes of birds with different dispersal, both residents and immigrants to the populat 
and conduct an experiment to manipulate dispersal by moving birds between woodlands. 3. finally 
iment to manipulate dispersal by moving birds between woodlands. 3. finally, we will employ a m 
 finally, we will employ a mathematical modelling approach to examine the relative roles if hos 
h to examine the relative roles if host dispersal, maternal immunity and the risk of malaria in 
st dispersal, maternal immunity and the risk of malaria infection in generating the spatial pat 
n in generating the spatial patterns of disease we see in our study population. these models wi 
es and leading to further empirical and modelling work. these three approaches are made possibl 
 tits, and will address the fundamental ecology of avian malaria in a wild bird population, whi 
e increasing our wider understanding of disease.  
15178 16 vidual animals commonly vary in general behavior from investigative, bold and explorative to he 
 explorative to hesitant, neophobic and risk aversive. such differences in personalities can be 
be maintained through the links between behavior and life history. differences in host behavior 
 through the links between behavior and life history. differences in host behavior may have con 
r and life history. differences in host behavior may have consequences for the risk of acquirin 
 behavior may have consequences for the risk of acquiring parasites and hence for the transmiss 
sites and hence for the transmission of disease. we propose to test for interactions between ho 
e to test for interactions between host behavior, parasite status and parasite transmission, us 
genera haemoproteus and plasmodium as a model system. we will quantify host personality behavio 
stem. we will quantify host personality behavior and relate that to natural variation in preval 
el of infection, results in a change in behavior. we will then relate host personality behavior 
r. we will then relate host personality behavior to risk of exposure to insect vectors of blood 
hen relate host personality behavior to risk of exposure to insect vectors of blood parasites,  
ve to vectors through their explorative behavior. this novel individual-based approach to the s 
 the potential to identify variation in risk of infection and transmission among hosts, providi 
ts, providing a link between individual behavior and population level processes in host-parasit 
9874 24                                 shallow water coral reefs are among the most important centres  
                          shallow water coral reefs are among the most important centres of mar 
are among the most important centres of marine biodiversity providing invaluable ecosystem serv 
ng the most important centres of marine biodiversity providing invaluable ecosystem services as 
arine biodiversity providing invaluable ecosystem services as millions of people are economical 
ral and anthropogenic stressors such as global warming, ocean acidification, rising pollution,  
genic stressors such as global warming, ocean acidification, rising pollution, overfishing, att 
al warming, ocean acidification, rising pollution, overfishing, attacks by predators or pathoge 
sing pollution, overfishing, attacks by predators or pathogens, salinity variations and increas 
ing, attacks by predators or pathogens, salinity variations and increased sedimentation might r 
gens, salinity variations and increased sedimentation might result in a dramatic loss of coral  
tion might result in a dramatic loss of coral reefs within this century. the future of coral re 
eefs within this century. the future of coral reefs is strongly dependent on strategies that en 
reef regions affected by high levels of stress and to forecast bleaching events in order to enh 
st bleaching events in order to enhance management efforts on particularly vulnerable areas. ho 
dictive capacity of currently available remote sensing techniques is limited by the fact that p 
fact that prediction is mainly based on temperature anomalies and does not consider the above m 
nsider the above mentioned multitude of stress factors that act together to increase susceptibi 
level. the proposed study will focus on temperature stress as an eminent threat for coral reefs 
roposed study will focus on temperature stress as an eminent threat for coral reefs. moreover,  
erature stress as an eminent threat for coral reefs. moreover, examination of the effect of thi 
over, examination of the effect of this stress factor on the tissue content of host pigments is 
trate the proof of principle of the new monitoring concept as a downregulation of transcripts e 
s to combinations of different forms of stress and refine the fluorescent protein-based bioindi 
14182 11            the main factors influencing richness of plants and animals are relatively well unde 
 due to their size and well-established taxonomy. increasing diversity of primary producers enh 
d well-established taxonomy. increasing diversity of primary producers enhances the diversity o 
rsity of primary producers enhances the diversity of consumers along the food-chain by enabling 
 both niche differentiation and greater productivity. such ecological interactions involving mi 
h costs of identification. of microbes, fungi play a key role in decomposition interactions inv 
. of microbes, fungi play a key role in decomposition interactions involving resource heterogen 
osition interactions involving resource heterogeneity and feedbacks from litter. in addition to 
 project provides further insights into forest management and biodiversity conservation plannin 
her insights into forest management and biodiversity conservation planning from the fungal pers 
into forest management and biodiversity conservation planning from the fungal perspective.  
11588 3 , virulent parasites that cause obvious disease. however, infections frequently involve more th 
een hosts and parasites in leaf-cutting ants infected by a virulent fungal pathogen and/or an a 
host genotypes and phenotypes differ in resistance to the avirulent parasite and if the same ho 
13760 1  the level of reserve carbohydrate with resistance to attack. next, the volatile and surface ch 
196 10      the proposed project will focus on phylogeny and evolutionary ecology of the representativ 
ill focus on phylogeny and evolutionary ecology of the representatives of the ascomycete family 
ypocreaceae that grow on fruitbodies of fungi. this group provides an exceptionally good opport 
ill be subjected to detailed study as a model system to reveal factors determining host specifi 
 specialized taxa in order to trace the evolution of host specificity. various methods of conte 
genetic trees. besides the evolutionary ecology context, the work will also result in solving s 
ll provide information to elucidate the species composition and ecology of the genus russula in 
o elucidate the species composition and ecology of the genus russula in estonia. although playi 
. although playing an important role in forest ecosystems, this group has not been regionally r 
ugh playing an important role in forest ecosystems, this group has not been regionally revised  
13490 6 ruses are extremely abundant in aquatic ecosystems typically outnumbering bacteria by a factor  
uatic ecosystems typically outnumbering bacteria by a factor of 10. their numbers and ubiquity  
 the potential to control structure and function of microbial communities. as viruses are paras 
ophages could be added directly to lake water samples. besides the fundamental research interes 
aters, my proposed study will serve the restoration of lakes and water reservoirs, since unders 
will serve the restoration of lakes and water reservoirs, since understanding of cyanophage-ind 
14704 15                                         climate is believed to be the main determinant of speci 
s geographic ranges, and the effects of climate change on species distributions are important f 
species distributions are important for agriculture, medicine and the conservation of biodivers 
rtant for agriculture, medicine and the conservation of biodiversity. the distributions of many 
lture, medicine and the conservation of biodiversity. the distributions of many species have al 
ave already changed in conjunction with climate warming, but the mechanisms determining the lim 
ady changed in conjunction with climate warming, but the mechanisms determining the limits to s 
s distributions are limited directly by climate, or indirectly, through the effects of climate  
, or indirectly, through the effects of climate and habitat on the distributions of interacting 
tly, through the effects of climate and habitat on the distributions of interacting species to  
limatic conditions influence population density and variability independently of host plant den 
variability independently of host plant density, specifically by determining rates of ovipositi 
mplications for the future responses of biodiversity to climate change both generally and in th 
the future responses of biodiversity to climate change both generally and in threatened montane 
oth generally and in threatened montane ecosystems.  
13845 6 s in population genetics are pivotal to conservation biology. first, the amount of genetic vari 
olutionary potential in fitness-related traits, 3 the role of natural selection vs. genetic dri 
uantitative genetic variation in larval life history traits within and between subpopulations.  
enetic variation in larval life history traits within and between subpopulations. 2 determine t 
 and the potential to adapt to changing climate. 4 compare molecular variation in adaptive and  
aptive variation vs. neutral markers in conservation genetics. furthermore, a new set of adapti 
13922 25 aim to improve our understanding of how competition hierarchies among boreal ants are regulated 
ow competition hierarchies among boreal ants are regulated by disturbance due to fire and fores 
hies among boreal ants are regulated by disturbance due to fire and forestry and consequent cha 
nts are regulated by disturbance due to fire and forestry and consequent changes in resource av 
egulated by disturbance due to fire and forestry and consequent changes in resource availabilit 
quent changes in resource availability. ants are ecologically very important in terrestrial eco 
logically very important in terrestrial ecosystems: they are extremely abundant, are involved i 
s and are able to alter their habitats. competition is thought to play an important role in str 
ittle is known about how the effects of competition interact with those of disturbances, such a 
e of disturbances, such as those due to forestry, a dominant force shaping swedish landscapes t 
haping swedish landscapes today. modern forestry alters fire regimes, thus altering the abiliti 
andscapes today. modern forestry alters fire regimes, thus altering the abilities of species to 
cessfully compete for resources. recent restoration programs aim to restore natural fire regime 
oration programs aim to restore natural fire regimes, however their effectiveness for epigaeic  
owever their effectiveness for epigaeic invertebrates remains untested. changes in spatial and  
l resource availability, resulting from forestry-related disturbances, may also have large impa 
lated disturbances, may also have large impacts on ant assemblages. i will use large-scale mani 
ts on ant assemblages. i will use large-scale manipulative experiments to examine how competiti 
manipulative experiments to examine how competition hierarchies among boreal ants are regulated 
ow competition hierarchies among boreal ants are regulated by disturbances due to forestry and  
ts are regulated by disturbances due to forestry and fire and consequent changes in resource av 
ted by disturbances due to forestry and fire and consequent changes in resource availability. t 
edge will enhance our ability to manage forests so that we are better able to conserve natural  
ve natural processes and assemblages in boreal forest ecosystems.  
cesses and assemblages in boreal forest ecosystems.  
11132 9 gnificant distances and are detected by parasitoid wasps that use them to locate and parasitise 
y cases, it has been shown that certain parasitoids respond only to particular semiochemicals a 
eraction among plant shoots, aphids and parasitoids is relatively well understood. however, the 
ts and beneficial microorganisms in the rhizosphere. there is evidence from highly simplified h 
tial to release semiochemicals into the rhizosphere, which are available for uptake by neighbou 
le for uptake by neighbours. in natural soils, there is the possibility of a direct transfer pr 
hemicals between plants via mycorrhizal fungi. these fungi heavily colonise the roots of virtua 
een plants via mycorrhizal fungi. these fungi heavily colonise the roots of virtually all land  
or transfer of semiochemicals into bulk soil and to neighbouring plants uninfected by aphids, a 
10063 3 nges in individuals . third, we build a model to ask the question why did the observed parental 
nts are conducted using an experimental model animal: a soil mite. this has a fast generation t 
d using an experimental model animal: a soil mite. this has a fast generation time and a small  
11076 3 nges in individuals . third, we build a model to ask the question why did the observed parental 
nts are conducted using an experimental model animal: a soil mite. this has a fast generation t 
d using an experimental model animal: a soil mite. this has a fast generation time and a small  
9876 14                                         vegetation within river channels has a profound influen 
luence on the functioning and therefore management of fluvial systems. it can significantly eff 
it can significantly effect: i the flow resistance and thus influence water conveyance and ther 
 the flow resistance and thus influence water conveyance and therefore potentially increase flo 
nd therefore potentially increase flood risk; ii erosion, deposition and sediment transport rat 
ore potentially increase flood risk; ii erosion, deposition and sediment transport rates; and i 
 flood risk; ii erosion, deposition and sediment transport rates; and iii the biological activi 
within the fluvial system. on a smaller spatial scale, vegetation also generates turbulence tha 
ial system. on a smaller spatial scale, vegetation also generates turbulence that drives both m 
ts generated around and above submerged macrophytes and canopies. fluvial flow has traditionall 
 understanding of the effect of aquatic vegetation on the generation, evolution and dissipation 
f aquatic vegetation on the generation, evolution and dissipation of coherent flow structures i 
iments using novel automated turbulence mapping techniques in the uk s best-equipped environmen 
the increased drag from the presence of vegetation which will enable an improved parameterisati 
12255 25 id a subsidy to remove land from arable production. the scheme was introduced as part of eu agr 
s introduced as part of eu agricultural policy reforms to decrease grain surpluses across the e 
as the benefits of potentially reducing soil erosion and halting or reversing declines in farml 
lting or reversing declines in farmland biodiversity associated with conventional intensive agr 
ith conventional intensive agricultural production. many studies have been conducted to investi 
the impact of set-aside on above-ground biodiversity. however, limited information is available 
ge from arable cropping to set-aside on soil organic matter and soil microbial biodiversity. so 
to set-aside on soil organic matter and soil microbial biodiversity. soil organic matter as the 
 soil organic matter and soil microbial biodiversity. soil organic matter as they are an import 
matter and soil microbial biodiversity. soil organic matter as they are an important group invo 
they are an important group involved in soil biogeochemical cycling and carbon flow and because 
lved in soil biogeochemical cycling and carbon flow and because methods for assessing their pop 
or assessing their population sizes and diversity are relatively well established. data will be 
ales over which improvements to som and soil biodiversity take place following change to set-as 
of loss of any enhanced level of som or biodiversity in set-aside, following reversion to cropp 
pping. this will help determine whether management practices can be developed to reduce loss of 
w the effect of loss of set-aside other ecosystem services mediated by soil to be determined, p 
de other ecosystem services mediated by soil to be determined, particularly nutrient loss, and  
, particularly nutrient loss, and hence water quality. the extent to which soil properties and  
ence water quality. the extent to which soil properties and geographical location determines di 
al microbial populations and arbuscular fungi following conversion of set-aside to cropping, on 
 of set-aside to cropping, on different soil types and regions in england and wales. furthermor 
e to which microbes show biogeograpical distribution will determined, allowing judgements to be 
judgements to be made on the utility of soil microbes as generic bioindicators of soil quality, 
il microbes as generic bioindicators of soil quality, and the extent to which geography should  
10820 2 mportance of factors that may constrain adaptation remains one of the greatest challenges for e 
viduals process information about their environment. we will test how females adjust their beha 
10965 17                                         rhizosphere carbon flow is central to the functioning o 
                            rhizosphere carbon flow is central to the functioning of grassland  
n flow is central to the functioning of grassland ecosystems but there is virtually no informat 
central to the functioning of grassland ecosystems but there is virtually no information on the 
nship between the processes involved in carbon flow and the diversity, community structure and  
ocesses involved in carbon flow and the diversity, community structure and resilience of the mi 
olved in carbon flow and the diversity, community structure and resilience of the microbial pop 
 the diversity, community structure and resilience of the microbial populations mediating these 
 processes. this project aims to assess rhizosphere carbon flow following input of a 13c pulse  
this project aims to assess rhizosphere carbon flow following input of a 13c pulse and simultan 
and simultaneously to assess changes in microbial diversity using analysis of 13c in phospholip 
ng, combined with established molecular ecology techniques, including cloning and sequencing of 
he different approaches for analysis of ecosystem function and microbial diversity will determi 
 for analysis of ecosystem function and microbial diversity will determine whether rhizosphere  
robial diversity will determine whether rhizosphere carbon flow drives diversity.  
sity will determine whether rhizosphere carbon flow drives diversity.  
 whether rhizosphere carbon flow drives diversity.  
13797 22                                         salinity is a decisive factor for the distribution of a 
  salinity is a decisive factor for the distribution of animals in the marine environment but t 
 for the distribution of animals in the marine environment but the knowledge is still limited o 
e distribution of animals in the marine environment but the knowledge is still limited on how s 
t the knowledge is still limited on how salinity affects the most numerous metazoans of the sea 
. copepods are key organisms in pelagic food webs, constituting a crucial link between primary  
levels, and many commercially important fish species rely on copepods as food. previous studies 
ds as food. previous studies in coastal ecosystems showed that salinity is important for the sp 
udies in coastal ecosystems showed that salinity is important for the species composition and d 
owed that salinity is important for the species composition and dynamics of copepod communities 
of species experimental evidence on how salinity affects growth and fitness as well as copepod  
mental evidence on how salinity affects growth and fitness as well as copepod functional biolog 
ecologically significant species in the baltic sea - north sea corridor. the following question 
significant species in the baltic sea - north sea corridor. the following questions will be add 
questions will be addressed: 1 how does salinity affect the survival, gross growth efficiency a 
oes salinity affect the survival, gross growth efficiency and reproductive success 2 does salin 
inity affect the survival, gross growth efficiency and reproductive success 2 does salinity aff 
iciency and reproductive success 2 does salinity affect the role of copepods as grazers on phyt 
fect the role of copepods as grazers on phytoplankton 3 do copepods exhibit any behavioural res 
ds exhibit any behavioural responses to salinity methods will include traditional bottle incuba 
nities and facilitate the prediction of fish production in a future with changing climatic cond 
s and facilitate the prediction of fish production in a future with changing climatic condition 
10911 14 in the open ocean - the earth s largest ecosystem, of profound importance to global biogeochemi 
ystem, of profound importance to global biogeochemistry and climate. photoheterotrophic prokary 
mportance to global biogeochemistry and climate. photoheterotrophic prokaryotes use light for e 
heterotrophic prokaryotes use light for energy but cannot use carbon dioxide as their sole carb 
tes use light for energy but cannot use carbon dioxide as their sole carbon source and conseque 
cannot use carbon dioxide as their sole carbon source and consequently use organic molecules fr 
equently use organic molecules from the environment to satisfy their carbon requirements. despi 
s from the environment to satisfy their carbon requirements. despite considerable advances in t 
isms the role of solar radiation in the metabolism of bacterioplankton in the ocean is difficul 
lly test and to examine by mathematical modelling a hypothesis that sar11 alphaproteobacteria a 
alphaproteobacteria and prochlorococcus cyanobacteria numerically dominate the open ocean becau 
heterotrophic use of light at the ocean scale. in order to meet the above objectives we will fo 
rescence in situ hybridization and nano-scale secondary-ion mass spectrometry in conjunction wi 
 aim is to establish the input of solar energy into the microbial world of the open ocean beyon 
10980 14 in the open ocean - the earth s largest ecosystem, of profound importance to global biogeochemi 
ystem, of profound importance to global biogeochemistry and climate. photoheterotrophic prokary 
mportance to global biogeochemistry and climate. photoheterotrophic prokaryotes use light for e 
heterotrophic prokaryotes use light for energy but cannot use carbon dioxide as their sole carb 
tes use light for energy but cannot use carbon dioxide as their sole carbon source and conseque 
cannot use carbon dioxide as their sole carbon source and consequently use organic molecules fr 
equently use organic molecules from the environment to satisfy their carbon requirements. despi 
s from the environment to satisfy their carbon requirements. despite considerable advances in t 
isms the role of solar radiation in the metabolism of bacterioplankton in the ocean is difficul 
lly test and to examine by mathematical modelling a hypothesis that sar11 alphaproteobacteria a 
alphaproteobacteria and prochlorococcus cyanobacteria numerically dominate the open ocean becau 
heterotrophic use of light at the ocean scale. in order to meet the above objectives we will fo 
rescence in situ hybridization and nano-scale secondary-ion mass spectrometry in conjunction wi 
 aim is to establish the input of solar energy into the microbial world of the open ocean beyon 
11401 33                                 natural ecosystems provide important services to humans, such a 
f food, the prevention of flooding, and carbon sequestration. however, they are increasingly un 
der threat from global changes, such as habitat destruction and global warming. in order to mai 
hanges, such as habitat destruction and global warming. in order to maintain natural ecosystems 
l warming. in order to maintain natural ecosystems it is vital to understand how they work. tro 
t is vital to understand how they work. trophic interactions between groups of organisms - inte 
 the main factors determining how these ecosystems are structured. but the nature of these inte 
hese ecosystems are structured. but the nature of these interactions is poorly known, even in w 
key trophic interaction is that between ants and termites. both groups make up a large proporti 
roups make up a large proportion of the biomass in tropical ecosystems across the world, and ar 
e proportion of the biomass in tropical ecosystems across the world, and are known to be ecosys 
s across the world, and are known to be ecosystem engineers i.e. they are one of the main contr 
in contributors to the structure of the ecosystem. termites do this by moving soil around, and  
e ecosystem. termites do this by moving soil around, and eating large amounts of dead leaves, w 
e amounts of dead leaves, wood and even soil. ants also move soil around, and also consume a wi 
nts of dead leaves, wood and even soil. ants also move soil around, and also consume a wide var 
ves, wood and even soil. ants also move soil around, and also consume a wide variety of animals 
nts. since a majority of the species of ants are at least partly predatory, and termites are a  
ritious, it has often been assumed that ants eat a lot of termites. however, this has only been 
 for a small number of species, as much predation of termites by ants takes place underground.  
ecies, as much predation of termites by ants takes place underground. we propose to quantify th 
ose to quantify the interaction between ants and termites not by direct observation of predatio 
d termites not by direct observation of predation events, but by looking for termite genetic ma 
termite genetic material in the guts of ants. we already have collections of ants and termites  
of ants. we already have collections of ants and termites from soil cores taken in rain forest  
e collections of ants and termites from soil cores taken in rain forest in gabon. the different 
 termites from soil cores taken in rain forest in gabon. the different species of ant present h 
ta will allow us to construct a partial food web for the different species of ants and termites 
l food web for the different species of ants and termites, and will allow us to make prediction 
 allow us to make predictions about the impacts of processes such as habitat conversion and cli 
 about the impacts of processes such as habitat conversion and climate change on the structure  
rocesses such as habitat conversion and climate change on the structure of natural ecosystems.  
mate change on the structure of natural ecosystems.  
10970 12 pply man with honey and provide a vital pollination service. however, recently a large number o 
 may have permanently altered the viral landscape within which honeybees and other insects now  
dscape within which honeybees and other insects now operate. in areas where varroa is now well  
, worryingly, have been found in native bees, wasps and bumblebees in several countries, theref 
ral countries, therefore posing a wider biodiversity threat. however, almost nothing is known a 
almost nothing is known about the viral landscape before varroa arrived, since the mite had alr 
study how varroa is affecting the viral landscape, load and strain virulence. by collecting vir 
ral data from honeybee colonies, native bees and wasps before the spread of varroa will allow u 
es. this will provide insights into the population dynamics and evolutionary consequences of th 
re vital to understand host-parasite co-evolution between the honeybee-varroa mite and viral pa 
of how such invasive pests may threaten biodiversity indirectly, by potentially changing the wi 
by potentially changing the wider viral landscape.  
15450 2 ntish plover charadrius alexandrinus as model species. also, we will study whether such a trade 
he ability of females to cope with heat stress, as for females there would be a trade-off in th 
2102 16                  through a study of the management of cod in canada, eu, and norway, based on i 
ugh a study of the management of cod in canada, eu, and norway, based on insights and methodolo 
about how and under which preconditions fisheries management becomes possible and how fisheries 
ies management becomes possible and how fisheries management works. it starts out with a discus 
 starts out with a discussion about how fisheries management and science have transformed the n 
med the natural and unmanageable object fish into a complex cyborg fish which can be managed. t 
eable object fish into a complex cyborg fish which can be managed. the project will describe th 
edge, the actions, the instruments, and institutions that participate in this transformation or 
tion, which is the term used in ant, of nature and society, in this case represented by codfish 
lex network is built around this cyborg fish that is produced and all the translations that tak 
that institutionalizes both science and management in society. we also describe the transformat 
cribe the transformations of the cyborg fish that follows of all the disputes, controversies, a 
ntroversies, and responses about and to fisheries management. furthermore the project will answ 
furthermore the project will answer why fisheries management have had success in translating na 
agement have had success in translating nature and society, but not in ending disputes about wh 
ot in ending disputes about whether the management is sustainable or not.  
2167 5                       the coastal heath ecosystem is classified as greatly endangered under the 
 habitats directive. this is because of land-use changes resulting in a dramatic decrease in th 
ase in the utilisation of outfields for grazing. the threatened heathlands are invaded not only 
 large alien coniferous species. the un millennium ecosystem assessment , and the strategic pla 
ment , and the strategic plan to manage alien species.  
7721 4                                 genetic resistance of plants to pests and diseases are essentia 
ential components of a sustainable food production. resistance genes prove an effective way of  
nents of a sustainable food production. resistance genes prove an effective way of controlling  
 of plants and can significantly reduce pesticide use, meeting the regulatory requirements and  
10488 18 t 50,000 years, as humans spread out of africa and around the globe, they have been implicated  
hey have been implicated in a series of extinction events coinciding with their arrival in diff 
e are able to recognise these different extinction events in the recent past from fossil or sub 
ow much damage we have caused to global biodiversity and to predict how many more extinctions a 
il record to reconstruct the faunas and ecosystems that were present before humans spread aroun 
isotopic analysis. comparisons with the abundance and diversity of similar animals alive in oth 
sis. comparisons with the abundance and diversity of similar animals alive in other parts of th 
 similar comparisons with modern island ecosystems can also suggest whether we can identify any 
ses will also be studied by researching habitat preferences of hispaniola s surviving mammals,  
ved understanding of west indian mammal ecology will then show whether it is also possible to i 
 ecological interactions, such as fruit dispersal, that these animals may have had with their e 
t these animals may have had with their environment, and possible effects that their extinction 
onment, and possible effects that their extinction would have had on west indian ecosystem stru 
xtinction would have had on west indian ecosystem structure. this improved understanding of the 
understanding of the region s pre-human ecology can then suggest appropriate methods of restori 
uggest appropriate methods of restoring ecosystems to their original equilibrium, an especially 
nown about recently extinct mammals and birds from other islands elsewhere across the world, to 
etermine the full extent of prehistoric species loss, and ultimately use the past to understand 
10520 25                                         biodiversity change directly threatens the livelihoods, 
diversity change directly threatens the livelihoods, food security, and cultural and ecological 
nge directly threatens the livelihoods, food security, and cultural and ecological integrity of 
ihoods, food security, and cultural and ecological integrity of rural subsistence-oriented hous 
it in ways that either mitigate loss of biodiversity and ecosystem services or that exacerbate  
ither mitigate loss of biodiversity and ecosystem services or that exacerbate losses. an unprec 
hat exacerbate losses. an unprecedented extinction of species is underway, and climate change i 
 extinction of species is underway, and climate change is affecting species range and phenology 
e change is affecting species range and phenology, leading to new species configurations that a 
 new species configurations that affect ecosystem services in unpredictable ways. with climate  
em services in unpredictable ways. with climate change and continued habitat alteration entaile 
ways. with climate change and continued habitat alteration entailed in human population growth, 
alteration entailed in human population growth, novel ecosystems will become even more prevalen 
on entailed in human population growth, novel ecosystems will become even more prevalent. in th 
valent. in the un international year of biodiversity, scientists and policy makers must recogni 
al year of biodiversity, scientists and policy makers must recognise that humans, biodiversity, 
licy makers must recognise that humans, biodiversity, and ecosystems must co-evolve and co-adap 
ecognise that humans, biodiversity, and ecosystems must co-evolve and co-adapt. however, human  
 co-evolve and co-adapt. however, human adaptation to biodiversity change is not considered as  
 co-adapt. however, human adaptation to biodiversity change is not considered as theme in any i 
ional, regional, or national science or policy forums. there is a dearth of scientific research 
 research about habc, so scientists and policy makers lack mandates, conceptual frameworks, kno 
o encourage decision makers to consider biodiversity, climate change and human livelihoods toge 
cision makers to consider biodiversity, climate change and human livelihoods together .  
 biodiversity, climate change and human livelihoods together .  
11528 25                                         biodiversity change directly threatens the livelihoods, 
diversity change directly threatens the livelihoods, food security, and cultural and ecological 
nge directly threatens the livelihoods, food security, and cultural and ecological integrity of 
ihoods, food security, and cultural and ecological integrity of rural subsistence-oriented hous 
it in ways that either mitigate loss of biodiversity and ecosystem services or that exacerbate  
ither mitigate loss of biodiversity and ecosystem services or that exacerbate losses. an unprec 
hat exacerbate losses. an unprecedented extinction of species is underway, and climate change i 
 extinction of species is underway, and climate change is affecting species range and phenology 
e change is affecting species range and phenology, leading to new species configurations that a 
 new species configurations that affect ecosystem services in unpredictable ways. with climate  
em services in unpredictable ways. with climate change and continued habitat alteration entaile 
ways. with climate change and continued habitat alteration entailed in human population growth, 
alteration entailed in human population growth, novel ecosystems will become even more prevalen 
on entailed in human population growth, novel ecosystems will become even more prevalent. in th 
valent. in the un international year of biodiversity, scientists and policy makers must recogni 
al year of biodiversity, scientists and policy makers must recognise that humans, biodiversity, 
licy makers must recognise that humans, biodiversity, and ecosystems must co-evolve and co-adap 
ecognise that humans, biodiversity, and ecosystems must co-evolve and co-adapt. however, human  
 co-evolve and co-adapt. however, human adaptation to biodiversity change is not considered as  
 co-adapt. however, human adaptation to biodiversity change is not considered as theme in any i 
ional, regional, or national science or policy forums. there is a dearth of scientific research 
 research about habc, so scientists and policy makers lack mandates, conceptual frameworks, kno 
o encourage decision makers to consider biodiversity, climate change and human livelihoods toge 
cision makers to consider biodiversity, climate change and human livelihoods together .  
 biodiversity, climate change and human livelihoods together .  
9951 24                                         biodiversity change directly threatens the livelihoods, 
diversity change directly threatens the livelihoods, food security, and cultural and ecological 
nge directly threatens the livelihoods, food security, and cultural and ecological in-tegrity o 
it in ways that either mitigate loss of biodiversity and ecosystem services or that ex-acerbate 
ither mitigate loss of biodiversity and ecosystem services or that ex-acerbate losses. an unpre 
at ex-acerbate losses. an unprecedented extinction of species is underway, and climate change i 
 extinction of species is underway, and climate change is af-fecting species range and phenolog 
 change is af-fecting species range and phenology, leading to new species configurations that a 
 new species configurations that affect ecosystem services in unpredictable ways. with climate  
em services in unpredictable ways. with climate change and continued habitat alteration entaile 
ways. with climate change and continued habitat alteration entailed in human population growth, 
alteration entailed in human population growth, novel ecosystems will become even more prevalen 
on entailed in human population growth, novel ecosystems will become even more prevalent. in th 
alent. in the un interna-tional year of biodiversity, scientists and policy makers must recogni 
al year of biodiversity, scientists and policy makers must recognise that humans, biodiversity, 
licy makers must recognise that humans, biodiversity, and ecosystems must co-evolve and co-adap 
ecognise that humans, biodiversity, and ecosystems must co-evolve and co-adapt. however, human  
 co-evolve and co-adapt. however, human adaptation to biodiversity change is not considered as  
 co-adapt. however, human adaptation to biodiversity change is not considered as theme in any i 
ional, regional, or national science or policy for-ums. there is a dearth of scientific researc 
 research about habc, so scientists and policy makers lack mandates, conceptual frameworks, kno 
o encourage decision makers to consider biodiversity, climate change and human livelihoods toge 
cision makers to consider biodiversity, climate change and human livelihoods together .  
 biodiversity, climate change and human livelihoods together .  
11477 2 o test hypotheses of the affinities and evolution of early humans in mexico in the context of t 
nities and evolution of early humans in mexico in the context of the archaeology and palaeoenvi 
13796 18 advance my analytical capacity to study habitat use, behavior of free-ranging animals and lands 
alytical capacity to study habitat use, behavior of free-ranging animals and landscape ecology. 
e, behavior of free-ranging animals and landscape ecology. during the proposed project i create 
proposed project i create an impact and risk assessment on several spatial scales with respect  
networks, buildings, and power lines in sweden using moose as a case study. important is the br 
of animal resource selection, prey anti-predator behavior, and landscape ecology to assess the  
 resource selection, prey anti-predator behavior, and landscape ecology to assess the effects o 
ction, prey anti-predator behavior, and landscape ecology to assess the effects of both environ 
nvironmental and human factors on moose behavior in different environments. my working hypothes 
s that i expect moose to show avoidance behavior , resulting in a ´landscape of fear´ in space  
ow avoidance behavior , resulting in a ´landscape of fear´ in space and time. moose is an excel 
 and in scandinavia, experience intense human impact. i will analyze moose gps location data fr 
 from different regional sites covering sweden to address the impact of infrastructure on moose 
se space use using resource utilization function in relation to infrastructure and environmenta 
features. to address the spatiotemporal risk for wildlife road-crossings, i will develop a gene 
 to address the spatiotemporal risk for wildlife road-crossings, i will develop a general model 
oad-crossings, i will develop a general model concerning risk assessment using a multi-year dat 
will develop a general model concerning risk assessment using a multi-year data set of moose gp 
11081 16                            introduction coral reefs are regarded as the most species rich ecosy 
s are regarded as the most species rich ecosystems in the oceans but they are also probably the 
ened using belt transects to assess the diversity of fish communities. quadrats will be used to 
lt transects to assess the diversity of fish communities. quadrats will be used to survey megaf 
drats will be used to survey megafaunal invertebrates. dead coral heads will be collected, as w 
d, as well as collections of rubble and sediment made. animals will be extracted from coral and 
ted from coral and rubble in the field. sediment samples will be preserved and transported to o 
ding methods will be used to assess the diversity of select groups of cryptofauna extracted fro 
ofauna extracted from coral and rubble. sediment will be subject to extraction of environmental 
ovide valuable data on the magnitude of diversity comprised by elements of the reef community t 
rsity comprised by elements of the reef community that are rarely studied. data obtained on hum 
at are rarely studied. data obtained on human impacts on corals reefs on reef cryptofauna, in c 
be novel and of immediate importance in monitoring and management of coral reefs. the project w 
 immediate importance in monitoring and management of coral reefs. the project will contribute  
ortance in monitoring and management of coral reefs. the project will contribute new informatio 
ject will contribute new information on taxonomy and to sequence databases of reef organisms.  
15060 17                                         habitat fragmentation reduces the flow of individuals b 
tween populations, constituting a major risk of biodiversity loss. the great bustard is a globa 
pulations, constituting a major risk of biodiversity loss. the great bustard is a globally enda 
y loss. the great bustard is a globally endangered species that has recently suffered dramatic  
ently suffered dramatic declines due to agriculture intensification, and human-induced habitat  
ed dramatic declines due to agriculture intensification, and human-induced habitat fragmentatio 
ture intensification, and human-induced habitat fragmentation. the iberian peninsula represents 
total, the species last stronghold, but conservation measures are urgently needed to maintain g 
easures are urgently needed to maintain genetic diversity, counteract isolation, and prevent th 
ract isolation, and prevent the species extinction. this project aims to assess the impact of c 
t aims to assess the impact of changing land-use patterns, and other important human-induced so 
ther important human-induced sources of mortality, on great bustards in iberia, and to propose  
pose ways to reconcile agricultural and rural development with species survival. this will be a 
two decades on individual behaviour and population dynamics indicate ways to minimize human imp 
tion dynamics indicate ways to minimize human impacts on the conservation of the species and it 
e ways to minimize human impacts on the conservation of the species and its habitat.  
the conservation of the species and its habitat.  
10464 6 n populations will be used to study the evolution and migration of humans around the indian oce 
will be used to study the evolution and migration of humans around the indian ocean rim. mitoch 
dies of the same specimens, allowing an evaluation of the phylogenetic utility of such data. pa 
reconstructions and combined with paleo-vegetation and climatic data to create a detailed palae 
a multi-disciplinary synthesis of human migration and evolution in the area.  
linary synthesis of human migration and evolution in the area.  
15301 10                 human migrations in the mediterranean space represent a main component of the e 
ormulate well founded microevolutionary scenarios. andalusia, the extensive region located in t 
extensive region located in the western mediterranean extreme, has been broadly populated from  
human microevolution. nevertheless, its genetic diversity it is not enough well-known. this res 
 trying to provide more insights on the phylogeny, coalescence times, and phylogeography of tho 
eriods in the frame of the recent human evolution, and the permeability of geographic and cultu 
he gene flow. besides, the study of the distribution of surnames will provide clues on the natu 
n of surnames will provide clues on the nature of internal migrations after their implantation  
 migrations after their implantation in spain. the knowledge of the human genetic diversity in  
on in spain. the knowledge of the human genetic diversity in andalusia will be valuable for the 
13342 20                                         biodiversity conservation increasingly takes place outs 
vation increasingly takes place outside protected areas in multiple-use landscapes. success in  
le-use landscapes. success in achieving biodiversity objectives is closely linked to the extent 
s closely linked to the extent to which conservation can be integrated with the cultural, socia 
ves and aspirations of people. beliefs, perceptions, attitudes and preferences about biodiversi 
ptions, attitudes and preferences about biodiversity are central to the decisions made by indiv 
ns made by individuals and groups about natural resource management. in this project we will us 
wider issue of how people interact with biodiversity. hunting provides a valuable case study in 
des a valuable case study in the use of biodiversity because it involves tens of millions of pe 
ns and has a key role in conflicts over natural resource management around the world. our multi 
sess the social, cultural, economic and ecological functions and impacts of hunting across a ra 
, economic and ecological functions and impacts of hunting across a range of contexts in europe 
f hunting across a range of contexts in europe and africa. our study systems fall across econom 
cross a range of contexts in europe and africa. our study systems fall across economic gradient 
nally, how hunting behaviour influences biodiversity. consequently, we will integrate social, e 
 and engage with a diverse selection of stakeholders to develop novel approaches to the mitigat 
ders to develop novel approaches to the mitigation of natural resource conflicts involving hunt 
ted in respect to current and future eu policy on hunting and biodiversity conservation and con 
ent and future eu policy on hunting and biodiversity conservation and contribute to the global  
bal debate about the sustainable use of biodiversity.  
2130 7 wn trout have recently been detected in rivers vefsna and driva. both rivers have been infected 
tected in rivers vefsna and driva. both rivers have been infected by the parasite gyrodactylus  
and this needs to be modeled in a stock-recruitment context for both atlantic salmon and brown  
identified triploid backcrosses in both rivers, and detailed genetic analyses are needed to inv 
 formed. ongoing investigations in both rivers supply material for studying host-parasite dynam 
he population of origin of the parental fish engaged in hybridization. results from the molecul 
m the molecular studies will be used to model population viability in the absence/presence of i 
15463 3 ally reproducing organisms suggesting a model of reticulate evolution. chamois between the two  
anisms suggesting a model of reticulate evolution. chamois between the two species of chamois w 
 be analyzed. comparison of the spatial distribution of trans-specific polymorphisms at mhc and 
14939 3 , whether there is interespecific sperm competition betwee the common quail and the non native  
mation will facilitate a better species management to improve its conservation as well.  
etter species management to improve its conservation as well.  
2092 7 ce of new variability in the subsequent evolution of the species. the importance of hybridizati 
alizing preferred mate choice caused by competition. we will test the hypothesis by analysing t 
analysing the settlement pattern of the birds in time and space, and by experiment al removal o 
nd by experiment al removal of dominant birds. we will also analyse the fitness consequences fo 
so analyse the fitness consequences for birds engaging in heterospecific pairings. the results  
g, hybridization and speciation, and to conservation of endangered birds.  
tion, and to conservation of endangered birds.  
170 2 ould concentrate also to the aspects of conservation. the greater and the lesser spotted eagles 
t are strongly needed for the efficient conservation of the globally threatened greater spotted 
7639 6         in polluted environments and in water treatment processes, the hydrophobic micro have t 
y and leads to their persistence in the environment. the project idea, following existing preli 
e accessibility of these substances and microbial diversity by creating hydrodynamic disturbanc 
rbances that modify the physicochemical nature of the medium. the model chosen is that of polyc 
ysicochemical nature of the medium. the model chosen is that of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon 
resent on microbial consortia and their diversity in these conditions  
10441 4                                 the bed sediment of coarse-grained alluvial channels is often o 
elatively homogeneous grain-size called sediment patches. differences in patch texture generate 
dynamic structures that provide diverse habitat opportunities and ensure the availability of re 
 ensure the availability of refugia for macroinvertebrates during floods. there has been no sys 
7658 12  of the european framework directive on water to achieve good ecological status of water bodies 
er to achieve good ecological status of water bodies means finding relevant measures variables  
ing environmental contamination and its impacts on the ecosystem. the biological indices curren 
al contamination and its impacts on the ecosystem. the biological indices currently used to def 
 temporal variability of contamination, invasive species now widely present in temperate aquati 
ich are strong diffuse contamination of urban environments. this project is part of the multi-y 
 metropolitan territory: reflections of urban development in ile de france network of r2ds. sis 
politan territory: reflections of urban development in ile de france network of r2ds. sisteo th 
oject aims to analyze the impact of the development of metropolitan paris in the suburban terri 
rritory in terms of modification of the runoff, sources of micro and ecotoxicological impact on 
 relevant tool for the link between the assessment of chemical contamination and biological res 
mination and biological response of the ecosystem adapted to high anthropogenic hydrological sy 
11271 1 e subsurface lithoautotrophic microbial ecosystem to test whether just cracking of rocks can pr 
10100 4 . the determination of the presence and abundance of hydrothermal venting along this remote and 
tanding of hydrothermal fluxes in ocean biogeochemistry, the cooling of ocean crust along the e 
s many slow-spreading ridges and to the evolution and biogeography of vent-specific fauna. the  
reading ridges and to the evolution and biogeography of vent-specific fauna. the analyses will  
10217 12 ancing our understanding of patterns of biodiversity in our planet s largest ecosystem. our pro 
of biodiversity in our planet s largest ecosystem. our proposal targets the mid-cayman rise , a 
vens has revolutionised ideas about how ecosystems can be supplied with energy and even provide 
out how ecosystems can be supplied with energy and even provided clues to the origins of life.  
 to understand what controls the global distribution of species in these island-like extreme en 
e for such patterns. the mcr has a deep-water connection with the atlantic, so its vents may be 
illion years ago, there was also a deep-water connection with the eastern pacific. the mcr may  
cies. as much of what we know about the dispersal of deep-sea species in general comes from stu 
e understanding of patterns of deep-sea biodiversity. because of this potential, the internatio 
 potential, the international census of marine life has identified the mcr as a priority for in 
mal vent on the mcr. these include high-temperature systems associated with an undersea mountai 
samples for international programmes in marine microbiology and biotechnology and share our dis 
10907 12 ancing our understanding of patterns of biodiversity in our planet s largest ecosystem. our pro 
of biodiversity in our planet s largest ecosystem. our proposal targets the mid-cayman rise , a 
vens has revolutionised ideas about how ecosystems can be supplied with energy and even provide 
out how ecosystems can be supplied with energy and even provided clues to the origins of life.  
 to understand what controls the global distribution of species in these island-like extreme en 
e for such patterns. the mcr has a deep-water connection with the atlantic, so its vents may be 
illion years ago, there was also a deep-water connection with the eastern pacific. the mcr may  
cies. as much of what we know about the dispersal of deep-sea species in general comes from stu 
e understanding of patterns of deep-sea biodiversity. because of this potential, the internatio 
 potential, the international census of marine life has identified the mcr as a priority for in 
mal vent on the mcr. these include high-temperature systems associated with an undersea mountai 
samples for international programmes in marine microbiology and biotechnology and share our dis 
11875 5 e have known for the last 50 years that europe and america have been moving apart at about 2cm/ 
 on. yet because we cannot use standard remote sensing techniques using electromagnetic radiati 
te acceptable results. for example, the model must generate vents with the temperature measured 
 the model must generate vents with the temperature measured on the seafloor and the heat outpu 
surface geology or fluid flow directly, modelling is often the only way of determining whether  
14563 2 ing about the seven iberian families of apoidea . in this project, the provisional catalogue, t 
ns 216 species and 244 subspecies. this richness is considered one of the most important in the 
7047 24 e of the principal fungal components in soil playing a key role for soil health. many species o 
mponents in soil playing a key role for soil health. many species of hypocrea/trichoderma have  
s sources of industrial enzymes, and as biological control agents of plant pathogenic fungi, bu 
ical control agents of plant pathogenic fungi, but they also pose a serious threat to cultivate 
bioresources require their detection in nature and preservation in collections of living cultur 
 to clearly define and characterize the taxonomy and systematic position of the species, to be  
en carried out on species isolated from soil, little has been known about the biodiversity and  
m soil, little has been known about the biodiversity and ecology of the genus above soil level. 
s been known about the biodiversity and ecology of the genus above soil level. hypocrea teleomo 
iversity and ecology of the genus above soil level. hypocrea teleomorphs occur commonly on wood 
 wood, other plant material and various fungi. in a previous project hypocrea was collected in  
veral unexpected findings. in temperate europe the biodiversity of the genus hypocrea exceeds t 
ected findings. in temperate europe the biodiversity of the genus hypocrea exceeds the biodiver 
rsity of the genus hypocrea exceeds the biodiversity of trichoderma in soil and it exceeds by f 
eeds the biodiversity of trichoderma in soil and it exceeds by far expectations regarding the n 
l species known to form a teleomorph in europe will be described in a monograph. despite previo 
 about the genus from warmer regions of europe, particularly the mediterranean and macaronesia, 
mer regions of europe, particularly the mediterranean and macaronesia, regions that contain man 
 macaronesia, regions that contain many biodiversity hotspots, but are endangered by increasing 
spots, but are endangered by increasing drought periods and forest fires. only two studies on s 
gered by increasing drought periods and forest fires. only two studies on soil inhabiting trich 
s and forest fires. only two studies on soil inhabiting trichoderma anamorphs from sardinia and 
resentative for the mycoflora above the rhizosphere level in light of the previous projects. th 
proposed to to analyze and document the ecology of the species collected.  
10489 4                                         groundwater / surface water interactions, and the contr 
                  groundwater / surface water interactions, and the controls on water and pollu 
water interactions, and the controls on water and pollutant flux across the interface of aquife 
ux across the interface of aquifers and rivers, are important factors controlling the chemical  
15134 1  finally we shall continue the research policy concerning the training of personnel within the  
14748 1 regard to bryophytes, what increase the distribution data, catalogues and the publication of po 
15412 2 rica project, we deal with the study of marine bryozoans from the ibero-balear area. the number 
an extensive experience in the study of marine bryozoa, expresed in international papers, congr 
14993 1 ions from other universities and public institutions. the specimens collected until now become  
15414 1 about the natural history, geographical distribution and species biology  
14766 2 erica program, we approach the study of marine bryozoaires from the iberiobalear area. the numb 
 upon a vast experience in the study of marine bryozoaires and we hope this project allows the  
14994 2 ons of entifera from public and private institutions will revised. all these work will provide  
included in the red lists of endangered invertebrates. same other species have special interes  
14570 2 chenical flora in the iberian peninsula review and redaction of fuscideaceae, grafidaceae famil 
n the seaboard and staurothele of fresh water. redaction of taxa will be in agreement with the  
14984 6            following the studies on the biodiversity of lichens from the iberian peninsula and  
wing the studies on the biodiversity of lichens from the iberian peninsula and the balearic isl 
reas of the iberian peninsula, from the mediterranean region to the eurosiberian region. 3. to  
. to complete the information about the ecology and distribution of each taxa, and to carry out 
e the information about the ecology and distribution of each taxa, and to carry out distributio 
ribution of each taxa, and to carry out distribution maps in the studied area. 5. to publish al 
14986 9 his project follows the research on the biodiversity of lichens from the iberian peninsula. the 
ows the research on the biodiversity of lichens from the iberian peninsula. the more important  
tives are: + to finish the study of the marine and fresh-water species of the genus verrucaria, 
inish the study of the marine and fresh-water species of the genus verrucaria, the marine ones  
er species of the genus verrucaria, the marine ones of the genus collemopsidium and the portugu 
. + to start the research of: the fresh-water species of the genera: polyblastia and thelidium, 
+ to complete the information about the ecology and distribution of each taxa, and to carry out 
e the information about the ecology and distribution of each taxa, and to carry out distributio 
ribution of each taxa, and to carry out distribution maps in the studied area. + the results wi 
14855 1 be finished. besides this, cataloguing, distribution analysis, identification and publication o 
14486 4  of the present project is to study the biodiversity of iberian nemerteans. nemerteans are freq 
 nemerteans are frequently collected in marine benthic samples, but they are practically unknow 
 studies that usually use fixed samples.marine nemerteans will be collected from the atlantic r 
on - will be studied to reconstruct the phylogeny based on this information.  
10885 5 e case. the planned research focuses on climate change during a time period known as the oligoc 
ill provide the data to test and refine climate models and may provide information useful for p 
mation useful for predicting the future climate response of abrupt warming, from the ice sheets 
g the future climate response of abrupt warming, from the ice sheets to the tropics.  
upt warming, from the ice sheets to the tropics.  
1985 15 onica is the main representative of the marine microalgal class of the raphidophyceae that pres 
on since they are thought to cause mass fish mortalities in temperate and cold temperate region 
d cold temperate regions, including the north sea and the skagerak area. f. japonica is believe 
 in our waters, for example via ballast water or mariculture activities. on top of this, own ph 
 benefits from the p-reduction in waste water discharge giving elevated n/p ratios that favour  
ated n/p ratios that favour f. japonica growth. also, f. japonica growth and winter survival wi 
r f. japonica growth. also, f. japonica growth and winter survival will benefit from climate ch 
h and winter survival will benefit from climate change related increases in mean sea water temp 
te change related increases in mean sea water temperature, as measured in the dutch wadden sea. 
nge related increases in mean sea water temperature, as measured in the dutch wadden sea. these 
e future chance for f. japonica related fish mortalities in dutch coastal waters. there is pres 
 highly characteristic mucocysts or the production of brevetoxins on fish behaviour and mortali 
sts or the production of brevetoxins on fish behaviour and mortality, at the same time allowing 
on of brevetoxins on fish behaviour and mortality, at the same time allowing for a comparison b 
ize and composition of a relevant dutch fish species.  
15402 5 diation as a viable option for treating soils contaminated by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons  
ion of catabolic functions of microbial rhizosphere. new in this approach is the use of molecul 
strates in reactions cometabolicas. the efficiency of the proposed technologies will be assesse 
oposed technologies will be assessed by monitoring concentrations of pahs as much of their oxid 
logy to end users is raised through the participation of a company of spanish bioremediation  
15480 15                                         soil and litter are the reservoir of a huge number of m 
servoir of a huge number of microscopic fungi including the hyphomycetes. these moulds are the  
h as the asco- and basidiomycetes. most fungi of biotechnological interest, or important plant  
 studies have allowed to state that the diversity of hyphomycetes in the iberian peninsula is e 
tant threat that exists nowadays on the biodiversity as a result of the climate change, between 
 on the biodiversity as a result of the climate change, between other factors, and considering  
tect our biological heritage across the conservation of these microorganisms. it is worth menti 
eat limitation for the knowledge of the nature of these fungi, that is the delineations of its  
or the knowledge of the nature of these fungi, that is the delineations of its species, the est 
f phylogenetic relations to clarify its taxonomy, or simply to help us, across sequence analyse 
nue with the study of the hyphomycetous diversity of the iberian peninsula, performing new surv 
rming new surveys in the areas of major biodiversity detected previously, as well as in new are 
t genes for the better knowledge of the taxonomy and phylogeny of our hyphomycetes. also with t 
he better knowledge of the taxonomy and phylogeny of our hyphomycetes. also with the aim to pre 
se available for the rest of scientific community for future studies.  
7218 7 ecological and economic interest in the sustainable development of Madagascar and the Indian Oc 
t the urgency and the need for adequate management methods for coastal areas: quen is it of the 
possibility of setting up an integrated management of coastal Madagascar and what tracking mode 
tal Madagascar and what tracking modes -assessment relevant to institute to achieve coastal pro 
hieve coastal protection and especially sustainable development to answer these questions, this 
 will operate between the components of biodiversity, social organization modalities, public po 
 social organization modalities, public policy.  
458 7 ajor ecologic and economic interest for sustainable development in madagascar and the region of 
the urgency and the necessity to set up management methods appropriate to coastline areas: what 
ut the possibility to set up integrated management for madagascan coastlines, and which are the 
nd which are the methods of follow-up / evaluation that it would be relevant to establish in or 
ction of coastlines and particularly in sustainable development in order to answer these questi 
derable interactions take place between biodiversity components, social organization methods, p 
ts, social organization methods, public policy .  
14439 2                      the improvement of agriculture protection towards plant pest infections is 
y the project could fulfill promises of agriculture for better control of plant pests.  
15433 4 mmals, including human and domestic and endangered species, depends on gonad development, which 
nd endangered species, depends on gonad development, which is controlled by several genes. neve 
 regulatory genes in testis and ovarian development, respectively, mmu-mir-124 y mmu-mir144 may 
l also study the degree of evolutionary conservation of these functions in other mammalian spec 
7379 3                       b. exploration of diversity to meet new constraints or new / bacterial ge 
of mineral weathering in nutrient- poor forest soils.  
ral weathering in nutrient- poor forest soils.  
10616 2 ortant insights into the forces driving ecology and evolution in future larger follow up studie 
hts into the forces driving ecology and evolution in future larger follow up studies.  
12279 24                                         water and nutrient-use efficiencies are becoming increa 
upply, a balance is needed between food production and the maintenance of healthy and diverse e 
 the maintenance of healthy and diverse ecosystems. • water is the most important factor limiti 
ce of healthy and diverse ecosystems. • water is the most important factor limiting crop produc 
the most important factor limiting crop production, and water availability during the uk growin 
nt factor limiting crop production, and water availability during the uk growing season is pred 
growing season is predicted to decline. water abstraction for field crop production needs to be 
cline. water abstraction for field crop production needs to be balanced with maintaining surfac 
to be balanced with maintaining surface water flows and ground water levels. • nitrogen inputs  
ntaining surface water flows and ground water levels. • nitrogen inputs are a major source of c 
 water flows and ground water levels. • nitrogen inputs are a major source of co2 emissions • l 
r source of co2 emissions • leaching of nitrogen and phosphorus from soils results in poor wate 
o2 emissions • leaching of nitrogen and phosphorus from soils results in poor water quality. •  
eaching of nitrogen and phosphorus from soils results in poor water quality. • there have been  
d phosphorus from soils results in poor water quality. • there have been steep increases in the 
e been steep increases in the prices of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers, and supplies of ph 
increases in the prices of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers, and supplies of phosphorus are  
phosphorus fertilizers, and supplies of phosphorus are non-renewable. existing elite crop varie 
 have been developed without regard for water and nutrient use efficiencies, and there is now a 
develop new varieties that can maintain productivity with lower inputs. such varieties will all 
 inputs. such varieties will allow more sustainable agriculture. in this project we will use a  
hnique known as genome wide association mapping , it will be possible to identify loci that con 
sible to identify loci that control the traits of interest. once loci are identified, varients  
ee if they confer increased resouce use efficiency. in this 6 month project we will collect tog 
10102 6 d sequence these genes from a number of marine bacteria. this will provide a database of sequen 
nce these genes from a number of marine bacteria. this will provide a database of sequences whi 
es to recognise homologous genes in the environment using molecular biological techniques. this 
 allow to progress in understanding dms degradation in the marine environment.  
in understanding dms degradation in the marine environment.  
rstanding dms degradation in the marine environment.  
6833 1 and an x-linked genetic disorder: fabry disease, too. current modern dna-diagnostic methods hav 
15103 22 ding of non lineal processes that drive ecosystem dynamics was originally described in shallow  
unpredictable transitions between clear water phases with macrophytes, and turbid phases with p 
sitions between clear water phases with macrophytes, and turbid phases with phytoplankton were  
ith macrophytes, and turbid phases with phytoplankton were reported . this dynamics contrasts w 
constitutes a new point of view for the modelling of ecosystem dynamics. our team has been moni 
 new point of view for the modelling of ecosystem dynamics. our team has been monitoring for mo 
f ecosystem dynamics. our team has been monitoring for more than 20 years the coastal lagoon of 
goon of s'albufera des grau, a pristine ecosystem with changes between macrophytic and phytopla 
c and phytoplanktonic states. in 2007 a regime shift was reported, and the lagoon turned into a 
d state after seven years of macrophyte dominance. this project is aimed to the identification  
entification of both regimes at century scale with a palaeoecological approach. we will analyse 
cological approach. we will analyse the carbon and nitrogen isotope composition in organic matt 
pproach. we will analyse the carbon and nitrogen isotope composition in organic matter, as well 
bon and nitrogen isotope composition in organic matter, as well as photosynthetic pigment conte 
gment content. moreover, two proxies of salinity will be studied from calcite geochemistry in o 
alcite geochemistry in ostracod valves: oxygen stable isotope composition and trace element geo 
we will generate another time series of salinity from the simulation of this key factor by a dy 
is key factor by a dynamic hydrological model that is fed by daily climatic data. another outpu 
ly climatic data. another output of the model will be a time series of the torrential water inp 
will be a time series of the torrential water inputs to the lagoon. we intend to contribute to  
o the comprehension of the frequency of regime shifts and its possible forcing factors, as well 
 its expected tendency in relation with climate change  
12613 9 roblems common in the investigation and management of land contamination. these included the su 
 quality land contamination reports for planning approval, diverting local authority staff from 
ills to carry out their roles under the planning and contaminated land regimes. thus, this rese 
 skills necessary for contaminated land decision making, in and to provide an assessment of the 
d decision making, in and to provide an assessment of the extent of their current availability  
d generic project, finance and resource management. contaminated land is considered within spec 
of which is an essential input into any risk evaluation. the situation is compounded by the cur 
ich is an essential input into any risk evaluation. the situation is compounded by the current  
arrented. evidence will be gathered via review of literature and online materials together with 
11364 5 ere fluxes is an important component of climate prediction. models for making flux predictions  
ions to and from plant canopies vary in complexity depending on the processes perceived to be d 
 reducing the likelihood of prejudicial model selection. this project will use recursive estima 
 dependencies of an established wue-rue model as a means of identifying an appropriate level of 
 of identifying an appropriate level of complexity required to predict surface-atmosphere fluxe 
13886 25                                         restoration ecology has difficulties in developing ecol 
 ecology has difficulties in developing ecological restoration because restoration procedures a 
veloping ecological restoration because restoration procedures are seldom evaluated and because 
n. the project will foster knowledge on ecosystem response to various types of restoration. thi 
 ecosystem response to various types of restoration. this increases the possibilities for recre 
bilities for recreating and maintaining biodiversity. because follow-up studies are time-demand 
 will be used. these will be located to riparian ecosystems. such systems have high natural val 
used. these will be located to riparian ecosystems. such systems have high natural values, are  
, are usually impacted, are targets for restoration but difficult to restore because of their c 
t difficult to restore because of their complexity. the project will evaluate riparian restorat 
r complexity. the project will evaluate riparian restoration regionally and locally. according  
ity. the project will evaluate riparian restoration regionally and locally. according to landsc 
on regionally and locally. according to landscape ecological theory location in the landscape i 
scape ecological theory location in the landscape is basic for ecosystem structures and process 
 location in the landscape is basic for ecosystem structures and processes. i predict that rest 
tructures and processes. i predict that restoration efficiency varies with location in the catc 
d processes. i predict that restoration efficiency varies with location in the catchment and wi 
 in the catchment and with level in the riparian zone - the latter depending on variation in hy 
c conditions. the project will evaluate restoration efficiency by using plant germination, esta 
. the project will evaluate restoration efficiency by using plant germination, establishment an 
ng plant germination, establishment and production as indicators. this is made by using phytome 
nation, establishment and production as indicators. this is made by using phytometers. the proj 
d and impacted objects. the focus is on streams restored by plugging trenches, on channelized s 
ed by plugging trenches, on channelized streams restored by replacing boulders and logs, and on 
ing boulders and logs, and on impounded streams restored by dam removal. the project will foste 
14659 2        the analysis of the y-chromosome genetic diversity has been shown to be useful to ascert 
rience of the involved research team on diversity studies to investigate on the usefulness of a 
12406 9 n the licensing of round three windfarm development looking at 1 collating key details on colli 
at 1 collating key details on collision risk to birds from offshore wind installations, 2 id ra 
lating key details on collision risk to birds from offshore wind installations, 2 id range of e 
e of existing and novel avian collision mitigation options, 3 estimate the extent to which thes 
nimise bird collisions, 4 contribute to development of a quantitative model for the wind indust 
ribute to development of a quantitative model for the wind industry to use as a tool to reduce  
mes available. the currently identified mitigation option of enforcement of a mandatory shut do 
farm during certain periods , seriously impacts the financial viability of wind farm proposals  
rd collision and develop a quantitative model for the wind industry to reduce bird fatalities.  
10502 10                  the identification and assessment of organismal and ecosystem responses to, ad 
cation and assessment of organismal and ecosystem responses to, adaptation to, and selection by 
 organismal and ecosystem responses to, adaptation to, and selection by multiple pollutants is  
f genotypic and phenotypic responses in marine and freshwater fish to contribute to environment 
 and phenotypic responses in marine and freshwater fish to contribute to environmental impact a 
ypic responses in marine and freshwater fish to contribute to environmental impact assessment a 
ne and freshwater fish to contribute to environmental impact assessment and regulation of disch 
ter fish to contribute to environmental impact assessment and regulation of discharges by the r 
 knowledge of the health of the aquatic environment thus protecting our aquatic resources and b 
us protecting our aquatic resources and biodiversity.  
10244 10                  the identification and assessment of organismal and ecosystem responses to, ad 
cation and assessment of organismal and ecosystem responses to, adaptation to, and selection by 
 organismal and ecosystem responses to, adaptation to, and selection by multiple pollutants is  
f genotypic and phenotypic responses in marine and freshwater fish to contribute to environment 
 and phenotypic responses in marine and freshwater fish to contribute to environmental impact a 
ypic responses in marine and freshwater fish to contribute to environmental impact assessment a 
ne and freshwater fish to contribute to environmental impact assessment and regulation of disch 
ter fish to contribute to environmental impact assessment and regulation of discharges by the r 
 knowledge of the health of the aquatic environment thus protecting our aquatic resources and b 
us protecting our aquatic resources and biodiversity.  
10246 10                  the identification and assessment of organismal and ecosystem responses to, ad 
cation and assessment of organismal and ecosystem responses to, adaptation to, and selection by 
 organismal and ecosystem responses to, adaptation to, and selection by multiple pollutants is  
f genotypic and phenotypic responses in marine and freshwater fish to contribute to environment 
 and phenotypic responses in marine and freshwater fish to contribute to environmental impact a 
ypic responses in marine and freshwater fish to contribute to environmental impact assessment a 
ne and freshwater fish to contribute to environmental impact assessment and regulation of disch 
ter fish to contribute to environmental impact assessment and regulation of discharges by the r 
 knowledge of the health of the aquatic environment thus protecting our aquatic resources and b 
us protecting our aquatic resources and biodiversity.  
10742 10                  the identification and assessment of organismal and ecosystem responses to, ad 
cation and assessment of organismal and ecosystem responses to, adaptation to, and selection by 
 organismal and ecosystem responses to, adaptation to, and selection by multiple pollutants is  
f genotypic and phenotypic responses in marine and freshwater fish to contribute to environment 
 and phenotypic responses in marine and freshwater fish to contribute to environmental impact a 
ypic responses in marine and freshwater fish to contribute to environmental impact assessment a 
ne and freshwater fish to contribute to environmental impact assessment and regulation of disch 
ter fish to contribute to environmental impact assessment and regulation of discharges by the r 
 knowledge of the health of the aquatic environment thus protecting our aquatic resources and b 
us protecting our aquatic resources and biodiversity.  
11220 10                  the identification and assessment of organismal and ecosystem responses to, ad 
cation and assessment of organismal and ecosystem responses to, adaptation to, and selection by 
 organismal and ecosystem responses to, adaptation to, and selection by multiple pollutants is  
f genotypic and phenotypic responses in marine and freshwater fish to contribute to environment 
 and phenotypic responses in marine and freshwater fish to contribute to environmental impact a 
ypic responses in marine and freshwater fish to contribute to environmental impact assessment a 
ne and freshwater fish to contribute to environmental impact assessment and regulation of disch 
ter fish to contribute to environmental impact assessment and regulation of discharges by the r 
 knowledge of the health of the aquatic environment thus protecting our aquatic resources and b 
us protecting our aquatic resources and biodiversity.  
12227 10 re updating and improving. for example, nitrogen , but not on mature field crops. increased pre 
, due to the depletion of non-renewable natural resources, their potential negative impacts on  
ral resources, their potential negative impacts on local environments and water quality, and th 
ative impacts on local environments and water quality, and the energy required and carbon dioxi 
environments and water quality, and the energy required and carbon dioxide evolved in their pro 
er quality, and the energy required and carbon dioxide evolved in their production and use, wil 
red and carbon dioxide evolved in their production and use, will also increase the need to mana 
ith over 85% of mined p is used in food production, and field vegetable crops being very respon 
icient use. we will conduct an in depth review of literature on the p response of field vegetab 
th practical and strategic research and development to support more effective p use by vegetabl 
14957 2  step towards the knowledge of the true diversity of this worldwide distributed group of insect 
 of this worldwide distributed group of insects.  
9844 10 ng around 4000m, which exert an average water pressure of greater than 380 atmospheres, and wat 
re of greater than 380 atmospheres, and water temperatures ranging from 1-300oc, pressure-lovin 
igh-pressure, and in some cases extreme temperature, growth of piezophiles. the cold- and press 
 and in some cases extreme temperature, growth of piezophiles. the cold- and pressure-loving ba 
terium profundum, has been adopted as a model system to understand piezophile growth. this bact 
a model system to understand piezophile growth. this bacterium is an ideal model system since,  
hile growth. this bacterium is an ideal model system since, although it grows optimally at high 
e important for cold- and high pressure-growth. thus, the aims of this research are to characte 
t insights into the basis of piezophile growth and, since photobacterium is considered to be a  
 the effect of pressure on microoganism growth.  
10581 3 ast population vicariance. however, the development of hypotheses to test with these techniques 
s predicting geographic variation using gis. these will be tested using partial mantel tests on 
ing in dna markers. this will provide a model methodology for such studies in a range of organi 
11840 26 warm-blooded animals such as species of birds and mammals often have larger body size in the co 
 of birds and mammals often have larger body size in the colder parts of their geographical ran 
 surface over which heat is lost to the environment. however, it has become apparent that cold- 
s is an important topic, because global climate change will expose animals to changing temperat 
 change will expose animals to changing temperature and we need to understand how they will res 
they will respond. food animals such as fish are cold-blooded and our work will be directly rel 
tly relevant to understanding how their growth efficiency is altered by temperature. to do this 
evant to understanding how their growth efficiency is altered by temperature. to do this, we sh 
w their growth efficiency is altered by temperature. to do this, we shall focus on a small anim 
erent populations are grown in the same environment shows that they differ genetically in size. 
s that they differ genetically in size. temperature seems to be a critical variable in the evol 
 seems to be a critical variable in the evolution of larger body size at higher latitudes, beca 
cal variable in the evolution of larger body size at higher latitudes, because experiments wher 
atory also result in genetically larger body size at lower culture temperatures. in addition, f 
temperatures produce larger adults with growth at lower temperatures, showing that there is a d 
re is a direct, environmental effect of temperature on size. we shall discover the reasons for  
 identify the genes that produce larger body size at higher latitudes in nature. we shall do th 
larger body size at higher latitudes in nature. we shall do this by mapping their location in t 
atitudes in nature. we shall do this by mapping their location in the genetic material and by l 
 critical and checking their effects on body size. we shall test the importance of temperature  
y size. we shall test the importance of temperature in the evolution of body size, by measuring 
st the importance of temperature in the evolution of body size, by measuring the performance of 
ance of temperature in the evolution of body size, by measuring the performance of flies with t 
ch genes show altered expression during growth at different temperatures. by identifying the ge 
es and pathways that control changes in body size in response to temperature, we shall start to 
rol changes in body size in response to temperature, we shall start to understand the reasons w 
12042 4                        the study of the biodiversity of the western part , and in gradients of  
rn part , and in gradients of haplotype diversity in trees. the data suggest that while mountai 
pecies found refuge in other areas. the diversity of patterns observed suggests that species re 
ic fluctuations in different ways, as a function of their particular ecological preferences and 
12640 2 wales; to provide information about the scale, nature and physical effects of illegal use; to i 
to provide information about the scale, nature and physical effects of illegal use; to identify 
11153 6 tudying microorganisms in their natural environment without cultivation. the nucleic acids insi 
localisation and enumeration. microbial degradation can break down and detoxify polycyclic arom 
 pollutants such as pahs in the natural environment. a microscale investigation may shed light  
own and attenuation of pahs in polluted soils and sediments. such insight is of fundamental imp 
bioremediation technologies and for the risk assessment for impacted ecosystems.  
nd for the risk assessment for impacted ecosystems.  
10202 6 a, nw england was hit by an exceptional precipitation event producing an unprecedented total of 
aithe. this was equivalent to a month s precipitation and set a new uk record and local stakeho 
ation and set a new uk record and local stakeholders in designating catchment zones that are at 
designating catchment zones that are at risk from erosion and sedimentation.  
g catchment zones that are at risk from erosion and sedimentation.  
zones that are at risk from erosion and sedimentation.  
10514 28               despite an 82% decline in deforestation rates in amazonia, fires are still on the 
he rise. 2010 has been a year of severe drought and fire in amazonia. over the last months , fi 
0 has been a year of severe drought and fire in amazonia. over the last months , fire ecologist 
ire in amazonia. over the last months , fire ecologists, climatologists as well as forest carbo 
e ecologists, climatologists as well as forest carbon and remote sensing experts in order to pr 
gists, climatologists as well as forest carbon and remote sensing experts in order to provide a 
atologists as well as forest carbon and remote sensing experts in order to provide an integrati 
ive analysis of the climatology of this drought, the extent of forest fires and the carbon loss 
matology of this drought, the extent of forest fires and the carbon losses associated with this 
ght, the extent of forest fires and the carbon losses associated with this event. working as a  
ll measure the different facets of this drought in multiple scales to provide a comprehensive a 
tiple scales to provide a comprehensive assessment of its impacts. we will initially quantify t 
ovide a comprehensive assessment of its impacts. we will initially quantify the spatial extent  
ally quantify the spatial extent of the drought and associated forest fires based on a combinat 
al extent of the drought and associated forest fires based on a combination of climate and remo 
 forest fires based on a combination of climate and remote sensing data. the team will then imp 
s based on a combination of climate and remote sensing data. the team will then implement an ex 
 extensive field survey to quantify the impacts of fires on carbon stocks and the functioning o 
vey to quantify the impacts of fires on carbon stocks and the functioning of the fire-affected  
arbon stocks and the functioning of the fire-affected forests. finally, we will generate the fi 
nd the functioning of the fire-affected forests. finally, we will generate the first basin-wide 
te the first basin-wide map of the 2010 drought-induced fire impact on the amazonian carbon sto 
in-wide map of the 2010 drought-induced fire impact on the amazonian carbon stocks by integrati 
ht-induced fire impact on the amazonian carbon stocks by integrating the previous data. due to  
ion to help understand and diagnose the impacts of future events, but will also provide support 
, but will also provide support for the development of public policies in order to mitigate cli 
of public policies in order to mitigate climate change impacts in this region.  
ies in order to mitigate climate change impacts in this region.  
10490 20 ave your cake and eat it. this leads to trade-offs that we see in many different species, for e 
d have children at a larger size. these trade-offs provide the key to understanding the evoluti 
fs provide the key to understanding the evolution of the many and varied life-histories that ge 
and varied life-histories that generate biodiversity in the natural world, as different organis 
maintaining your own health and putting energy into reproducing; organisms can choose to devote 
fspring to their fate, most mammals and birds, and even some invertebrates invest time and reso 
, most mammals and birds, and even some invertebrates invest time and resources into feeding an 
returns for each species in the current environment. but what happens if the environment change 
nt environment. but what happens if the environment changes our warming climate is increasing t 
 happens if the environment changes our warming climate is increasing the risk of disease as pa 
 if the environment changes our warming climate is increasing the risk of disease as parasites  
s our warming climate is increasing the risk of disease as parasites become more abundant. dise 
rming climate is increasing the risk of disease as parasites become more abundant. disease is a 
ease as parasites become more abundant. disease is a common threat that could change the amount 
ring behaviours and immune responses to disease are both controlled by the same hormones in a v 
ones in a variety of animal species. in insects, these hormones have opposite effects: increasi 
eas using burying beetles because these insects are almost unique in that both parents prepare  
ill provide important insights into how trade-offs are controlled and how they change in a high 
ontrolled and how they change in a high risk environment.  
lled and how they change in a high risk environment.  
11543 20 ave your cake and eat it. this leads to trade-offs that we see in many different species, for e 
d have children at a larger size. these trade-offs provide the key to understanding the evoluti 
fs provide the key to understanding the evolution of the many and varied life-histories that ge 
and varied life-histories that generate biodiversity in the natural world, as different organis 
maintaining your own health and putting energy into reproducing; organisms can choose to devote 
fspring to their fate, most mammals and birds, and even some invertebrates invest time and reso 
, most mammals and birds, and even some invertebrates invest time and resources into feeding an 
returns for each species in the current environment. but what happens if the environment change 
nt environment. but what happens if the environment changes our warming climate is increasing t 
 happens if the environment changes our warming climate is increasing the risk of disease as pa 
 if the environment changes our warming climate is increasing the risk of disease as parasites  
s our warming climate is increasing the risk of disease as parasites become more abundant. dise 
rming climate is increasing the risk of disease as parasites become more abundant. disease is a 
ease as parasites become more abundant. disease is a common threat that could change the amount 
ring behaviours and immune responses to disease are both controlled by the same hormones in a v 
ones in a variety of animal species. in insects, these hormones have opposite effects: increasi 
eas using burying beetles because these insects are almost unique in that both parents prepare  
ill provide important insights into how trade-offs are controlled and how they change in a high 
ontrolled and how they change in a high risk environment.  
lled and how they change in a high risk environment.  
14196 4                           infection and disease is a complex interplay in which many factors ar 
up for another, normally quite harmless bacteria or virus even in vaccinated individuals. in th 
sually normal viral infections, and the disease becomes quite serious. we have shown that porci 
ost costly and painful health problems. development of effective treatments and vaccines is urg 
7295 1 ns, to better control the phenomenon of biological invasions. we want to test the hypothesis of 
10030 2 vertebrate, are afflicted by infectious disease, but in spite of medical and veterinary advance 
y ignorant of the effects of infectious disease on natural to be common.  
10540 2 vertebrate, are afflicted by infectious disease, but in spite of medical and veterinary advance 
y ignorant of the effects of infectious disease on natural to be common.  
15343 20 t pellets in the most important spanish wetlands, accompanied by high prevalences of lead shot  
hot use was banned in protected spanish wetlands in 2001, spent lead shot remains unaltered for 
ades in sediments, and consequently the risk of poisoning remains present. lead poisoning is an 
 poisoning is an important issue in the conservation of waterfowl. direct mortality by lead poi 
n the conservation of waterfowl. direct mortality by lead poisoning, usually through the ingest 
 in many bird species even in protected wetlands. however, very little is known about the suble 
ut the sublethal effects of pb on these birds, and their consequences at a population level. le 
athogens, leading to an increase in the mortality by infectious and parasitic diseases, and by  
 by decreasing reproductive success and recruitment, leading to an alteration of the population 
itment, leading to an alteration of the population dynamics. we present an integrated approach  
 status. pb is known to cause oxidative stress, which will be used as the meeting point among a 
the analysed responses. since oxidative stress is also known to be related with colour and orna 
elated with colour and ornamentation in birds, we hypothesize that the pb-related alteration of 
 that will relate the responses in wild birds animals, and that will deal with the following sp 
 assess the immunotoxic effect of pb on birds based on the analysis of the constitutive and ind 
on body condition and parasite loads in birds and its relationship with immune status. 3. to an 
e effects of parental exposure to pb on development of immune function and immunocompentence in 
exposure to pb on development of immune function and immunocompentence in chicks. 4. to study t 
rimentally the involvement of oxidative stress as a mechanism of the effect of lead on inmune r 
 on inmune response and reproduction in birds and to evaluate the use of carotenoids as biomark 
13733 5                                although marine invertebrates are exposed to increasing amount o 
                        although marine invertebrates are exposed to increasing amount of chemi 
t frequently occurs as a consequence of eutrophication of coastal areas, release from the sedim 
sis and activation of haemocytes in two model organisms, ciona intestinalis and mytilus edulis, 
robentic species from skagerrak and the baltic sea. the relationship between high mn levels and 
10776 7 m oxidisers, which play a vital role in nitrogen cycling, water quality and ecosystem functioni 
 play a vital role in nitrogen cycling, water quality and ecosystem functioning and are sensiti 
 in nitrogen cycling, water quality and ecosystem functioning and are sensitive indicators of e 
ecosystem functioning and are sensitive indicators of ecosystem health. this is a very speciali 
tioning and are sensitive indicators of ecosystem health. this is a very specialist process and 
knowledge gaps in the evidence base for risk characterisation of mnm, a key requisite for the e 
ill alter by their interaction with the environment and microbes themselves.  
7175 5 factors"downstream"of the big canalised rivers basin"marl and seine"ii built and validated digi 
e the issuance and settlement of larvae rivers funds invasion modifie- does the structure and f 
e and settlement of larvae rivers funds invasion modifie- does the structure and functioning of 
es. dreissena polymorpha this increased vulnerability in an unstable environment and current di 
 increased vulnerability in an unstable environment and current disruption. .  
14779 12                                         agricultural intensification through irrigation and use 
   agricultural intensification through irrigation and use of both chemical fertilizers and pes 
nd use of both chemical fertilizers and pesticides has allowed a huge increase in food producti 
des has allowed a huge increase in food production in the last 40 years, feeding 6,000 million  
0 million people on the earth. however, intensification has caused severe costs to the wild nat 
ion has caused severe costs to the wild nature. farming is widely recognized as a major serious 
gnized as a major serious cause of bird extinction scales explaining biodiversity. results will 
se of bird extinction scales explaining biodiversity. results will allow us to propose agri-env 
res to alleviate the potential negative impacts of agriculture intensification permitting the c 
viate the potential negative impacts of agriculture intensification permitting the coexistence  
tential negative impacts of agriculture intensification permitting the coexistence of viable fa 
g the coexistence of viable farming and biodiversity.  
7634 10                      some anthropogenic ecosystem management approaches have led to a decline i 
ent approaches have led to a decline in soil fertility and biodiversity in these environments.  
 led to a decline in soil fertility and biodiversity in these environments. more than 80 % of t 
an 80 % of terrestrial plants form root symbiosis with soil fungi that can access difficult acc 
estrial plants form root symbiosis with soil fungi that can access difficult access resources d 
al plants form root symbiosis with soil fungi that can access difficult access resources direct 
t improving their mineral nutrition and growth. they also contribute to structuring and mainten 
ibute to structuring and maintenance of soil fertility through the protein excretion. . . final 
nally, this project aims to promote the development of biogeosciences in the context of the lin 
ces in the context of the links between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning  
10567 13                           diel vertical migration that can track plankton migrations, sediment  
ion that can track plankton migrations, sediment traps that collect plankton and their fecal ma 
ct plankton and their fecal matter, and temperature and salinity probes to monitor watercolumn  
their fecal matter, and temperature and salinity probes to monitor watercolumn physical propert 
sights into how ice loss may affect the marine ecology of this sensitive region, and will help  
into how ice loss may affect the marine ecology of this sensitive region, and will help to pred 
ime series . data will be explored in a model framework that will tell us how much fecal pellet 
that will tell us how much fecal pellet production by zooplankton is exported to depth through  
 us how much fecal pellet production by zooplankton is exported to depth through the process of 
e surface layers and be recycled. where zooplankton perform satiation sinking however, the amou 
gauge what effect these factors have on carbon sequestration. we have considerable experience w 
lead to an improved capacity to predict ecosystem consequences of change in the arctic. the pro 
ll strengthen collaborations between uk institutions and other european/scandinavian organisati 
1084 12          the study of the environmental evolution concomitant with the 26 december 2004 tsunami 
y scientific research and environmental recovery and protection. in this respect, the present p 
t considers the upper infralittoral and intertidal bottoms between khao lak and ban chao nam, a 
iver mouths forming coastal lagoons and wetlands, and delivering sediment load to the nearshore 
al lagoons and wetlands, and delivering sediment load to the nearshore marine bottoms. 3 presen 
livering sediment load to the nearshore marine bottoms. 3 presence, primarily alongside estuari 
ottoms. 3 presence, primarily alongside estuaries, of mangrove forests that have played a prote 
ence, primarily alongside estuaries, of mangrove forests that have played a protective role and 
marily alongside estuaries, of mangrove forests that have played a protective role and whose ac 
vironmental managers concerned with the recovery and rehabilitation of the infralittoral and in 
anagers concerned with the recovery and rehabilitation of the infralittoral and intertidal envi 
rehabilitation of the infralittoral and intertidal environments devastated by the tsunami.  
13890 24  selective feeding change structure and species composition of the plant community. these chang 
re and species composition of the plant community. these changes can further affect other anima 
ther animal assemblages and fundamental ecosystem processes. from the swedish perspective it is 
ulation densities of cervids affect the ecosystem. to study this, a new, completely experimenta 
 was simulated in 8 exclosures in young forest stands along a habitat productivity gradient. th 
closures in young forest stands along a habitat productivity gradient. the moose food plants ar 
 in young forest stands along a habitat productivity gradient. the moose food plants are clippe 
that moose significantly can affect the ecosystem, especially at higher densities. there are cl 
r densities. there are clear effects on growth and productivity of trees, litterfall, abundance 
. there are clear effects on growth and productivity of trees, litterfall, abundance and specie 
 and productivity of trees, litterfall, abundance and species richness of vascular plants, grou 
ity of trees, litterfall, abundance and species richness of vascular plants, ground and soil li 
richness of vascular plants, ground and soil living invertebrates. also soil temperature and so 
vascular plants, ground and soil living invertebrates. also soil temperature and soil respirati 
und and soil living invertebrates. also soil temperature and soil respiration rates have been a 
nd soil living invertebrates. also soil temperature and soil respiration rates have been affect 
nvertebrates. also soil temperature and soil respiration rates have been affected. effect furth 
een affected. effect further depends on habitat productivity, and the same moose density can gi 
cted. effect further depends on habitat productivity, and the same moose density can give oppos 
abitat productivity, and the same moose density can give opposite effects in poor and rich habi 
he optimal age to do further studies on biodiversity of plants, mosses, lichens, tree and groun 
dies on biodiversity of plants, mosses, lichens, tree and ground living invertebrates, biochemi 
mosses, lichens, tree and ground living invertebrates, biochemical soil processes and microclim 
round living invertebrates, biochemical soil processes and microclimate. the results will also  
12225 16                                         pesticide availability in europe is changing. this resu 
              pesticide availability in europe is changing. this results from changes to legisl 
/414/eec . the changing availability of pesticides in europe will have impacts on all areas of  
 changing availability of pesticides in europe will have impacts on all areas of uk agriculture 
ility of pesticides in europe will have impacts on all areas of uk agriculture and horticulture 
pe will have impacts on all areas of uk agriculture and horticulture with a reduced number of p 
d horticulture with a reduced number of pesticides available for use on a wide range of crops.  
 of reports looking at the economic and production impacts of changing pesticide availability o 
 looking at the economic and production impacts of changing pesticide availability on a range o 
omic and production impacts of changing pesticide availability on a range of crops; for hgca on 
and for eblex and dairyco on forage and grassland. adas have also collated data for pgro on pul 
ed the collation of data looking at the yield implications of pesticide losses due to the revis 
ta looking at the yield implications of pesticide losses due to the revision of 91/414/eec on 1 
omic analysis or investigation of wider impacts, such as those from wfd and market pressures on 
mation is collated and assessed so that policy development can address the key issues and balan 
is collated and assessed so that policy development can address the key issues and balance pres 
161 37                                         climate and the environment of the earth is under incre 
                        climate and the environment of the earth is under increasing pressure o 
 activity that is likely to provoke the climate warming, frequent droughts and other stresses t 
y that is likely to provoke the climate warming, frequent droughts and other stresses that decr 
ts and other stresses that decrease the stability of forest ecosystems. many recent projects on 
stresses that decrease the stability of forest ecosystems. many recent projects on different tr 
s that decrease the stability of forest ecosystems. many recent projects on different tree spec 
n different tree species and regions of europe and north america showed long-term variations of 
ica showed long-term variations of tree growth and site productivity. the case studies reported 
term variations of tree growth and site productivity. the case studies reported consistent incr 
ent increasing trends in general height growth, as well as diameter growth of different tree sp 
eral height growth, as well as diameter growth of different tree species in central and western 
ent tree species in central and western europe. the altered growth conditions affect the geneti 
central and western europe. the altered growth conditions affect the genetic composition of for 
tions affect the genetic composition of forest stands and nutrient cycling, the ultimate pre-re 
enetic composition of forest stands and nutrient cycling, the ultimate pre-requisite of the bal 
uisite of the balanced plant nutrition. litter decomposition is an important link in cycling pr 
es as the source of the majority of the nutrients taken up annually by plants. the lack of know 
plants. the lack of knowledge about the growth of forests in changing conditions is emphasized  
e lack of knowledge about the growth of forests in changing conditions is emphasized frequently 
quently in literature. according to the forest inventory data site index of estonian forests wa 
t inventory data site index of estonian forests was found to have increased during the last dec 
t decades. the increasing trends in air temperature and precipitation, detected in meteorologic 
ncreasing trends in air temperature and precipitation, detected in meteorological time series i 
onsible for the annual increase of tree growth. the primary goal of the proposed project is to  
 is to study i the trends in the radial growth of coniferous stands under the possible impact o 
stands under the possible impact of the climate change and ii the impact of warming and increas 
the climate change and ii the impact of warming and increased precipitation on the forest litte 
 ii the impact of warming and increased precipitation on the forest litter decomposition. resul 
ming and increased precipitation on the forest litter decomposition. results of the study shoul 
d increased precipitation on the forest litter decomposition. results of the study should show  
d show trends in site conditions and in growth of economically important coniferous stands. a b 
ands. a better understanding of altered growth conditions may be useful for planning of forest  
red growth conditions may be useful for planning of forest regeneration, for adjusting thinning 
onditions may be useful for planning of forest regeneration, for adjusting thinning regimes and 
s and final cutting strategies, and for forest policy makers to ensure continuous sustainable m 
makers to ensure continuous sustainable management.  
147 26                       studies on global climate have revealed that the conditions in the northe 
 the north atlantic oscillation index . climate change affects the balance of heat, water and s 
ate change affects the balance of heat, water and substances in lake catchments resulting in ch 
kes where they cause big changes in the water volume and lake depth. a basic research is planne 
ence of the inflow of substances on the ecosystem of large shallow lakes. first of all, the res 
. the role of the dynamics of dissolved organic matter on the underwater light climate will be  
 organic matter on the underwater light climate will be investigated as well. work hypotheses:  
 in positive phase of nao the amount of water discharged into the lakes increases bringing abou 
bstances. however, the concentration of phosphorus in lake water tends to be lower in water-ric 
the concentration of phosphorus in lake water tends to be lower in water-rich years. this is ca 
orus in lake water tends to be lower in water-rich years. this is caused by the effect of dilut 
centration of doc in lakes is higher in water-rich years. in the deeper lake where the water co 
ich years. in the deeper lake where the water column is on the average less illuminated than in 
iance contributing to the sharpening of phytoplankton light limitation and to the reduction of  
 limitation and to the reduction of its biomass. higher concentration of dom may favor bacteria 
. higher concentration of dom may favor bacteria while the lower phytoplankton production in do 
 dom may favor bacteria while the lower phytoplankton production in dom-rich years can reduce b 
 bacteria while the lower phytoplankton production in dom-rich years can reduce bacterial bioma 
 in dom-rich years can reduce bacterial biomass if they are dependant on phytoplankton exudates 
terial biomass if they are dependant on phytoplankton exudates and degradation products. two es 
dependant on phytoplankton exudates and degradation products. two estonian large lakes võrtsjär 
dy the impact of climatic change on the ecosystem of shallow lakes. they are among few lakes in 
are among few lakes in the world, which water level is unregulated and has a natural variabilit 
e lakes enable to analyse the impact of climate change on the ecosystems. monthly data on phyto 
yse the impact of climate change on the ecosystems. monthly data on phytoplankton from l. võrts 
ange on the ecosystems. monthly data on phytoplankton from l. võrtsjärv start from the year 196 
12435 10 nting the strategic plan of the cod and climate change programme and other co-operative interna 
international studies on the effects of climate change on the marine ecosystem. key customer pu 
on the effects of climate change on the marine ecosystem. key customer purpose to improve forec 
effects of climate change on the marine ecosystem. key customer purpose to improve forecasts of 
prove forecasts of the responses of the marine ecosystem to physical forcing and global change  
orecasts of the responses of the marine ecosystem to physical forcing and global change by deve 
arine ecosystem to physical forcing and global change by developing our understanding of its st 
nditions, providing the basis for wider ecosystem approach to issues in fisheries management an 
r wider ecosystem approach to issues in fisheries management and environment protection.  
h to issues in fisheries management and environment protection.  
6961 11 substantial northward area expansion in europe, of an average speed of 20-50 km/year. in severa 
ould promote the northward expansion of insects. main subjects of the studies are: distribution 
ects. main subjects of the studies are: distribution, phenology, populationdynamics, biodiversi 
jects of the studies are: distribution, phenology, populationdynamics, biodiversity. aims: to s 
ibution, phenology, populationdynamics, biodiversity. aims: to study the further distribution o 
iodiversity. aims: to study the further distribution of several important pest species as d. pe 
nclude important new pests spreading in europe as: i. purchasi, u. euonymi, c. juniperi, c. min 
tina on grape, a. purpurea on grasses . development of a new concept an european insect thermom 
lace insect traps in different parts of europe as a monitoring network. the highways could serv 
traps in different parts of europe as a monitoring network. the highways could serve as standar 
 of the insect termometer. the research model proposed in this grant proposal, the developed me 
7129 31                      global changes and biodiversity: relative performances of introduced and i 
ndigenous species and simulation of the evolution of their distribution areas the dominance of  
nd simulation of the evolution of their distribution areas the dominance of terrestrial ecosyst 
olution of their distribution areas the dominance of terrestrial ecosystems by humans led to a  
tion areas the dominance of terrestrial ecosystems by humans led to a major alteration of the a 
ed to a major alteration of the abiotic environment of the globe and biotic diversity ecosystem 
tic environment of the globe and biotic diversity ecosystem. from the interactions between the  
nment of the globe and biotic diversity ecosystem. from the interactions between the abiotic an 
 of the increase in atmospheric co2 and temperature on phenology, growth and reproduction of in 
e in atmospheric co2 and temperature on phenology, growth and reproduction of introduced and na 
heric co2 and temperature on phenology, growth and reproduction of introduced and native specie 
on of introduced and native species and model changing areas potential distribution of some spe 
cies and model changing areas potential distribution of some species. this project has four obj 
roject has four objectives: 1 / test in competition if the increase of co2 promote invasive spe 
petition if the increase of co2 promote invasive species over native species in terms of phenol 
species over native species in terms of phenology, growth and reproduction. . 3 / determine the 
r native species in terms of phenology, growth and reproduction. . 3 / determine the effects of 
 3 / determine the effects of increased temperature and reduced rainfall on phenology of some h 
sed temperature and reduced rainfall on phenology of some herbaceous and woody species. 4 / pre 
dy species. 4 / predict what changes in distribution areas of the main tree species in europe a 
ution areas of the main tree species in europe according to different ipcc scenarios and thus d 
s in europe according to different ipcc scenarios and thus determine how global warming may aff 
t ipcc scenarios and thus determine how global warming may affect biodiversity. in terms of man 
determine how global warming may affect biodiversity. in terms of management and transfer to us 
ng may affect biodiversity. in terms of management and transfer to users, this project will ass 
will assess the change in the impact of biological invasions under the influence of the increas 
s; 2 test a likely deterioration in the efficiency of biological control because of the alterat 
kely deterioration in the efficiency of biological control because of the alteration of the che 
the european system of observatories of phenology and to continue the development of phenologic 
tories of phenology and to continue the development of phenological models to simulate the evol 
 of phenological models to simulate the evolution of plant ranges.  
7669 10                                tropical andes are considered as biodiversity hotspots for conse 
       tropical andes are considered as biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. the  
considered as biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. the bolivian amazonian lowland 
n and represents an ecotone between the tropical forest, sub-andean and savannah ecosystems, wh 
ropical forest, sub-andean and savannah ecosystems, where biodiversity and landscape are contro 
b-andean and savannah ecosystems, where biodiversity and landscape are controlled by extended s 
nnah ecosystems, where biodiversity and landscape are controlled by extended seasonal inundatio 
area presently faces changes due to the development of anthropogenic activities taking into acc 
ocio-economic context by an analyses of stakeholders and policy relationships.  
text by an analyses of stakeholders and policy relationships.  
13725 7 t objective is to investigate how large predators impact the composition of mammal communities. 
omposition of mammal communities. large predators have been heavily persecuted and many populat 
increased abundances of medium-sized in sweden. specifically, i will test if known species inte 
den. specifically, i will test if known species interactions are a sufficient explanation for o 
erved changes in species abundances and community structure. the results are generally importan 
further, they may have implications for wildlife management.  
they may have implications for wildlife management.  
11147 3 one of the most prominent signatures of climate change is progressively increasing levels of at 
sively increasing levels of atmospheric methane . specifically, each group will contribute thei 
her more information about methanotroph ecology in the arctic through work next summer, much la 
7536 9                          for a dominant forest species such as oaks, which one wishes to conser 
rve genetic resources, what strategy to scale to a known intermediary we propose to initiate, t 
iplinary research project of fragmented forest landscapes south -west france. two workshops -si 
tion, their spatial organization, their management, have been well characterized for their ecol 
 have been well characterized for their ecology. we want to make an initial inventory of the ge 
ant to make an initial inventory of the genetic diversity of oaks present in these landscapes o 
oaks present in these landscapes on the scale that was used to characterize the interspecific b 
 used to characterize the interspecific biodiversity. trace the history of the oak stands will  
improperly managed land, the effects of forest management on the genetic structure of these pop 
544 4                 we analysed annual cone production in larch for 30 consecutive years could be s 
omyia. we showed evidence of asymmetric competition among strobilomyia species, with competitiv 
 strobilomyia species, with competitive dominance of the earliest species. diapause duration wa 
rolonged diapause. the impact of winter temperature increase on strobilomyia emergence is under 
7131 5 rch. a better understanding of how this ecosystem will predict the effect of global warming on  
is ecosystem will predict the effect of global warming on the regeneration of larch forest, for 
al warming on the regeneration of larch forest, forest and give guidelines for sensible managem 
ng on the regeneration of larch forest, forest and give guidelines for sensible management of p 
forest and give guidelines for sensible management of plots  
2149 9 nants known to occur in those norwegian rivers supporting spawning populations of wild atlantic 
on in smolt physiology and/or olfactory function due to contaminant exposure can be correlated  
an be correlated to impaired downstream migration, groups of tagged, previously exposed fish wi 
n, groups of tagged, previously exposed fish will be released into a river system after the com 
ompletion of smoltification. downstream migration will be evaluated from capture rates in fish  
will be evaluated from capture rates in fish traps downstream. in combining physiological, beha 
 anthropogenic factors during the early freshwater life-history stages and subsequent smoltific 
bsequent smoltification, and downstream migration. these results will be of value to existing s 
odels in order to predict the impact of water quality on stocks and populations of wild atlanti 
427 7  several years, the impact of humans on biodiversity worldwide has highly increased. the global 
ldwide has highly increased. the global climate change is probably one of the major causes lead 
menon will probably greatly perturb the distribution of the european species. what will be the  
val the knowledge of the impact of past climate changes on biodiversity would greatly help to a 
f the impact of past climate changes on biodiversity would greatly help to answer these questio 
pt their morphology to changes in their environment particularly linked to the climate.  
 environment particularly linked to the climate.  
7143 2                                   tags: climate change, phylogeography, mammals, refuges, genet 
ange, phylogeography, mammals, refuges, genetic diversity  
10005 1 impact of dramatic global events on the evolution of life, particularly in the polar regions.  
10523 1 impact of dramatic global events on the evolution of life, particularly in the polar regions.  
11535 1 impact of dramatic global events on the evolution of life, particularly in the polar regions.  
1933 19 perimentally investigate the effects of habitat connectivity on dynamics and rates of colonizat 
ally investigate the effects of habitat connectivity on dynamics and rates of colonization and  
t connectivity on dynamics and rates of colonization and extinction in a model multitrophic sys 
 dynamics and rates of colonization and extinction in a model multitrophic system of a plant, a 
tes of colonization and extinction in a model multitrophic system of a plant, a phytopathogen,  
pathogen, a herbivorous insect, and its parasitoid. we hypothesize that pathogen and parasitoid 
itoid. we hypothesize that pathogen and parasitoid in the model system are more sensitive to fr 
ize that pathogen and parasitoid in the model system are more sensitive to fragmentation than t 
 the model system are more sensitive to fragmentation than the herbivore and are more frequentl 
eof on the underlying trophic level and stability of the system as a whole. specific attention  
d tot he sensitivity of the pathogen to fragmentation. the results will be used to test the gen 
 general hypothesis that as a result of habitat fragmentation and isolation the stability of mu 
habitat fragmentation and isolation the stability of multitrophic systems will decrease because 
rophic systems there are differences in dispersal ability of the participants, ii these differe 
nce of the participants with the lowest dispersal capacity, iii in turn this may lead to over-e 
 and iv these processes are enforced by habitat fragmentation and isolation. specific hypothese 
tems in relation to different scales of habitat connectivity to arrive at greater generality of 
relation to different scales of habitat connectivity to arrive at greater generality of the res 
pecially for systems of interest from a conservation point of view.  
13592 8                          the decline of fish species eg. pike or an indirect effect leading to  
ke or an indirect effect leading to the degradation of water quality in nursery grounds. we wil 
ct effect leading to the degradation of water quality in nursery grounds. we will use a combina 
e will use a combination of laboratory, mesocosm-based and field studies to sudy the growth, re 
osm-based and field studies to sudy the growth, reprodction success and lipid content of fish e 
eprodction success and lipid content of fish exposed to cyanobacteria. the results will contrib 
ss and lipid content of fish exposed to cyanobacteria. the results will contribute to predict t 
act of cyanobacterial blooms on coastal fish populations.  
14183 18  increasingly important crop throughout europe, especially in estonia, and pest problems are in 
creasing. widespread and expanding pest resistance to pyrethroids is a major european problem a 
an problem at present. alternative pest management strategies for the crop need to be developed 
g tritrophic crop plant - insect pest - parasitoid interactions with the aim of finding innovat 
 aim of finding innovative solutions to pest control in estonia that minimise pesticide use, ma 
o pest control in estonia that minimise pesticide use, maximise use of natural resources, but a 
minimise pesticide use, maximise use of natural resources, but are economically-viable and envi 
 will explore, using small plot, larger-scale field and laboratory experiments, how host plants 
iments, how host plants within the agro-ecosystem affect the population dynamics and phenology  
ts within the agro-ecosystem affect the population dynamics and phenology of two target pests,  
stem affect the population dynamics and phenology of two target pests, the pollen beetle and th 
nd the seed weevil and their respective parasitoids, how and whether fertilizers have impact on 
ave influence on target pests and their parasitoids, how they interact with cropping systems an 
crops or companion plant strategies for integrated pest management enhancing conservation bioco 
or integrated pest management enhancing conservation biocontrol. postgraduate training, technol 
 pest management enhancing conservation biocontrol. postgraduate training, technology transfer  
 improved knowledge about behaviour and species composition of parasitoids, and publications of 
ut behaviour and species composition of parasitoids, and publications of results in internation 
14983 27                                     the mediterranean coastal wetlands of spain are systems tha 
              the mediterranean coastal wetlands of spain are systems that show a great richnes 
  the mediterranean coastal wetlands of spain are systems that show a great richness in biodive 
 of spain are systems that show a great richness in biodiversity including, in many cases, spec 
e systems that show a great richness in biodiversity including, in many cases, species which ar 
es which are unique and/or in danger of extinction. these ecosystems are also strategic places  
e and/or in danger of extinction. these ecosystems are also strategic places for birds migratio 
cosystems are also strategic places for birds migration through the european continent. the imp 
ems are also strategic places for birds migration through the european continent. the importanc 
ropean continent. the importance of its conservation has been widely recognized at world-wide o 
essure, suffering important degradative impacts. the study will be mainly focused in pedologic, 
c and morphologic aspects, as: - global evolution of the wetlands area - morphologic changes un 
 aspects, as: - global evolution of the wetlands area - morphologic changes undergone in these  
 morphologic changes undergone in these wetlands and their relationship with human development  
lands and their relationship with human development and climatic characteristics - appearance a 
cteristics - appearance and dynamics of soil sealing and waterproofing phenomena - changes in h 
nd waterproofing phenomena - changes in hydrology - appearance of fragile zones with respect to 
pect to the erosive processes - loss of soils and waters quality this integrated study would to 
f the dynamics and functionality of the mediterranean coastal wetlands, and their mechanisms an 
ctionality of the mediterranean coastal wetlands, and their mechanisms and response patterns un 
onse patterns under continued anthropic impacts. reults and conclusions obtained would constitu 
sh particular criteria for their useful recovery and conservation, and for the development of e 
 criteria for their useful recovery and conservation, and for the development of effective plan 
 recovery and conservation, and for the development of effective plans of recovery and protecti 
r the development of effective plans of recovery and protection of mediterranean wetlands in pr 
ive plans of recovery and protection of mediterranean wetlands in progressive deterioration pro 
ecovery and protection of mediterranean wetlands in progressive deterioration process.  
7554 6 ionary processes that help maintain the genetic diversity of species and alter their genetic st 
ucture. in order to develop sustainable management strategies of biodiversity, we propose to ch 
op sustainable management strategies of biodiversity, we propose to characterize the human prac 
alyze their impact on gene flow and the evolution of the genetic diversity of three forest spec 
t on gene flow and the evolution of the genetic diversity of three forest species exploited  
ution of the genetic diversity of three forest species exploited  
14141 11   although the impact of rising ambient temperature and co2 concentration on woody plants is al 
stigated. air humidity can influence an ecosystem and its components in several ways, causing c 
he intensity of evapo-transpiration and soil moisture. lower transpiration at higher air humidi 
 with two different types of understory vegetation. the second phase has been designed to compl 
 this experiment will be conducted in a growth chamber, where light, air humidity and soil mois 
 chamber, where light, air humidity and soil moisture will be controlled. the monitored variabl 
ulic conductance, leaf area dynamic and nitrate concentration in root and shoot xylem. the wate 
centration in root and shoot xylem. the water and the nitrogen in the soil will be also monitor 
root and shoot xylem. the water and the nitrogen in the soil will be also monitored. pressure-v 
ylem. the water and the nitrogen in the soil will be also monitored. pressure-volume and leaf d 
ill be performed in order to assess the water behaviour of the leaves.  
14110 5                                         climate change scenarios predict wetter conditions for  
                         climate change scenarios predict wetter conditions for the future at h 
ture at high latitudes like in northern europe, including the baltic region. relationships betw 
tic region. relationships between plant water relations, hydraulic characteristics and gas exch 
e scales to cause a putative decline in growth rate in response to elevated rh  
14506 3  task is a research on the influence of introduced species on native species. four points wil b 
eeeding bird communities between native forest and afforestion ones. 3- pedation of the mink on 
d boar on the egeneration of the native forest.  
10305 20 al in fields such as new fertilsers for agriculture. unfortunately, very little is known about  
particles may have on the strucutre and function of the microbial communities which exist in th 
icrobial communities which exist in the soils receiving such applications. these communities ar 
mmunities are essential for the healthy function of soils: they underpin the production of food 
e essential for the healthy function of soils: they underpin the production of food and fibre,  
hy function of soils: they underpin the production of food and fibre, the cycling of nutrients, 
ction of food and fibre, the cycling of nutrients, the purification of water flowing through th 
cling of nutrients, the purification of water flowing through them, contribute to soil structur 
ter flowing through them, contribute to soil structural stability and it s ability to resist er 
ugh them, contribute to soil structural stability and it s ability to resist erosion, and inter 
al stability and it s ability to resist erosion, and interact closely with plants to maintain b 
nteract closely with plants to maintain biodiversity, amongst many other ecosystem goods identi 
intain biodiversity, amongst many other ecosystem goods identified in the millennium ecosystem  
other ecosystem goods identified in the millennium ecosystem assessment. so any impacts of nano 
millennium ecosystem assessment. so any impacts of nanoparticles on the normal functioning of s 
oparticles on the normal functioning of soil communities is potentially very significant. this  
ny impact on the normal composition and function of the soil microbial community, using well es 
 normal composition and function of the soil microbial community, using well established techni 
al composition and function of the soil microbial community, using well established techniques. 
y humans, and to indicate the degree of risk associated with their use.  
11140 13                          as atmospheric carbon dioxide continues to rise the ph of seawater wil 
ic carbon dioxide continues to rise the ph of seawater will get progressively less alkaline. th 
tury progresses. it is likely to affect marine organisms from corals to microscopic plankton, p 
rganisms are harder to predict. in this ph.d. proposal the student will study the effect of dec 
ent will study the effect of decreasing ph on the production of trace gases proves significant  
tudy the effect of decreasing ph on the production of trace gases proves significant then the i 
r study here, e.g. on rates of man-made carbon dioxide uptake by the oceans and calculation of  
 calculation of air-sea fluxes of other climate relevant gases. finally, the student will use a 
 the student will use a one-dimensional model to assess the importance of ph-induced changes in 
ional model to assess the importance of ph-induced changes in the air-sea exchange of trace gas 
 additional dimension to the nerc/defra ocean acidification research programme by not only stud 
udying one important impact of seawater ph change on processes in the oceans but also by linkin 
ts in the oceans to the wider fields of climate and atmospheric chemistry.  
10940 5 lar pores in mineral grains of podzolic soils has challenged conventional views on mineral weat 
entional views on mineral weathering in forest soils. it has been hypothesised that these micro 
l views on mineral weathering in forest soils. it has been hypothesised that these micropores a 
sly, we have shown that ectomycorrhizal fungi can excrete large amounts of low molecular weight 
. we propose to study lmwoa dynamics in soil columns with/without trees and mycorrhiza in which 
7497 4                                         phenology of genetically modified plants and their wild 
ed. however, under strong pressure from herbivory, flowering wild plants is delayed by damage a 
ng wild plants is delayed by damage and phenology converges to that of bt plant. in this system 
xperiments to study the impact of plant phenology on the escapement levels of transgenes from t 
165 17                              in estonia forest rehabilitation of large open-cast oil-shale mini 
                      in estonia forest rehabilitation of large open-cast oil-shale mining area 
bilitation of large open-cast oil-shale mining areas is carried out every year since 1960. duri 
ically reasonable to continue open-cast mining of oil shale is extremely scarce. the main aim o 
obtain new information on the impact of rhizosphere processes on the formation of forest ecosys 
izosphere processes on the formation of forest ecosystems in open-cast oil-shale mining areas.  
re processes on the formation of forest ecosystems in open-cast oil-shale mining areas. microbi 
orest ecosystems in open-cast oil-shale mining areas. microbiological, chemical and physical ch 
hemical and physical characteristics of soil-root contiinuum will be estimated in natural condi 
tree species-related.effect of roots on mining detritus. in selected stands total above-ground  
. in selected stands total above-ground production will be estimated and decomposition dynamics 
ground production will be estimated and decomposition dynamics of leaf and root litter analysed 
our understanding of mechanisms how the development of forest ecosystems in calcareous mining d 
ng of mechanisms how the development of forest ecosystems in calcareous mining detritus is affe 
echanisms how the development of forest ecosystems in calcareous mining detritus is affected by 
ment of forest ecosystems in calcareous mining detritus is affected by rhizosphere processes an 
lcareous mining detritus is affected by rhizosphere processes and allow giving recommendations  
187 15 dy the within-species variation in leaf traits of boreal evergreen plants growing in contrastin 
evergreen plants growing in contrasting soil and latitude conditions. it is known that the leaf 
eases with the increasing environmental stress level, which is accompanied by the decline in ph 
eaf longevity compensates for declining photosynthesis, as greater leaf longevity enables highe 
ter leaf longevity enables higher total carbon gain in conditions where resources are limited.  
are paralleled by changes in other leaf traits, so that one trait can be used to predict the va 
n be used to predict the value of other traits. however, most of these generalisations are base 
t when within-species variation in leaf traits is considered. for example, studies of different 
ions have shown that patterns in needle traits observed along nutrient availability gradient ma 
gradient may have principally different nature than patterns observed across latitudes. these r 
dge on within-species variation in leaf traits of boreal evergreen plants helps to understand t 
 helps to understand the functioning of boreal forest ecosystems and the impact of environmenta 
rstand the functioning of boreal forest ecosystems and the impact of environmental change on th 
eal forest ecosystems and the impact of environmental change on these vulnerable ecosystems.  
nvironmental change on these vulnerable ecosystems.  
10004 5                                         earthworms excrete tiny calcium carbonate granules . on 
 will investigate how long they last in soils. we will carry out flow through reactor experimen 
iments, dissolving granules in acid and monitoring ph change and increase in ca concentration t 
solving granules in acid and monitoring ph change and increase in ca concentration to determine 
ssolution. we will also put granules in soil columns and monitor dissolution through the change 
10222 4 r projected future land-based renewable energy schemes are highly dependent on very localised c 
ze of a typical farm. variations in the productivity of bio-energy crops also occur on similar  
. variations in the productivity of bio-energy crops also occur on similar spatial scales. this 
nificant differences in response of the landscape in hosting land-based renewables environments 
10662 4 r projected future land-based renewable energy schemes are highly dependent on very localised c 
ze of a typical farm. variations in the productivity of bio-energy crops also occur on similar  
. variations in the productivity of bio-energy crops also occur on similar spatial scales. this 
nificant differences in response of the landscape in hosting land-based renewables environments 
10910 4 r projected future land-based renewable energy schemes are highly dependent on very localised c 
ze of a typical farm. variations in the productivity of bio-energy crops also occur on similar  
. variations in the productivity of bio-energy crops also occur on similar spatial scales. this 
nificant differences in response of the landscape in hosting land-based renewables environments 
10913 4 r projected future land-based renewable energy schemes are highly dependent on very localised c 
ze of a typical farm. variations in the productivity of bio-energy crops also occur on similar  
. variations in the productivity of bio-energy crops also occur on similar spatial scales. this 
nificant differences in response of the landscape in hosting land-based renewables environments 
11171 4 r projected future land-based renewable energy schemes are highly dependent on very localised c 
ze of a typical farm. variations in the productivity of bio-energy crops also occur on similar  
. variations in the productivity of bio-energy crops also occur on similar spatial scales. this 
nificant differences in response of the landscape in hosting land-based renewables environments 
9898 4 r projected future land-based renewable energy schemes are highly dependent on very localised c 
ze of a typical farm. variations in the productivity of bio-energy crops also occur on similar  
. variations in the productivity of bio-energy crops also occur on similar spatial scales. this 
nificant differences in response of the landscape in hosting land-based renewables environments 
15453 2 on. the final aim of the work being the development of new tools to be applied on environmental 
ew tools to be applied on environmental assessment, and the description of new modes of action  
15448 16                                     the climate change is an evident fact in our country. the r 
are the clearer signs of this change in spain. moreover, the projected scenarios for the near f 
hange in spain. moreover, the projected scenarios for the near future indicate the continuation 
 the continuation of this trend. floral phenology is highly controlled by climate, and therefor 
loral phenology is highly controlled by climate, and therefore these phenological data are good 
ors of the impact of this change on our ecosystems. in our country the first studies on plant p 
 our country the first studies on plant phenology are revealing the effect on the of the climat 
 are revealing the effect on the of the climate change of different plant species, indicating a 
ffected due to its higher dependence on temperature. the main objetive of the present project i 
will be implemented both a temporal and spatial analysis of the data, including the analysis of 
the above mentioned results, a regional modeling analysis will be performed to determine the cl 
ain a deeper knowledge of the impact of climate change on different plant species in the studie 
will help to predict the effects of the global warming on natural populations and to the develo 
rming on natural populations and to the development of strategies of conservation in the contex 
and to the development of strategies of conservation in the context of climate change in the ib 
egies of conservation in the context of climate change in the iberian peninsula.  
11818 21                                         production of organic carbon by phytoplankton in the su 
                  production of organic carbon by phytoplankton in the surface ocean, followed  
        production of organic carbon by phytoplankton in the surface ocean, followed by transpo 
ed by transport of some of this organic carbon on sinking particulate matter from the surface o 
ean into underlying sediments, extracts carbon dioxide from and injects oxygen into the atmosph 
xtracts carbon dioxide from and injects oxygen into the atmosphere. for long geological time sc 
hat changes in the magnitude of organic-carbon deposition in deep-sea sediments can influence t 
 composition of the atmosphere. organic-carbon burial in deep-sea sediments must, therefore, be 
 the mechanisms controlling the flux of carbon from the oceanic water column into underlying se 
ing the flux of carbon from the oceanic water column into underlying sediments and the burial o 
 underlying sediments and the burial of carbon in the sediments is of crucial importance. a num 
 a number of possible controls on these carbon fluxes into deep-sea sediments have been studied 
owever, to date the impact of submarine landscape geometry has received virtually no attention. 
e comprehensive and pervasive submarine landscape changes that must have occurred as a result o 
ine hills and mountains. such kilometre-scale seafloor elevations are a major source of environ 
w do different tidal forcings influence carbon dynamics at kilometre-scale seafloor elevations  
 influence carbon dynamics at kilometre-scale seafloor elevations we propose to elucidate these 
he eratosthenes seamount in the eastern mediterranean at 33.5degn are at similar geographical l 
 forcing, with the tides in the eastern mediterranean being much weaker than the tides in the n 
ntrols of seafloor geometry on deep-sea biogeochemistry and biodiversity.  
eometry on deep-sea biogeochemistry and biodiversity.  
7626 18 l conditions do not always allow a good development of vegetation on eroded land subject to the 
 not always allow a good development of vegetation on eroded land subject to the slope, flood o 
ded land subject to the slope, flood or drought. the objective of the study is to evaluate the  
s to evaluate the interest of spreading organic matter on land highly constrained to improve th 
hemical and biological qualities of the soil and encourage the installation of plants. it is ba 
ts placed in two contexts fight against erosion bioengineered: 1 slope revegetation by planting 
 against erosion bioengineered: 1 slope revegetation by planting herbaceous species, and 2 of a 
g herbaceous species, and 2 of alluvial vegetation in gullies by cuttings of woody species. it  
 it is planned to evaluate two forms of organic matter: rcw fragmented and compost green waste. 
rough better knowledge of the impact of organic matter input on plant and soil processes implem 
ct of organic matter input on plant and soil processes implemented and technically, by improvin 
veness of biological engineering works. soil erosion in certain situations justify the establis 
ative effects of this natural hazard on ecosystems and human activities. we know that the pir 2 
n activities. we know that the pir 2010 vegetation ecological engineering can play an important 
s. we know that the pir 2010 vegetation ecological engineering can play an important role in so 
gineering can play an important role in soil protection against surface erosion at the recovery 
role in soil protection against surface erosion at the recovery of organic waste by finding new 
otection against surface erosion at the recovery of organic waste by finding new uses  
14440 13                                     the development of road infrastructure affects and modifies 
infrastructure affects and modifies the habitat conditions, which in turn influences the abunda 
onditions, which in turn influences the abundance and distribution of plant and animal species, 
ch in turn influences the abundance and distribution of plant and animal species, i.e. the biod 
n of plant and animal species, i.e. the biodiversity of the impacted areas. the aim of the stud 
l and hydro-morphological parameters of water bodies; of macrozoobenthos and fishes. the result 
ontribute to more effective preliminary planning of road infrastructure in bulgaria and its con 
tructure in bulgaria and its consequent management, especially during the next years when the r 
ing the next years when the responsible institutions plan to rehabilitate and broaden the road  
dy could be used for the preparation of environmental impact assessments and ecological assessm 
al assessments of investment offers for rehabilitation or construction of new road sections. th 
ts in practical applying of methods for assessment the influence of investment proposals on bio 
he influence of investment proposals on biological diversity.  
14223 25    the project addresses the changes in landscape pattern induced by urbanization, models relat 
changes in landscape pattern induced by urbanization, models relations between pattern indicato 
ation, models relations between pattern indicators and human pressure along the decreasing urba 
and human pressure along the decreasing urbanization gradient, and develops tools for evidence  
, and develops tools for evidence based planning making use of knowledge about processes in lan 
ing use of knowledge about processes in landscape patterns. landscape development is today most 
 about processes in landscape patterns. landscape development is today mostly affected by anthr 
cesses in landscape patterns. landscape development is today mostly affected by anthropogenic p 
y anthropogenic processes, the speed of landscape changes, their frequency and magnitude has in 
revious identity. there are hundreds of landscape metrics developed for evaluation of landscape 
reds of landscape metrics developed for evaluation of landscape pattern but they are so far ver 
ape metrics developed for evaluation of landscape pattern but they are so far very poorly assoc 
ry poorly associated with socioeconomic indicators that would be essential in the light of incr 
asing pressure of humans on surrounding environment. the proposed study will find the relations 
udy will find the relationships between landscape metrics, local population density and other s 
een landscape metrics, local population density and other socioeconomic indicators considering  
ulation density and other socioeconomic indicators considering roads network, and predict the p 
roads network, and predict the possible landscape patterns related to the urbanization. we will 
sible landscape patterns related to the urbanization. we will determine the changes in settleme 
ructure considering also infrastructure development, and will develop methods for spatial and l 
evelop methods for spatial and lanscape planning based on landscape metrics. also, we will deve 
 spatial and lanscape planning based on landscape metrics. also, we will develop scientific kno 
velop scientific knowledge on measuring heterogeneity and fragmentation of landscape on differe 
nowledge on measuring heterogeneity and fragmentation of landscape on different levels and link 
ring heterogeneity and fragmentation of landscape on different levels and linking these levels. 
13526 20 n the occurrence of algal blooms in the baltic sea. according to our current understanding, bot 
bottom-up nutrient control and top-down grazing control govern phytoplankton development. howev 
rol and top-down grazing control govern phytoplankton development. however, while previous stud 
wn grazing control govern phytoplankton development. however, while previous studies have inves 
hile previous studies have investigated cyanobacteria-grazer interactions in the baltic sea, no 
yanobacteria-grazer interactions in the baltic sea, none has so far considered the possibility  
 so far considered the possibility that zooplankton food selectivity may play a central role fo 
 is to study the ability of herbivorous zooplankton and mysid shrimps to induce and sustain tox 
ain toxic nodularia blooms by selective grazing. the hypothesis is one of the first to consider 
cing and sustaining toxic blooms in the baltic sea. the research plan is a novel combination of 
sis, stable isotope analysis, rna-based growth assessment, toxin measurements and long-term dat 
able isotope analysis, rna-based growth assessment, toxin measurements and long-term data analy 
d new light on the relationship between zooplankton and toxic phytoplankton blooms, and they wi 
ationship between zooplankton and toxic phytoplankton blooms, and they will broaden our underst 
will broaden our understanding of toxic cyanobacteria bloom dynamics and importance of the cyan 
ia bloom dynamics and importance of the cyanobacteria for zooplankton production. the current s 
and importance of the cyanobacteria for zooplankton production. the current study is one step o 
ce of the cyanobacteria for zooplankton production. the current study is one step on the way to 
s a unified framework for understanding cyanobacteria role in the contemporary baltic sea.  
 cyanobacteria role in the contemporary baltic sea.  
7128 2                                         grasslands and rangelands currently hold almost a third 
                         grasslands and rangelands currently hold almost a third of the nationa 
11675 17 st because of their economic and social impacts, but are also important to understand from the  
y concentrate on the immediate damaging impacts of extreme flooding, less information is availa 
mation is available about the long term impacts of changes in river channel. the latter is impo 
nnels which may lessen subsequent flood risk. this is accepted within a raft of legislation whe 
ed research will analyse the changes in habitat and channels that were caused by the extreme fl 
floods in cumbria in late 2009. current river restoration methods are both spatially limited an 
d have the potential to deliver channel-scale restoration as demanded by regulators. extreme fl 
 the potential to deliver channel-scale restoration as demanded by regulators. extreme floods a 
o become more frequent under a range of climate and land use scenarios in the uk and elsewhere. 
e frequent under a range of climate and land use scenarios in the uk and elsewhere. but there i 
t under a range of climate and land use scenarios in the uk and elsewhere. but there is a lack  
less common during the major periods of climate chnage and human activitiessince the early 20th 
tly on assessing appropriate post-flood management of floodplains and channel, and on the strat 
lains and channel, and on the strategic assessment of the likelihood of future extreme flooding 
 flooding - both to the benefit of many stakeholders including local residents and farmers, the 
luding local residents and farmers, the environment agency, defra and a large international aca 
efra and a large international academic community.  
543 27  uses a combination of experimental and modelling techniques to investigate the impacts of clim 
modelling techniques to investigate the impacts of climate change on plant communities comprisi 
echniques to investigate the impacts of climate change on plant communities comprising herbaceo 
ontane site in the massif central and a mediterranean site at montpellier. we show that abovegr 
anean site at montpellier. we show that aboveground biomass, community leaf traits and grass sp 
lier. we show that aboveground biomass, community leaf traits and grass species phenology in a  
hat aboveground biomass, community leaf traits and grass species phenology in a montane grassla 
community leaf traits and grass species phenology in a montane grassland community respond to e 
nd grass species phenology in a montane grassland community respond to elevated temperature , s 
pecies phenology in a montane grassland community respond to elevated temperature , summer drou 
grassland community respond to elevated temperature , summer drought and elevated atmospheric c 
espond to elevated temperature , summer drought and elevated atmospheric co2 treatments. we dem 
mitigate the negative effects of summer drought on aboveground biomass, and may facilitate wood 
e negative effects of summer drought on aboveground biomass, and may facilitate woody seedling  
nt. after one year of study, changes in species composition are limited but there is a trend to 
t there is a trend towards an increased abundance of dicot species under elevated co2. work on  
evated co2. work on an artificial plant community at montpellier shows a negative effect of dro 
 montpellier shows a negative effect of drought on net photosynthesis, transpiration rates and  
ows a negative effect of drought on net photosynthesis, transpiration rates and total respirati 
ynthesis, transpiration rates and total respiration measured at the community level. we also fi 
s and total respiration measured at the community level. we also find a significant increase in 
lso find a significant increase in leaf decomposition rates in response to elevated temperature 
mposition rates in response to elevated temperature. in contrast, net primary productivity, mic 
e to elevated temperature. in contrast, net primary productivity, microbial activity and soil r 
 in contrast, net primary productivity, microbial activity and soil respiration rates show no s 
ry productivity, microbial activity and soil respiration rates show no significant effects of c 
on rates show no significant effects of climate treatments.  
7469 6           . follow the current trend of biodiversity through the establishment of observatories 
ment of species and their occurrence or extinction 150 years of data on a regional scale. . und 
inction 150 years of data on a regional scale. . understand the impact of the various component 
the impact of the various components of global change on the functioning of communities and spe 
es and species. complete the network of biodiversity observatories by creating the first perman 
 genetic and phenotypic consequences of global change. settle in the regions of participatory s 
11433 7 rasitic, obtaining some or all of their nutrients and water from their host plants, through hau 
ning some or all of their nutrients and water from their host plants, through haustoria that pe 
 in our ecological understanding of the impacts of parasitic angiosperms in communities where t 
ur findings will also be of interest to nature conservation bodies concerned with the preservat 
d with the preservation of species rich grasslands and the restoration of these systems from ag 
tion of species rich grasslands and the restoration of these systems from agriculturally improv 
ed pasture and those concerned with the conservation of hemiparasitic plant communities threate 
10909 5                                         estuaries are biologically productive, susceptible to c 
ssing of particulate matter supplied to estuaries is therefore important and dependent on the m 
ent on the major sources of material to estuaries. in this respect, suspended particulate matte 
he project will be carried out with the participation of the environment agency and cefas, who  
rried out with the participation of the environment agency and cefas, who will be important end 
10155 29 ere that measurable changes in seawater ph and carbonate chemistry can be seen. it is predicted 
 the basic biological functions of many marine organisms. this in turn could have implications  
munities, as well as the maintenance of biodiversity and ecosystem function. in the seas around 
 as the maintenance of biodiversity and ecosystem function. in the seas around the uk, the habi 
in maintaining a healthy and productive marine ecosystem. this is important considering 40% of  
taining a healthy and productive marine ecosystem. this is important considering 40% of the wor 
 also harbour incredibly high levels of biodiversity, any environmental change that affects the 
edibly high levels of biodiversity, any environmental change that affects these important ecosy 
tal change that affects these important ecosystems could have substantial environmental and eco 
ubstantial environmental and economical impacts. during several recent international meetings s 
e to adapt or acclimatise to this rapid environmental change; and how the interactions between  
ions between individuals that determine ecosystem structure will be affected. this current lack 
 of understanding is a major problem as ocean acidification is a rapidly evolving management is 
ean acidification is a rapidly evolving management issue and, with an insufficient knowledge ba 
d, with an insufficient knowledge base, policy makers and managers are struggling to formulate  
e strategies to sustain and protect the marine environment in the face of ocean acidification.  
egies to sustain and protect the marine environment in the face of ocean acidification. this co 
t the marine environment in the face of ocean acidification. this consortium brings together 25 
, predict and communicate the impact of ocean acidification on biodiversity and ecosystem funct 
te the impact of ocean acidification on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning in coastal habit 
eriments to determine the ways in which ocean acidification will change key physiological proce 
rganism behaviour, animal interactions, biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. the understandi 
will predict the impact of future ocean ph scenarios on the biodiversity and function of coasta 
l predict the impact of future ocean ph scenarios on the biodiversity and function of coastal e 
act of future ocean ph scenarios on the biodiversity and function of coastal ecosystems. the co 
an ph scenarios on the biodiversity and function of coastal ecosystems. the consortium will als 
he biodiversity and function of coastal ecosystems. the consortium will also act as a focal poi 
m will also act as a focal point for uk ocean acidification research promoting communication be 
rties; uk and international scientists, policy makers, environmental managers, fisherman, conse 
10414 29 ere that measurable changes in seawater ph and carbonate chemistry can be seen. it is predicted 
 the basic biological functions of many marine organisms. this in turn could have implications  
munities, as well as the maintenance of biodiversity and ecosystem function. in the seas around 
 as the maintenance of biodiversity and ecosystem function. in the seas around the uk, the habi 
in maintaining a healthy and productive marine ecosystem. this is important considering 40% of  
taining a healthy and productive marine ecosystem. this is important considering 40% of the wor 
 also harbour incredibly high levels of biodiversity, any environmental change that affects the 
edibly high levels of biodiversity, any environmental change that affects these important ecosy 
tal change that affects these important ecosystems could have substantial environmental and eco 
ubstantial environmental and economical impacts. during several recent international meetings s 
e to adapt or acclimatise to this rapid environmental change; and how the interactions between  
ions between individuals that determine ecosystem structure will be affected. this current lack 
 of understanding is a major problem as ocean acidification is a rapidly evolving management is 
ean acidification is a rapidly evolving management issue and, with an insufficient knowledge ba 
d, with an insufficient knowledge base, policy makers and managers are struggling to formulate  
e strategies to sustain and protect the marine environment in the face of ocean acidification.  
egies to sustain and protect the marine environment in the face of ocean acidification. this co 
t the marine environment in the face of ocean acidification. this consortium brings together 25 
, predict and communicate the impact of ocean acidification on biodiversity and ecosystem funct 
te the impact of ocean acidification on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning in coastal habit 
eriments to determine the ways in which ocean acidification will change key physiological proce 
rganism behaviour, animal interactions, biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. the understandi 
will predict the impact of future ocean ph scenarios on the biodiversity and function of coasta 
l predict the impact of future ocean ph scenarios on the biodiversity and function of coastal e 
act of future ocean ph scenarios on the biodiversity and function of coastal ecosystems. the co 
an ph scenarios on the biodiversity and function of coastal ecosystems. the consortium will als 
he biodiversity and function of coastal ecosystems. the consortium will also act as a focal poi 
m will also act as a focal point for uk ocean acidification research promoting communication be 
rties; uk and international scientists, policy makers, environmental managers, fisherman, conse 
10422 29 ere that measurable changes in seawater ph and carbonate chemistry can be seen. it is predicted 
 the basic biological functions of many marine organisms. this in turn could have implications  
munities, as well as the maintenance of biodiversity and ecosystem function. in the seas around 
 as the maintenance of biodiversity and ecosystem function. in the seas around the uk, the habi 
in maintaining a healthy and productive marine ecosystem. this is important considering 40% of  
taining a healthy and productive marine ecosystem. this is important considering 40% of the wor 
 also harbour incredibly high levels of biodiversity, any environmental change that affects the 
edibly high levels of biodiversity, any environmental change that affects these important ecosy 
tal change that affects these important ecosystems could have substantial environmental and eco 
ubstantial environmental and economical impacts. during several recent international meetings s 
e to adapt or acclimatise to this rapid environmental change; and how the interactions between  
ions between individuals that determine ecosystem structure will be affected. this current lack 
 of understanding is a major problem as ocean acidification is a rapidly evolving management is 
ean acidification is a rapidly evolving management issue and, with an insufficient knowledge ba 
d, with an insufficient knowledge base, policy makers and managers are struggling to formulate  
e strategies to sustain and protect the marine environment in the face of ocean acidification.  
egies to sustain and protect the marine environment in the face of ocean acidification. this co 
t the marine environment in the face of ocean acidification. this consortium brings together 25 
, predict and communicate the impact of ocean acidification on biodiversity and ecosystem funct 
te the impact of ocean acidification on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning in coastal habit 
eriments to determine the ways in which ocean acidification will change key physiological proce 
rganism behaviour, animal interactions, biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. the understandi 
will predict the impact of future ocean ph scenarios on the biodiversity and function of coasta 
l predict the impact of future ocean ph scenarios on the biodiversity and function of coastal e 
act of future ocean ph scenarios on the biodiversity and function of coastal ecosystems. the co 
an ph scenarios on the biodiversity and function of coastal ecosystems. the consortium will als 
he biodiversity and function of coastal ecosystems. the consortium will also act as a focal poi 
m will also act as a focal point for uk ocean acidification research promoting communication be 
rties; uk and international scientists, policy makers, environmental managers, fisherman, conse 
10758 29 ere that measurable changes in seawater ph and carbonate chemistry can be seen. it is predicted 
 the basic biological functions of many marine organisms. this in turn could have implications  
munities, as well as the maintenance of biodiversity and ecosystem function. in the seas around 
 as the maintenance of biodiversity and ecosystem function. in the seas around the uk, the habi 
in maintaining a healthy and productive marine ecosystem. this is important considering 40% of  
taining a healthy and productive marine ecosystem. this is important considering 40% of the wor 
 also harbour incredibly high levels of biodiversity, any environmental change that affects the 
edibly high levels of biodiversity, any environmental change that affects these important ecosy 
tal change that affects these important ecosystems could have substantial environmental and eco 
ubstantial environmental and economical impacts. during several recent international meetings s 
e to adapt or acclimatise to this rapid environmental change; and how the interactions between  
ions between individuals that determine ecosystem structure will be affected. this current lack 
 of understanding is a major problem as ocean acidification is a rapidly evolving management is 
ean acidification is a rapidly evolving management issue and, with an insufficient knowledge ba 
d, with an insufficient knowledge base, policy makers and managers are struggling to formulate  
e strategies to sustain and protect the marine environment in the face of ocean acidification.  
egies to sustain and protect the marine environment in the face of ocean acidification. this co 
t the marine environment in the face of ocean acidification. this consortium brings together 25 
, predict and communicate the impact of ocean acidification on biodiversity and ecosystem funct 
te the impact of ocean acidification on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning in coastal habit 
eriments to determine the ways in which ocean acidification will change key physiological proce 
rganism behaviour, animal interactions, biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. the understandi 
will predict the impact of future ocean ph scenarios on the biodiversity and function of coasta 
l predict the impact of future ocean ph scenarios on the biodiversity and function of coastal e 
act of future ocean ph scenarios on the biodiversity and function of coastal ecosystems. the co 
an ph scenarios on the biodiversity and function of coastal ecosystems. the consortium will als 
he biodiversity and function of coastal ecosystems. the consortium will also act as a focal poi 
m will also act as a focal point for uk ocean acidification research promoting communication be 
rties; uk and international scientists, policy makers, environmental managers, fisherman, conse 
10915 29 ere that measurable changes in seawater ph and carbonate chemistry can be seen. it is predicted 
 the basic biological functions of many marine organisms. this in turn could have implications  
munities, as well as the maintenance of biodiversity and ecosystem function. in the seas around 
 as the maintenance of biodiversity and ecosystem function. in the seas around the uk, the habi 
in maintaining a healthy and productive marine ecosystem. this is important considering 40% of  
taining a healthy and productive marine ecosystem. this is important considering 40% of the wor 
 also harbour incredibly high levels of biodiversity, any environmental change that affects the 
edibly high levels of biodiversity, any environmental change that affects these important ecosy 
tal change that affects these important ecosystems could have substantial environmental and eco 
ubstantial environmental and economical impacts. during several recent international meetings s 
e to adapt or acclimatise to this rapid environmental change; and how the interactions between  
ions between individuals that determine ecosystem structure will be affected. this current lack 
 of understanding is a major problem as ocean acidification is a rapidly evolving management is 
ean acidification is a rapidly evolving management issue and, with an insufficient knowledge ba 
d, with an insufficient knowledge base, policy makers and managers are struggling to formulate  
e strategies to sustain and protect the marine environment in the face of ocean acidification.  
egies to sustain and protect the marine environment in the face of ocean acidification. this co 
t the marine environment in the face of ocean acidification. this consortium brings together 25 
, predict and communicate the impact of ocean acidification on biodiversity and ecosystem funct 
te the impact of ocean acidification on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning in coastal habit 
eriments to determine the ways in which ocean acidification will change key physiological proce 
rganism behaviour, animal interactions, biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. the understandi 
will predict the impact of future ocean ph scenarios on the biodiversity and function of coasta 
l predict the impact of future ocean ph scenarios on the biodiversity and function of coastal e 
act of future ocean ph scenarios on the biodiversity and function of coastal ecosystems. the co 
an ph scenarios on the biodiversity and function of coastal ecosystems. the consortium will als 
he biodiversity and function of coastal ecosystems. the consortium will also act as a focal poi 
m will also act as a focal point for uk ocean acidification research promoting communication be 
rties; uk and international scientists, policy makers, environmental managers, fisherman, conse 
11423 29 ere that measurable changes in seawater ph and carbonate chemistry can be seen. it is predicted 
 the basic biological functions of many marine organisms. this in turn could have implications  
munities, as well as the maintenance of biodiversity and ecosystem function. in the seas around 
 as the maintenance of biodiversity and ecosystem function. in the seas around the uk, the habi 
in maintaining a healthy and productive marine ecosystem. this is important considering 40% of  
taining a healthy and productive marine ecosystem. this is important considering 40% of the wor 
 also harbour incredibly high levels of biodiversity, any environmental change that affects the 
edibly high levels of biodiversity, any environmental change that affects these important ecosy 
tal change that affects these important ecosystems could have substantial environmental and eco 
ubstantial environmental and economical impacts. during several recent international meetings s 
e to adapt or acclimatise to this rapid environmental change; and how the interactions between  
ions between individuals that determine ecosystem structure will be affected. this current lack 
 of understanding is a major problem as ocean acidification is a rapidly evolving management is 
ean acidification is a rapidly evolving management issue and, with an insufficient knowledge ba 
d, with an insufficient knowledge base, policy makers and managers are struggling to formulate  
e strategies to sustain and protect the marine environment in the face of ocean acidification.  
egies to sustain and protect the marine environment in the face of ocean acidification. this co 
t the marine environment in the face of ocean acidification. this consortium brings together 25 
, predict and communicate the impact of ocean acidification on biodiversity and ecosystem funct 
te the impact of ocean acidification on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning in coastal habit 
eriments to determine the ways in which ocean acidification will change key physiological proce 
rganism behaviour, animal interactions, biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. the understandi 
will predict the impact of future ocean ph scenarios on the biodiversity and function of coasta 
l predict the impact of future ocean ph scenarios on the biodiversity and function of coastal e 
act of future ocean ph scenarios on the biodiversity and function of coastal ecosystems. the co 
an ph scenarios on the biodiversity and function of coastal ecosystems. the consortium will als 
he biodiversity and function of coastal ecosystems. the consortium will also act as a focal poi 
m will also act as a focal point for uk ocean acidification research promoting communication be 
rties; uk and international scientists, policy makers, environmental managers, fisherman, conse 
11693 29 ere that measurable changes in seawater ph and carbonate chemistry can be seen. it is predicted 
 the basic biological functions of many marine organisms. this in turn could have implications  
munities, as well as the maintenance of biodiversity and ecosystem function. in the seas around 
 as the maintenance of biodiversity and ecosystem function. in the seas around the uk, the habi 
in maintaining a healthy and productive marine ecosystem. this is important considering 40% of  
taining a healthy and productive marine ecosystem. this is important considering 40% of the wor 
 also harbour incredibly high levels of biodiversity, any environmental change that affects the 
edibly high levels of biodiversity, any environmental change that affects these important ecosy 
tal change that affects these important ecosystems could have substantial environmental and eco 
ubstantial environmental and economical impacts. during several recent international meetings s 
e to adapt or acclimatise to this rapid environmental change; and how the interactions between  
ions between individuals that determine ecosystem structure will be affected. this current lack 
 of understanding is a major problem as ocean acidification is a rapidly evolving management is 
ean acidification is a rapidly evolving management issue and, with an insufficient knowledge ba 
d, with an insufficient knowledge base, policy makers and managers are struggling to formulate  
e strategies to sustain and protect the marine environment in the face of ocean acidification.  
egies to sustain and protect the marine environment in the face of ocean acidification. this co 
t the marine environment in the face of ocean acidification. this consortium brings together 25 
, predict and communicate the impact of ocean acidification on biodiversity and ecosystem funct 
te the impact of ocean acidification on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning in coastal habit 
eriments to determine the ways in which ocean acidification will change key physiological proce 
rganism behaviour, animal interactions, biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. the understandi 
will predict the impact of future ocean ph scenarios on the biodiversity and function of coasta 
l predict the impact of future ocean ph scenarios on the biodiversity and function of coastal e 
act of future ocean ph scenarios on the biodiversity and function of coastal ecosystems. the co 
an ph scenarios on the biodiversity and function of coastal ecosystems. the consortium will als 
he biodiversity and function of coastal ecosystems. the consortium will also act as a focal poi 
m will also act as a focal point for uk ocean acidification research promoting communication be 
rties; uk and international scientists, policy makers, environmental managers, fisherman, conse 
11706 29 ere that measurable changes in seawater ph and carbonate chemistry can be seen. it is predicted 
 the basic biological functions of many marine organisms. this in turn could have implications  
munities, as well as the maintenance of biodiversity and ecosystem function. in the seas around 
 as the maintenance of biodiversity and ecosystem function. in the seas around the uk, the habi 
in maintaining a healthy and productive marine ecosystem. this is important considering 40% of  
taining a healthy and productive marine ecosystem. this is important considering 40% of the wor 
 also harbour incredibly high levels of biodiversity, any environmental change that affects the 
edibly high levels of biodiversity, any environmental change that affects these important ecosy 
tal change that affects these important ecosystems could have substantial environmental and eco 
ubstantial environmental and economical impacts. during several recent international meetings s 
e to adapt or acclimatise to this rapid environmental change; and how the interactions between  
ions between individuals that determine ecosystem structure will be affected. this current lack 
 of understanding is a major problem as ocean acidification is a rapidly evolving management is 
ean acidification is a rapidly evolving management issue and, with an insufficient knowledge ba 
d, with an insufficient knowledge base, policy makers and managers are struggling to formulate  
e strategies to sustain and protect the marine environment in the face of ocean acidification.  
egies to sustain and protect the marine environment in the face of ocean acidification. this co 
t the marine environment in the face of ocean acidification. this consortium brings together 25 
, predict and communicate the impact of ocean acidification on biodiversity and ecosystem funct 
te the impact of ocean acidification on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning in coastal habit 
eriments to determine the ways in which ocean acidification will change key physiological proce 
rganism behaviour, animal interactions, biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. the understandi 
will predict the impact of future ocean ph scenarios on the biodiversity and function of coasta 
l predict the impact of future ocean ph scenarios on the biodiversity and function of coastal e 
act of future ocean ph scenarios on the biodiversity and function of coastal ecosystems. the co 
an ph scenarios on the biodiversity and function of coastal ecosystems. the consortium will als 
he biodiversity and function of coastal ecosystems. the consortium will also act as a focal poi 
m will also act as a focal point for uk ocean acidification research promoting communication be 
rties; uk and international scientists, policy makers, environmental managers, fisherman, conse 
9879 29 ere that measurable changes in seawater ph and carbonate chemistry can be seen. it is predicted 
 the basic biological functions of many marine organisms. this in turn could have implications  
munities, as well as the maintenance of biodiversity and ecosystem function. in the seas around 
 as the maintenance of biodiversity and ecosystem function. in the seas around the uk, the habi 
in maintaining a healthy and productive marine ecosystem. this is important considering 40% of  
taining a healthy and productive marine ecosystem. this is important considering 40% of the wor 
 also harbour incredibly high levels of biodiversity, any environmental change that affects the 
edibly high levels of biodiversity, any environmental change that affects these important ecosy 
tal change that affects these important ecosystems could have substantial environmental and eco 
ubstantial environmental and economical impacts. during several recent international meetings s 
e to adapt or acclimatise to this rapid environmental change; and how the interactions between  
ions between individuals that determine ecosystem structure will be affected. this current lack 
 of understanding is a major problem as ocean acidification is a rapidly evolving management is 
ean acidification is a rapidly evolving management issue and, with an insufficient knowledge ba 
d, with an insufficient knowledge base, policy makers and managers are struggling to formulate  
e strategies to sustain and protect the marine environment in the face of ocean acidification.  
egies to sustain and protect the marine environment in the face of ocean acidification. this co 
t the marine environment in the face of ocean acidification. this consortium brings together 25 
, predict and communicate the impact of ocean acidification on biodiversity and ecosystem funct 
te the impact of ocean acidification on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning in coastal habit 
eriments to determine the ways in which ocean acidification will change key physiological proce 
rganism behaviour, animal interactions, biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. the understandi 
will predict the impact of future ocean ph scenarios on the biodiversity and function of coasta 
l predict the impact of future ocean ph scenarios on the biodiversity and function of coastal e 
act of future ocean ph scenarios on the biodiversity and function of coastal ecosystems. the co 
an ph scenarios on the biodiversity and function of coastal ecosystems. the consortium will als 
he biodiversity and function of coastal ecosystems. the consortium will also act as a focal poi 
m will also act as a focal point for uk ocean acidification research promoting communication be 
rties; uk and international scientists, policy makers, environmental managers, fisherman, conse 
11270 21  together data on developmental rate of fish larvae, population genetics, ocean circulation and 
ion genetics, ocean circulation and the environment with archived larval specimens sampled from 
s multiple years in which developmental temperature regimes varied. we then take this informati 
 to test whether any changes in rate of development will influence the likelihood of larvae rea 
and recruiting to the adult population. model predictions of dispersal for the present-day will 
 adult population. model predictions of dispersal for the present-day will be validated by comp 
e validated by comparison with inferred dispersal from genetic analyses, and an assessment of d 
dispersal from genetic analyses, and an assessment of dispersal variability due to interannual  
 genetic analyses, and an assessment of dispersal variability due to interannual oceanographic  
ity will allow the effects of increased temperature to be placed in context. it will then be po 
y effects of the predicted increases in temperature in the area on fish recruitment as a compon 
increases in temperature in the area on fish recruitment as a component of climate change. such 
ases in temperature in the area on fish recruitment as a component of climate change. such info 
a on fish recruitment as a component of climate change. such information is important since cli 
ge. such information is important since climate records from the antarctic show that the waters 
ow that the waters of the antarctic are warming more rapidly than the global ocean as a whole.  
nly is this significant for much of the biodiversity that is unique to the antarctic, but the s 
nvironmentally relevant data taken from nature, with genetically validated biophysical models w 
istic projection of the impact of ocean warming on marine species and ecosystems.  
ction of the impact of ocean warming on marine species and ecosystems.  
 of ocean warming on marine species and ecosystems.  
7420 4                     assess dynamics and scale contamination by pesticides in areas hives apple  
ess dynamics and scale contamination by pesticides in areas hives apple and peach trees. evalua 
ronic toxicity and repeated dose. study development and health of bee colonies. target the less 
 and suggest farming practices safer to bees  
12571 25 s to investigate how changes within the freshwater environment may modify the production of juv 
igate how changes within the freshwater environment may modify the production of juvenile salmo 
e freshwater environment may modify the production of juvenile salmonids, influence life-histor 
ife-history strategies and regulate the abundance of adult fish that return to spawn. this info 
ies and regulate the abundance of adult fish that return to spawn. this information is required 
 this information is required to advise policy customers on the potential impact of climate cha 
cy customers on the potential impact of climate change scenarios, as predicted by ukcp09, and t 
 the potential impact of climate change scenarios, as predicted by ukcp09, and to support the d 
predicted by ukcp09, and to support the development and prioritisation of management options to 
t the development and prioritisation of management options to conserve, restore and enhance sal 
nd confirm the advice provided to defra policy customers, other management authorities and stak 
ovided to defra policy customers, other management authorities and stakeholders on the status o 
omers, other management authorities and stakeholders on the status of salmonid stocks in englan 
gland and wales and to deliver national management strategies, including the nasco implementaio 
the nasco implementaion plan for salmon management in england and wales. key customer purpose:  
ison of sound advice to defra and other management authorities and stakeholders on the status o 
ra and other management authorities and stakeholders on the status of salmonid fish stocks in e 
 stakeholders on the status of salmonid fish stocks in england and wales. it will also used to  
tocks and the potential implications of climate change which will contribute to the development 
ate change which will contribute to the development and delivery of management strategies for t 
bute to the development and delivery of management strategies for the restoration and protectio 
livery of management strategies for the restoration and protection of salmonid stocks in englan 
information will also be used to advise policy customers on the consequences of stocking practi 
 enhance salmonid stocks and to support management decisions which will be required to conserve 
o conserve stocks in a changing aquatic environment. there are no aspects that may be considere 
7429 6 ools to quantify and qualify the insect biodiversity across the grain farm. . - other soil inse 
ersity across the grain farm. . - other soil insects and overhead involved in functional biodiv 
y across the grain farm. . - other soil insects and overhead involved in functional biodiversit 
cts and overhead involved in functional biodiversity of agricultural ecosystems different worki 
functional biodiversity of agricultural ecosystems different working methods will be applied in 
 extent of the resource environments by mapping of plant species, - pollen analysis at the leve 
12368 6           . ria is a tool which informs policy decisions and constitutes an assessment of the i 
rms policy decisions and constitutes an assessment of the impact of policy options in terms of  
stitutes an assessment of the impact of policy options in terms of costs, benefits and risks of 
a partial ria that can be circulated to stakeholders and through ogds and government to canvass 
 and government to canvass views on the impacts of these regulations. defra wants to ensure tha 
he new regulations contribute to better policy-making and implementation of the eia directive i 
15271 16  project aims to quantify the inputs of nitrogen to iberian holm oak forests located in represe 
 inputs of nitrogen to iberian holm oak forests located in representative areas in the north .  
 . the main goals in the study of these ecosystems in the navarra subproject are: to assess the 
roject are: to assess the deposition of nitrogen in a holm oak forest located in the valley of  
he deposition of nitrogen in a holm oak forest located in the valley of valdorba, navarra; this 
n the valley of valdorba, navarra; this forest is subjected to a strong anthropogenic influence 
he form of emissions coming from a high-density highway and close-by pamplona city. to characte 
ch allow the study of the speciation of nitrogen compounds resulting from the size distribution 
rogen compounds resulting from the size distribution of suspended particulate matter. to study  
atter. to study the temporal dynamic of nitrogen in the soils of the studied area, in order to  
the temporal dynamic of nitrogen in the soils of the studied area, in order to evaluate the pos 
dels for the identification of the main nitrogen sources, among other elements, and their contr 
 determine empirical critical loads for nitrogen in this type of ecosystem. it also will provid 
ical loads for nitrogen in this type of ecosystem. it also will provide enough data to adapt th 
 biogeochemical models commonly used in europe for this kind of task, which has been already id 
ied by the convention as a need for the mediterranean region.  
2054 29 he scientific basis of implementing the ecosystem approach to birch forest management in northe 
menting the ecosystem approach to birch forest management in northern norway. first, forest man 
t management in northern norway. first, forest management in northern norway will be compared w 
 studies from scandinavia, scotland and usa to examine alternative institutional designs for im 
 institutional designs for implementing ecosystem management. second, indicators which reflect  
lementing ecosystem management. second, indicators which reflect key structural and functional  
uctural and functional changes in birch forest ecosystems due to spruce planting are investigat 
 and functional changes in birch forest ecosystems due to spruce planting are investigated. the 
spruce planting are investigated. these indicators will be used to develop alternative scenario 
ors will be used to develop alternative scenarios and assess thresholds for ecosystem change. m 
evelop alternative scenarios and assess thresholds for ecosystem change. mobile organisms, such 
ive scenarios and assess thresholds for ecosystem change. mobile organisms, such as birds, woul 
ystem change. mobile organisms, such as birds, would most likely respond to habitat quality at  
 as birds, would most likely respond to habitat quality at stand level and to compositional cha 
d level and to compositional changes at landscape and regional scales, whereas relatively immob 
y immobile organisms such as snails and earthworms are used as indicators of fragmentation effe 
ch as snails and earthworms are used as indicators of fragmentation effects on landscape level. 
nd earthworms are used as indicators of fragmentation effects on landscape level. four regions  
 indicators of fragmentation effects on landscape level. four regions are sampled; each with fo 
ruce plantations, , poor and rich birch forests. distance sampling is used to measure density o 
s. distance sampling is used to measure density of birds, whereas soil and litter samples are u 
 sampling is used to measure density of birds, whereas soil and litter samples are used to samp 
ed to measure density of birds, whereas soil and litter samples are used to sample snails and e 
are used to sample snails and earthworm biomass. the potential of different groups of organisms 
ifferent groups of organisms to monitor ecosystem change on different scales will be evaluated  
ated by using rlq analyses. alternative scenarios will be developed based on these indicators,  
narios will be developed based on these indicators, and thresholds of ecosystem change will be  
eveloped based on these indicators, and thresholds of ecosystem change will be identified.  
 on these indicators, and thresholds of ecosystem change will be identified.  
10310 10     there is a dissemination problem in biodiversity management at the interface between scient 
a dissemination problem in biodiversity management at the interface between scientific research 
terface between scientific research and policy/practice. this project brings together existing  
ey aim of developing and implementing a model for knowledge transfer in biodiversity management 
nting a model for knowledge transfer in biodiversity management through an evidence-based frame 
 for knowledge transfer in biodiversity management through an evidence-based framework followin 
evidence to decision-makers to underpin biodiversity policy and practice. to date decision-make 
ecision-makers to underpin biodiversity policy and practice. to date decision-makers rely heavi 
y heavily on their own experience, i.e. decision-making is largely experience-based rather than 
he effectiveness of public services and policy and the quality of life.  
11026 10     there is a dissemination problem in biodiversity management at the interface between scient 
a dissemination problem in biodiversity management at the interface between scientific research 
terface between scientific research and policy/practice. this project brings together existing  
ey aim of developing and implementing a model for knowledge transfer in biodiversity management 
nting a model for knowledge transfer in biodiversity management through an evidence-based frame 
 for knowledge transfer in biodiversity management through an evidence-based framework followin 
evidence to decision-makers to underpin biodiversity policy and practice. to date decision-make 
ecision-makers to underpin biodiversity policy and practice. to date decision-makers rely heavi 
y heavily on their own experience, i.e. decision-making is largely experience-based rather than 
he effectiveness of public services and policy and the quality of life.  
11261 10     there is a dissemination problem in biodiversity management at the interface between scient 
a dissemination problem in biodiversity management at the interface between scientific research 
terface between scientific research and policy/practice. this project brings together existing  
ey aim of developing and implementing a model for knowledge transfer in biodiversity management 
nting a model for knowledge transfer in biodiversity management through an evidence-based frame 
 for knowledge transfer in biodiversity management through an evidence-based framework followin 
evidence to decision-makers to underpin biodiversity policy and practice. to date decision-make 
ecision-makers to underpin biodiversity policy and practice. to date decision-makers rely heavi 
y heavily on their own experience, i.e. decision-making is largely experience-based rather than 
he effectiveness of public services and policy and the quality of life.  
11521 10     there is a dissemination problem in biodiversity management at the interface between scient 
a dissemination problem in biodiversity management at the interface between scientific research 
terface between scientific research and policy/practice. this project brings together existing  
ey aim of developing and implementing a model for knowledge transfer in biodiversity management 
nting a model for knowledge transfer in biodiversity management through an evidence-based frame 
 for knowledge transfer in biodiversity management through an evidence-based framework followin 
evidence to decision-makers to underpin biodiversity policy and practice. to date decision-make 
ecision-makers to underpin biodiversity policy and practice. to date decision-makers rely heavi 
y heavily on their own experience, i.e. decision-making is largely experience-based rather than 
he effectiveness of public services and policy and the quality of life.  
10032 44                                         rivers have been described as simply outcrops of ground 
ve been described as simply outcrops of groundwater . many of the rivers in the uk are supplied 
y outcrops of groundwater . many of the rivers in the uk are supplied mainly from groundwater s 
vers in the uk are supplied mainly from groundwater sources, especially during the summer month 
etween surface and subsurface waters in groundwater catchments. here, the mixing of groundwater 
ndwater catchments. here, the mixing of groundwater and surface water and the resulting biologi 
, the mixing of groundwater and surface water and the resulting biological and chemical reactio 
ions, may exert a lot of control on the water quality of the river and also its ecology: so muc 
water quality of the river and also its ecology: so much so that the hyporheic zone has been as 
llutant attenuating properties by some. groundwater abstraction, effluent disposal and diffuse  
diffuse nutrient pressures - especially nitrogen - may all compromise the capacity of the hypor 
 of the hyporheic zone to influence the water quality of a river. although quite a few research 
e has some special control on the river habitat, most have looked at it only from the perspecti 
ctive of the relationship between river water and the upper few centimetres of the sediments of 
ed there will also be upward flows from groundwater through the hyporheic zone and into the riv 
ted in what happens to the chemistry of groundwater as it moves through the hyporheic zone. we  
l at the relationship between different nitrogen species, such as nitrate and ammonium and chem 
een different nitrogen species, such as nitrate and ammonium and chemical reactions known colle 
tions use electron acceptors other than oxygen for organic carbon oxidation as the amount of ox 
acceptors other than oxygen for organic carbon oxidation as the amount of oxygen in the riverbe 
ganic carbon oxidation as the amount of oxygen in the riverbed sediments is exhausted. these re 
e reactions and their relationship with nitrogen are important because the hyporheic zone has b 
ne has been proposed as a zone in which nitrogen attenuation occurs. this has led to the propos 
to the proposition that the movement of groundwater through this zone will reduce the concentra 
s zone will reduce the concentration of nitrogen reaching the river water. in this project, we  
ntration of nitrogen reaching the river water. in this project, we will investigate further the 
m that the hyporheic zone can attenuate groundwater contaminants such as nitrate. we want to lo 
enuate groundwater contaminants such as nitrate. we want to look much more carefully at the pat 
e carefully at the pattern of flow from groundwater through the hyporheic zone. we propose that 
ugh the hyporheic zone. we propose that groundwater flux is influenced by the permeability of t 
y of the riverbed is high and flux from groundwater towards the river is high, we will find dif 
that could be important controls on the ecology of groundwater-fed rivers because they either r 
be important controls on the ecology of groundwater-fed rivers because they either release or t 
trols on the ecology of groundwater-fed rivers because they either release or transform nitroge 
ecause they either release or transform nitrogen through processes such as nitrification or den 
form nitrogen through processes such as nitrification or denitrification. the latter converts n 
ough processes such as nitrification or denitrification. the latter converts nitrate, which can 
or denitrification. the latter converts nitrate, which can damage the ecology of a river where  
 converts nitrate, which can damage the ecology of a river where it is present at high concentr 
is present at high concentrations, into nitrogen gas, which is harmless. if we are able to show 
he hyporheic zone is in influencing the water quality in rivers that are groundwater-fed, we wi 
 is in influencing the water quality in rivers that are groundwater-fed, we will be able to pro 
ng the water quality in rivers that are groundwater-fed, we will be able to provide evidence th 
itical european legislation such as the water framework directive.  
11842 44                                         rivers have been described as simply outcrops of ground 
ve been described as simply outcrops of groundwater . many of the rivers in the uk are supplied 
y outcrops of groundwater . many of the rivers in the uk are supplied mainly from groundwater s 
vers in the uk are supplied mainly from groundwater sources, especially during the summer month 
etween surface and subsurface waters in groundwater catchments. here, the mixing of groundwater 
ndwater catchments. here, the mixing of groundwater and surface water and the resulting biologi 
, the mixing of groundwater and surface water and the resulting biological and chemical reactio 
ions, may exert a lot of control on the water quality of the river and also its ecology: so muc 
water quality of the river and also its ecology: so much so that the hyporheic zone has been as 
llutant attenuating properties by some. groundwater abstraction, effluent disposal and diffuse  
diffuse nutrient pressures - especially nitrogen - may all compromise the capacity of the hypor 
 of the hyporheic zone to influence the water quality of a river. although quite a few research 
e has some special control on the river habitat, most have looked at it only from the perspecti 
ctive of the relationship between river water and the upper few centimetres of the sediments of 
ed there will also be upward flows from groundwater through the hyporheic zone and into the riv 
ted in what happens to the chemistry of groundwater as it moves through the hyporheic zone. we  
l at the relationship between different nitrogen species, such as nitrate and ammonium and chem 
een different nitrogen species, such as nitrate and ammonium and chemical reactions known colle 
tions use electron acceptors other than oxygen for organic carbon oxidation as the amount of ox 
acceptors other than oxygen for organic carbon oxidation as the amount of oxygen in the riverbe 
ganic carbon oxidation as the amount of oxygen in the riverbed sediments is exhausted. these re 
e reactions and their relationship with nitrogen are important because the hyporheic zone has b 
ne has been proposed as a zone in which nitrogen attenuation occurs. this has led to the propos 
to the proposition that the movement of groundwater through this zone will reduce the concentra 
s zone will reduce the concentration of nitrogen reaching the river water. in this project, we  
ntration of nitrogen reaching the river water. in this project, we will investigate further the 
m that the hyporheic zone can attenuate groundwater contaminants such as nitrate. we want to lo 
enuate groundwater contaminants such as nitrate. we want to look much more carefully at the pat 
e carefully at the pattern of flow from groundwater through the hyporheic zone. we propose that 
ugh the hyporheic zone. we propose that groundwater flux is influenced by the permeability of t 
y of the riverbed is high and flux from groundwater towards the river is high, we will find dif 
that could be important controls on the ecology of groundwater-fed rivers because they either r 
be important controls on the ecology of groundwater-fed rivers because they either release or t 
trols on the ecology of groundwater-fed rivers because they either release or transform nitroge 
ecause they either release or transform nitrogen through processes such as nitrification or den 
form nitrogen through processes such as nitrification or denitrification. the latter converts n 
ough processes such as nitrification or denitrification. the latter converts nitrate, which can 
or denitrification. the latter converts nitrate, which can damage the ecology of a river where  
 converts nitrate, which can damage the ecology of a river where it is present at high concentr 
is present at high concentrations, into nitrogen gas, which is harmless. if we are able to show 
he hyporheic zone is in influencing the water quality in rivers that are groundwater-fed, we wi 
 is in influencing the water quality in rivers that are groundwater-fed, we will be able to pro 
ng the water quality in rivers that are groundwater-fed, we will be able to provide evidence th 
itical european legislation such as the water framework directive.  
15135 4 ied in several constant and fluctuating salinity conditions. the objectives are to test in the  
ions. the objectives are to test in the evolution of seasonal specialization. the two last issu 
 with already available data on species distribution in order to understand the mechanisms stab 
stabilizing species coexistence in this model system.  
15521 25 ll analise the spectrum of variation on functional traits in mediterranean woody species in a l 
um of variation on functional traits in mediterranean woody species in a local and regional sca 
n woody species in a local and regional scale, exploring a strong drought gradient. we will als 
 and regional scale, exploring a strong drought gradient. we will also analise the histological 
 stems and roots as determinants of the functional traits. the third objective will study the f 
e will study the functional response to drought in different woody species. we will try to know 
oody species. we will try to know which functional traits are more related to this response and 
 response and to explain the ecological distribution of woody species. the fifth objective will 
l evaluate the success of the different restoration programs: reforestation, reforestation of a 
 of the different restoration programs: reforestation, reforestation of abandoned agriculture l 
nt restoration programs: reforestation, reforestation of abandoned agriculture lands and landsc 
forestation, reforestation of abandoned agriculture lands and landscape diversification activit 
tion of abandoned agriculture lands and landscape diversification activities. we want to compar 
ctivities. we want to compare different afforestation techniques and to know which functional t 
orestation techniques and to know which functional traits could explain the different establish 
e will try to predict the effect of the climate change on the reforestation programs. in summar 
the effect of the climate change on the reforestation programs. in summary, we try to know whic 
grams. in summary, we try to know which functional traits of mediterranean woody species explai 
 try to know which functional traits of mediterranean woody species explain the ecological dist 
an woody species explain the ecological distribution and the success in the restoration program 
cal distribution and the success in the restoration programs, with the objective to propose imp 
bjective to propose improvements in the restoration techniques to increase the resilience of me 
 restoration techniques to increase the resilience of mediterranean ecosystems.  
echniques to increase the resilience of mediterranean ecosystems.  
ncrease the resilience of mediterranean ecosystems.  
12659 2 e confiscated and destroyed without any assessment being made of the species involved. this mea 
s that it is not possible to assess the scale of potential breaches of the controls.  
14023 6 f the coastal areas in an international scale is the increasing impact of the harmful algal blo 
nowledge on how the life cycle of toxic algae is regulated allows both predicting and controlli 
 possible to differentiate in routinely monitoring, meaning that no country in the world is now 
 their location or concentration in the water. this data is however essential because sexual zy 
ularly the sexual stages to implement a model able to forecast the location and magnitude of fo 
bstances, which i will use to develop a mitigation method based on the control of the blooming  
13885 15 tive species and cause economic loss in agriculture, aquaculture and forestry. to be able to ef 
and cause economic loss in agriculture, aquaculture and forestry. to be able to effectively con 
ic loss in agriculture, aquaculture and forestry. to be able to effectively control for invader 
rs, there is a need to reliably predict population dynamics in different environments into the  
e previous studies have often neglected density dependence and environmental variability in the 
sion is essential to be able to predict population dynamics precisely. this project aims at imp 
roject will combine an experimental and modelling approach focusing on the following two main t 
main themes. 1 to determine the role of density dependence in population dynamics under environ 
rmine the role of density dependence in population dynamics under environmental variability. 2  
ility. 2 to identify the life stages of invasive plants with the most potential for control act 
roduce significant novel information on density dependence and the use of different population  
of invasive plant species helping focus management actions. in addition to invasive species, th 
ocus management actions. in addition to invasive species, the results can be applied to conserv 
 species, the results can be applied to conservation biology in order to model rare and endange 
ied to conservation biology in order to model rare and endangered plant populations.  
12274 30 nd environmental reasons to improve the efficiency with which crops capture and use water and n 
ciency with which crops capture and use water and nutrients in the soil. as pressure increases  
h which crops capture and use water and nutrients in the soil. as pressure increases on global  
ture and use water and nutrients in the soil. as pressure increases on global food prices and s 
upply, a balance is needed between food production and the maintenance of healthy and diverse o 
e maintenance of healthy and diverse of ecosystems. high water abstraction and diffuse pollutio 
healthy and diverse of ecosystems. high water abstraction and diffuse pollution from fertiliser 
ems. high water abstraction and diffuse pollution from fertilisers can have negative impacts on 
tion from fertilisers can have negative impacts on adjacent ecosystems. since, water is the mos 
s can have negative impacts on adjacent ecosystems. since, water is the most important factor l 
 impacts on adjacent ecosystems. since, water is the most important factor limiting crop produc 
the most important factor limiting crop production, and water availability during the uk growin 
nt factor limiting crop production, and water availability during the uk growing season is pred 
op varieties that can use the available water more efficiently. nitrogen inputs are a major sou 
e the available water more efficiently. nitrogen inputs are a major source of carbon dioxide em 
. nitrogen inputs are a major source of carbon dioxide emissions and leaching of nitrogen and p 
arbon dioxide emissions and leaching of nitrogen and phosphorus from soils results in poor wate 
 emissions and leaching of nitrogen and phosphorus from soils results in poor water quality. br 
eaching of nitrogen and phosphorus from soils results in poor water quality. breeding crops tha 
d phosphorus from soils results in poor water quality. breeding crops that require less fertili 
ertiliser can form part of an effective mitigation strategy for reducing diffuse agricultural p 
ategy for reducing diffuse agricultural pollution. following recent steep increases in the pric 
 recent steep increases in the price of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilisers, and the non-renewa 
 increases in the price of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilisers, and the non-renewable nature of 
orus fertilisers, and the non-renewable nature of phosphorus, there are good economic incentive 
lisers, and the non-renewable nature of phosphorus, there are good economic incentives for redu 
le nature of phosphorus, there are good economic incentives for reducing fertiliser use in crop 
ves for reducing fertiliser use in crop production. we are currently using forward genetics to  
 map major genetic loci contributing to water and nutrient acquisition and use efficiency in th 
 water and nutrient acquisition and use efficiency in the brassica a and c genomes , and curren 
12458 7                      summary objective: model the potential responses of shellfish stocks and e 
aluate potential responses of shellfish fishing fleets to different management options through  
f shellfish fishing fleets to different management options through incorporation of life-histor 
s through incorporation of life-history modelling and data analysis of satellite monitoring dat 
odelling and data analysis of satellite monitoring data and catch and effort returns from the s 
 sexes. key customer purpose: undertake modeling studies to provide a better understanding of t 
base on which advice on the sustainable management of shellfish stocks is given.  
12239 13                                         weeds remain a major constraint to cost effective crop  
major constraint to cost effective crop production by interfering with yield, harvesting and qu 
ive crop production by interfering with yield, harvesting and quality. however, many wild plant 
ny wild plants, which may be considered weeds in cropping situations, are also considered to ha 
sidered to have beneficial roles in the environment in their contribution towards biodiversity; 
vironment in their contribution towards biodiversity; both directly and also by supporting othe 
ms as a source of food and shelter. the nature of vegetation management of seedling establishme 
urce of food and shelter. the nature of vegetation management of seedling establishment in farm 
d and shelter. the nature of vegetation management of seedling establishment in farm practice.  
-leaved weed species through controlled environment and field experimentation. 2. improve under 
nding of annual dormancy cycling in the soil seedbank. 3. establish the link between applied pr 
ancy cycle of seeds to support informed decision making in weed management and seedling establi 
upport informed decision making in weed management and seedling establishment practice.  
6812 2 ket requirements towards the ecological production overestimated the demands towards the bean k 
ds towards the bean kinds, included the resistance towards illnesses and the being xerophilous. 
12370 5 e metadatabase would be searchable in a gis format and available to download metadata via the w 
ta via the web. in addition, an initial assessment of options for the integration and long term 
 data taken for wfd within ongoing data management initiatives in the uk and europe will be mad 
ta management initiatives in the uk and europe will be made. this will include a review of euro 
urope will be made. this will include a review of european and uk data initiatives.  
12768 6 slation because of concerns about their conservation status. current legislation in a replicate 
ng areas. we will determine patterns of habitat selection by natterers bats that roost in churc 
when bats move roosts. we will quantify habitat quality around churches used as roosts by using 
around churches used as roosts by using geographic information systems, and will determine whet 
evelop an advisory leaflet with english nature and other interested organisations outlining the 
ing the costs and benefits of different management options for reducing conflicts between human 
11597 16                                         conservation science is currently not meeting the needs 
e is currently not meeting the needs of conservation practice. because they are funded differen 
er than academia, a better alignment of conservation programmes with financial and organisation 
t the interface of applied research and conservation implementation through the commercial and  
e with the rest of the global amphibian conservation community. as a member of the new graduate 
st of the global amphibian conservation community. as a member of the new graduate school at th 
t will receive a skills audit, personal development plan and training in appropriate transferab 
 have day-to-day exposure to a thriving conservation organisation whose central mission is to p 
ion is to promote and achieve worldwide conservation for animals and their habitats . the econo 
a much more targeted and cost-effective distribution of resources to conservation programmes. t 
-effective distribution of resources to conservation programmes. this will directly benefit the 
arch, and will indirectly benefit other conservation organisations who may adopt the same proce 
the project will therefore achieve rcuk impacts through enhancing environmental sustainability  
impacts through enhancing environmental sustainability and protection; improving the effectiven 
ection; improving the effectiveness and sustainability of relevant organisations and public ser 
he processes that govern evidence based policy-making and influencing policies.  
12548 1       in order to protect our crops and environment from quarantine pests and diseases, the uk  
13418 3                                 in-situ conservation project was started in 2005 in aydın provi 
reed of aydin region. the activities on conservation, characterisation and sustainable utilizat 
hese efforts include all aspects of the production, sustainable utilization and characterisatio 
13426 1                             the in-situ conservation flock for the southern karaman sheep breed 
10084 8                                    many legumes form a symbiosis with soil bacteria, which are  
                    many legumes form a symbiosis with soil bacteria, which are housed in speci 
     many legumes form a symbiosis with soil bacteria, which are housed in special organs calle 
many legumes form a symbiosis with soil bacteria, which are housed in special organs called nod 
om the roots. within these nodules, the bacteria take strains. by working with brazilian scient 
rent programmes aimed at conserving the environment and biodiversity of this unique and fragile 
aimed at conserving the environment and biodiversity of this unique and fragile ecosystem.  
biodiversity of this unique and fragile ecosystem.  
11249 8                                    many legumes form a symbiosis with soil bacteria, which are  
                    many legumes form a symbiosis with soil bacteria, which are housed in speci 
     many legumes form a symbiosis with soil bacteria, which are housed in special organs calle 
many legumes form a symbiosis with soil bacteria, which are housed in special organs called nod 
om the roots. within these nodules, the bacteria take strains. by working with brazilian scient 
rent programmes aimed at conserving the environment and biodiversity of this unique and fragile 
aimed at conserving the environment and biodiversity of this unique and fragile ecosystem.  
biodiversity of this unique and fragile ecosystem.  
11638 3 of the most significant events in plant evolution was the origin of the seed. however, it is no 
 this changes our perception as to both function and evolution of seed-megaspores. however, we  
 our perception as to both function and evolution of seed-megaspores. however, we know nothing  
1090 24                                     the conservation of biodiversity represents a primary objec 
                    the conservation of biodiversity represents a primary objective that can be 
onships they establish in the different ecosystems. on these grounds, the proposed project is a 
 ecological factors on reproductive and colonization success of species of the mediterranean ar 
 colonization success of species of the mediterranean area. since recent studies suggest occurr 
odland habitats and species thriving in grassland habitats will be studied. understanding of th 
udied. understanding of their different adaptation strategies will be crucial to outline conser 
n strategies will be crucial to outline conservation programs for these endangered plants. in n 
rograms for these endangered plants. in nature, orchid nutrition during the first stages of the 
mycorrhizal associations with symbiotic fungi. many species still exhibit strong trophic depend 
 strong trophic dependency on symbiotic fungi in the adult stage. special focus will be on: a t 
 stage. special focus will be on: a the development of propagation protocols based on symbiotic 
ined; b the genetic factors determining colonization success for the species analysed, as indic 
cies examined and the surrounding plant community as well as climatic, geologic and pedologic f 
 and interspecific gene flows on orchid colonization dynamics and local adaptation; e the speci 
 orchid colonization dynamics and local adaptation; e the specificity of the association with m 
 association with mycorrhizal symbiotic fungi; f the assessment of possible interactions betwee 
with mycorrhizal symbiotic fungi; f the assessment of possible interactions between orchids and 
chids and other components of the plant community, mediated by shared mycorrhizal fungi. adult  
mmunity, mediated by shared mycorrhizal fungi. adult plants and seeds of woodland . the analyse 
hids with other components of the plant community will be assessed through sampling and molecul 
gation programs for in situ and ex situ conservation, seeds from the species analysed will be t 
ycelia previously isolated. germination efficiency will be correlated with genetic features of  
through either autogamous or allogamous pollination.  
15049 6 atented. we propose that using in vitro evolution of proteins we can modify the activity of a l 
redirect its activity toward non-target insects. to prove our hypothesis we will use three inse 
titis capitata, an important world-wide agriculture pest, easy to maintain in the lab, rhodnius 
roject will have an important impact on biological control of insects because they will represe 
portant impact on biological control of insects because they will represent a powerful tool to  
t active toxins for a wide selection of insects.  
12035 16 er sediments there fluxes of organisms, nutrients, organic matter and pollutants between rivers 
s there fluxes of organisms, nutrients, organic matter and pollutants between rivers and their  
, organic matter and pollutants between rivers and their bottom sediments. the refugium of faun 
e refugium of fauna during hydrological disturbance . using dna analyses we studied the induced 
tudied the induced changes in bacterial diversity. finally, we elaborated three softwares for m 
ally, we elaborated three softwares for modeling the relation between water movement and degrad 
wares for modeling the relation between water movement and degradation rates. below a porosity  
the relation between water movement and degradation rates. below a porosity threshold the inver 
and degradation rates. below a porosity threshold the invertebrates and the fungi cannot access 
n rates. below a porosity threshold the invertebrates and the fungi cannot access to the leaves 
ity threshold the invertebrates and the fungi cannot access to the leaves buried in the sedimen 
nnot access to the leaves buried in the sediment to decompose them. some human activities appea 
s wine‐growing that use a wide range of pesticides. the biodiversity present inside bottom sedi 
hat use a wide range of pesticides. the biodiversity present inside bottom sediments of rivers  
sity present inside bottom sediments of rivers is a key factor for the biodegradation of these  
ally we observed an very high bacterial diversity in these sediments.  
13724 4 s than a decade ago, one of the leading conservation biologists of our time claimed that there  
evidence that inbreeding contributes to extinction. and he was right. not because there were st 
ets these synergistic routes to fitness erosion in a vertebrate group that currently is experie 
 group that currently is experiencing a conservation crisis unparalleled by anything in modern  
10615 2 ural and experimental inbreeding on the production of abnormal sperm in a mammalian model.  
uction of abnormal sperm in a mammalian model.  
13825 1 bility to sarcoptic mange, a prevalanet disease in the population. we will also evaluate the us 
12050 12     new-caledonia is one of the world's biodiversity hot spots. however, anthropogenic fires ar 
 fires are becoming more threatening to ecosystems and human populations as they increase in nu 
ill analyse the interactions between nc ecosystems, cultural and social practices, climate, and 
systems, cultural and social practices, climate, and fire, and will develop a geographic inform 
ural and social practices, climate, and fire, and will develop a geographic information system  
c information system for the intagrated monitoring of these components though time and space. f 
these components though time and space. forests, maquis and savannas will be analysed in terms  
nas will be analysed in terms of fuels, vegetation and invertebrate biodiversity. human practic 
s of fuels, vegetation and invertebrate biodiversity. human practices related to fire will be s 
iodiversity. human practices related to fire will be studied through interviews in representati 
representative regions. meteorology ans climate will be analysed and modelled over nc to improv 
sed and modelled over nc to improve the fire weather index.  
13576 10                                 swedish marine ecosystems are strongly affected by a salinity g 
                         swedish marine ecosystems are strongly affected by a salinity gradient 
e ecosystems are strongly affected by a salinity gradient and both geographically ecologically  
ciation, and what is the effects on the ecosystem with a species with very little genetic diver 
osystem with a species with very little genetic diversity. these results have obvious implicati 
e results have obvious implications for conservation of marine ecosystems of this area. one rea 
bvious implications for conservation of marine ecosystems of this area. one reason for this is  
implications for conservation of marine ecosystems of this area. one reason for this is that cl 
 this area. one reason for this is that climate change might further reduce the genetic variati 
is promoted over sexual reproduction as salinity decreases.  
2468 5 ation. the present project explores the evolution of polymorphic european whitefish coregonus l 
aretus in postglacial lakes of northern europe by integrating ecological, molecular, morphometr 
 discrete, but variable entities in the landscape. data will be retrieved from a large cluster  
 speciation. analyses include i spatial distribution patterns of whitefish morphs in relation t 
erentiation, reproductive isolation and life history variation among whitefish morphs, and iii  
6937 5 cular genetics, plant breeding and crop production, and results achieved in the frame of this n 
k could contribute to developing of the sustainable agriculture. the main aim of the project is 
ing leaf spots. identification of known resistance genes is foreseen, highly resistant material 
ap the qtls and develop markers for the resistance breeding program. by using marker-assisted s 
re fungicides will be used and also the environment can be polluted.  
10789 4 roups, a scientific discipline known as phylogeny reconstruction. earlier methods relied on the 
 record and dominate modern terrestrial ecosystems. living seed plants represent five major tax 
cal data from current investigations of development and the key genes that underpin development 
lopment and the key genes that underpin development, together with molecular phylogenies. thus, 
10407 25 ed study to make a comparison of people-environment relationships in mountain, hill, plain and  
l examine a range of services including carbon sequestration, flood hazard and water regulation 
 carbon sequestration, flood hazard and water regulation, and the provision of food, materials  
nd the provision of food, materials and energy. the objectives of the indes ppdg are to: 1. est 
e issues surrounding es and sustainable livelihoods in the target study sites. 2. review the op 
velihoods in the target study sites. 2. review the opportunities that novel approaches based on 
 those concerned with the links between poverty and environment. while it is accepted that stra 
rned with the links between poverty and environment. while it is accepted that strategies for p 
hile it is accepted that strategies for poverty alleviation depend on the sustainable managemen 
y alleviation depend on the sustainable management of natural capital, new assessment and polic 
depend on the sustainable management of natural capital, new assessment and policy frameworks a 
able management of natural capital, new assessment and policy frameworks are still needed. alth 
 of natural capital, new assessment and policy frameworks are still needed. although progress h 
otiating these challenging research and policy agendas, by looking at the opportunity that baye 
 and social disciplines, experienced in modelling and assessing es, and analysis of issues impa 
and analysis of issues impacting on the livelihoods of peoples living in the forest and agricul 
he livelihoods of peoples living in the forest and agricultural ecosystems in south asia. the c 
s living in the forest and agricultural ecosystems in south asia. the consortium is, however, t 
ry in character, and will involve local stakeholders in framing questions and evaluating outcom 
 and contribute to its future strategic development. besides other funding bodies, eu, defra, t 
ave been committed to taking the es and sustainable development agendas forward at the internat 
ise on the structure and functioning of forest ecosystems, the role of these systems in sustain 
the structure and functioning of forest ecosystems, the role of these systems in sustaining hum 
the role of these systems in sustaining human well-being and political/social contexts in which 
social contexts in which strategies for poverty reduction are set.  
13745 15                         in ipcc´s third assessment report in n swedish lapland. my research gro 
ss a plethora of long-term data sets on climate, snow-melt, plant ecology, etc. our efforts in  
 data sets on climate, snow-melt, plant ecology, etc. our efforts in landscape ecology has gene 
elt, plant ecology, etc. our efforts in landscape ecology has generated a detailed gis-based ve 
dscape ecology has generated a detailed gis-based vegetation map of the entire catchment. the p 
logy has generated a detailed gis-based vegetation map of the entire catchment. the project add 
hment. the project addresses aspects of biodiversity across scales in space, time, and function 
rsity across scales in space, time, and function. climate change will not only bring about chan 
ss scales in space, time, and function. climate change will not only bring about changes in spe 
ge will not only bring about changes in species composition; we expect drastic changes in ecosy 
mposition; we expect drastic changes in ecosystem diversity within landscapes. this will alter  
 we expect drastic changes in ecosystem diversity within landscapes. this will alter the proper 
ndra, with consequences for sustainable land-use and biodiversity conservation. results will be 
nsequences for sustainable land-use and biodiversity conservation. results will be incorporated 
lts will be incorporated in ipcc´s next assessment report.  
7484 13 ems have been shown to benefit farmland biodiversity although a generic indicator system to ass 
armland biodiversity although a generic indicator system to assess these benefits at the europe 
for a scientifically-based selection of biodiversity indicators for organic/low-input farming s 
fically-based selection of biodiversity indicators for organic/low-input farming systems; - ass 
or organic/low-input farming systems; - assessment and validation of a set of candidate biodive 
nt and validation of a set of candidate biodiversity indicators in representative case studies  
tion of a set of candidate biodiversity indicators in representative case studies across europe 
s in representative case studies across europe will be integrated at critical stages of the ind 
be integrated at critical stages of the indicator selection process. a handbook with factsheets 
ctsheets will be produced for validated indicators and a sampling design for biodiversity monit 
ed indicators and a sampling design for biodiversity monitoring in organic and low-input farmin 
 and a sampling design for biodiversity monitoring in organic and low-input farming systems acr 
ic and low-input farming systems across europe.  
14596 14  recent years, the research progress on restoration ecology are remarkable. however, three majo 
the factors involved, and the long-term evaluation. the general goals of this project are to ev 
re to evaluate the relationship between restoration success and stress gradients. from that eva 
ionship between restoration success and stress gradients. from that evaluation, simple environm 
success and stress gradients. from that evaluation, simple environmental indicators will be sel 
m that evaluation, simple environmental indicators will be selected, which may be used for pred 
for predicting the probability level of restoration success and for identifying areas showing d 
for identifying areas showing different restoration potential. the methodological approach lies 
ical approach lies on the comprehensive evaluation of 66 experimental plots, already establishe 
 of previous research projects, and the evaluation of a number of restoration actions developed 
ects, and the evaluation of a number of restoration actions developed by the forest administrat 
of restoration actions developed by the forest administration, which includes ancient and recen 
tion projects. the proposal focusses on mediterranean areas characterised by water scarcity.  
on mediterranean areas characterised by water scarcity.  
14719 2  recent years, the research progress on restoration ecology is remarkable. however, three major 
the factors involved, and the long-term evaluation. the general goals of this project are the m 
7101 6                             since 1992, europe created an ecological network of sites called na 
tes called natura 2000 aims to conserve biological diversity while promoting territories. this  
jective represents a real challenge for sustainable development for remarkable rural territorie 
rural territories in that it reconciles conservation of biodiversity and maintenance of human a 
s in that it reconciles conservation of biodiversity and maintenance of human activities which  
e last 10 years in the network of eight protected areas special of the poitou-charentes region. 
512 7                             since 1992, europe has created a network of ecologic sites called n 
s called natura 2000 aiming to preserve biodiversity while enhancing the value of the territori 
s. this aim represents a real stake for sustainable development for rural territories that are  
in terms of reconciling preservation of biodiversity and maintaining human activities , which o 
rdisciplinary programme to evaluate the efficiency of the network natura 2000 vis-à-vis the con 
f the network natura 2000 vis-à-vis the conservation of biodiversity in general through an anal 
tura 2000 vis-à-vis the conservation of biodiversity in general through an analysis of biologic 
1095 25 the dynamics of native and semi-natural grasslands in marginal alpine and apennine areas, and i 
eas, and ii to evaluate the attitude of grassland users towards the conservation of such vegeta 
attitude of grassland users towards the conservation of such vegetation communities. the projec 
 users towards the conservation of such vegetation communities. the project enters in the frame 
ers in the framework of the research of management strategies for the conservation of areas in  
search of management strategies for the conservation of areas in which the pressure of agricult 
ation of areas in which the pressure of agriculture and livestock husbandry is lower and less c 
n which the pressure of agriculture and livestock husbandry is lower and less constant then in  
s at the origin of the establishment of vegetation communities with low landscape and usage val 
ment of vegetation communities with low landscape and usage value, whose recognizable symptoms  
a point of no-return. the definition of indicators that, being directly correlated to the evolu 
 that, being directly correlated to the evolution of vegetation composition and pastoral qualit 
directly correlated to the evolution of vegetation composition and pastoral quality, predict ma 
hanges, may be of great interest in the conservation of grasslands at an evolutional state defi 
f great interest in the conservation of grasslands at an evolutional state defined in the frame 
defined in the framework of territorial planning. with regard to indicators, literature reports 
of territorial planning. with regard to indicators, literature reports mainly studies about lea 
ature reports mainly studies about leaf traits, as they are related to pastoral management will 
traits, as they are related to pastoral management will supply information about the participat 
ement will supply information about the participation of local communities, tourists and grassl 
tion of local communities, tourists and grassland users to the management of marginal areas and 
es, tourists and grassland users to the management of marginal areas and about the willingness  
agement of marginal areas and about the willingness to pay for their conservation. consequently 
 about the willingness to pay for their conservation. consequently, the enforceability of propo 
quently, the enforceability of proposed management solutions will be examined also with regard  
10982 2  suitability of the infected plants for insects. we will investigate which of these effects is  
low-rattle present and find out whether insects avoid feeding on infected plants.  
15380 2 roup mosimbio works on individual-based modelling development of appropriate tools to communica 
bio works on individual-based modelling development of appropriate tools to communicate and tra 
2134 7 les from ocean cruises exist at several institutions, and though there has been some recaptures 
 provide the means to assign individual fish to country, region and possibly river of origin. u 
 that will be intercalibrated, in their mapping work. this project aims to map norwegian popula 
ignment will provide new information on migration paths and feeding areas of post-smolts and ad 
 will help to explain the different sea mortality rates observed for salmon from different regi 
ed for salmon from different regions of europe. these new insights will enable managers make in 
decisions in questions affecting salmon marine survival.  
14499 11 . we shall be specifically concerned in modeling bacterial growth with our simulator indisim ,  
fically concerned in modeling bacterial growth with our simulator indisim , to explore two diff 
nvolved during its existence. bacterial growth of the yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae. an import 
ial processes of environmental interest behavior of c and n in soil. our simulation model allow 
nmental interest behavior of c and n in soil. our simulation model allows the evolutions of dif 
vior of c and n in soil. our simulation model allows the evolutions of different pools of c and 
utions of different pools of c and n in soil and makes possible a holistic interpretation of th 
rocess. we want to continue the work on modeling the composting processes that we are developin 
erprise. biological depuration of waste water. the biological depuration of waste water is a co 
ter. the biological depuration of waste water is a complex process where there are many factors 
uctural similarity that also appears in soil and composting processes. our simulations will act 
14964 1 ividuals and their relations with their environment health: malaria: modelization of plasmodium 
14477 2                                     the conservation of populations of large vertebrates has no 
 fitness is essential for the design of conservation strategies for endangered populations with 
11037 16 anding changes in population size, i.e. population dynamics, has concentrated on investigating  
 between individuals in age but also in traits like body size or condition crucially affect the 
ividuals in age but also in traits like body size or condition crucially affect the way populat 
y populations respond to changes in the environment over time. in addition, biologists have rea 
his means that an ability to understand population dynamics, necessary to predict and manage po 
s, may require understanding of the way traits change in response to ecological and evolutionar 
pes environments lead to changes in the distribution of traits like body size. this will provid 
 lead to changes in the distribution of traits like body size. this will provide some informati 
nges in the distribution of traits like body size. this will provide some information on how we 
n on how we might expect changes in the climate to influence both the evolution of traits like  
es in the climate to influence both the evolution of traits like body size, as well as fluctuat 
mate to influence both the evolution of traits like body size, as well as fluctuations in popul 
uence both the evolution of traits like body size, as well as fluctuations in population size.  
meerkats; and laboratory populations of soil mites. these systems have been chosen because prev 
 understanding of many aspects of their ecology, because detailed data exist and because they h 
nt understanding of the way numbers and traits vary.  
11566 16 anding changes in population size, i.e. population dynamics, has concentrated on investigating  
 between individuals in age but also in traits like body size or condition crucially affect the 
ividuals in age but also in traits like body size or condition crucially affect the way populat 
y populations respond to changes in the environment over time. in addition, biologists have rea 
his means that an ability to understand population dynamics, necessary to predict and manage po 
s, may require understanding of the way traits change in response to ecological and evolutionar 
pes environments lead to changes in the distribution of traits like body size. this will provid 
 lead to changes in the distribution of traits like body size. this will provide some informati 
nges in the distribution of traits like body size. this will provide some information on how we 
n on how we might expect changes in the climate to influence both the evolution of traits like  
es in the climate to influence both the evolution of traits like body size, as well as fluctuat 
mate to influence both the evolution of traits like body size, as well as fluctuations in popul 
uence both the evolution of traits like body size, as well as fluctuations in population size.  
meerkats; and laboratory populations of soil mites. these systems have been chosen because prev 
 understanding of many aspects of their ecology, because detailed data exist and because they h 
nt understanding of the way numbers and traits vary.  
7188 4  direct influence on the dynamics of an invasion. the particular structure of an invasive popul 
ctly for its ecological effects against invasive species may have evolutionary effects exactly  
 operations targeting mechanisms of the invasive species in order to place it on an "evolutiona 
e it on an "evolutionary path" oriented management objectives.  
10151 7 ehaviour has important implications for ecology, evolution . this information is essential to m 
has important implications for ecology, evolution . this information is essential to make accur 
ccurate predictions of population-level impacts of proposed changes to fishery discarding pract 
nges to fishery discarding practices in europe and climate related impacts on the availability  
hery discarding practices in europe and climate related impacts on the availability of naturall 
practices in europe and climate related impacts on the availability of naturally occurring fora 
ilability of naturally occurring forage fish.  
11419 7 ehaviour has important implications for ecology, evolution . this information is essential to m 
has important implications for ecology, evolution . this information is essential to make accur 
ccurate predictions of population-level impacts of proposed changes to fishery discarding pract 
nges to fishery discarding practices in europe and climate related impacts on the availability  
hery discarding practices in europe and climate related impacts on the availability of naturall 
practices in europe and climate related impacts on the availability of naturally occurring fora 
ilability of naturally occurring forage fish.  
11771 7 ehaviour has important implications for ecology, evolution . this information is essential to m 
has important implications for ecology, evolution . this information is essential to make accur 
ccurate predictions of population-level impacts of proposed changes to fishery discarding pract 
nges to fishery discarding practices in europe and climate related impacts on the availability  
hery discarding practices in europe and climate related impacts on the availability of naturall 
practices in europe and climate related impacts on the availability of naturally occurring fora 
ilability of naturally occurring forage fish.  
10521 17 studies of the regulation of population density in birds and mammals have focussed on studies w 
the regulation of population density in birds and mammals have focussed on studies where recrui 
 mammals have focussed on studies where recruitment and survival decline as population density  
ment and survival decline as population density increases, eventually limiting population size. 
ulation size. however, in some species, recruitment and survival increase with rising density,  
tment and survival increase with rising density, generating positive correlations known as alle 
 studies have commonly investigated the evolution of reproductive strategies in these species,  
s controlling group size and population density have rarely been explored. this study will inve 
sses limiting group size and population density in singular cooperative breeders using wild kal 
eders using wild kalahari meerkats as a model. it will test the prediction that positive correl 
 the ability of group members to detect predators and will determine whether group size is limi 
 size is limited by increasing rates of dispersal by subordinate females, caused by increasing  
 it will investigate how group size and population dynamics are affected by variation in rainfa 
tion in rainfall, food availability and disease. by exploring the unusual ecological mechanisms 
unusual ecological mechanisms affecting population dynamics in meerkats, the project will provi 
 will provide an informed basis for the management and conservation of other animals subject to 
n informed basis for the management and conservation of other animals subject to strong allee e 
11010 17 studies of the regulation of population density in birds and mammals have focussed on studies w 
the regulation of population density in birds and mammals have focussed on studies where recrui 
 mammals have focussed on studies where recruitment and survival decline as population density  
ment and survival decline as population density increases, eventually limiting population size. 
ulation size. however, in some species, recruitment and survival increase with rising density,  
tment and survival increase with rising density, generating positive correlations known as alle 
 studies have commonly investigated the evolution of reproductive strategies in these species,  
s controlling group size and population density have rarely been explored. this study will inve 
sses limiting group size and population density in singular cooperative breeders using wild kal 
eders using wild kalahari meerkats as a model. it will test the prediction that positive correl 
 the ability of group members to detect predators and will determine whether group size is limi 
 size is limited by increasing rates of dispersal by subordinate females, caused by increasing  
 it will investigate how group size and population dynamics are affected by variation in rainfa 
tion in rainfall, food availability and disease. by exploring the unusual ecological mechanisms 
unusual ecological mechanisms affecting population dynamics in meerkats, the project will provi 
 will provide an informed basis for the management and conservation of other animals subject to 
n informed basis for the management and conservation of other animals subject to strong allee e 
11806 4                       understanding the evolution of cooperation is arguably a key element of u 
ably a key element of understanding the evolution of life. a major outstanding challenge is to  
oviding parental investment by inducing trade-offs with the immune system, by varying developme 
identifying the genes involved in their production. it spans multiple levels of biological anal 
10360 19 rents but can also be influenced by the environment in which it develops. for example, the way  
s of its own species, e.g. fighting and competition, can affect its future growth and developme 
 and competition, can affect its future growth and development. individuals within populations  
ition, can affect its future growth and development. individuals within populations of salmonid 
ividuals within populations of salmonid fish will all differ, albeit slightly, in the way that  
, albeit slightly, in the way that they function physiologically and how they behave. this vari 
 competitive ability. as a result, some fish will be better at acquiring food resources than ot 
iring food resources than others. these fish will consequentially grow faster and this will go  
logical characteristics among groups of fish what makes the competitive ability of some fish be 
t makes the competitive ability of some fish better than others do environmental factors within 
 are laid affect competitive ability of fish later in life does the amount of stress experience 
f fish later in life does the amount of stress experienced by a female fish before spawning inf 
mount of stress experienced by a female fish before spawning influence the level of variation i 
 offspring can small differences in the stream environment while young fish are developing, suc 
ing can small differences in the stream environment while young fish are developing, such as in 
s in the stream environment while young fish are developing, such as increases in temperature,  
sh are developing, such as increases in temperature, influence their behavioural and physiologi 
ysiological characteristics in salmonid fish is of crucial conservational importance. protectin 
ional importance. protecting our native fish populations is dependent upon a scientific underst 
1959 3 indirect plant defences act by offering natural enemies of herbivores shelter, food or chemical 
ssicae is aposematic and gregarious. as natural enemies two closely related parasitic wasp spec 
olutionary significance of lid in plant evolution and the existence of benefits of information  
13532 8  alga, which was recently introduced to sweden. since this introduction it seems to rapidly exp 
invasive, studies on potential chemical resistance in g. vermiculophylla against natural enemie 
esistance in g. vermiculophylla against natural enemies in its new environment are important in 
ylla against natural enemies in its new environment are important in order to predict the invas 
t are important in order to predict the invasion success of the alga and to outline protocols f 
organisms. in parallel i aim to compare grazing and antifouling properties in bioassays with cr 
s. furthermore, i want to elucidate the nature of signals that trigger defence responses in g.  
ds for measuring metabolic responses in marine organisms in general, using the tools of modern  
1967 23                                         food webs are highly complex entities. understanding th 
ly complex entities. understanding this complexity and its persistence remains one of the major 
 remains one of the major challenges in ecology. recent advances in ecological theory have poin 
 a key to the understanding of realised food webs in nature, as opposed to the myriads of theor 
 understanding of realised food webs in nature, as opposed to the myriads of theoretically poss 
o the myriads of theoretically possible food webs. however, the currently used measures of inte 
ssumption of equilibrium conditions. in nature, however, equilibrium conditions may be rare, wi 
. consumer densities can fluctuate, and bacteria, plants and animals can respond to the presenc 
animals can respond to the presence and density of their consumers with a variety of inducible  
el persistence and the integrity of the food web. furthermore, inducible defences can temporari 
fecting the balance of bottom-up versus top-down control or flows of energy. the project as a w 
-up versus top-down control or flows of energy. the project as a whole propose to study the eff 
dy the effects of inducible defences on food web dynamics and persistence, with a focus on inte 
els predict that inducible defences and diversity have a synergistic effect on food web persist 
 diversity have a synergistic effect on food web persistence. these predictions will be tested  
ds to study realistic inducible defence scenarios in freshwater and terrestrial systems. the pr 
ealistic inducible defence scenarios in freshwater and terrestrial systems. the project of the  
dent aims at experimentally testing our model predictions for the freshwater system. he or she  
y testing our model predictions for the freshwater system. he or she will study the dynamics of 
r she will study the dynamics of simple food webs where prey species have permanent, inducible, 
no defences. in addition the effects of diversity at different trophic levels on food web persi 
iversity at different trophic levels on food web persistence will be explored under different s 
stence will be explored under different scenarios.  
6740 5 heat genome, which can be used for gene mapping with the help of fluorescence in situ hybridiza 
cid composition of barley, the salt and drought tolerance of aegilops biuncialis, and the disea 
lerance of aegilops biuncialis, and the disease resistance of agropyron glael and the exact ori 
of aegilops biuncialis, and the disease resistance of agropyron glael and the exact origin of t 
hromosomes thus these help the physical mapping of the chromosomes. the agronomically useful tr 
13361 1 lasm. turkey is centre of origin and/or diversity of several industrial crop species which are  
7489 6 mistry usually requires many times more energy than is contained in the final product. thus, us 
final product but also save substantial energy in the processing. of particular interest are se 
 could in a relatively short time frame yield such products. this project aims at developing su 
nes und understanding of lipid cellular metabolism in order for rational designing of vast arra 
roject are met with great scepticism in europe it is crucial that ideas, expectations and resul 
lic and that methods, ethics, risks and risk assessment are open for debate. the keywords of ou 
10430 10                               the large-scale and long-term dynamics of benthic communities are 
cal and biological processes that cause community dynamics span many scales and elicit scale-de 
ty dynamics span many scales and elicit scale-dependent patterns of community structure across  
 and elicit scale-dependent patterns of community structure across the seascape. we identify th 
cal and biological processes affect the distribution of communities. model outputs are compared 
affect the distribution of communities. model outputs are compared to natural patterns of commu 
uts are compared to natural patterns of community distribution as measured using earth observat 
mpared to natural patterns of community distribution as measured using earth observation. causa 
ve processes are then inferred from the model which most closely fits field data and observed c 
st closely fits field data and observed community patterns.  
11788 10                               the large-scale and long-term dynamics of benthic communities are 
cal and biological processes that cause community dynamics span many scales and elicit scale-de 
ty dynamics span many scales and elicit scale-dependent patterns of community structure across  
 and elicit scale-dependent patterns of community structure across the seascape. we identify th 
cal and biological processes affect the distribution of communities. model outputs are compared 
affect the distribution of communities. model outputs are compared to natural patterns of commu 
uts are compared to natural patterns of community distribution as measured using earth observat 
mpared to natural patterns of community distribution as measured using earth observation. causa 
ve processes are then inferred from the model which most closely fits field data and observed c 
st closely fits field data and observed community patterns.  
14657 3  that postulate that selection for male function or for protection of developing reproductive o 
veloping reproductive organs drives the evolution of sexual dimorphism. recently two new and al 
 the effect of phenotypic plasticity of development. the aim of this project is to explore thes 
7258 1 lysis will provide original data on the evolution of sexual interactions postcopulatoires  
15338 19                               nowadays, habitat destruction and fragmentation are major threats 
      nowadays, habitat destruction and fragmentation are major threats to the biodiversity con 
 fragmentation are major threats to the biodiversity conservation. in agricultural landscapes,  
ts to the biodiversity conservation. in agricultural landscapes, habitat diversity loss and com 
nservation. in agricultural landscapes, habitat diversity loss and complexity, at different spa 
on. in agricultural landscapes, habitat diversity loss and complexity, at different spatial sca 
 landscapes, habitat diversity loss and complexity, at different spatial scales, is also a crit 
ting for a major decrease of biological richness. a great amount of european diversity is maint 
al richness. a great amount of european diversity is maintained in these landscapes, so it will 
urgent to evaluate the effects that the habitat structure of agricultural landscapes has on its 
e effects that the habitat structure of agricultural landscapes has on its biological diversity 
e of agricultural landscapes has on its biological diversity. by using aerial-nesting bees and  
ical diversity. by using aerial-nesting bees and wasps as suppliers of resources, will be done, 
es, will be done, through a gradient of landscape heterogeneity. the objective is to ascertain  
e done, through a gradient of landscape heterogeneity. the objective is to ascertain these esse 
tial aspects, to evaluate the losses of diversity and to provide administration agencies with i 
bute to establish policies related with land use, crop-land design, conservation strategies and 
elated with land use, crop-land design, conservation strategies and the proposal of agri-enviro 
ervation strategies and the proposal of agri-environment schemes.  
154 19                      a central issue in ecology is to understand how environmental factors infl 
and how environmental factors influence population dynamics. such knowledge could help to expla 
uch knowledge could help to explain the evolution of life histories and illustrate ecological p 
ogical processes thus being valuable in conservation biology. anthropogenic factors change habi 
n biology. anthropogenic factors change habitat characteristics and may determine the way and / 
es could lead to the changes in spatial distribution and pattern of populations and species dis 
 and pattern of populations and species distribution in nature.since pattern of plant species d 
populations and species distribution in nature.since pattern of plant species distribution is a 
n nature.since pattern of plant species distribution is a result of interplay among local abiot 
result of interplay among local abiotic environment, in situ biotic interactions, historical pr 
ns, historical processes and changes in land use, the real understanding of the causal mechanis 
tanding of the causal mechanisms behind distribution pattern may only be possible through study 
 study experimentally influence of post dispersal local interactions and habitat physical condi 
f post dispersal local interactions and habitat physical conditions on the plant populations in 
ed on the results to suggest reasonable management system to maintaine habitats of plant popula 
ze of historically managed semi natural landscape plant populations 2. what is the impact of ha 
nt populations 2. what is the impact of habitat local conditions - abiotic factors and biotic i 
actors and biotic interactions in plant population dynamics 3. what type of land-use could main 
ant population dynamics 3. what type of land-use could maintain vitality of plant populations u 
13577 35                                         climate change has been predicted to cause increased ri 
o cause increased river inflow into the baltic sea, leading to decreased salinities, higher con 
her concentrations of dissolved organic carbon , and changed light climate and hydrography. suc 
lved organic carbon , and changed light climate and hydrography. such changes may decrease phyt 
 hydrography. such changes may decrease phytoplankton primary productivity due to poorer light  
nges may decrease phytoplankton primary productivity due to poorer light climate, and increase  
rimary productivity due to poorer light climate, and increase bacterial productivity due to hig 
r light climate, and increase bacterial productivity due to high input of doc and decreased com 
 due to high input of doc and decreased competition from phytoplankton for inorganic nutrients. 
t of doc and decreased competition from phytoplankton for inorganic nutrients. the aim of this  
tition from phytoplankton for inorganic nutrients. the aim of this project is to clarify how pr 
is to clarify how primary and bacterial productivity will change due to predicted climate relat 
oductivity will change due to predicted climate related changes in the baltic sea, and to eluci 
redicted climate related changes in the baltic sea, and to elucidate how this affects productiv 
 sea, and to elucidate how this affects productivity at higher trophic levels, e.g. fish. exper 
uctivity at higher trophic levels, e.g. fish. experiments are planned to study the spatial and  
iation of bioavailability of doc in the baltic sea. the structure, function and efficiency of m 
f doc in the baltic sea. the structure, function and efficiency of marine food webs exposed to  
baltic sea. the structure, function and efficiency of marine food webs exposed to varying light 
e structure, function and efficiency of marine food webs exposed to varying light, hydrological 
ture, function and efficiency of marine food webs exposed to varying light, hydrological condit 
rient concentrations will be studied in mesocosm experiments. the experiments will comprise org 
xperiments will comprise organisms from phytoplankton-bacteria to fish. the results of field st 
l comprise organisms from phytoplankton-bacteria to fish. the results of field studies and expe 
rganisms from phytoplankton-bacteria to fish. the results of field studies and experiments will 
tudies and experiments will be used for development and parameterization of a food web model th 
r development and parameterization of a food web model that will be used to estimate productivi 
ment and parameterization of a food web model that will be used to estimate productivity change 
web model that will be used to estimate productivity changes in the baltic sea. predicted chang 
to estimate productivity changes in the baltic sea. predicted changes in light, doc, inorganic  
dicted changes in light, doc, inorganic nutrients by oceanographic models will be used to estim 
graphic models will be used to estimate productivity in the baltic sea in the next hundred year 
be used to estimate productivity in the baltic sea in the next hundred years. the model will be 
ltic sea in the next hundred years. the model will be adapted to hydrographical conditions in t 
ted to hydrographical conditions in the baltic sea.  
7102 6                                   small water bodies. . methodological objectives: define the e 
gical objectives: define the ecological assessment methods adapted to ponds, standardizing prot 
s, and define a method most appropriate evaluation systems for ponds, easy to apply and thus to 
asy to apply and thus to transfer build economic development scenarios for the marketing of agr 
 to transfer build economic development scenarios for the marketing of agricultural and fishery 
ultural and fishery products, enhancing biodiversity and ecological features of these environme 
514 7                                   small water bodies socio-economic objectives: - analyze the t 
socio-economical characteristics of the fish farms in order to increase the value of the role o 
er to increase the value of the role of biodiversity with an approach aiming to develop the ter 
rs get involved in the preservation and management of the biodiversity in order to increase the 
 the preservation and management of the biodiversity in order to increase the value of their pr 
in order to increase the value of their production and their territory through a geographic ide 
tives: - define the methods of ecologic evaluation that are appropriate for ponds, by standardi 
10132 3                       the study of past climate change, especially that which has occurred sinc 
 by comparing our records with holocene climate records available from other sites in the north 
 able to establish the extent of global climate links at times of different climatic regimes, f 
10664 3                       the study of past climate change, especially that which has occurred sinc 
 by comparing our records with holocene climate records available from other sites in the north 
 able to establish the extent of global climate links at times of different climatic regimes, f 
15400 14 itude and the increase of anthropogenic land use, fragmentation of habitat conservation is the  
the increase of anthropogenic land use, fragmentation of habitat conservation is the most frequ 
nthropogenic land use, fragmentation of habitat conservation is the most frequent problem of co 
enic land use, fragmentation of habitat conservation is the most frequent problem of conservati 
rvation is the most frequent problem of conservation, and probably the most serious threat to b 
and probably the most serious threat to biodiversity. several studies conducted during the past 
one of the most serious consequences of fragmentation is the local or regional loss of species. 
tion, progressive isolation, changes in habitat quality and the increase of their permeability  
ed lichen species. 2.1. to characterize population dynamics of lobaria pulmonaria in mediterran 
ation dynamics of lobaria pulmonaria in mediterranean forests. analysis of factors that are det 
 of lobaria pulmonaria in mediterranean forests. analysis of factors that are determining the c 
sis of factors that are determining the colonization, growth and reproduction of individuals of 
 that are determining the colonization, growth and reproduction of individuals of this species. 
on of individuals of this species. 2.2. evaluation of the spatial structure and population gene 
191 7 one of the most eutrophied parts of the baltic sea and although the external nutrient loads to  
ve declined during the last decade, the water dissolved inorganic phosphorus to demonstrate in  
t decade, the water dissolved inorganic phosphorus to demonstrate in which scale the measured v 
anic phosphorus to demonstrate in which scale the measured variability in phytoplankton biomass 
which scale the measured variability in phytoplankton biomass and species composition can be co 
e measured variability in phytoplankton biomass and species composition can be connected with t 
ariability in phytoplankton biomass and species composition can be connected with the internal  
7705 12 re expressed during the grenelle of the environment or under the 2018 plan ecophyto impose rapi 
rastic reduction in the use of chemical pesticides to protect crops. this challenge requires th 
tual elements of favorable agricultural production to an overall reduction of parasitic risk. t 
on to an overall reduction of parasitic risk. this knowledge can then be mobilized to provide e 
wledge can then be mobilized to provide environmental management strategies and handling of fra 
t strategies and handling of fragmented environment at different territorial levels resulting i 
els resulting in a natural control this risk, in particular by reducing the colonization potent 
his risk, in particular by reducing the colonization potential of crops by pests and amplificat 
 of crops by pests and amplification of biological control by natural enemies. in this context, 
 amplification of biological control by natural enemies. in this context, the general objective 
acteristics involved in the suppressive nature. finally, the project will take advantage of pri 
ts to implement experimental devices in production conditions and in consultation with voluntar 
15047 13                                         cyanobacteria are oxygenic phototrophic bacteria that o 
cyanobacteria are oxygenic phototrophic bacteria that on a microscale level play the same role  
tant to preserve and find out about the diversity and biomass that said microorganisms represen 
ve and find out about the diversity and biomass that said microorganisms represent in natural e 
aid microorganisms represent in natural ecosystems. however, in recent years, contamination mai 
nd metals has had a toxic effect on the ecosystems in which cyanobacteria are dominant. such is 
toxic effect on the ecosystems in which cyanobacteria are dominant. such is the case with micro 
distributed all around the world. these ecosystems formed by a strong interaction between the m 
eraction between the microorganisms and sediment are distributed in layers of a thickness of a  
en much more difficult to determine the biomass of cyanobacteria on a micrometric level without 
e difficult to determine the biomass of cyanobacteria on a micrometric level without altering t 
 analyse the physiological state of the cyanobacteria. from the results obtained from the prese 
ate determination of the role played by cyanobacteria, and especially microcoleus sp. in contam 
15437 24                              saproxylic insects make up the highest percentage of the forest bi 
s make up the highest percentage of the forest biodiversity, also acting as a keystone in fores 
up the highest percentage of the forest biodiversity, also acting as a keystone in forest dynam 
diversity, also acting as a keystone in forest dynamics due of their contribution to the degrad 
namics due of their contribution to the degradation and incorporation of nutrients to the ecosy 
to the degradation and incorporation of nutrients to the ecosystem. the structural complexity o 
n and incorporation of nutrients to the ecosystem. the structural complexity of mediterranean f 
rients to the ecosystem. the structural complexity of mediterranean forest allows an extraordin 
ecosystem. the structural complexity of mediterranean forest allows an extraordinary diversific 
 structural complexity of mediterranean forest allows an extraordinary diversification of ecolo 
of saproxylic species associated to the forest environment. these microhabitats live together a 
oxylic species associated to the forest environment. these microhabitats live together and inte 
ce in the maintenance and generation of biodiversity. the main aim of the project is to analyze 
tic and abiotic factors influencing the biodiversity and structure of the saproxylic community  
versity and structure of the saproxylic community at the microhabitat level, allowing us to pre 
g us to predict changes under different scenarios. the study is undertaken from the point of vi 
he ecological networks to be applied in mediterranean biodiversity management and conservation  
networks to be applied in mediterranean biodiversity management and conservation programs follo 
e applied in mediterranean biodiversity management and conservation programs following the euro 
diterranean biodiversity management and conservation programs following the european union guid 
lification of the saproxylic assemblage complexity as a powerful tool to understand the biodive 
ty as a powerful tool to understand the biodiversity from a functional and evolutionary view. i 
 two more abundant groups of saproxylic insects, diptera and coleoptera, in which the researche 
oups of saproxylic insects, diptera and coleoptera, in which the researchers of the group have  
14171 11 ions and severities co-occur in natural environment. however, the majority of experiments in pa 
vironmental factors of interest include precipitation, soil water potential, air humidity, air  
tors of interest include precipitation, soil water potential, air humidity, air temperature and 
of interest include precipitation, soil water potential, air humidity, air temperature and nutr 
soil water potential, air humidity, air temperature and nutrients. the emphasis will be given t 
tial, air humidity, air temperature and nutrients. the emphasis will be given to include the wi 
iven to include the wide range of plant traits spanning from leaf physiology to whole plant arc 
 to broad-leaved angiosperms. different functional groups pot-experiments in controlled conditi 
that plant structural and physiological traits respond to environmental conditions at different 
ll receive special attention. as global climate change implies simultaneous modification of mul 
ng of how plants can cope with changing climate.  
14713 9 ered the global biogeochemical cycle of nitrogen will be used to quantify the rates of nitrific 
n will be used to quantify the rates of nitrification, assimilation and denitrification at the  
ates of nitrification, assimilation and denitrification at the ecosystem level in these streams 
assimilation and denitrification at the ecosystem level in these streams without altering the a 
ication at the ecosystem level in these streams without altering the ambient concentrations of  
sub-project will provide information on stream ecosystem function at the reach scale within the 
ject will provide information on stream ecosystem function at the reach scale within the contex 
 stream ecosystem function at the reach scale within the context of global change.  
t the reach scale within the context of global change.  
14714 18 ered the global biogeochemical cycle of nitrogen. a consequence of this alteration is the drama 
ramatic increase of dissolved inorganic nitrogen in freshwater ecosystems. this constitutes a t 
ease of dissolved inorganic nitrogen in freshwater ecosystems. this constitutes a threat not on 
solved inorganic nitrogen in freshwater ecosystems. this constitutes a threat not only for the  
eat not only for the integrity of these ecosystems, but also for human health. nitrogen is a ke 
 ecosystems, but also for human health. nitrogen is a key element for organisms and its availab 
s and its availability can either limit ecosystem production or favor eutrophication; this in t 
availability can either limit ecosystem production or favor eutrophication; this in turn, may a 
her limit ecosystem production or favor eutrophication; this in turn, may affect the capacity o 
in turn, may affect the capacity of the ecosystem to retain and transform this element. neverth 
ransform this element. nevertheless, in stream ecosystems the relationship between nitrogen ret 
m this element. nevertheless, in stream ecosystems the relationship between nitrogen retention  
eam ecosystems the relationship between nitrogen retention and concentration still remains uncl 
ins unclear probably due to the complex nature of biofilm communities that basically control n  
t basically control n dynamics in these ecosystems. additionally, in humanized catchments the r 
e used to develop a functional index of stream self-purification capacity based on easy-to-meas 
ext of n mass balances at the catchment scale as a function of the dominant catchment land uses 
ss balances at the catchment scale as a function of the dominant catchment land uses.  
224 13 ponents in nutrient dynamics of coastal ecosystem. macroalgae and phytoplankton compete for nut 
nutrient dynamics of coastal ecosystem. macroalgae and phytoplankton compete for nutrients in t 
cs of coastal ecosystem. macroalgae and phytoplankton compete for nutrients in the coastal zone 
acroalgae and phytoplankton compete for nutrients in the coastal zone. in order to estimate the 
ems in the coastal zone, biogeochemical model based on collected measurement data will be devel 
y internal nutrient dynamics of coastal ecosystem. in order to assess the effect that external  
of the coastal zone, 3d-ecohydrodynamic model will be constructed, which will include sediment  
will be constructed, which will include sediment transport module. this integrated model will a 
iment transport module. this integrated model will allow for an integrated analysis of physical 
tions in the coastal zone. further, the model can assist in assessment of coastal ecosystem res 
 zone. further, the model can assist in assessment of coastal ecosystem response to eutrophicat 
del can assist in assessment of coastal ecosystem response to eutrophication.  
ssment of coastal ecosystem response to eutrophication.  
14138 2 rocesses with investigations of spatial distribution of large-thalli macroalgae regimes, which  
of spatial distribution of large-thalli macroalgae regimes, which in turn influence benthic hab 
11631 19 ve a key role in the global terrestrial carbon cycle. the external mycelium of em fungi is of p 
rbon cycle. the external mycelium of em fungi is of particular importance not just in terms of  
ticular importance not just in terms of biomass and exploitative capability but because it is t 
 is the primary interface with the bulk soil and is therefore the main conduit through which re 
hich recent plant assimilate enters the soil. despite the importance of the external mycelium,  
mportance of the external mycelium, its functional diversity in nature is poorly understood. in 
l mycelium, its functional diversity in nature is poorly understood. in particular, little is k 
portance of the interactions between em fungi and other groups of abundant soil organisms for c 
n em fungi and other groups of abundant soil organisms for c cycling. using both radioactive an 
r c cycling. using both radioactive and stable isotopes of c, this project will determine the r 
his project will be the application and development of recent methods that link microbial diver 
development of recent methods that link microbial diversity with their function to forest ecosy 
hat link microbial diversity with their function to forest ecosystems for the first time. the p 
robial diversity with their function to forest ecosystems for the first time. the project will  
diversity with their function to forest ecosystems for the first time. the project will combine 
gical pathways of c flux from plants to soils to be determined in situ. it will also address ho 
a and mites, three numerically dominant forest soil invertebrates, disrupt c flux to em fungal  
ites, three numerically dominant forest soil invertebrates, disrupt c flux to em fungal myceliu 
 three numerically dominant forest soil invertebrates, disrupt c flux to em fungal mycelium.  
10962 9      the interaction between plants and rhizosphere microbes has a significant effect upon ecos 
 microbes has a significant effect upon ecosystem function and global carbon biogeochemistry. w 
fect upon ecosystem function and global carbon biogeochemistry. we propose to investigate the e 
on ecosystem function and global carbon biogeochemistry. we propose to investigate the effects  
tope labelling of plant material during photosynthesis and its subsequent transfer to rhizosphe 
ynthesis and its subsequent transfer to rhizosphere taxa. taxon specific oligonucelotide hybrid 
 and molecular analysis of 13c labelled community 15srrna will identify functional keystone bac 
srrna will identify functional keystone bacteria and aid model construction of the role of micr 
fy functional keystone bacteria and aid model construction of the role of microbes in c budgets 
14982 24                                         wetlands constitute one of the richest and more product 
 one of the richest and more productive ecosystems of the planet because of their great biodive 
ms of the planet because of their great biodiversity. however, in the last 50 years, more than  
50 years, more than 60 % of the coastal wetlands have disappeared in spain pressed by developme 
he coastal wetlands have disappeared in spain pressed by development programmes and high contam 
ds have disappeared in spain pressed by development programmes and high contamination levels. t 
ination levels. the importance of their conservation has been reflected on different national o 
or the fullfilment of this project, two wetlands characteristic of the mediterranean area have  
ect, two wetlands characteristic of the mediterranean area have been selected, to ensure a wide 
and lalbufera lagoon are representative ecosystems of a large number of wetlands and supercial  
ntative ecosystems of a large number of wetlands and supercial lagoons in europe. these systems 
er of wetlands and supercial lagoons in europe. these systems have been protected by different  
d by different official figures such as wetlands of international importance will be compiled i 
mation to the contaminantion level. the optimization and development of analytical methods base 
taminantion level. the optimization and development of analytical methods based on the sorption 
 spectrometry, which will be applied to water, soil, natural vegetation and crops, will be one  
ometry, which will be applied to water, soil, natural vegetation and crops, will be one of the  
will be applied to water, soil, natural vegetation and crops, will be one of the crucial steps  
inants and their relation ship with the urban, agricultural and industrial pressure. geo-statis 
s to estalish the fragil points between water, soil and native vegetation and crops. finally, a 
talish the fragil points between water, soil and native vegetation and crops. finally, a global 
l points between water, soil and native vegetation and crops. finally, a global and integrate t 
maintenance and regeneration of coastal mediterranean wetlands against the different anthropic  
d regeneration of coastal mediterranean wetlands against the different anthropic pressures.  
7177 1 ect aims to test two hypotheses: is the invasion determined: and the influence of man  
15085 15 proposal aims to analyze the effects of habitat alteration and destruction on population struct 
ibians, as well as on their demography, extinction risk and maintenance of genetic variability. 
well as on their demography, extinction risk and maintenance of genetic variability. amphibians 
tebrates. although many factors causing mortality in larval and adult stages have been already  
s known about their effect on amphibian population dynamics due to a lack of basic information  
aphic data; and 2 data on the effect of habitat alteration on amphibian demographics. in the ib 
ics. in the iberian peninsula levels of endemism are high evaluation of landscape fragmentation 
n peninsula levels of endemism are high evaluation of landscape fragmentation and its impact on 
vels of endemism are high evaluation of landscape fragmentation and its impact on amphibian pop 
demism are high evaluation of landscape fragmentation and its impact on amphibian populations.  
kers, quantitative genetics studies and landscape genetics analyses in six species of amphibian 
lyses in six species of amphibians from mediterranean habitats: salamandra salamandra, pleurode 
rns of genetic structure, the degree of connectivity between populations and the adaptive compo 
ulations, all critical elements for the management and conservation of natural populations.  
ritical elements for the management and conservation of natural populations.  
2177 30 relationship between spatial extent and species richness independent of history, habitat hetero 
pecies richness independent of history, habitat heterogeneity and sampling effort. we will use  
 effort. we will use the sar to explore diversity patterns in species-rich ugandan forest fragm 
ersity patterns in species-rich ugandan forest fragments, standardizing for habitat heterogenei 
dan forest fragments, standardizing for habitat heterogeneity, sampling effort, and history. th 
ty, sampling effort, and history. these forests are not entirely isolated from one another: dis 
not entirely isolated from one another: dispersal between fragments links the individual forest 
 between fragments links the individual forests into a metacommunity. dispersal depends on the  
nts links the individual forests into a metacommunity. dispersal depends on the properties of t 
ndividual forests into a metacommunity. dispersal depends on the properties of the intervening  
 that where the matrix is conducive for dispersal, species richness will be higher than in regi 
 the matrix is conducive for dispersal, species richness will be higher than in regions where t 
s where the matrix is not conducive for dispersal. there are three types of matrix around the m 
es of matrix around the moist broadleaf forest fragments in uganda: subsistence agroforestry; p 
forest fragments in uganda: subsistence agroforestry; plantation agriculture; and, for forest f 
a: subsistence agroforestry; plantation agriculture; and, for forest fragments on islands in la 
estry; plantation agriculture; and, for forest fragments on islands in lake victoria, water. we 
 fragments on islands in lake victoria, water. we predict that the structurally-diverse agrofor 
e predict that the structurally-diverse agroforestry matrix will be more conducive for dispersa 
estry matrix will be more conducive for dispersal than the structurally-simple plantation agric 
than the structurally-simple plantation agriculture or water, and that this difference will be  
urally-simple plantation agriculture or water, and that this difference will be detectable in t 
is difference will be detectable in the species richness of different forests. if the sar analy 
le in the species richness of different forests. if the sar analyses show that properties of th 
perties of the matrix are important for biodiversity of fragments, then conservation management 
ant for biodiversity of fragments, then conservation management policy will need to consider bo 
versity of fragments, then conservation management policy will need to consider both the protec 
fragments, then conservation management policy will need to consider both the protection of for 
need to consider both the protection of forests, and management of the matrix.  
der both the protection of forests, and management of the matrix.  
15470 25                                    when bacteria face adverse environmental situations, they ad 
ed into aquatic systems. the suboptimal growth temperature, the nutrient limitation, the effect 
 aquatic systems. the suboptimal growth temperature, the nutrient limitation, the effect of bot 
 the suboptimal growth temperature, the nutrient limitation, the effect of both visible and uv  
ct of both visible and uv light and the salinity, inherent conditions in the aquatic systems, a 
 conditions in the aquatic systems, are stress factors to e. coli, which answers adopting the v 
, campylobacter jejuni, salmonella spp. bacteria that are in the vbnc state are live cells that 
 v. cholerae, are able to recover their growth ability and colonize when the environmental cond 
tions become favourable, transforms the bacteria adopting this phenotype in a potential risk fo 
 adopting this phenotype in a potential risk for public health. throughout the year, it has bee 
proved that, as an answer to suboptimal temperature, this bacterium adopts the vbnc state. when 
s bacterium adopts the vbnc state. when temperature increases, in the warm season, vibrio is de 
 is detected again, and some associated disease outbreaks can occur. some physiological and mol 
behaviour of this bacterium when facing stress; however, the regulatory mechanisms of the answe 
ory mechanisms of the answer to adverse environment are little known and they required a deeper 
eversion of the vbnc phenotype when the temperature increase needs an exhaustive study. the aim 
l changes that occur in an experimental model, vibrio harveyi, as an answer to environmental st 
 harveyi, as an answer to environmental stress, basically the decrease in temperature, and to k 
ental stress, basically the decrease in temperature, and to know the molecular aspects responsi 
hanges that also regulate the answer to stress. we will use epifluorescence microscopy, flow cy 
at are shown as an answer to an adverse environment. the knowledge, derived from the use of pro 
molecular control of vibrio response to stress, the results of this project can have implicatio 
s in the biomedicine area promoting the development of new strategies of detection and control  
hogen survival and dissemination in the environment. the results can be of interest in the desi 
ove the control of bacterial quality in water and food.  
14650 1 us are two grasshopper subspecies whose distribution overlaps in the pyrenees, where they form  
13500 11 s in its pathogenic form can cause high mortality in wild birds. raptors may be at risk, partic 
c form can cause high mortality in wild birds. raptors may be at risk, particularly those that  
tality in wild birds. raptors may be at risk, particularly those that feed on other birdswe wil 
h the aiv found in ducks and other prey birds. we will screen and identify the virus-host cell  
o identify difference between groups of birds at risk of acquiring aiv infections. presence of  
y difference between groups of birds at risk of acquiring aiv infections. presence of receptors 
y implanting transponders to study body temperature, heart function and blood pressure as param 
onders to study body temperature, heart function and blood pressure as parameters in mallards i 
ill give knowledge that can be used for risk assessment. the h5n1 is originating in domestic an 
e consequences for wild animals and for biodiversity by its potential effects in complex ecosys 
ity by its potential effects in complex ecosystems.  
13924 7 flowering plant group sileneae serve as model group for a database project which integrates tax 
molecular information. statements about biodiversity rely heavily on the systematics and the ta 
rely heavily on the systematics and the taxonomy that is available for the organsim group in qu 
 therefore of great importance that the taxonomy rests on solid ground and that it is easily av 
ve, more general questions, such as the evolution of dioecy and gynodioecy, colonization of iso 
the evolution of dioecy and gynodioecy, colonization of isolated island groups and the arctic,  
ic, as well as comparive studies of the evolution of reproductive characters can be studied. ou 
12219 18 ch to enable business led innovation in grassland management. the enhancement of the biodiversi 
le business led innovation in grassland management. the enhancement of the biodiversity value o 
land management. the enhancement of the biodiversity value of grassland and other grazed habita 
nhancement of the biodiversity value of grassland and other grazed habitats through informing t 
r grazed habitats through informing the development of policy with respect to farming systems a 
ts through informing the development of policy with respect to farming systems and innovation i 
n business led farm practice is a major policy driver behind this production orientated researc 
ce is a major policy driver behind this production orientated research. in addition to work on  
ntated research. in addition to work on grassland flora and grazing, wider research in support  
addition to work on grassland flora and grazing, wider research in support of grassland related 
d grazing, wider research in support of grassland related biodiversity outcomes ranges from res 
esearch in support of grassland related biodiversity outcomes ranges from research supporting p 
ch on farm practice with respect to the biodiversity outcomes sought. this study will summarise 
 research approaches and targets to the biodiversity outcomes sought. following on from this, t 
provide guidance to defra on if and how biodiversity outcomes should be supported by this type  
mes should be supported by this type of production research in the future. this study is being  
sioned on the advice of the cross-defra environment and landscape r&d working group, informed b 
vice of the cross-defra environment and landscape r&d working group, informed by the research p 
14443 13 ibulus terrestris for the interspecific diversity, distribution, economically valuable genotype 
estris for the interspecific diversity, distribution, economically valuable genotypes and their 
dard of samples of the concerned firms, assessment of physiological state, regulation of plant  
hysiological state, regulation of plant metabolism and gene expression, improving the qualities 
proposals and guideline for sustainable conservation and rational use of species. the methods,  
eristics and mechanism of regulation of photosynthesis, plant mineral nutrition, regulation of  
 mineral nutrition, regulation of plant metabolism and gene expression to improve the qualities 
improve the qualities of herb material, development technology and attempt to introduce the spe 
u condition, measures and proposals for conservation and rational use, training young scientist 
training young scientists, governmental institutions, herbalist for activity to sustainability  
institutions, herbalist for activity to sustainability of conservation and use the natural reso 
alist for activity to sustainability of conservation and use the natural resources of medicinal 
tainability of conservation and use the natural resources of medicinal plants, including protec 
6854 3                      inflammatory bowel disease that belongs to the group of barrier diseases i 
arrier diseases is represented as crohn disease will be responsible for patient recruitment. a  
disease will be responsible for patient recruitment. a group of 700-1000 patients with ibd will 
7483 21   dairying is an important sector of eu agriculture, but intensification has been accompanied b 
important sector of eu agriculture, but intensification has been accompanied by an increase in  
rease in n surplus. this has a negative environmental impact on groundwater . the eu seeks to s 
 has a negative environmental impact on groundwater . the eu seeks to stimulate measures that i 
eeks to stimulate measures that improve management of nutrients, waste and water as a start to  
ate measures that improve management of nutrients, waste and water as a start to move to manage 
rove management of nutrients, waste and water as a start to move to management practices beyond 
, waste and water as a start to move to management practices beyond usual good-farming practice 
 is to develop innovative and practical management approaches for dairy cows that reduce nitrog 
t approaches for dairy cows that reduce nitrogen excretion into the environment through the opt 
that reduce nitrogen excretion into the environment through the optimization of rumen function, 
retion into the environment through the optimization of rumen function, an improved understandi 
nment through the optimization of rumen function, an improved understanding and prediction of d 
understanding and prediction of dietary nitrogen utilization for milk production and excretion  
f dietary nitrogen utilization for milk production and excretion in urine and faeces. novel too 
on in urine and faeces. novel tools for monitoring these processes and predicting the consequen 
 the project is a detailed mathematical model of n utilization by the cow which will act to int 
-intestinal tract will further underpin model development and indicate strategies to reduce n l 
tinal tract will further underpin model development and indicate strategies to reduce n losses. 
 on profitability, a harmonised applied model will be derived from the mechanistic model and wi 
el will be derived from the mechanistic model and will be supported by tools to better describe 
14288 1                         contextinvasive exotic species  
11194 5                        foliar endophyte diversity and metabolic activity appear to be high in h 
ts , but the interactions between these fungi and insects in natural communities are entirely u 
he interactions between these fungi and insects in natural communities are entirely unknown. th 
 determine the factors affecting fungal diversity within the foliar tissues of cirsium arvense  
e manipulated. the role of phytophagous insects is emphasised, by studying insect effects on fu 
13475 5 pendent systems adapt to changes in the environment environmental changes can be short or long  
 at different levels in insect chemical ecology, ethology and evolution, from single molecules  
n insect chemical ecology, ethology and evolution, from single molecules to whole animals, from 
als, from sensitisation and learning to evolution. examples of short-term modulation are the sh 
em also adapts over generations through evolution. it can be pre-adapted for e.g. host shifts,  
12554 31                                  insect pollinators initiative insects including honeybees, bum 
          insect pollinators initiative insects including honeybees, bumblebees, butterflies an 
butterflies and moths are vital for the pollination of many cultivated and wild plants. they pl 
plants. they play a crucial role in the production of agricultural crops such as oilseed rape,  
 plants. having a healthy population of pollinators is also essential to maintain biodiversity  
llinators is also essential to maintain biodiversity in natural ecosystems. pollinating insects 
ial to maintain biodiversity in natural ecosystems. pollinating insects are vulnerable to pests 
sity in natural ecosystems. pollinating insects are vulnerable to pests, diseases and environme 
s are vulnerable to pests, diseases and environmental change - threats that have increased over 
 ten years. the steady decline of these insects over recent years raises significant concern ab 
 to reach 9 billion by 2050. the insect pollinators initiative is a fund of up to £10m that sup 
s and consequences of threats to insect pollinators and to inform the development of appropriat 
to insect pollinators and to inform the development of appropriate mitigation strategies. it is 
o inform the development of appropriate mitigation strategies. it is a joint initiative from th 
es research council, the department for environment, food and rural affairs, the natural enviro 
nt, food and rural affairs, the natural environment research council, the scottish government a 
d under the auspices of the living with environmental change programme. each of the partners ha 
nd approaches to reverse the decline in pollinator insects. researchers funded under the initia 
es to reverse the decline in pollinator insects. researchers funded under the initiative will e 
rganisations with an interest in insect pollinators to ensure a strong network to apply the out 
ctor causing the problem. the causes of pollinator declines are likely to be complex and involv 
omplex and involve interactions between pollinators, the environment and the pests and diseases 
e interactions between pollinators, the environment and the pests and diseases that affect thes 
he pests and diseases that affect these insects. because of the vital role pollinating insects  
. because of the vital role pollinating insects play – insects pollinate at least one third of  
e vital role pollinating insects play – insects pollinate at least one third of the range of ag 
some factors may affect all pollinating insects, others only one or two species and it will be  
aches will play a key role. the diverse nature of the funding partners helps to bring together  
iques in epidemiological and ecological modelling, alongside existing expertise in the pollinat 
ng, alongside existing expertise in the pollinator research community.  
ng expertise in the pollinator research community.  
13728 10                                  insect resistance and life history evolution in wild and feral 
                  insect resistance and life history evolution in wild and feral brassicas: int 
     insect resistance and life history evolution in wild and feral brassicas: integrating key  
is project is to investigate how insect herbivory and seed dormancy affect fitness and populati 
 fitness in the wild, in terms of plant abundance and altered species distributions. i will qua 
stributions. i will quantify how insect herbivory affects plant fitness in brassica rapa ssp. s 
vensis will be used to study effects of adaptation to local herbivore pressure. the results wil 
e used to predict to what extent insect herbivory affects fitness and species distribution. i w 
t herbivory affects fitness and species distribution. i will also investigate if s. arvensis, b 
. sylvestris and r. raphanistrum in the agricultural landscape while s. arvensis is abundant. t 
2530 8                     compared to shallow-water reefs, cold-water coral reefs and communities hav 
  compared to shallow-water reefs, cold-water coral reefs and communities have received politic 
ared to shallow-water reefs, cold-water coral reefs and communities have received political and 
communities have received political and management attention only recently. these cold-water re 
ent attention only recently. these cold-water reefs are biodiversity and biomass hot spots in t 
ly recently. these cold-water reefs are biodiversity and biomass hot spots in the deep ocean, a 
e cold-water reefs are biodiversity and biomass hot spots in the deep ocean, and should also be 
 provide guidelines that can be used by policy makers, contribute to important societal debates 
7557 3 roplasmies. the rabbit is proposed as a model species to determine the possibility of using clo 
cloned animals for breeding programs in conservation of genetic diversity of domesticated mamma 
or breeding programs in conservation of genetic diversity of domesticated mammals. be checked o 
1087 5 ter understanding of those processes of evolution and speciation that have generated, and still 
have generated, and still generate, the diversity of the mediterranean flora. results of previo 
nd still generate, the diversity of the mediterranean flora. results of previous researches sug 
 that isolation due to vicariance or to dispersal, polyploidy, and hybridisation have acted eit 
 and hybridisation have acted either in succession or in parallel to determine the present taxo 
454 9 onstraints that are limiting the cereal production in madagascar, a hemi-parasitic weed of type 
onsible for both the strong decrease in production and the bad quality of the grains of rain-fe 
t in order to increase the fertility of soil - the improvement of the microbial soil flora thro 
soil - the improvement of the microbial soil flora through endemic hyper-mycosis species in ord 
the mycorrhizan potential in cultivated soil - the identification of bacterium of the rhizosphe 
 the identification of bacterium of the rhizosphere having a pgpr effect on cultivation or an i 
ish the stock of parasite grains in the soil this research for targeted control methods will in 
in order to measure the fullness of the disease, identify entire set of plants hosting striga a 
e actors of the madagascan agricultural community. the full term objective of this project is t 
7214 10 ytosanitary constraints limiting cereal production in madagascar, a scrophulariacée hemiparasit 
sponsible for both the sharp decline in production and the poor quality of upland rice and corn 
orn and even resistant to striga; - the valuation of inorganic amendments to increase soil fert 
ion of inorganic amendments to increase soil fertility; - enhancement of the microbial flora of 
hancement of the microbial flora of the soil by endemic species hypermycotrophes to increase th 
rease the mycorrhizal potential of crop soils; - identification of bacteria in the rhizosphere  
tial of crop soils; - identification of bacteria in the rhizosphere pgpr having an effect on cu 
ls; - identification of bacteria in the rhizosphere pgpr having an effect on culture or an inhi 
to reduce the parasite seed bank in the soil; this research targeted control methods will be ba 
ion"comparable to striga asiatica of. a policy of information and training should be conducted  
6943 14  studies in hungarys oldest and largest habitat restoration to provide novel information on the 
 in hungarys oldest and largest habitat restoration to provide novel information on the role of 
in the emergence of spatial patterns in biodiversity. the new approach leads to a new interpret 
proach leads to a new interpretation of community assembly and the ecological processes operati 
esults on ways to conserve and increase biodiversity, which can be applied directly in practica 
ch can be applied directly in practical nature conservation and indirectly in the foundation of 
ion and indirectly in the foundation of sustainable development. we work by international scien 
hus, this research will further advance conservation biology and ecology in hungary. one beginn 
urther advance conservation biology and ecology in hungary. one beginning-level postdoc, two ph 
earch project, which, however, examines biodiversity at larger spatial scales using observation 
r spatial scales using observations and modelling, rather than experiments and monitoring as pr 
 modelling, rather than experiments and monitoring as proposed here. work is based on a monitor 
ng as proposed here. work is based on a monitoring system run for years, thus, implementation o 
s. the project involves infrastructural development, which establishes the conditions for the f 
2099 5                                         biodiversity may be measured at many different scales f 
umber of species and individuals to the distribution of genotypes in individuals and population 
ssary in order to predict the effect of environmental change or human encroachments. mechanisms 
g and genotyping all individuals in one stream over 3 years. we can then quantify the variabili 
ss, relatedness among individuals, fine-scale genetic structure, and estimate effective populat 
14444 10                                         legumes are major crop plants for the benefit of human  
nd vegetable oil. a key contribution of legumes to sustainable agriculture and nitrogen cycle i 
e oil. a key contribution of legumes to sustainable agriculture and nitrogen cycle is their abi 
 legumes to sustainable agriculture and nitrogen cycle is their ability to fix atmospheric nitr 
cle is their ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen in most agricultural ecosystems. they are able 
mospheric nitrogen in most agricultural ecosystems. they are able to form specialized organs, r 
rgans, root nodules, in which rhizobial bacteria can fix atmospheric nitrogen. over the past de 
 rhizobial bacteria can fix atmospheric nitrogen. over the past decade, two model legumes, l. j 
ric nitrogen. over the past decade, two model legumes, l. japonicus and m. truncatula, have bee 
trogen. over the past decade, two model legumes, l. japonicus and m. truncatula, have been prop 
7600 8                       in the context of conservation and sustainable management of forest ecosy 
context of conservation and sustainable management of forest ecosystems of the congo basin, the 
servation and sustainable management of forest ecosystems of the congo basin, the interactions  
on and sustainable management of forest ecosystems of the congo basin, the interactions between 
e congo basin, the interactions between forest dynamics processes and different management meth 
forest dynamics processes and different management methods will be studied on okoumé, endemic s 
sed to define an integrated reconciling conservation of this species and farm management  
g conservation of this species and farm management  
7201 7               after the grenelle of the environment, france has decided to reduce by 50% the us 
has decided to reduce by 50% the use of pesticides by 2018, subject to the development of alter 
e of pesticides by 2018, subject to the development of alternative methods. in the case of vege 
ative methods. in the case of vegetable production, the challenge of these developed is reinfor 
pathology, nematology, epidemiology and ecology to provide a set of management tools telluric p 
miology and ecology to provide a set of management tools telluric pests and methods to build an 
ric pests and methods to build and test integrated pest management strategies of vegetable crop 
7196 9 ntal project of integrated coastal zone management and mapping standard. the results will be ma 
 integrated coastal zone management and mapping standard. the results will be made at the end o 
 an impact on the functioning of public policy 18 implementation by the country marennes oléron 
ive roles of actors on changing harmful fishing practices and sustainable conservation of biolo 
rmful fishing practices and sustainable conservation of biological resources, we can expect to  
ptance by practitioners of recreational fishing foot for effective regulation as generated in t 
o set up an operational and sustainable management of an activity affecting the coastal environ 
nt of an activity affecting the coastal environment. media work both locally and nationally are 
he work done, and on the other hand the policy as part of iczm scope by the different local act 
7616 5 ctivities may influence the structure / function relationships in the aquatic communities. more 
round"an innovative operation reed beds phragmites australis in restoration and uses the stable 
ation reed beds phragmites australis in restoration and uses the stable isotope analysis as a t 
analysis as a tool for investigation of food webs in an ecological engineering context  
ol for investigation of food webs in an ecological engineering context  
7403 3               in benin, in situ genetic conservation of wild yam is essential given their use b 
clining as a result of human pressures. forest conservation programs were implemented. from dat 
rams were implemented. from data on the genetic diversity of.  
1104 38 is divided into four work packages in a mediterranean and continental area. task 4. climate sim 
terranean and continental area. task 4. climate simulations. wp2. climate changes and evolution 
area. task 4. climate simulations. wp2. climate changes and evolution of natural systems in the 
e simulations. wp2. climate changes and evolution of natural systems in the mediterranean area. 
and evolution of natural systems in the mediterranean area. task 1. climate changes and their i 
tems in the mediterranean area. task 1. climate changes and their impact on genetic structure a 
d their impact on genetic structure and development patterns of some freshwater ichthyic specie 
ucture and development patterns of some freshwater ichthyic species and on distribution of the  
some freshwater ichthyic species and on distribution of the ichthyic species in some southern m 
f the ichthyic species in some southern mediterranean areas. task 2. study of the climate and e 
diterranean areas. task 2. study of the climate and environmental changes effects on distributi 
te and environmental changes effects on distribution, adaptation and biodiversity of water plan 
mental changes effects on distribution, adaptation and biodiversity of water plants, spongofaun 
effects on distribution, adaptation and biodiversity of water plants, spongofauna and trichopte 
ibution, adaptation and biodiversity of water plants, spongofauna and trichoptera entomofauna i 
 biotopes of the central italy. task 3. sustainability of river, lake and agricultural ecosyste 
ability of river, lake and agricultural ecosystems and hydrological stress. task 4. climate and 
gricultural ecosystems and hydrological stress. task 4. climate and environmental changes effec 
ystems and hydrological stress. task 4. climate and environmental changes effects on target org 
 task 6. georeferenced map design. wp3. climate changes and evolution of agricultural systems i 
ed map design. wp3. climate changes and evolution of agricultural systems in the mediterranean  
volution of agricultural systems in the mediterranean area. task 1. climate effects on the sust 
tems in the mediterranean area. task 1. climate effects on the sustainability and the dynamic o 
an area. task 1. climate effects on the sustainability and the dynamic of edaphic populations i 
nges of the main environmental pressure indicators. task 4. analysis of hydrological samples. t 
cal samples. task 5. aeropalynology and climate changes. wp4. strategies for sustainable manage 
hanges. wp4. strategies for sustainable management in future scenarios. task 1. development of  
es for sustainable management in future scenarios. task 1. development of climate curves for un 
management in future scenarios. task 1. development of climate curves for understanding and mod 
uture scenarios. task 1. development of climate curves for understanding and modelling future s 
of climate curves for understanding and modelling future scenarios and their effects on coastal 
 for understanding and modelling future scenarios and their effects on coastal biodiversity and 
 scenarios and their effects on coastal biodiversity and fishery task 2. scenarios simulation.  
oastal biodiversity and fishery task 2. scenarios simulation. task 3. plans of sustainable mana 
imulation. task 3. plans of sustainable management and climate changes. task 4. exploitation of 
 3. plans of sustainable management and climate changes. task 4. exploitation of territorial an 
itorial and environmental resources and climate changes. task 5. hydrological resources managem 
changes. task 5. hydrological resources management.  
403 23  analyse to what extent integrated rice-fish farming could provide a sustainable alternative to 
cropping for a long-term increased food production in the mekong delta. the underlying hypothes 
ying hypothesis is that integrated rice-fish farming provide a competitive alternative to rice  
mer takes full advantage of the natural production capacity of the rice field ecosystem. an unw 
l production capacity of the rice field ecosystem. an unwise use of pesticides, however, increa 
 rice field ecosystem. an unwise use of pesticides, however, increases the production cost and  
e of pesticides, however, increases the production cost and decreases the yield of both rice an 
s the production cost and decreases the yield of both rice and fish by disrupting the ecologica 
nd decreases the yield of both rice and fish by disrupting the ecological balance of an integra 
 an integrated system. decreased use of pesticides, through ipm practices, are therefore necess 
s, are therefore necessary to make rice-fish farming a competitive alternative to rice monocrop 
pletely replace the use of chemicals in pest control operations, many chemicals will continue t 
develop strategies for a *safer* use of pesticides in integrated rice-fish farming. as a first  
r* use of pesticides in integrated rice-fish farming. as a first step a preliminary environment 
 first step a preliminary environmental risk assessment for some of the most common pesticides  
 assessment for some of the most common pesticides used in rice-fish farming will be made. thro 
the most common pesticides used in rice-fish farming will be made. through interviews and field 
arming practices among 80 rice and rice fish-farmers with and without ipm methods in takeo prov 
ovince, cambodia. negative effects from pesticides will be measured as decreased biodiversity a 
esticides will be measured as decreased biodiversity and fish yield in the rice field ecosystem 
 measured as decreased biodiversity and fish yield in the rice field ecosystem.  
ured as decreased biodiversity and fish yield in the rice field ecosystem.  
ersity and fish yield in the rice field ecosystem.  
11776 16  the survival of many mammal species in europe. this concern is to a large extent derived from  
ncern is to a large extent derived from model-based predictions on how future climate change wi 
m model-based predictions on how future climate change will affect european biodiversity. curre 
ure climate change will affect european biodiversity. current species distribution models sugge 
 european biodiversity. current species distribution models suggest that climate change will ca 
pecies distribution models suggest that climate change will cause habitats to shift or contract 
wards, and will result in high rates of extinction for the coming 100 years. however, such pred 
es in how species respond to changes in habitat availability. central to this problem is the ha 
ability. central to this problem is the habitat tracking hypothesis, which states that populati 
 populations will respond to changes in habitat availability by altering their distributions ac 
determine the probability and extent of climate-induced habitat tracking in european mammals. w 
obability and extent of climate-induced habitat tracking in european mammals. we will combine r 
ped ancient dna approaches with species distribution models to construct a detailed investigati 
o construct a detailed investigation of habitat tracking in nine model species in real time thr 
vestigation of habitat tracking in nine model species in real time through the last 40,000 year 
empo and mode of population response to climate change, as well as to evaluate, adjust and empl 
472 16  the survival of many mammal species in europe. this concern is to a large extent derived from  
ncern is to a large extent derived from model-based predictions on how future climate change wi 
m model-based predictions on how future climate change will affect european biodiversity. curre 
ure climate change will affect european biodiversity. current species distribution models sugge 
 european biodiversity. current species distribution models suggest that climate change will ca 
pecies distribution models suggest that climate change will cause habitats to shift or contract 
wards, and will result in high rates of extinction for the coming 100 years. however, such pred 
es in how species respond to changes in habitat availability. central to this problem is the ha 
ability. central to this problem is the habitat tracking hypothesis, which states that populati 
 populations will respond to changes in habitat availability by altering their distributions ac 
determine the probability and extent of climate-induced habitat tracking in european mammals. w 
obability and extent of climate-induced habitat tracking in european mammals. we will combine r 
ped ancient dna approaches with species distribution models to construct a detailed investigati 
o construct a detailed investigation of habitat tracking in nine model species in real time thr 
vestigation of habitat tracking in nine model species in real time through the last 40,000 year 
empo and mode of population response to climate change, as well as to evaluate, adjust and empl 
1946 16  in this proposal we use the concept of ecosystem networks in a region as a tool for planning c 
stem networks in a region as a tool for planning conditions for biodiversity. the aim is to dev 
n as a tool for planning conditions for biodiversity. the aim is to develop an approach for int 
r integrating ecological and economical indicators in decision making on the spatial developmen 
ecological and economical indicators in decision making on the spatial development of nature in 
ators in decision making on the spatial development of nature in multifunctional landscapes. wi 
on making on the spatial development of nature in multifunctional landscapes. with this informa 
, regional decision-makers can consider ecosystem networks as a potential regional investment i 
a potential regional investment in both biodiversity and economic values, and compare alternati 
compare alternative design options. the scale level we focus on is the regional level , and on  
onal level , and on costs of developing nature. an attempt will be made to relate the economic  
. an attempt will be made to relate the economic value to the total area, type and spatial conf 
area, type and spatial configuration of ecosystems in a region. we then will develop a simple t 
 we then will develop a simple tool for decision-making, in which the linkages between variable 
etween variable regional investments in ecosystem networks and the expected economic and conser 
 networks and the expected economic and conservation values are made visible for decision-maker 
13810 27 cal and socio-economical aspects of two management methods for sustainable recreational fisheri 
nt methods for sustainable recreational fisheries use of lake fish and ecosystem functions. the 
able recreational fisheries use of lake fish and ecosystem functions. the management methods ar 
eational fisheries use of lake fish and ecosystem functions. the management methods are catch a 
 lake fish and ecosystem functions. the management methods are catch and release for minimizati 
ease for minimization of the effects of fisheries on piscivore stock composition and biodiversi 
ries on piscivore stock composition and biodiversity, and fish stocking for restoration of thre 
stock composition and biodiversity, and fish stocking for restoration of threatened species, fo 
and biodiversity, and fish stocking for restoration of threatened species, focusing on the eel  
threatened species, focusing on the eel ecology in lakes. our project includes investigations o 
project includes investigations of both fish and fishers' behaviour, aiming to enhance the inte 
ration of both into the sustainable-use management. indirect behavioural effects of catch and r 
effects of catch and release can affect fish foraging and growth, and thereby the fish stock an 
nd release can affect fish foraging and growth, and thereby the fish stock and trophic effects  
sh foraging and growth, and thereby the fish stock and trophic effects in lakes. eel stocking f 
phic effects in lakes. eel stocking for restoration needs furthered knowledge on eel biology in 
its lake phase in order to optimize the conservation measures. in order for the conservation an 
conservation measures. in order for the conservation and sustainable-use methods to be successf 
 implemented and allow for a productive development of the economically, socially and ecologica 
cologically important recreational lake fisheries, the fishing behaviour of recreational fisher 
ortant recreational lake fisheries, the fishing behaviour of recreational fishers and their vie 
recreational fishers and their views on management, sustainable use, biodiversity and values of 
r views on management, sustainable use, biodiversity and values of ecosystem functions also hav 
ainable use, biodiversity and values of ecosystem functions also have to be surveyed. we theref 
re combine biological investigations on fish individuals and populations with observational and 
behaviours and attitudes to enhance the development of sustainable-use programmes where resourc 
ainable-use programmes where resources, stakeholders and authorities work in concert.  
13727 6 oach uses quantitative data to generate habitat suitability, potential reserves and areas of co 
ience of interdisciplinary research and management and work in conjunction with on-going biolog 
ical research. we first assess critical habitat factors in the core distribution areas, along t 
ss critical habitat factors in the core distribution areas, along the perimeter and in predicte 
titude towards the carnivores along the distribution gradient. third, we overlay the attitude,  
de, biological, geological and physical landscape data sets in a geographical information syste 
14768 4 hallenges raised by the current loss of biodiversity due to human activities and, as consequenc 
 as consequence, can be regarded as bio-indicator of habitat quality at larger scale.  
ce, can be regarded as bio-indicator of habitat quality at larger scale.  
-indicator of habitat quality at larger scale.  
12542 16 d 1.5 million species in the biosphere, fungi represent one of the most diverse eukaryotic line 
f the most diverse eukaryotic lineages. fungi are found in almost all ecosystems and are spread 
lineages. fungi are found in almost all ecosystems and are spread throughout the globe exhibiti 
ad throughout the globe exhibiting huge diversity in form and function. the global mycological  
e exhibiting huge diversity in form and function. the global mycological community faces a daun 
rm and function. the global mycological community faces a daunting task in morphology-based spe 
identified as the causal agent of a new disease on begonia in europe and diseased material was  
al agent of a new disease on begonia in europe and diseased material was also encountered in th 
arcoding is emerging as a power tool in taxonomy research with potential applications in biodiv 
research with potential applications in biodiversity, ecology and epidemiology. the main aim of 
potential applications in biodiversity, ecology and epidemiology. the main aim of the current p 
n provide separately in modern fusarium taxonomy. the project will utilise the fusarium species 
h the basal rot of onion in the uk as a model to develop the methodologies. the generic approac 
ub-species and species representing the diversity encountered within this major fungal genus. t 
s as well as the international fusarium community will be ensured through various dissemination 
es. overall this work relates to defras policy objectives in sustainable farming and food and t 
10536 15  predicting how species will respond to climate change is one of the greatest challenges facing 
es are already moving northwards as the climate warms, while others appear not to be responding 
t make predictions regarding the future distribution of species. most models that make predicti 
ider one species in isolation and use a climate envelope approach - essentially they establish  
at the species will occur wherever that climate is found in the future. this method provides a  
 to alter their range as rapidly as the climate change. there are likely to be interactions bet 
species; a butterfly may have very good dispersal abilities but if its food plant doesn t, then 
ill investigate. an existing ecological model will be extended so that incorporates genetic and 
es. initially we will introduce neutral genetic diversity - that is alternate genes that do not 
l look to see how the degree of neutral genetic diversity within a population changes during a  
a population changes during a period of climate change due to species changing their distributi 
r distributions. we will also introduce adaptation to local environmental conditions, and run s 
es and crickets have involved increased dispersal ability as they move northwards through brita 
hwards through britain. we will use our model framework to investigate how other characteristic 
e expected to evolve during a period of climate change.  
9825 15  predicting how species will respond to climate change is one of the greatest challenges facing 
es are already moving northwards as the climate warms, while others appear not to be responding 
t make predictions regarding the future distribution of species. most models that make predicti 
ider one species in isolation and use a climate envelope approach - essentially they establish  
at the species will occur wherever that climate is found in the future. this method provides a  
 to alter their range as rapidly as the climate change. there are likely to be interactions bet 
species; a butterfly may have very good dispersal abilities but if its food plant doesn t, then 
ill investigate. an existing ecological model will be extended so that incorporates genetic and 
es. initially we will introduce neutral genetic diversity - that is alternate genes that do not 
l look to see how the degree of neutral genetic diversity within a population changes during a  
a population changes during a period of climate change due to species changing their distributi 
r distributions. we will also introduce adaptation to local environmental conditions, and run s 
es and crickets have involved increased dispersal ability as they move northwards through brita 
hwards through britain. we will use our model framework to investigate how other characteristic 
e expected to evolve during a period of climate change.  
15304 22                                         water beetles represent one of the most diverse and spe 
line inland waters, a largely neglected environment despite its widely acknowledged conservatio 
ronment despite its widely acknowledged conservation value and the fact that they are, in many  
ties that induce changes in the natural hydrology and salinity levels, with a corresponding los 
ce changes in the natural hydrology and salinity levels, with a corresponding loss of biodivers 
ty levels, with a corresponding loss of biodiversity. the biodiversity of inland saline waters  
corresponding loss of biodiversity. the biodiversity of inland saline waters includes physiolog 
tionary processes by which tolerance to salinity appears in beetles are unknown, though the mos 
rent families, genera and lineages from freshwater ancestors. the project aims to understand th 
and the present distributions of saline water beetles and to predict organismal responses to gl 
 and to predict organismal responses to global change by following the new, integrated, researc 
e new, integrated, research approach of conservation physiology that combines the disciplines o 
hes to broaden our understanding of the evolution of saline water specialists in different line 
nderstanding of the evolution of saline water specialists in different lineages of aquatic beet 
ges of aquatic beetles, and explore the vulnerability of populations and species to a changing  
f populations and species to a changing environment. the specific goals of the project are: 1.  
ms in representative species of aquatic coleoptera families typical of inland saline waters: dy 
ydraenidae and hydrophilidae. are these insects osmoregulators or osmoconformers 2. to determin 
nformers 2. to determine differences in salinity and ionic tolerance of congeneric species. do  
 the field 3. to examine the effects of salinity on acclimation capacity and thermal limits. do 
he relationships between physiology and habitat occupancy. how well does physiology predict fie 
 responses to different climatic change scenarios.  
10252 37                            research and policy discussions on tropical forest ecosystem service 
     research and policy discussions on tropical forest ecosystem services are currently happen 
d policy discussions on tropical forest ecosystem services are currently happening in two disjo 
d models for quantifying and monetising ecosystem services. on the other hand, political ecolog 
studying the implications of changes in forest rights, institutions and governance mechanisms f 
plications of changes in forest rights, institutions and governance mechanisms for forest conse 
nges in forest rights, institutions and governance mechanisms for forest conservation and the w 
titutions and governance mechanisms for forest conservation and the well-being of the poor. in  
the well-being of the poor. in terms of policy, the former group is recommending market-based a 
 assume away the critical importance of institutions and power as a determinant of forest condi 
titutions and power as a determinant of forest condition, market prices and benefit distributio 
st condition, market prices and benefit distribution, whilst rights- and justice-focussed resea 
searchers may neglect the full range of ecological services and their importance to non-local s 
vices and their importance to non-local stakeholders. ecologists emphasise the multiplicity of  
asise the multiplicity of benefits from forests, while political economists point to tradeoffs  
ts, while political economists point to tradeoffs between them. we contend that these two analy 
e contend that these two analytical and policy perspectives must be reconciled if sustainable a 
 reconciled if sustainable and pro-poor governance of forest ecosystems and their services is t 
 sustainable and pro-poor governance of forest ecosystems and their services is to be achieved. 
nable and pro-poor governance of forest ecosystems and their services is to be achieved. we pro 
address this challenge in this project. forest-related decision-making in india reflects this l 
allenge in this project. forest-related decision-making in india reflects this lack of integrat 
ject. forest-related decision-making in india reflects this lack of integration and rigour. whi 
s imposed a net present value charge on forest conversion, upstream and rights based management 
t conversion, upstream and rights based management sites within each region. we will attempt to 
l attempt to consider the full range of ecosystem services, including forest products, hydrolog 
 range of ecosystem services, including forest products, hydrological services, and carbon sequ 
st products, hydrological services, and carbon sequestration and biodiversity. we will seek to  
 services, and carbon sequestration and biodiversity. we will seek to disaggregate the fes valu 
saggregate the fes value chains and the distribution of benefits to different users along the v 
along the value chain, and to highlight policy recommendations that increase benefits to the po 
ts to the poor. findings will be highly policy relevant and will feed into policy debates over  
ghly policy relevant and will feed into policy debates over forest governance and rights. findi 
 and will feed into policy debates over forest governance and rights. findings and the methodol 
ll feed into policy debates over forest governance and rights. findings and the methodological  
e based on will also be of relevance to forest policy globally ... stakeholder engagement is se 
h learning groups comprised of multiple stakeholders will contribute into and develop a sense o 
10425 29                                         conservation organisations are concerned with the prote 
under international and local statutes, conservation organisations are obliged to prevent wild  
lt or reverse the decline of species of conservation concern. this job is increasingly difficul 
reasingly difficult given the extent of degradation and fragmentation of habitats and the threa 
ult given the extent of degradation and fragmentation of habitats and the threat of global chan 
d the threat of global changes, such as climate change. until now, conservationists have been m 
neglected to consider a third strand of biodiversity called genetic diversity . genetic diversi 
r a third strand of biodiversity called genetic diversity . genetic diversity can be found in a 
biodiversity called genetic diversity . genetic diversity can be found in all species. it is va 
e familial resemblance among relatives. genetic diversity is relevant to conservation in a numb 
tives. genetic diversity is relevant to conservation in a number of ways. firstly, many populat 
r of ways. firstly, many populations of endangered species are isolated and consist of small nu 
l conditions through natural selection. adaptation is key to success in conservation, because w 
ection. adaptation is key to success in conservation, because without it, species will be prone 
se without it, species will be prone to extinction under environmental changes such as climate  
ion under environmental changes such as climate change. secondly, small or isolated populations 
this can act as an additional burden on endangered species, making their populations more diffi 
work for assessing which species are at risk of which genetic problems, or decision-making tool 
e at risk of which genetic problems, or decision-making tools to guide management actions. in a 
lems, or decision-making tools to guide management actions. in addition, conservationists may b 
tween researchers interested in genetic biodiversity, and wildlife conservationists. in doing t 
interested in genetic biodiversity, and wildlife conservationists. in doing this we will facili 
 enable the best use of genetic data in conservation programmes. firstly we will develop a work 
g that geneticists are aware of the key conservation challenges, and conservationists are aware 
 will develop a mechanism to assess the risk of genetic problems faced by any individual specie 
d refine this approach using species of conservation importance in the uk. our fourth objective 
s aimed at explaining genetic issues in conservation, and will produce web-pages to assist cons 
n, and will produce web-pages to assist conservation managers develop management strategies tha 
to assist conservation managers develop management strategies that incorporate genetic approach 
10990 29                                         conservation organisations are concerned with the prote 
under international and local statutes, conservation organisations are obliged to prevent wild  
lt or reverse the decline of species of conservation concern. this job is increasingly difficul 
reasingly difficult given the extent of degradation and fragmentation of habitats and the threa 
ult given the extent of degradation and fragmentation of habitats and the threat of global chan 
d the threat of global changes, such as climate change. until now, conservationists have been m 
neglected to consider a third strand of biodiversity called genetic diversity . genetic diversi 
r a third strand of biodiversity called genetic diversity . genetic diversity can be found in a 
biodiversity called genetic diversity . genetic diversity can be found in all species. it is va 
e familial resemblance among relatives. genetic diversity is relevant to conservation in a numb 
tives. genetic diversity is relevant to conservation in a number of ways. firstly, many populat 
r of ways. firstly, many populations of endangered species are isolated and consist of small nu 
l conditions through natural selection. adaptation is key to success in conservation, because w 
ection. adaptation is key to success in conservation, because without it, species will be prone 
se without it, species will be prone to extinction under environmental changes such as climate  
ion under environmental changes such as climate change. secondly, small or isolated populations 
this can act as an additional burden on endangered species, making their populations more diffi 
work for assessing which species are at risk of which genetic problems, or decision-making tool 
e at risk of which genetic problems, or decision-making tools to guide management actions. in a 
lems, or decision-making tools to guide management actions. in addition, conservationists may b 
tween researchers interested in genetic biodiversity, and wildlife conservationists. in doing t 
interested in genetic biodiversity, and wildlife conservationists. in doing this we will facili 
 enable the best use of genetic data in conservation programmes. firstly we will develop a work 
g that geneticists are aware of the key conservation challenges, and conservationists are aware 
 will develop a mechanism to assess the risk of genetic problems faced by any individual specie 
d refine this approach using species of conservation importance in the uk. our fourth objective 
s aimed at explaining genetic issues in conservation, and will produce web-pages to assist cons 
n, and will produce web-pages to assist conservation managers develop management strategies tha 
to assist conservation managers develop management strategies that incorporate genetic approach 
11173 29                                         conservation organisations are concerned with the prote 
under international and local statutes, conservation organisations are obliged to prevent wild  
lt or reverse the decline of species of conservation concern. this job is increasingly difficul 
reasingly difficult given the extent of degradation and fragmentation of habitats and the threa 
ult given the extent of degradation and fragmentation of habitats and the threat of global chan 
d the threat of global changes, such as climate change. until now, conservationists have been m 
neglected to consider a third strand of biodiversity called genetic diversity . genetic diversi 
r a third strand of biodiversity called genetic diversity . genetic diversity can be found in a 
biodiversity called genetic diversity . genetic diversity can be found in all species. it is va 
e familial resemblance among relatives. genetic diversity is relevant to conservation in a numb 
tives. genetic diversity is relevant to conservation in a number of ways. firstly, many populat 
r of ways. firstly, many populations of endangered species are isolated and consist of small nu 
l conditions through natural selection. adaptation is key to success in conservation, because w 
ection. adaptation is key to success in conservation, because without it, species will be prone 
se without it, species will be prone to extinction under environmental changes such as climate  
ion under environmental changes such as climate change. secondly, small or isolated populations 
this can act as an additional burden on endangered species, making their populations more diffi 
work for assessing which species are at risk of which genetic problems, or decision-making tool 
e at risk of which genetic problems, or decision-making tools to guide management actions. in a 
lems, or decision-making tools to guide management actions. in addition, conservationists may b 
tween researchers interested in genetic biodiversity, and wildlife conservationists. in doing t 
interested in genetic biodiversity, and wildlife conservationists. in doing this we will facili 
 enable the best use of genetic data in conservation programmes. firstly we will develop a work 
g that geneticists are aware of the key conservation challenges, and conservationists are aware 
 will develop a mechanism to assess the risk of genetic problems faced by any individual specie 
d refine this approach using species of conservation importance in the uk. our fourth objective 
s aimed at explaining genetic issues in conservation, and will produce web-pages to assist cons 
n, and will produce web-pages to assist conservation managers develop management strategies tha 
to assist conservation managers develop management strategies that incorporate genetic approach 
11167 4    the role of chemistry in atmospheric modelling is central to research into climate change an 
c modelling is central to research into climate change and air quality. the description of chem 
ntly speed up the process of updating a model s chemical mechanism. this project will begin dev 
ical mechanism. this project will begin development of software to show this concept is viable. 
14830 11 f lacertid lizards are present over the mediterranean basin. they are clear examples of adaptat 
anean basin. they are clear examples of adaptation to local conditions and seem to rise from pa 
us knowledge on genetic variability and population dynamics showed by the two endemic lacertid  
y, population structure and behavioural ecology of podarcis filfolensis, another endemic lacert 
patterns of molecular and morphological evolution of podarcis filfolensis as a replication of t 
ptive responses in terms of behavioural ecology traits and their phylogeographical patterns. we 
sponses in terms of behavioural ecology traits and their phylogeographical patterns. we will co 
aphical patterns. we will compare these traits using phylogenetic contrasts within each species 
genetical, morphological and ecological traits to explain the particular relation between pheon 
e species and to construct a predictive model integrating the evolution of populations and thei 
ruct a predictive model integrating the evolution of populations and their ecological character 
14831 11 f lacertid lizards are present over the mediterranean basin. they are clear examples of adaptat 
anean basin. they are clear examples of adaptation to local conditions and seems to raise from  
us knowledge on genetic variability and population dynamics of the two endemic lacertid lizards 
y, population structure and behavioural ecology of podarcis filfolensis, another endemic lacert 
patterns of molecular and morphological evolution of podarcis filfolensis as a replication of t 
ptive responses in terms of behavioural ecology traits and their phylogeographical patterns. we 
sponses in terms of behavioural ecology traits and their phylogeographical patterns. we will co 
aphical patterns. we will compare these traits using phylogenetic contrasts within each species 
s genetic, morphological and ecological traits to explain the particular relation between pheon 
e species and to construct a predictive model integrating the evolution of populations and thei 
ruct a predictive model integrating the evolution of populations and their ecological character 
13452 4                                farmland birds have been declining rapidly during the last 30 ye 
ast 30 years as a result of intensified agriculture. the eu has promoted agri-environmental sch 
environmental schemes develop efficient conservation measures that both enhance biodiversity an 
conservation measures that both enhance biodiversity and farmers voluntary willingness to imple 
10649 44      many problems in environmental and soils research require techniques that quantify the soi 
ch require techniques that quantify the soil micro-environment. it has become increasingly appa 
techniques that quantify the soil micro-environment. it has become increasingly apparent that w 
ement other techniques that often study soils at spatial scales that are too coarse. at the mic 
that are too coarse. at the microscopic scale in a soil, bacteria and their food source or oxyg 
o coarse. at the microscopic scale in a soil, bacteria and their food source or oxygen supply,  
se. at the microscopic scale in a soil, bacteria and their food source or oxygen supply, for ex 
soil, bacteria and their food source or oxygen supply, for example, are spatially separated, ev 
 the physical, chemical, and biological heterogeneity of soils, which combined with modelling t 
emical, and biological heterogeneity of soils, which combined with modelling techniques, enable 
rogeneity of soils, which combined with modelling techniques, enables us to make sense of the c 
niques, enables us to make sense of the complexity of soil systems. soil physics and soil chemi 
s us to make sense of the complexity of soil systems. soil physics and soil chemistry are highl 
ense of the complexity of soil systems. soil physics and soil chemistry are highly interdepende 
exity of soil systems. soil physics and soil chemistry are highly interdependent, with the spat 
highly interdependent, with the spatial distribution of chemical species often heterogeneously  
eously distributed and intertwined with soil structure. examples include the role of metal comp 
on and stabilization of aggregates, the soil organic mineral interactions in gley soils and gle 
il organic mineral interactions in gley soils and gleyic features in poorly drained soils, or s 
s and gleyic features in poorly drained soils, or soils contaminated with metals. the opacity o 
ic features in poorly drained soils, or soils contaminated with metals. the opacity of soil has 
ontaminated with metals. the opacity of soil has hampered progress in our understanding of phys 
anding of physico-chemical processes in soils. to date, our understanding of the soil micro-env 
oils. to date, our understanding of the soil micro-environment relies heavily on the concept of 
te, our understanding of the soil micro-environment relies heavily on the concept of soil aggre 
onment relies heavily on the concept of soil aggregates. advances in the use of x-ray ct, howev 
tification of the internal structure of soils at microscopic scales without physical disruption 
ace after homogenizing relatively large soil samples. even studies with small samples of soils  
les. even studies with small samples of soils are effectively bulk analyses and a mechanistic u 
art x-ray ct facilities to quantify the soil structure in situ at a resolution of 8 micrometres 
 of 8 micrometres. we will then prepare soil sections to obtain 2-d spatial maps of the distrib 
tions to obtain 2-d spatial maps of the distribution of elements in the same soil samples using 
he distribution of elements in the same soil samples using sem-edx. first we will make horizont 
 we will make horizontal slices through soil to obtain sequential 2-d maps that are quantified  
ised with x-ray ct, and use statistical modelling to integrate in between the 2-d planes. we wi 
planes. we will apply the techniques to soils amended with black carbon and kaolinte, keeping s 
 techniques to soils amended with black carbon and kaolinte, keeping selected applications in m 
elected applications in mind during the development. the combination of these two techniques wi 
ocesses involved in c sequestration and soil structural dynamics and may provide means to test  
ation of macro- and micro-aggregates in soil and the stability of biochar. this will be importa 
o- and micro-aggregates in soil and the stability of biochar. this will be important for studie 
e important for studies of c storage in soils and how this will be affected by climate change a 
 soils and how this will be affected by climate change and soil management.  
 will be affected by climate change and soil management.  
7461 3 physical variables in the oceans around europe. these operate at various levels of sophisticati 
he basis for greatly improved and novel monitoring capability. the work we propose addresses di 
erior, seafloor and sub seafloor around europe.  
533 3           the main issue focuses on how biodiversity, principally approached from the viewpoint 
ipally approached from the viewpoint of nature protection policy  
from the viewpoint of nature protection policy  
1942 13 ological and economic information about wetland biodiversity is necessary for the development a 
 and economic information about wetland biodiversity is necessary for the development and eva1u 
tland biodiversity is necessary for the development and eva1uation of alternative management st 
velopment and eva1uation of alternative management strategies in which biodiversity is promoted 
ernative management strategies in which biodiversity is promoted and its benefits to society ca 
this proposal will: 1. specify a set of scenarios comprising economic, hydrological and ecologi 
 spatially disaggregated, for promoting wetland biodiversity and capturing associated values; 2 
ly disaggregated, for promoting wetland biodiversity and capturing associated values; 2. specif 
pecificy and operationalize targets for biodiversity stimu1ation, based on current policy and g 
diversity stimu1ation, based on current policy and goals pertaining to the sustainable use of b 
ls pertaining to the sustainable use of biodiversity , against which the scenarios will be meas 
use of biodiversity , against which the scenarios will be measured; and 3. guide integration of 
 the economic and ecological models and indicators, specifica1ly ensuring their compatible and  
192 6 tic variation linked to fitness related traits during early life stages in atlantic salmon. the 
xperiments and utilizes genetic linkage mapping methodologies to identify and characterize geno 
ns associated with viability, embryonic development rate, time of emergence, length and weight  
veloped viability and ‘traditional’ qtl mapping methodologies both in experimental and natural  
sis of ecologically relevant phenotypic traits would be of great significance for genetic diver 
aits would be of great significance for genetic diversity preservation efforts of wild salmonid 
14513 21                  in order to ensure the conservation of the environment and sustainable use of  
order to ensure the conservation of the environment and sustainable use of the natural resource 
 environment and sustainable use of the natural resources it is essential to develop methodolog 
velop methodologies oriented to monitor ecosystem dynamics and sources of disturbances. it is c 
al that these methodologies incorporate remote sensing as a source of synoptic and spatially ex 
in order to detect change. however, the diversity and complexity of the landscape processes at  
tect change. however, the diversity and complexity of the landscape processes at variable spati 
er, the diversity and complexity of the landscape processes at variable spatio-temporal scales  
maging spectroscopy combined with other remote sensing information at several temporal, spatial 
 due to human disturbances derived from land management, but also slow changes derived from the 
o slow changes derived from the natural ecosystem dynamics.the accomplishment of this project w 
 project will contribute to improve the conservation of the ecosystem by increasing the knowled 
bute to improve the conservation of the ecosystem by increasing the knowledge about the process 
in the arid areas and developing change indicators related to the natural ecosystems dynamics a 
hange indicators related to the natural ecosystems dynamics and to anthropogenic disturbances.  
ical tools based on the exploitation of remote sensing data and their integration in geographic 
ion systems , this is an area with high biodiversity, and a large number of endemic species and 
s, and therefore, a high sensitivity to global change. the development of this project will con 
 high sensitivity to global change. the development of this project will contribute to improve  
ect will contribute to improve the park management tasks and will establish the base line for a 
ll establish the base line for a future monitoring program.  
15115 37                                         global change is likely to have its most critical impac 
nge is likely to have its most critical impacts on ecosystem structure and functioning through  
ly to have its most critical impacts on ecosystem structure and functioning through the interac 
iver in the dynamics and functioning of forests and woodlands across the world including the me 
oodlands across the world including the mediterranean. fire regime is highly sensitive to clima 
 the world including the mediterranean. fire regime is highly sensitive to climate change, land 
ean. fire regime is highly sensitive to climate change, land use and forest management. in medi 
 is highly sensitive to climate change, land use and forest management. in mediterranean region 
nsitive to climate change, land use and forest management. in mediterranean regions, current ch 
nge, land use and forest management. in mediterranean regions, current changes in fire regime a 
diterranean regions, current changes in fire regime are expected to produce important shifts in 
expected to produce important shifts in community structure and composition. in this context, t 
ese responses such as shifts in species distribution patterns is not an easy task as many inter 
e. the integration of these elements in modelling platforms and methodological approaches to re 
hat allow the robust prediction of bird distribution changes at a landscape scale in a dynamic  
ction of bird distribution changes at a landscape scale in a dynamic context dominated by pertu 
ird distribution changes at a landscape scale in a dynamic context dominated by perturbations.  
, in this project we will develop sound biodiversity modelling systems that integrate current e 
ject we will develop sound biodiversity modelling systems that integrate current ecological the 
tice on the response of bird species to fire regime in dynamic landscapes. these modelling syst 
ire regime in dynamic landscapes. these modelling systems should allow assessing quantitatively 
uantitatively the effects of changes in fire regime and climate derived from the interactions o 
e effects of changes in fire regime and climate derived from the interactions of the different  
ractions of the different components of global change on bird distribution patterns. our study  
ent components of global change on bird distribution patterns. our study model will be mediterr 
n bird distribution patterns. our study model will be mediterranean landscapes heavily affected 
ution patterns. our study model will be mediterranean landscapes heavily affected by forestatio 
dscapes heavily affected by forestation/deforestation processes associated to land abandonment  
 processes and key interactions between fire regime and species bird distributions in landscape 
ge wildfires. objective 2. developing a modelling system for the overall analysis at the landsc 
 system for the overall analysis at the landscape level of the relationships among fire regime  
dscape level of the relationships among fire regime and species distributions objective 3. proj 
tions objective 3. projection to future scenarios of landscape changes under different fire reg 
ve 3. projection to future scenarios of landscape changes under different fire regimes of a num 
os of landscape changes under different fire regimes of a number of focal bird species with dif 
d species with different ecological and dispersal capability in order to quantify biodiversity  
spersal capability in order to quantify biodiversity responses to a changing perturbation regim 
14147 12                                  modern forest inventory and management planning systems have t 
            modern forest inventory and management planning systems have to be flexible and cap 
 modern forest inventory and management planning systems have to be flexible and capable to pro 
nd recommendations almost on-line for a forest stand or at country level. classical 10 year pla 
 or at country level. classical 10 year planning and inventory forest system must therefore be  
lassical 10 year planning and inventory forest system must therefore be replaced with the metho 
es of geographical information systems, forest growth models, remote sensing and field inspecti 
eographical information systems, forest growth models, remote sensing and field inspection. the 
ormation systems, forest growth models, remote sensing and field inspection. the methodology mu 
 to handle the areas that have no prior forest inventory records. thus, the basic components of 
ecords. thus, the basic components of a remote sensing supported continuous forest inventory sy 
f a remote sensing supported continuous forest inventory system are: methods for atmospheric co 
15200 5                 this study will analyze diversity patterns of mediterranean insects in particul 
tudy will analyze diversity patterns of mediterranean insects in particular analyzing inter - r 
yze diversity patterns of mediterranean insects in particular analyzing inter - relationships b 
rocesses that determine the genetic and species diversity, allowing predicting the effects of c 
ity, allowing predicting the effects of climate change on biotic communities.  
7209 8 expected results we propose to take the nematodes as a unique model for biological research int 
opose to take the nematodes as a unique model for biological research integrated ecological man 
ological research integrated ecological management: management of resistances. expectations in  
earch integrated ecological management: management of resistances. expectations in terms of man 
f resistances. expectations in terms of management concern on the one hand the sustainability o 
 management concern on the one hand the sustainability of methods for controlling pests and aux 
 better understanding of population- or community effects of anthropogenic pressures and on the 
 the other hand, bioindication tools of soil operating states  
15082 21 emarkable lack of knowledge on the real diversity of amphibians and their evolutionary relation 
eptiles. both groups show their highest diversity in the tropics, the tropical andes representi 
ups show their highest diversity in the tropics, the tropical andes representing perhaps the mo 
 diversity in the tropics, the tropical andes representing perhaps the most important hotspot.  
ecies is very high and, to confront the biodiversity crisis and the threats of the global chang 
diversity crisis and the threats of the global change, it is urgent to properly inventory and d 
scribe these faunas. on the other hand, taxonomy as a science is nowadays at a crossroads, havi 
e, for example, the growing gap between phylogeny and classification, the apparent mismatch of  
, the growing gap between phylogeny and classification, the apparent mismatch of new phylogenie 
nomic lists, and the lack of support to taxonomy in academic circles. undoubtedly, some problem 
 itself. this project is, above all, on taxonomy, systematics, and phylogeny of andean amphibia 
bove all, on taxonomy, systematics, and phylogeny of andean amphibians and reptiles, but aims t 
ntribute to the debate on the crisis of taxonomy too. the goals are to: 1 make a substantial co 
al contribution to the knowledge of the diversity and phylogeny of selected groups of tropical  
n to the knowledge of the diversity and phylogeny of selected groups of tropical amphibians and 
and possible solutions to the crisis of taxonomy. the expected results and benefits are: the di 
 sound recordings at the mncn and other institutions; a better understanding of the diversity a 
itutions; a better understanding of the diversity and evolution of andean amphibians and reptil 
tter understanding of the diversity and evolution of andean amphibians and reptiles, which will 
eptiles, which will be instrumental for conservation policies; and the enrichment of the debate 
ment of the debate on the crisis of the taxonomy and the possible solutions to this crisis.  
9882 21 ce has emerged that dramatic changes in ecosystem processes and functioning are taking place ac 
and functioning are taking place across europe under the joint impact of climate change and hum 
across europe under the joint impact of climate change and human-induced shift in land use. one 
imate change and human-induced shift in land use. one of the most spectacular change concerns t 
 place nearly simultaneously in much of europe in the 1990s , we will systematically explore th 
0s , we will systematically explore the conservation corollaries of the hypotheses tested that  
e hypotheses tested that pertain to the impacts of climate and land use changes on biodiversity 
s tested that pertain to the impacts of climate and land use changes on biodiversity and to the 
t pertain to the impacts of climate and land use changes on biodiversity and to the conservatio 
acts of climate and land use changes on biodiversity and to the conservation management of expl 
 use changes on biodiversity and to the conservation management of exploited and pristine ecosy 
on biodiversity and to the conservation management of exploited and pristine ecosystems in the  
on management of exploited and pristine ecosystems in the face of global change. these include  
 and pristine ecosystems in the face of global change. these include the scope for mitigating a 
ugh alterations of seasonal patterns of land use, and active management of influential species. 
asonal patterns of land use, and active management of influential species. together with policy 
t of influential species. together with policy makers and stakeholders, we will explore the eco 
pecies. together with policy makers and stakeholders, we will explore the ecosystem-level conse 
s and stakeholders, we will explore the ecosystem-level consequences of our findings, alternati 
nsequences of our findings, alternative management practices and highly-relevant policy implica 
anagement practices and highly-relevant policy implications.  
480 7 ce has emerged that dramatic changes in ecosystem processes and functioning are taking place ac 
and functioning are taking place across europe under the joint impact of climate change and hum 
across europe under the joint impact of climate change and human-induced shift in land use. one 
imate change and human-induced shift in land use. one of the most spectacular change concerns t 
 place nearly simultaneously in much of europe in the 1990s impacts on demographic parameters o 
aneously in much of europe in the 1990s impacts on demographic parameters of predators that exp 
0s impacts on demographic parameters of predators that exploit cyclically fluctuating herbivore 
14623 9                           in the actual global change scenario there is an increasing demand of 
yse the interacting effects of multiple stress factors on the diversity and production of ecosy 
fects of multiple stress factors on the diversity and production of ecosystems. predicting the  
ple stress factors on the diversity and production of ecosystems. predicting the outcome of a g 
tors on the diversity and production of ecosystems. predicting the outcome of a global perturba 
outcome of a global perturbation on the ecosystem is a difficult if not hazardous task, because 
mplex antagonic and synergic effects of multiple stressors. it is the main objective of this pr 
 objective of this project to study the nature of the interactive effects of ultraviolet radiat 
 at a chosen lake over a large temporal scale, and short experimental in situ experiments versu 
2494 17      there are two main factors driving environmental change in arid lands, climate variability 
ing environmental change in arid lands, climate variability and human interference. acacia will 
focus on the arid core, i.e. the desert environment, and interactions with the nomadic populati 
dic populations inhabiting these desert rangelands. the seemingly counterintuitive question doe 
itive question does traditional nomadic land-use increase the viability of contracted tree popu 
bility in the desert. the past savannah forest of the holocene wet period has now contracted. i 
both valuable and vulnerable. increased stress, caused by change in land-use and/or climate, ca 
. increased stress, caused by change in land-use and/or climate, can reduce their viability. at 
ss, caused by change in land-use and/or climate, can reduce their viability. at the same time t 
e same time they might represent unique genetic diversity which can be of high value for conser 
iversity which can be of high value for conservation in a more extreme climate. acacia will the 
alue for conservation in a more extreme climate. acacia will therefore study the genetic divers 
limate. acacia will therefore study the genetic diversity of these populations. further, acacia 
ions. further, acacia will apply stable carbon and oxygen isotopic analysis combined with 14c d 
er, acacia will apply stable carbon and oxygen isotopic analysis combined with 14c dating from  
o achieve a better understanding of the climate variability in this extreme environment, and th 
the climate variability in this extreme environment, and thereby of ecological and socio-econom 
15051 10 ailability and the thermal state of the environment as determinants of the distribution, abunda 
 the environment as determinants of the distribution, abundance and body condition of birds win 
nt as determinants of the distribution, abundance and body condition of birds wintering in the  
bution, abundance and body condition of birds wintering in the iberian peninsula. this interact 
ible effect of the thermal state of the environment on the winter biology of birds, considering 
he environment on the winter biology of birds, considering the energy budget of birds and terri 
inter biology of birds, considering the energy budget of birds and territory occupancy. the mod 
birds, considering the energy budget of birds and territory occupancy. the model organisms are  
t of birds and territory occupancy. the model organisms are frugivorous and insectivorous woodl 
 frugivorous and insectivorous woodland birds.  
10105 15                         the majority of marine benthic invertebrates have a complex life cycle  
         the majority of marine benthic invertebrates have a complex life cycle with a plankton 
linked by a settlement event. such open marine populations experience large spatial and tempora 
 and temporal variability in settlement/recruitment which may have important implications for l 
y have important implications for local population dynamics. however, the way in which recruitm 
ion dynamics. however, the way in which recruitment variability interacts with post recruitment 
uitment variability interacts with post recruitment processes such as predation and competition 
with post recruitment processes such as predation and competition is not understood. this proje 
uitment processes such as predation and competition is not understood. this project uses manipu 
tood. this project uses manipulation of recruitment and post recruitment processes in a typical 
es manipulation of recruitment and post recruitment processes in a typical and easily studied b 
hic invertebrate to examine the role of density dependence in controlling adult population dyna 
density dependence in controlling adult population dynamics under differing physical conditions 
. simultaneous hierarchical sampling of recruitment variability places small scale experiments  
of recruitment variability places small scale experiments into context.  
13865 21                     most of the natural wetlands in agricultural landscapes have been drained t 
        most of the natural wetlands in agricultural landscapes have been drained to gain arabl 
. this has resulted in a severe loss of biodiversity and nutrient retention in agricultural wat 
aken to counteract this by creating new wetlands in the agricultural areas. this project is des 
ject will answer the questions: how can ecosystem functioning and biodiversity be optimised in  
ions: how can ecosystem functioning and biodiversity be optimised in these wetlands plant and m 
 and biodiversity be optimised in these wetlands plant and macroinvertebrate species compositio 
se wetlands plant and macroinvertebrate species composition, and microbial diversity, are inves 
roinvertebrate species composition, and microbial diversity, are investigated in 36 constructed 
obial diversity, are investigated in 36 constructed wetlands of similar morphology and nutrient 
differing in age and plant composition. development of plant species composition and biodiversi 
plant composition. development of plant species composition and biodiversity will also be follo 
opment of plant species composition and biodiversity will also be followed in 18 experimental w 
ill also be followed in 18 experimental wetlands. ecosystem functioning and underlying biogeoch 
e followed in 18 experimental wetlands. ecosystem functioning and underlying biogeochemical pro 
rocesses will be studied in some of the constructed wetlands as well as in the experimental wet 
wetlands as well as in the experimental wetlands. the obtained data will be analysed for intera 
ll be analysed for interactions between biodiversity, plant composition and ecosystem functioni 
een biodiversity, plant composition and ecosystem functioning. guidelines for wetland construct 
d ecosystem functioning. guidelines for wetland construction and management will be developed b 
guidelines for wetland construction and management will be developed based on the obtained resu 
2141 1 istinctiveness, genetic composition and evolution; and 2 possible factors explaining the patter 
14153 30                          the problem of environmental impacts on forest growth is important in  
the problem of environmental impacts on forest growth is important in both global and regional  
blem of environmental impacts on forest growth is important in both global and regional scales. 
icant regional differences in trends of temperature and precipitation are predicted for differe 
ifferences in trends of temperature and precipitation are predicted for different regions of th 
ferent regions of the world. in estonia temperature probably rises mainly during winter, but su 
 can not be higher, than allowed by net carbon uptake by the tree. decrease in tree photosynthe 
on uptake by the tree. decrease in tree photosynthesis in conditions of environmental stress ca 
ynthesis in conditions of environmental stress can limit tree growth, but the dectrease in phot 
 of environmental stress can limit tree growth, but the dectrease in photosynthesis rate can be 
limit tree growth, but the dectrease in photosynthesis rate can be also the result, not the pri 
so the result, not the primary cause of growth inhibition. in the case, when environmental stre 
bition. in the case, when environmental stress affects directly cell division, there will be pr 
es. accumulation of primary products of photosynthesis can down-regulate photosynthesis rate. w 
cts of photosynthesis can down-regulate photosynthesis rate. we propose, that direct and photos 
hesis rate. we propose, that direct and photosynthesis-mediated environmental impacts on plant  
that direct and photosynthesis-mediated environmental impacts on plant growth can be separated  
mediated environmental impacts on plant growth can be separated by changes in relationships bet 
ges in relationships betweeh tree level photosynthesis and growth. previous year environmental  
s betweeh tree level photosynthesis and growth. previous year environmental impacts via bud for 
hotosynthesis and growth. previous year environmental impacts via bud formation, the formation  
oliage from buds and some mechanisms of growth regulation will be also investigated in this pro 
hm and also in controlled conditions of growth chambers. experiments in growth chambers help to 
ions of growth chambers. experiments in growth chambers help to make difference between environ 
hambers help to make difference between environmental impacts occurring simultaneously in field 
eriment. air humidity, leaf wetness and temperature will be manipulated and changes in xylem fl 
 manipulated and changes in xylem flux, photosynthesis, growth rate , carbohydrate accumulation 
 changes in xylem flux, photosynthesis, growth rate , carbohydrate accumulation and other physi 
decide about signifficance of different environmental impacts during predicted climate change.  
 environmental impacts during predicted climate change.  
13826 14 ions between deciduous trees in managed boreal forest and browsing by large ungulates . specifi 
pen, one of the most valuable trees for biodiversity and how its recruitment is affected by ung 
able trees for biodiversity and how its recruitment is affected by ungulates in relation to tre 
gulates in relation to tree cutting and fire. we aim at quantifying critical thresholds for co- 
nd fire. we aim at quantifying critical thresholds for co-existence of both aspen and large her 
tanding of how ungulate browsing affect abundance and distribution of aspen and species associa 
 ungulate browsing affect abundance and distribution of aspen and species associated with this  
n to unravel the relative importance of disturbance and browsing on aspen recruitment. a novel  
ce of disturbance and browsing on aspen recruitment. a novel approach is that we assess tempora 
deterministic and stochastic population modeling to forecast changes in aspen abundance. we als 
n modeling to forecast changes in aspen abundance. we also address the impact of environmental  
lso address the impact of environmental heterogeneity on ungulate habitat use, ranging behavior 
environmental heterogeneity on ungulate habitat use, ranging behavior and utilization of aspen  
eneity on ungulate habitat use, ranging behavior and utilization of aspen in a sequential serie 
430 4 d to cretaceous european flora led to a model of spatio-temporal replacement of gymnosperms by  
ment of gymnosperms by angiosperms from freshwater to coastal marine environments. the changes  
 angiosperms from freshwater to coastal marine environments. the changes in vegetation during t 
tal marine environments. the changes in vegetation during the middle cretaceous are correlated  
9849 19  at warwick has demonstrated that river sediment bed-form, such as particle courseness and ripp 
y developing countries, untreated waste water is routinely discharged directly into surface wat 
tinely discharged directly into surface water, and is associated with high levels of suspended  
els of suspended solids and biochemical oxygen demand. however the implications of direct disch 
fect of bed-form characteristics on the diversity and pollutant degrading potential of microbia 
 communities inhabiting biofilms at the sediment surface, and the way in which direct discharge 
, and the way in which direct discharge scenarios affect interactions between bed-form, microbi 
s affect interactions between bed-form, microbial community composition and pollutant biodegrad 
nteractions between bed-form, microbial community composition and pollutant biodegradation rate 
s will be tested: 1. chemical pollutant distribution patterns within river sediment are determi 
tant distribution patterns within river sediment are determined by bed-form 2. bed-form control 
rmined by bed-form 2. bed-form controls microbial community structure and diversity 3. bed-form 
trols microbial community structure and diversity 3. bed-form affects the development of catabo 
e and diversity 3. bed-form affects the development of catabolic communities and biodegradation 
orate the results into general exposure modelling frameworks for developed and developing count 
r biology, environmental hydraulics and modelling. the industrial partner will provide funding  
ng high throughput sequencing to assess microbial diversity. furthermore funds will be made ava 
hs at unilever for training in exposure modelling and environmental risk assessment.  
in exposure modelling and environmental risk assessment.  
7696 9 uities or discontinuities in ecological landscape. by the considerable area represented by the  
 three years are involved in ecological monitoring of road and agricultural plots for vegetatio 
ring of road and agricultural plots for vegetation and wildlife including the collection and an 
d agricultural plots for vegetation and wildlife including the collection and analysis of data  
 including gessol - 'to the sustainable management of green spaces solssupports: maintenance an 
en spaces solssupports: maintenance and development of functions and services. example of the t 
tegrated institutional arrangements for sustainable development of rural areas or' engineering  
ence ' of piringecotech, ibis"integrate biodiversity into the operating systems,""experimental  
,""experimental platforms on the border management cereal fields in plain agrifaune"  
13800 6 ctive is to evaluate the possibility of biological control of phytophagous insects on willows b 
y of biological control of phytophagous insects on willows by means of mycorrhizal inoculation. 
eans of mycorrhizal inoculation. willow irrigation/inoculation with appropriate mycorrhizal str 
 then along with a stimulation of plant resistance to herbivory. the hypotheses will be tested  
th a stimulation of plant resistance to herbivory. the hypotheses will be tested by means of on 
 in collaboration with experts in plant ecology, mycology and entomology.  
14852 8 ue type of prokaryote within the domain bacteria. studies comprised both intraspecific diversit 
a. studies comprised both intraspecific diversity of cultured representatives, and autoecologic 
d autoecological studies in its natural habitat. besides, we have started the study of the halo 
 the halophage comunity that shares the habitat with salinibacter and haloarcahea and most like 
of the microbiota, in order to know why bacteria and archaeal populations are kept almost const 
environmental conditions. the halophage community will also be characterized with a metagenomic 
y, besides getting a description of our model system, we aim at obtaining information that coul 
our study on salinibacter intraspecific diversity but focusing, by means of a metagenomic appro 
7204 13 e compartments of biological resources, management modes and different societal perceptions. th 
management modes and different societal perceptions. the project aims to better understand the  
to better understand the impact of this landscape mosaic on the genetic diversity of natural po 
 impact of this landscape mosaic on the genetic diversity of natural populations of black popla 
rici - populina. - the first nucleotide diversity estimates available for some natural populati 
opulations of black poplar subject to a conservation program. . - on the scale of the plot will 
t to a conservation program. . - on the scale of the plot will be related special constructions 
ill be related special constructions of resistance in the host plant, emergence of new virulenc 
t plant, emergence of new virulence and evolution of the aggressiveness of the pathogen populat 
aluable to build and deploy sustainable resistance in cultivated poplar. - at the landscape sca 
sistance in cultivated poplar. - at the landscape scale, will be specified the role of differen 
n cultivated poplar. - at the landscape scale, will be specified the role of different evolutio 
orces in the implementation of adaptive diversity patterns.  
15194 12 aste in deep geologic formations is the assessment of the isolation capacity for the most radio 
nuclides, the actinides. the associated risk of the disposal of these wastes depends not only o 
de on inorganic processes affecting the migration of actinides in these repositories but it is  
s are able to interact efficiently with heavy metals and radionuclides through different mechan 
erent mechanisms including biosorption, precipitation, etc. these microbial processes play a cr 
lay a crucial role on the transport and migration of these inorganic contaminants in the enviro 
 of these inorganic contaminants in the environment. microbial occurrence and -processes in gra 
ns were performed. studies on microbial biodiversity in this kind of geological formations are  
 deposits of the gabo de gata, almeria, spain, ii investigation of the interaction mechanisms b 
es of special relevance for performance assessment including hexavalent actinides will be used. 
l be useful in predicting the microbial impacts on the performance of the waste repositories as 
te treatment, remediation and long-term management strategies.  
13940 26 ironmental perturbations and functional biodiversity of wood decay fungi will be studied. the r 
d functional biodiversity of wood decay fungi will be studied. the relationship between the num 
ip between the number of species and/or functional groups of wood decay fungi and the species p 
 and/or functional groups of wood decay fungi and the species persistence, efficency of decompo 
d the species persistence, efficency of decomposition and metabolic efficiency will be tested a 
fficency of decomposition and metabolic efficiency will be tested as well as competition under  
ic efficiency will be tested as well as competition under stable and variable abiotic regimes.  
nd the results from previous studies on productivity and biodiversity in terrestrial and aquati 
om previous studies on productivity and biodiversity in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems to e 
biodiversity in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems to establish general principles for function 
ems to establish general principles for functional diversity across different ecological proces 
 different ecological processes such as primary production and decomposition. functional biodiv 
rocesses such as primary production and decomposition. functional biodiversity will be studied  
roduction and decomposition. functional biodiversity will be studied by differentiation accordi 
on according to brown-rot and white-rot fungi as well as niche differentiation with respect to  
gned to evaluate the role of wood decay fungi biodiversity under perturbations of the ecosystem 
o evaluate the role of wood decay fungi biodiversity under perturbations of the ecosystem by me 
biodiversity under perturbations of the ecosystem by means of changes in temperature, gaseous r 
of the ecosystem by means of changes in temperature, gaseous regime and other abiotic factors.  
 factors. preliminary results show that decomposition decrease with increased biodiversity unde 
t decomposition decrease with increased biodiversity under constant temperature but increase un 
h increased biodiversity under constant temperature but increase under a variable temperature r 
mperature but increase under a variable temperature regime. re-isolation of species after the p 
s significantly higher under a variable temperature regime indicating less competition in this  
able temperature regime indicating less competition in this environment.  
ime indicating less competition in this environment.  
7492 4     . in this second part, the selected model is an endophytic bacteria, beneficial for the gro 
rt, the selected model is an endophytic bacteria, beneficial for the growth of potatoes, whose  
endophytic bacteria, beneficial for the growth of potatoes, whose clonal population will be pro 
ated by cuttings of the host plant. the evolution of these populations will be monitored by the 
15500 8 causes that have originated the present distribution ranges of bryophytes. the genus orthotrich 
ffers a suitable field for the study of phylogeny and biogeographic patterns. its members are f 
 systematics and several aspects of the biogeography of these mosses. namely, the use of molecu 
ing an answer to classical questions in biogeography that underlie this indetermination, such a 
s among bryophytes is the long-distance dispersal so generalized how important is the remote fr 
generalized how important is the remote fragmentation of continuous areas are the cases of para 
are the cases of parallel of convergent evolution common in this group the studies carried out  
e mechanisms involved in the origin and evolution of current bryophyte areas.  
6863 2  to learn about polymorphism related to disease susceptibilities and some pathogens frequently  
tion of enzyme polymorphisms related to disease susceptibilities, and population genetic studie 
11527 5 to maintain the crucial services of the environment is the need to have accurate information re 
g the value of the services provided by natural resources, ecosystems and biodiversity. this is 
services provided by natural resources, ecosystems and biodiversity. this is problematic both b 
ed by natural resources, ecosystems and biodiversity. this is problematic both because those va 
arch capacity required to address those valuation knowledge gaps. the current proposal represen 
1949 8 hes of different quality. the predicted distribution, however, strongly depends on the generali 
nship between intake rate and both prey density and competitor density. the notion that competi 
te and both prey density and competitor density. the notion that competitors are not all alike  
 at reliable predictions of the spatial distribution of foraging animals. yet, empirical studie 
vailability can be characterised by the density of the standing crop in a patch, are extremely  
proposed project aims to study a single predator, the shore crab carcinus meanas in detail to e 
rences in competitive ability among the predators. subsequently, ideal free predictions on patc 
eliable generalised functional response model, will be experimentally tested.  
11211 4 ections between living things and their environment. we are increasingly aware that not only do 
 for instance, through the processes of photosynthesis and respiration, plants and microbes mor 
ugh the processes of photosynthesis and respiration, plants and microbes more and better data,  
s while learning from the international community, to make it a more complete player and leader 
11561 8 iving organisms and the majority of all bacteria, we know little about these bacteria as few ca 
ll bacteria, we know little about these bacteria as few can be cultured. biodiversity estimates 
 these bacteria as few can be cultured. biodiversity estimates based on dna analysis disagree m 
d implications for the determination of biomass and biodiversity in potentially the largest bac 
ns for the determination of biomass and biodiversity in potentially the largest bacterial habit 
ty in potentially the largest bacterial habitat on earth and also has implications for similar  
lar determinations in other terrestrial sediment and soil environments, as well as subsurface e 
tions in other terrestrial sediment and soil environments, as well as subsurface environments o 
10707 10 tation of complex physical processes in climate system models but coupling biogeochemistry, che 
s in climate system models but coupling biogeochemistry, chemistry and the human management wit 
iogeochemistry, chemistry and the human management with climate. additionally, the global resea 
chemistry and the human management with climate. additionally, the global research community wi 
mate. additionally, the global research community will require components that allow interactio 
ponents that allow interactions between policy and decision making with environmental and clima 
t allow interactions between policy and decision making with environmental and climate consider 
 decision making with environmental and climate considerations. as a step towards a full earth  
 serve as a mechanism for promoting the development of the next generation of scientists to be  
 required by the future of earth system modeling. an important element will be including partic 
7378 6 s dhs upsets local uses of agricultural biodiversity in vietnam. it is to measure the real impa 
al uses of agricultural biodiversity in vietnam. it is to measure the real impact of these new  
e real impact of these new intellectual property rights in the domestic economy, research in pl 
omy, research in plant breeding, on the evolution of farming systems, and whether local governa 
n of farming systems, and whether local governance will help to conserve biodiversity of cultiv 
 local governance will help to conserve biodiversity of cultivated species  
12614 10 specific countries will include the uk; usa; canada; republic of ireland; france; germany; neth 
fic countries will include the uk; usa; canada; republic of ireland; france; germany; netherlan 
 france; germany; netherlands; belgium; spain; italy; poland: czech republic; australia and jap 
; spain; italy; poland: czech republic; australia and japan. the specific objectives of the pro 
lude resolving the role of number-based thresholds and the basis on which such thresholds opera 
 thresholds and the basis on which such thresholds operate and the role of devolving case-by-ca 
 and the role of devolving case-by-case decision making to a regulator. to estimate the effecti 
determine each countrys estimate of the scale of the task facing it. this will include estimate 
ontaminated land and of progress in the assessment, identification and remediation of land cont 
g and/or implementing contaminated land policy in their countries. the main deliverable from th 
11468 3  the fields of infectious epidemiology, ecology, stochastic modelling, mathematical biology and 
tious epidemiology, ecology, stochastic modelling, mathematical biology and statistics with an  
d extend its impact in epidemiology and ecology.  
6956 3 us may have a significant impact on the evolution of species. the saccharomyces sensu stricto g 
icto group is an excellent experimental model system for studying the hybridisation process and 
isation process taking place in natural environment. the investigation of the mitotic and meiot 
15089 27                                     the mediterranean forest is one of the most singular and di 
                      the mediterranean forest is one of the most singular and diverse ecosyste 
is one of the most singular and diverse ecosystems of europe and its conservation is top priori 
most singular and diverse ecosystems of europe and its conservation is top priority. behind its 
nd diverse ecosystems of europe and its conservation is top priority. behind its ecological imp 
cological importance are the saproxylic insects, the most diverse in terrestrial ecosystems, ac 
nsects, the most diverse in terrestrial ecosystems, acting in the degradation and incorporation 
n terrestrial ecosystems, acting in the degradation and incorporation of nutrients to the ecosy 
in the degradation and incorporation of nutrients to the ecosystem. these insects are a diverse 
n and incorporation of nutrients to the ecosystem. these insects are a diverse functional group 
on of nutrients to the ecosystem. these insects are a diverse functional group and are sensitiv 
 ecosystem. these insects are a diverse functional group and are sensitive to any alteration of 
re sensitive to any alteration of their habitat. previous studies show that the factors that co 
hat the factors that concern saproxylic biodiversity are complex, and it is necessary to direct 
ction and the functionality of these in ecosystems. understanding such properties is essential  
is essential in order to understand the evolution of ecosystems and for the development of viab 
in order to understand the evolution of ecosystems and for the development of viable conservati 
the evolution of ecosystems and for the development of viable conservation measures. bearing th 
stems and for the development of viable conservation measures. bearing this information in mind 
specific interactions in the saproxylic community that will allow us to apply the results for c 
 will allow us to apply the results for conservation purposes. for this purpose, a national par 
 for this purpose, a national park with mediterranean mature forests has been selected as our s 
national park with mediterranean mature forests has been selected as our study area; the scarab 
auna, using diptera syrphidae larvae as indicators. what is new and original in this proposal r 
s in contributing to the elaboration of conservation proposals for saproxylic species and the m 
roposals for saproxylic species and the management of their habitat from the point of view of t 
lic species and the management of their habitat from the point of view of the functionality of  
10938 4                  we will use the recent invasion of american lobsters into european waters as a 
ican lobsters into european waters as a model to study the mechanisms of species competition/di 
odel to study the mechanisms of species competition/displacement and the role of interspecific  
 in a large tank simulating the natural habitat to investigate if h. gammarus females are attra 
10777 9 tyles. this may be particularly true of bacteria that cause diseases is used as a biological pe 
 cause diseases is used as a biological pesticide. it is applied against pests in horticulture, 
 applied against pests in horticulture, forestry and fruit productionan and against mosquito la 
rm humans, animals or beneficial insect predators and is licensed as an organic spray. while bt 
 licensed as an organic spray. while bt pesticides are efficient at killing pests they are rela 
latively poor at being transmitted as a disease from pest to pest after spraying. improved tran 
my laboratory suggests that cooperative traits are vital for efficient transmission between hos 
e its use. bt is closely related to the bacteria that causes anthrax, bacillus anthracis and to 
 to bt and a understanding of how these bacteria cooperate to exploit hosts may eventually be o 
11165 9 tyles. this may be particularly true of bacteria that cause diseases is used as a biological pe 
 cause diseases is used as a biological pesticide. it is applied against pests in horticulture, 
 applied against pests in horticulture, forestry and fruit productionan and against mosquito la 
rm humans, animals or beneficial insect predators and is licensed as an organic spray. while bt 
 licensed as an organic spray. while bt pesticides are efficient at killing pests they are rela 
latively poor at being transmitted as a disease from pest to pest after spraying. improved tran 
my laboratory suggests that cooperative traits are vital for efficient transmission between hos 
e its use. bt is closely related to the bacteria that causes anthrax, bacillus anthracis and to 
 to bt and a understanding of how these bacteria cooperate to exploit hosts may eventually be o 
14502 10  the main interpopulation variations in life history characteristics of the spur-thighed tortoi 
oise testudo graeca graeca in southeast spain in relation to the main environmental gradients t 
n environmental gradients that rule its distribution on a large scale: rainfall, minimum extrem 
s that rule its distribution on a large scale: rainfall, minimum extremes temperatures and succ 
 dynamics. we will develop a population model for the species where we will explore the effects 
ts of such interpopulation variation in life history. the framewok of this project are the stud 
ewok of this project are the studies on ecology and conservation of the species in which we hav 
 project are the studies on ecology and conservation of the species in which we have studies th 
he species in which we have studies the distribution and the species-habitat relationships.  
tudies the distribution and the species-habitat relationships.  
10623 8 hanges in the prevalence of intra guild predation in relation to prey abundance and to start ex 
tra guild predation in relation to prey abundance and to start exploring its dynamic implicatio 
in dietary reconstruction in a guild of predators in an ecosystem dominated by the cyclic fluct 
struction in a guild of predators in an ecosystem dominated by the cyclic fluctuations of field 
 between most vertebrate members of the forest ecosystem and start testing specific hypotheses  
n most vertebrate members of the forest ecosystem and start testing specific hypotheses on the  
igp to modify the amplitude and delayed nature of the numerical responses of vole predators , w 
ture of the numerical responses of vole predators , which are likely to influence vole dynamics 
11094 4                          to explain the evolution of cooperative vertebrate societies and the d 
 to be unusually large and reproductive competition among females may be more intense than amon 
ntense than among males, leading to the evolution of females that are larger and more aggressiv 
perative mongoose determine whether the development and behaviour of the two sexes is adapted t 
15067 3 developed a project about the molecular phylogeny of the genus aeromonas. this study has allowe 
g of these genes and the study of their genetic diversity, the genetic recombination analysis,  
ifferences, including the detection and distribution of the most important pathogenicity factor 
6874 2 n and identification of their symbiotic bacteria. the demonstration of the participation of pro 
otic bacteria. the demonstration of the participation of prokaryotic symbionts in the generatio 
10993 1  system fulfils this role. societies of insects . the expectation is that the proportion of wor 
2512 19                             the rate of energy expenditure integrates nearly all aspects of the 
re integrates nearly all aspects of the ecology of a species, and knowledge of the factors limi 
, and knowledge of the factors limiting energy expenditure is of paramount importance for a bet 
tance for a better understanding of the evolution of life-history traits in free-living species 
anding of the evolution of life-history traits in free-living species. one factor which may exe 
rt a powerful constraint on the rate of energy expenditure, and which currently receives consid 
ves considerable interest, is oxidative stress. it has been suggested that increased energy exp 
s. it has been suggested that increased energy expenditure leads to an elevated generation of r 
s to an elevated generation of reactive oxygen species which in turn may lead to increased soma 
erated aging and death. hence oxidative stress may be a universal physiological mechanism under 
rsal physiological mechanism underlying trade-offs such as the cost of reproduction. in this pr 
h to test the hypothesis that oxidative stress constraints the field metabolic rate and mediate 
 reproduction, using the kittiwake as a model species. in two experiments we will manipulate br 
espectively, and simultaneously measure energy expenditure, oxidative damage, antioxidant capac 
ionship of metabolic rate and oxidative stress, and fitness consequences associated with increa 
 consequences associated with increased metabolism. utilization of a study population with indi 
story will allow us to separate age and stress related effects from effects of metabolic rate o 
nding of the physiological basis of the evolution of life-history trade-offs.  
 basis of the evolution of life-history trade-offs.  
7280 2 lutionary history of the region and the life history traits of taxa that inhabit  
tory of the region and the life history traits of taxa that inhabit  
15322 12                                         biological invasions in aquatic habitats are among the  
e among the principal threats to global biodiversity. the primary objective of this project is  
y mechanistic processes that may enable invasive species to establish in the face of novel envi 
lish in the face of novel environmental habitat conditions after their introduction. the ongoin 
eir introduction. the ongoing spread of invasive species in aquatic ecosystems calls for an urg 
g spread of invasive species in aquatic ecosystems calls for an urgent and detailed study of th 
for an urgent and detailed study of the invasion history and the interactions with native speci 
ir phylogeography, population genetics, ecology, and also of their adaptive responses to the ne 
w, invaded environmental conditions. in europe, a range of invasive crustaceans has negative im 
ge of invasive crustaceans has negative impacts on aquatic ecosystems. the american brine shrim 
taceans has negative impacts on aquatic ecosystems. the american brine shrimp artemia francisca 
will measure the response of native and invasive species, both in terms of survival and in diff 
2040 12 to develop and test a simple conceptual model of invasions of marine exotic species. this model 
simple conceptual model of invasions of marine exotic species. this model considers only one do 
conceptual model of invasions of marine exotic species. this model considers only one donor reg 
nvasions of marine exotic species. this model considers only one donor region, one vector, and  
 of species by the donor region; 2..the nature and the magnitude of the vector responsible for  
or responsible for the transport; 3.the nature of the recipient region, in particular the numbe 
lready established in that region. this model predicts that the introduction rate will be high  
 north america to the atlantic coast of europe; b.the introduction of ponto-caspian species int 
uction of ponto-caspian species into nw europe via intra-continental freshwater canals; c.the i 
es into nw europe via intra-continental freshwater canals; c.the introduction in nw-europe of j 
hwater canals; c.the introduction in nw-europe of japanese species through the introduction of  
s of species still to be expected in nw-europe by sampling along the danube. the introduction r 
7564 2 connection with the introduction by man parasitoids for biological control, and will aim to und 
the introduction by man parasitoids for biological control, and will aim to understand the gene 
7602 12 s objective is to study the interest of ecological engineering methods for calculating resilien 
cal engineering methods for calculating resilience and viabilitépour assess the impact of decis 
models are based on the study of socio- ecosystem dynamics to check that the proposed managemen 
tem dynamics to check that the proposed management options respect the constraints and objectiv 
ur project is the tool of participatory management support prototype national parks simparc. th 
ws players to negotiate different local management decisions of a fictional park, relying on te 
ictional park, relying on technical pir ecological engineering in 2009 adequate computer: compu 
, decision support and negotiating. the resilience and viability calculation models will be app 
ndividual-based simulation. territorial management was perceived in the past as a compromise be 
approaches is a major challenge for the management of territories. many work concerns the integ 
owever, integration of formal models of sustainable development, such as sustainability models, 
els of sustainable development, such as sustainability models, was still little explored  
15578 9                                         market-based instruments will be applied to explore sce 
 instruments will be applied to explore scenarios of impacts on the environment resulting from  
will be applied to explore scenarios of impacts on the environment resulting from policies inte 
 to explore scenarios of impacts on the environment resulting from policies integrating mbis an 
ting from policies integrating mbis and economic valuation. studies will eventually take place  
. studies will eventually take place in europe and the us to investigate how law can promote th 
estigate how law can promote the use of economic valuation of b&es in natural resources managem 
he use of economic valuation of b&es in natural resources management policies, especially for m 
 valuation of b&es in natural resources management policies, especially for mbis.  
15254 5                                invasive introduced species are a huge environmental issue, part 
ge environmental issue, particularly in freshwater ecosystems, where their abundance and ecolog 
ental issue, particularly in freshwater ecosystems, where their abundance and ecological and ec 
y in freshwater ecosystems, where their abundance and ecological and economical impacts are for 
abundance and ecological and economical impacts are formidable. the objective of our project is 
12151 10 unction zone of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems is forming a specific habitat complex, which 
strial ecosystems is forming a specific habitat complex, which has a large variety of environme 
d be very susceptible to invasions. the distribution, ecological niche, the impact on the biota 
, the impact on the biota, habitats and ecosystems of three major invasive mammal species in li 
cations on spread and naturalization of alien species. the aim of this project is to assess the 
 the impact of beaver on the spread and abundance of alien mammal species and habitat use will  
d abundance of alien mammal species and habitat use will be investigated using field, automatic 
metry research methods. the data of the ecology of raccoon in neighboring countries will be ana 
tries will be analysed and the possible invasion of this species in ecosystems of lithuania wil 
he possible invasion of this species in ecosystems of lithuania will be evaluated.  
14279 3                                         biological invasions are considered an increasing threa 
 are considered an increasing threat to biodiversity, but the underlying principles are poorly  
own. also the way changes in the global climate will affect invasions is not well understood. t 
7176 5 an approach which assigns, rightly, the invasive species qualifier aboriginal and especially th 
iginal and especially that assesses the impacts of this invasion an ecosystem scale  
ially that assesses the impacts of this invasion an ecosystem scale  
ssesses the impacts of this invasion an ecosystem scale  
e impacts of this invasion an ecosystem scale  
7185 6 e tick rhipicephalus. together with the evolution of resistance, this reflects a dramatic adapt 
ephalus. together with the evolution of resistance, this reflects a dramatic adaptive dynamics  
cies. first acquired crucial for future management of the distribution of acaricide resistance  
ed crucial for future management of the distribution of acaricide resistance in the island lies 
gement of the distribution of acaricide resistance in the island lies in the detection and char 
 appearance of the first new caledonian resistance to amitraz  
7180 8 orticultural trade is a major source of introduced species in the world. in this study, we focu 
. Moreover, our study suggests a strong growth rate of the population and an effective long-ran 
the species. b. halimifolia therefore a risk that more High c. selloana for the maintenance of  
ons: Who are the actors involved in the management of these two species, and invasive species i 
he management of these two species, and invasive species in general what their words and attitu 
at the public knows or does not know of invasive species our sociological research is based on  
iews. interviews with growers show that production of a species is closely linked to changes in 
how that they do not know or little the biological invasion process. many of them even think th 
13594 5 roalgal species gonyostomum semen. this phytoplankton species forms intense blooms and expels s 
ing the recreational value of lakes and water quality. despite being classified as a nuisance a 
o date been focused on this species, or invasion by phytoplankton in general. the aim of this p 
focused on this species, or invasion by phytoplankton in general. the aim of this project is tw 
is two-fold: and the species’ effect on biodiversity in aquatic communities.  
15316 8                                         invasive species can pose a major threat to the biotic  
s can pose a major threat to the biotic diversity and integrity of ecosystems. the mechanisms t 
o the biotic diversity and integrity of ecosystems. the mechanisms that permit the initial esta 
establishment and eventual expansion of invasive species in aquatic systems are not well unders 
e study of this issue are to: to assess habitat use of the native and introduced populations of 
ns of pumpkinseed at several scales and invasion risk through the prediction of the potential r 
pkinseed at several scales and invasion risk through the prediction of the potential range dist 
h the prediction of the potential range distribution.  
10497 6 ental approaches to explore the role of natural enemies in facilitating the coexistence of comp 
 on the impact of assembly sequence, or invasion, on insect community stability and dynamics. t 
sembly sequence, or invasion, on insect community stability and dynamics. the experimental core 
uence, or invasion, on insect community stability and dynamics. the experimental core will moni 
oth species and their interactions with natural enemies that differ markedly in life history st 
natural enemies that differ markedly in life history strategies. using mathematical and statist 
10580 6 ental approaches to explore the role of natural enemies in facilitating the coexistence of comp 
 on the impact of assembly sequence, or invasion, on insect community stability and dynamics. t 
sembly sequence, or invasion, on insect community stability and dynamics. the experimental core 
uence, or invasion, on insect community stability and dynamics. the experimental core will moni 
oth species and their interactions with natural enemies that differ markedly in life history st 
natural enemies that differ markedly in life history strategies. using mathematical and statist 
10996 6 ental approaches to explore the role of natural enemies in facilitating the coexistence of comp 
 on the impact of assembly sequence, or invasion, on insect community stability and dynamics. t 
sembly sequence, or invasion, on insect community stability and dynamics. the experimental core 
uence, or invasion, on insect community stability and dynamics. the experimental core will moni 
oth species and their interactions with natural enemies that differ markedly in life history st 
natural enemies that differ markedly in life history strategies. using mathematical and statist 
7183 4  still no regulations for the import of forest seeds in europe, exotic chalcidoid of species as 
tions for the import of forest seeds in europe, exotic chalcidoid of species associated with pi 
legislation does not involve systematic monitoring of the possible infestation of imported seed 
f exotic organisms from 1995 to 2004 in europe does indeed reported that 4 megastigmus intercep 
7169 8  program focuses on a set of species of freshwater molluscs. available data show that invasions 
enomena shellfish are very important in freshwater, especially in the tropics. some taxa have u 
ortant in freshwater, especially in the tropics. some taxa have undergone recent invasions and  
oject, have invaded fresh waters of the tropics, where they settle in density and become the do 
rs of the tropics, where they settle in density and become the dominant elements of the benthic 
pondents also know badly enough in what environment live molluscs vectors and thiaridés, do not 
 schistosomiasis were included, but the invasion by the thiaridés concurrently with the disappe 
 is partly due to the low attendance of freshwater environments. the work conducted under this  
7165 3 oposed a multidisciplinary study of the evolution of invasive populations and mechanisms determ 
isms determining their installation and distribution, in two species of freshwater crustaceans  
ion and distribution, in two species of freshwater crustaceans in 2003 and 2004, two other manu 
7243 12                                   goals biological invasions are the second factor responsible  
cond factor responsible for the loss of biodiversity after the disturbance of natural habitats. 
 for the loss of biodiversity after the disturbance of natural habitats. their impact is on dif 
rent levels: ecologically, invasions by alien species can lead to reduced species diversity in  
ns by alien species can lead to reduced species diversity in invaded sites, the displacement or 
ive species, altering the structure and community composition and therefore the deterioration o 
tion and therefore the deterioration of ecosystem functions. socio -economic impacts are as var 
of ecosystem functions. socio -economic impacts are as varied as the increase in allergic pheno 
face an ethnological study of users and stakeholders in urban environmental management and thei 
ical study of users and stakeholders in urban environmental management and their uses and their 
tudy of users and stakeholders in urban environmental management and their uses and their means 
 and their means of action - 3 / deduce management measures to control invasions. stages  
15331 11                                  exotic invasive species assessing the impacts of exotic trees  
  exotic invasive species assessing the impacts of exotic trees on the functions of affected aq 
ons of affected aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. particularly, we aim to analyse the impact  
 we aim to analyse the impact of exotic leaf litter, whose physical-chemical properties may dif 
l properties may differ from the native leaf litter, on the structure and function of the edaph 
ative leaf litter, on the structure and function of the edaphic and freshwater communities of i 
ructure and function of the edaphic and freshwater communities of invertebrates that feed on su 
e edaphic and freshwater communities of invertebrates that feed on such litter. these communiti 
 communities play a crucial role on the ecosystem nutrient cycle. by merging the results of the 
hree aims we will be able to assess the risk of exotic trees naturalized in floodplains to terr 
 floodplains to terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems.  
7162 6  phenomena in general we selected as an introduced species. it appears that an effective low nu 
ber is not necessarily the corollary of endemism. tags: drosophila model, invasive species, eco 
corollary of endemism. tags: drosophila model, invasive species, ecological intraspecific diver 
ry of endemism. tags: drosophila model, invasive species, ecological intraspecific divergence,  
e, molecular polymorphism, evolutionary scenarios of invasion  
polymorphism, evolutionary scenarios of invasion  
10011 6 reaching consequences for human health, agriculture and biodiversity. one of the most devastati 
ences for human health, agriculture and biodiversity. one of the most devastating diseases to e 
most devastating diseases to emerge for wildlife is that caused by the fungus batrachochytrium  
rial college. as part of their personal development plan, the student will also be required to  
l-established postgraduate programme in conservation biology at dice, including those dealing w 
alysis, science communication, personal development and other generic and transferable skills.  
14841 18                                         invasion by nonindigenous species is recognized as a ma 
 recognized as a major threat to global biodiversity. management and control of nonindegenous s 
 a major threat to global biodiversity. management and control of nonindegenous species is perh 
s is perhaps the biggest challenge that conservation biologists will face in the next years. th 
 next years. the population genetics of invasive species has been relatively unexplored, even t 
ely unexplored, even though the genetic traits of nonindegenous species is regarded as fundamen 
success and provides important data for risk assessment. the eastern mosquitofish . ongoing res 
eographical differences in life-history traits among iberian gambusia populations, but informat 
ambusia populations, but information on genetic diversity of those populations is still lacking 
ers in gambusia hoolbroki to assess the genetic diversity in introduced and original gambusia p 
e spatial and temporal patterns of gene diversity among iberian mosquitofish populations and to 
osquitofish populations and to identify dispersal routes used by this invasive species. 3- to a 
 identify dispersal routes used by this invasive species. 3- to assess the effect of hydrologic 
e integrated analyses of ecological and genetic diversity among mosquitofish populations. scien 
rol of gambusia and other nonindigenous freshwater fish invasions, as well as the protection of 
usia and other nonindigenous freshwater fish invasions, as well as the protection of native fre 
ns, as well as the protection of native freshwater biodiversity.  
 as the protection of native freshwater biodiversity.  
14840 9                                         invasive species are the second threat to diversity aft 
vasive species are the second threat to diversity after habitat loss and a leading mechanism of 
re the second threat to diversity after habitat loss and a leading mechanism of global change,  
habitat loss and a leading mechanism of global change, particularly in freshwater ecosystems. m 
anism of global change, particularly in freshwater ecosystems. mosquitofish to understand the e 
obal change, particularly in freshwater ecosystems. mosquitofish to understand the effects of r 
stand the effects of river zonation and water regime on the life history and the population eco 
 river zonation and water regime on the life history and the population ecology of mosquitofish 
 on the life history and the population ecology of mosquitofish and its invasive success.  
7018 9 s of pharmaceuticals and mycotoxins, as biological control agents of plant pathogenic fungi, an 
ical control agents of plant pathogenic fungi, and as sources of industrial enzymes. particular 
h is one of the principal components of fungi in soil. studies of this genus are therefore main 
of the principal components of fungi in soil. studies of this genus are therefore mainly carrie 
carried out with material isolated from soil. teleomorphs of this genus belong to the genus hyp 
 wood, other plant material and various fungi. due to limited morphological variation among the 
16564 was mainly designed to assess the biodiversity of the genus hypocrea in to establish a co 
nvolve enzymology and antibiotic and/or growth promoting traits of the isolates prepared in the 
 and antibiotic and/or growth promoting traits of the isolates prepared in the project.  
12477 26    the overall aim of the project is to review the social and economic quantitative and qualita 
sing the state of england’s terrestrial ecosystems using an ecosystem approach. the ‘evidence b 
gland’s terrestrial ecosystems using an ecosystem approach. the ‘evidence base refers to data,  
l complement and build upon the natural environment evidence base specified in phase 1 of nep.  
ng an inventory of data for the natural environment - provide recommendations on the potential  
 for assessing the state of the natural environment and the ecosystem services it provides to p 
tate of the natural environment and the ecosystem services it provides to people - highlight an 
ctive delivery and communication of the ecosystem service approach to meet the aims of the proj 
nomic ‘evidence relevant to the natural environment in england. - objective 2: compile a list o 
acteristics, which could be used in the ecosystem services approach - objective 3: indicate the 
economic roles of england’s terrestrial environment and the ecosystem services it provides. - o 
gland’s terrestrial environment and the ecosystem services it provides. - objective 4: compare  
 using the economic, social and natural environment evidence base can be used to assess the sta 
used to assess the state of the natural environment and the ecosystem services it provides to p 
tate of the natural environment and the ecosystem services it provides to people - objective 6: 
is project will provide defra with: 1 a review of the social and economic quantitative and qual 
sing the state of england’s terrestrial ecosystems using an ecosystem approach 2 recommendation 
gland’s terrestrial ecosystems using an ecosystem approach 2 recommendations on which sources o 
ng an inventory of data for the natural environment 3 recommendations on the potential use of t 
 for assessing the state of the natural environment and the ecosystem services it provides to p 
tate of the natural environment and the ecosystem services it provides to people 4 information  
ctive delivery and communication of the ecosystem service approach 6 metadata relating to the s 
mic datasets that can contribute to the ecosystem approach the outputs of the project will prov 
 using the economic, social and natural environment evidence base can be used to assess the sta 
used to assess the state of the natural environment and the ecosystem services it provides to p 
tate of the natural environment and the ecosystem services it provides to people.  
6764 11 esting and feeding habitats for aquatic birds and these one are good assembling habitats for mi 
 good assembling habitats for migrating birds, too. during special, mesohalin aquatic condition 
oplancton and bentic assemblages in the water. the invertebrates provide very good, potential f 
nd bentic assemblages in the water. the invertebrates provide very good, potential food resourc 
t is to estimate the key assemblages of zooplankton and benthos. connect parallel these investi 
 the key assemblages of zooplankton and benthos. connect parallel these investigations, we will 
ert the quantitative data into mass and energy. the wild aquatic birds’ daily and seasonal acti 
 into mass and energy. the wild aquatic birds’ daily and seasonal activity will be registrated. 
strated. the whole data, the direct and indirect effects of aquatic birds will be discussed tog 
 direct and indirect effects of aquatic birds will be discussed together the zooplankton and en 
ic birds will be discussed together the zooplankton and entomological results.  
2199 14 derstood that no field experiments with introduced species are to be carried out unless the spe 
 the area. characterization of areas at risk depends on which type of organisms the applicant w 
he different baltic basins or different freshwater systems and/or possiblities for transports b 
/or possiblities for transports between marine and brackish or brackish and freshwater ecosyste 
een marine and brackish or brackish and freshwater ecosystems. if organisms with a pelagic life 
and brackish or brackish and freshwater ecosystems. if organisms with a pelagic life strategy a 
died they are well disposed for further dispersal, at least within e.g. the baltic sea basins o 
her dispersal, at least within e.g. the baltic sea basins or a freshwater system. studies may t 
 within e.g. the baltic sea basins or a freshwater system. studies may than rather be directed  
han rather be directed towards risks of dispersal from brackish to freshwater areas or vice ver 
rds risks of dispersal from brackish to freshwater areas or vice versa, or between marine and b 
shwater areas or vice versa, or between marine and brackish areas. the pelagic system, in all t 
se, however, is less well-known. from a risk perspective they are highly important as a dispers 
 important as a dispersing phase in the life history of the species in question, though the fin 
10024 4 peppered moths after industrialization, resistance to insecticides after spraying with ddt, ant 
des after spraying with ddt, antibiotic resistance in bacteria. natural selection, of course, h 
ying with ddt, antibiotic resistance in bacteria. natural selection, of course, happens in resp 
 course, happens in response to natural environmental change as well, although the tempo of the 
11314 4 peppered moths after industrialization, resistance to insecticides after spraying with ddt, ant 
des after spraying with ddt, antibiotic resistance in bacteria. natural selection, of course, h 
ying with ddt, antibiotic resistance in bacteria. natural selection, of course, happens in resp 
 course, happens in response to natural environmental change as well, although the tempo of the 
2481 7                        northern coastal ecosystems are experiencing environmental perturbations 
ronmental perturbations due to changing climate and human activities like harvesting and aquacu 
nd human activities like harvesting and aquaculture. the project is aimed to investigate ecosys 
re. the project is aimed to investigate ecosystem structure and dynamics using ecosystem models 
 ecosystem structure and dynamics using ecosystem models . the model output will be compared to 
d dynamics using ecosystem models . the model output will be compared to fishermens knowledge w 
ial and temporal variability in coastal ecosystems.  
11624 3 hether the dna relates to the layers of sediment it is found in, or whether water movement may  
 of sediment it is found in, or whether water movement may have carried it up or down the profi 
 each site, to determine the effects of climate change during the height of the last glaciation 
10491 9                  microscopic plants, or phytoplankton, use the sun s energy to combine atmosphe 
plants, or phytoplankton, use the sun s energy to combine atmospheric carbon dioxide habitats a 
the sun s energy to combine atmospheric carbon dioxide habitats as these are considered to be t 
 information on the relative roles that bacteria and animals play in elemental cycling in shall 
n elemental cycling in shallow and deep-water habitats, a topic that currently remains hotly de 
d quality affect the fate of c and n in marine sediments. this will be used to produce a mathem 
 will be used to produce a mathematical model that is capable of predicting the quantities of c 
ble to accurately represent the role of marine sediments in global climate models.  
 the role of marine sediments in global climate models.  
12552 13 fferent themes in support of bee health policy. 1 . microsatellite markers and european foul br 
tellite markers and european foul brood resistance this module proposes to catalogue honey bee  
 in the uk and to determine which honey bees exhibit efb disease resistance. initially, genetic 
 determine which honey bees exhibit efb disease resistance. initially, genetic stock will be so 
ne which honey bees exhibit efb disease resistance. initially, genetic stock will be sourced to 
 represent the different races of honey bees. each race will be characterised using microsatell 
 already exist in the literature. honey bees from england and wales will be then be catergorise 
using the same markers to determine the genetic diversity present. to investigate resistance, c 
netic diversity present. to investigate resistance, candidate apiaries will be identified by ha 
wn efb symptoms despite being in a high risk area. these apparently resistant bees will be char 
h risk area. these apparently resistant bees will be characterised to determine the relatedness 
indicate a possible genetic link to efb resistance. 2. alternative non-chemical approaches for  
ure and kill system for shb control. 4. monitoring the impact of nosema ceranae experiments wil 
10605 9   the availability of suitable breeding habitat is crucial to whether or not species have been  
eir distributions in response to recent climate warming. thus, any changes in species host plan 
ributions in response to recent climate warming. thus, any changes in species host plant prefer 
s host plant preferences which increase habitat availability would also increase species abilit 
 also increase species ability to track climate change. however, such changes have rarely been  
ential interactive effects on butterfly life history traits. it will determine whether such eff 
ctive effects on butterfly life history traits. it will determine whether such effects may cont 
 observed in some species during recent climate warming.  
d in some species during recent climate warming.  
11542 6 tionary changes or relatively few large-scale ones. in theory we can study the fossilized remai 
t effective means of deciphering animal evolution. selected fossil echinoderms will be studied  
e of life of these extinct animals. the development of living echinoderms from embryo to adult  
is manner it will be established if the model for determining fundamental homologies in echinod 
d the novelties that arose during their evolution into modern forms. it may also help to infer  
 an optimal understanding of organismal evolution.  
12563 10 e the population structure and relative production of eels from different habitats across river 
sins; investigate relationships between habitat and eel production in order to inform the trans 
e relationships between habitat and eel production in order to inform the transport of models f 
derstanding of the relationship between habitat and eel production in england and wales, to sup 
he relationship between habitat and eel production in england and wales, to support defras resp 
o support defras responsibility for the assessment and management of eel populations by improvi 
s responsibility for the assessment and management of eel populations by improving our ability  
populations by improving our ability to model eel production across river basins and transporti 
s by improving our ability to model eel production across river basins and transporting the mod 
cross river basins and transporting the model application from data-rich to data-poor basins.  
13876 17 ast decades on the relationship between species richness and ecosystem function, large-scale st 
lationship between species richness and ecosystem function, large-scale studies than span long  
 richness and ecosystem function, large-scale studies than span long successional gradients are 
along natural successional gradients in boreal forest archipelagos of northern sweden. the isla 
 boreal forest archipelagos of northern sweden. the islands are of different sizes and therefor 
g plants and decomposers. in the study, soil samples will be taken from each island to estimate 
from each island to estimate decomposer diversity and composition. furthermore, by transplantin 
es on islands with different decomposer richness the effect of 1 litter species richness, 2 dec 
omposer richness the effect of 1 litter species richness, 2 decomposer species richness, and 3  
1 litter species richness, 2 decomposer species richness, and 3 interactions between litter spe 
ness, and 3 interactions between litter species richness and the decomposer community, on decom 
ter species richness and the decomposer community, on decomposition rates, can be investigated. 
chness and the decomposer community, on decomposition rates, can be investigated. the project w 
ive important insights into how changed diversity may affect ecosystem functioning in natural s 
s into how changed diversity may affect ecosystem functioning in natural systems. such informat 
evious and future short-term and small- scale studies are consistent with what happens in the f 
 with what happens in the field in real ecosystems over large spatial scales.  
11349 6 the histories of phosphorite formation, water-column denitrification and productivity are linke 
 of phosphorite formation, water-column denitrification and productivity are linked on upwellin 
ation, water-column denitrification and productivity are linked on upwelling margins and to ass 
ave contributed to glacial-interglacial climate change by modulating oceanic nutrient inventori 
eochemical processes control biological production in the ocean, and on what time scales . the  
on and phosphorite-based u/th dates, in sediment cores collected from the eastern tropical nort 
10860 2 ised as having an important role in the evolution of new species and even groups of species. it 
 species. it has been implicated in the evolution of the hawaiian crickets, the lake baikal scu 
11189 2 ised as having an important role in the evolution of new species and even groups of species. it 
 species. it has been implicated in the evolution of the hawaiian crickets, the lake baikal scu 
12344 7 opulation . results will be provided to nature conservation agencies to inform the designation  
ignation and implementation of mpas and marine conservation zones under the new marine acts for 
n and implementation of mpas and marine conservation zones under the new marine acts for scotla 
marine conservation zones under the new marine acts for scotland, england and wales. data regar 
nd the requirements for the survival of marine mammals will inform marine planning decisions.  
 survival of marine mammals will inform marine planning decisions.  
al of marine mammals will inform marine planning decisions.  
14145 1                        investigation of fish resorces in lakes peipsi, lämmijärv and pihkva  
6965 3               one of the most dangerous disease of potato is late blight caused by the pathogen 
ans , and the markers by increasing the efficiency of the selection process can help in the bre 
in the breeding of new varieties having resistance to late blight.  
6814 8                                         community studies of small mammals have revealed that t 
of small mammals have revealed that the diversity of a community is positively correlated with  
s have revealed that the diversity of a community is positively correlated with habitat structu 
community is positively correlated with habitat structure, and it is the habitat selection that 
d with habitat structure, and it is the habitat selection that separates small mammal populatio 
e and ensures their proper functioning. biodiversity monitoring programmes were started in hung 
 their proper functioning. biodiversity monitoring programmes were started in hungary at the en 
al periods presenting the most southern distribution of this holarctic species. there are three 
14445 20  develop their practical application as indicator groups for long term monitoring of the biodiv 
ation as indicator groups for long term monitoring of the biodiversity for assessment of the ec 
 groups for long term monitoring of the biodiversity for assessment of the ecosystems in bulgar 
term monitoring of the biodiversity for assessment of the ecosystems in bulgaria and turkey to  
 the biodiversity for assessment of the ecosystems in bulgaria and turkey to gather the necessa 
al material, transformed to protect the environment. for example live traps, fixatives like pro 
panded and will be proposed methods for monitoring of the complexes of the epigeobiont and geob 
iont species. the methods for long-term monitoring of the biodiversity of epigeobiont and geobi 
methods for long-term monitoring of the biodiversity of epigeobiont and geobiont invertebrates  
iodiversity of epigeobiont and geobiont invertebrates will be made more precise and will be est 
ted. for the first time new methods for monitoring of the certain small mammal species will be  
ained on work in a team in real working environment. they will acquire basic skills in analysis 
cal people knowledge about studying and monitoring the invertebrates and small mammals included 
ledge about studying and monitoring the invertebrates and small mammals included in the bulgari 
ammals included in the bulgarian law on biological diversity – annexes 2 and 3 will be expanded 
udents from the local schools about the nature environment and the need of its conservation wil 
from the local schools about the nature environment and the need of its conservation will be in 
 nature environment and the need of its conservation will be increased too. potential volunteer 
volunteers to work in the system of bio-monitoring of bulgaria will be recruited. employees of  
mployees of the directorate of strandja nature park, students, officials and other will be skil 
12622 15           peatlands are large stores of carbon to see which restoration measures are best at re 
are large stores of carbon to see which restoration measures are best at reducing or stopping g 
nto a field trial of the most promising restoration measures. field trials will be carried out  
 experiments will build on a major peat monitoring and experimental infrastructure established  
structure established by the centre for ecology and hydrology for their carbon catchments progr 
tablished by the centre for ecology and hydrology for their carbon catchments programme. the ri 
tre for ecology and hydrology for their carbon catchments programme. the rigorously designed fi 
d experiments will exploit ongoing peat restoration work by the national trust, establishing co 
 with supporting measurements including water-table position, meteorological variables, dissolv 
on, meteorological variables, dissolved carbon fluxes and detailed identification of the mechan 
riments will allow us to identify those restoration options which produce the greatest benefits 
its in terms of conserving the peatland carbon store and minimising ghg emissions. we will also 
 we will also evaluate the potential of mitigation options, including vegetation management and 
ential of mitigation options, including vegetation management and sulphur amendment, to reduce  
itigation options, including vegetation management and sulphur amendment, to reduce ch4 release 
11451 5 been investigated in this way. skeletal indicators of vitamin d deficiency offer an invaluable  
ged in the study of past societies. the metabolism of vitamin d means that deficiency is linked 
ocio-economic status of individuals and pollution so the development of the disease can be used 
tus of individuals and pollution so the development of the disease can be used to interpret cha 
and pollution so the development of the disease can be used to interpret changing environments  
14111 3        the stringent response is a core adaptation mechanism in bacteria, mediated via adjustme 
ponse is a core adaptation mechanism in bacteria, mediated via adjustments in ppgpp alarmone co 
sequence analysis will map the sequence conservation patterns of rsh protein sub-families, gene 
11197 3  dr franklin at the univ. of queensland australia the proposed study will investigate the hormo 
 euryhaline bullshark, c. leucas from a freshwater to seawater. specifically the project will i 
o investigate the expression and tissue distribution of na, k-atpase alpha and beta subunits.  
13379 1 this project, collection, regeneration, conservation and characterization of cherry laurel loca 
6864 6 oint of view asthma is a multifactorial disease. this means that the susceptibility to the dise 
is means that the susceptibility to the disease results from interaction of several genes and i 
anifestation. for the prevention of the development of asthma, for the treatment of the develop 
hma, for the treatment of the developed disease, or for identifying new drug targets, it is nec 
aying role in the pathomechanism of the disease. in our study for the investigation of the gene 
ts will be tested in our in vivo animal model of asthma.  
2505 7 p stock structure in the species' whole distribution range in the north atlantic. the former pa 
and between the presently defined three management units in the north sea, and between fjords a 
y defined three management units in the north sea, and between fjords and offshore populations. 
tion between the norwegian institute of marine research, the university of oslo, the swedish tj 
 university of oslo, the swedish tjärnö marine biological laboratory, and the greenland institu 
ratory, and the greenland institute for natural resources. the results are expected to be usefu 
hrimp fishers, the industry and fishery management, and will be received with great interest by 
12749 3  ipbes - the inter-governmental science-policy platform on biodiversity and ecosystem services  
governmental science-policy platform on biodiversity and ecosystem services  
nce-policy platform on biodiversity and ecosystem services  
168 5 ies that tend to behave as invasives or weeds show less irregularity in their dynamics. the mai 
considerable experience of our group in ecology of terrestrial orchids and clonal plants, and a 
not been considered in common models of population dynamics. in addition to this general biolog 
e plants would be of importance also in nature concervation, and in improving methods of plant  
n improving methods of plant population monitoring.  
12633 4                                    most soil surveys and classifications are based on soil geom 
urveys and classifications are based on soil geomorphic, physical and chemical properties. the  
properties. the microbial properties or soil biological quality indicators distributed across g 
l properties or soil biological quality indicators distributed across gb in stratified random a 
10126 5                                         production of nitrous oxide soil inoculated with aob an 
            production of nitrous oxide soil inoculated with aob and nob strains from objective 
ains from objective 1, and in a natural soil community adopting a combination of 15n-isotopomer 
from objective 1, and in a natural soil community adopting a combination of 15n-isotopomer and  
 techniques, as well as a wide range of soil physical and chemical analyses. the student will o 
217 7                               about the function of avian eggshell-pigmentation has been discus 
of 19th century. the proposed signaling function of pigmentation in heterogeneous habitat compl 
nction of pigmentation in heterogeneous habitat complex. our main working hypothesis is that ca 
that calcium deficiency in the breeding environment will result in thinner, but more densely pi 
 properties of the eggs or the breeding environment of birds, and so would contribute to the im 
the eggs or the breeding environment of birds, and so would contribute to the improvement of ap 
ovement of applied methods used in bird conservation.  
10715 9 t are vital to the functioning of every ecosystem on earth. despite this, very little is known  
ple, we know neither the number nor the distribution of species. it was recently suggested in t 
abundant, no barrier will prevent their dispersal and therefore all species will be found every 
 whereas others live as plankton in the water column. i will relate the genetic information col 
rmation collected in the testing of the dispersal-equilibrium hypothesis to information related 
oalgae, though they provide half of the oxygen we breathe, play a vital role in controlling cli 
eathe, play a vital role in controlling climate, and are very important as indicators in enviro 
ling climate, and are very important as indicators in environmental monitoring, are currently u 
mportant as indicators in environmental monitoring, are currently understudied compared to plan 
10396 6 awater freezes, the salt present in the water becomes concentrated as brines within channels in 
sea ice. these brine channels provide a habitat for a host of organisms, particularly single ce 
f organisms, particularly single celled algae. their biological activity results in high amount 
ty results in high amounts of dissolved organic matter being produced in the brine channels, an 
e important because they can modify the environment surrounding a cell. it is throught that sea 
 composition of eps does changes as the salinity increases, and what those chemical changes are 
10798 16                                     the soil microbial process of denitrification produces nitr 
          the soil microbial process of denitrification produces nitrous oxide , and is therefo 
es and rates of denitrifier-n2o and -n2 production. however, the significance of this dynamic c 
nce of this dynamic c source in driving denitrification against different backgrounds of som-c, 
om-c, and how this selects for complete denitrification through to n2 is unknown, and so is cur 
nt to which plant-derived c flow drives denitrification in soils of different som contents, and 
erived c flow drives denitrification in soils of different som contents, and management histori 
in soils of different som contents, and management histories. we will use state-of-the-art stab 
otope techniques to quantify n2o and n2 production during denitrification and relate this to c  
o quantify n2o and n2 production during denitrification and relate this to c utilisation by the 
and relate this to c utilisation by the microbial community, the activity of denitrifying bacte 
community, the activity of denitrifying bacteria in the rhizosphere and the up-regulation of ge 
ctivity of denitrifying bacteria in the rhizosphere and the up-regulation of genes involved in  
 up-regulation of genes involved in n2o production and reduction. information obtained will be  
tion obtained will be essential for the development of strategies to mitigate n2o emissions thr 
s to mitigate n2o emissions through som management, and will feed into predictive models which  
11499 5 to the next generation as possible. the evolution of social behaviour is a paradox because it r 
the offspring of others. explaining the evolution of helping behaviour in animal societies has  
n be explained in terms of an insurance policy. social insect is much quicker and less costly t 
g. for example, if drifting incurs high mortality, then the costs may often outweigh the benefi 
erstanding of helping behaviour and the evolution of sociality in a theoretical context.  
11127 13                  increased emissions of nitrogen , this programme of research will be the first 
irst study to determine and compare the impacts of n deposition on the distinctive mechanisms o 
ajor plant types. it will determine the impacts of n deposition on plant p supply and determine 
nt p supply and determine whether these impacts can drive species change. it will also determin 
 change. it will also determine whether vegetation can recover from these impacts on p supply w 
ether vegetation can recover from these impacts on p supply when n deposition declines as a res 
 importance to those concerned with the conservation of ecosystems and preservation of biodiver 
hose concerned with the conservation of ecosystems and preservation of biodiversity. it will in 
ation of ecosystems and preservation of biodiversity. it will inform policy makers of the impac 
rvation of biodiversity. it will inform policy makers of the impacts of pollutant n loading and 
ty. it will inform policy makers of the impacts of pollutant n loading and allow us to better p 
to better predict pollutant n impact on ecosystems and better establish critical loads . the me 
t important factor in determining plant growth.  
11341 2           this project will address the evolution of virulence and host range in insect-specifi 
ism whereby these pathogens may acquire traits beneficial to their ecological fitness. the theo 
10448 10                 like many bivalves, the freshwater pearl mussel margaritifera margaritifera has 
potential to play a significant role in community organisation by coupling water column and ben 
e in community organisation by coupling water column and benthic processes through its filter-f 
thereby coupling planktonic and benthic food webs. here, we specifically address the hypothesis 
pecifically address the hypothesis that freshwater pearl mussel extinctions have cascading effe 
lages by modulating seston transport in rivers, through a reduction in water clarity and deplet 
sport in rivers, through a reduction in water clarity and depletion of organic matter in sedime 
ction in water clarity and depletion of organic matter in sediments in line with the reported e 
ported effects of mussels in lentic and marine intertidal systems.  
effects of mussels in lentic and marine intertidal systems.  
15080 3                  the adaptations to the environment that we humans have endured along our evolu 
etic architecture of complex phenotypic traits, and reveal how despite our general similarity a 
 can determine a substantial phenotypic diversity.  
13522 12                  some sites in southern sweden hold a high proportion of temperate deciduous tr 
e long run – that there is a so called ‘extinction debt. the empirical evidences for the existe 
rical evidences for the existence of an extinction debt are however weak, probably because data 
t we will study two temperate deciduous forest hotspots in southern sweden, and the surrounding 
e deciduous forest hotspots in southern sweden, and the surrounding ‘normal production forest . 
ern sweden, and the surrounding ‘normal production forest . we will combine fossil beetle analy 
 and the surrounding ‘normal production forest . we will combine fossil beetle analysis with po 
eetle populations and on the historical forest composition. a pilot study from one of the hotsp 
l test the following hypotheses: 1. the forest and beetle composition was similar in the matrix 
matrix and in the hotspots before large scale anthropogenic induced changes began 200-500 years 
he matrix, have experienced a continued species loss for many years, i.e. indication of the exi 
 i.e. indication of the existence of an extinction debt.  
14618 2 determining the degree of intraspecific competition for food in several breeding colonies of th 
everal breeding colonies of the western mediterranean metapopulation of greater flamingos to ch 
10170 4 ss-of-fit between colour vision and the environment might depend on population size and stabili 
ent might depend on population size and stability. there is preliminary evidence that some isla 
ings from the colour receptors of these bees, to substantiate the evidence that chance processe 
hance processes might contribute to the evolution of colour vision. this population biological  
10955 1 ediments in aqueous suspension, and the water column. the creation of this facility will to mak 
10805 11 scientists to collect information about climate change, in response to growing public concerns  
ng public concerns about issues such as global warming and the hole in earth s ozone layer. sin 
are a likely factor. earths present-day climate changes are closely related to the ice frozen i 
lts and drains into the oceans, causing sea level rise. the costs of this simple relationship c 
s including london. some of the fastest climate changes on earth have taken place at the antarc 
xplorations in the 19th century, show a warming of more than 5 degrees c during the past 100 ye 
st 100 years. perhaps the most dramatic climate changes ever witnessed have occurred during the 
em and how they might affect our future climate. in the wake of each collapse, new embayments h 
r 50 mm. that ice would be seriously at risk if the larsen-c section were to collapse. we have  
ce, which, like tree rings, tell us how climate has changed over the past century. when combine 
en identified, we will build a computer model of the ice shelf to investigate how it might frac 
10406 7                                         freshwater lakes are both aesthetically pleasing and ar 
 pleasing and are increasingly used for recreation purposes. the only time when such systems ar 
ats. these organisms are photosynthetic bacteria which come in many shapes, forms and degrees o 
, but they perform an essential role in freshwater systems, as primary producers, i.e. they con 
 producers, i.e. they convert inorganic carbon on the most likely predators of these cyanobacte 
ert inorganic carbon on the most likely predators of these cyanobacteria in situ.  
n on the most likely predators of these cyanobacteria in situ.  
10330 1           new developments in 2d micron-scale measurements in sediments of trace metals and sul 
11511 1           new developments in 2d micron-scale measurements in sediments of trace metals and sul 
6941 3 hytraeids are an important saprophagous soil mesofauna family with a worldwide distribution. du 
 soil mesofauna family with a worldwide distribution. due to their difficult identification onl 
reatened lowland woodlands and adjacent grasslands. the project is expected to produce internat 
15496 1  stage of the volume which includes the development of an identification key for the whole fami 
10879 9 ct dodo. this is the only site known to yield remains of this iconic bird. the site is about to 
. the site is about to be developed for tourism, including housing and a golf cause. consequent 
t from the site prior to its commercial development, and during the initial phase of developmen 
opment, and during the initial phase of development. this project is essentially a rescue dig.  
oceanic islands is well documented. the extinction of macrofauna, such as giant tortoises and f 
s is well documented. the extinction of macrofauna, such as giant tortoises and flightless bird 
 such as giant tortoises and flightless birds, has been a signature of man s island occupation  
upation since the moari peoples reached new zealand. man reached mauritius during the 16th cent 
xcavation prior to the sites commercial development, and grab collecting during the initial exc 
10568 1 the microbial processes controlling the production and consumption of atmospheric trace gases i 
11325 1 the microbial processes controlling the production and consumption of atmospheric trace gases i 
11856 1 the microbial processes controlling the production and consumption of atmospheric trace gases i 
11695 68                                     the ecosystem services approach emphasises the many ways na 
vices approach emphasises the many ways nature sustains and enriches people s lives. valuation  
e sustains and enriches people s lives. valuation of ecosystem services can contribute to ecosy 
d enriches people s lives. valuation of ecosystem services can contribute to ecosystem conserva 
of ecosystem services can contribute to ecosystem conservation and human wellbeing. for these e 
em services can contribute to ecosystem conservation and human wellbeing. for these efforts to  
llbeing. for these efforts to result in poverty alleviation, however, scientists must tackle th 
ts must tackle the relationship between ecosystem services and wellbeing with reference to envi 
ervices and wellbeing with reference to environmental justice. ecosystem services tend to benef 
ith reference to environmental justice. ecosystem services tend to benefit some stakeholders mo 
ecosystem services tend to benefit some stakeholders more than others. decision making in ecosy 
fit some stakeholders more than others. decision making in ecosystem management is likely to in 
rs more than others. decision making in ecosystem management is likely to involve some more tha 
ses anticipated can the involved social tradeoffs be mapped, just as ecological tradeoffs betwe 
tradeoffs be mapped, just as ecological tradeoffs between competing environmental services, to  
 ecological tradeoffs between competing environmental services, to support ecosystem conservati 
ting environmental services, to support ecosystem conservation and poverty alleviation recognit 
onmental services, to support ecosystem conservation and poverty alleviation recognition of eco 
, to support ecosystem conservation and poverty alleviation recognition of ecological and socia 
on recognition of ecological and social tradeoffs is a crucial precondition for just ecosystem  
offs is a crucial precondition for just ecosystem management, i.e. ecosystem management that di 
ion for just ecosystem management, i.e. ecosystem management that distributes ecosystem service 
. ecosystem management that distributes ecosystem services fairly and includes all stakeholders 
system services fairly and includes all stakeholders in decision making. the proposed research  
fairly and includes all stakeholders in decision making. the proposed research serves the overa 
es the overarching goal to promote just ecosystem management as a new and innovative concept. t 
llustrate key justice dimensions in the management of selected coastal and terrestrial ecosyste 
ent of selected coastal and terrestrial ecosystems in china, india and central africa. the proj 
d coastal and terrestrial ecosystems in china, india and central africa. the project is intende 
al and terrestrial ecosystems in china, india and central africa. the project is intended to in 
 ecosystems in china, india and central africa. the project is intended to influence future res 
cademic fields on the feedbacks between ecosystem services and human wellbeing. the conceptual  
ith research conducted in other fields. conservation biologists will recognise new ways to inte 
 recognise new ways to integrate social tradeoffs into their analyses by looking at the distrib 
s into their analyses by looking at the distribution of ecosystem services among stakeholders,  
lyses by looking at the distribution of ecosystem services among stakeholders, and by attending 
istribution of ecosystem services among stakeholders, and by attending to the participation of  
g stakeholders, and by attending to the participation of different stakeholders in decisions ov 
nding to the participation of different stakeholders in decisions over ecosystems. political ec 
ifferent stakeholders in decisions over ecosystems. political economists will benefit from the  
 from the system-based understanding of nature and the attention to ecological tradeoffs. ecolo 
 nature and the attention to ecological tradeoffs. ecological economists will gain important in 
ts will gain important insights for the development of new valuation methods which respond to u 
ant insights for the development of new valuation methods which respond to underlying social in 
ial inequalities and capture ecological tradeoffs. in this way, the research will make a critic 
ill make a critical contribution to the development of new interdisciplinary understanding of t 
derstanding of the relationship between ecosystems and human wellbeing that acknowledges the si 
ecological, social and socio-ecological tradeoffs equally. just ecosystem management will direc 
ocio-ecological tradeoffs equally. just ecosystem management will directly benefit poor and soc 
socially excluded people dependent upon ecosystem services living in developing countries. equi 
ving in developing countries. equitable distribution will strengthen the contributions of ecosy 
on will strengthen the contributions of ecosystem services to poverty alleviation, with particu 
 contributions of ecosystem services to poverty alleviation, with particular benefits accruing  
 dependent on these services. inclusive decision making in ecosystem management will allow part 
 services. inclusive decision making in ecosystem management will allow participation by stakeh 
king in ecosystem management will allow participation by stakeholders typically excluded due to 
 management will allow participation by stakeholders typically excluded due to differences in w 
nces in wealth, race, gender, etc. just ecosystem management will facilitate stakeholders to re 
st ecosystem management will facilitate stakeholders to recognise, deliberate and respond to ec 
ecological, social and socio-ecological tradeoffs together. the project will promote just ecosy 
together. the project will promote just ecosystem management by engaging uk and international p 
gement by engaging uk and international policy-making organisations, policy-making organisation 
ernational policy-making organisations, policy-making organisations in china, india and central 
sations, policy-making organisations in china, india and central africa and organisations imple 
, policy-making organisations in china, india and central africa and organisations implementing 
ganisations in china, india and central africa and organisations implementing conservation and  
l africa and organisations implementing conservation and development projects in the three site 
nisations implementing conservation and development projects in the three sites of yunnan, oris 
2173 5           the laminaria hyperborea kelp forests and its associated biodiversity are under press 
erborea kelp forests and its associated biodiversity are under pressure by kelp trawling, grazi 
ty are under pressure by kelp trawling, grazing by sea urchins, changing climate interactions a 
wling, grazing by sea urchins, changing climate interactions and develop predictive models for  
 and develop predictive models for kelp forest structure and its associated species along expos 
14907 18 esses in the dynamic and functioning of mediterranean pastures. from this conceptual reference  
f factors such as rainfall variability, soil resource availability for plants, and herbivory at 
l resource availability for plants, and herbivory at a medium and long term, b to study plant s 
c, trying to identify the most relevant functional traits to explain ecosystem functioning, c t 
t relevant functional traits to explain ecosystem functioning, c to apply an ecological-evoluti 
onary perspective to explain changes in species composition in pastures, d to investigate the i 
n of two main components of the pasture stability: resistance and resilience, e to elaborate an 
in components of the pasture stability: resistance and resilience, e to elaborate an integrated 
f the pasture stability: resistance and resilience, e to elaborate an integrated model about th 
esilience, e to elaborate an integrated model about the functioning and management of iberian m 
egrated model about the functioning and management of iberian mediterranean pastures able to ac 
e functioning and management of iberian mediterranean pastures able to act as a basis for the s 
e to act as a basis for the sustainable management of these communities and compatible with nat 
f these communities and compatible with nature conservation. in order to address these objectiv 
ield experiments, two of them placed in spain and one in usa. such data sets allow us to analys 
 two of them placed in spain and one in usa. such data sets allow us to analyse the slow respon 
llow us to analyse the slow response of ecosystem components with a slow turnover rates. long d 
ales. this is crucial when dealing with ecosystem maintained by exploitation .  
7395 5 rong examples of non- neutrality of the diversity of genes digestion and energy metabolism in t 
of the diversity of genes digestion and energy metabolism in the animal kingdom, this project a 
diversity of genes digestion and energy metabolism in the animal kingdom, this project aims to  
study, crassostrea gigas oysters in the diversity of other key genes. these results contribute  
 genetic improvement of this species of aquaculture interest  
11009 9  old is a central topic in evolutionary ecology. since bodies self-repair, why cannot every org 
 however, this conventional view of the evolution of ageing is incomplete, because it omits soc 
s related group-mates. this affects the evolution of lifespan and ageing through kin selection, 
mmon. an example is the case, common in nature, of a parent whose death releases a resource, su 
ill gain greater fitness from offspring production than from keeping the queen alive and rearin 
e second is that, at or approaching the threshold when the queen is selected to cede control of 
 we will confirm that genes known to be indicators of ageing in other social insects act likewi 
be indicators of ageing in other social insects act likewise in b. terrestris. we will then tes 
fects ageing. the work should therefore yield results of value and relevance to several discipl 
11232 9  old is a central topic in evolutionary ecology. since bodies self-repair, why cannot every org 
 however, this conventional view of the evolution of ageing is incomplete, because it omits soc 
s related group-mates. this affects the evolution of lifespan and ageing through kin selection, 
mmon. an example is the case, common in nature, of a parent whose death releases a resource, su 
ill gain greater fitness from offspring production than from keeping the queen alive and rearin 
e second is that, at or approaching the threshold when the queen is selected to cede control of 
 we will confirm that genes known to be indicators of ageing in other social insects act likewi 
be indicators of ageing in other social insects act likewise in b. terrestris. we will then tes 
fects ageing. the work should therefore yield results of value and relevance to several discipl 
14666 5 st line. our aim is to characterize the biodiversity of the kinorhynch fauna, with the descript 
n biogeographical conclusions about the distribution and relationships of the species and other 
prove the knowledge of the meiofauna in spain, a poorly known research field which is revealing 
s a cornerstone in the understanding of marine benthic communities. in addition, the developmen 
e benthic communities. in addition, the development of the project will allow the stablishment  
15175 4 almeria. our aim is to characterize the biodiversity of the kinorhynch fauna, with the descript 
ition zone between the atlantic and the mediterranean seas. all these will improve the knowledg 
prove the knowledge of the meiofauna in spain, a poorly known research field which is revealing 
s a cornerstone in the understanding of marine benthic communities. in addition, the project wi 
13343 10                         knowledge about biodiversity and ecosystem services is well advanced in 
       knowledge about biodiversity and ecosystem services is well advanced in the european sci 
ell advanced in the european scientific community, as demonstrated by many excellent projects a 
, on the global as well as the european scale, there is a failure to communicate the knowledge  
mmunicate the knowledge gained into the policy-making process and society as a whole. such comm 
dge is accessible and that all existing biodiversity research communities and other knowledge h 
n a network structure that is linked to decision making bodies. the overall objective of the pr 
p a recommended design for a scientific biodiversity network of knowledge . wp6 takes care of p 
f knowledge . wp6 takes care of project management, and will ensure international cooperation a 
clients of the network and the research community.  
7219 8 s is characterized by a rich and unique biodiversity, with endemism rate exceeding 70 % in some 
by a rich and unique biodiversity, with endemism rate exceeding 70 % in some groups. these isla 
. these islands are experiencing strong degradation of natural habitats, undisturbed forests re 
dation of natural habitats, undisturbed forests representing only a few isolated fragments, mos 
o meet these degradations, a network of protected areas was created and mayotte is planned on t 
ros nor the relevance of the network of protected areas nont assessed on other groups that the  
rtheless constitute quune small part of biodiversity. relying on little-known groups, and part  
s collected shall be deposited in local institutions. sig developed during this project will be 
12423 14 , with the ultimate aim of providing an assessment toolbox for the development and implementati 
providing an assessment toolbox for the development and implementation of emerging eu policy, a 
pment and implementation of emerging eu policy, at both a regional sea scale and within member  
rging eu policy, at both a regional sea scale and within member states exclusive economic zones 
the ospar region, covering for example: marine mammals; cold water ecology and biodiversity; an 
ering for example: marine mammals; cold water ecology and biodiversity; and, socio-economic fac 
for example: marine mammals; cold water ecology and biodiversity; and, socio-economic factors i 
 marine mammals; cold water ecology and biodiversity; and, socio-economic factors involved in w 
-economic factors involved in wind farm development. the assessment toolbox - developed through 
 involved in wind farm development. the assessment toolbox - developed through regional liason  
roject advisory board - will be used to model the economic and social impacts of changes to eco 
e used to model the economic and social impacts of changes to ecosystem goods and services, and 
onomic and social impacts of changes to ecosystem goods and services, and the costs and benefit 
 available through existing or proposed policy instruments.  
7468 12 e analysis to investigate mismatches of scale. knowledge created through the fp6 european lifes 
through the fp6 european lifestyles and marine ecosystems project, augmented with necessary new 
 the fp6 european lifestyles and marine ecosystems project, augmented with necessary new studie 
augmented with necessary new studies of climate effects, fisheries and maritime industries - in 
cessary new studies of climate effects, fisheries and maritime industries - in eez case studies 
n causes. new research will examine and model economic and social impacts of changes to ecosyst 
l examine and model economic and social impacts of changes to ecosystem goods and services and  
onomic and social impacts of changes to ecosystem goods and services and costs and benefits of  
vices and costs and benefits of various management options available through existing and propo 
available through existing and proposed policy instruments. institutional and social analysis w 
rmine conflicts of interest and examine governance as well as stakeholder values and perception 
nance as well as stakeholder values and perceptions.  
459 9 is characterized by a rich and original biodiversity, with an endemic level capable of exceedin 
these islands are subject to an intense degradation of natural habitats, undisturbed forests re 
dation of natural habitats, undisturbed forests representing only a few isolated fragments, mos 
to face these degradations a network of protected areas has been set up in mayotte and is at pl 
as has been set up in mayotte and is at planning stage on three other islands. still, neither t 
ro, nor the relevance of the network of protected areas have been evaluated other than on other 
hese only represent a small part of the biodiversity. relying on less known groups , and a part 
the assessed data will be sent to local institutions. the gis set up during this project will b 
will be sent to local institutions. the gis set up during this project will be handed over to a 
10544 6                  pharmaceuticals in the environment potentially have wide reaching deleterious  
entially have wide reaching deleterious impacts on wildlife and possibly humans, and are at the 
ve wide reaching deleterious impacts on wildlife and possibly humans, and are at the top of the 
sibly humans, and are at the top of the environment agency s agenda for environmental pollution 
nment agency s agenda for environmental pollution. population level declines in wildlife have r 
pollution. population level declines in wildlife have resulted from exposure to pharmaceuticals 
7015 49                           the microbial food web plays a central role in most aquatic systems,  
tic systems, with on average 40% of the carbon fixed through primary production flowing through 
average 40% of the carbon fixed through primary production flowing through bacteria in the phot 
ough primary production flowing through bacteria in the photic zone. in the antarctic, the impo 
arctic, the importance of the microbial food web is greatest during in the fall and winter, whe 
est during in the fall and winter, when primary production is minimal and the food web is net h 
n primary production is minimal and the food web is net heterotrophic. the central question of  
sal is, to what degree is the microbial food web in the antarctic connected to the classic food 
 the antarctic connected to the classic food web, and what is the role of biodiversity in modul 
assic food web, and what is the role of biodiversity in modulating this connection it is well e 
 connection it is well established that predation can alter the diversity of prey communities,  
stablished that predation can alter the diversity of prey communities, and this can reduce the  
ties, and this can reduce the impact of predators on total prey biomass: less predation-vulnera 
e the impact of predators on total prey biomass: less predation-vulnerable species increase as  
f predators on total prey biomass: less predation-vulnerable species increase as the competitiv 
 proposed that this interaction between predation and biodiversity of the prey is dependant on  
 this interaction between predation and biodiversity of the prey is dependant on the productivi 
versity of the prey is dependant on the productivity of the system. in less productive systems, 
m. in less productive systems, moderate predation pressure will have less of a positive impact  
 have less of a positive impact on prey biodiversity, while at very low productivity, the same  
on prey biodiversity, while at very low productivity, the same predation pressure may actually  
hile at very low productivity, the same predation pressure may actually reduce biodiversity. it 
 predation pressure may actually reduce biodiversity. it is often difficult to show strong conn 
tions between the microbial and classic food webs, with changing biomass in upper trophic level 
al and classic food webs, with changing biomass in upper trophic levels having little or no eff 
otrophic and autotrophic flagellates or bacteria of the microbial food web. preliminary work by 
lagellates or bacteria of the microbial food web. preliminary work by the applicant showed that 
 late fall, removing almost all ciliate biomass through predation by the furcilia larvae of kri 
ving almost all ciliate biomass through predation by the furcilia larvae of krill had no measur 
for this is, that there were changes in abundance of individual species, but not in the communi 
e of individual species, but not in the community as a whole. it is proposed to test these hypo 
stral summer and early fall, as primary productivity is declining. the applicant will take part 
m 10 february to 11 april 2006. surface water samples will be amended with a range of abundance 
 cyclopid copepods. this will allow the grazing rates of the added predators on the entire prey 
ll allow the grazing rates of the added predators on the entire prey community to be measured.  
 the added predators on the entire prey community to be measured. moreover, this will allow pre 
 be measured. moreover, this will allow predator effects on prey diversity to be measured over  
his will allow predator effects on prey diversity to be measured over a broad range of predatio 
ty to be measured over a broad range of predation pressures. biodiversity will be measured with 
r a broad range of predation pressures. biodiversity will be measured with both morphological a 
mid-february to early april, as primary productivity declines. in this way, the interaction of  
clines. in this way, the interaction of predation and productivity on biodiversity within the m 
s way, the interaction of predation and productivity on biodiversity within the microbial food  
action of predation and productivity on biodiversity within the microbial food web can be exami 
ty on biodiversity within the microbial food web can be examined. the proposed experiments will 
nsight on how the microbial and classic food webs in the antarctic are connected, on how krill  
d sources at times of declining primary productivity, and on how changes in biodiversity affect 
ary productivity, and on how changes in biodiversity affect ecosystem functioning.  
d on how changes in biodiversity affect ecosystem functioning.  
14599 7  observed in different places along the mediterranean sea, and their negatives effects over fis 
n sea, and their negatives effects over fishing and tourists activities have made necessary the 
 present and futures of the lagoon, its modelling, and the following of the measures arisen fro 
lowing of the measures arisen from that model. so that the present project aims to estimate the 
he present project aims to estimate the nutrients dynamic in the lagoon, establishing benthos c 
nts dynamic in the lagoon, establishing benthos contribution and main source of inputs from out 
r menor, as in hydrodynamic aspects and water quality as in trophic aspects, using the wide inf 
10033 7 alth of information, both as records of carbon cycling in the environment and as a basis for al 
oth as records of carbon cycling in the environment and as a basis for all 14c dating. the holo 
s tree leaf fossils which are free from marine reservoir effects, recovered from the annually l 
so produce quantitatively reconstructed climate changes of the monsoon regions for the last 150 
nderstanding past changes in the global carbon cycle. the project will also contribute to hypot 
 testing about the causal mechanisms of climate change, especially concerning the relative timi 
rth atlantic, antarctica and many other marine and terrestrial records through the last glacial 
10783 7 alth of information, both as records of carbon cycling in the environment and as a basis for al 
oth as records of carbon cycling in the environment and as a basis for all 14c dating. the holo 
s tree leaf fossils which are free from marine reservoir effects, recovered from the annually l 
so produce quantitatively reconstructed climate changes of the monsoon regions for the last 150 
nderstanding past changes in the global carbon cycle. the project will also contribute to hypot 
 testing about the causal mechanisms of climate change, especially concerning the relative timi 
rth atlantic, antarctica and many other marine and terrestrial records through the last glacial 
11559 7 alth of information, both as records of carbon cycling in the environment and as a basis for al 
oth as records of carbon cycling in the environment and as a basis for all 14c dating. the holo 
s tree leaf fossils which are free from marine reservoir effects, recovered from the annually l 
so produce quantitatively reconstructed climate changes of the monsoon regions for the last 150 
nderstanding past changes in the global carbon cycle. the project will also contribute to hypot 
 testing about the causal mechanisms of climate change, especially concerning the relative timi 
rth atlantic, antarctica and many other marine and terrestrial records through the last glacial 
10751 16 ase family as a marker for defining the distribution and diversity of mobile genetic elements,  
arker for defining the distribution and diversity of mobile genetic elements, primarily tempera 
ly temperate phages, in a population of freshwater bacteria. studies on virus interaction with  
e phages, in a population of freshwater bacteria. studies on virus interaction with bacterial p 
te on lytic phages and their effects on population dynamics. however, temperate phages, where l 
 equivalent, if not greater role in the evolution and adaptation of bacterial populations: this 
f not greater role in the evolution and adaptation of bacterial populations: this will be the f 
plasticity, allowing rapid responses to environmental change, notably where they promote genome 
ied in both gram-positive and -negative bacteria and used potentially as markers for monitoring 
ria and used potentially as markers for monitoring transfer and evolution of mobile genetic ele 
 as markers for monitoring transfer and evolution of mobile genetic elements. we will ask the f 
nes be used to monitor the activity and diversity lysogenic phages in freshwater; what is the e 
ivity and diversity lysogenic phages in freshwater; what is the extent and role of temperate ph 
nt and role of temperate phages in this environment; what is the relationship between such phag 
site, since it is a relatively enclosed environment and we already have extensive data, stored  
ored cultures and dna samples from this water.  
11475 15 ase family as a marker for defining the distribution and diversity of mobile genetic elements,  
arker for defining the distribution and diversity of mobile genetic elements, primarily tempera 
ly temperate phages, in a population of freshwater bacteria. studies on virus interaction with  
e phages, in a population of freshwater bacteria. studies on virus interaction with bacterial p 
te on lytic phages and their effects on population dynamics. however, temperate phages, where l 
 equivalent, if not greater role in the evolution and adaptation of bacterial populations: this 
f not greater role in the evolution and adaptation of bacterial populations: this will be the f 
plasticity, allowing rapid responses to environmental change, notably where they promote genome 
ied in both gram-positive and -negative bacteria and used potentially as markers for monitoring 
ria and used potentially as markers for monitoring transfer and evolution of mobile genetic ele 
 as markers for monitoring transfer and evolution of mobile genetic elements. we will ask the f 
nes be used to monitor the activity and diversity lysogenic phages in freshwater; what is the e 
ivity and diversity lysogenic phages in freshwater; what is the extent and role of temperate ph 
nt and role of temperate phages in this environment; what is the relationship between such phag 
site, since it is a relatively enclosed environment and we already have extensive data, stored  
2171 15    we will use the framework of current food web theory for elucidating two likely cascading ec 
ry for elucidating two likely cascading ecosystem impacts of reindeer overabundance in finnmark 
cidating two likely cascading ecosystem impacts of reindeer overabundance in finnmark. one casc 
de we predict to be induced by loss and fragmentation of riparian willow habitats due to reinde 
be induced by loss and fragmentation of riparian willow habitats due to reindeer overbrowsing,  
browsing, which in turn lead to loss of biodiversity and ecosystem functions. the other cascade 
n turn lead to loss of biodiversity and ecosystem functions. the other cascade we predict to be 
bsidy of reindeer carrion to generalist predators in winter. this predator subsidy effects, lik 
to generalist predators in winter. this predator subsidy effects, likely to result from reindee 
de, working though increased generalist predation on vulnerable wildlife as well as a negative  
ased generalist predation on vulnerable wildlife as well as a negative feedback on reindeer pro 
well as a negative feedback on reindeer productivity though calf predation. the two cascades ar 
ck on reindeer productivity though calf predation. the two cascades are likely to be coupled an 
ical project design consisting of large-scale hypothesis-targeted surveys, combined with in dep 
urrent decline of certain alpine/arctic wildlife species in fennoscandia as well as provide new 
7259 8   the first results obtained on aquatic food web freshwater antilles to show that it is based a 
st results obtained on aquatic food web freshwater antilles to show that it is based a signific 
rt on exogenous organic inputs from the watershed. it comes to sales, in a rich and diverse aqu 
to sales, in a rich and diverse aquatic environment, the role played by carbon from terrestrial 
aquatic environment, the role played by carbon from terrestrial sources in the diet of species  
 the diet of species of crustaceans and fish. a comparison of these acquisitions and the first  
tions and the first results obtained on carbon sources used by the species in the course of a w 
 used by the species in the course of a watershed heavily modified by man will be  
13984 19                                         ecosystems are intimately linked with other ecosystems  
ystems are intimately linked with other ecosystems through exchanges of nutrients and organisms 
h other ecosystems through exchanges of nutrients and organisms. seas impact land systems and f 
hwaters their terrestrial surroundings. streams are fueled by autumnal leaf fall and terrestria 
d by autumnal leaf fall and terrestrial insects provide food for fish. the reverse flow from wa 
nd terrestrial insects provide food for fish. the reverse flow from water to land is much less  
de food for fish. the reverse flow from water to land is much less understood but likely to be  
kely to be equally important. masses of insects develop in freshwater but spend their adult lif 
important. masses of insects develop in freshwater but spend their adult life on land feeding,  
this project blackflies will be used as model organisms. they develop in running waters and adu 
uire a blood meal to develop eggs. when rivers are regulated for hydropower blackfly breeding h 
ovides a unique opportunity, as a large-scale experiment, to asses the importance of mass-occur 
 asses the importance of mass-occurring insects by comparing processes along regulated rivers w 
 by comparing processes along regulated rivers with those along free-flowing ones . different r 
ed including direct effects as food for predators and indirect effects on terrestrial herbivore 
irect effects as food for predators and indirect effects on terrestrial herbivores and their ho 
lants. whether blackflies contribute to pollination will also be investigated. bilberries are i 
roducers that attract blackflies. their pollinators, bumblebees, might be forced to visit many  
blackflies are massive and then enhance pollination.  
2471 14 this project is to produce knowledge on perceptions and attitudes related to the commercializat 
 in a broader trend toward expansion of nature-based tourism, and to describe and analyse manif 
 trend toward expansion of nature-based tourism, and to describe and analyse manifest and poten 
des of distributing rights of access to natural resources - and the manner in which they are pr 
tual conflicts over angling and hunting tourism. while many seem to welcome the economic potent 
the economic potentials of this type of tourism, there is also a fear of increased prizes, pres 
striction of access will threaten local participation and control over nature resources and the 
en local participation and control over nature resources and the landscape one identifies with. 
d control over nature resources and the landscape one identifies with. whether or not such effe 
oblems may exist mostly at the level of perceptions that is not shared by everyone within a com 
that is not shared by everyone within a community. axes of controversy are probably several, li 
sy are probably several, like e.g. like urban/rural, local/outsider, traditionalist/modernist.  
ject relates to questions of changes in participation in outdoor recreation. the question of ho 
 of changes in participation in outdoor recreation. the question of how to achieve a balance be 
2525 17 ed by a fungus presumably introduced to europe relatively recently, is threatening the tree on  
s threatening the tree on a continental scale. norway represents the currently expanding fronti 
the currently expanding frontier of the disease, and the aim of this proposal is to provide key 
 causative agent, genetic structure and disease resistance of norwegian ash populations. no pri 
ve agent, genetic structure and disease resistance of norwegian ash populations. no prior infor 
rovide us vital information to evaluate conservation efforts. by sampling primarily within the  
forts. by sampling primarily within the nature reserves present in norway, the survey will yiel 
rves present in norway, the survey will yield valuable data for evaluation of migration and gen 
the survey will yield valuable data for evaluation of migration and gene flow among these popul 
l yield valuable data for evaluation of migration and gene flow among these populations, as wel 
 implicated a genetic component in host resistance towards ash dieback. as there is clustering  
re, the data will be passed down to the management authorities to be used in developing sustain 
es to be used in developing sustainable management plans for ash in nature reserves in norway.  
sustainable management plans for ash in nature reserves in norway. in conclusion, the project w 
ribute to maintenance of ash-associated biodiversity, sustainable management of ash stands and  
sh-associated biodiversity, sustainable management of ash stands and disease-free propagation o 
ustainable management of ash stands and disease-free propagation of the tree.  
2543 19 ed deer is the most abundant large wild grazing herbivore in norway, but we do not know how imp 
y, but we do not know how important the grazing factor it is for the development of patterns an 
ortant the grazing factor it is for the development of patterns and processes in norwegian land 
 and processes in norwegian landscapes. nature conservationists have raised concerns that the g 
at the growing deer population may harm biodiversity and ecological processes. such knowledge r 
eriments were created by establishing a grazing exclosure and an ungulate grazed control area p 
e. we have also estimated a gradient in grazing intensity by monitoring the presence of pellet  
ated a gradient in grazing intensity by monitoring the presence of pellet groups. this gradient 
pproach adds the possibility to connect grazing effects to indirect density measures of deer th 
 to connect grazing effects to indirect density measures of deer that cannot be attained by exp 
mental data alone. detailed sampling of vegetation has been performed in permanent plots since  
ce 2001. information on dynamics of all forest layers, as well as key plant species will have t 
will broaden the generated knowledge to indirect effects of deer grazing. this will include ana 
d knowledge to indirect effects of deer grazing. this will include analysis of population dynam 
 grazing. this will include analysis of population dynamics of a dominant and ecological import 
 important plant species in relation to grazing and resources and indirect effects on the inver 
n relation to grazing and resources and indirect effects on the invertebrate community by a net 
nd indirect effects on the invertebrate community by a network approach and by testing edibilit 
e transfer of knowledge from science to wildlife managers, a prime motivation for this project. 
2519 27                                         nature resource management is often characterised with  
                        nature resource management is often characterised with high level of co 
between the local and national level in management and between interest groups in interpreation 
iciaption means. however, neither local participation nor sustainable development are clearly a 
owever, neither local participation nor sustainable development are clearly and well defined te 
edge on local managament, compare local management models and develop models for adaptiv manage 
t models and develop models for adaptiv management. we ask: what forms of local management appr 
management. we ask: what forms of local management approach is to be found in international lit 
ferent models to what extent does local management manage to solve conflicts and find a sustain 
tainable balance between protection and development how can new and dynamic models based on ada 
how can new and dynamic models based on adaptive management improve local management, sustainab 
ed on adaptive management improve local management, sustainable development and participation t 
ve management improve local management, sustainable development and participation the research  
management, sustainable development and participation the research is interdisiplinary and incl 
ical research we will compare different management models such as local regional parks and loca 
 such as local regional parks and local management of protected areas in mountain regions in no 
 regional parks and local management of protected areas in mountain regions in norway. the case 
way. the cases will be compared with co-management models as in alaksa and local participation  
anagement models as in alaksa and local participation in state management as in sweden and regi 
alaksa and local participation in state management as in sweden and regional parks/adaptiv mana 
participation in state management as in sweden and regional parks/adaptiv management in switzer 
as in sweden and regional parks/adaptiv management in switzerland. the research is organized in 
dules: a critical approach to different management models; a comparison of management models an 
rent management models; a comparison of management models and its practice in norway and sweden 
t models and its practice in norway and sweden; where we also learn from adaptive models in swi 
rn from adaptive models in switzerland; development of adaptive management models. the project  
e models in switzerland; development of adaptive management models. the project gives high atte 
2155 3 erimental studies in contrasting alpine ecosystems grazing management.  
tudies in contrasting alpine ecosystems grazing management.  
n contrasting alpine ecosystems grazing management.  
2544 16 een addressed so far within the current management regimes, and how such issues will be handled 
 be handled when current reforms of the management regimes have been finalized. on this basis,  
lyze whether there are gaps between the management regimes and norwegian international commitme 
measures that can be taken to bring the management regimes into compliance with norwegian inter 
s address the current status and future development of norwegian management regimes for protect 
tus and future development of norwegian management regimes for protected areas. another part of 
ent of norwegian management regimes for protected areas. another part of the project will addre 
ct will address internationalization of protected areas, ranging from the consequences of assig 
igning formal international status to a protected area to the increasing international interest 
ernational interest in and relevance of management of protected areas. while this part of the p 
erest in and relevance of management of protected areas. while this part of the project will an 
e this part of the project will analyze management of protected areas from the perspective of i 
 the project will analyze management of protected areas from the perspective of international i 
s from the perspective of international institutions and international law, it will focus on is 
een reflected in the existing norwegian management regime, examine whether there are gaps withi 
and international interests through the management regime. we intend to carry out comparative s 
2520 17 the functional significance of red deer migration for an invasive species, the tick, and vice v 
gnificance of red deer migration for an invasive species, the tick, and vice versa at the altit 
tick, and vice versa at the altitudinal colonization border. the red deer are currently regarde 
norway. alongside this increase in deer density, it is a common perception that the ticks incre 
n perception that the ticks increase in abundance and distribution. the role of animal space us 
hat the ticks increase in abundance and distribution. the role of animal space use for tick dis 
. the role of animal space use for tick distribution are less well understood. seasonal migrati 
tion are less well understood. seasonal migration by red deer may potentially play a key role f 
ay potentially play a key role for tick distribution. equally true, the role of parasites for p 
true, the role of parasites for partial migration pattern in large herbivores have been largely 
 can carry and transmit agents of human colonization of higher altitude areas, for which ticks  
m ears of gps-marked animals with known migration tactics and body mass, enabling a study of th 
ionship between tick load and migratory behavior and performance. in wp3, we link disease in ti 
havior and performance. in wp3, we link disease in ticks to migratory behavior and performance  
, we link disease in ticks to migratory behavior and performance of red deer. this will give im 
. this will give important insight into distribution of ticks and a potential role of red deer  
of ticks and their diseases by seasonal migration.  
2521 20 egian government has initiated regional planning an instrument for wild reindeer regions as in  
tect wild reindeer lands against future habitat loss to piecemeal development. reindeer is a vu 
gainst future habitat loss to piecemeal development. reindeer is a vulnerable high value resour 
ue resources increasingly threatened by development. the current species management is no longe 
ned by development. the current species management is no longer sufficient to face challenges r 
ufficient to face challenges related to land use and development. the project focuses on and re 
face challenges related to land use and development. the project focuses on and regional land p 
he project focuses on and regional land planning as an instrument for the new wild reindeer reg 
gions. it will examine whether regional planning is a sufficient tool for the wild reindeer man 
a sufficient tool for the wild reindeer management, and to what extent the planning system is c 
deer management, and to what extent the planning system is capable of developing a more compreh 
ping a more comprehensive wild reindeer policy we have selected the mountain systems of souther 
he last populations of wild reindeer in europe. the up-scaling from local to regional level man 
up-scaling from local to regional level management are a formidable challenge with the ultimate 
on of highly valued resources. regional planning is a weak planning institution, but have been  
 resources. regional planning is a weak planning institution, but have been recently strengthen 
legally binding regional plans for land development. this is a large scale experiment where we  
s for land development. this is a large scale experiment where we can examine how such national 
 where we can examine how such national policy and interventions can be a toolbox in more susta 
ns can be a toolbox in more sustainable natural resource management.  
2545 20 ical rainforest plays a key role in our climate and needs to be protected. norway contributes f 
rway contributes financially to several redd efforts, and effective monitoring of deforestation 
 to several redd efforts, and effective monitoring of deforestation is an important task. howev 
dd efforts, and effective monitoring of deforestation is an important task. however, persistent 
 however, persistent cloud cover in the tropics often prevent reliable monitoring by optical se 
r in the tropics often prevent reliable monitoring by optical sensors. the main objective of th 
e of this project is to improve current monitoring by developing new methods using cloud-penetr 
trating sar satellite imagery to detect deforestation and forest degradation. norut is involved 
ite imagery to detect deforestation and forest degradation. norut is involved in several tropic 
gery to detect deforestation and forest degradation. norut is involved in several tropical fore 
gradation. norut is involved in several tropical forest monitoring projects are in orbit. we wi 
 is involved in several tropical forest monitoring projects are in orbit. we will evaluate thes 
ty and their performance for rainforest monitoring. we will collect historical optical and sar  
e sar signatures of different states of forest in order to establish statistical relationships  
 to develop new detection methods using change detection, feature detection and classification  
change detection, feature detection and classification techniques that will be included in noru 
ues that will be included in noruts sar monitoring system. the idea is to complement inpes curr 
the idea is to complement inpes current monitoring systems for the amazon and to contribute in  
npes current monitoring systems for the amazon and to contribute in the establishment of monito 
d to contribute in the establishment of monitoring systems in the congo basin through osfac. ca 
2540 19                                 various management tools and economic incentives have been used 
           various management tools and economic incentives have been used to reduce the increa 
by migratory geese wintering/staging in europe. most schemes appear to be coordinated locally o 
 cost-effective, long-term and regional management that safeguards goose conservation and leads 
gional management that safeguards goose conservation and leads to a solution of the conflict. f 
 furthermore, there has been no overall evaluation of the effectiveness of management and lesso 
rall evaluation of the effectiveness of management and lessons learned have not been systematic 
 to tune the broader aims of population management. in this project we aim to provide input to  
 more holistic and adaptive approach to management, where scientists, managers and users collab 
 managers and users collaborate to make management decisions. under such an integrated approach 
ation expected to be most useful to the management decisions. similarly, science is focused on  
ypotheses about the system responses to management actions. observed responses of the system ar 
es of the system are then used to adapt management which will then, in turn, form the basis for 
ge linked to develop instruments for an adaptive management of conflicting migratory goose popu 
countable and rigorous experimental and modelling tools, including species distribution, and re 
 and modelling tools, including species distribution, and resource depletion models as well as  
nity to choose the best among available management initiatives to balance ecological, economic, 
nistrative feasibility of setting up an adaptive management framework will be evaluated based o 
 an analysis of the conflict situation, decision-making processes and stakeholder interests and 
2524 24         in spite of extensive amount of forest biodiversity research in fennoscandia, the exact 
 in spite of extensive amount of forest biodiversity research in fennoscandia, the exact mechan 
s declines are still poorly understood. forests are the most important habitat for red-listed s 
erstood. forests are the most important habitat for red-listed species, and the effects of fore 
 red-listed species, and the effects of forestry are the primary cause of species becoming thre 
ntangle those species of aphyllophorous fungi that have and have not responded negatively to fo 
ve and have not responded negatively to forest management and fragmentation. the ecology and di 
ded negatively to forest management and fragmentation. the ecology and distribution of many dea 
orest management and fragmentation. the ecology and distribution of many dead-wood dependent fu 
ment and fragmentation. the ecology and distribution of many dead-wood dependent fungal species 
ular focus on how species' life-history traits are linked with their vulnerability to the effec 
fe-history traits are linked with their vulnerability to the effects of forestry. this will ena 
h their vulnerability to the effects of forestry. this will enable the assessment of conservati 
fects of forestry. this will enable the assessment of conservation needs and the prediction of  
try. this will enable the assessment of conservation needs and the prediction of future populat 
ormation is critical for the design and development of scientifically informed and cost-effecti 
entifically informed and cost-effective conservation measures. we will study the occurrence of  
y the occurrence of dead-wood dependent fungi as fruit bodies, mycelia and spores in isolated a 
d spores in isolated and well-connected forests. we will also examine the variation in intraspe 
 examine the variation in intraspecific genetic diversity and its effects to the viability of p 
direct measurements of the mycelial and dispersal stages. we will produce systematic and unbias 
tematic and unbiased information on the distribution and abundance of the entire fungal communi 
sed information on the distribution and abundance of the entire fungal community, including a l 
tion and abundance of the entire fungal community, including a large number of threatened and d 
2523 14   there is an urgent need for long-term biodiversity data to assist in the prediction of future 
a to assist in the prediction of future biodiversity changes in response to global change. long 
ure biodiversity changes in response to global change. long-term ecological data such as pollen 
ve estimates for the last 8000 years of richness, evenness, composition, and turnover, the majo 
es for the last 8000 years of richness, evenness, composition, and turnover, the major componen 
, and turnover, the major components of biodiversity that determine the functional traits of ec 
ents of biodiversity that determine the functional traits of ecosystems. such estimates are bia 
that determine the functional traits of ecosystems. such estimates are biased, and this project 
 estimation of these four components of biodiversity at sites situated in the major vegetation  
iversity at sites situated in the major vegetation zones in fennoscandia. it also attempts to c 
a. it also attempts to calibrate pollen richness and plant-species richness and to synthesise,  
 to calibrate pollen richness and plant-species richness and to synthesise, interpret, and mode 
hness and to synthesise, interpret, and model the biodiversity patterns in space and time.  
to synthesise, interpret, and model the biodiversity patterns in space and time.  
13571 12                              changes in land use have dramatically changed species composition  
s in land use have dramatically changed species composition in the agricultural landscape. howe 
ally changed species composition in the agricultural landscape. however, little is known about  
ing genetic variation in morphology and life history, and how genetic composition influences th 
 farinosa has decreased dramatically in sweden in recent years due to changes agricultural prac 
onstrated that scape length affects the risk of grazing damage, but also seed predation and pol 
d that scape length affects the risk of grazing damage, but also seed predation and pollination 
ts the risk of grazing damage, but also seed predation and pollination intensity. we will condu 
ing damage, but also seed predation and pollination intensity. we will conduct field experiment 
dies to explore the effects of physical environment and land use on intensity of biotic interac 
the effects of physical environment and land use on intensity of biotic interactions, selection 
differentiation in plant morphology and life history. the effects of genetic composition and bi 
2074 30  the relationships between human use of forest, natural ecosystem dynamics, biodiversity, ecosy 
ps between human use of forest, natural ecosystem dynamics, biodiversity, ecosystem function, a 
 of forest, natural ecosystem dynamics, biodiversity, ecosystem function, and long-term change  
tural ecosystem dynamics, biodiversity, ecosystem function, and long-term change of forest ecos 
ystem function, and long-term change of forest ecosystems are complex and occur at different sp 
unction, and long-term change of forest ecosystems are complex and occur at different spatial-  
the approach entails multi-disciplinary modeling involving forest ecology, forest history, arch 
s multi-disciplinary modeling involving forest ecology, forest history, archaeology, quantitati 
-disciplinary modeling involving forest ecology, forest history, archaeology, quantitative pala 
nary modeling involving forest ecology, forest history, archaeology, quantitative palaeoecology 
tive palaeoecology, population biology, economics, and stake holder involvement. observationall 
and experimentally assessed measures of habitat qualities, biodiversity, and ecosystem processe 
assessed measures of habitat qualities, biodiversity, and ecosystem processes will provide info 
of habitat qualities, biodiversity, and ecosystem processes will provide information on present 
will provide information on present-day ecosystem and landscape properties. combinations of sev 
nformation on present-day ecosystem and landscape properties. combinations of several retrospec 
. combinations of several retrospective vegetation history and archaeological methods will prov 
tural changes, human settlement, timber logging, grazing pressure, economics, and human well-be 
nges, human settlement, timber logging, grazing pressure, economics, and human well-being. the  
ment, timber logging, grazing pressure, economics, and human well-being. the project will there 
gging, grazing pressure, economics, and human well-being. the project will thereby be able to a 
 thereby be able to analyze patterns in biodiversity and ecosystem processes in relation to hum 
to analyze patterns in biodiversity and ecosystem processes in relation to human land-use and l 
cosystem processes in relation to human land-use and landscape history. the project will study  
esses in relation to human land-use and landscape history. the project will study forest landsc 
ndscape history. the project will study forest landscapes along east-western gradients in south 
south-and central norway, in particular forest landscapes close to oslo, where strong and diffe 
s are in conflict as regards the value, management, and use of the forests. the modeling approa 
s the value, management, and use of the forests. the modeling approach enables us to produce de 
management, and use of the forests. the modeling approach enables us to produce decision releva 
2087 30  the relationships between human use of forest, natural ecosystem dynamics, biodiversity, ecosy 
ps between human use of forest, natural ecosystem dynamics, biodiversity, ecosystem function, a 
 of forest, natural ecosystem dynamics, biodiversity, ecosystem function, and long-term change  
tural ecosystem dynamics, biodiversity, ecosystem function, and long-term change of forest ecos 
ystem function, and long-term change of forest ecosystems are complex and occur at different sp 
unction, and long-term change of forest ecosystems are complex and occur at different spatial-  
the approach entails multi-disciplinary modeling involving forest ecology, forest history, arch 
s multi-disciplinary modeling involving forest ecology, forest history, archaeology, quantitati 
-disciplinary modeling involving forest ecology, forest history, archaeology, quantitative pala 
nary modeling involving forest ecology, forest history, archaeology, quantitative palaeoecology 
tive palaeoecology, population biology, economics, and stake holder involvement. observationall 
and experimentally assessed measures of habitat qualities, biodiversity, and ecosystem processe 
assessed measures of habitat qualities, biodiversity, and ecosystem processes will provide info 
of habitat qualities, biodiversity, and ecosystem processes will provide information on present 
will provide information on present-day ecosystem and landscape properties. combinations of sev 
nformation on present-day ecosystem and landscape properties. combinations of several retrospec 
. combinations of several retrospective vegetation history and archaeological methods will prov 
tural changes, human settlement, timber logging, grazing pressure, economics, and human well-be 
nges, human settlement, timber logging, grazing pressure, economics, and human well-being. the  
ment, timber logging, grazing pressure, economics, and human well-being. the project will there 
gging, grazing pressure, economics, and human well-being. the project will thereby be able to a 
 thereby be able to analyze patterns in biodiversity and ecosystem processes in relation to hum 
to analyze patterns in biodiversity and ecosystem processes in relation to human land-use and l 
cosystem processes in relation to human land-use and landscape history. the project will study  
esses in relation to human land-use and landscape history. the project will study forest landsc 
ndscape history. the project will study forest landscapes along east-western gradients in south 
south-and central norway, in particular forest landscapes close to oslo, where strong and diffe 
s are in conflict as regards the value, management, and use of the forests. the modeling approa 
s the value, management, and use of the forests. the modeling approach enables us to produce de 
management, and use of the forests. the modeling approach enables us to produce decision releva 
13986 16                                    past land use and spatial pattern affect present plant biodi 
                      past land use and spatial pattern affect present plant biodiversity patte 
nd spatial pattern affect present plant biodiversity patterns. however, this has not been verif 
g human and physical geography, systems ecology and more empirical ecology. the overall objecti 
phy, systems ecology and more empirical ecology. the overall objective is to understand how pas 
e is to understand how past and present land use influence species diversity and dispersal in p 
how past and present land use influence species diversity and dispersal in patchy landscapes wi 
and use influence species diversity and dispersal in patchy landscapes with a high human impact 
persal in patchy landscapes with a high human impact, and to model effects of functional and sp 
scapes with a high human impact, and to model effects of functional and spatial connectivity at 
model effects of functional and spatial connectivity at local . the results will provide a deep 
 deeper understanding on how people and livestock have, and are, influencing vegetation pattern 
nd livestock have, and are, influencing vegetation patterns and dynamics in order to understand 
nd how these interactions affect future diversity. this project is highly relevant for biodiver 
ty. this project is highly relevant for biodiversity conservation and theoretical landscape eco 
odiversity conservation and theoretical landscape ecology in all types of landscapes.  
15458 12                               extensive livestock grazing is an ecologically important type of  
                    extensive livestock grazing is an ecologically important type of land use,  
ng is an ecologically important type of land use, since it facilitates the maintenance of appro 
he maintenance of appropriate levels of herbivory to ensure highly diverse systems that can res 
rtance and land area used for extensive grazing has declined. changes are occurring in two dire 
lting in communities with low levels of herbivory. this worldwide process is particularly appli 
e process is particularly applicable in mediterranean countries, including spain. this project  
e in mediterranean countries, including spain. this project aims to intensify our understanding 
ations of theses changes of use for the biodiversity and the functioning of mediterranean ecosy 
the biodiversity and the functioning of mediterranean ecosystems. to this end, we propose a mul 
ty and the functioning of mediterranean ecosystems. to this end, we propose a multiscale approa 
hat operate at detailed scales , in the dispersal of species over long distances, and also in t 
12610 12 avy engineering solutions. for example, land use restrictions might be applied to ensure a site 
 and have high environmental and social impacts. a number of different methods will be used to  
tion will enable the identification and evaluation of the drivers for technology selection and  
ded benefits in terms of costs or wider environmental impacts they could bring. this will be us 
reas for potential further research and development, which may also attract investment, both of 
 which will be of benefit to uk plc. an assessment of the environmental and social impacts and  
essment of the environmental and social impacts and benefits of each remediation technique will 
 the form of a simple matrix. a similar assessment of the typical costs of remediation techniqu 
include direct costs and wider economic impacts and benefits. understanding these aspects will  
with important knowledge at a time when sustainability issues are high on every agenda. two ind 
aminated land contractor and consultant community through the planned questionnaires, it will b 
the whole contaminated land stakeholder community.  
12638 13  spatial data infrastructure containing soil data and spatial and descriptive semantic soil pro 
ta and spatial and descriptive semantic soil property data for england and wales, in addition t 
of related agro-meteorological and peri-soil thematic datasets. these data are used widely by a 
ata are used widely by a broad range of stakeholders in the public and private sectors. landis  
umber of core tasks including: database management; computer systems management; dissemination  
: database management; computer systems management; dissemination activities and overall projec 
mination activities and overall project management. policy-relevance of landis is achieved thro 
ivities and overall project management. policy-relevance of landis is achieved through the prov 
r national strategic issues relating to soil and the environment. this includes information con 
rategic issues relating to soil and the environment. this includes information concerning the d 
his includes information concerning the distribution, properties, quality and potential use of  
uality and potential use of the nations soils. the maintenance of the landis reference site is  
ronmental information and in support of policy and practice for the sustainable use of the nati 
13723 22 e structurally diverse and support high species diversity. rationalization of agricultural land 
h species diversity. rationalization of agricultural landscapes leads to fragmentation and loss 
ion of agricultural landscapes leads to fragmentation and loss of species-rich semi-natural gra 
n and loss of species-rich semi-natural grasslands. sustainable approaches to landscape managem 
l grasslands. sustainable approaches to landscape management demand an understanding of the mec 
standing of the mechanisms that control biodiversity. theory predicts that habitat fragmentatio 
trol biodiversity. theory predicts that habitat fragmentation will be followed by loss of speci 
be followed by loss of species and gene diversity. but attempts to understand the determinants  
empts to understand the determinants of diversity in fragmented habitats are limited by a lack  
limited by a lack of historical data on landscape structure. our project focusses on a mosaic,  
 project focusses on a mosaic, cultural landscape where we have detailed data on landscape stru 
andscape where we have detailed data on landscape structure and the history of present grasslan 
pe structure and the history of present grassland fragments over the last 300 years. within thi 
 area we will: estimate levels of plant species diversity/richness and gene diversity/allelic r 
imate levels of plant species diversity/richness and gene diversity/allelic richness; investiga 
ant species diversity/richness and gene diversity/allelic richness; investigate relationships b 
ity/richness and gene diversity/allelic richness; investigate relationships between levels of g 
te relationships between levels of gene diversity and species diversity on different scales wit 
ps between levels of gene diversity and species diversity on different scales within present-da 
 on different scales within present-day grassland fragments; explore associations between prese 
s; explore associations between present diversity and properties of the present and past landsc 
es; use our results in discussions with stakeholders.  
15032 23 es is considered to be a major cause of biodiversity losses at a global scale. however, fragmen 
ause of biodiversity losses at a global scale. however, fragmentation science is still ambiguou 
sity losses at a global scale. however, fragmentation science is still ambiguous and unable to  
to provide general rules explaining how ecosystems response to landscape degradation. despite t 
s explaining how ecosystems response to landscape degradation. despite the abundant findings on 
ng how ecosystems response to landscape degradation. despite the abundant findings on the funct 
n of many ecological processes, such as plant-animal interactions, the mechanistic links betwee 
chanistic links between the patterns of habitat structural modification and the demographic res 
ing. this proposal aims to evaluate how landscape configuration at different spatial scales do  
graphic responses of plants mediated by plant-animal interactions. our study system will involv 
nvolve plants of the fragmented montane forests of the cantabrian range. by studying seed dispe 
ts of the cantabrian range. by studying seed dispersal and recruitment of bird-dispersed trees  
n range. by studying seed dispersal and recruitment of bird-dispersed trees at a fine scale, we 
tment of bird-dispersed trees at a fine scale, we seek to demonstrate that the spatial position 
ls of different species in a fragmented landscape affects the magnitude of interaction with see 
mography of a perennial herb at a wider scale, we predict that the landscape configurations tha 
b at a wider scale, we predict that the landscape configurations that promote smaller populatio 
ld affect negatively the functioning of plant-animal interactions and generate negative trends  
actions and generate negative trends in population dynamics. the projected research involves tw 
es since: 1 it considers the fragmented landscape under a continuum model that represents the c 
 fragmented landscape under a continuum model that represents the continuous gradients of habit 
 represents the continuous gradients of habitat quantity and spatial configuration; and 2 it pr 
e use of mechanistic approaches to link habitat spatial configuration to plant demographic resp 
439 20 ing awareness of the adverse effects of habitat fragmentation on natural systems has resulted i 
t and evaluate the effect of changes on landscape connectivity in natural ecosystems. recent st 
uate the effect of changes on landscape connectivity in natural ecosystems. recent studies used 
es on landscape connectivity in natural ecosystems. recent studies used cost distance modelling 
tems. recent studies used cost distance modelling value for each land use type, we calibrated t 
 cost distance modelling value for each land use type, we calibrated the model by confronting m 
r each land use type, we calibrated the model by confronting migration areas calculated with di 
 we calibrated the model by confronting migration areas calculated with different sets of resis 
areas calculated with different sets of resistance values and occurrence data on a first data s 
e the method used and the impact on the landscape connectvity, we tested the predictive power o 
, we tested the predictive power of the migration area on the occurrence data of a second data  
et. our results allow us to select high resistance values for crops and a low resistance value  
h resistance values for crops and a low resistance value for meadows but no value was selected  
adows but no value was selected for the urban area. the validation stage shows that the migrati 
ea. the validation stage shows that the migration area has a good predictive power on occurrenc 
ccurrence data : it explains 20% of the model’s deviance. moreover, our integrative variable ha 
predictive power than the proportion of forest around ponds, which does not yield a lot of info 
 of forest around ponds, which does not yield a lot of information. so this study highlights th 
riable, both the different costs of the landscape matrix and the configuation of all land use t 
cape matrix and the configuation of all land use types.  
10411 73                                         agriculture refers to a category of ecosystems that hum 
    agriculture refers to a category of ecosystems that humans purposefully manage to obtain pr 
posefully manage to obtain provisioning ecosystem services , such as food, fiber, and biofuel.  
tem services , such as food, fiber, and biofuel. in the process, they depend upon a wide variet 
ng biophysical capacity of agricultural ecosystems. this research focuses on a critical set of  
g and regulating es, including pest and disease regulation and pollination that are important f 
cluding pest and disease regulation and pollination that are important for maintaining the prod 
 that are important for maintaining the productivity and sustainability of agricultural ecosyst 
nt for maintaining the productivity and sustainability of agricultural ecosystems. these es are 
vity and sustainability of agricultural ecosystems. these es are often provided by insects that 
systems. these es are often provided by insects that move between different habitats in the lan 
 move between different habitats in the landscape. the flows of these es rely on how agricultur 
ws of these es rely on how agricultural ecosystems are managed at the site scale and on the str 
ural ecosystems are managed at the site scale and on the structure, composition, and functionin 
ion, and functioning of the surrounding landscape. these es are particularly important for the  
arly important for the rural poor whose livelihoods typically rely more on agriculture. agricul 
hose livelihoods typically rely more on agriculture. agricultural land use interacts in importa 
 rely more on agriculture. agricultural land use interacts in important ways with landscape str 
nd use interacts in important ways with landscape structure. managing land use in agricultural  
ways with landscape structure. managing land use in agricultural landscapes to provide sufficie 
ndscape structure. managing land use in agricultural landscapes to provide sufficient es offers 
al approach to sustainable agricultural growth and has the potential to point to new pathways o 
l to point to new pathways out of rural poverty. while es have always been critical to the succ 
 always been critical to the success of agriculture, there has recently been a surge in studies 
dies on the relationship between es and diversity at landscape level, prompted by the ecologica 
elationship between es and diversity at landscape level, prompted by the ecological impoverishm 
impoverishment of modern high intensity agricultural landscapes. results of these studies highl 
studies highlight the need to shift the scale of es investigations and management strategies fr 
hift the scale of es investigations and management strategies from the field to the agricultura 
gement strategies from the field to the agricultural landscape. as new evidence begins to emerg 
needs to be put into socio-economic and development perspectives in terms of links of es to the 
pectives in terms of links of es to the livelihoods of the poor. despite a population exceeding 
ite a population exceeding 1.3 billion, china has been able to produce nearly all its food dema 
however, after a period of explosion in yield levels from the 1960s to early 1990s, stagnant yi 
from the 1960s to early 1990s, stagnant yield potential has been the recent trend characterizin 
the recent trend characterizing chinese agriculture since the late 1990s. yields have been stag 
 years in the rice producing regions of china, where farmers were early adopters of green-revol 
gies. evidence shows that environmental stress and ecosystem degradation is among the main driv 
nce shows that environmental stress and ecosystem degradation is among the main drivers of the  
that environmental stress and ecosystem degradation is among the main drivers of the slowdown i 
ong the main drivers of the slowdown in yield growth in china. with rising population and incom 
e main drivers of the slowdown in yield growth in china. with rising population and income, agr 
vers of the slowdown in yield growth in china. with rising population and income, agricultural  
ing population and income, agricultural productivity will have to continue growing. but continu 
have to continue growing. but continued growth based on intensification and unsustainable land  
 growing. but continued growth based on intensification and unsustainable land use practices wo 
ed on intensification and unsustainable land use practices would be difficult. tremendous resea 
d to manage the critical es provided to agriculture and to minimize the negative externalities  
griculture and to minimize the negative externalities of agriculture. investments also may be r 
 minimize the negative externalities of agriculture. investments also may be required in key ar 
 the resource base, such as the natural ecosystems that provide vital habitats and alternative  
alternative food sources for beneficial insects within the agricultural landscapes. the overall 
urces for beneficial insects within the agricultural landscapes. the overall goal of this propo 
understanding of the complex effects of landscape diversity as driven by land use choices, on t 
ing of the complex effects of landscape diversity as driven by land use choices, on the provisi 
cts of landscape diversity as driven by land use choices, on the provision of key es that suppo 
on the provision of key es that support agriculture, and how those effects are channeled to hum 
ects are channeled to human welfare and poverty reduction outcomes, and to provide the analytic 
c, evidence-based decisions on managing land use in agricultural landscapes that explicitly acc 
based decisions on managing land use in agricultural landscapes that explicitly account for the 
ount for the effects of es provision on poverty reduction. the landscape-scale land use perspec 
 es provision on poverty reduction. the landscape-scale land use perspective to es management i 
ion on poverty reduction. the landscape-scale land use perspective to es management is of parti 
 poverty reduction. the landscape-scale land use perspective to es management is of particular  
dscape-scale land use perspective to es management is of particular importance to china, where  
nagement is of particular importance to china, where most of the poverty is concentrated in its 
 importance to china, where most of the poverty is concentrated in its rural population and the 
s rural population and the agricultural ecosystems face the challenge of improving productivity 
systems face the challenge of improving productivity and sustainability while decreasing their  
challenge of improving productivity and sustainability while decreasing their environmental imp 
d sustainability while decreasing their environmental impact and ecosystem degradation.  
creasing their environmental impact and ecosystem degradation.  
heir environmental impact and ecosystem degradation.  
10123 37                                       a landscape approach to conceptualising the relationship  
e relationship between humans and their environment is now recognised as crucial to understandi 
o understanding the complex dynamics of social-ecological systems under environmental and socia 
rly to predict the interactions between environmental change and human well-being in a highly d 
ctions between environmental change and human well-being in a highly dynamic system, and manage 
a highly dynamic system, and manage for sustainability, then these feedbacks must be properly u 
roperly understood, particularly if new policy interventions are to be robust to future change. 
ase study for examining these issues. a biodiversity offset scheme is in the pipeline, a prereq 
h is an understanding of the effects of climate change on landscape dynamics and the population 
ing of the effects of climate change on landscape dynamics and the population dynamics and move 
te change on landscape dynamics and the population dynamics and movement of the flagship specie 
s existing understanding of the saiga s ecology and movement patterns in relation to rangeland  
tribute to understanding of the role of biodiversity offsetting in landscape management, in a c 
 the role of biodiversity offsetting in landscape management, in a changing world. the objectiv 
patterns to examine mechanisms by which climate warming and landscape change could influence sa 
 to examine mechanisms by which climate warming and landscape change could influence saiga move 
mechanisms by which climate warming and landscape change could influence saiga movement pattern 
to develop spatially explicit models of landscape dynamics and saiga movement patterns. - to us 
 these models to predict the effects of climate change and gas exploration on rangeland conditi 
ration on rangeland condition and saiga distribution and to explore the impacts of potential bi 
d saiga distribution and to explore the impacts of potential biodiversity offsets. - to analyse 
and to explore the impacts of potential biodiversity offsets. - to analyse the uncertainties an 
certainties and ecological and economic trade-offs involved in biodiversity offsetting in the r 
cal and economic trade-offs involved in biodiversity offsetting in the region, and provide poli 
y offsetting in the region, and provide policy advice to stakeholders based upon these analyses 
he region, and provide policy advice to stakeholders based upon these analyses the project addr 
en humans, animal populations and their environment at a time of environmental change; and is r 
ions and their environment at a time of environmental change; and is relevant both to the clima 
tal change; and is relevant both to the climate systems and biodiversity themes of nerc, as wel 
elevant both to the climate systems and biodiversity themes of nerc, as well as to the lwec pro 
c programme. it examines the effects of climate change and human activities on a migratory spec 
ovement. it also addresses the issue of biodiversity offsetting, an approach which is gaining p 
ample of the interrelationships between environmental change, species conservation and landscap 
s between environmental change, species conservation and landscape management policy in the pas 
mental change, species conservation and landscape management policy in the past, the near and f 
s conservation and landscape management policy in the past, the near and far future. there is a 
l directly to influence both government policy and case partner activities in the region.  
11390 7  of london s, institute of zooology and conservation programmes department, which is playing a  
 playing a leading role in coordinating conservation efforts for this surprisingly poorly known 
drial dna for georeferenced samples and gis to carry out the first major landscape genetics ana 
es and gis to carry out the first major landscape genetics analysis for a species in this regio 
components: 1 the student will quantify dispersal and gene-flow within virunga national park th 
out the species range in the drc. large-scale population structure and past demographic process 
ic history of this species. present day genetic diversity estimates will also be carried out fo 
10314 24  are accelerating the rate at which our environment is changing. in particular, temperature and 
environment is changing. in particular, temperature and rainfall patterns are being altered at  
rming pace. such rapid change threatens biodiversity as organisms struggle to cope with stressf 
ul environments, for example, increased temperature. there are limited options for how an organ 
w an organism can respond to a changing environment, but of particular importance will be evolu 
will be evolutionary solutions, such as adaptation. adaptations occur at the genetic level but  
ions occur at the genetic level but the nature of the genetic alterations in response to climat 
 the genetic alterations in response to climate change is unclear. moreover, much understanding 
ations respond. thus, to understand how biodiversity will be impacted by changing environments, 
 changes and the genetic causes of such adaptation. here we aim to identify adaptive genetic re 
y adaptive genetic responses to natural temperature changes in wild populations of the fruit fl 
ish outdoor enclosures of flies along a temperature gradient at six sites from valencia, spain  
re gradient at six sites from valencia, spain to uppsala, sweden. at two stressful temperatures 
 sites from valencia, spain to uppsala, sweden. at two stressful temperatures, hot and cold, we 
are changed in response to hot and cold stress will be different. because we will measure these 
ortant in sheltering genes that provide adaptation to environmental conditions. we will also te 
netic changes that occur in response to temperature in natural populations. since the work asks 
e work asks about such changes across a landscape, the research will provide valuable backgroun 
aluable background to a large number of conservation groups and ngos that have particular inter 
 that have particular interests in land development and species management strategies. moreover 
terests in land development and species management strategies. moreover, our work will provide  
nk between two divisive public issues - climate change and evolution - that can be used to addr 
sive public issues - climate change and evolution - that can be used to address the nature of s 
ution - that can be used to address the nature of science and scientific evidence.  
14121 14                    a major challenge in ecology is to explain the patterns of biodiversity and  
n ecology is to explain the patterns of biodiversity and the mechanisms and processes that form 
. this knowledge is essential to manage biodiversity conservation. until recently biodiversity  
odiversity conservation. until recently biodiversity has been viewed on the level of species ri 
versity has been viewed on the level of species richness. however, with the measures of species 
richness. however, with the measures of species richness we fail to assess true biodiversity on 
species richness we fail to assess true biodiversity on the level of various evolutionary linea 
ious evolutionary lineages carrying the diversity of genes. taking into account phylogenetic re 
logenetic relations of the species in a community gives us this information. species richness r 
 a community gives us this information. species richness remaining the same, a community can be 
 species richness remaining the same, a community can be phylogenetically rich or over-disperse 
vational value since they comprise high diversity of evolutionary lineages. it is still unknown 
 circumstances communities of different phylogenetic diversity occur. it is also unclear which  
ological processes increase or decrease phylogenetic diversity in natural communities. it is ge 
7530 4 ctions can contribute to validate their function and lead to the identification of alleles of i 
s on the supposed genes involved in the adaptation of corn to european conditions. the discover 
sentative sample of individuals reduces species diversity. novel methods for high speed typing  
pe and neutral markers. structuring the diversity observed for snps will be faced with that obs 
10468 6 lecular markers, and role in phenotypic evolution, microsatellites remain a largely unexplored  
arative genomic study of the genomes of bacteria, viruses, plasmids, and organelles aimed at id 
identifying factors that control repeat evolution. we will also collect population-level data o 
 known to mediate interactions with the environment. our work should provide new perspectives o 
es on comparative genomic architecture, stability, and the molecular mechanisms underlying phen 
ecular mechanisms underlying phenotypic evolution.  
14621 5  understand the generation of different biodiversity patterns may be analyzed now in mammals an 
erns may be analyzed now in mammals and birds, since molecular sequences for a large proportion 
ll study all sequences from mammals and birds the relationship between genetic distance and tax 
lationship between genetic distance and taxonomy in different groups. at intra-specific level,  
pecific level, sequences of mammals and birds in which several individuals have been sequenced  
2036 17 wledge of the needs of shellfish eating birds is crucial for developing and maintaining a fishe 
rucial for developing and maintaining a fisheries/nature protection management strategy in the  
 developing and maintaining a fisheries/nature protection management strategy in the wadden sea 
intaining a fisheries/nature protection management strategy in the wadden sea. potentially conf 
mands exist between the fishery and the birds. remarkably, the needs and intake of the main spe 
orly known. from the differences in the life history of the shellfish eating birds and their sh 
he life history of the shellfish eating birds and their shellfish prey one would expect that th 
hellfish stocks by the shellfish eating birds will be adjusted to the years with the poor shell 
ge experiments, field studies and large-scale surveys to further develop and calibrate two coup 
coupled models for the eider. the first model, to which we will refer as deplete, describes for 
ete, describes for a given initial prey distribution and eider population how these prey will b 
how these prey will be exploited by the birds in the course of the winter and how many ducks wi 
will survive. this survival rate of the birds is input to the second model, to which we will re 
ate of the birds is input to the second model, to which we will refer as largepop, which yields 
elds the long-term changes in the large-scale population of the birds from the assembled demogr 
es in the large-scale population of the birds from the assembled demographic parameters. once p 
e the needs of the protected species of birds into account.  
2114 5 ntific knowledge, to help address human-wildlife conflicts, research activity on large carnivor 
fferences between norwegian and swedish management systems, in similar landscapes, provides a u 
tudy how these different systems affect wildlife populations, human attitudes, and the form of  
 human attitudes, and the form of human-wildlife conflict. we will also examine to what extent  
ct. we will also examine to what extent management practices in one country affect those in the 
10725 11 seas provide a transistion zone between estuaries and the ocean across which carbon, nutrients, 
en estuaries and the ocean across which carbon, nutrients, sediments and contaminants are excha 
ries and the ocean across which carbon, nutrients, sediments and contaminants are exchanged. wh 
a bed, significant levels of biological primary production occurs in regions that stratify duri 
ring the summer months. the exchange of nutrients and carbon across these critical interfaces o 
r months. the exchange of nutrients and carbon across these critical interfaces of stratified f 
ms to exploit state-of-the-art computer modelling and analysis tools in the investigation and q 
lations in the tidally-strong shelf sea environment. the hypothesis is that these interactions  
hermocline will exceed a critical shear threshold leading to catastrophic loss of stability and 
reshold leading to catastrophic loss of stability and episodic mixing. parameterisations for th 
. the potential impact on the shelf sea ecosystem will then be investigated by looking at the n 
12743 14 d financial benefits of trees and other green infrastructure in the built environment. it will  
other green infrastructure in the built environment. it will also provide practical guidance fo 
s and construction professionals on the planning, planting and maintaining green infrastructure 
 the planning, planting and maintaining green infrastructure, particularly large landscape tree 
reen infrastructure, particularly large landscape trees in new developments. the main objective 
 base of the economic benefits of large landscape trees •improve understanding of the impact of 
 of the impact of roots on foundations •review and demonstrate the benefits trees in the built  
nstrate the benefits trees in the built environment can have in adapting to climate change. •si 
ilt environment can have in adapting to climate change. •sign post all relevant guidance on the 
he funding sector about the benefits of green infrastructure, particularly large landscape tree 
reen infrastructure, particularly large landscape trees for the built environment; encourage th 
rly large landscape trees for the built environment; encourage the inclusion of large trees in  
e inclusion of large trees in the built environment; help the technical sector understand the d 
sionals dealing with trees in the built environment.  
13935 6 hypotheses of this study is that larval behavior plays a critical role for the dispersal and re 
 behavior plays a critical role for the dispersal and recruitment success in marine animals, an 
s a critical role for the dispersal and recruitment success in marine animals, and that differe 
he dispersal and recruitment success in marine animals, and that different oceanographic enviro 
 of the project is ontogenetic vertical migration in estuarine circulation. these hypotheses wi 
lyses, field surveys, and oceanographic modeling studies.  
10326 5 , and post-settlement processes driving marine intertidal community structure have been hindere 
ost-settlement processes driving marine intertidal community structure have been hindered by th 
ent processes driving marine intertidal community structure have been hindered by the lack of a 
f quantifying larval flux inputs to the benthos on wave-exposed shores. we have developed a sim 
alanoides and balanus crenatus to small-scale variations in hydrodynamic regime will be underta 
11084 7            current attempts, throughout europe, to increase biodiversity and environmental qual 
ttempts, throughout europe, to increase biodiversity and environmental quality by restoring low 
ironmental quality by restoring lowland rivers and floodplains is based on inadequate data. thi 
rphological and ecological baseline for floodplain restoration in relation to land use and clim 
 and ecological baseline for floodplain restoration in relation to land use and climate change. 
r floodplain restoration in relation to land use and climate change. the project develops a pil 
restoration in relation to land use and climate change. the project develops a pilot study has  
6865 13 gical research is the floral and faunal development of the late miocene as well as the indicate 
well as the indicated environmental and climate pattern. this is nicely represented by two euro 
two european projects, i.e. eeden , for climate and vegetation reconstructions the coexistence  
 projects, i.e. eeden , for climate and vegetation reconstructions the coexistence approach and 
nonian basin, in order to have a proper evaluation of vegetation dynamics. both temporal and sp 
in order to have a proper evaluation of vegetation dynamics. both temporal and spatial aspects  
poral and spatial aspects of changes in vegetation, climate and environment are going to be fol 
atial aspects of changes in vegetation, climate and environment are going to be followed. the r 
s of changes in vegetation, climate and environment are going to be followed. the results of th 
se the taxonomical data and the complex evaluation of vegetation, environment and climate.  
ical data and the complex evaluation of vegetation, environment and climate.  
d the complex evaluation of vegetation, environment and climate.  
aluation of vegetation, environment and climate.  
11489 25 the blue nile, one of the world s great rivers. surprisingly, very little is known about the ag 
e droughts were caused by disruption of africa s monsoon climate when iceberg-laden meltwater f 
aused by disruption of africa s monsoon climate when iceberg-laden meltwater from north america 
 to test these hypotheses by drilling a sediment core, up to 100m in length, from the northern  
rthern basin of lake tana, in about 10m water depth, and about 2km from shore. the core will be 
mates of the timing and duration of the drought events. the relative timing of these events in  
will allow inferences about the global- scale mechanisms of abrupt climate change. the data can 
 the global- scale mechanisms of abrupt climate change. the data can also be used to test clima 
ange. the data can also be used to test climate models, and thus to help judge the accuracy of  
 and thus to help judge the accuracy of model-predicted abrupt climate change in the future. a  
 the accuracy of model-predicted abrupt climate change in the future. a long core record of pas 
 the future. a long core record of past climate and environment from this part of africa would  
 a long core record of past climate and environment from this part of africa would have major s 
imate and environment from this part of africa would have major significance for understanding  
ficance for understanding both regional environmental change, because of the influence of the n 
ause of the influence of the nile on ne africa and the eastern mediterranean, and global climat 
f the nile on ne africa and the eastern mediterranean, and global climate. it will contribute t 
d the eastern mediterranean, and global climate. it will contribute to understanding how future 
derstanding how future changes in ocean temperature and circulation will affect global climate, 
ture and circulation will affect global climate, especially in the heavily populated monsoon re 
he heavily populated monsoon regions of africa and asia. it will also have significance for und 
understanding the later stages of human evolution in and dispersal out of africa, by providing  
 later stages of human evolution in and dispersal out of africa, by providing a record of the e 
human evolution in and dispersal out of africa, by providing a record of the environmental chan 
enced early human populations and their water, plant and hunting resources.  
11518 25 the blue nile, one of the world s great rivers. surprisingly, very little is known about the ag 
e droughts were caused by disruption of africa s monsoon climate when iceberg-laden meltwater f 
aused by disruption of africa s monsoon climate when iceberg-laden meltwater from north america 
 to test these hypotheses by drilling a sediment core, up to 100m in length, from the northern  
rthern basin of lake tana, in about 10m water depth, and about 2km from shore. the core will be 
mates of the timing and duration of the drought events. the relative timing of these events in  
will allow inferences about the global- scale mechanisms of abrupt climate change. the data can 
 the global- scale mechanisms of abrupt climate change. the data can also be used to test clima 
ange. the data can also be used to test climate models, and thus to help judge the accuracy of  
 and thus to help judge the accuracy of model-predicted abrupt climate change in the future. a  
 the accuracy of model-predicted abrupt climate change in the future. a long core record of pas 
 the future. a long core record of past climate and environment from this part of africa would  
 a long core record of past climate and environment from this part of africa would have major s 
imate and environment from this part of africa would have major significance for understanding  
ficance for understanding both regional environmental change, because of the influence of the n 
ause of the influence of the nile on ne africa and the eastern mediterranean, and global climat 
f the nile on ne africa and the eastern mediterranean, and global climate. it will contribute t 
d the eastern mediterranean, and global climate. it will contribute to understanding how future 
derstanding how future changes in ocean temperature and circulation will affect global climate, 
ture and circulation will affect global climate, especially in the heavily populated monsoon re 
he heavily populated monsoon regions of africa and asia. it will also have significance for und 
understanding the later stages of human evolution in and dispersal out of africa, by providing  
 later stages of human evolution in and dispersal out of africa, by providing a record of the e 
human evolution in and dispersal out of africa, by providing a record of the environmental chan 
enced early human populations and their water, plant and hunting resources.  
15481 10 nd administrations to make decisions on environmental management is the knowledge of the geogra 
phical characteristics of the object of planning. in this sense, conservation of biodiversity a 
 the object of planning. in this sense, conservation of biodiversity and restoration of forest  
lanning. in this sense, conservation of biodiversity and restoration of forest systems account  
sense, conservation of biodiversity and restoration of forest systems account among the most es 
tion of biodiversity and restoration of forest systems account among the most established scien 
ed scientific and social objectives for management. it should be noted that the advances that h 
dge of the palaeoecology of the western mediterranean, presents a significant gap in the duero  
ntribution to the knowledge of the past evolution of climate in north-central iberia.  
 the knowledge of the past evolution of climate in north-central iberia.  
12530 1 er interested parties regardless of how policy develops.  
7225 6  ocean have been identified as a global biodiversity hotspot. we propose to explore the ecologi 
torical mechanisms responsible for this richness by focusing on a little studied group: bryophy 
up: bryophytes. ecological study of the diversity and distribution of this group in the three i 
. ecological study of the diversity and distribution of this group in the three islands, along  
ntify the ecological factors underlying diversity and community structure, and operate at local 
ogical factors underlying diversity and community structure, and operate at local and regional  
466 6 have been listed as hotspots for global biodiversity. we propose to explore the ecological and  
mechanisms responsible for the specific richness, by focusing on a group that has not been the  
e bryophytes. the ecologic study of the diversity and dispersal of this group on three islands  
the ecologic study of the diversity and dispersal of this group on three islands alongside four 
y the ecological factors underlying the diversity and structure of communities and acting on lo 
stions because of their ubiquity, their dispersal facilities among different partners will make 
10447 3  proposal aims to correlate latitudinal adaptation of myosin genes to the genetic diversity of  
dinal adaptation of myosin genes to the genetic diversity of marine amphipod species distribute 
yosin genes to the genetic diversity of marine amphipod species distributed from eurythermal te 
14935 7 t pellets in the most important spanish wetlands, accompanied by high prevalences of lead shot  
hot use was banned in protected spanish wetlands in 2001, spent lead shot remains unaltered for 
ades in sediments, and consequently the risk of poisoning remains present. several studies have 
rd, and such grit is commonly scarce in wetlands containing fine particle size sediments. the a 
ive in the control of diseases in other birds species, and ducks are species with a high degree 
ive methods , and by sampling from live birds and birds harvested by hunters. 4. to study the m 
s , and by sampling from live birds and birds harvested by hunters. 4. to study the meat qualit 
15361 4                                         food webs are representations of who eats whom in natur 
esentations of who eats whom in natural ecosystems. unlike aquatic food webs, we currently lack 
m in natural ecosystems. unlike aquatic food webs, we currently lack accurate quantitative data 
ive data describing complex terrestrial food webs or low  
15092 3 ly focused on objective 2 synthesis and development of predictive models on ecosystem functioni 
and development of predictive models on ecosystem functioning and on global change effects.  
 models on ecosystem functioning and on global change effects.  
7654 8 pture this innovative and emblematic of sustainable development approach. this approach to lear 
ntification and analysis of territorial ecology practices engaged. conduct social foresight ana 
foresight analyzes in the case of waste management to help companies define environmental techn 
d make it possible to classify consumer behavior and help businesses define the best technologi 
best technological innovations in waste management options. such mapping consumer behavior with 
tions in waste management options. such mapping consumer behavior with an anticipatory approach 
nagement options. such mapping consumer behavior with an anticipatory approach allows to define 
y approach allows to define prospective scenarios to social demand level  
2474 7                          maintenance of biodiversity and other ecosystems services essential fo 
  maintenance of biodiversity and other ecosystems services essential for human well-being requ 
other ecosystems services essential for human well-being requires an effective legal framework  
on and give incentive for protection of biodiversity. there is uncertainty about what types of  
or protection of biodiversity. there is uncertainty about what types of legal framework are mos 
 and property structure are influencing ecosystem services, including biodiversity, and that di 
fluencing ecosystem services, including biodiversity, and that differences in legal frameworks  
14797 14 lication in medicine, biotechnology and agriculture. the isolation of actinobacteria from withi 
r these compounds are involved in plant growth promotion or as biocontrol agents still remains  
nvolved in plant growth promotion or as biocontrol agents still remains unexplored. consequentl 
 actinomycetes in situ within the plant rhizosphere is worth of study. recently, a number of en 
ins isolated from lupinus anugstifolius nitrogen fixing nodules, in our laboratory, indicates t 
in our laboratory, indicates that these bacteria conform natural endophytic populations and not 
 the life of l. angustifolius by fixing nitrogen, by producing compounds that facilitate plant  
oducing compounds that facilitate plant growth or by competing with pathogenic bacteria or fung 
 growth or by competing with pathogenic bacteria or fungi in the rhizosphere still remains to b 
y competing with pathogenic bacteria or fungi in the rhizosphere still remains to be known. our 
ith pathogenic bacteria or fungi in the rhizosphere still remains to be known. our goal in the  
in the present proposal is to study the diversity, taxonomic structure and ecological role play 
cted in various geographical regions in spain. moreover, we intend to confirm the presence of t 
e phylum actinobacteria is known to fix nitrogen, it may be that a select group of actinobacter 
14809 25                                   earth climate is changing at a global scale as a result of hu 
  earth climate is changing at a global scale as a result of human activity. such changes have  
nd by causing profound modifications on ecosystems that are essential for human survival. from  
l for human survival. from a biological conservation standpoint, global climate change has come 
logical conservation standpoint, global climate change has come to accelerate the rate of destr 
o accelerate the rate of destruction of biodiversity. an extremely dynamic geological history a 
ent across the solar system have shaped mediterranean ecosystems and have converted this region 
 solar system have shaped mediterranean ecosystems and have converted this region in one of the 
on in one of the planetary hot-spots of biodiversity. unfortunately, overpopulation and a long- 
an occupation have had a deep impact on mediterranean biological communities and have brought m 
e brought many endemics to the verge of extinction. the study of the past effect of climatic ch 
 past effect of climatic changes on the mediterranean biota, namely the pleistocene ice-ages, m 
may shade light on the future impact of global warming on current ecosystems and can help to pr 
ure impact of global warming on current ecosystems and can help to predict the sensitivity of p 
nsidered to have promoted speciation by fragmentation of distributional ranges and subsequent d 
ates and parachtes provide an excellent model for the study of the effect of past climatic chan 
ic changes on the origin and shaping of biodiversity in the western mediterranean. they are bot 
 shaping of biodiversity in the western mediterranean. they are both endemic to the region, and 
ands of the region. we suggest that the diversity and distribution ranges of these genera are m 
gion. we suggest that the diversity and distribution ranges of these genera are mostly the resu 
the understanding of the origins of our biodiversity and for its conservation. moreover, we wil 
origins of our biodiversity and for its conservation. moreover, we will provide the scientific  
oreover, we will provide the scientific community with information to calibrate molecular clock 
librate molecular clocks for studies in spiders or the mediterranean region.  
ar clocks for studies in spiders or the mediterranean region.  
7040 20                                         biodiversity can be assessed at different scales: as th 
 in an area, the number of species in a habitat, or the genotypic variation of a species. in ad 
ive approach, this project investigates diversity of lichens and their fungal associates in gla 
 this project investigates diversity of lichens and their fungal associates in glacial refugia  
ains. the area is highly attractive for biodiversity studies, because it represents one of the  
 one of the last remaining large virgin forest areas in europe, with varied topography and high 
 remaining large virgin forest areas in europe, with varied topography and high density of vary 
europe, with varied topography and high density of varying habitats. our preliminary data sugge 
umber would suggest. we plan to explore diversity of lichens and allied fungi using three appro 
uggest. we plan to explore diversity of lichens and allied fungi using three approaches: a trad 
explore diversity of lichens and allied fungi using three approaches: a traditional and molecul 
approaches: a traditional and molecular assessment of lichenicolous fungi and other lichen asso 
d molecular assessment of lichenicolous fungi and other lichen associates in selected species.  
hen species which are rare elsewhere in europe. among them, some foliose species can occur in l 
nizing genotypes. we also expect that a diversity of associated fungi can colonize those folios 
o expect that a diversity of associated fungi can colonize those foliose lichens, when they can 
ciated fungi can colonize those foliose lichens, when they can achieve high individual ages in  
eve high individual ages in undisturbed forests. this little explored niche may also include hi 
dinarides are a treasure case of fungal diversity, due to the landscape variation and the long  
re case of fungal diversity, due to the landscape variation and the long history of undisturbed 
14857 9 g the lichen photobionts response under stress conditions, including their dehydration toleranc 
e study in both organisms. in addition, stress conditions increase active oxygen levels which p 
tion, stress conditions increase active oxygen levels which provoke cellular damage, especially 
 addition, we will study the effects of stress conditions on the photosynthetic metabolism by a 
stress conditions on the photosynthetic metabolism by analysing the amount and activity of the  
ces indicate clear differences in their stress responses with respect to those of mesophyll c4  
ally, to identify the highest amount of stress-related proteins , we will compare the isolated  
jected to dehydration and other abiotic stress. these results will allow us to infer possibly n 
 metabolic changes occurring during the stress response, including those specifics of the symbi 
14856 8 ledge on the morphological, genetic and functional diversity of lichen photobionts, either isol 
chen photobionts, either isolated or in symbiosis. there are few studies dealing with the diver 
 there are few studies dealing with the diversity of photobionts from particular habitats and/o 
ll determine: 1. changes in the amount, nature or distribution of photobionts within the lichen 
ne: 1. changes in the amount, nature or distribution of photobionts within the lichen thalli; 2 
lso will afford us to make a predictive evaluation on the impact of anthropogenic environmental 
aluation on the impact of anthropogenic environmental impact on wild areas and habitats. additi 
iotized and cultured ramalina farinacea algae could confirm the hypothesis that these chloropla 
15040 15                                     the fungi which grow obligately on lichens comprise over 20 
     the fungi which grow obligately on lichens comprise over 2000 known species, and further s 
ly include lichenicolous species. these fungi are extremely specialized, and many are evidently 
nt and not easy to place in the overall classification of fungi. investigations into the biolog 
 place in the overall classification of fungi. investigations into the biology, bioactive produ 
ucts, and systematic placement of these fungi have been frustrated by the difficulty of securin 
ifficulty of securing sufficient living biomass. to tackle this problem the project will embrac 
eveloping methods for the isolation and growth of these fungi in pure culture, using freshly co 
s for the isolation and growth of these fungi in pure culture, using freshly collected material 
parallel, the project will focus on the development and adaptation of molecular methods for dir 
oject will focus on the development and adaptation of molecular methods for directly obtaining  
is that some genera of plant pathogenic fungi evolved from lichenicolous fungi will also be tes 
ogenic fungi evolved from lichenicolous fungi will also be tested by including newly generated  
lean and mycosphaerelloid lichenicolous fungi in trees constructed also with sequences from pla 
k. -finally, as identification of these fungi is difficult in the absence of a modern comprehen 
14985 1  . the project is centered in calicioid lichens, physciaceae, bacidiaceae s.l., protoparmelia a 
14155 16 itable. numerous studies have described trade-offs between sexual and clonal reproduction, but  
on, but only few in natural conditions. heterogeneity is recognized as a fundamental aspect of  
s recognized as a fundamental aspect of ecosystems and plays a central role in shaping communit 
ems and plays a central role in shaping community structure and species coexistence. however, t 
ies coexistence. however, the effect of heterogeneity on plant growth has also been rarely addr 
r, the effect of heterogeneity on plant growth has also been rarely addressed in natural condit 
is a remarkable example of heterogenous ecosystem with extremely high species richness. wide-sp 
erogenous ecosystem with extremely high species richness. wide-spread abandonment of these habi 
habitats has caused serious concerns in nature conservation as it is associated with species lo 
e conservation as it is associated with species loss. considering that vast majority of the pla 
reproductive behaviour and life-history traits of clonal plants depend on environmental conditi 
onmental conditions and are affected by management would enable to predict which species will p 
al in understanding of the dynamics and ecology of these habitats. in this study, we aim at est 
 between sexual reproduction and clonal growth in natural heterogenous habitats and evaluate th 
advantage of plasticity. the effects of habitat heterogeneity, habitat management , and nutrien 
. the effects of habitat heterogeneity, habitat management , and nutrient availability on trade 
14159 15 the most fundamental among life-history trade-offs in clonal plants. the balance towards one tr 
 by environmental conditions and clonal growth form of a plant, although the effect of the latt 
lored yet. one could expect that larger nutrient limitation inhibits growth responses of plants 
hat larger nutrient limitation inhibits growth responses of plants to environmental change; tha 
 inhibits growth responses of plants to environmental change; that in disturbed conditions numb 
 reproduction would be favored; that in competition larger offspring would be favored; and that 
 conditions species with plastic clonal growth would be favored. however, all these relationshi 
lationships could be modified by clonal growth form of species and its plasticity. regulation o 
nd its plasticity. regulation of clonal growth in plants must affect the fate of a populations  
n changing conditions in a semi-natural grassland; second involves comparison of disturbed and  
provide new insights into regulation of population dynamics of clonal plants, as well as applic 
onal plants, as well as applications in nature conservation in management of diversity in grass 
 applications in nature conservation in management of diversity in grasslands and in control of 
in nature conservation in management of diversity in grasslands and in control of invasive alie 
servation in management of diversity in grasslands and in control of invasive alien plants.  
14579 3 ode fauna present in the communities of macroinvertebrates in the albufera des grau , baltic se 
nvertebrates in the albufera des grau , baltic sea and north sea.  
 the albufera des grau , baltic sea and north sea.  
10442 6 dy will investigate how demographic and life history traits influence the kin structure of popu 
tigate how demographic and life history traits influence the kin structure of populations and w 
raphy; 3. determine whether coordinated dispersal of relatives contributes to population kin st 
ulation kin structure; 4. determine how life history and demographic traits influence kin struc 
ermine how life history and demographic traits influence kin structure in avian populations. th 
profiles and field and lab studies of a model system, the long-tailed tit aegithalos caudatus.  
11722 9 uality or quantity experienced in early development, adverse effects may occur later in adult l 
ls, and have important consequences for population dynamics. the reasons why such delayed effec 
 associated with subsequent accelerated growth, could potentially be responsible. these have no 
that we understand whether compensatory growth does carry long-term costs, since this has wides 
ifications for our understanding of the evolution of growth rate and life history strategies. w 
r our understanding of the evolution of growth rate and life history strategies. we will study  
ing of the evolution of growth rate and life history strategies. we will study the long-term co 
term consequences of variation in early growth trajectories, using the zebra finch as a study s 
ts at the levels of dna, cells, overall metabolism and senescence of the whole organism.  
150 12                  theory of life-history evolution aims at explaining and predicting values of l 
g and predicting values of life-history traits. the cornerstone of the theory - optimality mode 
cient to explain the observed values of body size in insects; i.e. it does not facilitate optim 
ain the observed values of body size in insects; i.e. it does not facilitate optimality analysi 
optimality approach suitable for insect growth schedules, we need to pay more attention to phys 
 physiology-based constraints on larval growth curves, as well as we need better knowledge abou 
d better knowledge about size-dependent mortality patterns. following the approach outlined abo 
h outlined above, we ask what do larval growth curves of ecologically and phylogenetically diff 
resent the likely constraints on insect growth curves. these principles should then be incorpor 
tain experimental data on size-specific mortality rates. birds and pathogens will be evaluated  
 data on size-specific mortality rates. birds and pathogens will be evaluated as selective agen 
. in addition to the analysis of larval growth schedules, an analogous invariant approach will  
2010 26                               worldwide fisheries supply 16% of the total human consumption of  
over 35 million people. but with 47% of fish stocks fully exploited and 28% overexploited or de 
d or depleted, the need for sustainable fisheries is widely acknowledged. recent work questions 
acknowledged. recent work questions the sustainability of currently adopted management plans ba 
the sustainability of currently adopted management plans based on the concept of ‘maximum susta 
 on the concept of ‘maximum sustainable yield’ because it ignores two basic features of the exp 
ations: population feedback on realized life history. in particular, the simultaneous action of 
both features conceivably increases the vulnerability of exploited fish stocks to catastrophic  
ncreases the vulnerability of exploited fish stocks to catastrophic collapses, given the likeli 
ommunities. this means that a theory of life history evolution in an ecological setting with po 
his means that a theory of life history evolution in an ecological setting with population feed 
urrently lacking, as existing theory of life history evolution, and of the effect of harvesting 
ing, as existing theory of life history evolution, and of the effect of harvesting in particula 
t for the ecological role of individual life history. the proposed research aims at filling thi 
ntly developed ecological theory on the community consequences of size-dependent life histories 
stories and extending it to account for evolution. i will develop models of a tri-trophic food  
 that explicitly account for individual life history and its influence on the ecology of indivi 
l life history and its influence on the ecology of individual organisms. these ecologically mec 
 the implications of harvesting-induced life history evolution for sustainable exploitation of  
ions of harvesting-induced life history evolution for sustainable exploitation of fish populati 
olution for sustainable exploitation of fish populations, addressing the following questions: 1 
g questions: 1. does harvesting-induced evolution of exploited fish stocks increase or decrease 
rvesting-induced evolution of exploited fish stocks increase or decrease their vulnerability to 
 fish stocks increase or decrease their vulnerability to catastrophic collapses 2. is it possib 
lating directional selection, to induce evolution towards ‘catastrophic recovery  
 induce evolution towards ‘catastrophic recovery  
11095 6 rstand why there are differences in the life history patterns of seals using models of annual r 
because they have relatively consistent life history patterns which differ in very specific way 
ed by the need to give birth out of the water and this has the potential to separate the nursin 
supply of different species may vary in seasonality and predictability. we wish to understand h 
n life cycles evolved by recreating the trade-offs which female seals must make between foragin 
rivers of seal life histories including predation on the one hand and access to resources on th 
2457 13 life-history is an organisms pattern of growth, reproduction and mortality, formed by long-term 
sms pattern of growth, reproduction and mortality, formed by long-term evolutionary processes a 
esses and by immediate responses to the environment. this project has 3 main objectives: 1 eval 
results from life-history research into management and conservation of brown bear/large carnivo 
fe-history research into management and conservation of brown bear/large carnivore populations. 
ge will enable managers to better focus management actions. ungulates and large carnivores show 
w some fundamental differences in their ecology, which may be reflected in their life history p 
cology, which may be reflected in their life history patterns. comparing life-history patterns  
iological knowledge and may improve the management of those species. it will become more import 
become more important to understand how management practices affect a species. it is suggested  
om, but select for certain life-history traits, which again may influence populations. understa 
standing these aspects will improve the management of large populations and aid in the conserva 
ent of large populations and aid in the conservation of endangered populations.  
13926 23                                         life history theory is a fundamental tool for the analy 
of patterns and processes in population ecology and evolutionary biology. it is also highly rel 
hly relevant for more applied fields of ecology such as pest management, conservation and manag 
 applied fields of ecology such as pest management, conservation and management of harvested po 
lds of ecology such as pest management, conservation and management of harvested populations be 
ch as pest management, conservation and management of harvested populations because it provides 
tions, generalizations and predictions. body size is a central life history trait that connects 
and predictions. body size is a central life history trait that connects developmental rates an 
pmental rates and reproductive success. life history models typically assume that reproductive  
hat this fitness benefit is balanced by mortality costs during juvenile development. however, g 
nced by mortality costs during juvenile development. however, growth in holometabolous insects  
s during juvenile development. however, growth in holometabolous insects is often exponential w 
ment. however, growth in holometabolous insects is often exponential which suggests that reprod 
cy has been largely neglected in insect life history theory. i aim to address this inconsistenc 
using on the potential costs of a large body size in a group of butterflies , that contain one  
ntain one species that is threatened in sweden and western europe. in particular i will focus o 
hat is threatened in sweden and western europe. in particular i will focus on the relationships 
e possible importance of size-dependent predation risk during the larval stage. with a combinat 
 importance of size-dependent predation risk during the larval stage. with a combination of met 
rovide a well worked out case study for body size evolution in insects that would improve the p 
ell worked out case study for body size evolution in insects that would improve the predictive  
t case study for body size evolution in insects that would improve the predictive power of life 
t would improve the predictive power of life history theory.  
10866 13                    correlations between body size and fitness have led to a pervasive bigger is 
nflicting negative relationship between growth rate and fitness. it is known that the evolution 
 rate and fitness. it is known that the evolution of life history traits necessitates trade-off 
ness. it is known that the evolution of life history traits necessitates trade-offs due to reso 
nown that the evolution of life history traits necessitates trade-offs due to resource limitati 
ion of life history traits necessitates trade-offs due to resource limitations. i will investig 
 whether a key trade-off occurs between growth and immunocompetence. in poikilotherms, this is  
 living in colder habitats with a short growth season require fast growth, since positive assoc 
with a short growth season require fast growth, since positive associations have been shown bet 
re investment in immunity due to higher risk and severity of pathogens. i propose that this tra 
de-off results in intraspecific genetic biodiversity through differential selection of genotype 
genotypes that are adapted to localised habitat temperature.  
s that are adapted to localised habitat temperature.  
15396 43                               actually, climate change and habitat fragmentation are considered 
           actually, climate change and habitat fragmentation are considered the most important 
red the most important key pressures on biodiversity. under different scenarios, global tempera 
ssures on biodiversity. under different scenarios, global temperature is predicted to increase  
sity. under different scenarios, global temperature is predicted to increase between 1.8 and 4  
in temperatures is promoting changes in species traits, as density and distribution ranges, phe 
promoting changes in species traits, as density and distribution ranges, phenology, behaviour a 
anges in species traits, as density and distribution ranges, phenology, behaviour and genetic f 
ts, as density and distribution ranges, phenology, behaviour and genetic frequencies. moreover, 
he potential synergetic effects between climate change and habitat fragmentation. at the southe 
etic effects between climate change and habitat fragmentation. at the southern edge of the spec 
at the southern edge of the species the habitat quality is dropping below the lower limit, and  
dropping below the lower limit, and the biodiversity will disappear at that location unless it  
shift that is necessary to follow their habitat. if the movement of this species poleward or up 
 poleward or up hill is also limited by habitat fragmentation, extinction rates will increase.  
 also limited by habitat fragmentation, extinction rates will increase. do species respond to c 
es will increase. do species respond to climate change by genetic or physiological adaptations, 
ter place an overall contraction of the distribution range is expected particularly in areas wi 
in areas with relatively high levels of habitat fragmentation and low levels of spatial cohesio 
 spatial cohesion. species responses to climate change will be influenced by the spatial config 
luenced by the spatial configuration of habitat in the landscape. the degree of structuring, th 
spatial configuration of habitat in the landscape. the degree of structuring, the movement of g 
 warm range limit, and colonisation and growth of metapopulations within the cold range limit.  
e, to understand the potential risks of climate change to a species, we must consider the dynam 
the spatial features of the landscapes. habitat fragmentation have negative effects on populati 
een loss of genetic variability, due to habitat fragmentation, and reduced mean fitness is stil 
opulations genetically isolated between forest patches in the southern part of their distributi 
t patches in the southern part of their distribution is there a genetic differentiation o struc 
pulations is the food chain affected by climate change in synergy with the fragmentation procce 
d by climate change in synergy with the fragmentation proccess these are the type of questions  
document temporal changes in fecundity, recruitment and survival of insectivorous birds which m 
cruitment and survival of insectivorous birds which might be related to climate warming. 2. to  
ivorous birds which might be related to climate warming. 2. to determine the effect of habitat  
birds which might be related to climate warming. 2. to determine the effect of habitat fragment 
 warming. 2. to determine the effect of habitat fragmentation on genetic diversity of insectivo 
 the effect of habitat fragmentation on genetic diversity of insectivorous birds in a climate c 
n on genetic diversity of insectivorous birds in a climate change scenario. 3. to determine the 
c diversity of insectivorous birds in a climate change scenario. 3. to determine the effect of  
scenario. 3. to determine the effect of habitat fragmentation on population genetic differentia 
enetic differentiation of insectivorous birds in a climate change scenario. to explore the pote 
erentiation of insectivorous birds in a climate change scenario. to explore the potential syner 
he potential synergetic effects between climate change and habitat fragmentation.  
etic effects between climate change and habitat fragmentation.  
12228 24                 globally and in the uk, weeds cause greater yield losses than any other crop pe 
ally and in the uk, weeds cause greater yield losses than any other crop pest and vast sums are 
y, often with a significant cost to the environment. in the last 30-40 years, agricultural weed 
, regulatory pressures and evolved weed resistance are limiting herbicide options for weed cont 
egrated and environmentally-benign weed management. an improved understanding of weed biology,  
improved understanding of weed biology, ecology and adaptation in agroecosystems is a basic req 
erstanding of weed biology, ecology and adaptation in agroecosystems is a basic requirement for 
weed biology, ecology and adaptation in agroecosystems is a basic requirement for integrated we 
a basic requirement for integrated weed management. in a herbicide-limited future, weed managem 
nt. in a herbicide-limited future, weed management will need to integrate judicious use of rema 
and a greater emphasis on cultural weed management. chemical and physical weed control methods  
ly technology-led and focus on removing weeds from the crop sometimes resulting in negative env 
es resulting in negative environmental, ecosystem and human health impacts. cultural weed manag 
vironmental, ecosystem and human health impacts. cultural weed management, on the other hand, i 
and human health impacts. cultural weed management, on the other hand, is biologically-driven a 
cally-driven and attempts to limit weed impacts by reducing weed establishment in crops, maximi 
establishment in crops, maximising crop competition and reducing weed fecundity by, for example 
 seed return to the seed bank. cultural management is driven by ecological principles and can o 
redict and manipulate the timing of key life history events. weed evolution over the course of  
timing of key life history events. weed evolution over the course of hundreds of years of crop  
sured that the timing of these key weed life history stages and transitions coincides with or a 
s coincides with or avoids pivotal crop management practices help to predict future weed proble 
 the face of changing cropping and weed management practices and a changing climate.  
eed management practices and a changing climate.  
14500 2  project is to compare the life-history traits , to measure the effects of such variation on th 
s of such variation on the survival and growth rates of hatchlings and juveniles released into  
10676 3                                     the evolution of cellular life on earth must have been prec 
oms and a search for the compounds in a sediment core in which the related alkenes are abundant 
rtant contribution to the debate on the development of cellular life on earth.  
9864 4 se and disparate multicellular animals, fungi and algae. rather surprisingly, however, whilst t 
parate multicellular animals, fungi and algae. rather surprisingly, however, whilst the oceans  
 there such an extensive lag before the invasion of the land by complex multicellular organisms 
biota and how much did it influence the environment through early terrestrial-based biogeochemi 
11724 5                                   local adaptation is the rule in plant populations, but gene f 
 though self-compatible and shows local adaptation in relation to altitude in the adirondacks w 
 the adirondacks where we work. intense density-dependent mortality provides scope for selectio 
here we work. intense density-dependent mortality provides scope for selection on viability. if 
 cohort age as the progeny of non-local pollination are selected out.  
13344 15 ience and technology infrastructure for biodiversity data and observatories will be a large-sca 
 data and observatories will be a large-scale european research infrastructure bringing togethe 
ructure bringing together: -a system of marine, terrestrial and freshwater observatories; -comm 
r: -a system of marine, terrestrial and freshwater observatories; -common access to a huge amou 
ed, distributed data from databases and monitoring sites; -computational facilities in virtual  
irtual laboratories with analytical and modelling tools; -targeted user and training support an 
nd a programme for public services. the biodiversity research infrastructure will open up new a 
hance the understanding and sustainable management of our natural environment. this preparatory 
d sustainable management of our natural environment. this preparatory project brings together t 
e. in addition, the leading networks in biodiversity science and stakeholder institutes are pre 
ging the construction phase. a range of policy issues are resolved with respect the organisatio 
istics, user service, cost analysis and planning. in addition the project makes the necessary p 
necessary preparations in the domain of risk management and quality control. the project is pla 
sary preparations in the domain of risk management and quality control. the project is planned  
oject is planned to take three years. a policy and science board, populated by the representati 
14687 6 f movements of robinia pseudoacacia and nitrate reductase photocontrol of de-etiolated c.sativu 
on will be analysed in relation to leaf development and leaflets movements of robinia pseudoaca 
light treatments will be evaluated. the production of nitric oxide via nitrate reductase and ni 
ted. the production of nitric oxide via nitrate reductase and nitric oxide syntase will be stud 
f an external supply of nitric oxide on nitrate reductase activity of etiolated c.sativus cotyl 
search on their possible implication on nitrate reductase circadian rhythm of c.sativus and lea 
7618 5 th the eradication of species of native ants and other insects, affects ecosystem services and  
ion of species of native ants and other insects, affects ecosystem services and associated caus 
 native ants and other insects, affects ecosystem services and associated causes them damage an 
ated causes them damage and nuisance in agriculture, tourism and public health. the objective o 
hem damage and nuisance in agriculture, tourism and public health. the objective of the proposa 
14720 14  recent years, the research progress on restoration ecology are remarkable. however, three majo 
the factors involved, and the long-term evaluation. the general goals of this project are to ev 
ns and technological improvement on the introduced species response. from that evaluation, simp 
 introduced species response. from that evaluation, simple environmental indicators will be sel 
m that evaluation, simple environmental indicators will be selected -which may be used for pred 
for predicting the probability level of restoration success and for identifying areas showing d 
for identifying areas showing different restoration potential- and the environmental ranges max 
ical approach lies on the comprehensive evaluation of 66 experimental plots, already establishe 
 of previous research projects, and the evaluation of a number of restoration actions developed 
ects, and the evaluation of a number of restoration actions developed by the forest administrat 
of restoration actions developed by the forest administration, which includes ancient and recen 
a pilot demonstration project to combat desertification. the proposal focuses on mediterranean  
esertification. the proposal focuses on mediterranean areas characterised by water scarcity  
on mediterranean areas characterised by water scarcity  
15586 3         the accelerating loss of global biodiversity has affected species in all biomes and eco 
 has affected species in all biomes and ecosystem types. however, recent reports suggest that f 
s. however, recent reports suggest that freshwater species are lost at a rate higher than in an 
2485 20 ery year and billions of people live in risk areas. in the southeast asian region both diseases 
in communities where provision of clean water is inadequate, storage of water for domestic use  
f clean water is inadequate, storage of water for domestic use is crucial. fecal contamination  
 crucial. fecal contamination of stored water is a common source of diarrhea. stored water is a 
 is a common source of diarrhea. stored water is also a potential breeding site for dengue mosq 
s known of the role of stored household water for the dual risk of diarrhea and dengue. the aim 
 of stored household water for the dual risk of diarrhea and dengue. the aim of this interdisci 
 health risks associated with household water storage by identifying relationships between hous 
tifying relationships between household water management, contaminated drinking water, and mosq 
water management, contaminated drinking water, and mosquito production in household water conta 
ntaminated drinking water, and mosquito production in household water containers. the project w 
r, and mosquito production in household water containers. the project will identify water manag 
r containers. the project will identify water management practices and key vector producing con 
ontamination and its effect on mosquito production. results will assist in development of integ 
uito production. results will assist in development of integrated disease control strategies ap 
ill assist in development of integrated disease control strategies appropriate for the southeas 
outputs of the project are: 1 household water management practices in selected study communitie 
 and e. coli detected and quantified in water stored in domestic containers; and 4 relationship 
ween coliform contamination of drinking water and mosquito production in household storage cont 
mination of drinking water and mosquito production in household storage containers identified a 
7194 12                                in agro- ecosystems, functioning of biogeochemical cycles. howev 
 however, despite its major role in the evolution process of mos, microbial component of soil n 
 process of mos, microbial component of soil nest still regarded today as a functional black bo 
fficult to transpose to a wide range of agro-ecosystems. in this context, this project is part  
nce the understanding of the functional ecology of microbial actors involved in the degradation 
ogy of microbial actors involved in the degradation of the mos. more precisely, the objective o 
this project is to evaluate the role of microbial diversity in the future of mos to better mana 
er manage the biogeochemical cycle c in agro-ecosystems. this project should also enable the de 
ms. this project should also enable the development of decision support tools to identify agric 
gricultural practices that maintain the productivity of our agriculture while respecting the qu 
s that maintain the productivity of our agriculture while respecting the quality of our environ 
ure while respecting the quality of our environment; in other words, produce more and pollute l 
10118 7  are of almost equal volume on a global scale. climatic effects on saline lakes are disproporti 
rid and thus depauperate in terrestrial production but may rely heavily on aquatic subsidies e. 
vily on aquatic subsidies e.g. emergent insects. thus, climate change impacts on saline lakes v 
 subsidies e.g. emergent insects. thus, climate change impacts on saline lakes via fluctuating  
 emergent insects. thus, climate change impacts on saline lakes via fluctuating volume and sali 
saline lakes via fluctuating volume and salinity may have subsequent, strong effects on the wid 
 kenyan soda lake with a simple aquatic community dominated by one alga arthrospira and one chi 
10469 1 iceland, together with analysis of hand-pollination data to determine the plants incompatibilit 
14692 13 ating detritus based and producer-based food web dynamics. the current knowledge of food web dy 
 web dynamics. the current knowledge of food web dynamics in terrestrial systems is limited by  
omprehensive studies that integrate the herbivory and the detritivory chains. besides the fact  
 being a central question to understand food web dynamics in terrestrial ecosystems, there are  
rstand food web dynamics in terrestrial ecosystems, there are currently no field studies that h 
 plan to measure above- and belowground net primary productivity in an arid ecosystem, estimati 
und net primary productivity in an arid ecosystem, estimating the amount of production that is  
rid ecosystem, estimating the amount of production that is incorporated as standing biomass in  
uction that is incorporated as standing biomass in plants, the amount consumed by herbivores an 
by herbivores and detritivores on plant productivity; and the potential role of dung and litter 
r deposited by herbivores as islands of productivity. finally, we will analyse the role of spat 
riability, two neglected issues in most food web studies, on food web structure and dynamics us 
ted issues in most food web studies, on food web structure and dynamics using both empirical da 
2026 21 iated organisms and isolated plants. in nature, however, plants are associated with multitrophi 
uality and the surrounding multitrophic community. in natural grasslands, i will study abovegro 
ding multitrophic community. in natural grasslands, i will study aboveground and belowground co 
ity and by the surrounding multitrophic community. i will use genotypes of ragwort that differ  
n plant quality. i will use an on-going biodiversity experiment to study the relationship betwe 
iment to study the relationship between vegetation, soil biodiversity and aboveground invertebr 
dy the relationship between vegetation, soil biodiversity and aboveground invertebrates, and in 
tion, soil biodiversity and aboveground invertebrates, and in a separate field experiment will  
te field experiment will manipulate the diversity of the surrounding plant community, and carry 
 the diversity of the surrounding plant community, and carry out plant-soil feedback studies to 
ng plant community, and carry out plant-soil feedback studies to determine the effects of plant 
ack studies to determine the effects of plant diversity and identity on these interactions. abo 
i will focus on flower-feeding and leaf-mining insect communities and construct quantitative in 
ruct quantitative interaction foodwebs. soil organisms will be identified using novel molecular 
is will provide reliable information on abundance of soil microorganisms such as nematodes, bac 
de reliable information on abundance of soil microorganisms such as nematodes, bacteria and fun 
bundance of soil microorganisms such as nematodes, bacteria and fungi. plant quality aspects wi 
 soil microorganisms such as nematodes, bacteria and fungi. plant quality aspects will be deter 
ganisms such as nematodes, bacteria and fungi. plant quality aspects will be determined using t 
ng of multitrophic interactions between soil organisms, plants and aboveground invertebrates as 
 soil organisms, plants and aboveground invertebrates as they occur in natural conditions.  
13868 21 project is to be able to understand how climate change may affect the timing and duration of th 
ct the timing and duration of the clear water phase in eutrophic lakes and how this, in turn, a 
this, in turn, affect the potential for macrophytes to get re-established each spring. lakes wi 
lished each spring. lakes with abundant macrophytes support a high diversity of both plants and 
ith abundant macrophytes support a high diversity of both plants and animals, and have a good r 
oth plants and animals, and have a good resistance against increasing nutrient loads and climat 
e against increasing nutrient loads and climate change; changes that may otherwise turn the lak 
 the lake into being turbid, having low biodiversity and being dominated by phytoplankton. how  
low biodiversity and being dominated by phytoplankton. how shallow north temperate coastal lake 
temperate coastal lakes will respond to global warming has been debated in recent years. i will 
. i will concentrate on the key role of grazing zooplankton in initiating a clear water period  
 concentrate on the key role of grazing zooplankton in initiating a clear water period in sprin 
azing zooplankton in initiating a clear water period in spring, a period during which vegetatio 
period in spring, a period during which vegetation may expand. the objectives of my project are 
ermine the effect of timing on zoo- and phytoplankton spring dynamics in the edge zone between  
pring dynamics in the edge zone between vegetation and open water, 2 experimentally determine t 
e edge zone between vegetation and open water, 2 experimentally determine the timing of events  
 interactions between young-of-the-year fish and zooplankton, 3 experimentally determine how ca 
ions between young-of-the-year fish and zooplankton, 3 experimentally determine how cascading b 
al and consumptive interactions through modelling evaluate the ability to predict zooplankton s 
delling evaluate the ability to predict zooplankton spring dynamics using long-term abiotic and 
15127 4                                   under climate change scenario, average atmospheric and sea su 
io, average atmospheric and sea surface temperature are increasing and more co2 will dissolve i 
on. despite it is generally agreed that climate change determine how the interacting effect of  
e how the interacting effect of co2 and temperature modify the response of invaded vs. non inva 
11404 12 s in the turnover and transformation of nutrients, including carbon and nitrogen, in the enviro 
 transformation of nutrients, including carbon and nitrogen, in the environment. however, our u 
tion of nutrients, including carbon and nitrogen, in the environment. however, our understandin 
, including carbon and nitrogen, in the environment. however, our understanding of these microb 
nd they have revolutionised our view of microbial diversity by enabling us to examine the uncul 
oratory culture, and therefore no known ecosystem function, but which are abundant in natural e 
% of all prokaryotes in terrestrial and marine environments. molecular techniques recently pred 
role in the oxidation of ammonia in the environment, a key step in the global nitrogen cycle, a 
e environment, a key step in the global nitrogen cycle, and an ammonia oxidising crenarchaea ha 
viously characterised ammonia-oxidising bacteria, they may represent the most important ammonia 
tify their role in ammonia oxidation in soil, to compare the impact of environmental factors on 
ct ecophysiological characteristics and ecology.  
14281 3                                         habitat loss and fragmentation, associated with land co 
                       habitat loss and fragmentation, associated with land conversion for huma 
ce in this dramatic reduction of earths biodiversity.m.dufrene@mrw.wallonie.be  
478 19                                         forests cover approximately 25% of europe, roughly 117  
     forests cover approximately 25% of europe, roughly 117 million ha, and are important reser 
ion ha, and are important reservoirs of genetic diversity, playing a decisive role in climate c 
c diversity, playing a decisive role in climate change mitigation through adaptation. the effic 
aying a decisive role in climate change mitigation through adaptation. the efficiency of mitiga 
le in climate change mitigation through adaptation. the efficiency of mitigation will depend on 
ange mitigation through adaptation. the efficiency of mitigation will depend on the amounts of  
n through adaptation. the efficiency of mitigation will depend on the amounts of adaptive varia 
 variability available in the different ecosystems of europe and their response to new selectiv 
vailable in the different ecosystems of europe and their response to new selective pressures. i 
iation and selective effects in natural forests. at the same time, we will characterise the env 
cidate differences in morphological and functional traits in trees growing under different envi 
tions. we will also analyse the spatial distribution of phenotypes and genotypes, and their ass 
ated spatial ecological variability, in model european forest systems. to better generalise our 
ological variability, in model european forest systems. to better generalise our findings and e 
ted widespread and contrasted groups of forest trees is that confounding factors, especially de 
e used to evaluate the impact of future environmental change on european forests, using modelli 
future environmental change on european forests, using modelling platforms and statistical infe 
ental change on european forests, using modelling platforms and statistical inference at the st 
14137 10 factors including construction of dams, pollution and over-fishing. during recent years, there  
onstruction of dams, pollution and over-fishing. during recent years, there is also a rising co 
 increased pathogen load as a result of global warming, as several dangerous salmonid parasites 
yosalmonae causing proliferative kidney disease compare the spatial patterns of genetic variabi 
r systems that differ markedly in their temperature regimes. the results of the project are exp 
. bryosalmonae and genetic basis of pkd resistance in salmonid fishes, giving rare insights int 
th of selection in relation to pathogen abundance and temperature. as such, the proposed work h 
n in relation to pathogen abundance and temperature. as such, the proposed work has important a 
osed work has important applications to aquaculture sector as well as for conservation of nativ 
ns to aquaculture sector as well as for conservation of native salmonid populations.  
1975 5                         for many years, ecology was dominated by studies of communities focussi 
ng on above-ground systems, whereas the soil was viewed as a black box. much of the early resea 
 early research also concentrated on bi-trophic interactions e.g. interactions involving plant- 
involving plant-herbivore and herbivore-parasitoid oviposition behaviour of ag herbivores, para 
oviposition behaviour of ag herbivores, parasitoids and hyperparasitoids in the field is affect 
10085 27                                     the tropical forests of borneo are dominated by more than 2 
h have a similar form, architecture and ecology. because of these similarities among species, i 
l number of species from dominating the forest and driving other species to extinction. one pos 
the forest and driving other species to extinction. one possibility is that differences in frui 
ossibility is that differences in fruit production between species are minimized by biotic inte 
l number of species from dominating the forest, but this interpretation requires us to invoke a 
tes for flower number to equalize fruit production among species. we will focus on two potentia 
mall flowers: , and the average size of pollinator increases with flower size. the mobility of  
ower size. the mobility of these insect pollinators is important, because their foraging determ 
ry short distances, whereas giant honey bees can travel a few tens of km in search of food, and 
ely to be more strongly associated with dispersal of pollen than fruits. therefore we predict t 
pollinated by small relatively immobile insects will be more closely related to each other than 
 of species pollinated by large, mobile insects. we will check for evidence of inbreeding depre 
e mother and assessing effects on fruit development and seedling performance. this project will 
er size and flower number are linked to pollinator size and mobility, the dispersal of pollen a 
ed to pollinator size and mobility, the dispersal of pollen and the clustering of genetically r 
 genetically related individuals in the forest. it offers an exciting new way of thinking about 
 exciting new way of thinking about how diversity is maintained in an important tropical forest 
diversity is maintained in an important tropical forest community and has general applicability 
ntained in an important tropical forest community and has general applicability to any plant co 
 has general applicability to any plant community where competition for pollinators might under 
licability to any plant community where competition for pollinators might underlie the evolutio 
y plant community where competition for pollinators might underlie the evolution of flowering s 
tion for pollinators might underlie the evolution of flowering strategies. the work also has re 
ies. the work also has relevance to the management of disturbed and fragmented tropical forest  
 management of disturbed and fragmented tropical forest communities where plant-pollinator inte 
tropical forest communities where plant-pollinator interactions are disrupted by changes in mea 
14739 2 erable experience in the study of these traits in these plant groups from an evolutionary ecolo 
in this study is related to neither the traits nor the species involved, but rather to the conc 
2023 16 he main gap in our understanding of the ecology of microorganisms and the role that microorgani 
ses and their regulation in the natural environment. we also are beginning to detect the genera 
nning to detect the general patterns in microbial community structure in a range of ecosystems. 
obial community structure in a range of ecosystems. however, it has been proven difficult to re 
roven difficult to relate processes and community structure based on the data available, becaus 
 interactions with other members of the community remains unknown. filling this gap in our basi 
in our basic knowledge on structure and function relationships in microbial communities is a fi 
munities is a field that is strongly in development. here i propose to address this gap between 
e i propose to address this gap between microbial community structure and the biogeochemical pr 
hemical processes in a range of coastal marine sediments. carbon degradation in sediments cover 
in a range of coastal marine sediments. carbon degradation in sediments covers the most importa 
nge of coastal marine sediments. carbon degradation in sediments covers the most important biog 
y microbes. hence, our focus will be on bacteria involved in the degradation of different class 
cus will be on bacteria involved in the degradation of different classes of organic substrates  
lasses of organic substrates within the complexity of their natural environment. our methods wi 
 within the complexity of their natural environment. our methods will be predominantly based on 
11763 12 y to determine the effect of changes in microbial diversity with management or land-use change  
 of changes in microbial diversity with management or land-use change on n2o emissions to incre 
 microbial diversity with management or land-use change on n2o emissions to increase our abilit 
spheric loading and develop appropriate mitigation strategies. this project will determine the  
fferent processes to n2o emissions from soil, addressing current uncertainties associated with  
rrent uncertainties associated with n2o production, and will link this n2o production to functi 
 n2o production, and will link this n2o production to functional diversity and active soil micr 
n, and will link this n2o production to functional diversity and active soil microbial populati 
tion to functional diversity and active soil microbial populations. this will be achieved using 
 be used to quantify n2o emissions from soils, coupled with molecular techniques to determine f 
 with molecular techniques to determine functional diversity and the active microbial populatio 
e microbial populations under different management and environmental regimes.  
13714 7     the project integrates research and monitoring by investigating how predictions from experi 
xperimental research can be tested in a monitoring programme, and how monitoring can be used to 
sted in a monitoring programme, and how monitoring can be used to create hypotheses for experim 
theses for experimental testing. we use monitoring data collected by nils . scientifically, the 
 to modify protocols for more efficient monitoring and for strategies for management and conser 
cient monitoring and for strategies for management and conservation of peatlands.  
g and for strategies for management and conservation of peatlands.  
15439 5                                         seed dispersal is capital for the demography and popula 
etic structure of the adult population. habitat loss and fragmentation may determine the compos 
 the adult population. habitat loss and fragmentation may determine the composition and behavio 
eed dispersers and limit the outcome of dispersal contribution in the seed rain. 6. assess the  
on in the seed rain. 6. assess the fine scale spatial genetic structure of adult populations. 7 
10001 4  for predicting the possible effects of environmental change. in most plants and animals larger 
now if the observed differences in, say growth, are simply a consequence of size, or if other a 
 we will use experiments to explore how growth and survival are related to size, so allowing us 
, fast growing species suffer increased mortality, and how this varies between habitats. this i 
2132 18                      traditional coarse-scale analyses of population dynamics assume that indiv 
   traditional coarse-scale analyses of population dynamics assume that individuals in a cohort 
ence identical densities. yet, juvenile density is commonly influenced by the mothers decision  
nduce spatial variation in intensity of density dependence, and ultimately the productivity of  
 density dependence, and ultimately the productivity of populations. furthermore, reproductive  
 populations. furthermore, reproductive behavior determines the habitat characteristics of emer 
e, reproductive behavior determines the habitat characteristics of emerging juveniles and depen 
 of emerging juveniles and depending on dispersal abilities the availability of suitable habita 
es in our understanding of how maternal behavior may influence population productivity through  
ernal behavior may influence population productivity through effects on both abiotic and biotic 
ions within a population influences its productivity. more specifically, we will use studies of 
dies of natural populations to test how productivity may vary among populations and within popu 
ners. furthermore, we will test how the distribution of spawners relates to availability of bre 
ity of breeding habitats and population density and if there is selection against spatial aggre 
ne how the total amount and the spatial distribution influence productivity. these studies comp 
 and the spatial distribution influence productivity. these studies complement smaller scale ex 
ivity. these studies complement smaller scale experimental work that has focused on causal mech 
into how important these issues are for productivity of natural atlantic salmon populations.  
2044 11                                         ecosystem managers frequently need a simple indicator o 
ystem managers frequently need a simple indicator of the well-being of ecological systems in or 
f ecological systems in order to assess human impacts. hitherto measures of structural diversit 
mpacts. hitherto measures of structural diversity are often used for such purpose. structural d 
often used for such purpose. structural diversity indices are generally based on species richne 
iversity indices are generally based on species richness as well as on the relative abundance o 
ies richness as well as on the relative abundance of species. yet, no information is used on th 
mpositions may have the same structural diversity. in the last decade the field of macroecology 
ersity. in the last decade the field of macroecology has been put in the forefront of ecology.  
cology has been put in the forefront of ecology. this approach emphasizes the study of empirica 
he level of the population a functional biodiversity index and link this index with a classical 
15105 6   predictive flooding models applied to water flow and solute transport with calibration based  
sical processes involved. the numerical modelling of a physical system solves approximately a m 
tem solves approximately a mathematical model that formulates the physical laws that govern the 
the use of numerical methods to predict water level profiles, discharge variations and solute t 
ed in two main categories: research and development of computational models and research and de 
f computational models and research and development of suitable laboratory experiments. therefo 
15104 7          floodplains of large regulated rivers with impacts of global changes extensively acros 
odplains of large regulated rivers with impacts of global changes extensively across an habitat 
of global changes extensively across an habitat gradient and intensively in selected wetland ha 
at gradient and intensively in selected wetland habitats. the results will be validated at habi 
itats. the results will be validated at habitat and floodplain scales using these data measured 
esults will be validated at habitat and floodplain scales using these data measured in situ and 
ing these data measured in situ and the water and solids flow models, taking advantage of the p 
15457 12  functioning of terrestrial plant-based food webs. this occurs because terrestrial food webs in 
d webs. this occurs because terrestrial food webs involved complex interactions between organis 
mportant feedback systems that regulate ecosystem processes. indeed, organisms usually associat 
rganisms usually associated to detrital food webs also affect trophic interactions between plan 
iated to detrital food webs also affect trophic interactions between plants and the organisms a 
s well as between producer and detrital food webs would allow to the scientific community to un 
food webs would allow to the scientific community to understand the functioning and complexity  
unity to understand the functioning and complexity of the food webs. to do so, it is necessary  
d the functioning and complexity of the food webs. to do so, it is necessary to identify the in 
e the mechanisms are discovered and the nature of the interactions between the organisms discer 
n the regulation and functioning of the food web. in this project on the interactions between p 
s, and other members of the aboveground community.  
14721 23 n more about the inter-relationships of biodiversity at different spatial levels. the functiona 
ifferent spatial levels. the functional biodiversity of soil through the determination of diffe 
 levels. the functional biodiversity of soil through the determination of different biological  
e determination of different biological indicators are distributed in the landscape is essentia 
gical indicators are distributed in the landscape is essential for the regulation of flows, spe 
al for the regulation of flows, species dispersal and maintenance of all ecosystem functions. t 
pecies dispersal and maintenance of all ecosystem functions. the ensemble of ecosystem and land 
ll ecosystem functions. the ensemble of ecosystem and landscape level will allow us to evaluate 
unctions. the ensemble of ecosystem and landscape level will allow us to evaluate the overall b 
l will allow us to evaluate the overall biodiversity and establish relationships between both l 
 both levels on which the structure and function of the natural and semi-natural ecosystems is  
unction of the natural and semi-natural ecosystems is expressed. as a result, the best biodiver 
ems is expressed. as a result, the best biodiversity indicators for the evaluation of natural s 
sed. as a result, the best biodiversity indicators for the evaluation of natural systems will b 
he best biodiversity indicators for the evaluation of natural systems will be identified. in pr 
o define an integrated strategy for the conservation of nature. in this way, the protected area 
grated strategy for the conservation of nature. in this way, the protected areas will contribut 
onservation of nature. in this way, the protected areas will contribute to the conservation of  
 protected areas will contribute to the conservation of the whole area and will maintain the be 
ll maintain the benefits that come from natural resources and environmental services. the objec 
ts that come from natural resources and environmental services. the objective is to conserve th 
that maintain the multiple functions of ecosystems and thus safeguard a sustainable, rich and d 
es for society. the methodology and the sustainability indices proposed for the study sites wil 
14581 29 n more about the inter-relationships of biodiversity at different spatial levels. thus, the fun 
nt spatial levels. thus, the functional biodiversity of soil through enzyme activity and the st 
s. thus, the functional biodiversity of soil through enzyme activity and the structural biodive 
ough enzyme activity and the structural biodiversity of ecosystems through plant species will b 
vity and the structural biodiversity of ecosystems through plant species will be studied. an un 
erstanding of functional and structural biodiversity in the ecosystem will make it possible to  
onal and structural biodiversity in the ecosystem will make it possible to establish relationsh 
d structure and will help to define new ecological indicators of the state of the ecosystem. mo 
ological indicators of the state of the ecosystem. moreover, indices of biodiversity will be ca 
 of the ecosystem. moreover, indices of biodiversity will be calculated at landscape level are  
s of biodiversity will be calculated at landscape level are distributed in the landscape is ess 
 landscape level are distributed in the landscape is essential for the regulation of flows, spe 
al for the regulation of flows, species dispersal and maintenance of all the ecosystem function 
es dispersal and maintenance of all the ecosystem functions. this is why the ensemble of ecosys 
 functions. this is why the ensemble of ecosystem and landscape level will allow us to evaluate 
is is why the ensemble of ecosystem and landscape level will allow us to evaluate the overall b 
l will allow us to evaluate the overall biodiversity and establish relationships between both l 
 both levels on which the structure and function of the natural and semi-natural systems is exp 
ems is expressed. as a result, the best biodiversity indicators for the evaluation of natural s 
sed. as a result, the best biodiversity indicators for the evaluation of natural systems will b 
he best biodiversity indicators for the evaluation of natural systems will be identified. in pr 
o define an integrated strategy for the conservation of nature. in this way, the protected area 
grated strategy for the conservation of nature. in this way, the protected areas will contribut 
onservation of nature. in this way, the protected areas will contribute to the conservation of  
 protected areas will contribute to the conservation of the whole area and will maintain the be 
ll maintain the benefits that come from natural resources and environmental services. the objec 
ts that come from natural resources and environmental services. the objective is to conserve th 
that maintain the multiple functions of ecosystems and thus safeguard a sustainable, rich and d 
es for society. the methodology and the sustainability indices proposed for the study site will 
14582 29 n more about the inter-relationships of biodiversity at different spatial levels. thus, the fun 
nt spatial levels. thus, the functional biodiversity of soil through enzyme activity and the st 
s. thus, the functional biodiversity of soil through enzyme activity and the structural biodive 
ough enzyme activity and the structural biodiversity of ecosystems through plant species will b 
vity and the structural biodiversity of ecosystems through plant species will be studied. an un 
erstanding of functional and structural biodiversity in the ecosystem will make it possible to  
onal and structural biodiversity in the ecosystem will make it possible to establish relationsh 
d structure and will help to define new ecological indicators of the state of the ecosystem. mo 
ological indicators of the state of the ecosystem. moreover, indices of biodiversity will be ca 
 of the ecosystem. moreover, indices of biodiversity will be calculated at landscape level are  
s of biodiversity will be calculated at landscape level are distributed in the landscape is ess 
 landscape level are distributed in the landscape is essential for the regulation of flows, spe 
al for the regulation of flows, species dispersal and maintenance of all the ecosystem function 
es dispersal and maintenance of all the ecosystem functions. this is why the ensemble of ecosys 
 functions. this is why the ensemble of ecosystem and landscape level will allow us to evaluate 
is is why the ensemble of ecosystem and landscape level will allow us to evaluate the overall b 
l will allow us to evaluate the overall biodiversity and establish relationships between both l 
 both levels on which the structure and function of the natural and semi-natural systems is exp 
ems is expressed. as a result, the best biodiversity indicators for the evaluation of natural s 
sed. as a result, the best biodiversity indicators for the evaluation of natural systems will b 
he best biodiversity indicators for the evaluation of natural systems will be identified. in pr 
o define an integrated strategy for the conservation of nature. in this way, the protected area 
grated strategy for the conservation of nature. in this way, the protected areas will contribut 
onservation of nature. in this way, the protected areas will contribute to the conservation of  
 protected areas will contribute to the conservation of the whole area and will maintain the be 
ll maintain the benefits that come from natural resources and environmental services. the objec 
ts that come from natural resources and environmental services. the objective is to conserve th 
that maintain the multiple functions of ecosystems and thus safeguard a sustainable, rich and d 
es for society. the methodology and the sustainability indices proposed for the study site will 
14722 23 n more about the inter-relationships of biodiversity at different spatial levels. the functiona 
ifferent spatial levels. the functional biodiversity of soil through the determination of diffe 
 levels. the functional biodiversity of soil through the determination of different biological  
e determination of different biological indicators are distributed in the landscape is essentia 
gical indicators are distributed in the landscape is essential for the regulation of flows, spe 
al for the regulation of flows, species dispersal and maintenance of all ecosystem functions. t 
pecies dispersal and maintenance of all ecosystem functions. the ensemble of ecosystem and land 
ll ecosystem functions. the ensemble of ecosystem and landscape level will allow us to evaluate 
unctions. the ensemble of ecosystem and landscape level will allow us to evaluate the overall b 
l will allow us to evaluate the overall biodiversity and establish relationships between both l 
 both levels on which the structure and function of the natural and semi-natural ecosystems is  
unction of the natural and semi-natural ecosystems is expressed. as a result, the best biodiver 
ems is expressed. as a result, the best biodiversity indicators for the evaluation of natural s 
sed. as a result, the best biodiversity indicators for the evaluation of natural systems will b 
he best biodiversity indicators for the evaluation of natural systems will be identified. in pr 
o define an integrated strategy for the conservation of nature. in this way, the protected area 
grated strategy for the conservation of nature. in this way, the protected areas will contribut 
onservation of nature. in this way, the protected areas will contribute to the conservation of  
 protected areas will contribute to the conservation of the whole area and will maintain the be 
ll maintain the benefits that come from natural resources and environmental services. the objec 
ts that come from natural resources and environmental services. the objective is to conserve th 
that maintain the multiple functions of ecosystems and thus safeguard a sustainable, rich and d 
es for society. the methodology and the sustainability indices proposed  
15570 19                                         forests cover approximately 25% of europe, roughly 117  
     forests cover approximately 25% of europe, roughly 117 million ha, and are important reser 
ion ha, and are important reservoirs of genetic diversity, playing a decisive role in climate c 
c diversity, playing a decisive role in climate change mitigation through adaptation. the effic 
aying a decisive role in climate change mitigation through adaptation. the efficiency of mitiga 
le in climate change mitigation through adaptation. the efficiency of mitigation will depend on 
ange mitigation through adaptation. the efficiency of mitigation will depend on the amounts of  
n through adaptation. the efficiency of mitigation will depend on the amounts of adaptive varia 
 variability available in the different ecosystems of europe and their response to new selectiv 
vailable in the different ecosystems of europe and their response to new selective pressures. i 
iation and selective effects in natural forests. at the same time, we will characterise the env 
cidate differences in morphological and functional traits in trees growing under different envi 
tions. we will also analyse the spatial distribution of phenotypes and genotypes, and their ass 
ated spatial ecological variability, in model european forest systems. to better generalise our 
ological variability, in model european forest systems. to better generalise our findings and e 
ted widespread and contrasted groups of forest trees is that confounding factors, especially de 
e used to evaluate the impact of future environmental change on european forests, using modelli 
future environmental change on european forests, using modelling platforms and statistical infe 
ental change on european forests, using modelling platforms and statistical inference at the st 
7294 7                              estimating biodiversity is an ongoing challenge. a non-invasive, i 
ive and fast developed to measure local diversity from the analysis of animal sounds. tests on  
ulated samples and small communities in africa have yielded encouraging results. we will apply  
l sample of rainforest of western ghats india. automatic recording and analysis of communities  
ecording and analysis of communities in forest and agroforestry should allow an estimate of the 
d analysis of communities in forest and agroforestry should allow an estimate of the dynamics a 
 the dynamics and the potential loss of biodiversity  
13345 11                  livediverse . finally, biodiversity and livelihood scenarios will be developed 
 . finally, biodiversity and livelihood scenarios will be developed. these scenarios will take  
hood scenarios will be developed. these scenarios will take into account the main perspectives; 
ake into account the main perspectives; biological diversity risk, socio economic ability and c 
main perspectives; biological diversity risk, socio economic ability and cultural perceptions t 
sk, socio economic ability and cultural perceptions to cope with effects of this risk. working  
erceptions to cope with effects of this risk. working in a 15-year perspective, the scenarios w 
. working in a 15-year perspective, the scenarios will examine future possible trends, threats  
ts in order to formulate strategies and policy to meet the needs of both biodiversity and livel 
es and policy to meet the needs of both biodiversity and livelihoods.  
meet the needs of both biodiversity and livelihoods.  
9957 25 e object of study by countless external institutions, each with their own interests. our approa 
our consortium is formed around african institutions and people that are working daily in ecosy 
ns and people that are working daily in ecosystem contexts of central importance to poor groups 
tance to poor groups, namely woodlands, grasslands and wetlands these three ecosystems potentia 
roups, namely woodlands, grasslands and wetlands these three ecosystems potentially provide poo 
ds, grasslands and wetlands these three ecosystems potentially provide poor people with their l 
entially provide poor people with their livelihoods and resilience. various african institution 
 poor people with their livelihoods and resilience. various african institutions have been work 
lihoods and resilience. various african institutions have been working to improve ecosystem man 
stitutions have been working to improve ecosystem management practice by poor groups, developin 
three areas where they believe northern participation in espa is essential to: improve scientif 
improve scientific understanding of the ecosystem services provided by the above; increase the  
ces provided by the above; increase the resilience of poor peoples to human and animal disease; 
nce of poor peoples to human and animal disease; and build capacity at all levels to ensure imp 
ementation, with particular emphasis on resilience to climate change. we in the south seek a pp 
th particular emphasis on resilience to climate change. we in the south seek a ppd grant to ena 
challenges, and african innovations, in ecosystem management; identify priorities for investmen 
tural and social sciences for improving ecosystem management; and engage policy stakeholders so 
roving ecosystem management; and engage policy stakeholders so that the enabling conditions bec 
ecosystem management; and engage policy stakeholders so that the enabling conditions become con 
om universities and also departments of wildlife and forestry from all participating countries  
es and also departments of wildlife and forestry from all participating countries within sadc a 
rticular days will be dedicated to peer review among those working on es pa; hearings from repr 
ves of poor groups; and engagement with policy-makers and business people. the workshop will be 
s including the running of new regional climate change and land surface models with political s 
15229 6 e sahara, the main arid region in north africa, is by far the biggest desert in the world, cove 
ers, and extending 5500 km across north africa from the atlantic ocean to the red sea. the arab 
n eighth in size. in spite of the harsh environment, endemic floras and faunas of deserts are o 
and 4.- to test and improve the current taxonomy of the groups concerned. this project will pro 
 firm basis for improvements in reptile taxonomy and conservation. it will also make an excelle 
or improvements in reptile taxonomy and conservation. it will also make an excellent historical 
15268 9          in reptiles, being ectotherms, temperature is one of the primary determinants of life  
tories, as well as of survival. because temperature decreases with increasing altitude, it is p 
titude, it is presumably that extrinsic mortality in reptiles increases with altitude. as showe 
d empirical studies, an increase in the uncertainty of future breeding opportunities selects fo 
ment of resources in other life-history traits, such as the immune system. according to this re 
 2000 metres in sierra nevada, using as model species the lizard psammodromus jeaneae. knowledg 
xamine the capacity of reptiles to face climate change in mountain systems. the concrete object 
 with altitude. objective 2: how lizard body size varies with altitude. objective 3: how lizard 
m, or maternal effects, on the measured traits. this issue would be analysed by experiments of  
14944 5 lysis of the spatial variation in plant traits has provided some of the most convincing evidenc 
tional park experimental assay of local adaptation of wild pear seeds to physical and chemical  
ild pear seeds to physical and chemical soil characteristics. our approach shows two novel qual 
vel qualities. first, it assesses local adaptation at different phases of a same plant reproduc 
its reproductive biology, let alone its recruitment in doñana or in any other area.  
7406 5 nt to start a reflection face of future climate change, particularly in the context of contrast 
nsider the polymorphism of quantitative traits using approaches quite original and new, related 
ndidate genes related with phenological traits measured on urban and non-urban populations  
ed with phenological traits measured on urban and non-urban populations  
ogical traits measured on urban and non-urban populations  
14548 11                             patterns of biological diversity on gypsum soils have fascinated ec 
terns of biological diversity on gypsum soils have fascinated ecologist and evolutionary biolog 
lutionary biologist for decades. gypsum soils which occurs patchily are high in calcium and low 
s essential macronutrients. these harsh soils exclude most plants found in surrounding nongypsu 
high proportion of endemic and regional indicator species. spain has one of the temperate zones 
endemic and regional indicator species. spain has one of the temperate zones richest gypsum flo 
 with near 50 taxa restricted to gypsum soils. species-area relationships have been of interest 
 relationships have been of interest in ecology since de candolle and nowadays its a fundamenta 
nowadays its a fundamental construct of biogeography. it is widely believed, at least among bio 
 biogeographers and ecologist, that the diversity of species increases most rapidly with increa 
determine which is the role in quarries colonization of the species-area relationships, the deg 
7038 20                                         agriculture and forestry strongly depend on the percept 
                        agriculture and forestry strongly depend on the perception, interpretat 
e managers to eco-systematic processes. soil and weather are the central conditions in determin 
nditions in determining the location of agriculture and forestry. perception, interpretation an 
rmining the location of agriculture and forestry. perception, interpretation and reaction of fa 
terpretation and reaction of farmers to soil and climate are in close connection with specific  
ion and reaction of farmers to soil and climate are in close connection with specific local exp 
ion with specific local experience. the local knowledge of farmers concerning ecological system 
ce and therefore of the interactive man-environment relation. it is the aim of the research pro 
 research project to make available the local knowledge of farmers and other local experts abou 
f farmers and other local experts about soil and weather in the regions of osttirol and pinzgau 
stions: - which type of knowledge about soil and weather is available, - to which values and at 
 connected, - how does it influence the behavior of local people in their management of natural 
e the behavior of local people in their management of natural resources, - within which institu 
 of local people in their management of natural resources, - within which institutional network 
ferences and congruencies exist between local knowledge/behavior and scientific knowledge. fina 
gruencies exist between local knowledge/behavior and scientific knowledge. finally, local knowl 
vior and scientific knowledge. finally, local knowledge will be assessed regarding its potentia 
ts potential for the sustainable use of natural resources, and the possible areas of its integr 
s integration into regional concepts of land-use will be identified.  
12140 1 baltic region with that of the southern europe, where in b. divaricatae species is still absent 
7709 21 ct aims to analyze o2la and support the agriculture relocation process, and especially livestoc 
ture relocation process, and especially livestock. it is to promote ruminant farming methods en 
c, social and local cultural. in such a model, the individual and collective management practic 
 a model, the individual and collective management practices and selection of plant and animal  
iation and a more respectful use of the environment by enhancing the local ecological context.  
owever, designs and knowledge to manage biodiversity at the interface plant / animal, including 
 potential of the concept of ecological intensification. it brings together winemakers and agro 
roecological to analyze the dynamics of grassland communities and their adaptation to drought,  
mics of grassland communities and their adaptation to drought, agronomists and animal scientist 
and communities and their adaptation to drought, agronomists and animal scientists and research 
earchers in artificial intelligence for modeling valuing diversity at the level of farming syst 
icial intelligence for modeling valuing diversity at the level of farming systems in a gain per 
ms in a gain perspective flexibility in management science researchers and bio- technicians to  
- develop in partnership innovations in management and selection of biological diversity and, f 
ovations in management and selection of biological diversity and, finally, animal scientists, g 
l and social transformations at work in collective action devices to include the management and 
ollective action devices to include the management and selection of breeds in the territorial i 
ciplinary analysis and guidance for the management of high biological diversity and cultivated  
and guidance for the management of high biological diversity and cultivated at the territorial  
 the territorial level: what changes in production methods knowledge and what relationships bui 
h reports build with the actors in this management, with what consequences for research  
11215 5                                     the water - to - land transition made by vertebrates during 
om supports for swimming musculature in water to robust weight-bearing struts and cantilevers f 
errant skeletally, having morphological traits that suggest both aquatic and terrestrial specia 
liest conditions of the transition from water to land and ultimately lead to greater understand 
ur understanding of the transition from water to land, but lay the foundations and establish th 
11713 5                                     the water - to - land transition made by vertebrates during 
om supports for swimming musculature in water to robust weight-bearing struts and cantilevers f 
errant skeletally, having morphological traits that suggest both aquatic and terrestrial specia 
liest conditions of the transition from water to land and ultimately lead to greater understand 
ur understanding of the transition from water to land, but lay the foundations and establish th 
11735 6 s obtained from outside their immediate environment. but how were such foreign foods obtained a 
le diet and into the local agricultural production this is one of the key questions in understa 
 the key questions in understanding the evolution of human diet. excavations at the roman and i 
ne of only two ports for the trade with india and beyond during the 1st-3rd and 11th-15th centu 
ce trade in foodstuffs on both diet and agriculture in egypt and beyond. moreover, the site ran 
in terms of quality of preservation and abundance of food remains. a detailed analysis of these 
10148 16 th and there is clear evidence that its ecosystems are changing rapidly. these changes are gene 
nges are generally attributed to recent global warming, the effects of which are enhanced in th 
re an important component in the arctic landscape. however, many changes seen in the lakes coul 
ity caused by atmospheric deposition of nitrogen . remarkably few measurements of n deposition  
ational focus on long-range atmospheric pollution transport. finally, these modern studies will 
 of much of the arctic in terms of lake density, precipitation patterns and vegetation. if we e 
of the arctic in terms of lake density, precipitation patterns and vegetation. if we establish  
ake density, precipitation patterns and vegetation. if we establish that lakes in this region h 
he arctic which have experienced recent warming since long-range n transport is a global phenom 
 a global phenomenon. it is likely that warming and n enrichment act in a similar and synergist 
ced response to even small increases in temperature. possible interactions between nutrient dep 
actions between nutrient deposition and carbon cycling are also important for understanding bio 
mple, enhanced n deposition may release bacteria from nutrient limitation, increasing rates of  
 n deposition may release bacteria from nutrient limitation, increasing rates of respiration in 
utrient limitation, increasing rates of respiration in lakes, increasing co2 efflux to the atmo 
and hence providing a feedback into the climate system.  
10418 13  there is now unambiguous evidence that ecosystems in the arctic are changing. this is generall 
anging. this is generally attributed to global warming, effects of which are particularly enhan 
at long-range atmospheric deposition of nitrogen to establish longer-term trends in sw greenlan 
rts of the arctic both in terms of lake density, precipitation patterns and vegetation. if we e 
e arctic both in terms of lake density, precipitation patterns and vegetation. if we establish  
ake density, precipitation patterns and vegetation. if we establish that lakes in this region h 
tic which have experienced 20th century warming since long-range n transport is a global phenom 
 a global phenomenon. it is likely that warming and n enrichment act in a similar and synergist 
ced response to even small increases in temperature. possible interactions between nutrient dep 
mple, enhanced n deposition may release bacteria from nutrient limitation, increasing rates of  
 n deposition may release bacteria from nutrient limitation, increasing rates of respiration in 
utrient limitation, increasing rates of respiration in lakes, thereby contributing to regional  
 atmosphere and hence feedback into the climate system.  
10908 16 th and there is clear evidence that its ecosystems are changing rapidly. these changes are gene 
nges are generally attributed to recent global warming, the effects of which are enhanced in th 
re an important component in the arctic landscape. however, many changes seen in the lakes coul 
ity caused by atmospheric deposition of nitrogen . remarkably few measurements of n deposition  
ational focus on long-range atmospheric pollution transport. finally, these modern studies will 
 of much of the arctic in terms of lake density, precipitation patterns and vegetation. if we e 
of the arctic in terms of lake density, precipitation patterns and vegetation. if we establish  
ake density, precipitation patterns and vegetation. if we establish that lakes in this region h 
he arctic which have experienced recent warming since long-range n transport is a global phenom 
 a global phenomenon. it is likely that warming and n enrichment act in a similar and synergist 
ced response to even small increases in temperature. possible interactions between nutrient dep 
actions between nutrient deposition and carbon cycling are also important for understanding bio 
mple, enhanced n deposition may release bacteria from nutrient limitation, increasing rates of  
 n deposition may release bacteria from nutrient limitation, increasing rates of respiration in 
utrient limitation, increasing rates of respiration in lakes, increasing co2 efflux to the atmo 
and hence providing a feedback into the climate system.  
11751 16 th and there is clear evidence that its ecosystems are changing rapidly. these changes are gene 
nges are generally attributed to recent global warming, the effects of which are enhanced in th 
re an important component in the arctic landscape. however, many changes seen in the lakes coul 
ity caused by atmospheric deposition of nitrogen . remarkably few measurements of n deposition  
ational focus on long-range atmospheric pollution transport. finally, these modern studies will 
 of much of the arctic in terms of lake density, precipitation patterns and vegetation. if we e 
of the arctic in terms of lake density, precipitation patterns and vegetation. if we establish  
ake density, precipitation patterns and vegetation. if we establish that lakes in this region h 
he arctic which have experienced recent warming since long-range n transport is a global phenom 
 a global phenomenon. it is likely that warming and n enrichment act in a similar and synergist 
ced response to even small increases in temperature. possible interactions between nutrient dep 
actions between nutrient deposition and carbon cycling are also important for understanding bio 
mple, enhanced n deposition may release bacteria from nutrient limitation, increasing rates of  
 n deposition may release bacteria from nutrient limitation, increasing rates of respiration in 
utrient limitation, increasing rates of respiration in lakes, increasing co2 efflux to the atmo 
and hence providing a feedback into the climate system.  
15525 5            sea turtles are cosmopolitan marine species that have recently experienced an import 
rtle . researching on loggerhead turtle conservation status in the western mediterranean become 
rtle conservation status in the western mediterranean becomes essential due to the double origi 
gin and stratification of local stocks. conservation measures are predicted to affect directly  
es are predicted to affect directly the conservation status of different nesting populations in 
11742 8 er, because most deaths occur at sea of birds of unknown origin the true impact of such inciden 
study is to determine the effect of oil pollution on the population dynamics of the common guil 
mine the effect of oil pollution on the population dynamics of the common guillemot uria aalge  
ajor wintering area for guillemots, and birds from skomer were among those killed by the erika. 
on size. secondly, to determine whether density-dependent processes influence the rate of recov 
pendent processes influence the rate of recovery of guillemot populations from major mortality  
ery of guillemot populations from major mortality incidents. finally, to determine how age, sex 
e how age, sex and cohort influence the recruitment, survival and reproductive success of this  
12165 5                                    many weeds associated with arable systems have declined subs 
e plants are priority species in the uk biodiversity action plan and these and several other un 
l sites will be identified on different soil types, containing populations of uncommon arable p 
f uncommon arable plants and pernicious weeds. proposals will be made for weed control treatmen 
ural methods, herbicides and rotational management along with costings and options for funding. 
12630 1 t three sites maintained in arable crop production.  
12629 1 d between 1994 and 1997 . additionally, planning work will be undertaken ahead of the next full 
2120 11 d in studies of fundamental behavioural traits such as species recognition, mate choice and soc 
ies recognition, mate choice and social dominance. i propose a project to investigate long term 
n the wild in terms of such behavioural traits. since 1995, great tits and blue tits have been  
investigate the species recognition and dominance of the offspring of cross-fostered birds, als 
ance of the offspring of cross-fostered birds, also taking the sex of the cross-fostered parent 
w does the song of cross-fostered males function in interactions with heterospecifics and consp 
fics and conspecifics. i also propose a review article on early learning. this project may yiel 
cle on early learning. this project may yield fundamentally new insights into the determinants  
w insights into the determinants of the development of species recognition and social dominance 
pment of species recognition and social dominance. moreover, cross-fostering is used in conserv 
e. moreover, cross-fostering is used in conservation biology as a method to save endangered bir 
2101 13           off-shore oil exploration and production is moving towards arctic regions. a strict r 
official requirement to avoid long term environmental impacts or effects that may be in conflic 
ffects that may be in conflict with the fisheries. the knowledge about the environmental impact 
 the fisheries. the knowledge about the environmental impact of such activities in these region 
bited, the possible environmental spill scenarios on the marine environment from the oil indust 
le environmental spill scenarios on the marine environment from the oil industry are mainly foc 
ronmental spill scenarios on the marine environment from the oil industry are mainly focused on 
ed to oil spill events in the course of production, processing or transport and to subsequent r 
 events or its associated environmental risk, so a scenario based approach is used to identify  
ntially long term effects on ice margin community of trapped oil. this may occur as oil trapped 
e relevant for validation of hazard and risk estimates as well as a support for environmentally 
s a support for environmentally related decision making at accidents as well as industrial oper 
 wilkitzkii. wp1: uptake and effects of water dissolved and food-bound hydrocarbons. wp2: effec 
12288 3  with varying genetic compositions. the genetic diversity of the accessions and the offspring d 
ill provide a valuable insight into the genetic diversity present within hybrid and conventiona 
and radish. the project will enable the conservation of alleles in highly derived accessions, t 
12580 7 udge, with different metal contents, on soil microorganisms and how they function within the so 
ts, on soil microorganisms and how they function within the soil. the experiments were carried  
anisms and how they function within the soil. the experiments were carried out at nine sites ac 
est the effects of individual metals on soil microbial activity and long term soil fertility. t 
he effects of individual metals on soil microbial activity and long term soil fertility. this p 
n soil microbial activity and long term soil fertility. this project will give an independent e 
. this project will give an independent evaluation of the findings from phases ii and iii of th 
12510 11 and in the uk were converted to organic production. in the short term, this was driven by the d 
nt years there has been an expansion of organic farming in lowland beef and sheep, and arable s 
portunity to integrate hill and lowland production, and address some of the problems of infrast 
and limited finishing capacity for hill livestock. decoupling of eu support from production, th 
ivestock. decoupling of eu support from production, through the single farm payment scheme, wil 
e financial performance and longer-term sustainability of both organic and conventional product 
bility of both organic and conventional production systems. by altering the scale and type of p 
nal production systems. by altering the scale and type of production on conventional farms, cap 
tems. by altering the scale and type of production on conventional farms, cap reform also has t 
impact, directly and indirectly, on the development and long-term prospects for organic farming 
development and long-term prospects for organic farming in the hills and uplands. supported by  
11849 44                                         tropical forests hold more species of plant and animal  
imal than any other kind of terrestrial environment. they also store vast amounts of greenhouse 
onment. they also store vast amounts of greenhouse gases in their trees and soils. the brazilia 
 of greenhouse gases in their trees and soils. the brazilian amazon accounts for 40% of all the 
in their trees and soils. the brazilian amazon accounts for 40% of all these remaining forests, 
accounts for 40% of all these remaining forests, and is therefore of enormous global importance 
ance for protecting earth s species and climate. humid tropical forests do not normally burn, y 
ting earth s species and climate. humid tropical forests do not normally burn, yet their future 
an-made fires. human activities such as logging and forest fragmentation open up the forest hab 
s. human activities such as logging and forest fragmentation open up the forest habitat and mak 
ng and forest fragmentation open up the forest habitat and make it more flammable, while agricu 
forest fragmentation open up the forest habitat and make it more flammable, while agriculture i 
bitat and make it more flammable, while agriculture in areas adjacent to remaining forest has g 
iculture in areas adjacent to remaining forest has greatly increased the number of fire inciden 
est has greatly increased the number of fire incidents. furthermore, there is now convincing ev 
ted for the next century could make the amazon both dryer and hotter, increasing the frequency  
 the frequency and intensity of extreme drought events and raising the flammability of enormous 
g the flammability of enormous areas of forest. severe amazonian droughts occurred in 1997 and  
in 1997 and 2005, and led to widespread forest fires devastating thousands of square kilometers 
ating thousands of square kilometers of forest. when a forest burns for the first time flame he 
 of square kilometers of forest. when a forest burns for the first time flame heights rarely ex 
heights rarely exceed 30-40 cm, and the fire moves through the leaf litter. although these fire 
0-40 cm, and the fire moves through the leaf litter. although these fires appear relatively inn 
ve feedback cycle, where increased tree mortality produces a more open forest and increases the 
sed tree mortality produces a more open forest and increases the fuel available on the forest f 
and increases the fuel available on the forest floor, making the forest more flammable, and inc 
ailable on the forest floor, making the forest more flammable, and increasing the severity of a 
creasing the severity of any subsequent fire. forests that have burned more than once have lost 
ng the severity of any subsequent fire. forests that have burned more than once have lost aroun 
stand the implications of wildfires for tropical forest vegetation, and many important question 
ations of wildfires for tropical forest vegetation, and many important questions remain. for ex 
we cannot yet explain why rates of tree mortality vary from 8 to 40% depending on the region of 
rom 8 to 40% depending on the region of forest, and we have almost no information on the longer 
formation on the longer-term effects of fire on tropical forest trees. we need more information 
n on the longer-term effects of fire on tropical forest trees. we need more information on how  
s. we need more information on how long forests take to recover in each of these areas, i will  
 be able to test predictions about tree mortality and regeneration after fire in transitional a 
t tree mortality and regeneration after fire in transitional and core amazonian forests. this i 
fire in transitional and core amazonian forests. this information will improve our understandin 
ve our understanding of the response of tropical forests to fires over a large area and over lo 
information essential for assessing the resilience of the amazon to human pressure, and the pot 
ial for assessing the resilience of the amazon to human pressure, and the potential consequence 
sure, and the potential consequences of land-use and climate change.  
 potential consequences of land-use and climate change.  
14670 10 ctive success of individuals , breeding habitat selection is likely to be under a strong select 
exes used by individuals when assessing habitat quality to subsequently choose an habitat. this 
bitat quality to subsequently choose an habitat. this is based on the fact that conspecifics sh 
ological needs and, thus, they may show habitat suitability. thus, information coming from hete 
esis has been called the heterospecific habitat copying hypothesis in a breeding habitat select 
abitat copying hypothesis in a breeding habitat selection context and it is valid even for comp 
l needs among species, the stronger the competition but also the higher the value of informatio 
sis assessing the role of interspecific competition and to investigate which cue is used when a 
h species and also manipulations of the competition by exclusion. further we will do behavioura 
 characters as possible cues indicating habitat quality.  
12065 9 um collections a response tool for most biodiversity crisis is neither charismatic nor media: i 
dia: it is essential for small and rare invertebrates, which nont not received scientific names 
d for 30, 50 or even 100 years. thereby"biodiversity crisis"and"sixth extinction"are expression 
. thereby"biodiversity crisis"and"sixth extinction"are expressions that are based on evidence i 
ch project around a core of taxonomists invertebrates, probabilities includes specialists, arch 
ct aims to quantify losers contemporary extinction on a group of invertebrates, and offer the t 
s contemporary extinction on a group of invertebrates, and offer the theoretical and practical  
ure of natural history collections in a biodiversity crisis context. the successful model is th 
iversity crisis context. the successful model is that of molluscs. it has the advantage of bein 
226 19                                         habitat loss and habitat fragmentation are considered t 
                       habitat loss and habitat fragmentation are considered to be the primary  
ons. this creates the phenomenon called extinction debt in communities which means that many po 
tions of species persist in the changed landscape for some period of time, though the environme 
ape for some period of time, though the environment is not suitable for them anymore and the fu 
uitable for them anymore and the future extinction is inevitable. the aim of this grant proposa 
 of this grant proposal is to study the extinction debt as wide-spread phenomenon in recently f 
seminatural communities; to examine the traits and abundances of species forming the debt and t 
hich species will persist in fragmented landscape. well also find out how the different paramet 
ind out how the different parameters of biodiversity – genetic diversity, phylogenetic diversit 
 different parameters of biodiversity – genetic diversity, phylogenetic diversity – respond to  
rs of biodiversity – genetic diversity, phylogenetic diversity – respond to habitat loss and fr 
ty, phylogenetic diversity – respond to habitat loss and fragmentation and how they are related 
diversity – respond to habitat loss and fragmentation and how they are related to the extinctio 
ntation and how they are related to the extinction debt. finally, by comparing the remained are 
inally, by comparing the remained area, connectivity and extinction debt in different studies w 
ing the remained area, connectivity and extinction debt in different studies we will give a gen 
e for the length of the time before the species diversity decreases. we will go to fieldworks t 
s and environmental data. for gathering species traits, genetic and phylogenetic data we will u 
13804 13 tions of natural habitats have caused a pollinator decline, and as a result pollination interac 
d a pollinator decline, and as a result pollination interactions may be at risk. the impact of  
sult pollination interactions may be at risk. the impact of pollinator loss on plant communitie 
eractions may be at risk. the impact of pollinator loss on plant communities is, among other th 
nd on degree of specialization of plant-pollinator interactions. this project will investigate  
tigate the effect of loss of functional pollinator groups on reproductive success in plant spec 
flower morphology. extinctions of large pollinators will be simulated in a field experiment on  
ls and individuals subjected to natural pollination, and differences in degree of response will 
ized flowers. differences in functional pollinator diversity between species with specialized a 
s. differences in functional pollinator diversity between species with specialized and generali 
heterospecific pollen will be tested by monitoring amounts of heterospecific pollen on arriving 
ts of heterospecific pollen on arriving pollinators and on stigmas. specialization has been sug 
rbances, but more information about the nature of specialization and its consequences is needed 
12468 9 efra funded project . this project will review and analyse the data collected by the 30 vessels 
ow-cost vms system to inform the future development or implementation of the vessel monitoring  
lopment or implementation of the vessel monitoring system. the analyses will focus on 5 key are 
y areas. 1. data quality and robustness assessment 2. recommended logging frequency ranges for  
nd robustness assessment 2. recommended logging frequency ranges for potential end-users 3. ass 
uency ranges for potential end-users 3. assessment of the ability to discriminate fishing vs. n 
sessment of the ability to discriminate fishing vs. non-fishing events 4. comparison of the low 
ability to discriminate fishing vs. non-fishing events 4. comparison of the low-cost vs. over 1 
validity of using this data to estimate fishing effort. it is anticipated that results will be  
12282 23 of this scoping study is to explore the carbon components of key production steps within conven 
to explore the carbon components of key production steps within conventional growing systems an 
techniques that could contribute to low carbon farming. this should identify where reductions i 
his should identify where reductions in carbon inputs could be achieved without compromising yi 
 could be achieved without compromising yield and quality and inform the development of low car 
mising yield and quality and inform the development of low carbon production systems which are  
ality and inform the development of low carbon production systems which are resilient and adapt 
nd inform the development of low carbon production systems which are resilient and adaptable to 
 are resilient and adaptable to change. water use will be examined principally from the perspec 
principally from the perspective of its carbon burden. information on current production practi 
s carbon burden. information on current production practices will be assimilated to provide a b 
ovide a baseline for the assessments of carbon and water use. this will be obtained from standa 
eline for the assessments of carbon and water use. this will be obtained from standard sources  
 consultation with farmers and growers. model crops will be chosen – preferred options are pota 
provide a structure for quantifying the carbon inputs at every stage of production and identify 
ing the carbon inputs at every stage of production and identifying the main areas where reducti 
o be used to identify the main areas of water use. techniques that could contribute to low carb 
techniques that could contribute to low carbon farming will be identified and key positive and  
s will be achieved through a literature review and use of an expert panel. the role of decision 
e pool will be discussed. the impact of climate change and the effects of predicted changes in  
and the effects of predicted changes in temperature, rainfall and co2 will also be considered.  
 biological, environmental and economic resilience of various approaches and recommendations fo 
recommendations for future research and development will be made.  
7046 18                                  in the marine environment, no other environmental variable has 
                          in the marine environment, no other environmental variable has change 
ly in recent decades than the dissolved oxygen who will help work up and interpret the samples  
 and growing, threat to shallow coastal ecosystems. it will put an ecological framework on past 
ill put an ecological framework on past hypoxia-tolerance experiments and contribute to the ong 
o the ongoing debate on valid tolerance thresholds and indicator organisms. the project will al 
ebate on valid tolerance thresholds and indicator organisms. the project will also add concrete 
rical context - on the issue-complex of climate change, eutrophication and biodiversity loss. o 
on the issue-complex of climate change, eutrophication and biodiversity loss. our multidiscipli 
x of climate change, eutrophication and biodiversity loss. our multidisciplinary results will b 
iplinary results will be of interest to marine researchers, environmental scientists and policy 
searchers, environmental scientists and policy makers in the increasing number of regions affec 
decisions on the status of the affected marine habitats, help formulate strategies to avoid cat 
id catastrophic mortalities and promote recovery, and provide criteria for determining the loca 
determining the location and borders of protected areas. finally, mariculture enterprises in sl 
ble to better judge the local impact of oxygen crises on their ecosystem, organisms and livelih 
 local impact of oxygen crises on their ecosystem, organisms and livelihoods.  
rises on their ecosystem, organisms and livelihoods.  
11654 1  multiple population samples in western europe. we will then analyse these data to test hypothe 
6770 3 butterflies . it was hypothetized, that adaptation as absorbing more solar energy via dorsal di 
that adaptation as absorbing more solar energy via dorsal discoloration in hostile environment  
rgy via dorsal discoloration in hostile environment is one of the possible explanation for the  
12332 8 ly 2008, 10% of lyme bay was declared a marine protected area and permanently closed off to sca 
, 10% of lyme bay was declared a marine protected area and permanently closed off to scallop dr 
f the mpa, specifically to quantify the recovery of benthic communities using a number of focal 
hic communities using a number of focal/indicator species; to quantify and assess any potential 
 be used to assess the effectiveness of marine protected areas in achieving conservation object 
 of marine protected areas in achieving conservation objectives; the socio-economic implication 
as; and provide further detail on where fisheries management and conservation objectives could  
etail on where fisheries management and conservation objectives could be integrated.  
7181 7 ion is weakened particularly due to the development of aphids jacobeae. the distribution and ab 
the development of aphids jacobeae. the distribution and abundance make illusory any attempt er 
f aphids jacobeae. the distribution and abundance make illusory any attempt eradication, it sho 
ion, it should continue to monitor some protected areas but the risk appears limited impact out 
to monitor some protected areas but the risk appears limited impact outside of disturbed areas. 
e new knowledge about the mechanisms of invasion groundsel. the species does not appear as a sp 
changes that appear to have favored the invasion  
7522 7 east producers and manufacturers select bacteria on criteria increasingly precise linked to par 
nctions that are naturally transferable ecosystems. conversely, a very low genetic variability  
ons of the cell base. it seems that the genetic diversity of the population of s. thermophilus  
n appropriate methodology to assess the genetic diversity of strains of s. . we will evaluate d 
er the best combination to identify the diversity in this species. this method should be adapta 
 this method should be adaptable to all bacteria for which there is a challenge for the diversi 
 for which there is a challenge for the diversity of knowledge  
13327 23                              macis will review and meta-analyse the existing projections of cli 
eta-analyse the existing projections of climate change impacts on biodiversity. it will assess  
 existing projections of climate change impacts on biodiversity. it will assess the available o 
rojections of climate change impacts on biodiversity. it will assess the available options to p 
ptions to prevent and minimise negative impacts for the eu25 up to 2050 and review the state-of 
ive impacts for the eu25 up to 2050 and review the state-of-the-art on methods to assess the pr 
n methods to assess the probable future impacts of climate change on biodiversity. this include 
o assess the probable future impacts of climate change on biodiversity. this includes the revie 
ble future impacts of climate change on biodiversity. this includes the review of possible clim 
ange on biodiversity. this includes the review of possible climate change adaptation and mitiga 
y. this includes the review of possible climate change adaptation and mitigation measures and t 
 possible climate change adaptation and mitigation measures and their potential effect on futur 
es and their potential effect on future biodiversity. macis wants to further develop a series o 
is wants to further develop a series of biodiversity and habitat models that address biodiversi 
er develop a series of biodiversity and habitat models that address biodiversity impacts, and a 
versity and habitat models that address biodiversity impacts, and are capable of calculating th 
abitat models that address biodiversity impacts, and are capable of calculating the consequence 
n drivers as specified by the narrative scenarios provided by the ipcc. macis will identify pol 
ovided by the ipcc. macis will identify policy options at eu, ms, regional and local levels to  
levels to prevent and minimise negative impacts from climate change and from climate change ada 
vent and minimise negative impacts from climate change and from climate change adaptation and m 
ve impacts from climate change and from climate change adaptation and mitigation measures.  
 and from climate change adaptation and mitigation measures.  
12445 6 understanding of population biology and ecology for key species of commercial interest. specifi 
st. specifically, relationships between fish population sub-units in spawning areas, on nursery 
ar-on-year, and the contribution of the environment to such variation. key customer purpose: pr 
ical knowledge necessary to improve the management of fish populations into the future against  
 necessary to improve the management of fish populations into the future against a broad range  
nto the future against a broad range of policy objectives.  
15242 1 a mechanism that and depict the role of pollinators in those pollen transfer patterns  
13356 1 has a great potential from the point of diversity in natural mushroom species due to favourable 
2197 12 aracters among successfully established macroalgae and higher plants by quantitative ranking of 
such characters ranked for above all: i dispersal, ii fecundity, iii tolerance of extreme range 
nges of abiotic variables processes and ecosystem impact impact on ecosystem function will be d 
rocesses and ecosystem impact impact on ecosystem function will be documented for some areas wh 
ermore, processes of importance for the function of the ecosystem will be analyzed by modelling 
s of importance for the function of the ecosystem will be analyzed by modelling of resource uti 
on of the ecosystem will be analyzed by modelling of resource utilization as a basis for co-occ 
 artificial surfaces which affects both aquaculture structures and shells of molluscs as well a 
lluscs as well as fouling on ships. the risk that some of these algae or vascular plants may po 
g on ships. the risk that some of these algae or vascular plants may pose a threat to the biodi 
ascular plants may pose a threat to the biodiversity of the marine communities will be assessed 
ose a threat to the biodiversity of the marine communities will be assessed in co-opperation wi 
7193 1 onidae of insect immunity towards their parasitoids to try to understand the reasons for succes 
183 10                                         macroecology is a newly defined scientific branch betwe 
newly defined scientific branch between ecology, evolution and biogeography, aiming to clarify  
ined scientific branch between ecology, evolution and biogeography, aiming to clarify ecologica 
c branch between ecology, evolution and biogeography, aiming to clarify ecological processes us 
acroecological studies to the practical nature conservation in planning protected areas at the  
to the practical nature conservation in planning protected areas at the global and regional sca 
actical nature conservation in planning protected areas at the global and regional scale. we sh 
tected areas at the global and regional scale. we shall use the meta-study approach; ecoinforma 
al databases; and field works gathering biodiversity and environmental data at the regional sca 
 and environmental data at the regional scale.  
14470 5 o investigate the constraints that some habitat characteristics impose on the species living in 
ving in them, and their effect in large scale macroevolutionary and macroecological patterns. t 
onary and macroecological patterns. the model system are species of aquatic coleoptera, which a 
the model system are species of aquatic coleoptera, which are known to preferentially occupy on 
rentially occupy one of two contrasting habitat types , to test for predicted differences in ge 
10159 6 ority of the world s animal species are invertebrates and it is estimated that as few as 10% of 
te. this contrasts with the mammals and birds which are to a first approximation, completely kn 
it has been possible to use mammals and birds to answer many large questions in ecology and evo 
birds to answer many large questions in ecology and evolution. such questions include how their 
wer many large questions in ecology and evolution. such questions include how their major distr 
 such questions include how their major distribution patterns have arisen, what factors make pa 
15407 5 tion is a central issue in evolutionary ecology, yet several aspects concerning its significanc 
e address the geographical variation of traits involved in mutualistic and antagonistic interac 
y, the role of population genealogy and climate as determinants of broad-scale patterns in popu 
gy and climate as determinants of broad-scale patterns in population performance of the laurelc 
 integrating improved climatic envelope modeling with rangewide phylogeography.  
11059 23 ng than has so far been possible of how ecology and environments shape the evolution of biodive 
 how ecology and environments shape the evolution of biodiversity in a group of organisms over  
and environments shape the evolution of biodiversity in a group of organisms over a long period 
pen varies among species and over time: biodiversity is too unevenly spread among different gro 
ows that there have been times when the risk of extinction has been particularly high. however, 
 there have been times when the risk of extinction has been particularly high. however, it has  
 groups, we know most about present-day diversity, so can relate numbers of species to particul 
t which species are formed, the rate of extinction, or both. nor can they give us direct inform 
rmation about how the processes shaping biodiversity have changed over time. the fossil record  
ediments is to go back in time in foram evolution, and the sheer numbers of fossils make it pos 
hysical dimensions can be measured, and ecology inferred from chemical analysis. the sediments, 
dented detail the rules governing foram evolution. how have rates of speciation and extinction  
ution. how have rates of speciation and extinction changed through the last 65 million years do 
ugh the last 65 million years does high diversity suppress speciation, cause extinction, neithe 
gh diversity suppress speciation, cause extinction, neither, or both do individual species prob 
logical characters shape speciation and extinction rates does the tendency towards larger size  
ges, or does size affect speciation and extinction rates too how do morphological characters ev 
lve over time, and is the rate of their evolution tied up with rates of diversification and how 
 are there different sets of rules when extinction rates are high, as opposed to normal; or whe 
are high, as opposed to normal; or when climate is changing, as opposed to stable some of these 
 gain a synthetic overview of how large-scale patterns in evolution arise in natural environmen 
overview of how large-scale patterns in evolution arise in natural environments. such an overvi 
nisms: having a detailed picture of one model system will help researchers working on other gro 
11304 23 ng than has so far been possible of how ecology and environments shape the evolution of biodive 
 how ecology and environments shape the evolution of biodiversity in a group of organisms over  
and environments shape the evolution of biodiversity in a group of organisms over a long period 
pen varies among species and over time: biodiversity is too unevenly spread among different gro 
ows that there have been times when the risk of extinction has been particularly high. however, 
 there have been times when the risk of extinction has been particularly high. however, it has  
 groups, we know most about present-day diversity, so can relate numbers of species to particul 
t which species are formed, the rate of extinction, or both. nor can they give us direct inform 
rmation about how the processes shaping biodiversity have changed over time. the fossil record  
ediments is to go back in time in foram evolution, and the sheer numbers of fossils make it pos 
hysical dimensions can be measured, and ecology inferred from chemical analysis. the sediments, 
dented detail the rules governing foram evolution. how have rates of speciation and extinction  
ution. how have rates of speciation and extinction changed through the last 65 million years do 
ugh the last 65 million years does high diversity suppress speciation, cause extinction, neithe 
gh diversity suppress speciation, cause extinction, neither, or both do individual species prob 
logical characters shape speciation and extinction rates does the tendency towards larger size  
ges, or does size affect speciation and extinction rates too how do morphological characters ev 
lve over time, and is the rate of their evolution tied up with rates of diversification and how 
 are there different sets of rules when extinction rates are high, as opposed to normal; or whe 
are high, as opposed to normal; or when climate is changing, as opposed to stable some of these 
 gain a synthetic overview of how large-scale patterns in evolution arise in natural environmen 
overview of how large-scale patterns in evolution arise in natural environments. such an overvi 
nisms: having a detailed picture of one model system will help researchers working on other gro 
6737 6 s there were significant changes in the biodiversity of river danube regarding both the differe 
al groups and communities including the macroinvertebrates of the littoral zone and the benthos 
ertebrates of the littoral zone and the benthos involving the decrease of the number of species 
e decrease of the number of species and density. this decrease was the greatest in the litrorhe 
n arm of the danube and in the adjacent wetland areas. majority of available records are severa 
date inventory of the macroinvertebrate biodiversity.  
7163 3    this project focuses on the study of macroinvertebrates european running waters, with a spec 
sms invasive processes and characterize invasive species as well as the most invaded areas. the 
peration with managers, and provide aid management support and education on invasions  
2194 13 nd threats • describe the precent large-scale distrubution and aboundance of zostera marina and 
ge-scale distrubution and aboundance of zostera marina and other phanerogams and quality correl 
 phanerogams and quality correlate with biodiversity of associated fauna. processes generating  
phyte species. scientific synthesis and management guidelines • establish a current discussion  
scientific syntheses and guidelines for management tools. • compile literature reviews and resu 
s and processes at genetic, species and ecosystem levels of macrophyte systems under various co 
gion along the swedish coast. • produce management tools that both describe the motive for prop 
hat both describe the motive for proper management of macrophyte habitats, and the way of doing 
 doing this. emphasize should be put on management related to main threats of macrophyte habita 
acrophyte habitats. evaluate the use of habitat forming species such as zostera marina as indic 
 use of habitat forming species such as zostera marina as indicators of biodiversity.  
rming species such as zostera marina as indicators of biodiversity.  
such as zostera marina as indicators of biodiversity.  
11611 8 s. adsorption of individual metals as a function of ph will be used to calculate metal-site sta 
n of individual metals as a function of ph will be used to calculate metal-site stability const 
ph will be used to calculate metal-site stability constants with each site on the surface of ba 
stants with each site on the surface of bacteria. the variation in these stability constants wi 
ace of bacteria. the variation in these stability constants with atomic number will provide som 
ctionation mechanisms. parallel mineral growth experiments from ree-spiked fluids which have be 
n contacted with, or in the presence of bacteria will be combined with field sampling and analy 
minerals. spectroscopic analysis of the bacteria in cell pellets from the experiments will be u 
12205 1 ys research in crop/molecular genetics, diversity and physiology to attract international resea 
7579 6 isms responsible for the maintenance of genetic diversity within populations is a major issue i 
l process, among others, of maintaining genetic diversity. this result suggests to integrate th 
. this result suggests to integrate the behavior of mate choice in genetic resources management 
ior of mate choice in genetic resources management. our project offers 1 to study the link betw 
f these processes in the maintenance of genetic diversity in populations and, particularly in t 
irect implications for genetic resource management  
12204 11                                     the sustainable development and improvement of uk crops in  
 crops through commercial breeding. the conservation and sustainable use of genetic resources a 
e and adaptable farming and sustainable management of natural resources. the support of key ex  
e farming and sustainable management of natural resources. the support of key ex situ germplasm 
lasm collections is in line with defras policy on genetic resources for food and agriculture fo 
olicy on genetic resources for food and agriculture for england and wales and defras role as le 
ead ministry meeting uk commitments for conservation of plant genetic resources under both the  
 plant genetic resources under both the convention on biological diversity formed in 2005. this 
orted uk genetic resources for food and agriculture web portal. the project will support the co 
 the project will support the continued development of the collection through the further chara 
al in the field and glasshouses and the distribution of germplasm and related information throu 
181 7 mentally testable predictions about the evolution of many biological systems, from biochemical  
equence data to work out a phylogenetic classification of the holarctic dolerini. the tribus do 
i. the tribus dolerini is selected as a model group of exophagous tenthredinids because this li 
es in the tribe empriini, resolving the taxonomy of the presumably cryptic species groups, and  
 thus enabling important comparisons of diversity and adaptations between the shared lineages i 
 these groups in the light of molecular phylogeny. - resolving the taxonomy and nomenclature of 
of molecular phylogeny. - resolving the taxonomy and nomenclature of most critical cryptic spec 
10716 18  300 million tons are made each year by marine microbes, around 10% of which escapes into the a 
 over the oceans, affecting weather and climate. and, when it rains, these compounds come back  
in tiny amounts, dms attracts different marine animals - fish, penguins and tiny crustaceans al 
dms attracts different marine animals - fish, penguins and tiny crustaceans all swim, fly or pa 
and in warwick, the ways in which other marine microbes can further transform this gas are stud 
. this is because the great majority of bacteria that live out here in the natural world have n 
 use forms of dms and dmsp in which the carbon atoms have an atomic weight of 13, not the more  
igests such a heavy molecule, the heavy carbon is incorporated into its molecules, including dn 
es in the genes, the microorganisms and fungi that used the dms or the dmsp can be identified a 
ll do these experiments on mud from the salt marshes of north norfolk. these are home to the gr 
 around spartina roots, which teem with bacteria and fungi that consume or make dms. we will th 
ina roots, which teem with bacteria and fungi that consume or make dms. we will therefore condu 
s of microbes mean that they affect our environment more than most of us realise. given the env 
 it is important to know which types of bacteria and fungi that affect its production and destr 
ant to know which types of bacteria and fungi that affect its production and destruction and wh 
s of bacteria and fungi that affect its production and destruction and which of the various pot 
pathways are involved. this may help us model how environmental changes such as climate change  
model how environmental changes such as climate change alter the balance of these processes.  
11704 18  300 million tons are made each year by marine microbes, around 10% of which escapes into the a 
 over the oceans, affecting weather and climate. and, when it rains, these compounds come back  
in tiny amounts, dms attracts different marine animals - fish, penguins and tiny crustaceans al 
dms attracts different marine animals - fish, penguins and tiny crustaceans all swim, fly or pa 
and in warwick, the ways in which other marine microbes can further transform this gas are stud 
. this is because the great majority of bacteria that live out here in the natural world have n 
 use forms of dms and dmsp in which the carbon atoms have an atomic weight of 13, not the more  
igests such a heavy molecule, the heavy carbon is incorporated into its molecules, including dn 
es in the genes, the microorganisms and fungi that used the dms or the dmsp can be identified a 
ll do these experiments on mud from the salt marshes of north norfolk. these are home to the gr 
 around spartina roots, which teem with bacteria and fungi that consume or make dms. we will th 
ina roots, which teem with bacteria and fungi that consume or make dms. we will therefore condu 
s of microbes mean that they affect our environment more than most of us realise. given the env 
 it is important to know which types of bacteria and fungi that affect its production and destr 
ant to know which types of bacteria and fungi that affect its production and destruction and wh 
s of bacteria and fungi that affect its production and destruction and which of the various pot 
pathways are involved. this may help us model how environmental changes such as climate change  
model how environmental changes such as climate change alter the balance of these processes.  
12727 2 d to overcome these barriers; •use this assessment of the actual and potential application of e 
the uks input into a gmes ‘use case for biodiversity. *for the purposes of this project ‘earth  
10854 4       wolbachia is a genus of inherited bacteria that manipulate the reproduction of their host 
s that may be important in driving host evolution, and could be used in the control of insect v 
 used in the control of insect vectored disease. we propose to investigate one wolbachia phenot 
 address three questions: 1. why do the bacteria reach such high prevalences two hypotheses tha 
10586 2 ntly fashionable hypothesis that female birds are able to allocate reproductive resources in re 
captive female canaries using male song complexity as a measure of attractiveness. the song str 
14561 1 l be experimentaly comprobated. data on distribution and relationship with the host will also b 
11686 4 ve altered due to human interference or climate change. tetraploids often have different charac 
na-based methods to test the tetraploid nature of the animals, to determine relation to other s 
 into the links between genomes and the environment, and possible contributions to knowledge-ba 
ssible contributions to knowledge-based conservation.  
15275 18 omestic animals and wild species on the risk of extinction are spatially structured. thus, meth 
animals and wild species on the risk of extinction are spatially structured. thus, methods for  
red. thus, methods for the analysis and management of genetic diversity should consider this as 
hods for the analysis and management of genetic diversity should consider this aspect. this pro 
al topics related with the analysis and management of structured populations using analytic tec 
 1. extension of the procedures for the management of structured populations incorporating the  
tions incorporating the complexities of adaptation of subpopulations to their environments, inb 
nd artificial selection of quantitative traits. 2. development of a new method of analysis of a 
al selection of quantitative traits. 2. development of a new method of analysis of allelic dive 
 of a new method of analysis of allelic diversity in the context of structured populations and  
e context of structured populations and evaluation of its use in combination with gene diversit 
ion of its use in combination with gene diversity. 3. determination of the optimal method to us 
gical and molecular information for the recovery of the genetic constitution of a population th 
 analyses by computer simulation of the efficiency of the different methods for the detection o 
e priorization of breeds or strains for conservation and the creation of synthetic populations. 
ons for different types of quantitative traits. the practical efficiency of methods for detecti 
s of quantitative traits. the practical efficiency of methods for detecting of selective genes  
ociated with selection for quantitative traits will be investigated.  
15276 18 omestic animals and wild species on the risk of extinction are spatially structured. thus, meth 
animals and wild species on the risk of extinction are spatially structured. thus, methods for  
red. thus, methods for the analysis and management of genetic diversity should consider this as 
hods for the analysis and management of genetic diversity should consider this aspect. this pro 
al topics related with the analysis and management of structured populations using analytic tec 
 1. extension of the procedures for the management of structured populations incorporating the  
tions incorporating the complexities of adaptation of subpopulations to their environments, inb 
nd artificial selection of quantitative traits. 2. development of a new method of analysis of a 
al selection of quantitative traits. 2. development of a new method of analysis of allelic dive 
 of a new method of analysis of allelic diversity in the context of structured populations and  
e context of structured populations and evaluation of its use in combination with gene diversit 
ion of its use in combination with gene diversity. 3. determination of the optimal method to us 
gical and molecular information for the recovery of the genetic constitution of a population th 
 analyses by computer simulation of the efficiency of the different methods for the detection o 
e priorization of breeds or strains for conservation and the creation of synthetic populations. 
ons for different types of quantitative traits. the practical efficiency of methods for detecti 
s of quantitative traits. the practical efficiency of methods for detecting of selective genes  
ociated with selection for quantitative traits will be investigated.  
14632 18 t project aims to study and analyse the conservation status and possible management guidelines  
se the conservation status and possible management guidelines for a declining and endangered su 
nting emberiza schoeniclus witherbyi in spain. the project will focus on factors affecting pres 
will focus on factors affecting present distribution using predictive models, will analyse demo 
d will explore possible consequences of habitat fragmentation on population genetics of the spe 
or genetic factors are relevant for the management of the studied species. the main objectives  
e associated with the alteration of its habitat due to the changes occurred in mediterranean we 
 habitat due to the changes occurred in mediterranean wetlands. the loss and fragmentation of h 
o the changes occurred in mediterranean wetlands. the loss and fragmentation of habitat may aff 
in mediterranean wetlands. the loss and fragmentation of habitat may affect resource availabili 
wetlands. the loss and fragmentation of habitat may affect resource availability, demographic p 
: 1- to obtain predictive models of the distribution and abundance of the reed bunting; 2- iden 
edictive models of the distribution and abundance of the reed bunting; 2- identify using the pr 
nvironmental factors that influence the distribution of the species; 3- simulations of probable 
onducted to evaluate its effect on bird distribution and richness; 4- to study the demographic  
ate its effect on bird distribution and richness; 4- to study the demographic parameters to ana 
vicariance and more recent events, like habitat fragmentation or dispersal to the genetic struc 
t events, like habitat fragmentation or dispersal to the genetic structure at present. we will  
7487 24                               deepwater fisheries pose particular difficulties for management.  
heries pose particular difficulties for management. target species are difficult to assess with 
difficult to assess with high levels of uncertainty, they are generally vulnerable to overfishi 
ainable levels of exploitation are low. ecosystems are impacted by fishing due to the removal o 
ion are low. ecosystems are impacted by fishing due to the removal of target species, bycatch o 
 of target species, bycatch of numerous fish and other organisms and the crushing of benthos su 
and other organisms and the crushing of benthos such as e.g. cold water coral and large sponges 
e crushing of benthos such as e.g. cold water coral and large sponges. however, the impact of f 
d large sponges. however, the impact of fishing on the deepwater ecosystem in general is poorly 
 the impact of fishing on the deepwater ecosystem in general is poorly quantified. deepfishman  
lop a range of strategy options for the management of deepwater fisheries in the ne atlantic th 
options for the management of deepwater fisheries in the ne atlantic that will take account of  
l be to identify new and more effective assessment methods, reference points, control rules and 
ds, reference points, control rules and management strategies to be used in the short term, mak 
tion gaps to achieve reliable long-term management requirements. this work will be developed by 
ected to give a wider perception of the management and monitoring of deepwater fisheries elsewh 
 wider perception of the management and monitoring of deepwater fisheries elsewhere in the worl 
 management and monitoring of deepwater fisheries elsewhere in the world. for each case study c 
r each case study current problems with assessment or management will be identified and new met 
udy current problems with assessment or management will be identified and new methods will be d 
mic profile and projected impact of the management strategy options as applied both through a s 
framework will be examined for selected fisheries. in this way the project outputs will aim to  
provide robust guidelines for deepwater fisheries management suitable for adoption within the c 
 for adoption within the common fishery policy. the work will involve an icpc country.  
2049 11 straints and opportunities of different development paths looking at alliances and partners cho 
annels, services and support offered by institutions at various levels and patterns of agricult 
ous levels and patterns of agricultural biodiversity management. a description of major element 
d patterns of agricultural biodiversity management. a description of major elements of the trad 
dation, an option of local agricultural biodiversity conservation aiming at improved livelihood 
versity conservation aiming at improved livelihoods, will be focused. fieldwork will be carried 
ed and inducing changes in agricultural biodiversity management at the local level is important 
ng changes in agricultural biodiversity management at the local level is important as a basis f 
l is important as a basis for norwegian development assistance within this field. the knowledge 
rience and expertise by norwegian state institutions, which participate in debates and negotiat 
in debates and negotiations, related to management of plant genetic resources internationally.  
7617 26 ries using the example of aleppo pine / mediterranean oaks system. two dining tracks are exploi 
various hardwoods as i different ground vegetation treatment modalities in older pine forests i 
tion treatment modalities in older pine forests in the renewal phase ii an opening canopy gradi 
inewoods. the second aims to anticipate forest dynamics by installing i oaks directly on bare s 
s by installing i oaks directly on bare soil but with accompanying vegetation and ii in shrubla 
ctly on bare soil but with accompanying vegetation and ii in shrubland up. these experiments al 
 plant - plant interactions and plant - environment and propose forest restoration methods. med 
ons and plant - environment and propose forest restoration methods. mediterranean landscapes ha 
and propose forest restoration methods. mediterranean landscapes have been shaped by a long his 
ances which generated complex mosaic of vegetation with a strong spatial heterogeneity. disrupt 
plex mosaic of vegetation with a strong spatial heterogeneity. disruptions that have acted and  
d and are still at work are mainly: the fire that is an essential component to explain the comp 
omponent to explain the composition and distribution of existing vegetation, the change of land 
omposition and distribution of existing vegetation, the change of land use with, in particular  
n of existing vegetation, the change of land use with, in particular the abandonment of pastora 
s traditional on the north shore of the mediterranean basin, and climate changes in the sense a 
h shore of the mediterranean basin, and climate changes in the sense announced reinforcements o 
nforcements of extreme events including drought. these processes have generated forest formatio 
drought. these processes have generated forest formations that are widespread but often degrade 
juvenated by disturbances, including an erosion of species diversity, an under representation o 
y disturbances, including an erosion of species diversity, an under representation of mature fo 
sity, an under representation of mature forest late successional stages and a deficit of mixed  
d a deficit of mixed stands. methods of ecological engineering can help promote sustainable for 
ngineering can help promote sustainable forest management based on the regeneration of settleme 
re likely to provide both an ecological diversity and a stronger resilience than current stands 
 an ecological diversity and a stronger resilience than current stands  
12526 8 nd handling of plant produce generate a risk of introduction or spread of plant pests and patho 
ment of biowaste with high plant health risk. the use of temperature sensitive materials and ot 
with high plant health risk. the use of temperature sensitive materials and other non-biologica 
tive materials and other non-biological indicators will also be investigated for suitability fo 
lso be investigated for suitability for monitoring the sanitisation process. current detection  
lies mostly on the use of bioassays for assessment of biowastes. recent evaluation at csl of th 
ays for assessment of biowastes. recent evaluation at csl of the recommended eppo method for pr 
eppo method for process validation with indicator organisms found this to be laborious, time co 
13808 20                                         biodiversity is an important aspect of forest areas tha 
 biodiversity is an important aspect of forest areas that are used for recreation, exercising,  
spect of forest areas that are used for recreation, exercising, hunting, etc. we focus on the e 
unting, etc. we focus on the effects on biodiversity by three types of management in suburban f 
fects on biodiversity by three types of management in suburban forests. moreover, the assessmen 
y three types of management in suburban forests. moreover, the assessment of qualities of the f 
ment in suburban forests. moreover, the assessment of qualities of the forests by urban people  
ver, the assessment of qualities of the forests by urban people are studied. knowledge about ef 
sessment of qualities of the forests by urban people are studied. knowledge about effects by ma 
are studied. knowledge about effects by management on ecological mechanisms and social values a 
ing sustainable strategies for suburban forests. in field experiments, the effects on biodivers 
s. in field experiments, the effects on biodiversity by management are examined for three troph 
riments, the effects on biodiversity by management are examined for three trophic levels, i.e.  
 levels, i.e. trees and shrubs, certain arthropods, and birds. three types of management are ev 
ees and shrubs, certain arthropods, and birds. three types of management are evaluated: a mosai 
n arthropods, and birds. three types of management are evaluated: a mosaic of 1 and 2. the resp 
1 and 2. the responses by the public on management are investigated by questionnaires and inter 
ners make suggestions for adjusting the management. in this new approach, we will integrate sci 
ublic in order to achieve a sustainable management of suburban forests.  
ve a sustainable management of suburban forests.  
15244 12 ion and expansion of the cicyt project: diversity and ecological significance of mycorrhizal sy 
 ecological significance of mycorrhizal symbiosis in gypsophilous plant species; for this proje 
ect we propose the establishment of the diversity of mycorrhizal fungi associated with species  
ishment of the diversity of mycorrhizal fungi associated with species in the communities of gyp 
al is the implementation of mycorrhizal fungi inoculum production techniques for natural mycorr 
mentation of mycorrhizal fungi inoculum production techniques for natural mycorrhization of gyp 
es for natural mycorrhization of gypsum soils endemic plants, with the final goal of recovering 
earch proposal are: 1. to determine the diversity of mycorrhizal fungi species associated with  
 determine the diversity of mycorrhizal fungi species associated with gypsophites after selecti 
 physical, chemical and microbiological soil properties. 2. implement methods for reproduction  
methods for reproduction of mycorrhizal fungi inoculum from gypsum soils. 2.1. try different ty 
 mycorrhizal fungi inoculum from gypsum soils. 2.1. try different types of substrates and plant 
15243 12 ion and expansion of the cicyt project: diversity and ecological significance of mycorrhizal sy 
 ecological significance of mycorrhizal symbiosis in gypsophilous plant species; for this proje 
ect we propose the establishment of the diversity of mycorrhizal fungi associated with species  
ishment of the diversity of mycorrhizal fungi associated with species in the communities of gyp 
al is the implementation of mycorrhizal fungi inoculum production techniques for natural mycorr 
mentation of mycorrhizal fungi inoculum production techniques for natural mycorrhization of gyp 
es for natural mycorrhization of gypsum soils endemic plants, with the final goal of recovering 
earch proposal are: 1. to determine the diversity of mycorrhizal fungi species associated with  
 determine the diversity of mycorrhizal fungi species associated with gypsophites after selecti 
 physical, chemical and microbiological soil properties. 2. implement methods for reproduction  
methods for reproduction of mycorrhizal fungi inoculum from gypsum soils. 2.1. try different ty 
 mycorrhizal fungi inoculum from gypsum soils. 2.1. try different types of substrates and plant 
12156 41  population declines of breeding wading birds on lowland wet grassland in uk and elsewhere in e 
of breeding wading birds on lowland wet grassland in uk and elsewhere in europe. these declines 
nd wet grassland in uk and elsewhere in europe. these declines have been associated with the lo 
 have been associated with the loss and degradation of breeding habitat mainly through changes  
th the loss and degradation of breeding habitat mainly through changes in agriculture such as d 
eding habitat mainly through changes in agriculture such as drainage and intensification of gra 
ges in agriculture such as drainage and intensification of grassland management. whilst there i 
such as drainage and intensification of grassland management. whilst there is clear evidence th 
ainage and intensification of grassland management. whilst there is clear evidence that appropr 
that appropriate sward and hydrological management are essential for the maintenance of healthy 
 that in some situations high levels of predation on wader nests or young may prevent populatio 
r nests or young may prevent population recovery even where habitat conditions are good. work u 
 prevent population recovery even where habitat conditions are good. work undertaken under phas 
 project showed that the most important predators of wader nests are likely to be mammals such  
mammals such as foxes. however, the key predators do not specialise on wader nests and it is li 
ht. lapwing nests suffer lower rates of predation when located away from the field edge, in fie 
ing lapwing are high and on sites where predator abundance is lower. predator abundance can be  
ng are high and on sites where predator abundance is lower. predator abundance can be reduced b 
ites where predator abundance is lower. predator abundance can be reduced by lethal predator co 
e predator abundance is lower. predator abundance can be reduced by lethal predator control but 
ator abundance can be reduced by lethal predator control but this is not a cost-effective long- 
d is unlikely to be favoured as an agri-environment option. thus, finding a non-lethal solution 
a non-lethal solution to this important conservation issue is now of great importance. the prop 
roject will make use of lapwing nesting habitat preferences in an experiment that will attempt  
nt that will attempt to manipulate nest distribution and thereby reduce levels of predation. la 
stribution and thereby reduce levels of predation. lapwing prefer to nest on bare, disturbed gr 
rt swards and close to areas of surface water. we will exploit these preferences to encourage b 
 exploit these preferences to encourage birds to nest in high densities away from field edges,  
 the effect of this manipulation on the distribution and survival rates of nests of redshank. t 
vival rates of nests of redshank. three habitat manipulations will be examined, comparing nest  
ations will be examined, comparing nest distribution and survival rates with those observed in  
 the height and reducing the structural complexity of vegetation through lack of mowing the pre 
d reducing the structural complexity of vegetation through lack of mowing the previous autumn a 
omplexity of vegetation through lack of mowing the previous autumn and a light application of f 
on of fertiliser to promote early grass growth. 2. creation/maintenance of wet features in the  
es. the project will provide defra with management recommendations for agri-environment schemes 
fra with management recommendations for agri-environment schemes and therefore an opportunity f 
chemes and therefore an opportunity for landscape-scale restoration of wader populations under  
 therefore an opportunity for landscape-scale restoration of wader populations under reduced le 
fore an opportunity for landscape-scale restoration of wader populations under reduced levels o 
der populations under reduced levels of predation.  
2210 7              focus of the project is on wildlife species, which can have a significant impact o 
a significant impact on other renewable forest resources and where the impact is or is expected 
t is or is expected to be a part of the management process. as an integrated part of the progra 
ct will produce a scientific base for a development of adaptive management systems. our objecti 
 a scientific base for a development of adaptive management systems. our objectives are to: • d 
 objectives are to: • develop models of wildlife- impact relationships on which to base the ite 
o identify areas with particularly high risk of being negatively affected , and to explore how  
13715 25 ial summer blooms are a main problem of baltic sea eutrophication, and a common argument agains 
blooms are a main problem of baltic sea eutrophication, and a common argument against reducing  
 a common argument against reducing its nitrogen load. dense surface accumulations can cover th 
ake bathing impossible and harm coastal recreation and tourism. blooms are toxic and increase b 
ossible and harm coastal recreation and tourism. blooms are toxic and increase baltic eutrophic 
m. blooms are toxic and increase baltic eutrophication by fixing 200-400 kton nitrogen/yr. they 
c eutrophication by fixing 200-400 kton nitrogen/yr. they are natural to the baltic, and the ni 
they are natural to the baltic, and the nitrogen they fix likely supports baltic fish yield. to 
itrogen they fix likely supports baltic fish yield. to eliminate blooms would be costly, and co 
en they fix likely supports baltic fish yield. to eliminate blooms would be costly, and could g 
ly, and could greatly change the baltic ecosystem and reduce fish yield. studies will be made b 
 change the baltic ecosystem and reduce fish yield. studies will be made both in the open sea a 
ge the baltic ecosystem and reduce fish yield. studies will be made both in the open sea and th 
ms, 2. prediction of bloom severity, 3. ecosystem effects of blooms, especially for fish food a 
ystem effects of blooms, especially for fish food and fish larvae, 4. fate of the nitrogen fixe 
of blooms, especially for fish food and fish larvae, 4. fate of the nitrogen fixed by blooms wh 
sh food and fish larvae, 4. fate of the nitrogen fixed by blooms where does it go, how quickly  
how quickly is it lost by conversion to nitrogen gas 5. cost-benefit analysis for society of bl 
t lost by conversion to nitrogen gas 5. cost-benefit analysis for society of bloom reduction. t 
 the right balance between reduction of nitrogen and phosphorus, and to minimise noxious blooms 
lance between reduction of nitrogen and phosphorus, and to minimise noxious blooms, without cha 
se noxious blooms, without changing the nature of the baltic ecosystem, or overly reducing its  
thout changing the nature of the baltic ecosystem, or overly reducing its fish production.  
altic ecosystem, or overly reducing its fish production.  
 ecosystem, or overly reducing its fish production.  
10902 25                                         coffee underpins the livelihoods of millions of smallho 
                   coffee underpins the livelihoods of millions of smallholder farmers worldwid 
. in east african countries, 60-100% of coffee is smallholder grown and a major source of incom 
ource of income for individual farmers, coffee export earnings total over 1 billion us $ in the 
l over 1 billion us $ in the region and coffee is a key policy tool for governments to improve  
 us $ in the region and coffee is a key policy tool for governments to improve livelihoods and  
 policy tool for governments to improve livelihoods and reduce poverty. for east african countr 
ments to improve livelihoods and reduce poverty. for east african countries such as rwanda and  
n countries such as rwanda and burundi, coffee forms 50% of export earnings and even for larger 
h dependency on one commodity increases vulnerability to fluctuating prices and other market ri 
ave been shown to enhance services like pollination to levels where they have a direct economic 
the region will be influenced by future climate and land use change it is important to understa 
ill be influenced by future climate and land use change it is important to understand how to op 
programme which aims to improve the way coffee systems in east africa are managed now and under 
 improve the way coffee systems in east africa are managed now and under future climate change  
africa are managed now and under future climate change so that the income farmers receive is in 
 farmers receive is increased and rural livelihoods improved. using workshops and reviews of ex 
affect each other. by understanding how ecosystem services affect coffee production we can deve 
rstanding how ecosystem services affect coffee production we can develop knowledge to allow bet 
ng how ecosystem services affect coffee production we can develop knowledge to allow better man 
e can develop knowledge to allow better management of these services so that livelihoods of far 
er management of these services so that livelihoods of farmers are improved. one part of this p 
ly advise farmers on how to improve the management of coffee growing and also help decision mak 
ers on how to improve the management of coffee growing and also help decision makers develop ne 
systems to help guide farmer at a wider scale.  
10986 25                                         coffee underpins the livelihoods of millions of smallho 
                   coffee underpins the livelihoods of millions of smallholder farmers worldwid 
. in east african countries, 60-100% of coffee is smallholder grown and a major source of incom 
ource of income for individual farmers, coffee export earnings total over 1 billion us $ in the 
l over 1 billion us $ in the region and coffee is a key policy tool for governments to improve  
 us $ in the region and coffee is a key policy tool for governments to improve livelihoods and  
 policy tool for governments to improve livelihoods and reduce poverty. for east african countr 
ments to improve livelihoods and reduce poverty. for east african countries such as rwanda and  
n countries such as rwanda and burundi, coffee forms 50% of export earnings and even for larger 
h dependency on one commodity increases vulnerability to fluctuating prices and other market ri 
ave been shown to enhance services like pollination to levels where they have a direct economic 
the region will be influenced by future climate and land use change it is important to understa 
ill be influenced by future climate and land use change it is important to understand how to op 
programme which aims to improve the way coffee systems in east africa are managed now and under 
 improve the way coffee systems in east africa are managed now and under future climate change  
africa are managed now and under future climate change so that the income farmers receive is in 
 farmers receive is increased and rural livelihoods improved. using workshops and reviews of ex 
affect each other. by understanding how ecosystem services affect coffee production we can deve 
rstanding how ecosystem services affect coffee production we can develop knowledge to allow bet 
ng how ecosystem services affect coffee production we can develop knowledge to allow better man 
e can develop knowledge to allow better management of these services so that livelihoods of far 
er management of these services so that livelihoods of farmers are improved. one part of this p 
ly advise farmers on how to improve the management of coffee growing and also help decision mak 
ers on how to improve the management of coffee growing and also help decision makers develop ne 
systems to help guide farmer at a wider scale.  
12187 9      one of the major challenges facing agriculture is the need to develop farming systems that 
farming systems that provide a range of ecosystem services, including , increases the sequestra 
g , increases the sequestration of c in grassland soils and brings additional benefits for the  
ses the sequestration of c in grassland soils and brings additional benefits for the delivery o 
onal benefits for the delivery of other ecosystem services, including nutrient retention and po 
vices, including nutrient retention and pollination. this will be mainly tested using selected  
ted treatments of an existing long term diversity restoration experiment at colt park, yorkshir 
ents of an existing long term diversity restoration experiment at colt park, yorkshire dales, a 
k, yorkshire dales, and in a controlled mesocosm study  
11231 43                                         deforestation and land degradation contribute significa 
                      deforestation and land degradation contribute significantly to human-indu 
therefore vital in determining how much carbon is stored or released into the atmosphere. payme 
ms encouraging particular land uses and land management practices that help to store organic ca 
nt practices that help to store organic carbon in soils and vegetation are becoming increasingl 
es that help to store organic carbon in soils and vegetation are becoming increasingly popular. 
lp to store organic carbon in soils and vegetation are becoming increasingly popular. however,  
e risks and gains this produces for the environment, particularly in terms of its ability to su 
in terms of its ability to support food production, nor how it could affect the livelihoods of  
production, nor how it could affect the livelihoods of the poor. this lack of knowledge is espe 
, as much more attention has focused on tropical forests, even though poverty problems are ofte 
ocused on tropical forests, even though poverty problems are often less acute than in sub-sahar 
re often less acute than in sub-saharan africa where this project focuses. assessing the risks  
he risks and gains of managing land for carbon is an urgent challenge that requires the coopera 
pported with inputs from international, policy, private sector and non-governmental organisatio 
rs. the aim of the project is to hold a planning and capacity building workshop in namibia in s 
ideas on the topic of managing land for carbon . we will focus on study areas in namibia, botsw 
 countries include a range of different land use systems, and encompass parts of sub-saharan af 
ems, and encompass parts of sub-saharan africa in which poverty remains an important challenge. 
ss parts of sub-saharan africa in which poverty remains an important challenge. workshop activi 
 challenge. workshop activities will: a review current understanding of carbon stores and losse 
will: a review current understanding of carbon stores and losses and the ways in which they are 
ays in which they are measured for both soil and vegetation; b identify the livelihood activiti 
ich they are measured for both soil and vegetation; b identify the livelihood activities that t 
s associated with managing the land for carbon; c identify the current environmental status of  
ronmental status of land in relation to nutrient cycling, water, and food production, with a vi 
f land in relation to nutrient cycling, water, and food production, with a view to assessing ho 
on to nutrient cycling, water, and food production, with a view to assessing how managing the l 
 to assessing how managing the land for carbon could alter these wider services; and d evaluate 
ting best practices in research for the development of community-based payments for carbon stor 
ices in research for the development of community-based payments for carbon storage projects. t 
lopment of community-based payments for carbon storage projects. the novelty of our project lie 
 yet, we extend it by assessing organic carbon in both soil and vegetation and link this with s 
 it by assessing organic carbon in both soil and vegetation and link this with social and econo 
sessing organic carbon in both soil and vegetation and link this with social and economic analy 
onomic analyses to enable more complete assessment of different land use options. activities du 
e more complete assessment of different land use options. activities during the workshop will i 
g the lives of the poor across southern africa while also increasing the carbon stored in the e 
uthern africa while also increasing the carbon stored in the environment. in pursuing these act 
lso increasing the carbon stored in the environment. in pursuing these activities, the project  
 improved research and evidence base on ecosystem services, their dynamics and management and t 
 ecosystem services, their dynamics and management and the ways they can help to reduce poverty 
nt and the ways they can help to reduce poverty; 2 developing innovative, multidisciplinary res 
13718 28 standing the causes and consequences of degradation of the marine environment have failed. alth 
 and consequences of degradation of the marine environment have failed. although we have reduce 
nsequences of degradation of the marine environment have failed. although we have reduced nutri 
t have failed. although we have reduced nutrients to lessen the harmful effects of eutrophicati 
rients to lessen the harmful effects of eutrophication, marine ecosystems are not responding as 
 the harmful effects of eutrophication, marine ecosystems are not responding as predicted. we a 
rmful effects of eutrophication, marine ecosystems are not responding as predicted. we are atte 
dicted. we are attempting to manage the marine environment in the face of multiple forcing fact 
 we are attempting to manage the marine environment in the face of multiple forcing factors occ 
rring simultaneously such as changes in fisheries, climate, urbanization, and contaminants. it  
taneously such as changes in fisheries, climate, urbanization, and contaminants. it is no surpr 
 such as changes in fisheries, climate, urbanization, and contaminants. it is no surprise that  
 no surprise that our efforts to reduce nutrients are not being rewarded with a healthier balti 
are not being rewarded with a healthier baltic sea. an improved understanding of the impact of  
ed understanding of the impact of these multiple stressors will not be achieved unless we engag 
understand and to ultimately manage the marine environment sustainably. we have assembled a div 
and and to ultimately manage the marine environment sustainably. we have assembled a diverse gr 
hes, ecological approaches, terrestrial biogeochemistry, and modeling to address problems from  
aches, terrestrial biogeochemistry, and modeling to address problems from the past, the present 
erstanding of the relationships between land-use changes nutrient enrichment, eutrophication, a 
n land-use changes nutrient enrichment, eutrophication, and climate. we will contribute to deve 
utrient enrichment, eutrophication, and climate. we will contribute to development of the balti 
ion, and climate. we will contribute to development of the baltic sea action plan, and dissemin 
e will contribute to development of the baltic sea action plan, and disseminate our research to 
n plan, and disseminate our research to management authorities. working from this platform, we  
dge that is critical to the sustainable management of the marine environment and create the mul 
al to the sustainable management of the marine environment and create the multi-disciplinary ex 
he sustainable management of the marine environment and create the multi-disciplinary expertise 
13764 14                with the continued human development of coastal areas, resource management will  
 development of coastal areas, resource management will increasingly have to deal with the quan 
ty, quality, and spatial arrangement of habitat affecting biota that use these coastal areas. t 
ese coastal areas. the aim of a no-take marine protected area is twofold. from a commercial per 
stal areas. the aim of a no-take marine protected area is twofold. from a commercial perspectiv 
erspective it is to increase population density outside of a closed area by the export of indiv 
 how well ntmpas work to increase stock biomass in surrounding areas. ntmpa may also exist for  
nding areas. ntmpa may also exist for a conservation initiative. in such a case, spill-over may 
ue, to both recreational and commercial fishing. with an increased fishing effort and decreasin 
d commercial fishing. with an increased fishing effort and decreasing stocks, the call for ntmp 
 is raised. lobsters are long-lived and migration distances rarely exceed 2 km. however, the pe 
s potentially a more long-range mode of dispersal. hence, adults are immobile enough to secure  
d for a study of the role of ntmpas for conservation and spill-over effects. setting up an indi 
effects. setting up an individual-based model i can from a mechanistic angle assess ecological  
10276 12               while the contribution of organic matter oxidation to the biogeochemical cycles i 
umingly widespread and important in the environment. examples for these novel processes are the 
ependent oxidation of ammonium produces nitrogen gas and may be responsible for 90% of the nitr 
s and may be responsible for 90% of the nitrogen loss in marine sediments. investigating this p 
onsible for 90% of the nitrogen loss in marine sediments. investigating this process is, theref 
anding of the biogeochemical cycles. as nitrogen is removed from the system and not available f 
d from the system and not available for primary production, this type of anaerobic ammonium oxi 
 may play an important role in avoiding eutrophication, particularly in coastal areas. similarl 
nects the element cycles of sulphur and oxygen in marine sediments and helps solving a major bi 
element cycles of sulphur and oxygen in marine sediments and helps solving a major biogeochemic 
 transfer of electrons from sulphide to oxygen spatially separated in different sediment layers 
oxygen spatially separated in different sediment layers. as these compounds are present also in 
10300 12 , and these are often manifested at the scale of the food web. we propose to manipulate a well  
re often manifested at the scale of the food web. we propose to manipulate a well characterised 
ipulate a well characterised quantified food web for which we have highly resolved data, by alt 
me system where we introduced a new top predator. the proposed research will stimulate algal pr 
 proposed research will stimulate algal production in the steam by ameliorating light limitatio 
ortance of autocthonous pathways in the food web. we will explore a range of responses across m 
levels of biological organisation, from population dynamics of individual species to ecosystem  
ation dynamics of individual species to ecosystem processes and whole stream metabolism. furthe 
pecies to ecosystem processes and whole stream metabolism. further we will use these empirical  
to ecosystem processes and whole stream metabolism. further we will use these empirical data to 
l models that link metabolic theory and ecological stoichiometry in food webs.  
 theory and ecological stoichiometry in food webs.  
11684 12 , and these are often manifested at the scale of the food web. we propose to manipulate a well  
re often manifested at the scale of the food web. we propose to manipulate a well characterised 
ipulate a well characterised quantified food web for which we have highly resolved data, by alt 
me system where we introduced a new top predator. the proposed research will stimulate algal pr 
 proposed research will stimulate algal production in the steam by ameliorating light limitatio 
ortance of autocthonous pathways in the food web. we will explore a range of responses across m 
levels of biological organisation, from population dynamics of individual species to ecosystem  
ation dynamics of individual species to ecosystem processes and whole stream metabolism. furthe 
pecies to ecosystem processes and whole stream metabolism. further we will use these empirical  
to ecosystem processes and whole stream metabolism. further we will use these empirical data to 
l models that link metabolic theory and ecological stoichiometry in food webs.  
 theory and ecological stoichiometry in food webs.  
9997 10 nciple that life on earth is reliant on primary production i.e. photosynthetic plants driven by 
on i.e. photosynthetic plants driven by energy from the sun. there was a great deal of interest 
hs of the pacific to reveal significant production, indeed whole communities reliant upon chemi 
whole communities reliant upon chemical energy are underestimates, and chemosynthetic productio 
 are underestimates, and chemosynthetic production is even more important to the life in these  
ven more important to the life in these rivers. in summary, we will combine the traditional riv 
, we will combine the traditional river ecology expertise of hildrew and woodward, with the sta 
 isotope expertise of grey, and gas and nutrient cycling expertise of trimmer in a new collabor 
 a new collaboration to re-appraise how productivity in our rivers is governed.  
 to re-appraise how productivity in our rivers is governed.  
1923 38                                         biodiversity of natural ecosystems is strongly affected 
                biodiversity of natural ecosystems is strongly affected by ecosystem processes  
ural ecosystems is strongly affected by ecosystem processes such as primary production, evapo-t 
affected by ecosystem processes such as primary production, evapo-transpiration and soil nutrie 
ary production, evapo-transpiration and soil nutrient turnover. but recent studies also show th 
ent plant and animal species have major impacts upon ecosystem processes. thus, changes in biod 
 animal species have major impacts upon ecosystem processes. thus, changes in biodiversity can  
n ecosystem processes. thus, changes in biodiversity can alter ecosystem processes, which may h 
thus, changes in biodiversity can alter ecosystem processes, which may have important feedback  
 have important feedback effects on the species composition. there are still large gaps in our  
actions between above- and below-ground biodiversity , and their consequences for restoration o 
odiversity , and their consequences for restoration of natural ecosystem processes. in the neth 
consequences for restoration of natural ecosystem processes. in the netherlands, an increasing  
tion of natural ecosystem processes. in the netherlands, an increasing area of agricultural pas 
ural pastures is becoming available for nature restoration. in various restoration experiments  
stures is becoming available for nature restoration. in various restoration experiments in past 
able for nature restoration. in various restoration experiments in pastures withdrawn from agri 
 experiments in pastures withdrawn from agriculture, plant species diversity still did not incr 
tures withdrawn from agriculture, plant species diversity still did not increase, even after 20 
e are important bottle-necks during the restoration process. such bottle-necks can be due to in 
ions, but may also be caused by the low dispersal abilities of many plant and animal species th 
reach the target area. especially, many soil organisms have extremely limited dispersal capacit 
y soil organisms have extremely limited dispersal capacities. effects of plant seed introductio 
 paid to effects of the introduction of soil organisms or small above-ground herbivores on plan 
 small above-ground herbivores on plant species diversity in the field. we propose to investiga 
n of above- and below-ground species or functional groups of species, and thus increasing the d 
ups of species, and thus increasing the diversity , in former agricultural pastures is an impor 
ortant additional measure for restoring ecosystem processes. we will carry out field and garden 
-ground grazers, below-ground grazers , arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, fungal grazers and decomp 
, fungal grazers and decomposers to low diversity ecosystems. we will test the hypotheses that  
razers and decomposers to low diversity ecosystems. we will test the hypotheses that the introd 
s will facilitate the increase in plant species diversity and that the increase in plant divers 
cies diversity and that the increase in plant diversity will positively affect the diversity of 
nt diversity will positively affect the diversity of the various groups of soil organisms. subs 
 the diversity of the various groups of soil organisms. subsequently, we will test whether the  
e bottle-necks that are faced durin the restoration of biodiversity in pastures withdrawn from  
that are faced durin the restoration of biodiversity in pastures withdrawn from agricultural pr 
in pastures withdrawn from agricultural production.  
14277 35                                     for rivers, in general, it has become increasingly clear th 
ia the headwaters exceed outputs to the estuary and the adjacent coastal sea. for nutrients, th 
tuary and the adjacent coastal sea. for nutrients, there is strong evidence for retention and t 
ogeochemical processes in the estuarine environment and much less so on the upper catchments of 
ally in the nete basin, is the enhanced development of macrophytes during summer, which is appa 
e basin, is the enhanced development of macrophytes during summer, which is apparently linked w 
parently linked with improvement of the water quality. the huge production of biomass can cause 
rovement of the water quality. the huge production of biomass can cause water levels to rise, e 
e water quality. the huge production of biomass can cause water levels to rise, even to the bri 
he huge production of biomass can cause water levels to rise, even to the brink of flooding, bu 
r important group of primary producers, phytoplankton, usually dominates in zones with differen 
characteristics compared to those where macrophytes thrive. both groups can attain quantitative 
 factors controlling the appearance and development of macrophytes and to quantify the effect o 
lling the appearance and development of macrophytes and to quantify the effect of macrophytes o 
crophytes and to quantify the effect of macrophytes on the nutrient export to the downstream zo 
d by or in the laboratory. the temporal evolution of growth and biomass of macrophyte communiti 
e laboratory. the temporal evolution of growth and biomass of macrophyte communities will be de 
y. the temporal evolution of growth and biomass of macrophyte communities will be determined ov 
nities will be determined over the full growth season. flume experiments under controlled condi 
ons will focus on nutrient retention by macrophytes and nutrient delivery by the sediment, to a 
acrophytes and nutrient delivery by the sediment, to assess influence of e.g. stream velocity a 
e sediment, to assess influence of e.g. stream velocity and macrophyte density. these studies w 
 of e.g. stream velocity and macrophyte density. these studies will be complemented with nutrie 
th and without macrophyte presence. the decomposition process of macrophytes will be followed a 
 presence. the decomposition process of macrophytes will be followed and the contribution of ma 
of macrophyte detritus to the suspended organic matter pool followed. further information on nu 
is of and on the subsequent fate of the organic matter will be followed via stable isotope comp 
ther to develop a 1d transport-reaction model of the experimental aa river reach in order to ve 
ns and rates. in parallel, an available modeling package will be set-up for the kleine nete riv 
ve tool to assess the effect of various management options on the nutrient retention within the 
ictive instruments for the quantitative assessment of nutrient fluxes the project results will  
s the project results will also support decision making for basin management, especially concer 
 also support decision making for basin management, especially concerning macrophyte developmen 
ement, especially concerning macrophyte development, based on criteria such as flood protection 
 as flood protection, amenity value and biodiversity preservation.  
10732 22                                  global climate change and the large-scale loss of the tropical 
    global climate change and the large-scale loss of the tropical forests are probably the mos 
 change and the large-scale loss of the tropical forests are probably the most urgent of contem 
treme drying. in the event of increased drought frequency in the amazon region, the leakage of  
t of increased drought frequency in the amazon region, the leakage of fires into forests is lik 
mazon region, the leakage of fires into forests is likely to be the major agent of forest trans 
ests is likely to be the major agent of forest transformation. this process has an important in 
as an important influence on the global carbon cycling by affecting vegetation structure, chang 
 the global carbon cycling by affecting vegetation structure, changing carbon pools and fluxes, 
ffecting vegetation structure, changing carbon pools and fluxes, and causing feedbacks to the a 
nted by combining information about the fire classes and empirically-calibrated relationships b 
 its component processes with rainfall, biomass and forest type. at this stage all the informat 
nt processes with rainfall, biomass and forest type. at this stage all the information will be  
n will be available for calculating the carbon budget of amazonian forests, taking into account 
culating the carbon budget of amazonian forests, taking into account the effect of forest fires 
ests, taking into account the effect of forest fires. the ultimate goal of this work is to arri 
 uptake, release and the net balance of carbon in fire-affected forest sites in recent years, t 
elease and the net balance of carbon in fire-affected forest sites in recent years, to quantify 
 net balance of carbon in fire-affected forest sites in recent years, to quantify the relative  
onent processes that determine this net carbon balance and to understand how climate variation  
et carbon balance and to understand how climate variation and human activities through deforest 
 variation and human activities through deforestation, affects its spatial and temporal pattern 
10810 22                                  global climate change and the large-scale loss of the tropical 
    global climate change and the large-scale loss of the tropical forests are probably the mos 
 change and the large-scale loss of the tropical forests are probably the most urgent of contem 
treme drying. in the event of increased drought frequency in the amazon region, the leakage of  
t of increased drought frequency in the amazon region, the leakage of fires into forests is lik 
mazon region, the leakage of fires into forests is likely to be the major agent of forest trans 
ests is likely to be the major agent of forest transformation. this process has an important in 
as an important influence on the global carbon cycling by affecting vegetation structure, chang 
 the global carbon cycling by affecting vegetation structure, changing carbon pools and fluxes, 
ffecting vegetation structure, changing carbon pools and fluxes, and causing feedbacks to the a 
nted by combining information about the fire classes and empirically-calibrated relationships b 
 its component processes with rainfall, biomass and forest type. at this stage all the informat 
nt processes with rainfall, biomass and forest type. at this stage all the information will be  
n will be available for calculating the carbon budget of amazonian forests, taking into account 
culating the carbon budget of amazonian forests, taking into account the effect of forest fires 
ests, taking into account the effect of forest fires. the ultimate goal of this work is to arri 
 uptake, release and the net balance of carbon in fire-affected forest sites in recent years, t 
elease and the net balance of carbon in fire-affected forest sites in recent years, to quantify 
 net balance of carbon in fire-affected forest sites in recent years, to quantify the relative  
onent processes that determine this net carbon balance and to understand how climate variation  
et carbon balance and to understand how climate variation and human activities through deforest 
 variation and human activities through deforestation, affects its spatial and temporal pattern 
10987 18 the broad remit of this proposal is the development of tools for managing ecosystem services fo 
s the development of tools for managing ecosystem services for health and agricultural improvem 
agricultural improvement in sub-saharan africa. within this sphere of activity, this partnershi 
 activity, this partnership and project development proposal will draw together a trans-discipl 
linary team capable of: quantifying and mapping the links between the ecosystem services and th 
fying and mapping the links between the ecosystem services and the health and well-being of the 
eing of the people who depend upon them modelling the impacts of changes to the ecosystem upon  
ople who depend upon them modelling the impacts of changes to the ecosystem upon the population 
modelling the impacts of changes to the ecosystem upon the population dependant upon its servic 
n dependant upon its services including climate change developing practical responses to both e 
d potential problems, aimed at reducing impacts upon the ecosystem and alleviating poverty and  
ems, aimed at reducing impacts upon the ecosystem and alleviating poverty and health problems t 
acts upon the ecosystem and alleviating poverty and health problems through sympathetically imp 
oblems through sympathetically improved agriculture; and delivering these tools to those respon 
ls to those responsible for formulating policy and making decisions at the african research and 
g decisions at the african research and policy levels. this consortium will work together to de 
p a common vision, while preserving the richness and strength of their respective areas of know 
ommon goals, will take place during the development phase, while the research problems are bein 
171 7        quantitative analysis of benthic algae habitat allows estimating state of the coastal wa 
 quantitative analysis of benthic algae habitat allows estimating state of the coastal waters a 
hat are caused by anthropogenic impact. monitoring of benthic communities has been carried out  
 in the frame of estonian environmental monitoring program. the studied area is in remote sensi 
itoring program. the studied area is in remote sensing. image archives, going back to 1972, is  
 1972, is also an advantage of using of remote sensing since it allows studying changes in bent 
gal cover long before the environmental monitoring program started.  
12673 9       in 2005, the england business and biodiversity strategy implementation group asked zoe co 
ed zoe cokeliss to produce a desk based assessment of the tools available to uk business for th 
 tools available to uk business for the management of their biodiversity impacts. this work was 
uk business for the management of their biodiversity impacts. this work was a preliminary asses 
or the management of their biodiversity impacts. this work was a preliminary assessment of avai 
ty impacts. this work was a preliminary assessment of available tools, and was not intended as  
sectors. as a result of the preliminary nature of the work, comments were not sought from indiv 
els of activity within the business and biodiversity community, the information needs updating  
ty within the business and biodiversity community, the information needs updating to include mo 
6881 6                                         production of grape varieties of high quality, at the s 
 identify plant alleles responsible for resistance against downy and powdery mildew will be tes 
 be tested to determine linkage between resistance genes and the markers, providing the localis 
 markers, providing the localisation of resistance qtl-s. for this purpose not only fungus resi 
 cultivars will be analysed, but hybrid mapping populations, deriving from different intra- and 
e from franco-american hybrids carrying resistance against fungal diseases. varieties of middle 
2131 10                                     the marine phase is assumed to have the major influence on  
lantic salmon. however, compared to the freshwater phase, knowledge of marine life-history is s 
d to the freshwater phase, knowledge of marine life-history is scare and completely lacking for 
 years, important information regarding marine migrations of a few southern populations has bee 
they are hypothesized to have different migration behavior both within fjords and utilizing dif 
ypothesized to have different migration behavior both within fjords and utilizing different are 
oject is to estimate early survival and migration behavior of wild post-smolt in for estimating 
o estimate early survival and migration behavior of wild post-smolt in for estimating migration 
or of wild post-smolt in for estimating migration routes in the open ocean. this approach will  
nd basic knowledge important for future management of salmon populations, and contribute to a b 
12343 7 ow an update to be made for a number of fish species which are also being considered as part of 
onsidered as part of the designation of marine protected areas under the marine and coastal acc 
ion of marine protected areas under the marine and coastal access bill. data from a range of so 
a standard database and used to develop gis layers of both spawning grounds and nursey grounds. 
ed by defra as part of the selection of marine conservation zones. its also likely that these d 
efra as part of the selection of marine conservation zones. its also likely that these data lay 
her parts of the department involved in fisheries management activities.  
12340 4 and eddystone candidate special area of conservation . this will allow the competent authoritie 
ompetent authorities to set appropriate management measures for activities occuring within the  
ter inform the mmo and the ifcas to set management measures to ensure that activities that coul 
ry would provide greater clarity to all stakeholders using the site.  
12339 6 ay and torbay candidate special area of conservation . this will allow the competent authoritie 
ompetent authorities to set appropriate management measures for activities occuring within the  
ion. key customer purpose: the accurate habitat map will provide an accurate evidence base to i 
ter inform the mmo and the ifcas to set management measures to ensure that activities that coul 
the annex i habitats are prevented. the habitat map would provide greater clarity to all stakeh 
ap would provide greater clarity to all stakeholders using the site.  
13328 17                            knowledge on marine biodiversity in europe is fragmented within and  
                    knowledge on marine biodiversity in europe is fragmented within and between 
    knowledge on marine biodiversity in europe is fragmented within and between disciplines. th 
 of increased anthropogenic pressure on marine biodiversity has hitherto been ad hoc and local. 
reased anthropogenic pressure on marine biodiversity has hitherto been ad hoc and local. in par 
local. in particular, to understand how marine ecosystems will adapt to climate change, we need 
in particular, to understand how marine ecosystems will adapt to climate change, we need addres 
and how marine ecosystems will adapt to climate change, we need addressing especially the long- 
sing especially the long-term and large-scale changes in marine biodiversity. this requires an  
he long-term and large-scale changes in marine biodiversity. this requires an entirely new rese 
-term and large-scale changes in marine biodiversity. this requires an entirely new research fr 
the sustainable use and exploitation of marine biodiversity. this includes tourism, fisheries a 
tainable use and exploitation of marine biodiversity. this includes tourism, fisheries and aqua 
n of marine biodiversity. this includes tourism, fisheries and aquaculture but also new industr 
ne biodiversity. this includes tourism, fisheries and aquaculture but also new industries that  
y. this includes tourism, fisheries and aquaculture but also new industries that explore and co 
dustries that explore and commercialise marine genetic and chemical products.  
6933 7 arpathian basin which were suitable for conservation of rear edge populations during the cold c 
onsider that we could identify as extra-mediterranean refugia even those areas where rear edge  
1. palaeo-ecological reconstruction and modelling of lgm ranges of species which have recent ra 
y of faunal types with packing edges of distribution. 2. reconstruction of the coalescence time 
nstruction of bottleneck vs. population growth periods of these species in connection with the  
the carpathian basin on climatic change scenarios. which are the probable reactions of their ma 
al in a traditional' vs modern cultural landscape comparative aspects of phylogeographic patter 
2518 49 it will construct operational models of fish stock dynamics explicitly taking account of exploi 
competences in operational multispecies modelling, stock recruitment relationships, population  
erational multispecies modelling, stock recruitment relationships, population dynamics of non-t 
lling, stock recruitment relationships, population dynamics of non-target fish species and econ 
hips, population dynamics of non-target fish species and economic modelling of fisheries from a 
of non-target fish species and economic modelling of fisheries from a wide geographic area rang 
 fish species and economic modelling of fisheries from a wide geographic area ranging from the  
rea ranging from the barents sea to the mediterranean. in sustainable ecosystem management, it  
ea to the mediterranean. in sustainable ecosystem management, it is crucial to account for the  
that increasing the amount of predatory fish leads to increased predation. the project will use 
nt of predatory fish leads to increased predation. the project will use multispecies models to  
pecies models to investigate changes in predation induced by differences in distribution and th 
 in predation induced by differences in distribution and the amount of alternative food. effect 
ffects of technical interactions in the fishing process will be considered to avoid delivering  
 will be considered to avoid delivering management advice for different stocks which is mutuall 
a and for the first time develop such a model for the eastern mediterranean. integrating the kn 
me develop such a model for the eastern mediterranean. integrating the knowledge gained, the pr 
ect will identify relevant multispecies indicators and suggest methods for estimating reference 
causes of the year to year variation in recruitment, both large scale temporal patterns, variab 
ar variation in recruitment, both large scale temporal patterns, variability in the production  
e temporal patterns, variability in the production of eggs, sub-stock structure and survival of 
dentify the main causes of variation in recruitment patterns between stocks as well as the key  
l as the key processes from spawning to recruitment of selected stocks. the consequences of usi 
the role of the physical and biological environment. the effects of stock sub-structure and com 
 stock sub-structure and composition on recruitment will be investigated by using genomic diffe 
nditions. the improved understanding of recruitment variability will be used in both individual 
y will be used in both individual stock assessment and included in multispecies models to provi 
effect of technical interactions in the fishing process on bycatch of non-target species will b 
ing the information required to develop management plans. the maximum level of fishing effort c 
 management plans. the maximum level of fishing effort consistent with sustainment of these spe 
ffect of discard of bycatch on economic yield. options for protecting non-target species will b 
-target species will be evaluated using management strategy evaluation in order to develop robu 
 be evaluated using management strategy evaluation in order to develop robust management.the pr 
y evaluation in order to develop robust management.the project will develop resource indicators 
ement.the project will develop resource indicators that combine economic, social and biological 
combine economic, social and biological indicators and relate directly to the benefit for the s 
. the annual user value of the selected fisheries will be identified and the maximum resource r 
ther, a stochastic approach to economic indicators will be investigated since variance and unce 
will be investigated since variance and uncertainty are critical issues in relation to the econ 
e stock dynamics, limits to sustainable ecosystem exploitation and the fishing levels deliverin 
tainable ecosystem exploitation and the fishing levels delivering maximum sustainable economic  
delivering maximum sustainable economic yield under selected climatic scenarios will be analyse 
 economic yield under selected climatic scenarios will be analysed in unison to ensure the deli 
ure the delivery of mutually consistent management advice. general properties of the ecosystems 
ement advice. general properties of the ecosystems will be used to suggest rules of thumb for m 
l be used to suggest rules of thumb for management in areas where the amount of data available  
 project results to both the scientific community, managers, stakeholders and the general publi 
oth the scientific community, managers, stakeholders and the general public to ensure that resu 
sure that results are used in practical management.  
11208 6      the work proposed will improve the biological diversity and informatics resources held at  
lated to the commercial exploitation of marine organisms. the culture collection of algae and p 
ne organisms. the culture collection of algae and protozoa is an internationally important biol 
rc mfmb programme further increases the biodiversity of the collection and enables the wider re 
llection and enables the wider research community and biotechnology sectors to access these val 
nformation; and crucially to extend the biodiversity maintained within the collection.  
10201 18 le for all life. the early earth had no oxygen in the atmosphere but the activity of photosynth 
here but the activity of photosynthetic bacteria in the oceans over a period of 1.5 billion yea 
iod of 1.5 billion years resulted in an environment in which other life forms could flourish an 
ish and evolve. even today, half of the oxygen released to the atmosphere each year comes from  
 comes from microbes in the oceans. all nitrogen in living organisms is there as a result of ni 
iving organisms is there as a result of nitrogen fixation - a process that is only carried out  
- a process that is only carried out by bacteria. the balance of elements in the biosphere is t 
he way it is because of the activity of bacteria. and all life on earth evolved from bacteria.  
ria. and all life on earth evolved from bacteria. the role of marine microbes has been the subj 
arth evolved from bacteria. the role of marine microbes has been the subject of research in the 
has been the subject of research in the marine and freshwater microbial biodiversity directed p 
e subject of research in the marine and freshwater microbial biodiversity directed programme. i 
 in the marine and freshwater microbial biodiversity directed programme. important advances hav 
 main areas: in understanding microbial biodiversity in the oceans and contrasting this with fr 
in the oceans and contrasting this with freshwater systems: in investigating the role of microb 
her and higher organisms in the natural environment: and the crucial importance of viruses in a 
oration with microbiologists in the us, canada, japan and china.  
biologists in the us, canada, japan and china.  
9823 8                    the deliberate large-scale alteration of nearshore marine environments occur 
ate large-scale alteration of nearshore marine environments occurs when coastal protection sche 
uch constructions have to be on a major scale and possess the potential to change significantly 
ysical characteristics of the receiving environment. the major physical transformations , will, 
 turn, effect change on the surrounding ecosystem. industrial investment in a large-scale exper 
ystem. industrial investment in a large-scale experimental matrix combined with the collation o 
edictive models of the effects of large-scale artificial marine interventions in northern tempe 
f the effects of large-scale artificial marine interventions in northern temperate latitudes.  
13573 19  generate and maintain bacterioplankton diversity and how the mechanisms of coexistence are inf 
ced by critical abiotic factors such as temperature, salinity and nutrient load. experiments un 
al abiotic factors such as temperature, salinity and nutrient load. experiments under carefully 
ditions will allow us to understand how community dynamics, population dynamics and community f 
s to understand how community dynamics, population dynamics and community functioning can evolv 
unity dynamics, population dynamics and community functioning can evolve and be maintained unde 
s of climatic and other influences. the baltic sea is severely affected by over-fishing, high n 
baltic sea is severely affected by over-fishing, high nutrient loads and toxic pollutants. it i 
 particularly prone to be influenced by climate change because of its close connection with the 
terrestrial systems surrounding it. the recovery and resilience of the baltic sea is, of course 
ystems surrounding it. the recovery and resilience of the baltic sea is, of course, dependent o 
 it. the recovery and resilience of the baltic sea is, of course, dependent on all of its biolo 
ng them. recent research has shown that bacteria play a crucial role in the marine environment, 
hat bacteria play a crucial role in the marine environment, especially in systems with a strong 
teria play a crucial role in the marine environment, especially in systems with a strong influe 
ems with a strong influence by input of energy and matter from land and rivers, like the baltic 
nput of energy and matter from land and rivers, like the baltic. our knowledge and understandin 
 our knowledge and understanding of the marine bacteria are, however, still very incomplete.  
owledge and understanding of the marine bacteria are, however, still very incomplete.  
167 8 nships between ecological processes and marine benthic biodiversity at a number of spatial and  
ecological processes and marine benthic biodiversity at a number of spatial and temporal scales 
arried out in the many areas of spatial ecology are not based on experimental manipulations but 
ons but rather they are descriptive and model based. however, the links between ecosystem eleme 
model based. however, the links between ecosystem elements and processes can only be tested exp 
 of various ecological processes in the biodiversity of the simple benthic communities in the n 
ple benthic communities in the northern baltic sea, with the aim to help understanding the role 
role of these processes in more complex ecosystems.  
12663 3 he likely environmental benefits of new biodiversity policies outlined in the marine bill white 
w biodiversity policies outlined in the marine bill white paper. to quantify the additional ben 
slation for the preparation of the full impact assessment  
10128 16                                         marine coastal ecosystems are among the most productive 
                         marine coastal ecosystems are among the most productive and diverse co 
ogical and geochemical processes within marine ecosystems are important for regulating climate, 
and geochemical processes within marine ecosystems are important for regulating climate, nutrie 
ecosystems are important for regulating climate, nutrient cycling and the food chain. marine ec 
s are important for regulating climate, nutrient cycling and the food chain. marine ecosystems  
e, nutrient cycling and the food chain. marine ecosystems provide humans with many resources su 
ient cycling and the food chain. marine ecosystems provide humans with many resources such as d 
ns with many resources such as drinking water, food and oxygen, as well as absorbing gases, suc 
ources such as drinking water, food and oxygen, as well as absorbing gases, such as carbon diox 
en, as well as absorbing gases, such as carbon dioxide , and therefore to identify those combin 
efore to identify those combinations of temperature and co2 for which we can be most and least  
ce for assessing and managing change in marine systems, and provide important information for p 
, and provide important information for policy makers concerning the potential impacts of futur 
 policy makers concerning the potential impacts of future environmental change.  
cerning the potential impacts of future environmental change.  
12649 5                                         marine biodiversity plays a fundamental role in support 
                                 marine biodiversity plays a fundamental role in supporting a w 
s to provide an estimation of the total economic value in an attempt to gain a true appreciatio 
ain a true appreciation of the value of marine biodiversity  
rue appreciation of the value of marine biodiversity  
10245 22         ocean biogeochemical cycles and ecosystems are an important part of the earth system -  
d biological processes, which shape the environment at the earth s surface. these biogeochemica 
tial to reproduce more faithfully ocean biogeochemistry and how it will respond to changes in c 
y and how it will respond to changes in climate and ocean circulation, the increased complexity 
te and ocean circulation, the increased complexity brings with it the penalty that many more pa 
ey are working - or what is the optimum complexity of model required to address a given problem 
 - or what is the optimum complexity of model required to address a given problem. we are propo 
veral groups involved in biogeochemical modelling in the uk. currently, the groups work separat 
ng a different place on the spectrum of complexity sketched above. in marquest they will co-ope 
. we will also examine more fundamental modelling approaches to the planktonic ecosystem, with  
 modelling approaches to the planktonic ecosystem, with the aim of clarifying what we can expec 
we can expect from the current types of model. new research outputs from marquest will include: 
outputs from marquest will include: the development of new methods of validating models, making 
ods of validating models, making use of remote sensing ocean colour data, in-situ data sets and 
 and euroceans: comparison of different ecosystem models run in the same circulation codes: dev 
dels run in the same circulation codes: development of a module to simulate the coastal ecosyst 
ent of a module to simulate the coastal ecosystems, but useable in global ocean biogeochemical  
 guided by data assimilation into which ecosystem simulations can be embedded. this will enable 
this will enable detailed comparison of ecosystem models with observations over recent decades, 
omponents of the sink for anthropogenic carbon dioxide. we will also make best estimates of the 
we will also make best estimates of the evolution of the co2, oxygen and di-methylsuiphide flux 
 estimates of the evolution of the co2, oxygen and di-methylsuiphide fluxes from ocean to atmos 
10512 22         ocean biogeochemical cycles and ecosystems are an important part of the earth system -  
d biological processes, which shape the environment at the earth s surface. these biogeochemica 
tial to reproduce more faithfully ocean biogeochemistry and how it will respond to changes in c 
y and how it will respond to changes in climate and ocean circulation, the increased complexity 
te and ocean circulation, the increased complexity brings with it the penalty that many more pa 
ey are working - or what is the optimum complexity of model required to address a given problem 
 - or what is the optimum complexity of model required to address a given problem. we are propo 
veral groups involved in biogeochemical modelling in the uk. currently, the groups work separat 
ng a different place on the spectrum of complexity sketched above. in marquest they will co-ope 
. we will also examine more fundamental modelling approaches to the planktonic ecosystem, with  
 modelling approaches to the planktonic ecosystem, with the aim of clarifying what we can expec 
we can expect from the current types of model. new research outputs from marquest will include: 
outputs from marquest will include: the development of new methods of validating models, making 
ods of validating models, making use of remote sensing ocean colour data, in-situ data sets and 
 and euroceans: comparison of different ecosystem models run in the same circulation codes: dev 
dels run in the same circulation codes: development of a module to simulate the coastal ecosyst 
ent of a module to simulate the coastal ecosystems, but useable in global ocean biogeochemical  
 guided by data assimilation into which ecosystem simulations can be embedded. this will enable 
this will enable detailed comparison of ecosystem models with observations over recent decades, 
omponents of the sink for anthropogenic carbon dioxide. we will also make best estimates of the 
we will also make best estimates of the evolution of the co2, oxygen and di-methylsuiphide flux 
 estimates of the evolution of the co2, oxygen and di-methylsuiphide fluxes from ocean to atmos 
11471 22         ocean biogeochemical cycles and ecosystems are an important part of the earth system -  
d biological processes, which shape the environment at the earth s surface. these biogeochemica 
tial to reproduce more faithfully ocean biogeochemistry and how it will respond to changes in c 
y and how it will respond to changes in climate and ocean circulation, the increased complexity 
te and ocean circulation, the increased complexity brings with it the penalty that many more pa 
ey are working - or what is the optimum complexity of model required to address a given problem 
 - or what is the optimum complexity of model required to address a given problem. we are propo 
veral groups involved in biogeochemical modelling in the uk. currently, the groups work separat 
ng a different place on the spectrum of complexity sketched above. in marquest they will co-ope 
. we will also examine more fundamental modelling approaches to the planktonic ecosystem, with  
 modelling approaches to the planktonic ecosystem, with the aim of clarifying what we can expec 
we can expect from the current types of model. new research outputs from marquest will include: 
outputs from marquest will include: the development of new methods of validating models, making 
ods of validating models, making use of remote sensing ocean colour data, in-situ data sets and 
 and euroceans: comparison of different ecosystem models run in the same circulation codes: dev 
dels run in the same circulation codes: development of a module to simulate the coastal ecosyst 
ent of a module to simulate the coastal ecosystems, but useable in global ocean biogeochemical  
 guided by data assimilation into which ecosystem simulations can be embedded. this will enable 
this will enable detailed comparison of ecosystem models with observations over recent decades, 
omponents of the sink for anthropogenic carbon dioxide. we will also make best estimates of the 
we will also make best estimates of the evolution of the co2, oxygen and di-methylsuiphide flux 
 estimates of the evolution of the co2, oxygen and di-methylsuiphide fluxes from ocean to atmos 
11520 22         ocean biogeochemical cycles and ecosystems are an important part of the earth system -  
d biological processes, which shape the environment at the earth s surface. these biogeochemica 
tial to reproduce more faithfully ocean biogeochemistry and how it will respond to changes in c 
y and how it will respond to changes in climate and ocean circulation, the increased complexity 
te and ocean circulation, the increased complexity brings with it the penalty that many more pa 
ey are working - or what is the optimum complexity of model required to address a given problem 
 - or what is the optimum complexity of model required to address a given problem. we are propo 
veral groups involved in biogeochemical modelling in the uk. currently, the groups work separat 
ng a different place on the spectrum of complexity sketched above. in marquest they will co-ope 
. we will also examine more fundamental modelling approaches to the planktonic ecosystem, with  
 modelling approaches to the planktonic ecosystem, with the aim of clarifying what we can expec 
we can expect from the current types of model. new research outputs from marquest will include: 
outputs from marquest will include: the development of new methods of validating models, making 
ods of validating models, making use of remote sensing ocean colour data, in-situ data sets and 
 and euroceans: comparison of different ecosystem models run in the same circulation codes: dev 
dels run in the same circulation codes: development of a module to simulate the coastal ecosyst 
ent of a module to simulate the coastal ecosystems, but useable in global ocean biogeochemical  
 guided by data assimilation into which ecosystem simulations can be embedded. this will enable 
this will enable detailed comparison of ecosystem models with observations over recent decades, 
omponents of the sink for anthropogenic carbon dioxide. we will also make best estimates of the 
we will also make best estimates of the evolution of the co2, oxygen and di-methylsuiphide flux 
 estimates of the evolution of the co2, oxygen and di-methylsuiphide fluxes from ocean to atmos 
11796 22         ocean biogeochemical cycles and ecosystems are an important part of the earth system -  
d biological processes, which shape the environment at the earth s surface. these biogeochemica 
tial to reproduce more faithfully ocean biogeochemistry and how it will respond to changes in c 
y and how it will respond to changes in climate and ocean circulation, the increased complexity 
te and ocean circulation, the increased complexity brings with it the penalty that many more pa 
ey are working - or what is the optimum complexity of model required to address a given problem 
 - or what is the optimum complexity of model required to address a given problem. we are propo 
veral groups involved in biogeochemical modelling in the uk. currently, the groups work separat 
ng a different place on the spectrum of complexity sketched above. in marquest they will co-ope 
. we will also examine more fundamental modelling approaches to the planktonic ecosystem, with  
 modelling approaches to the planktonic ecosystem, with the aim of clarifying what we can expec 
we can expect from the current types of model. new research outputs from marquest will include: 
outputs from marquest will include: the development of new methods of validating models, making 
ods of validating models, making use of remote sensing ocean colour data, in-situ data sets and 
 and euroceans: comparison of different ecosystem models run in the same circulation codes: dev 
dels run in the same circulation codes: development of a module to simulate the coastal ecosyst 
ent of a module to simulate the coastal ecosystems, but useable in global ocean biogeochemical  
 guided by data assimilation into which ecosystem simulations can be embedded. this will enable 
this will enable detailed comparison of ecosystem models with observations over recent decades, 
omponents of the sink for anthropogenic carbon dioxide. we will also make best estimates of the 
we will also make best estimates of the evolution of the co2, oxygen and di-methylsuiphide flux 
 estimates of the evolution of the co2, oxygen and di-methylsuiphide fluxes from ocean to atmos 
9981 22         ocean biogeochemical cycles and ecosystems are an important part of the earth system -  
d biological processes, which shape the environment at the earth s surface. these biogeochemica 
tial to reproduce more faithfully ocean biogeochemistry and how it will respond to changes in c 
y and how it will respond to changes in climate and ocean circulation, the increased complexity 
te and ocean circulation, the increased complexity brings with it the penalty that many more pa 
ey are working - or what is the optimum complexity of model required to address a given problem 
 - or what is the optimum complexity of model required to address a given problem. we are propo 
veral groups involved in biogeochemical modelling in the uk. currently, the groups work separat 
ng a different place on the spectrum of complexity sketched above. in marquest they will co-ope 
. we will also examine more fundamental modelling approaches to the planktonic ecosystem, with  
 modelling approaches to the planktonic ecosystem, with the aim of clarifying what we can expec 
we can expect from the current types of model. new research outputs from marquest will include: 
outputs from marquest will include: the development of new methods of validating models, making 
ods of validating models, making use of remote sensing ocean colour data, in-situ data sets and 
 and euroceans: comparison of different ecosystem models run in the same circulation codes: dev 
dels run in the same circulation codes: development of a module to simulate the coastal ecosyst 
ent of a module to simulate the coastal ecosystems, but useable in global ocean biogeochemical  
 guided by data assimilation into which ecosystem simulations can be embedded. this will enable 
this will enable detailed comparison of ecosystem models with observations over recent decades, 
omponents of the sink for anthropogenic carbon dioxide. we will also make best estimates of the 
we will also make best estimates of the evolution of the co2, oxygen and di-methylsuiphide flux 
 estimates of the evolution of the co2, oxygen and di-methylsuiphide fluxes from ocean to atmos 
12437 13 tive: the science which the sustainable marine bioresources programme will address are broadly  
ability and change • module 2: regional ecosystems functioning • module 3: spatial and temporal 
atial and temporal dynamics • module 4: governance and ecosystem management key customer purpos 
ral dynamics • module 4: governance and ecosystem management key customer purpose: there are co 
ose: there are concerns over widespread marine ecosystem change as a result of human activity,  
ere are concerns over widespread marine ecosystem change as a result of human activity, especia 
an activity, especially the impact that fishing has on marine biodiversity loss. there are indi 
pecially the impact that fishing has on marine biodiversity loss. there are indications that we 
y the impact that fishing has on marine biodiversity loss. there are indications that we are im 
an`s capacity to provide food, maintain water quality, and recover from perturbations, and that 
current trends continue many commercial fish stocks may not recover. all this provides strong c 
in the uk to strengthen research in the marine area. defra, nerc and frs agree that this is a k 
is a key time for an initiative of this nature in terms of both research area and funding deliv 
2110 24 oposal is to determine the influence of climate variability and change on the energy transfer i 
f climate variability and change on the energy transfer in the marine pelagic ecosystem in diff 
nd change on the energy transfer in the marine pelagic ecosystem in different water masses on t 
e energy transfer in the marine pelagic ecosystem in different water masses on the west coast o 
e marine pelagic ecosystem in different water masses on the west coast of spitsbergen. the proj 
n. the project will compare the pelagic food webs in fronts involving arw and aw masses in this 
d aw masses in this high arctic region. climate change effects can be studied in kongsfjorden b 
flux and dynamics of aw and arw. a cold climate scenario would result from less influx of aw to 
mes in west-spitsbergen, whereas a warm climate scenario would occur because of an increased in 
 main hypothesis is that variability in water circulation patterns is the main mechanism regula 
ns is the main mechanism regulating the distribution and size structure of the zooplankton comm 
 distribution and size structure of the zooplankton community, and that changes in size and ene 
n and size structure of the zooplankton community, and that changes in size and energy content  
community, and that changes in size and energy content of key zooplankton prey will influence t 
anges in size and energy content of key zooplankton prey will influence the energy transfer in  
key zooplankton prey will influence the energy transfer in the pelagic food web with consequenc 
ence the energy transfer in the pelagic food web with consequences for growth and survival of l 
 pelagic food web with consequences for growth and survival of little auks and kittiwake chicks 
seabirds require access to abundant and energy-rich zooplankton and pelagic fish in order to ra 
uire access to abundant and energy-rich zooplankton and pelagic fish in order to raise their ch 
and energy-rich zooplankton and pelagic fish in order to raise their chicks successfully. clima 
der to raise their chicks successfully. climate related changes in water masses would be expect 
uccessfully. climate related changes in water masses would be expected to indirectly affect the 
anges in their prey base and associated energy flow. cruises and field work will be conducted i 
2138 4 hesis for this proposal is that clupeid fish , what lactate levels forces sprat out of hypoxic  
tate levels forces sprat out of hypoxic water and to what extent the oxygen store in the swim b 
of hypoxic water and to what extent the oxygen store in the swim bladder can be used for extend 
g the time that can be spent in hypoxic water. the alternative hypothesis that overwintering ha 
7459 5 ntation to further our knowledge of how marine ecosystems will respond to combinations of multi 
 to further our knowledge of how marine ecosystems will respond to combinations of multiple cli 
ill respond to combinations of multiple climate change and anthropogenic drivers. with an empha 
ivers. with an emphasis on the european marine strategy , meece will improve the decision suppo 
ls to provide a structured link between management questions and the knowledge base that can he 
2178 30                                     the climate of the north atlantic and arctic oceans will un 
go rapid changes over the next century. climate influences many important ecosystem drivers whi 
tury. climate influences many important ecosystem drivers which will change marine biogeochemic 
ant ecosystem drivers which will change marine biogeochemical and ecological processes, ecosyst 
iogeochemical and ecological processes, ecosystem functioning and biodiversity. merclim will pr 
al processes, ecosystem functioning and biodiversity. merclim will provide critical new underst 
ovide critical new understanding on the impacts of climate change on the structure and function 
cal new understanding on the impacts of climate change on the structure and functioning of mari 
nge on the structure and functioning of marine ecosystems by means of an assessment of the role 
the structure and functioning of marine ecosystems by means of an assessment of the role of dom 
ing of marine ecosystems by means of an assessment of the role of dominant ecosystem drivers. m 
f an assessment of the role of dominant ecosystem drivers. merclim will have a specific focus o 
iogeochemical cycling, food quality and energy/carbon flow through ecosystems from inorganic ch 
emical cycling, food quality and energy/carbon flow through ecosystems from inorganic chemistry 
 quality and energy/carbon flow through ecosystems from inorganic chemistry through phytoplankt 
ystems from inorganic chemistry through phytoplankton, zooplankton, and bacteria to export and  
rganic chemistry through phytoplankton, zooplankton, and bacteria to export and sedimentation,  
through phytoplankton, zooplankton, and bacteria to export and sedimentation, assessing consequ 
zooplankton, and bacteria to export and sedimentation, assessing consequences for food availabi 
m will assess how decadal to centennial climate change will promote ecosystem modifications due 
 centennial climate change will promote ecosystem modifications due to changes in marine climat 
osystem modifications due to changes in marine climate . these drivers are hypothesised to have 
 modifications due to changes in marine climate . these drivers are hypothesised to have a sign 
have a significant degree of control on ecosystem functioning and biodiversity. a major focus o 
of control on ecosystem functioning and biodiversity. a major focus of merclim will be the opti 
m will be the optimisation, testing and climate-driver-scenario simulations of a predictive pro 
rio simulations of a predictive process model. the project has high societal relevance and will 
national and international research and policy efforts to manage marine ecosystems  
l research and policy efforts to manage marine ecosystems  
rch and policy efforts to manage marine ecosystems  
12381 19 is the r&d needed long term data on the marine environment are limited, however this data a nec 
r&d needed long term data on the marine environment are limited, however this data a necessity  
et forthcoming requirements such as the marine bill, the eu marine strategy and the water frame 
rements such as the marine bill, the eu marine strategy and the water framework directive. the  
ne bill, the eu marine strategy and the water framework directive. the data provided by the mar 
ork directive. the data provided by the marine environmental change network in 2007-2009 will f 
ective. the data provided by the marine environmental change network in 2007-2009 will feed int 
d into the following defra commitments: marine bill, water framework directive, marine climate  
llowing defra commitments: marine bill, water framework directive, marine climate change impact 
marine bill, water framework directive, marine climate change impact partnership, uk marine mon 
bill, water framework directive, marine climate change impact partnership, uk marine monitoring 
e climate change impact partnership, uk marine monitoring and assessment strategy ukmmas, eu ma 
te change impact partnership, uk marine monitoring and assessment strategy ukmmas, eu marine st 
t partnership, uk marine monitoring and assessment strategy ukmmas, eu marine strategy, chartin 
ring and assessment strategy ukmmas, eu marine strategy, charting progress 2, natural environme 
 strategy, charting progress 2, natural environment strategy summary objectives the aim of the  
project aims to; promote and expand the marine environmental change network, seek funding avenu 
 aims to; promote and expand the marine environmental change network, seek funding avenues for  
abase. the project will also coordinate monitoring undertaken by mecn partners.  
10588 13 test theory linking life histories with population dynamics, making use of the large body of da 
 of the large body of data or exploited marine populations. theoretical work will include the u 
ity analyses and measures of population stability and resilience to predict the vulnerability a 
nd measures of population stability and resilience to predict the vulnerability and responses o 
stability and resilience to predict the vulnerability and responses of populations to changes i 
 responses of populations to changes in mortality. theoretical predictions will be tested with  
with analyses of temporal trends in the abundance of exploited populations subject to known lev 
 populations subject to known levels of mortality. phylogenetically based statistics will be us 
 or under consideration, for predicting vulnerability to population declines and extinction. th 
ulnerability to population declines and extinction. this research should therefore lead to a be 
fundamental understanding of population resilience, with applications to the management and con 
on resilience, with applications to the management and conservation of exploited populations.  
with applications to the management and conservation of exploited populations.  
13329 18 n network of excellence, referred to as marine genomics, for the implementation of high-through 
ut genomic approaches in the biology of marine organisms. marine genomics will promote, develop 
hes in the biology of marine organisms. marine genomics will promote, develop, and spread throu 
questions related to the functioning of marine ecosystems and to the biology of marine organism 
ns related to the functioning of marine ecosystems and to the biology of marine organisms. with 
marine ecosystems and to the biology of marine organisms. with this aim in view, we propose to  
al centres of excellence in genomics in europe with marine biologists who can make use of high- 
f excellence in genomics in europe with marine biologists who can make use of high-throughput g 
his will involve the dedication and the development of common research infrastructures, both in 
nfrastructures, both in genomics and in marine biology. joining together these distinct scienti 
munities will establish europes lead in marine genomics. the j.e.r. of marine genomics is broke 
 lead in marine genomics. the j.e.r. of marine genomics is broken down into comparative, functi 
s, leading to various microbial, algal, evolution development and diversity, and fish and shell 
 to various microbial, algal, evolution development and diversity, and fish and shellfish nodes 
obial, algal, evolution development and diversity, and fish and shellfish nodes. this research  
volution development and diversity, and fish and shellfish nodes. this research can be applied  
es. this research can be applied to the management of marine ressources , create and develop a  
rch can be applied to the management of marine ressources , create and develop a knowledge and  
13833 5             this project will integrate marine and terrestrial ecology to examine the magnitude 
t will integrate marine and terrestrial ecology to examine the magnitude of marine inflow on sh 
ial ecology to examine the magnitude of marine inflow on shore-lines, and the effect from this  
 system. earlier studies show that this marine inflow enters the terrestrial system mainly thro 
us. chironomids are in turn consumed by spiders on the shore-line and indirectly increase spide 
1994 19                                         marine lakes are unique marine habitats that could prov 
                marine lakes are unique marine habitats that could provide researchers with new 
gical and evolutionary processes in the marine realm. this rather scarce and unknown marine eco 
e realm. this rather scarce and unknown marine ecosystem is found in several disconnected islan 
. this rather scarce and unknown marine ecosystem is found in several disconnected island natio 
tions and comprise land-locked holocene marine basins with inhabitants of marine descent. the r 
ocene marine basins with inhabitants of marine descent. the relatively small populations isolat 
ively small populations isolated in the marine lakes, which represent a combination of multiple 
ies for fundamental studies on holocene evolution in marine taxa, which typically lack fossil r 
mental studies on holocene evolution in marine taxa, which typically lack fossil records. appro 
 lack fossil records. approximately 200 marine lakes are thought to be distributed worldwide, o 
 the unique sponge faunas of indonesian marine lakes in order to investigate the variation in c 
n order to investigate the variation in community composition within and outside of the lakes.  
lecular analyses to assess the level of connectivity and divergence between populations of thre 
lations of three key sponge taxa in the marine lakes and in the adjacent seas. the ubiquitous p 
e ubiquitous presence of sponges in the marine lakes as well as in the surrounding seas make th 
ps and population structures of benthic marine species. the anticipated results will, furthermo 
ting the most effective and appropriate conservation measures for these vulnerable ecosystems.  
servation measures for these vulnerable ecosystems.  
12573 7  on previous work , looking at archived fish scales from more rivers around the uk from 1998 to 
oking at archived fish scales from more rivers around the uk from 1998 to 2008. this project wi 
ll combine stable isotope analysis with growth data derived from scale increment analysis to as 
 analysis with growth data derived from scale increment analysis to assess linkages between con 
ss linkages between conditions of ocean productivity and growth, and use satellite-based observ 
en conditions of ocean productivity and growth, and use satellite-based observation data and oc 
 stocks will respond and be affected by climate change.  
12430 12  summary objectives: the european union marine strategy framework directive : properties and qu 
irective : properties and quantities of marine litter do not cause harm to the coastal and mari 
er do not cause harm to the coastal and marine environment. the descriptor to be researched in  
ot cause harm to the coastal and marine environment. the descriptor to be researched in this pr 
amount and composition of litter in the water column, including floating and suspended litter,  
 reserach will develop a cost effective monitoring programme for determining trends over time i 
y customer purpose: to develop a future monitoring programme for the assessment of marine litte 
p a future monitoring programme for the assessment of marine litter, capable of answering quest 
itoring programme for the assessment of marine litter, capable of answering questions posed in  
dentify the quantities of litter in the marine environment, the major processes that control th 
 the quantities of litter in the marine environment, the major processes that control the entry 
amount and composition of litter in the water column, including floating and suspended litter,  
12431 14 at plastic debris is fragmenting in the environment and that microscopic pieces of common polym 
re now present on shorelines worldwide. production of plastics has grown exponentially in recen 
ested by a range of organisms including invertebrates at the base of the food chain and there a 
is might cause harm to organisms in the marine environment. the plan of work and the objectives 
t cause harm to organisms in the marine environment. the plan of work and the objectives below  
been specifically tailored to inform uk policy in relation to the european union marine strateg 
olicy in relation to the european union marine strategy framework directive. the project has fi 
ticles sorb contaminants present in the marine environment, which contaminants are of concern,  
sorb contaminants present in the marine environment, which contaminants are of concern, and are 
in plastics persist after ageing in the marine environment and whether they are made bioavailab 
tics persist after ageing in the marine environment and whether they are made bioavailable on i 
how microplastics are passed on through food web interactions and what the implications are for 
he implications are for populations and ecosystems. 4. research to determine the extent to whic 
astics’ differ in their potential ‘harm impacts.  
10099 6 l telemetry system for use with coastal marine mammals which may be used to answer fundamental  
ed to answer fundamental biological and conservation questions. argos satellite telemetry syste 
d location accuracy at sea, sub-optimal energy efficiency and high cost. our dual development a 
ion accuracy at sea, sub-optimal energy efficiency and high cost. our dual development addresse 
ergy efficiency and high cost. our dual development addresses these problems. the phone tag use 
antaneously, capture ups satellite data streams that are then processed and compacted for stora 
11370 8                                         marine emission of dimethyl sulfide , is the major sour 
ct cloud formation and influence global climate. however, only ca. 10% of the dms produced in t 
e, and up to 90% is rapidly oxidised by bacteria. the biological pathways and their regulation  
of the proposed research are to isolate marine bacteria that oxidise dms, to identify key enzym 
proposed research are to isolate marine bacteria that oxidise dms, to identify key enzymes and  
robes based on key enzymes to study the ecology of dms oxidising marine bacteria.  
s to study the ecology of dms oxidising marine bacteria.  
udy the ecology of dms oxidising marine bacteria.  
11042 11 ill then be applied to characterise the species composition of bacteria that assimilated dms us 
characterise the species composition of bacteria that assimilated dms using the heavy dna. this 
ation of the number of dms-assimilating bacteria will also be carried out by applying a new mic 
otopes. in summary, the analyses of the model organism, and its enzymes and genes of dms degrad 
anism, and its enzymes and genes of dms degradation will lead to understanding of the mechanism 
o understanding of the mechanism of dms degradation in an environmentally relevant marine organ 
radation in an environmentally relevant marine organism. the comparison of these insights to or 
n of these insights to organisms in the environment will greatly enhance our understanding of h 
reatly enhance our understanding of how marine bacteria have an effect on the amount of dms tha 
enhance our understanding of how marine bacteria have an effect on the amount of dms that is em 
 important for the regulation of global climate.  
12333 10 ication and designation of a network of marine conservation zones ; to ensure these sites are b 
 and designation of a network of marine conservation zones ; to ensure these sites are based on 
ata layers as they become available; to review webgis access systems currently available for ma 
 access systems currently available for marine data display; to assess end-user requirements fo 
nd a detailed scope to take forward the development of the recommended option for mpa planning  
pment of the recommended option for mpa planning purposes. key customer purpose: the outputs of 
a will also be useful in taking forward marine planning, and thus be of use to the forthcoming  
also be useful in taking forward marine planning, and thus be of use to the forthcoming marine  
, and thus be of use to the forthcoming marine management organisation.  
hus be of use to the forthcoming marine management organisation.  
12391 4  strengthen the links between statutory monitoring agencies and voluntary recording schemes pro 
and voluntary recording schemes provide marine recorder database training and a practical surve 
develop survey protocols for systematic marine life monitoring  
ey protocols for systematic marine life monitoring  
12408 22        summary objectives: to determine impacts and benefits of large-scale marine renewable en 
determine impacts and benefits of large-scale marine renewable energy projects to enable defra  
ine impacts and benefits of large-scale marine renewable energy projects to enable defra to dem 
enefits of large-scale marine renewable energy projects to enable defra to demonstrate the bene 
o technologically driven science in the energy arena: lead and deliver the environmental scienc 
 environmental science needed to inform marine renewable energy deployment in the context of ot 
ience needed to inform marine renewable energy deployment in the context of other requirements  
r requirements such as the formation of marine protected areas under the marine strategy direct 
ion of marine protected areas under the marine strategy directive. key customer purpose: this p 
ddresses important gaps in the research landscape, which unless tackled will impact increasingl 
utcomes, technical capability and tools development to support the renewable energy sector in g 
ls development to support the renewable energy sector in general and the wave energy sector in  
e energy sector in general and the wave energy sector in particular. there are critical questio 
al questions which must be addressed as development of renewable energy resources from the mari 
e addressed as development of renewable energy resources from the marine system progresses: 1 c 
 of renewable energy resources from the marine system progresses: 1 can ecosystems continue to  
rom the marine system progresses: 1 can ecosystems continue to deliver essential life supportin 
tial life supporting services when wave energy is extracted from the marine system 2 what is th 
 when wave energy is extracted from the marine system 2 what is the magnitude and extent of the 
nitude and extent of the consequences / impacts of wave energy extraction on ecosystem services 
t of the consequences / impacts of wave energy extraction on ecosystem services 3 is there a ba 
 / impacts of wave energy extraction on ecosystem services 3 is there a balance to be struck.  
10392 7 erc s science strategy, particularly in marine ecosystem functioning, the sustainable use of th 
cience strategy, particularly in marine ecosystem functioning, the sustainable use of the marin 
functioning, the sustainable use of the marine and coastal environment s natural resources, imp 
stainable use of the marine and coastal environment s natural resources, impacts of contaminant 
of the marine and coastal environment s natural resources, impacts of contaminants and climate  
oastal environment s natural resources, impacts of contaminants and climate change, and, as des 
 resources, impacts of contaminants and climate change, and, as described above, all with an em 
10335 17 g archaeological evidence for extensive marine food consumption in prehistory is observed in sh 
. evidence for the consumption of other marine foods is much less readily obtained. for example 
uch less readily obtained. for example, fish bones are often small and fragile and do not survi 
l at many sites, while the carcasses of marine mammals would likely have been processed away fr 
cessed away from settlements. moreover, fishing paraphernalia such as hooks, spears, sinkers, t 
 most widely used approach to assessing marine resource consumption has been to employ stable i 
nmark suggested a sharp shift from high marine food consumption to terrestrial-based diets. mor 
bolic controls on the expression of the marine isotope signal in human bone collagen. our propo 
 recent work on prehistoric humans from south africa by our group, employing a compound-specifi 
ur group, employing a compound-specific carbon isotope approach, revealed a new marine dietary  
carbon isotope approach, revealed a new marine dietary indicator, thereby emphasising the poten 
approach, revealed a new marine dietary indicator, thereby emphasising the potential gains of e 
undamental question of the detection of marine food consumption by prehistoric humans by develo 
he pigs will be fed on diets varying in marine and terrestrial protein content such that the co 
earch will be used to explain trends in marine food consumption by prehistoric humans in europe 
od consumption by prehistoric humans in europe and africa.  
ion by prehistoric humans in europe and africa.  
15300 4  of its biology. brown trouts living in rivers with access to the sea may stay in the river or  
fluencing this behaviour are known. the recovery of trout populations requires a detailed under 
tanding of their biology and, like most fish recovery programs, depends on a hatchery culture p 
ng of their biology and, like most fish recovery programs, depends on a hatchery culture period 
12425 11 tive: to identify and prioritise defras marine seabed survey priorities against marine policy r 
marine seabed survey priorities against marine policy requirements. to collate key details on m 
seabed survey priorities against marine policy requirements. to collate key details on marine s 
requirements. to collate key details on marine survey programmes operating in the uk for defra  
 by defra to help inform priorities for marine survey activities. the outputs will also be of u 
s will also be of use in taking forward marine planning policy proposed in the marine and coast 
also be of use in taking forward marine planning policy proposed in the marine and coastal acce 
f use in taking forward marine planning policy proposed in the marine and coastal access bill a 
 marine planning policy proposed in the marine and coastal access bill and the compiled informa 
piled information will be of use to the marine management organisation which is anticipated to  
nformation will be of use to the marine management organisation which is anticipated to come in 
12664 7     summary objectives: to produce a uk marine trophic index is listed for development in the e 
a uk marine trophic index is listed for development in the eu/cbd focal areaecosystem integrity 
u/cbd focal areaecosystem integrity and ecosystems goods and services' and the uk biodiversity  
osystems goods and services' and the uk biodiversity partnership standing committee has also ag 
as also agreed to develop and report on marine ecosystem integrity. the work will allow the uk  
 agreed to develop and report on marine ecosystem integrity. the work will allow the uk to repo 
 the uk to report against this headline indicator and will be published in 2008.  
2470 12 matologists, modellers, planktologists, fisheries experts and ecophysiologists contained in a c 
rtners from germany, norway, the uk and the netherlands to assess, model and further the predic 
, the uk and the netherlands to assess, model and further the predictive understanding of chang 
nges in the trophodynamic structure and function within the north sea relative to the different 
namic structure and function within the north sea relative to the different drivers of ecosyste 
ea relative to the different drivers of ecosystem change. drivers include those acting via clim 
hange. drivers include those acting via climate change and variability as well as those acting  
prove the interface between science and policy formulation in terms of risk management as sugge 
ence and policy formulation in terms of risk management as suggested by the european science fo 
and policy formulation in terms of risk management as suggested by the european science foundat 
ience foundation. researchers from four riparian north sea countries selected for their differe 
ndation. researchers from four riparian north sea countries selected for their different expert 
2469 50                         the patterns of marine animal and plant geographical distribution along 
of marine animal and plant geographical distribution along the shores of western europe and the 
istribution along the shores of western europe and the mediterranean are fairly recent. during  
ng the shores of western europe and the mediterranean are fairly recent. during glacial phases, 
the sea surface temperatures along west europe dropped markedly and the warm temperate organism 
anisms must have survived either in the mediterranean or in areas more to the south, like the w 
ishment of interglacial conditions, the biogeography of west europe became one where a successi 
al conditions, the biogeography of west europe became one where a succession of ranges begin or 
raphy of west europe became one where a succession of ranges begin or end along the stretch of  
 stretch of coast comprised between the mediterranean and the baltic. depending on their therma 
g on their thermal tolerances, the warm water species have their northern limits along this lat 
n limits along that same gradient. if a warming process of the north atlantic and the mediterra 
g process of the north atlantic and the mediterranean occurs on a scale that follows that predi 
antic and the mediterranean occurs on a scale that follows that predicted for the global warmin 
ale that follows that predicted for the global warming, we are to expect local extinctions of t 
ss warm adapted european species in the mediterranean and in south west europe, as well as nort 
 in the mediterranean and in south west europe, as well as northward shifts. in the last decade 
f shifts have been documented with warm water organisms being increasingly recorded in areas to 
he north of their usual range and local extinction or decreases in abundance in cold temperate  
ge and local extinction or decreases in abundance in cold temperate species in the south. in ad 
uth. in addition, a rise in sea surface temperature will not only affect the occurrence of part 
ence of particular species but also the ecosystem as a whole as the complex nature of tropho-dy 
the ecosystem as a whole as the complex nature of tropho-dynamic interactions and diversity pat 
ture of tropho-dynamic interactions and diversity patterns might change dramatically. the geogr 
he geographical range of many temperate marine species is therefore constrained by climate, but 
ine species is therefore constrained by climate, but the effects of climate on population perfo 
strained by climate, but the effects of climate on population performance at the limits of thei 
daries remain poorly known. the extreme richness of the atlanto-mediterranean area makes it a n 
wn. the extreme richness of the atlanto-mediterranean area makes it a natural laboratory in whi 
 to study the processes involved in the marine faunal and floral change. in phylogeographic ter 
terms, the present situation of decadal-scale climate regime changes provides a unique opportun 
 the present situation of decadal-scale climate regime changes provides a unique opportunity to 
 populations and the rear edge near the extinction zone. indeed, although much insight has been 
 based on reconstruction of pleistocene scenarios, we know much less about the corresponding pr 
ss about the corresponding processes in marine organisms. if we are able to capture this signat 
g of the characteristics of the genetic traits that mark expanding marine populations. many stu 
 the genetic traits that mark expanding marine populations. many studies have demonstrated decr 
 studies have demonstrated decreases of genetic diversity in the extreme north of the range of  
 zones, are still being questioned when marine organisms are concerned. the large population si 
ned. the large population sizes of many marine organisms, the presence of highly dispersive lif 
 applicability of terrestrial models to marine animals and plants. the present project, aims to 
edetermined rocky-shore stations in the mediterranean and along west europe, with special atten 
ons in the mediterranean and along west europe, with special attention to species having distri 
ogeographic, historical demographic and food web related tools to compare the patterns detected 
eading edges of cold temperate and warm water organisms respectively. the genetic study will be 
et species which may suggest changes in abundance during the study period. in addition, the tro 
 study period. in addition, the trophic ecology of each target species will be investigated in  
lations that are distinct, thus helping policy makers to develop conservation schemes and marin 
, thus helping policy makers to develop conservation schemes and marine protected areas.  
ers to develop conservation schemes and marine protected areas.  
7580 4                            preserve the diversity of crop species and their wild relatives, as  
treamlining collections. otherwise, the diversity provided by the wild relatives is rarely eval 
f synonymy and duplicates, analyze this diversity in collections and wild populations. the obje 
s, taking into account both the neutral diversity selected  
6946 6  for the producing stocks, due to their diversity and ability to cope with local environment. i 
iversity and ability to cope with local environment. in the light of these facts, it is not sur 
imals and stocks with rare and valuable traits is increasing throughout europes poultry breedin 
throughout europes poultry breeding. so conservation is not only our duty, but it is our intere 
n our tender we intend to determine the genetic diversity of six indigenous poultry species wit 
 order to insure the long term and safe conservation of male gametes of indigenous hungarian fo 
7398 6  in over 90% of the seed supply in west africa. they are central to the conservation of biodive 
in west africa. they are central to the conservation of biodiversity. the objective of the mult 
they are central to the conservation of biodiversity. the objective of the multi-agent modeling 
rsity. the objective of the multi-agent modeling is to formalize mechanisms to better understan 
nd then exploit them to improve in situ conservation mechanisms of local varieties. methodology 
thodology relies on sorghum in mali but model validation based on an iterative process with a r 
10140 6 ata, remotely-sensed data and numerical model output. there needs to be greater integration of  
ing and minimise errors associated with modelling the earth system. this can take a number of f 
this can take a number of forms such as model validation, data assimilation, quality controllin 
 such as climatologies and databases of marine, atmospheric and terrestrial observations will b 
ces between a set of observations and a model. they may then visualise the results of this eith 
 scientific research as examples: ocean biogeochemistry and the forecasting of rain.  
11810 6 ata, remotely-sensed data and numerical model output. there needs to be greater integration of  
ing and minimise errors associated with modelling the earth system. this can take a number of f 
this can take a number of forms such as model validation, data assimilation, quality controllin 
 such as climatologies and databases of marine, atmospheric and terrestrial observations will b 
ces between a set of observations and a model. they may then visualise the results of this eith 
 scientific research as examples: ocean biogeochemistry and the forecasting of rain.  
10784 1 ced by selection for reduced ability of predators to detect individuals when older and larger.  
10559 1 ced by selection for reduced ability of predators to detect individuals when older and larger.  
10941 37 nstantly is unlikely to get caught by a predator, but then such an animal will never feed and s 
rve, but may be caught by surprise by a predator. animals therefore spend time both avoiding pr 
mals therefore spend time both avoiding predators and feeding, and how much time they spend doi 
nds on what the animal considers is its risk of starvation or being eaten. in birds, how an ind 
s risk of starvation or being eaten. in birds, how an individual views both starvation and pred 
an individual views both starvation and predation risk is neatly measured by its weight. fat bi 
ual views both starvation and predation risk is neatly measured by its weight. fat birds are un 
k is neatly measured by its weight. fat birds are unlikely to starve, but getting fat takes tim 
tting fat takes time away from avoiding predators and once fat, a bird s ability to fly quickly 
duced. therefore we tend to find fatter birds when starvation risk is relatively important such 
nd to find fatter birds when starvation risk is relatively important such as during the cold wi 
s when feeding is difficult and thinner birds when predation risk is relatively important such  
ing is difficult and thinner birds when predation risk is relatively important such as when haw 
ficult and thinner birds when predation risk is relatively important such as when hawks are com 
he relative importance of starvation or predation risk simply from a measure of birds weight an 
e importance of starvation or predation risk simply from a measure of birds weight and how this 
predation risk simply from a measure of birds weight and how this varies. if this is true, it w 
ful because measuring either starvation risk or predation risk is complicated involving a lot o 
use measuring either starvation risk or predation risk is complicated involving a lot of detail 
ing either starvation risk or predation risk is complicated involving a lot of detailed field m 
and routinely carried out for many wild birds during bird ringing. what this research aims to d 
establish how we can use the weights of birds to assess starvation and predation risk and so dr 
ights of birds to assess starvation and predation risk and so draw conclusions about how they m 
irds to assess starvation and predation risk and so draw conclusions about how they may be dete 
ining the habits and population size of birds. an example of how we can do this is provided by  
t for ornithology ringing scheme, where birds are marked by enthusiastic amateurs to determine  
are suffering from increased starvation risk, leading to their population decline, then they sh 
s that house sparrows are under greater predation risk and this was confirmed because we found  
se sparrows are under greater predation risk and this was confirmed because we found that weigh 
t as insurance because of the danger of predators. thus we have gained an insight into the impo 
ained an insight into the importance of predation and starvation risk in determining house spar 
 importance of predation and starvation risk in determining house sparrow population decline. w 
o analyse weights from 30 species of uk birds. if we can establish rules that tell us what the  
ll us what the chance of starvation and predation is for a population of birds on the basis of  
on and predation is for a population of birds on the basis of easily collected weights, we can  
ulations might be declining and so take conservation steps. with the house sparrow, for example 
nd, or of putting bells on cats to warn urban sparrows, that are suggested by our research may  
7503 7                                      in birds, the freezing of semen is the reference method fo 
is the reference method for the ex situ management of genetic resources. however, this method i 
 to develop the freezing of semen in an endangered species in france, goose. interspecific diff 
rences of fluidity and membrane lipids, resistance to osmotic shock, ph, will, where possible,  
ne lipids, resistance to osmotic shock, ph, will, where possible, measured in most species of d 
ed in most species of domestic and wild birds partridges, and their link with the ability to fr 
eese and guinea fowl. this requires the development of sperm freezing of jars  
10366 3 tudents with broad research training in ecology, evolution and conservation. emphasis is placed 
ith broad research training in ecology, evolution and conservation. emphasis is placed on funda 
arch training in ecology, evolution and conservation. emphasis is placed on fundamental princip 
2467 20                      we intend to study ecosystem functioning using the match-mismatch hypothes 
esis as a framework and three different marine ecosystems with focus on seabirds as examples. t 
 a framework and three different marine ecosystems with focus on seabirds as examples. the mari 
with focus on seabirds as examples. the marine ecosystems chosen - the southern ocean, the bare 
cus on seabirds as examples. the marine ecosystems chosen - the southern ocean, the barents sea 
ela upwelling - are highly sensitive to climate variability, and the two latter are important f 
ility, and the two latter are important fishing areas and thereby also subject to anthropogenic 
ts. our main goal is to investigate the vulnerability of marine systems to environmental change 
 is to investigate the vulnerability of marine systems to environmental changes, using seabirds 
, using seabirds, which are among these ecosystems' main top consumers, as indicators. the main 
hese ecosystems' main top consumers, as indicators. the main tool will be statistical modelling 
tors. the main tool will be statistical modelling of french, south-african and russian seabird  
ological, oceanographic and statistical modelling expertise assembled. our project is also part 
ue to the major role of these oceans in carbon cycling and the global climate, and because thei 
oceans in carbon cycling and the global climate, and because their ecosystems are among those w 
d the global climate, and because their ecosystems are among those with the largest production  
ystems are among those with the largest production of fish biomass and seabird biodiversity on  
ng those with the largest production of fish biomass and seabird biodiversity on our planet.  
ose with the largest production of fish biomass and seabird biodiversity on our planet.  
 production of fish biomass and seabird biodiversity on our planet.  
11368 18    some of the clearest signs of global climate change are those associated with shifts in the  
 as bud burst or the arrival of migrant birds in spring. the lesser sandeel, a small, eel-like, 
er sandeel, a small, eel-like, shoaling fish, is at the centre of the north sea food web being  
 shoaling fish, is at the centre of the north sea food web being a major consumer of plankton a 
fish, is at the centre of the north sea food web being a major consumer of plankton and an impo 
important prey for many seabirds, large fish and marine mammals. sandeels are also the target o 
 prey for many seabirds, large fish and marine mammals. sandeels are also the target of the nor 
ls. sandeels are also the target of the north sea s biggest fishery. it is therefore of great c 
s may have adversely affected the early development of sandeels. this project aims to bring tog 
g together researchers working on ocean climate, plankton, sandeels and seabirds to investigate 
her changing climatic conditions in the north sea have disrupted vital links in the food web th 
h sea have disrupted vital links in the food web that have altered sandeel growth patterns and  
 the food web that have altered sandeel growth patterns and contributed to long-term changes in 
es. our findings will help forecast the impacts of climate change on the north sea ecosystem an 
dings will help forecast the impacts of climate change on the north sea ecosystem and also be o 
st the impacts of climate change on the north sea ecosystem and also be of use to the sandeel f 
acts of climate change on the north sea ecosystem and also be of use to the sandeel fishery. th 
ch areas: earth s life support systems, climate change and sustainable economies.  
10629 1               daphnia will be used as a model system to measure the fitness consequences of alt 
11608 3 rnal from maternal effects on offspring growth and sex, b investigate the mechanism underlying  
chanism underlying sex ratio control in birds and c investigate the effect of the genetic mix o 
s at the mhc on fertility and offspring growth.  
10932 2 rategies by determining the ontogeny of disease resistance in the pups. effects on the female s 
 by determining the ontogeny of disease resistance in the pups. effects on the female s fitness 
7307 1 dy of reciprocal influences between the environment and human society is the theme of many nati 
11082 3 presents a new methodology for studying evolution in host-parasite systems, combining evolution 
ims to explore the role of cost-benefit trade-offs in the evolution of host and parasite popula 
 role of cost-benefit trade-offs in the evolution of host and parasite populations with both co 
11600 3 presents a new methodology for studying evolution in host-parasite systems, combining evolution 
ims to explore the role of cost-benefit trade-offs in the evolution of host and parasite popula 
 role of cost-benefit trade-offs in the evolution of host and parasite populations with both co 
11827 8    my research lies at the interface of ecology and evolution and is focused around two key que 
ch lies at the interface of ecology and evolution and is focused around two key questions in ev 
round two key questions in evolutionary ecology: what determines species diversity and how did  
n evolutionary ecology: what determines species diversity and how did cooperative behaviour evo 
unsolved problems facing the scientific community over the coming decade highlighted in the 125 
ersity of bath where i will work on the development of mathematical models for a range of proje 
e ecological mechanisms involved in the evolution of diversity and cooperation. the studies wil 
mechanisms involved in the evolution of diversity and cooperation. the studies will be conducte 
11741 4  a queen in mid air. as such, male-male competition for mating has favoured large males, which  
body with larger flight muscles. worker bees in colonies with a queen sometimes lay eggs. if re 
 in the derbyshire peak district. queen bees will then be taken to the valley, each in her own  
which will develop into daughter worker bees. paternity tests will be made on the daughter work 
10127 6 ke affect their potential to respond to environmental change, as a result of changes in genetic 
ental change, as a result of changes in genetic diversity resulting from different levels of in 
em occurred in relation to post-glacial colonization to their current distribution area and whe 
t-glacial colonization to their current distribution area and whether loss of outcrossing mecha 
gmented as a result of human population growth, the study could have implications for predictin 
es in population size or restriction of migration between populations as a result of human acti 
12607 3  bleaklow plateau of greenhouse gas and carbon fluxes of peat in different conditions. the over 
 is to evaluate the effects of moorland restoration on the bleaklow plateau on the carbon balan 
toration on the bleaklow plateau on the carbon balance of the system.  
10088 9 one species on the other species in the community. we should be able to predict these changes u 
 be able to predict these changes using food web theory, which give detailed maps of who eats w 
 of interactions among the species of a food web or what these interaction strengths represent. 
teractions among the species of a small stream in several different ways, namely measures calcu 
ontents so that we can verify models of food web structure and ecosystem function. in this way  
verify models of food web structure and ecosystem function. in this way we will enable more acc 
 accurate models of the consequences of species loss or invasion on ecosystems to be constructe 
 of the consequences of species loss or invasion on ecosystems to be constructed.  
equences of species loss or invasion on ecosystems to be constructed.  
10224 9 one species on the other species in the community. we should be able to predict these changes u 
 be able to predict these changes using food web theory, which give detailed maps of who eats w 
 of interactions among the species of a food web or what these interaction strengths represent. 
teractions among the species of a small stream in several different ways, namely measures calcu 
ontents so that we can verify models of food web structure and ecosystem function. in this way  
verify models of food web structure and ecosystem function. in this way we will enable more acc 
 accurate models of the consequences of species loss or invasion on ecosystems to be constructe 
 of the consequences of species loss or invasion on ecosystems to be constructed.  
equences of species loss or invasion on ecosystems to be constructed.  
2464 6 . we will address effects of population density and sex ratio on mating system measures and the 
rther our understanding of the roles of density and spatial structure in the sexual selection p 
t have been understudied in behavioural ecology. we also aim to explore consequences from a rec 
uences from a recent change in pipefish habitat due to eutrophication and global warming, presu 
ecent change in pipefish habitat due to eutrophication and global warming, presumably affecting 
efish habitat due to eutrophication and global warming, presumably affecting both population de 
10829 4 it is widely presumed that the need for energy efficiency drives a process of continual optimis 
idely presumed that the need for energy efficiency drives a process of continual optimisation i 
sure the fitness consequences of wasted energy. sight is extremely metabolically expensive and  
re the relationship between fitness and efficiency in terms of selective disadvantage per waste 
11291 5 nts a fundamental issue in evolutionary ecology, assume that social behaviour is influenced by  
known about the genes underlying social traits. experiments in which researchers subject traits 
xperiments in which researchers subject traits to artificial selection, combined with modern ge 
p pinpoint and identify genes for these traits. in future, my group seeks to conduct such exper 
ing a fundamental issue in evolutionary ecology, this proposal is novel, because the heritabili 
1974 20                                    many soil bacteria produce chitinases and other lytic enzyme 
                              many soil bacteria produce chitinases and other lytic enzymes tha 
se living fungal hyphae. therefore such bacteria may be able to use living fungi as growth subs 
such bacteria may be able to use living fungi as growth substrate i.e. analogous to so-called m 
eria may be able to use living fungi as growth substrate i.e. analogous to so-called mycoparasi 
ycoparasitism that is known for certain soil fungi. however, so far no information is available 
rasitism that is known for certain soil fungi. however, so far no information is available on t 
onstrated that a newly defined genus of bacteria, collimonas, can grow on living hyphae in soil 
ollimonas, can grow on living hyphae in soil microcosms. the collimonas bacteria are dominant a 
phae in soil microcosms. the collimonas bacteria are dominant among the chitinolytic bacteria i 
ria are dominant among the chitinolytic bacteria in acidic, fungal rich soils indicating the po 
nolytic bacteria in acidic, fungal rich soils indicating the potential importance of bacterial  
in situ occurrence and consequences for fungi of mycoparasitic growth of collimonas. identifica 
consequences for fungi of mycoparasitic growth of collimonas. identification of phenotypic char 
be used to develop a protocol to screen soil bacteria for mycoparasitic potential. the major go 
ed to develop a protocol to screen soil bacteria for mycoparasitic potential. the major goals o 
coparasitism for the turnover of fungal biomass and the shaping of fungal communities and 4. th 
al communities and 4. the mycoparasitic growth potential among soil bacteria.  
he mycoparasitic growth potential among soil bacteria.  
coparasitic growth potential among soil bacteria.  
14805 4 n signals body condition, experience or dominance status of individuals. this is why in many bi 
proach to the problem of plumage signal evolution, investigating aspects related to behavioural 
plumage coloration on proceses as local adaptation and gene flow. this project, therefore, allo 
 therefore, allows for the study of the evolution of signals from a new perspective.  
10081 2 geochemical models of life s origin and evolution. crystalline surfaces, such as the surfaces o 
o a detailed examination of the atomic- scale interactions between organic molecules and minera 
10048 14  the sexes use different parts of their environment. ancient greek mythology tells of a nation  
o debate, in animals sex differences in habitat use are common and understanding why and how th 
o understand why the sexes segregate in habitat use. in the 1900 s charles darwin pondered over 
ales are attacked at different rates by predators. males may be larger and be equipped with wea 
low them to use habitats with increased predation risk. the second idea suggests that males and 
o use habitats with increased predation risk. the second idea suggests that males and females m 
ese hypotheses using a small species of freshwater fish guppies on the island of trinidad in th 
ses using a small species of freshwater fish guppies on the island of trinidad in the carribean 
sland of trinidad in the carribean as a model system. guppies form relatively small populations 
latively small populations in different streams that vary in the number of predators they face. 
rent streams that vary in the number of predators they face. furthermore, guppies can easily be 
 we know that guppies living under high predation risk segregate by sex, with male guppies test 
hat guppies living under high predation risk segregate by sex, with male guppies testing predic 
 level of sex segregation in a standard environment and test the factors thought to drive sex s 
10226 14  the sexes use different parts of their environment. ancient greek mythology tells of a nation  
o debate, in animals sex differences in habitat use are common and understanding why and how th 
o understand why the sexes segregate in habitat use. in the 1900 s charles darwin pondered over 
ales are attacked at different rates by predators. males may be larger and be equipped with wea 
low them to use habitats with increased predation risk. the second idea suggests that males and 
o use habitats with increased predation risk. the second idea suggests that males and females m 
ese hypotheses using a small species of freshwater fish guppies on the island of trinidad in th 
ses using a small species of freshwater fish guppies on the island of trinidad in the carribean 
sland of trinidad in the carribean as a model system. guppies form relatively small populations 
latively small populations in different streams that vary in the number of predators they face. 
rent streams that vary in the number of predators they face. furthermore, guppies can easily be 
 we know that guppies living under high predation risk segregate by sex, with male guppies test 
hat guppies living under high predation risk segregate by sex, with male guppies testing predic 
 level of sex segregation in a standard environment and test the factors thought to drive sex s 
10896 56           evidence of the links between marine biodiversity and ecosystem function indicates th 
   evidence of the links between marine biodiversity and ecosystem function indicates that the  
e links between marine biodiversity and ecosystem function indicates that the loss of biodivers 
tem function indicates that the loss of biodiversity is likely to have serious consequences for 
likely to have serious consequences for human well-being. humans derive a variety of important  
ty of important goods and services from marine systems including the provision of food to milli 
flooding. the underlying causes of this degradation stem from the unsustainable use of the mari 
 stem from the unsustainable use of the marine resources, for example over fishing, and other a 
 the marine resources, for example over fishing, and other activities that may destroy habitat, 
, and other activities that may destroy habitat, pollute, warm and acidify the ocean. maintaini 
warm and acidify the ocean. maintaining human well-being into the future requires finding ways  
ure requires finding ways of sustaining ecosystems that are resilient to change, and have the a 
vices. it means rethinking the way that natural resources are managed, taking a whole ecosystem 
l resources are managed, taking a whole ecosystem perspective, understanding the interactions b 
employing sophisticated and intelligent monitoring, management, and governance practices. there 
phisticated and intelligent monitoring, management, and governance practices. there have been m 
intelligent monitoring, management, and governance practices. there have been many attempts to  
 have been many attempts to reverse the impacts of environmental degradation on the people who  
to reverse the impacts of environmental degradation on the people who are reliant on marine goo 
dation on the people who are reliant on marine goods and services. historically, individual eff 
 that take place between the drivers of environmental change and the broad spatial and temporal 
understand: 1 the current status of the marine environment; 2 the rate and direction in which i 
and: 1 the current status of the marine environment; 2 the rate and direction in which it is ch 
 4 the implications of such changes for environmental goods and services; and 5 the implication 
of changes in goods and services on the livelihoods of people who are dependent upon them. the  
or human and natural induced changes to marine life and contribute the information and knowledg 
n and knowledge required for addressing poverty alleviation on the coast. this will be achieved 
derstanding of drivers and pressures on marine ecosystems, the collection of observations and d 
ding of drivers and pressures on marine ecosystems, the collection of observations and data ana 
tion of observations and data analysis, model parameterisation and development, and scenario de 
ta analysis, model parameterisation and development, and scenario development. to provide alter 
erisation and development, and scenario development. to provide alternative pathways for sustai 
de alternative pathways for sustainable poverty alleviation, the implications of various scenar 
lleviation, the implications of various scenarios on growth and poverty will be explored. these 
he implications of various scenarios on growth and poverty will be explored. these scenarios wi 
ions of various scenarios on growth and poverty will be explored. these scenarios will be devel 
wth and poverty will be explored. these scenarios will be developed with, and applied by, stake 
will be developed with, and applied by, stakeholders within user communities since local stakeh 
ers within user communities since local stakeholders understand which ecosystem services are of 
nce local stakeholders understand which ecosystem services are of interest to them and have pre 
terest to them and have preferences for management issues and aspirations for the ecosystems. w 
nagement issues and aspirations for the ecosystems. we envisage having 7 work packages: wp1 dri 
t and potential future pressures in the marine environment. wp2 mechanisms by which drivers and 
otential future pressures in the marine environment. wp2 mechanisms by which drivers and pressu 
nd their interactions cause change. wp3 impacts and interactive effects of changes - will inves 
fects of changes - will investigate the impacts of the changes on the ecosystem, ecosystem serv 
igate the impacts of the changes on the ecosystem, ecosystem services and their benefits and va 
mpacts of the changes on the ecosystem, ecosystem services and their benefits and values, and e 
eir benefits and values, and effects on livelihoods. wp4 case study sites - will provide case s 
studies in which empirical research and model development will be conducted to underpin the oth 
s in which empirical research and model development will be conducted to underpin the other wor 
rce access by coastal poor and resource governance in case study sites. wp6 projection - will a 
pply established and novel analyses and modelling tools to make projections of ecosystem and ec 
 modelling tools to make projections of ecosystem and economic futures. these projections will  
ctions will examine the implications of mitigation and adaptation. wp7 synthesis - will act as  
mine the implications of mitigation and adaptation. wp7 synthesis - will act as a vehicle to ad 
1981 26                          the process of adaptation is a central concept in evolutionary biology 
 relevant for estimating the effects on biodiversity of global climate change, of which climati 
g the effects on biodiversity of global climate change, of which climatic warming is currently  
lobal climate change, of which climatic warming is currently the most pressing threat. in addit 
he most pressing threat. in addition to habitat-tracking and range shifts, successful adaptatio 
t-tracking and range shifts, successful adaptation is likely to entail some combination of gene 
y to entail some combination of genetic adaptation and phenotypic plasticity. the tropical seas 
suitable for studying the mechanisms of adaptation. this butterfly exhibits high genetic variat 
 phenotypic plasticity for the suite of traits associated with temperature adaptation. we under 
for the suite of traits associated with temperature adaptation. we understand how genetic and p 
e of traits associated with temperature adaptation. we understand how genetic and phenotypic co 
netic and phenotypic correlations among life history traits have been shaped by natural selecti 
notypic correlations among life history traits have been shaped by natural selection and how th 
aped by natural selection and how these traits relate to fitness. moreover, for the key traits  
elate to fitness. moreover, for the key traits underlying the adaptation to the seasonal enviro 
over, for the key traits underlying the adaptation to the seasonal environments, such as wing p 
rganisms are already adapted over their distribution to differences in climate, this project wi 
er their distribution to differences in climate, this project will use existing clines with lat 
titude in this butterfly to explore the nature of the genetic and developmental changes that mi 
t might occur in response to changes in temperature. by comparing populations that differ exten 
ations that differ extensively in their temperature environment and the association with rainfa 
differ extensively in their temperature environment and the association with rainfall, we will  
infall, we will study the mechanisms of adaptation at three levels. our research will , determi 
tiation between the populations for the traits. application of this fully integrated approach w 
insights into the mechanisms of genetic adaptation, and also into the role of phenotypic plasti 
es of potential constraints in adaptive evolution and the rates of evolutionary change, especia 
2077 23 ect the regulation of the rhytmicity of growth and winter dormancy in forest trees and other pe 
micity of growth and winter dormancy in forest trees and other perennial species of the tempera 
nial species of the temperate zone. the growth potential and winter survival of such species ar 
 species are directly related to proper adaptation to the prevailing climatic conditions. this  
arily based on a close co-ordination of growth and dormancy with the temperature climate. the l 
ination of growth and dormancy with the temperature climate. the light climate is known to play 
rowth and dormancy with the temperature climate. the light climate is known to play an importan 
with the temperature climate. the light climate is known to play an important role in regulatin 
egulating bud set before the winter and temperature is known to be an important determinant of  
 of dormancy release and bud break. the temperature appears also to affect the induction and de 
ificance of the interaction between the temperature and the light climate in climatic adaptatio 
n between the temperature and the light climate in climatic adaptation is scarce, although such 
ature and the light climate in climatic adaptation is scarce, although such interactions may ex 
iation in dormancy-related processes in nature. the physiological and molecular mechanisms unde 
olecular mechanisms underlying climatic adaptation are also largely unknown. such knowledge is  
of trees and other plants to a changing climate and will contribute to an understanding of the  
l contribute to an understanding of the evolution of climatic adaptation. the project aims at s 
erstanding of the evolution of climatic adaptation. the project aims at studying the effects of 
project aims at studying the effects of temperature and the interaction between temperature and 
temperature and the interaction between temperature and photoperiod in regulation of dormancy a 
otoperiod in regulation of dormancy and growth rhytms in forest trees. the project also aims at 
lation of dormancy and growth rhytms in forest trees. the project also aims at identifying phys 
lar mechanisms involved in the climatic adaptation by identifying and studying specific genes i 
11443 3 es that the prey species preferred by a predator in one environment may not predict straightfor 
 species preferred by a predator in one environment may not predict straightforwardly the prefe 
htforwardly the preferences of the same predator when it is faced with a different range of pre 
14129 14 concentration is limiting for bacterial growth and de novo synthesis of ribosomes is energetica 
wn in our lab that significant ribosome degradation in fact occurs in growing e. coli cells . t 
tion is to study mechanisms of ribosome degradation in bacteria. to this end we will measure ri 
y mechanisms of ribosome degradation in bacteria. to this end we will measure ribosome degradat 
a. to this end we will measure ribosome degradation in e. coli strains, which are defective in  
 with the hope of finding strains where degradation is reduced. direct measurment of ribosome d 
 reduced. direct measurment of ribosome degradation will be combined with northern analysis and 
agments that accumulate during ribosome degradation. in addition, we will test different toxins 
i genome for possible roles in ribosome degradation. by using mutagenesis of ribosmal rna we wi 
try to determine what triggers ribosome degradation. we will also study the possible role of ri 
lso study the possible role of ribosome degradation in the mechanisms of growth inhibition of v 
bosome degradation in the mechanisms of growth inhibition of various antibiotics. we will deter 
tics. we will determine the kinetics of degradation of various ribosomal proteins upon ribosome 
arious ribosomal proteins upon ribosome degradation using a mass-spectroscopy based approach.  
6931 2 utation rate and thereby higher genetic stability. this strain could prove to be advantageous i 
erve as their replacement within a time scale of 2-5 years. preliminary experiments conducted i 
9846 6 gely supplanted gymnosperms since their evolution in the cretaceous. i will test recent theorie 
 their ascendancy, basing my studies in new zealand rainforests. my first study will test the h 
ow growing as seedlings, by quantifying growth rates along naturally occurring gradients of nut 
my second study will test whether local dispersal of litter establishes conditions beneath coni 
istence mechanisms, using the sortie of forest simulation model.  
, using the sortie of forest simulation model.  
7124 16  is increasingly clear that the current global warming influences ecosystems and, in particular 
t the current global warming influences ecosystems and, in particular, induces the movement of  
. among lepidoptera, gender colias is a model organism to study adaptation to climate changes.  
der colias is a model organism to study adaptation to climate changes. in particular, the progr 
a model organism to study adaptation to climate changes. in particular, the program partners ha 
ct of natural selection related to heat stress and increased thermal stochasticity polymorphism 
polymorphism of an enzyme that controls metabolism: phosphoglucose isomerase. previous studies  
ed to an overall pattern of interaction environment / individual / thermal stress which selects 
tion environment / individual / thermal stress which selects particular genotypic compositions  
in space by studying species with broad distribution that is to say, present both in the alps a 
y mountains, but also widespread in the evolution of the genre even lepidoptera at large. we be 
tidisciplinary approach and mechanistic adaptation to environmental variations lepidoptera and  
 and in particular to stochasticity and warming, will shed parallel global mechanisms that infl 
l mechanisms that influence the current distribution and the evolution of this group, besides c 
luence the current distribution and the evolution of this group, besides classical bio- indicat 
n of this group, besides classical bio- indicator of many media  
15132 5 aim to reveal mechanistic links between life history, ecological, and behavioral develop and te 
nd test novel approaches to incorporate vulnerability traits into population assessment tools.  
approaches to incorporate vulnerability traits into population assessment tools. this knowledge 
te vulnerability traits into population assessment tools. this knowledge will facilitate the ef 
 facilitate the effective and proactive management of populations by enhancing our ability to p 
218 8 n west- and north-estonia on calcareous soils, while m. sativa arrived in estonia at the break  
 occur in north-estonia. however, their distribution, location in populations, frequency and mo 
d for improving the presently uncertain classification of the complex. distribution of yellow f 
ncertain classification of the complex. distribution of yellow flowered hybrids and their morph 
e results will improve understanding of taxonomy of the m. falcata/m. sativa complex and proble 
complex and problems of preservation of biological diversity connected with gene flow between i 
 morphological, chromosomal and isozyme diversity and on possible changes in characters caused  
e to the solving of actual questions of taxonomy and protection measures.  
10620 3 f the best terrestrial archives of past climate data, inferred from climatically-sensitive indi 
a, inferred from climatically-sensitive indicators preserved within. the ioannina basin, nw gre 
eece, contains ca. 430 ka of continuous sediment accumulation and offers a rare opportunity to  
7707 18                                 project mediterranean landscapes and terroirs will place the sc 
rs will place the scene in the heart of mediterranean agricultural systems by promoting the ben 
nomies and agrarian societies of french mediterranean regions. the scenery of vineyards and oli 
difficult economic situation and strong competition for land, viticulture and olive growing mus 
ure and olive growing must ensure their sustainability in a qualitative framework landscapes pl 
capes play a major role. 1- analyze the landscape of vines and olive trees and their heritage c 
ir heritage character emphasizing their diversity through a synthetic landscape inventory. 2 el 
ing their diversity through a synthetic landscape inventory. 2 elaboration of an atlas landscap 
pe inventory. 2 elaboration of an atlas landscape of vines and olives to promote the landscape  
cape of vines and olives to promote the landscape heritage and serve as a basic document for pr 
or preservation actions. 3- analyze the landscape of vines and olive trees and their relationsh 
eir land. . . a characterization of the soils will be established by a synthetic typology and q 
and quantified mobilized in territorial development documents. patermed the project develops it 
he achievements to promote the heritage landscape of vines and olives and preserve within terro 
e into the debate on the changes of the mediterranean eco- agro- systems by focusing on quality 
cusing on quality landscapes, guarantee sustainable development and biodiversity for 16 and med 
, guarantee sustainable development and biodiversity for 16 and mediterranean activities territ 
development and biodiversity for 16 and mediterranean activities territories  
14834 9 ng term study, assessing the effects of forest fires and prescribed fires on soils. for this pu 
of forest fires and prescribed fires on soils. for this purpose, these research tasks are based 
r in this proposal project we implement fire effects on soil microbiology, as well as we want t 
al project we implement fire effects on soil microbiology, as well as we want to include a soil 
iology, as well as we want to include a soil quality index developed by us in the previous proj 
im of contribute in the decisions about restoration of wildfire affected areas, and therefore t 
e in the decisions about restoration of wildfire affected areas, and therefore to assist in how 
d therefore to assist in how to use the fire as a fuel management tool.  
assist in how to use the fire as a fuel management tool.  
14835 9 ng term study, assessing the effects of forest fires and prescribed fires on soils. for this pu 
of forest fires and prescribed fires on soils. for this purpose, these research tasks are based 
r in this proposal project we implement fire effects on soil microbiology, as well as we want t 
al project we implement fire effects on soil microbiology, as well as we want to include a soil 
iology, as well as we want to include a soil quality index developed by us in the previous proj 
im of contribute in the decisions about restoration of wildfire affected areas, and therefore t 
e in the decisions about restoration of wildfire affected areas, and therefore to assist in how 
d therefore to assist in how to use the fire as a fuel management tool.  
assist in how to use the fire as a fuel management tool.  
14165 30   our ability to estimate the health of soils and to identify key soil properties which can ser 
the health of soils and to identify key soil properties which can serve as indicators of soil h 
 key soil properties which can serve as indicators of soil health has become a major issue for  
erties which can serve as indicators of soil health has become a major issue for food and timbe 
es are in operation. opencast oil shale mining is preferred for economics and social reasons an 
ncast oil shale mining is preferred for economics and social reasons and it is considered that  
ocial reasons and it is considered that afforestation is the most suitable for these areas. oil 
ost suitable for these areas. oil shale mining has altered vast areas in north-east estonia and 
nues. the heavily disturbed habitats or ecosystems which are developing through succession, the 
ecosystems which are developing through succession, the assemblage of species may be different  
ferent from that of the eventual climax community. the development of ecosystem and their succe 
t of the eventual climax community. the development of ecosystem and their successional process 
al climax community. the development of ecosystem and their successional processes after mining 
 and their successional processes after mining or afforestation is a complex matter. a true und 
 successional processes after mining or afforestation is a complex matter. a true understanding 
complex matter. a true understanding of ecosystem development must include above- and below-gro 
tter. a true understanding of ecosystem development must include above- and below-ground compon 
 which may be replaced by others as the succession progress. a major target for below-ground re 
ogress. a major target for below-ground restoration success is the return of the soil microbial 
estoration success is the return of the soil microbial biomass. soil fauna cross a range of tro 
ation success is the return of the soil microbial biomass. soil fauna cross a range of trophic  
e return of the soil microbial biomass. soil fauna cross a range of trophic levels and in soil  
 cross a range of trophic levels and in soil food webs they are often allocated to functional g 
s a range of trophic levels and in soil food webs they are often allocated to functional groups 
l food webs they are often allocated to functional groups based on their feeding habit. the kno 
n their feeding habit. the knowledge of food web in soil of post-mining and reclaimed areas is  
ing habit. the knowledge of food web in soil of post-mining and reclaimed areas is important fo 
e knowledge of food web in soil of post-mining and reclaimed areas is important for improving t 
as for bioindication of contaminants in soil. the aim of the project is to examine the specific 
main groups of mesofauna hills and post-mining reclaimed and non-reclaimed landscapes.  
11603 4  coastal study area in the welsh severn estuary between 6500-3500 cal bc. evidence for burning  
rning will be evaluated alongside other disturbance factors including storms, floods and faunal 
nd highly precise timescales of coastal environmental change will enable us to identify the ext 
able us to identify the extent to which disturbance is event related, the return period of even 
13840 11 edator can have on an arctic ecological community. within sefalo we remove red foxes in three e 
 areas of similar size. we will monitor predator and prey populations during winter and summer  
nd control areas. our main question for predators is if there is an effect from a mesopredator  
n effect from a mesopredator on smaller predators: the arctic fox, least weasel and stoat. spec 
 and stoat. specifically, we expect the density of small predators to increase when red foxes a 
fically, we expect the density of small predators to increase when red foxes are removed due to 
ed foxes are removed due to intra guild predation. for prey populations our main prediction is  
 removal would result in an increase in density of ptarmigans, ducks, waders and passerines. th 
d passerines. there are both direct and indirect effects that could affect the dynamics of smal 
dynamics of small rodents. a generalist predator, such as the red fox, can stabilise prey popul 
ise prey populations, but if specialist predators are essential in the small rodent population  
6935 4 ed samples from france, italy, belgium, the netherlands, malta, ukraine or turkey. the most sig 
pods around triassic-jurassic boundary; evolution of mesozoic micromorphic forms; eocene microm 
of malta; pliocene brachiopods from the north sea; geochemical study of miocene phosphatic-shel 
opods of the central paratethys and the north sea.  
7419 3 ole messicoles auxiliary plants in crop conservation / inversely auxiliary importance in mainta 
ild flora, including plants messicoles. valuation in action plans: botanical conservatory of th 
 conservatory of the pyrenees, reducing pesticide crop  
2038 16 socio-economic values of ecological and biodiversity functions provided by the dutch wadden sea 
is is a well-known example of a complex marine ecosystem. the approach can support the design o 
 well-known example of a complex marine ecosystem. the approach can support the design of an ef 
gn of an effective and broadly accepted marine management policies. this objective is operation 
n effective and broadly accepted marine management policies. this objective is operationalized  
erationalized by the use of alternative economic valuation methods, including contingent valuat 
e economic valuation methods, including contingent valuation and travel cost method, so that bo 
pecial attention will be devoted to the development of a framework for a contingent valuation i 
to the development of a framework for a contingent valuation in the context of different stakeh 
t valuation in the context of different stakeholders, reflecting different socio-economic profe 
perience with respect to the effects of marine ecosystems and biodiversity values provided by t 
e with respect to the effects of marine ecosystems and biodiversity values provided by the dutc 
to the effects of marine ecosystems and biodiversity values provided by the dutch wadden sea. i 
by the dutch wadden sea. in particular, contingent valuation will be applied to the general pub 
ecreationists, fishermen, environmental conservation agencies, scientist experts and policy off 
rvation agencies, scientist experts and policy officials. finally, the degree of transferabilit 
11146 10                                     the carbon cycle in freshwater lake systems comprises two m 
                    the carbon cycle in freshwater lake systems comprises two main phases: prim 
lake systems comprises two main phases: primary production of cellulose colonised in, and subse 
n, and subsequently retrieved from, the environment. we will primarily use rna as our template, 
ssed in the biofilm and responsible for degradation of the cellulose substrate. this first desc 
genes responsible for adsorption to and degradation of cellulose, and enabling the identificati 
ivate the species responsible for their production in the envrionment. it remains inconceivable 
f the species responsible for cellulose degradation in the natural aquatic and managed landfill 
larly in the field of second generation biofuel production.  
 the field of second generation biofuel production.  
14885 10 urface of the roots and the surrounding soil areas . we are also interested in the detection of 
ted in the detection of variants of the resistance genes previously identified in the metagenom 
 more global knowledge of the enzymatic landscape involved in heavy-metal resistance.another im 
matic landscape involved in heavy-metal resistance.another important aspect of this project is  
this project is to investigate if these rhizosphere microorganisms contribute to the plant tole 
lant tolerance to high concentration of heavy metals. to test this idea, we will design experim 
esistant to high level concentration of heavy metals and rhizosphere microorganisms from our sa 
level concentration of heavy metals and rhizosphere microorganisms from our samples. in summary 
nding of the microorganisms forming the rhizosphere of heavy metal contaminated soils and their 
rhizosphere of heavy metal contaminated soils and their relationships with the plants.  
7289 3 k of environmental science and adaptive evolution of cellular life. however, studies mainly con 
wever, studies mainly concern temperate marine environments and our knowledge of viral diversit 
environments and our knowledge of viral diversity remains largely rudimentary. observation of a 
10554 14 a major role in determining the world s climate. in part this is due to the production of oxyge 
d s climate. in part this is due to the production of oxygen and the consumption of carbon diox 
n part this is due to the production of oxygen and the consumption of carbon dioxide by very sm 
uction of oxygen and the consumption of carbon dioxide by very small, single celled organisms,  
 to as the photosynthetic picoplankton. marine cyanobacteria of the closely-related genera proc 
the photosynthetic picoplankton. marine cyanobacteria of the closely-related genera prochloroco 
y lab has demonstrated that the in situ community structure of these organisms is fairly comple 
s, the factors that dictate this global community structure are still poorly defined. this is i 
icate major domain shifts in planktonic ecosystems and by observing and interpreting their dist 
 factors controlling picocyanobacterial community composition. certainly, little if anything is 
s. thus, we hypothesise that in oceanic ecosystems genetically distinct picocyanobacteria are r 
ng elemental quotas as a proxy for what environment a given cell/population of cells is experie 
u and which are potentially restricting growth rate and/or yield.  
entially restricting growth rate and/or yield.  
10558 14 a major role in determining the world s climate. in part this is due to the production of oxyge 
d s climate. in part this is due to the production of oxygen and the consumption of carbon diox 
n part this is due to the production of oxygen and the consumption of carbon dioxide by very sm 
uction of oxygen and the consumption of carbon dioxide by very small, single celled organisms,  
 to as the photosynthetic picoplankton. marine cyanobacteria of the closely-related genera proc 
the photosynthetic picoplankton. marine cyanobacteria of the closely-related genera prochloroco 
y lab has demonstrated that the in situ community structure of these organisms is fairly comple 
s, the factors that dictate this global community structure are still poorly defined. this is i 
icate major domain shifts in planktonic ecosystems and by observing and interpreting their dist 
 factors controlling picocyanobacterial community composition. certainly, little if anything is 
s. thus, we hypothesise that in oceanic ecosystems genetically distinct picocyanobacteria are r 
ng elemental quotas as a proxy for what environment a given cell/population of cells is experie 
u and which are potentially restricting growth rate and/or yield.  
entially restricting growth rate and/or yield.  
7664 1  of the european framework directive on water  
11283 3 develop a multi-component thermodynamic model that will allow us to predict the seismic wave ve 
predict the seismic wave velocities and density of a wide range of possible core liquids. we wi 
 core liquids. we will then compare the model with actual observations to deduce the identity o 
12591 2 ic materials and to determine the local impacts of changing the maximum permissible soil metal  
cts of changing the maximum permissible soil metal concentrations.  
10309 5 ganic molecules could have attained the complexity observed in even the simplest form of living 
living organisms. currently there is no model that can adequately describe a genetic pathway fr 
es by directly observing their chemical behavior while at high pressure and temperature. struct 
cal behavior while at high pressure and temperature. structural information will be obtained as 
ing material of interest. high-pressure-temperature experiments are made in externally heated d 
10019 42                                         habitat loss and climate change together represent a gr 
                       habitat loss and climate change together represent a great threat to bio 
ge together represent a great threat to biodiversity because species face the difficult task of 
ts of formerly more widespread types of vegetation. new approaches are needed to understand and 
n combination. the complication is that climate change itself alters habitat quality and quanti 
on is that climate change itself alters habitat quality and quantity, by changing the availabil 
 the cool northern edge of its european distribution in england. as such, it used to be restric 
o exceptionally hot microclimates . the habitat available to the skipper is a shifting mosaic d 
fficult to provide clear guidelines for conservation managers to allow the species to survive a 
w the species to survive and extend its distribution. as the climate changes, this interaction  
ive and extend its distribution. as the climate changes, this interaction between climate and h 
imate changes, this interaction between climate and habitat is likely to complicate the process 
s, this interaction between climate and habitat is likely to complicate the process of conserva 
 is likely to complicate the process of conservation planning and habitat management for the ma 
he process of conservation planning and habitat management for the many rare species that are n 
re now restricted to localised areas of habitat in modern landscapes. to date, the feedback loo 
pes. to date, the feedback loop between climate and the landscape-scale distribution of habitat 
e feedback loop between climate and the landscape-scale distribution of habitat has not been in 
 loop between climate and the landscape-scale distribution of habitat has not been incorporated 
between climate and the landscape-scale distribution of habitat has not been incorporated in an 
and the landscape-scale distribution of habitat has not been incorporated in any scientific mod 
not been incorporated in any scientific modelling framework, but this is required before believ 
ble projections of species responses to climate change can be made. we will develop a new appro 
velop a new approach using a population model that incorporates variation over time in climate- 
hat incorporates variation over time in climate-driven habitat availability. these models will  
s variation over time in climate-driven habitat availability. these models will be developed us 
se models will be developed using large-scale data on the british distribution, habitat and pop 
d using large-scale data on the british distribution, habitat and population sizes of the silve 
scale data on the british distribution, habitat and population sizes of the silver-spotted skip 
s against new information on changes in habitat and distribution for the skipper between 2002 a 
w information on changes in habitat and distribution for the skipper between 2002 and 2010. the 
pecies distributions as they respond to climate change, and the importance of climate, habitat  
o climate change, and the importance of climate, habitat and their interactions in explaining t 
 change, and the importance of climate, habitat and their interactions in explaining the rates  
this step is vital to determine whether conservation actions can alleviate the effects of clima 
on actions can alleviate the effects of climate change on biodiversity, and which actions are m 
eviate the effects of climate change on biodiversity, and which actions are most efficient in t 
t efficient in this process of adapting conservation to climate change. we will make the softwa 
his process of adapting conservation to climate change. we will make the software that we devel 
 develop available to other scientists, policy-makers and conservation practitioners, allowing  
 to other scientists, policy-makers and conservation practitioners, allowing our approach to be 
owing our approach to be applied to the conservation of the many other rare species facing the  
11572 42                                         habitat loss and climate change together represent a gr 
                       habitat loss and climate change together represent a great threat to bio 
ge together represent a great threat to biodiversity because species face the difficult task of 
ts of formerly more widespread types of vegetation. new approaches are needed to understand and 
n combination. the complication is that climate change itself alters habitat quality and quanti 
on is that climate change itself alters habitat quality and quantity, by changing the availabil 
 the cool northern edge of its european distribution in england. as such, it used to be restric 
o exceptionally hot microclimates . the habitat available to the skipper is a shifting mosaic d 
fficult to provide clear guidelines for conservation managers to allow the species to survive a 
w the species to survive and extend its distribution. as the climate changes, this interaction  
ive and extend its distribution. as the climate changes, this interaction between climate and h 
imate changes, this interaction between climate and habitat is likely to complicate the process 
s, this interaction between climate and habitat is likely to complicate the process of conserva 
 is likely to complicate the process of conservation planning and habitat management for the ma 
he process of conservation planning and habitat management for the many rare species that are n 
re now restricted to localised areas of habitat in modern landscapes. to date, the feedback loo 
pes. to date, the feedback loop between climate and the landscape-scale distribution of habitat 
e feedback loop between climate and the landscape-scale distribution of habitat has not been in 
 loop between climate and the landscape-scale distribution of habitat has not been incorporated 
between climate and the landscape-scale distribution of habitat has not been incorporated in an 
and the landscape-scale distribution of habitat has not been incorporated in any scientific mod 
not been incorporated in any scientific modelling framework, but this is required before believ 
ble projections of species responses to climate change can be made. we will develop a new appro 
velop a new approach using a population model that incorporates variation over time in climate- 
hat incorporates variation over time in climate-driven habitat availability. these models will  
s variation over time in climate-driven habitat availability. these models will be developed us 
se models will be developed using large-scale data on the british distribution, habitat and pop 
d using large-scale data on the british distribution, habitat and population sizes of the silve 
scale data on the british distribution, habitat and population sizes of the silver-spotted skip 
s against new information on changes in habitat and distribution for the skipper between 2002 a 
w information on changes in habitat and distribution for the skipper between 2002 and 2010. the 
pecies distributions as they respond to climate change, and the importance of climate, habitat  
o climate change, and the importance of climate, habitat and their interactions in explaining t 
 change, and the importance of climate, habitat and their interactions in explaining the rates  
this step is vital to determine whether conservation actions can alleviate the effects of clima 
on actions can alleviate the effects of climate change on biodiversity, and which actions are m 
eviate the effects of climate change on biodiversity, and which actions are most efficient in t 
t efficient in this process of adapting conservation to climate change. we will make the softwa 
his process of adapting conservation to climate change. we will make the software that we devel 
 develop available to other scientists, policy-makers and conservation practitioners, allowing  
 to other scientists, policy-makers and conservation practitioners, allowing our approach to be 
owing our approach to be applied to the conservation of the many other rare species facing the  
13772 12           from data on colonisation and extinction rates it is possible to predict current and  
ible. methods to interpret colonisation-extinction dynamics from snapshot studies have been dev 
 wood items of different durability, as habitat patch durability obviously affects the colonisa 
lity obviously affects the colonisation-extinction dynamics; species in recently dead trees col 
 be used to parameterise a colonisation-extinction model - the incidence function model - and m 
 parameterise a colonisation-extinction model - the incidence function model - and modification 
sation-extinction model - the incidence function model - and modifications of that model, which 
tinction model - the incidence function model - and modifications of that model, which all requ 
ction model - and modifications of that model, which all require snapshot data on presence/abse 
nto consideration the age of individual habitat patches and assume different dispersal function 
al habitat patches and assume different dispersal functions. the predictions from the models wi 
or species associated with dead wood of conservation concern.  
10887 18  that life on earth is reliant on plant production driven by the sun s energy. there was a grea 
on plant production driven by the sun s energy. there was a great deal of interest in 1977 when 
hs of the pacific to reveal significant production, indeed whole communities, far below the inf 
 fuelled, not by light, but by chemical energy from the core of the earth itself. such a mode o 
eem rather strange in the classic chalk rivers of southern england fished by j.r. hartley howev 
lly be the case. we measured the stable carbon isotope values of common aquatic invertebrates . 
carbon isotope values of common aquatic invertebrates . we have identified such alternative fue 
identified such alternative fuelling of food webs before in stagnant lakes but not in pristine  
tagnant lakes but not in pristine chalk rivers. of course, methane is a powerful greenhouse gas 
ot in pristine chalk rivers. of course, methane is a powerful greenhouse gas and the more we kn 
ut how it is produced and cycled in the environment, the better. what could be even more exciti 
he prospect that the original source of methane in groundwater fed rivers is both a subsidy to  
 that the original source of methane in groundwater fed rivers is both a subsidy to the system  
al source of methane in groundwater fed rivers is both a subsidy to the system and ancient i.e. 
r is there not an ancient signal in the invertebrates from ch4 if we can show that a typically  
ate is made up in part by 100+ year old carbon, then this would change our perception of the ec 
this would change our perception of the ecology of such commonplace habitats. hence, our propos 
from queen mary university of london in stable isotopes and biogeochemical cycling, with the ex 
11236 7                                         methane will facilitate communication between these gro 
 agenda to include the uk international community. this will be done through a series of high p 
n of a series of biennial international methane conferences. these broad general meetings will  
power of social networking to allow the community to gel. two specialist journal volumes are pl 
h. methanenet will be managed by a core-management team that draws on a range of expertise in b 
ly embedded in the uk and international methane community and covers all relevant areas through 
ded in the uk and international methane community and covers all relevant areas through 5 work  
179 3 ture as well as for commercial inoculum development with applications in agriculture, ornamenta 
oculum development with applications in agriculture, ornamental plant production and landscapin 
ations in agriculture, ornamental plant production and landscaping.  
7270 4 iculty of understanding the dynamics of biodiversity in eco- sociosystems providing goods and s 
f synchronic analysis to understand the evolution of the bay willapa two centuries. once develo 
 once developed, the system's operating model will be confronted and validated through the coll 
he collaboration of several experts and stakeholders for the purpose of training and adjustment 
455 1  sustainable and environmental friendly development. this project links a fofifa team with a te 
12020 8            the microbes project studied soil ecosystem services, in particular the decompositio 
      the microbes project studied soil ecosystem services, in particular the decomposition of  
l ecosystem services, in particular the decomposition of organic matter showed constraints on a 
ces, in particular the decomposition of organic matter showed constraints on adopting new pract 
 the invisible biological components of production systems should, therefore, be publicized bef 
refore, be publicized before taking any development measures aimed at maintaining or improving  
s aimed at maintaining or improving the diversity of soil biological components. the microbes p 
intaining or improving the diversity of soil biological components. the microbes program did no 
7486 14                                         aquaculture is still facing a number of bottlenecks. to 
mber of bottlenecks. to further develop aquaculture, the major bottlenecks need to be systemati 
ed to be systematically removed. at the production level, unpredictable larval survival and lar 
llion of years between the host and the microbial community. hence, we need to understand the m 
 of the viability and robustness of the fish under aquaculture conditions. this join them appro 
bility and robustness of the fish under aquaculture conditions. this join them approach is cont 
strategy generally applied in microbial management used in human medicine, agriculture and aqua 
bial management used in human medicine, agriculture and aquaculture. this project suggests brin 
used in human medicine, agriculture and aquaculture. this project suggests bringing together va 
between the different components of the aquaculture ecosystem. the work packages are directed t 
different components of the aquaculture ecosystem. the work packages are directed towards the s 
ation in relation to the axis host-host microbial community-system microbial community. it is a 
is host-host microbial community-system microbial community. it is anticipated that this novel  
d into new or adapted protocols to rear aquaculture organisms in a biological stable and econom 
13938 8 c findings document that in the natural environment bacterial dispersal is faster and occurs ov 
at in the natural environment bacterial dispersal is faster and occurs over longer distances th 
ogical question such as biogeographical distribution of bacteria, but it also poses elements of 
such as biogeographical distribution of bacteria, but it also poses elements of risks such as s 
s of risks such as spread of pathogens, dispersal of genetically engineered microorganisms and  
 to airborne microorganisms which makes risk assessments practically impossible. this project i 
rne transport of viruses transmitted by birds. the suggested sampling strategy will allow ident 
asic science and for the performance of risk analysis related to airborne transfer of microorga 
15373 11 of extreme habitats in which their high salinity and other factors such as the temperature or p 
 salinity and other factors such as the temperature or ph, may influence the biodiversity of th 
ther factors such as the temperature or ph, may influence the biodiversity of the organisms tha 
he temperature or ph, may influence the biodiversity of the organisms that are adapted to such  
 besides, many studies focused on their ecology, physiology, metabolism, genetics or biotechnol 
s focused on their ecology, physiology, metabolism, genetics or biotechnological potential have 
vironments are habitats with an unknown biodiversity due to the difficulty to culture many of t 
 biotechnological potential of the true microbial community of these habitats is unknown. the a 
 metagenomic approach, on a hypersaline environment, a multi-pond solar saltern located on the  
multi-pond solar saltern located on the mediterranean coast that has been used for numerous pre 
quencing, from a pond with intermediate salinity of about 25-28% total salts. the detailed anal 
13523 18   relations among microbes, plants, and soil function are complex and poorly understood. studie 
ations among microbes, plants, and soil function are complex and poorly understood. studies of  
y use of biomarkers , revealed that the soil c/n ratio explained as much, or more, of the varia 
d as much, or more, of the variation in microbial community as ph did. microbial community comp 
the variation in microbial community as ph did. microbial community composition and n mineralis 
ation in microbial community as ph did. microbial community composition and n mineralisation wa 
icrobial community as ph did. microbial community composition and n mineralisation was strongly 
terminates this flux, affected a fungal plfa as much as high n-supply did. here, i want to expl 
s i learned during my postdoc-period in usa. i will compare a range of manipulative experiments 
 experiment, tree-girdling, and a new n-fertilization experiment, in which the photosynthates,  
abeled with 13c, with the variations in community structure occurring along a natural forest nu 
ity structure occurring along a natural forest nutrient supply and plant productivity gradient. 
atural forest nutrient supply and plant productivity gradient. at these sites and experiments,  
 c from double-labeled amino acids into microbial biomass and specific plfas. in the large-scal 
iomass and specific plfas. in the large-scale canopy 13c labeling experiment i will have a uniq 
eled photosynthate c into the different functional groups in the soil. molecular methods will p 
 the different functional groups in the soil. molecular methods will provide information about  
tion about the effects of treatments on species diversity.  
10633 3 ng global causes of human morbidity and mortality. set within an ecological framework, this cas 
this case studentship will focus on the community ecology of microbial infections within the lu 
c organisms also have a role to play in disease in pulmonary exacerbations  
172 11                                         sediment resuspension is one of the most characteristic 
eatly enriched in organic and inorganic nutrients as compared to the surrounding water. therefo 
utrients as compared to the surrounding water. therefore the aggregates might be a key link in  
ental cycles of turbid and shallow lake ecosystems. aims of the study are: -to compare of micro 
e of microbial communities of the upper sediment layer, community attached to resuspended parti 
ommunities of the upper sediment layer, community attached to resuspended particles and free-li 
rticles and free-living microbes in the water column of a shallow lake; -to compare microbial a 
ter understand their ecological role in nutrient cycling and organic matter turnover. results o 
ecological role in nutrient cycling and organic matter turnover. results of the proposed projec 
important for understanding the lakes’s productivity, for understanding of elemental cycles in  
 elemental cycles in such lakes and for management purposes.  
11761 8 he south, and microorganisms, including bacteria and fungi living in the soil. the aim of this  
 microorganisms, including bacteria and fungi living in the soil. the aim of this research proj 
luding bacteria and fungi living in the soil. the aim of this research project is to determine  
o determine which organisms live in the soils of the different sites, how they live together in 
hanges to environmental factors such as temperature and the availability of liquid water. knowi 
perature and the availability of liquid water. knowing how the organisms are affected by changi 
 will be based is responding fastest to climate changes and is an important indicator of change 
 to climate changes and is an important indicator of change for the rest of the world.  
14936 7  in extreme environments have developed adaptation mechanisms to severe external conditions, ye 
ditions, as may derive from a change in climate, could result in the extinction of the microbio 
 change in climate, could result in the extinction of the microbiota. in this project, we inten 
intend to study lithobiontic, microbial ecosystems in extreme environments, such as those found 
actors that facilitate the presence and growth of microbial life in such micro-habitats. we wil 
ll also provide continuous and detailed climate data in areas very sensitive to global climate  
 data in areas very sensitive to global climate change, such as deserts. finally, this multidis 
10719 27 ove ground, movile cave harbours a rich ecosystem with nearly 50 different species of cave-adap 
of cave-adapted aquatic and terrestrial invertebrates including worms, pseudo-scorpions, spider 
ates including worms, pseudo-scorpions, spiders, leeches and centipedes. remarkably over 30 of  
centipedes. remarkably over 30 of these invertebrates are endemic to movile cave. these inverte 
rates are endemic to movile cave. these invertebrates have adapted to life without light throug 
f pigment, indicating a long history of evolution underground. the cave is fed by thermal sulfi 
und. the cave is fed by thermal sulfide water from deep underground and no light can enter the  
can enter the cave. therefore this rich ecosystem has to be driven by primary production of org 
this rich ecosystem has to be driven by primary production of organic carbon made by non-photos 
driven by primary production of organic carbon made by non-photosythetic bacteria in the cave.  
rganic carbon made by non-photosythetic bacteria in the cave. in preliminary studies, it has be 
ve and on the cave walls contain active methane and sulfur oxidising bacteria which must be dri 
ain active methane and sulfur oxidising bacteria which must be driving the start of the microbi 
f the microbial food chain, where these bacteria grow and release nutrient for other bacteria a 
ria grow and release nutrient for other bacteria and fungi to grow. in turn, the bacteria are g 
release nutrient for other bacteria and fungi to grow. in turn, the bacteria are grazed on by w 
acteria and fungi to grow. in turn, the bacteria are grazed on by worms and other invertebrates 
cteria are grazed on by worms and other invertebrates and finally carnivores head the top of th 
e top of the food chain by eating other invertebrates. this environment can be considered an ex 
ain by eating other invertebrates. this environment can be considered an extreme environment .  
nvironment can be considered an extreme environment . on top of this we can detect in the same  
n top of this we can detect in the same fish-labelled cells the heavy, 13c from methane and car 
fish-labelled cells the heavy, 13c from methane and carbon dioxide that we fed the cells using  
d cells the heavy, 13c from methane and carbon dioxide that we fed the cells using the raman mi 
igate the exact location and numbers of bacteria that incorporate our test c substrates and ove 
er time we can follow the course of the carbon through the microbial food web in movile cave.  
rse of the carbon through the microbial food web in movile cave.  
2486 16                                  arctic soil contains large amounts of stored organic carbon wh 
ontains large amounts of stored organic carbon which constitute a source for release of climate 
hich constitute a source for release of climate gases. degradation of organic carbon involves a 
 a source for release of climate gases. degradation of organic carbon involves a consortium of  
f climate gases. degradation of organic carbon involves a consortium of microbial phyla represe 
l phyla representing a huge genetic and functional diversity. the project aims at exploring the 
oject aims at exploring the genomic and functional diversity of soil microbial communities, wit 
the genomic and functional diversity of soil microbial communities, with emphasis on key functi 
obial communities, with emphasis on key functional groups involved in methane production, and s 
is on key functional groups involved in methane production, and studies of the communities resp 
y functional groups involved in methane production, and studies of the communities responses to 
studies of the communities responses to temperature changes. this will be addressed in field an 
 active microbial populations and their diversity will be used in the final part of the project 
t to integrate studies on structure and function of microbial communities in high arctic enviro 
expected to contribute to more reliable soil-atmosphere models for high latitude ecosystems and 
oil-atmosphere models for high latitude ecosystems and a deeper insight in the unexplored micro 
15475 4                                         bacteria a unique framework to correlate microbial ocea 
rs and other fractions of the microbial food web. the results of this proposal will shed light  
light on the bacterial species concept, biogeography, ecological functioning and evolutionary m 
olutionary mechanisms driving bacterial diversity in the oceans.  
15247 2 f the previous three pn projects in the environment in where s. ruber thrives, and in its front 
e s. ruber thrives, and in its frontier-ecosystems as a possible pool of transferable dna.  
11734 3  analysis will be used to determine the temperature at which different parts of shell of hydrot 
o video evidence to determine the micro-ecology of vent gastropods in relation to temperature a 
ology of vent gastropods in relation to temperature and identify if the larva of vent gastropod 
1091 6  temperatures on natural populations of marine invertebrates from coastal shallow-water habitat 
atures on natural populations of marine invertebrates from coastal shallow-water habitats. a nu 
rine invertebrates from coastal shallow-water habitats. a number of modifications of demographi 
 morphological, behavioural and genetic traits have been already documented in a large array of 
gies in terms of phenotypic and genetic adaptation. results will allow to advance predictive mo 
ponse of natural populations of coastal invertebrates to climatic change.  
9918 1 fication and concomitant effects on the environment. tem analysis of phytodebris, hitherto not  
7019 6 than all flora and fauna together. this biomass would consist of microorganisms, mainly bacteri 
would consist of microorganisms, mainly bacteria and archaea. numerous recent findings have ind 
mal springs, which are delivering their water from reservoirs in the rocks, are in contact with 
 provide about 4 to 5 million liters of water per day. microscopic studies have shown a vast di 
. microscopic studies have shown a vast diversity of cells, some of very small sizes electron m 
cks should provide a testing ground for development of identification methods, which will be ne 
12428 10 stitutes harm from microplastics in the marine environment for the marine strategy framework di 
s harm from microplastics in the marine environment for the marine strategy framework directive 
stics in the marine environment for the marine strategy framework directive . this literature r 
y framework directive . this literature review can be shaped to fit policy needs to better unde 
 literature review can be shaped to fit policy needs to better understand current scientific th 
 to define the area of work which is of policy interest to us, to provide quickly and in a cost 
st effective way an in depth literature review on microplastics in the marine environment and d 
terature review on microplastics in the marine environment and developing our understanding of  
e review on microplastics in the marine environment and developing our understanding of ‘harm.  
eloping our understanding of ‘harm. the review will set out the bench mark of current scientifi 
12559 6 hunters. previous defra-funded projects ph0316 and ph0408 have developed robust micropropagatio 
evious defra-funded projects ph0316 and ph0408 have developed robust micropropagation technique 
ancient plant material identified as at risk from the exotic/quarantine plant pathogens phytoph 
ross the uk and for a wider range of at-risk genera and species that may benefit from microprop 
o routinely process a wider range of at-risk plant material identified by individual gardens. a 
ora ramorum / kernoviae. the rare plant conservation programme that this project will support h 
10368 2                                    army ants are both ecologically important and prime candidat 
hence make better predictions for their conservation. within the timeframe of this grant we wil 
14169 24                                         disturbance regimes, and how climate change alters thes 
           disturbance regimes, and how climate change alters these, are of particular importan 
, are of particular importance to stand development. comprehension of regeneration patterns in  
 to predict the long-term structure and production dynamics of a forest stand. the main aim of  
 structure and production dynamics of a forest stand. the main aim of the study is to analyse n 
natural regeneration conditions in post-disturbance microsites. in established permanent sample 
ffering substrate and micro-relief, the abundance, composition, population dynamics and growth  
cro-relief, the abundance, composition, population dynamics and growth of post-disturbance and  
e, composition, population dynamics and growth of post-disturbance and advance natural regenera 
 population dynamics and growth of post-disturbance and advance natural regeneration will be de 
 of classical morphometrical methods in growth analysis of trees and the assessment of the phot 
ods in growth analysis of trees and the assessment of the photosynthesis process, which is a di 
ysis of trees and the assessment of the photosynthesis process, which is a direct indicator of  
otosynthesis process, which is a direct indicator of the growth dynamics of young trees, will b 
ess, which is a direct indicator of the growth dynamics of young trees, will be used to test th 
nd structure. linking establishment and growth rate to wood decomposition, nutrient cycling and 
g establishment and growth rate to wood decomposition, nutrient cycling and decay fluxes may he 
 and growth rate to wood decomposition, nutrient cycling and decay fluxes may help to analyse r 
n dynamics during a longer period since disturbance. in economic terms, the study is important  
onomic terms, the study is important as decision making in multi-purpose forestry must be based 
ant as decision making in multi-purpose forestry must be based on a model having reliable predi 
lti-purpose forestry must be based on a model having reliable predicting capacity with realisti 
ecological interactions included in it. development of new regeneration methods for the forestr 
ent of new regeneration methods for the forestry practice, combining natural and artificial reg 
10278 10 s, and from the emergence and spread of resistance of the malaria parasites and their mosquito  
are effective that emerges. furthermore resistance is generally costly in the sense that it aff 
stly in the sense that it affects other traits, e.g. increasing larval resistance could decreas 
ts other traits, e.g. increasing larval resistance could decrease biting rate or adult longevit 
rate or adult longevity. luckily, these traits are epidemiologically more relevant than larval  
 response may well reduce transmission. evolution of resistance may well be inevitable, but fai 
 well reduce transmission. evolution of resistance may well be inevitable, but failure of contr 
proach is that it does not try to block evolution, but relies on the difference between epidemi 
iologically and evolutionarily relevant traits to use evolution in an epidemiologically positiv 
d evolutionarily relevant traits to use evolution in an epidemiologically positive way.  
7455 8  objectives and content the use of high efficiency power devices based on silicon or gallium ar 
ority research task is to establish the growth of device-quality materials. while the growth of 
 of device-quality materials. while the growth of gan for blue leds has progressed rapidly in r 
yet clear which is the most appropriate growth technique. with bulk gan not yet available, ther 
 specialist experience in all realistic growth methods and covers all practical choices for sub 
th a major objective of the mid-project review being a detailed recommendation on the most appr 
combination. the second priority is the development of process technology for these materials,  
ificant new aspects due to the chemical stability of gan and the high temperatures at which it  
10566 3 n plants have been shown to have formed forests in the mid devonian. these plants had trunks wi 
o whole plants which were competing for dominance during the transition from non-leafy to leafy 
 the transition from non-leafy to leafy forests, as well as better understanding of their relat 
1955 17                                         climate-change leads to advancement in tree-phonology i 
 and a subsequent advancement in insect-abundance. most temperate breeding bird species are for 
highly dependent on this peak in insect-abundance, and most, but not all, bird-species have adv 
dvancement of their laving-dates, since climate changes may not occur on their wintering ground 
occur on their wintering grounds. these birds may not have the right cues to start spring migra 
not have the right cues to start spring migration at the appropriate time when climate changes, 
 migration at the appropriate time when climate changes, and hence may arrive too late in their 
 breeding areas to profit from the food-abundance in spring. this is a possible reason why many 
viour in adjusting their laving date to climate changes at temperate regions. we aim to study b 
nd how selection favours early arriving birds. the outcome of these effects will be used to mod 
utcome of these effects will be used to model population dynamics and hence the likelihood of d 
 of these effects will be used to model population dynamics and hence the likelihood of decline 
 and hence the likelihood of decline to extinction. the model species used in this project is t 
ikelihood of decline to extinction. the model species used in this project is the pied flycatch 
tcher. this migrant winters in tropical africa, and has shown an advancement of egg-laying over 
ing arrival date. in the last years the birds did started egg laying almost directly after arri 
 in the next years we expect that these birds face the problem that they arrive too late to hav 
14738 11 rd. in seabirds, the study of migratory connectivity is crucial to understand the impact of thr 
pact of threats such as longlining, oil pollution and off shore wind mills, which kill hundreds 
ls, which kill hundreds of thousands of birds each year worldwide. this research project aims . 
ding populations, allowing for adequate management and conservation actions. since storm and ga 
s, allowing for adequate management and conservation actions. since storm and gadfly petrel spe 
eathers grown in different atlantic and mediterranean sectors. finally, we will investigate the 
ct of spanish longliners on the seabird community by boarding observers on longliners and colle 
ers on longliners and collecting killed birds. assignment test will be applied on these birds t 
ssignment test will be applied on these birds to investigate the impact of longliners on specif 
 information will be crucial to propose management and conservation measures.  
ll be crucial to propose management and conservation measures.  
6900 1  based on the traditional morphological taxonomy of millipedes, include a taxonomical groundpla 
12211 2 round: losses resulting from 91/414 eec pesticide review and customer pressure is reducing sele 
ses resulting from 91/414 eec pesticide review and customer pressure is reducing selective herb 
12520 9 based on collaboration between research institutions with regard to evaluating, analysing and t 
g countries. this is expected to enable adaptation of animal health planning, animal health and 
d to enable adaptation of animal health planning, animal health and welfare assessment through  
lth planning, animal health and welfare assessment through animal based parameters as well as a 
oordination and knowledge transfer wp2: development of principles for animal health and welfare 
rinciples for animal health and welfare planning in organic dairy farms wp3: application of ani 
lication of animal based parameters for evaluation of animal health and welfare in dairy cattle 
 health and welfare in dairy cattle and development of animal based parameters for calves, and  
ion about animal health and welfare and disease prevention in advisory systems and farmer group 
13607 6                one of the most profound sustainability challenges faced by democratic regimes w 
l spectrum of social rationality in the development and subsequent evaluation of public policy. 
ality in the development and subsequent evaluation of public policy. nowhere is this challenge  
ent and subsequent evaluation of public policy. nowhere is this challenge more profound than in 
his challenge more profound than in the natural resource management identify the rationalities  
institutional practices associated with participation in the programs.  
6742 3                         the miocene non marine sediments in hungary are regarded as deficient i 
ossil material we give new data for the development of the continental faunas and the change of 
nal correlation between the traditional marine stratigraphy of the central paratethys and the c 
7041 3        research project p 13741 miocene ecosystem changes in the e-alps - leaf assemlages johan 
modem geodynamic. investigations of the evolution of the eastern alpine region have partly unra 
que starting point to study terrestrial ecosystem changes in the context of geodynamic processe 
13874 10 t substrate and are therefore sensitive indicators of the environment. we assemble field and li 
e therefore sensitive indicators of the environment. we assemble field and literature data on h 
e assemble field and literature data on habitat requirements of peatland bryophytes and develop 
 methods for their use in environmental monitoring. with these new data and methods, indicators 
oring. with these new data and methods, indicators can help to explain the reasons for recent c 
 reasons for recent changes in peatland vegetation and strengthen the monitoring in the natura  
 peatland vegetation and strengthen the monitoring in the natura 2000 network. the approach can 
peat stratigraphy. published lists with indicator values are subjective and at best semiquantit 
o the european and respond similarly to environment, and n american data can be included. for a 
ronmental variables. the application of indicator values is often used with primitive statistic 
15510 10          mistletoes how is modified the vegetation diversity, spatial structure and successiona 
stletoes how is modified the vegetation diversity, spatial structure and successional dynamics  
plied studies focused on the effects as forest and agrarian pests. this lack of solid and new i 
rs, and may induce different direct and indirect effects on the community, is important to obta 
rent direct and indirect effects on the community, is important to obtain results under control 
pecial interest to improve the integral management of forest pests, to promote the diversity of 
t to improve the integral management of forest pests, to promote the diversity of ecological in 
agement of forest pests, to promote the diversity of ecological interactions, and the forest co 
ity of ecological interactions, and the forest conservation under adverse climatic scenarios.  
est conservation under adverse climatic scenarios.  
14139 4 st aim of the project is to analyse and review seal-fisheries conflicts in estonian coastal fis 
e project is to analyse and review seal-fisheries conflicts in estonian coastal fisheries. base 
fisheries conflicts in estonian coastal fisheries. based on that, measures to reduce and mitiga 
 the report to the estonian ministry of agriculture. scientific findings will be published depe 
15155 1 ginate from normal cells where cellular respiration has sustained damage is not new, in recent  
15356 8 se animals have successfully adapted to marine as well as freshwater and terrestrial environmen 
ccessfully adapted to marine as well as freshwater and terrestrial environments, and are an exc 
rial environments, and are an excellent model system to study and understand the evolutionary m 
 that are involved in the generation of biodiversity over long periods of time. this proposal i 
hin each group will be characterized by mapping different aspects of their natural history onto 
 natural history onto the reconstructed phylogeny. in addition, a molecular clock will be calib 
. finally, we will reconstruct the main phylogeny of gastropoda, by adding the new sequences to 
al gene order rearrangements during the evolution of gastropods.  
12061 9                                  global climate change and other human-induced pressures on the 
nd other human-induced pressures on the environment have been triggering deep and rapid changes 
en triggering deep and rapid changes in habitat structure and quality. in order to survive, liv 
ewly colonized areas. understanding how habitat structure affects organisms is a difficult task 
consequently, predicting how changes in habitat will affect the presence and distribution of or 
in habitat will affect the presence and distribution of organisms over time becomes daunting. h 
rder to be able to protect species from extinction, either by improving habitat quality or by f 
es from extinction, either by improving habitat quality or by facilitating the colonization of  
 habitat quality or by facilitating the colonization of newly available habitats. recently, pre 
12021 15                              the way of wildlife population are distributed, results from indiv 
or anthropic factors in a heterogeneous environment. better management practices of highly mobi 
 in a heterogeneous environment. better management practices of highly mobile large mammals rel 
erent scales, the driving parameters of wildlife mobility and distribution pattern, in a hetero 
ing parameters of wildlife mobility and distribution pattern, in a heterogeneous environment, u 
istribution pattern, in a heterogeneous environment, using african buffalo and european bear as 
by females: the presence of cubs, human disturbance, topography, vegetation. for buffaloes, the 
of cubs, human disturbance, topography, vegetation. for buffaloes, the pattern of herd movement 
poral segregation of key resources like water and perennials herbaceous, coupled with the effec 
 coupled with the effects of inter-herd competition for space. contiguous but overlapping, neit 
behavioral and functional approaches to habitat selection when the spatio-temporal heterogeneit 
itat selection when the spatio-temporal heterogeneity of environments supports, alternately or  
e pyrenees, the project could propose a management tool based upon maps of habitat classified a 
se a management tool based upon maps of habitat classified according their importance for bears 
ed according their importance for bears conservation.  
2003 29 he analysis of the long-term effects of climate change on bog ecosystems requires a model that  
g-term effects of climate change on bog ecosystems requires a model that includes interactions  
ate change on bog ecosystems requires a model that includes interactions between plant species  
een plant species and feedbacks between vegetation, hydrology and soil. we recently developed a 
ecies and feedbacks between vegetation, hydrology and soil. we recently developed a process-bas 
backs between vegetation, hydrology and soil. we recently developed a process-based model descr 
. we recently developed a process-based model describing the plant species composition and carb 
rocess-based model describing the plant species composition and carbon accumulation of peat bog 
ibing the plant species composition and carbon accumulation of peat bogs in relation to changes 
 of peat bogs in relation to changes in climate and environment. this model is the first model  
s in relation to changes in climate and environment. this model is the first model for bog ecos 
hanges in climate and environment. this model is the first model for bog ecosystems that includ 
nd environment. this model is the first model for bog ecosystems that includes vegetation dynam 
. this model is the first model for bog ecosystems that includes vegetation dynamics. however,  
 model for bog ecosystems that includes vegetation dynamics. however, the current version of th 
cs. however, the current version of the model has limited possibilities due to large uncertaint 
 validating and applying this nucom-bog model. data on properties of the sphagnum species, such 
f the sphagnum species, such as minimum nitrogen requirements, decomposition rates and evaporat 
 such as minimum nitrogen requirements, decomposition rates and evaporation characteristics, su 
 project 2, will be used to improve the model. next, data on the historic species composition a 
e the model. next, data on the historic species composition and carbon accumulation, supplied b 
on the historic species composition and carbon accumulation, supplied by project 1, will be use 
, will be used to validate the improved model by comparing model output with data from the peat 
alidate the improved model by comparing model output with data from the peat cores for the past 
 cores for the past 300 years for which climate input data are available. finally, the model wi 
 input data are available. finally, the model will be applied to analyse the long-term effects  
ied to analyse the long-term effects of climate change on plant species composition and carbon  
term effects of climate change on plant species composition and carbon sequestration in bogs, b 
change on plant species composition and carbon sequestration in bogs, both in the past and in t 
438 14 research contract ifb-gicc aimed at the development of bio-economic models for the diagnostic a 
ic models for the diagnostic and viable management of ecosystems and their usages in a perspect 
the diagnostic and viable management of ecosystems and their usages in a perspective of global  
oblems. the first one is related to the management of farmland habitats by grazing activities,  
 the management of farmland habitats by grazing activities, while the second refers to protecte 
 activities, while the second refers to protected areas for the preservation and sustainability 
rotected areas for the preservation and sustainability of fisheries and marine resources. the u 
 the preservation and sustainability of fisheries and marine resources. the use of the controll 
ion and sustainability of fisheries and marine resources. the use of the controlled dynamics sy 
velop interdisciplinary studies between conservation biology and bio-economics. through the con 
es between conservation biology and bio-economics. through the contract, an inter-disciplinary  
 case studies : intensity and timing of grazing in poitevin marsh, size of the marine protected 
 grazing in poitevin marsh, size of the marine protected area in new-caledonia.  
g in poitevin marsh, size of the marine protected area in new-caledonia.  
7192 6                 increasing agricultural productivity in plants during the last five decades has 
decades has been based on improving the yield potential of cultivated varieties and the heavy u 
ltivated varieties and the heavy use of pesticides. but the current practices of crop protectio 
 in the collective scientific expertise pesticides, agriculture and environment. in conclusion, 
ective scientific expertise pesticides, agriculture and environment. in conclusion, this projec 
c expertise pesticides, agriculture and environment. in conclusion, this project highlights a s 
7679 4 ulates and carnivores are components of biodiversity and provide important ecosystem services , 
s of biodiversity and provide important ecosystem services , statisticians with expertise in de 
isticians with expertise in demographic modeling, biologists with expertise in large mammals, e 
nd sociologists with expertise in human-wildlife conflicts.  
10408 61 um of partners from the united kingdom, tanzania, rwanda, bolivia, brazil and the united states 
m the united kingdom, tanzania, rwanda, bolivia, brazil and the united states to develop a rese 
ted kingdom, tanzania, rwanda, bolivia, brazil and the united states to develop a research fram 
help fill knowledge gaps related to how climate change will impact provisioning and regulatory  
will impact provisioning and regulatory ecosystem services; how these changes might affect rura 
s; how these changes might affect rural livelihoods; and how governance solutions can be develo 
might affect rural livelihoods; and how governance solutions can be developed to help manage th 
anage those changes in countries of the amazon and sub-saharan africa. this research will gener 
countries of the amazon and sub-saharan africa. this research will generate new data and unders 
ountry capacity to design and implement policy relevant research on the impacts of climate chan 
plement policy relevant research on the impacts of climate change on ecosystem services and rur 
icy relevant research on the impacts of climate change on ecosystem services and rural liveliho 
rch on the impacts of climate change on ecosystem services and rural livelihoods. our research  
 change on ecosystem services and rural livelihoods. our research will be conducted at four sit 
ll be conducted at four sites where the ecosystem services provided by forests and hydrological 
here the ecosystem services provided by forests and hydrological systems are highly interdepend 
t cases, national economies, and are at risk of major disruption from climate change. these sit 
nd are at risk of major disruption from climate change. these sites include the great ruaha riv 
ese sites include the great ruaha river landscape in tanzania; the nyungwe forest in rwanda; th 
lude the great ruaha river landscape in tanzania; the nyungwe forest in rwanda; the madidi land 
iver landscape in tanzania; the nyungwe forest in rwanda; the madidi landscape of bolivia; and  
he nyungwe forest in rwanda; the madidi landscape of bolivia; and the flooded forest landscape  
rest in rwanda; the madidi landscape of bolivia; and the flooded forest landscape in mamiraua,  
i landscape of bolivia; and the flooded forest landscape in mamiraua, brazil. we will develop s 
cape of bolivia; and the flooded forest landscape in mamiraua, brazil. we will develop systems  
e flooded forest landscape in mamiraua, brazil. we will develop systems dynamic models of clima 
 will develop systems dynamic models of climate, ecosystem services and rural livelihoods in th 
elop systems dynamic models of climate, ecosystem services and rural livelihoods in these lands 
f climate, ecosystem services and rural livelihoods in these landscapes, and combine these with 
these with participatory assessments of governance options, across a range of spatial and polit 
 permit an exploration of synergies and trade-offs in these ecosystem services under various ma 
on of synergies and trade-offs in these ecosystem services under various management regimes. th 
 these ecosystem services under various management regimes. the role that hydrological systems  
 the role that hydrological systems and watershed management play in regulating flows of provis 
 differences across sites will make the policy implications of research results broadly applica 
ly applicable to other locations in the amazon and sub-saharan africa. combined, the site will  
locations in the amazon and sub-saharan africa. combined, the site will allow us to speak to a  
 will allow us to speak to a variety of water-livelihood interactions related to fisheries, ene 
ater-livelihood interactions related to fisheries, energy, agriculture, sanitation and tourism, 
hood interactions related to fisheries, energy, agriculture, sanitation and tourism, and to a r 
eractions related to fisheries, energy, agriculture, sanitation and tourism, and to a range of  
es, energy, agriculture, sanitation and tourism, and to a range of governance contexts. these a 
nitation and tourism, and to a range of governance contexts. these are sites where the consorti 
llowing us to conduct both quantitative modeling and qualitative research with the greatest eff 
rch with the greatest effectiveness and efficiency. through a series of informal preparatory me 
esearch program to assess the impact of climate change on ecosystem services provision and loca 
 assess the impact of climate change on ecosystem services provision and local livelihoods. thr 
 ecosystem services provision and local livelihoods. through webex sessions, we will host virtu 
ill lay the foundation for a consortium planning workshop in bolivia to consolidate the interdi 
n for a consortium planning workshop in bolivia to consolidate the interdisciplinary team and i 
rchers with the skills needed to assess climate change impacts on ecosystem services and rural  
 skills needed to assess climate change impacts on ecosystem services and rural livelihoods for 
ded to assess climate change impacts on ecosystem services and rural livelihoods for informing  
impacts on ecosystem services and rural livelihoods for informing policy makers. by working col 
ces and rural livelihoods for informing policy makers. by working collaboratively across sites, 
arch. strengthening capacity to conduct policy relevant research is critical for guiding develo 
levant research is critical for guiding development decisions that enhance local and national r 
cisions that enhance local and national resilience to ecological, economic and social shocks li 
l, economic and social shocks linked to climate change. as a result of this proposed program, o 
ons will be better prepared to adapt to climate change and to manage ecosystem services for the 
o adapt to climate change and to manage ecosystem services for the benefit of the rural poor.  
11413 61 um of partners from the united kingdom, tanzania, rwanda, bolivia, brazil and the united states 
m the united kingdom, tanzania, rwanda, bolivia, brazil and the united states to develop a rese 
ted kingdom, tanzania, rwanda, bolivia, brazil and the united states to develop a research fram 
help fill knowledge gaps related to how climate change will impact provisioning and regulatory  
will impact provisioning and regulatory ecosystem services; how these changes might affect rura 
s; how these changes might affect rural livelihoods; and how governance solutions can be develo 
might affect rural livelihoods; and how governance solutions can be developed to help manage th 
anage those changes in countries of the amazon and sub-saharan africa. this research will gener 
countries of the amazon and sub-saharan africa. this research will generate new data and unders 
ountry capacity to design and implement policy relevant research on the impacts of climate chan 
plement policy relevant research on the impacts of climate change on ecosystem services and rur 
icy relevant research on the impacts of climate change on ecosystem services and rural liveliho 
rch on the impacts of climate change on ecosystem services and rural livelihoods. our research  
 change on ecosystem services and rural livelihoods. our research will be conducted at four sit 
ll be conducted at four sites where the ecosystem services provided by forests and hydrological 
here the ecosystem services provided by forests and hydrological systems are highly interdepend 
t cases, national economies, and are at risk of major disruption from climate change. these sit 
nd are at risk of major disruption from climate change. these sites include the great ruaha riv 
ese sites include the great ruaha river landscape in tanzania; the nyungwe forest in rwanda; th 
lude the great ruaha river landscape in tanzania; the nyungwe forest in rwanda; the madidi land 
iver landscape in tanzania; the nyungwe forest in rwanda; the madidi landscape of bolivia; and  
he nyungwe forest in rwanda; the madidi landscape of bolivia; and the flooded forest landscape  
rest in rwanda; the madidi landscape of bolivia; and the flooded forest landscape in mamiraua,  
i landscape of bolivia; and the flooded forest landscape in mamiraua, brazil. we will develop s 
cape of bolivia; and the flooded forest landscape in mamiraua, brazil. we will develop systems  
e flooded forest landscape in mamiraua, brazil. we will develop systems dynamic models of clima 
 will develop systems dynamic models of climate, ecosystem services and rural livelihoods in th 
elop systems dynamic models of climate, ecosystem services and rural livelihoods in these lands 
f climate, ecosystem services and rural livelihoods in these landscapes, and combine these with 
these with participatory assessments of governance options, across a range of spatial and polit 
 permit an exploration of synergies and trade-offs in these ecosystem services under various ma 
on of synergies and trade-offs in these ecosystem services under various management regimes. th 
 these ecosystem services under various management regimes. the role that hydrological systems  
 the role that hydrological systems and watershed management play in regulating flows of provis 
 differences across sites will make the policy implications of research results broadly applica 
ly applicable to other locations in the amazon and sub-saharan africa. combined, the site will  
locations in the amazon and sub-saharan africa. combined, the site will allow us to speak to a  
 will allow us to speak to a variety of water-livelihood interactions related to fisheries, ene 
ater-livelihood interactions related to fisheries, energy, agriculture, sanitation and tourism, 
hood interactions related to fisheries, energy, agriculture, sanitation and tourism, and to a r 
eractions related to fisheries, energy, agriculture, sanitation and tourism, and to a range of  
es, energy, agriculture, sanitation and tourism, and to a range of governance contexts. these a 
nitation and tourism, and to a range of governance contexts. these are sites where the consorti 
llowing us to conduct both quantitative modeling and qualitative research with the greatest eff 
rch with the greatest effectiveness and efficiency. through a series of informal preparatory me 
esearch program to assess the impact of climate change on ecosystem services provision and loca 
 assess the impact of climate change on ecosystem services provision and local livelihoods. thr 
 ecosystem services provision and local livelihoods. through webex sessions, we will host virtu 
ill lay the foundation for a consortium planning workshop in bolivia to consolidate the interdi 
n for a consortium planning workshop in bolivia to consolidate the interdisciplinary team and i 
rchers with the skills needed to assess climate change impacts on ecosystem services and rural  
 skills needed to assess climate change impacts on ecosystem services and rural livelihoods for 
ded to assess climate change impacts on ecosystem services and rural livelihoods for informing  
impacts on ecosystem services and rural livelihoods for informing policy makers. by working col 
ces and rural livelihoods for informing policy makers. by working collaboratively across sites, 
arch. strengthening capacity to conduct policy relevant research is critical for guiding develo 
levant research is critical for guiding development decisions that enhance local and national r 
cisions that enhance local and national resilience to ecological, economic and social shocks li 
l, economic and social shocks linked to climate change. as a result of this proposed program, o 
ons will be better prepared to adapt to climate change and to manage ecosystem services for the 
o adapt to climate change and to manage ecosystem services for the benefit of the rural poor.  
10543 39             at the 2002 world summit on sustainable development that exploit commercially-impor 
ent that exploit commercially-important fish stocks in the north sea. this model will be used t 
mmercially-important fish stocks in the north sea. this model will be used to investigate the i 
tant fish stocks in the north sea. this model will be used to investigate the impacts of differ 
s model will be used to investigate the impacts of different management options on the individu 
to investigate the impacts of different management options on the individual predators and on t 
nt management options on the individual predators and on the ecosystem. in particular, we will  
 on the individual predators and on the ecosystem. in particular, we will focus on the implicat 
s on the implications of changes in the management of the marine environment that are outlined  
ons of changes in the management of the marine environment that are outlined in the white paper 
changes in the management of the marine environment that are outlined in the white paper on the 
ined in the white paper on the proposed marine bill. we will use an operating model approach th 
d marine bill. we will use an operating model approach that describes three different sets of p 
atistical methods to fit the to data on fisheries landings and seal condition and numbers. beca 
xplicit account of the major sources of uncertainty in our knowledge of the system, they are th 
ing the risks associated with different management scenarios. the operating model will be devel 
ks associated with different management scenarios. the operating model will be developed in two 
ent management scenarios. the operating model will be developed in two phases. a set of functio 
 haddock, whiting and herring and their abundance at a particular spatial location. a set of ag 
e responses will be used to predict the distribution of fishing effort and seal foraging over s 
 be used to predict the distribution of fishing effort and seal foraging over space. the modell 
ffort and seal foraging over space. the modelling process will be facilitated by similarities b 
 between the foraging strategies of the predators and the ways in which information on their be 
ng it. we will focus on a subset of the predators whose foraging is constrained by the need to  
ir catch and refuel, in the case of the fisheries. we will evaluate their benefits and costs in 
common economic framework that uses the fishing/foraging trip as the basic time unit. we will b 
rch unit, and the extensive database on fishing effort in the north sea collected under the eur 
nsive database on fishing effort in the north sea collected under the european commission s maf 
ll fit these combined models to data on fisheries landings and data on the body condition of se 
als at the major breeding colony in the north sea. finally, we will model the way in which new  
lony in the north sea. finally, we will model the way in which new management regimes for marin 
lly, we will model the way in which new management regimes for marine resources, such as a rang 
way in which new management regimes for marine resources, such as a range of protected areas an 
or marine resources, such as a range of protected areas and a greater emphasis on regional mana 
reas and a greater emphasis on regional management, proposed by defra are likely to be implemen 
scenario analysis to predict the likely impacts of these regimes on the spatial distribution of 
impacts of these regimes on the spatial distribution of fishing fleets and predators, on their  
 regimes on the spatial distribution of fishing fleets and predators, on their landings and bod 
tial distribution of fishing fleets and predators, on their landings and body condition, and on 
7277 13                                     the mediterranean sea is home to several phenomena that act 
omena that act synergistically to cause erosion of biodiversity in fish: global warming, invasi 
act synergistically to cause erosion of biodiversity in fish: global warming, invasions of spec 
lly to cause erosion of biodiversity in fish: global warming, invasions of species and overfish 
 cause erosion of biodiversity in fish: global warming, invasions of species and overfishing. i 
ve areas continue to multiply along the mediterranean coast to counter this erosion and maintai 
the mediterranean coast to counter this erosion and maintain resource sustainability. in this c 
nter this erosion and maintain resource sustainability. in this context, we propose to model th 
ability. in this context, we propose to model the evolution of the mediterranean ichthyological 
n this context, we propose to model the evolution of the mediterranean ichthyological biodivers 
e propose to model the evolution of the mediterranean ichthyological biodiversity in order, to  
ion of the mediterranean ichthyological biodiversity in order, to judge the appropriateness of  
 of the location of existing and future marine protected areas  
13586 7  of the project is to estimate how much biodiversity will be protected when forest areas are se 
uch biodiversity will be protected when forest areas are set aside in different manners. this i 
ary to identify the most cost-efficient conservation strategy, i.e. how to protect the most bio 
 strategy, i.e. how to protect the most biodiversity with the least money. the project uses dat 
pose before and therefore need testing, evaluation and perhaps modification. hence this project 
nce this project will result in both an evaluation of the cost-efficiency of the three types of 
esult in both an evaluation of the cost-efficiency of the three types of set-asides, and in a m 
13767 21                    humanity relies upon ecosystem services, however, the human modification of  
ces, however, the human modification of ecosystems to increase the supply of food and fiber has 
s resulted in the decline of many other ecosystem services. now individuals, groups and governm 
correct this problem by including other ecosystem services in policies and management. however, 
ther ecosystem services in policies and management. however, most of these approaches are focus 
ovision of a single or a small group of ecosystem services, for example carbon sequestration, w 
roup of ecosystem services, for example carbon sequestration, without consideration of how chan 
without consideration of how changes in management can alter the supply of other ecosystem serv 
anagement can alter the supply of other ecosystem services, such as water quality or pollinatio 
ly of other ecosystem services, such as water quality or pollination. the proposed research pro 
stem services, such as water quality or pollination. the proposed research proposes to develop  
ynamic models of the interactions among ecosystem services. these models will be closely linked 
nked to three empirical case studies of ecosystem service interactions in human dominated lands 
ctions in human dominated landscapes in sweden, canada, and south africa. the landscapes in the 
n human dominated landscapes in sweden, canada, and south africa. the landscapes in these cases 
nated landscapes in sweden, canada, and south africa. the landscapes in these cases are compose 
ndscapes in these cases are composed on agriculture, human settlements, forests and water, maki 
osed on agriculture, human settlements, forests and water, making them representative of much o 
culture, human settlements, forests and water, making them representative of much of the landsc 
. our models will improve environmental decision making in these regions, by increasing the abi 
sessments that continue the work of the millennium ecosystem assessment.  
11838 54 n population and most of its rangeland, livestock and wild herbivore biomass. because of their  
rangeland, livestock and wild herbivore biomass. because of their large spatial extent - they c 
an that occupied by boreal or temperate forests / they play a significant role in influencing l 
 influencing local, regional and global climate and biogeochemical cycles, contributing ~15% to 
 contributing ~15% to the annual global carbon sink. climate change, particularly altered preci 
 ~15% to the annual global carbon sink. climate change, particularly altered precipitation regi 
k. climate change, particularly altered precipitation regimes, is predicted to be a major threa 
 welfare and economy, understanding the impacts of future environmental change on savannas is c 
my, understanding the impacts of future environmental change on savannas is critical to their e 
savannas is critical to their effective management, be it for their sustainability or their rol 
r effective management, be it for their sustainability or their role as global carbon sinks. de 
 sustainability or their role as global carbon sinks. despite decades of research, factors regu 
sts have tended to emphasize tree-grass competition for water, fire-induced bottlenecks to tree 
to emphasize tree-grass competition for water, fire-induced bottlenecks to tree establishment,  
asize tree-grass competition for water, fire-induced bottlenecks to tree establishment, and lar 
to tree establishment, and large mammal herbivory as being the key determinants of savanna stru 
bivory as being the key determinants of savanna structure. yet, savanna models that explicitly  
determinants of savanna structure. yet, savanna models that explicitly account for these have f 
failed to recreate patterns observed in nature, leading ecologists to seek additional mechanism 
een overlooked is the role of tree-tree competition. there is a growing recognition that such i 
mportant, if not more so, in regulating savanna dynamics, highlighting the need for explicitly  
 if they are to be useful in predicting savanna responses to future environmental changes. litt 
es. little is currently known about the nature and importance of competitive interactions betwe 
impediments imposed by the event-driven nature of their dynamics, where most establishment and  
 dynamics, where most establishment and growth occurs only following episodic rainfall events,  
 long-term aerial photos exist for many savanna regions which provide a convenient way around t 
rovide a convenient way around the time-scale problem. in the proposed study, we will use a com 
ation of field work, image analysis and modeling to investigate long-term tree demography in se 
-term tree demography in selected large-scale experimental plots in the savannas of kruger nati 
n the savannas of kruger national park, south africa where fires have been manipulated for over 
s underlain by coarse and fine-textured soils in both high and low rainfall areas, with recent  
 for isolating the effects of rainfall, soil properties and disturbance on savanna tree demogra 
ffects of rainfall, soil properties and disturbance on savanna tree demography. specifically, w 
all, soil properties and disturbance on savanna tree demography. specifically, we will investig 
. specifically, we will investigate how vegetation spatial structure and local neighborhoods in 
 and local neighborhoods influence tree recruitment, growth and mortality, and how the nature o 
ighborhoods influence tree recruitment, growth and mortality, and how the nature of such intera 
 influence tree recruitment, growth and mortality, and how the nature of such interactions chan 
ment, growth and mortality, and how the nature of such interactions changes across gradients of 
s changes across gradients of rainfall, fire and geomorphology. we will use these data to devel 
 across gradients of rainfall, fire and geomorphology. we will use these data to develop a spat 
se data to develop a spatially explicit model of savannas that integrates the effects of spatia 
es the effects of spatial structure and disturbance on tree demography. we will use the model t 
nce on tree demography. we will use the model to explore how future changes in precipitation, a 
 model to explore how future changes in precipitation, as is predicted by many climate models,  
 precipitation, as is predicted by many climate models, might influence the structure and above 
nfluence the structure and above-ground carbon sequestration potential of different savannas, a 
spatially explicit processes influences model outcomes and predictions. this work will provide  
ide new insights into the importance of spatial pattern for savanna ecology, and will help defi 
o the importance of spatial pattern for savanna ecology, and will help define which processes m 
portance of spatial pattern for savanna ecology, and will help define which processes must be i 
 be included in comprehensive models of savanna vegetation dynamics if we are to successfully p 
uded in comprehensive models of savanna vegetation dynamics if we are to successfully predict t 
fully predict their responses to future environmental change.  
15234 18 ain goal of this work is to construct a model to describe the relatioship between flushing and  
he relatioship between flushing and the development of the planktonic community in hypertrophic 
g and the development of the planktonic community in hypertrophic systems, taking the albufera  
study. we will follow closely the clear water phase events that are produced in this lake after 
ry will be studied in relation with the development of the dominant planktonic species, as well 
planktonic species, as well as with the density and diversity of the plankton community. we wil 
pecies, as well as with the density and diversity of the plankton community. we will deepen in  
e density and diversity of the plankton community. we will deepen in the study of the carbon cy 
ity. we will deepen in the study of the carbon cycle by analysing the production and decomposit 
dy of the carbon cycle by analysing the production and decomposition processes and the importan 
n cycle by analysing the production and decomposition processes and the importance of the micro 
nges induced by flushing in the trophic food web and specific plankton community composition. w 
 trophic food web and specific plankton community composition. we will additionaly make a recon 
make a reconstruction of the historical eutrophication process, based on recent sedimentary seq 
process and to visualize the planctonic community before last century human impact. the modeliz 
lanctonic community before last century human impact. the modelization of the processs that reg 
the intensity and duration of the clear water phases will be a useful tool for the restoration  
er phases will be a useful tool for the restoration or oligotrophication of this and other hype 
7680 22        changes in use induce changes in landscape distribution: the gradual disappearance of hu 
nges in use induce changes in landscape distribution: the gradual disappearance of human activi 
ctivities on the site of the biological nature reserve of fontainebleau drives changes in ecosy 
erve of fontainebleau drives changes in ecosystems resulting in a gradual disappearance of the  
of the heathland for the benefit of the forest. as the management and maintenance of landscape  
d for the benefit of the forest. as the management and maintenance of landscape habitat is unde 
t. as the management and maintenance of landscape habitat is under european legislations, the o 
management and maintenance of landscape habitat is under european legislations, the onf is in c 
 in charge to overcome the loss of this habitat and its iconic species such as heather. to do s 
ther. to do so the onf has to implement management plans to maintain heathland and eliminate yo 
 completely halt the progression of the forest on the heathland. furthermore the conditions wer 
 decade, changing the plant communities distribution. efficient management leans upon regular s 
ant communities distribution. efficient management leans upon regular surveys and mapping of th 
nagement leans upon regular surveys and mapping of the plants' dynamics. it has been done manua 
undertaken have shown the usefulness of remote sensing to produce typologies on larger surfaces 
e particularly promising to monitor and model changes in surface vegetation types and thus the  
to monitor and model changes in surface vegetation types and thus the biodiversity associated,  
n surface vegetation types and thus the biodiversity associated, including the distribution of  
 biodiversity associated, including the distribution of heather, caluna and molinia. developing 
ne their evolutionary scenarii based on global change and to adapt their methods of landscape m 
al change and to adapt their methods of landscape management to maintain biodiversity in the co 
ods of landscape management to maintain biodiversity in the context of the commitments of the o 
13330 30 ing interlinked and verified predictive modelling tools as well as state-of-the-art effect-asse 
ools as well as state-of-the-art effect-assessment and analytical methods generally applicable  
ethods generally applicable to european freshwater and marine ecosystems:1to assess, forecast,  
y applicable to european freshwater and marine ecosystems:1to assess, forecast, and mitigate th 
cable to european freshwater and marine ecosystems:1to assess, forecast, and mitigate the risks 
d recently evolving pollutants on fresh water and marine ecosystems and their biodiversity at a 
 evolving pollutants on fresh water and marine ecosystems and their biodiversity at a river bas 
ng pollutants on fresh water and marine ecosystems and their biodiversity at a river basin and  
h water and marine ecosystems and their biodiversity at a river basin and adjacent marine envir 
diversity at a river basin and adjacent marine environment scale, 2to provide early warning str 
ty at a river basin and adjacent marine environment scale, 2to provide early warning strategies 
r basin and adjacent marine environment scale, 2to provide early warning strategies on the basi 
effect-relationships between changes in biodiversity and the ecological status, as addressed by 
 ecological status, as addressed by the water framework directive, and the impact of environmen 
ective, and the impact of environmental pollution as causative factor, 4to provide methods for  
to provide methods for state-of-the-art risk assessment and decision support systems for the se 
for the selection of the most efficient management options to prevent effects on biodiversity a 
anagement options to prevent effects on biodiversity and to prioritise contamination sources an 
ge on an european level in the field of impact assessment of environmental pollution on aquatic 
d of impact assessment of environmental pollution on aquatic eco- systems and their biodiversit 
ution on aquatic eco- systems and their biodiversity by extensive training activities and knowl 
tivities and knowledge dissemination to stakeholders and the scientific community. this goal sh 
tion to stakeholders and the scientific community. this goal shall be achieved by combining inn 
mbining innovative predictive tools for modelling exposure on a river basin scale including the 
for modelling exposure on a river basin scale including the estuary and the coastal zone, for m 
re on a river basin scale including the estuary and the coastal zone, for modelling effects on  
g the estuary and the coastal zone, for modelling effects on higher levels of biological organi 
f biological organisation with powerful assessment tools for the identification of key modes of 
presenting european key areas including mediterranean, western and central european river basin 
ffective tool selection and appropriate risk and site prioritisation.  
7676 7                                      in agricultural landscapes, weeds are the main constituent 
            in agricultural landscapes, weeds are the main constituent of wild plant biodiversi 
 are the main constituent of wild plant biodiversity. they are a particularly interesting biodi 
ty. they are a particularly interesting biodiversity case study because of their dual nature, c 
ersity case study because of their dual nature, causing yield loss and acting as pest reser- vo 
y because of their dual nature, causing yield loss and acting as pest reser- voirs but also pro 
also providing food resources for other biodiversity components  
13609 17                     the assumption that traits have associated costs as well as benefits is ess 
s essential to the understanding of the evolution of defences against consumers. however, for s 
erature, which may be inappropriate for algae, given that much of this theory is linked to the  
ory is linked to the biology of plants. marine algae do not have roots, translocation is unusua 
linked to the biology of plants. marine algae do not have roots, translocation is unusual, and, 
, and, the entire thallus is capable of photosynthesis and nutrient absorption. these and other 
w theoretical perspective is needed for algae. without a conceptual understanding of algae func 
. without a conceptual understanding of algae function it will be difficult to recognize and pr 
out a conceptual understanding of algae function it will be difficult to recognize and predict  
to recognize and predict the effects of environmental change on algal communities and associate 
s that chemical defences are costly for macroalgae, and, investigate the role of growth, plant  
acroalgae, and, investigate the role of growth, plant size, and environmental conditions in det 
n determining costs. two species of red algae will be used as test species. the questions will  
ressed through a combined empirical and modelling approach and from this we aim to develop a ne 
f we are to understand the responses of marine algae to environmental changes that affect algal 
e to understand the responses of marine algae to environmental changes that affect algal growth 
environmental changes that affect algal growth and reproduction.  
10828 10 the project develops two new methods to model influences of climate and habitat variables on uk 
 two new methods to model influences of climate and habitat variables on uk plant species distr 
hods to model influences of climate and habitat variables on uk plant species distributions. th 
entre plant distributions using current climate data along with derivatives of elevation models 
g with derivatives of elevation models, soil maps and land cover data. the comparison of these  
ives of elevation models, soil maps and land cover data. the comparison of these approaches wil 
elation in such datasets on bioclimatic modelling efforts to be investigated. the models will t 
oject plant distributions under varying climate and land use change scenarios.  
distributions under varying climate and land use change scenarios.  
der varying climate and land use change scenarios.  
10120 1 transmission of bovine tuberculosis and population dynamics. the woodchester park project was i 
13972 20                                         seagrass meadows are considered important biotopes for  
l zone including commercially important fish species. however, the extension of seagrass decrea 
fish species. however, the extension of seagrass decreases rapidly, and 60% of the zostera mari 
grass decreases rapidly, and 60% of the zostera marina along the swedish west coast has disappe 
f increased turbidity and overgrowth of macroalgae. eutrophication is regarded as driving force 
turbidity and overgrowth of macroalgae. eutrophication is regarded as driving force in this pro 
 result in cascadic interactions in the ecosystem that may work synergistically with eutrophica 
stem that may work synergistically with eutrophication and result in decreased grazing and incr 
 eutrophication and result in decreased grazing and increased overgrowth of macroalgae. our ove 
sed grazing and increased overgrowth of macroalgae. our overall hypothesis is that trophic casc 
roalgae. our overall hypothesis is that trophic cascade from decreased occurrence of top predat 
ascade from decreased occurrence of top predators in concert with eutrophication results in exc 
rrence of top predators in concert with eutrophication results in excess growth of macroalgae i 
t with eutrophication results in excess growth of macroalgae in zostera. extensive data sets on 
rophication results in excess growth of macroalgae in zostera. extensive data sets on zostera b 
es in these biotopes. we will develop a model that describes an undisturbed system. the results 
undisturbed system. the results of this model will be compared with model simulation where we s 
lts of this model will be compared with model simulation where we systematically perturb the co 
 supply. to increase the quality of the model and to be able to do realistic perturbations we s 
oject will provide predictive tools for management and protection of this biotope.  
2183 13                                         climate profoundly affects ecosystem functioning, as we 
             climate profoundly affects ecosystem functioning, as well as human populations inh 
n populations inhabiting and exploiting ecosystems. hence, climate change is likely to have ser 
iting and exploiting ecosystems. hence, climate change is likely to have serious ecological, ec 
we propose to develop a complete matrix community model for exploration, quantification and pre 
 to develop a complete matrix community model for exploration, quantification and prediction of 
ation, quantification and prediction of climate effects on lake ecosystems. lakes are particula 
d prediction of climate effects on lake ecosystems. lakes are particularly abundant in norway a 
the world. to date, the consequences of climate change on lake fish communities are very poorly 
 consequences of climate change on lake fish communities are very poorly understood. windermere 
ide society with cost-effective, robust management strategies for natural resources under clima 
ctive, robust management strategies for natural resources under climate change.  
 strategies for natural resources under climate change.  
13771 13 an important component of a sustainable forestry is to investigate the future development of po 
e forestry is to investigate the future development of populations given different forestry sce 
elopment of populations given different forestry scenarios. population viability analysis lands 
of populations given different forestry scenarios. population viability analysis landscapes. th 
ngle survey to develop a metapopulation model for a species with slow dynamics. however, data o 
ith slow dynamics. however, data on the fire history of the landscape is required. within the p 
owever, data on the fire history of the landscape is required. within the project, the fire his 
pe is required. within the project, the fire history of the landscape is planned to be mapped.  
in the project, the fire history of the landscape is planned to be mapped. i also plan to colle 
collect data for evaluating whether the model developed is applicable in a managed forest lands 
el developed is applicable in a managed forest landscape. if the short-cut method is successful 
loped is applicable in a managed forest landscape. if the short-cut method is successful, it wi 
er of species with slow dynamics in our forest landscapes.  
14125 23  aim of the grant project is to promote forest growth modelling in estonia with cooperation cos 
 the grant project is to promote forest growth modelling in estonia with cooperation cost actio 
ant project is to promote forest growth modelling in estonia with cooperation cost action fp060 
nia with cooperation cost action fp0603 forest models for research and decision support in sust 
rch and decision support in sustainable forest management. the stand level forest growth models 
able forest management. the stand level forest growth models used in estonian forestry at the m 
rest management. the stand level forest growth models used in estonian forestry at the moment w 
l forest growth models used in estonian forestry at the moment will be evaluated against the eu 
 will be evaluated against the european growth and yield tables , also causes of the trend will 
aluated against the european growth and yield tables , also causes of the trend will be explore 
rend will be explored. according to the growth trends, the estonian stand level models which ar 
s which are based on chronosequences of forest inventory data will be corrected. finally, a dis 
 a distance independent individual tree growth model will be elaborated on the estonian network 
ance independent individual tree growth model will be elaborated on the estonian network of for 
e elaborated on the estonian network of forest growth permanent monitoring plot data. the model 
rated on the estonian network of forest growth permanent monitoring plot data. the model will b 
nian network of forest growth permanent monitoring plot data. the model will be evaluated on lo 
wth permanent monitoring plot data. the model will be evaluated on long-term forest research pl 
he model will be evaluated on long-term forest research plot re-measurement data. the new type  
measurement data. the new type estonian forest growth model will enable to predict dynamics of  
ment data. the new type estonian forest growth model will enable to predict dynamics of tree di 
ta. the new type estonian forest growth model will enable to predict dynamics of tree distribut 
ics of tree distributions and effect of forest management treatments and natural disturbances  
2119 6 c team on applications and testing of a model of larval cod feeding and growth processes. this  
ng of a model of larval cod feeding and growth processes. this model has now reached a stage wh 
 cod feeding and growth processes. this model has now reached a stage where he is using the mod 
w reached a stage where he is using the model with data from ponds and land-locked fjords. the  
sen to come to woods hole and apply his model of larval cod on these data. this opens a wide ra 
 exploring the interplay between larval distribution, foraging abilities, prey characteristics  
14227 18  intensively long-term studied lakes in europe, is very large but shallow in certain years and  
g between autotrophic and heterotrophic metabolism type. to build up the conceptual ecosystem m 
bolism type. to build up the conceptual ecosystem model, we carry out a critical review of publ 
e. to build up the conceptual ecosystem model, we carry out a critical review of published lite 
cosystem model, we carry out a critical review of published literature on võrtsjärv and synthes 
ase of võrtsjärv are the large range of climate-related water level fluctuations causing up to  
 are the large range of climate-related water level fluctuations causing up to 3-fold volume di 
 the high importance of ciliates, which biomass exceeds the total biomass of rotifers, cladocer 
liates, which biomass exceeds the total biomass of rotifers, cladocerans and copepods, and the  
e microbial loop. to assess the flow of carbon and nutrients through the ecosystem, we will qua 
 loop. to assess the flow of carbon and nutrients through the ecosystem, we will quantify their 
low of carbon and nutrients through the ecosystem, we will quantify their budgets using the dat 
on nutrient loading, gas emissions, and sediment accumulation. to model the ecosystem metabolis 
missions, and sediment accumulation. to model the ecosystem metabolism, we use high frequency d 
and sediment accumulation. to model the ecosystem metabolism, we use high frequency data of dis 
we use high frequency data of dissolved oxygen. the internal carbon cycle of võrtsjärv is model 
 data of dissolved oxygen. the internal carbon cycle of võrtsjärv is modelled and its climate s 
 cycle of võrtsjärv is modelled and its climate sensitivity tested by integrating physical, che 
11614 11  two essential questions concerning the amazon rainforest, why is it so diverse and will it sur 
hy is it so diverse and will it survive global warming to answer these questions we propose usi 
tions we propose using 3 very different vegetation models, biome, sdgvm and triffid to predict  
id to predict the structure, extent and productivity of the amazon rainforest for three scenari 
ructure, extent and productivity of the amazon rainforest for three scenarios: 1 future, to tes 
vity of the amazon rainforest for three scenarios: 1 future, to test the cox et al scenarios to 
narios: 1 future, to test the cox et al scenarios to provide an analogue to future climate s we 
narios to provide an analogue to future climate s well as examining the influence of the evolut 
 well as examining the influence of the evolution of c3 and c4 competition on modern rainforest 
influence of the evolution of c3 and c4 competition on modern rainforest diversity.  
and c4 competition on modern rainforest diversity.  
13722 4 rmation will enable us to predict plant population dynamics in changing environments. we will a 
al for wooded meadows or rich deciduous forests in southern sweden; lathyrus vernus, actaea spi 
s or rich deciduous forests in southern sweden; lathyrus vernus, actaea spicata, vicia pisiform 
enable better identification of optimal management actions as well as applying these actions at 
14808 2 he population level and the role of the life history, we pursue to gain a more coherent knowled 
ges on individual species as well as on vegetation in general.  
13763 29                                         dispersal between suitable sites is a key factor in the 
 is a key factor in the preservation of biodiversity for the future. in historical rural landsc 
 future. in historical rural landscapes grasslands were large, and livestock and people contrib 
l landscapes grasslands were large, and livestock and people contributed to the dispersal of pl 
livestock and people contributed to the dispersal of plants creating high species-richness in g 
spersal of plants creating high species-richness in grasslands. recent land-cover and land use  
lants creating high species-richness in grasslands. recent land-cover and land use changes thre 
ss in grasslands. recent land-cover and land use changes threatens biodiversity as habitats bec 
nd-cover and land use changes threatens biodiversity as habitats becomes smaller, and spatially 
patterns interact with past and present land use and the effects on plant dispersal. in this pr 
esent land use and the effects on plant dispersal. in this project a model platform will be cre 
s on plant dispersal. in this project a model platform will be created and plant dispersal will 
odel platform will be created and plant dispersal will be modelled at a landscape scale. plant  
d plant dispersal will be modelled at a landscape scale. plant species field data . species wit 
spersal will be modelled at a landscape scale. plant species field data . species with differen 
ies field data . species with different dispersal traits will be selected and used for modellin 
data . species with different dispersal traits will be selected and used for modelling if dispe 
al traits will be selected and used for modelling if dispersal is inhibited or promoted in diff 
l be selected and used for modelling if dispersal is inhibited or promoted in different types o 
erent types of landscapes and in future management scenarios. internationally unique historical 
 of landscapes and in future management scenarios. internationally unique historical species an 
ationally unique historical species and landscape data will be used for model validation. resul 
ies and landscape data will be used for model validation. results will provide a deeper underst 
r understanding on how past and present land use influence species dispersal and diversity in f 
 and present land use influence species dispersal and diversity in fragmented landscapes with a 
and use influence species dispersal and diversity in fragmented landscapes with a high human im 
ty in fragmented landscapes with a high human impact. the project applies for an open post-doc  
rs. this project is highly relevant for biodiversity conservation and theoretical landscape eco 
odiversity conservation and theoretical landscape ecology in all types of landscapes.  
13951 8                                         dispersal is a fundamental ecological process. neverthe 
ologically most important long-distance dispersal quantify immigration rates by population gene 
d novel approaches to quantify regional dispersal and immigration of species with small diaspor 
pulations, how to optimise the size and distribution of source populations in the landscape, an 
stribution of source populations in the landscape, and to estimate the time to acquire a desire 
 estimate the time to acquire a desired species composition after habitat restoration.  
ire a desired species composition after habitat restoration.  
sired species composition after habitat restoration.  
11273 4 e future it has been predicted that the climate will change somewhat. included in these predict 
r. as rainfall determines the amount of water flowing into a given lake, the length of time wat 
g into a given lake, the length of time water typically stays in a given lake, known as the res 
with relatively short and the source of nutrients to the lake we can study how a lake will resp 
12593 47                            agricultural production and numerous other key activities are highly 
vities are highly dependent on suitable soil functioning and properties, and are often adapted  
nd are often adapted to the present day soil conditions. under climate change, the anticipated  
 the present day soil conditions. under climate change, the anticipated changes in temperature  
mate change, the anticipated changes in temperature and precipitation may influence the structu 
 anticipated changes in temperature and precipitation may influence the structure and functioni 
luence the structure and functioning of soils, making the local soil environment less suitable  
 functioning of soils, making the local soil environment less suitable for some forms of activi 
tioning of soils, making the local soil environment less suitable for some forms of activity an 
nd more suitable for others. changes in soil conditions may also have other effects. changes in 
al regime, by, for example altering the water storage and transmission properties of the soil.  
rage and transmission properties of the soil. the incidence of landslips and soil cracking may  
he soil. the incidence of landslips and soil cracking may also change, with consequences to hou 
ocesses typically respond to changes in soil moisture and temperature. of particular interest i 
respond to changes in soil moisture and temperature. of particular interest is the possible cha 
 interest is the possible change in the soil carbon budget, for example by increased rates of n 
 net loss through enhanced breakdown of organic matter. this has the potential to enhance globa 
tter. this has the potential to enhance global warming, so is particularly important. an unders 
hese possible effects promotes informed decision-making. insofar as the quantitative response o 
insofar as the quantitative response of soil processes to temperature and water budget changes  
ntitative response of soil processes to temperature and water budget changes is known in genera 
se of soil processes to temperature and water budget changes is known in general, we can make p 
 of the specific changes expected under climate change. our existing knowledge is built into pr 
 being tested by experiment and survey. temperature and precipitation are frequently factors dr 
 experiment and survey. temperature and precipitation are frequently factors driving the causal 
be such things as quantified changes in water storage in the soil, or the rate of biochemical p 
ntified changes in water storage in the soil, or the rate of biochemical processes such as mine 
esses such as mineralisation of organic nitrogen to ammonium. the aim of the project is to iden 
ate simulations of changes in important soil properties under the climate change scenarios gene 
 in important soil properties under the climate change scenarios generated by ukcp09. these sce 
oil properties under the climate change scenarios generated by ukcp09. these scenarios will be  
ge scenarios generated by ukcp09. these scenarios will be available at a particular space and t 
vailable at a particular space and time scale, and there may be a need to modify them to suit t 
 need to modify them to suit the driver scale required by particular models. we will be seeking 
s and threats in response to changes in temperature and precipitation: 1. erosion 2. loss of so 
 response to changes in temperature and precipitation: 1. erosion 2. loss of soil organic matte 
es in temperature and precipitation: 1. erosion 2. loss of soil organic matter 3. compaction 4. 
nd precipitation: 1. erosion 2. loss of soil organic matter 3. compaction 4. contamination 5. s 
ion 6. sealing 7. landslides 8. loss of biodiversity models of these pressures and threats will 
mpaction, for example, are likely to be model by scaling up from process representation based o 
up from process representation based on soil physics. biodiversity models will be empirical and 
s representation based on soil physics. biodiversity models will be empirical and may be statis 
 be empirical and may be statistical in nature. other processes will be represented by models w 
nding satisfactorily to past changes in temperature and precipitation. the uncertainty associat 
rily to past changes in temperature and precipitation. the uncertainty associated with these mo 
s in temperature and precipitation. the uncertainty associated with these models will be assess 
nses to other threats for which another model is the main simulator.  
7681 12     the modribio project will develop a modelling framework allowing the representation of inte 
eractions between access regulations in marine fisheries, the dynamic response of fishing fleet 
ns between access regulations in marine fisheries, the dynamic response of fishing fleets, and  
rine fisheries, the dynamic response of fishing fleets, and the impacts on marine living commun 
mic response of fishing fleets, and the impacts on marine living communities. an interdisciplin 
e of fishing fleets, and the impacts on marine living communities. an interdisciplinary team of 
, via numerical simulations, integrated assessment of alternative scenarios for marine fisherie 
s, integrated assessment of alternative scenarios for marine fisheries systems, including their 
assessment of alternative scenarios for marine fisheries systems, including their impacts on bi 
ent of alternative scenarios for marine fisheries systems, including their impacts on biodivers 
rine fisheries systems, including their impacts on biodiversity.  
ies systems, including their impacts on biodiversity.  
12359 9                                         model will be set up by the met office ocean forecastin 
 from the met office weather prediction model. a tracer dispersion module will be applied to mo 
er dispersion module will be applied to model the in-water-column dispersion of marine pollutio 
 module will be applied to model the in-water-column dispersion of marine pollution such as cou 
model the in-water-column dispersion of marine pollution such as could arise from a damaged con 
he in-water-column dispersion of marine pollution such as could arise from a damaged container. 
f containers offshore. results from the model will be assessed and a short report prepared. a s 
n annex to the iacmst goos action group modeling and monitoring  
e iacmst goos action group modeling and monitoring  
12378 14 on and ospar to combat the threats that eutrophication poses to the marine environment. a key o 
hreats that eutrophication poses to the marine environment. a key ospar objective is to combat  
that eutrophication poses to the marine environment. a key ospar objective is to combat eutroph 
ent. a key ospar objective is to combat eutrophication in the ospar maritime area in order to a 
time area in order to achieve a healthy marine environment where eutrophication does not occur. 
ea in order to achieve a healthy marine environment where eutrophication does not occur. the ta 
ieve a healthy marine environment where eutrophication does not occur. the target date for achi 
 particular issue was the allegation by the netherlands and germany that riverine inputs of nit 
nds and germany that riverine inputs of nitrogen from the uk caused a significant contribution  
uk caused a significant contribution to eutrophication problems in the oyster grounds and the g 
 the best available evidence on whether nutrients arising from the uk rivers and estuaries migh 
n whether nutrients arising from the uk rivers and estuaries might contribute significantly to  
utrients arising from the uk rivers and estuaries might contribute significantly to eutrophicat 
aries might contribute significantly to eutrophication problems in the waters of other countrie 
6967 22                               potential vegetation models are of great importance as a baseline 
re of great importance as a baseline of vegetation ecology. they can form the basis of climate  
 importance as a baseline of vegetation ecology. they can form the basis of climate change mode 
ion ecology. they can form the basis of climate change modelling and can assist effective natur 
ey can form the basis of climate change modelling and can assist effective nature conservation  
ange modelling and can assist effective nature conservation and habitat restoration. neverthele 
ssist effective nature conservation and habitat restoration. nevertheless, large extent models  
fective nature conservation and habitat restoration. nevertheless, large extent models includin 
ding estimations for the whole range of vegetation types potentially present have not yet been  
 models for hungary based on the unique landscape ecological vegetation database & map of hunga 
ased on the unique landscape ecological vegetation database & map of hungary , which allows cou 
& map of hungary , which allows country-scale predictions in exceptional detail. recently new p 
ch have promising feautre for potential vegetation modelling, but have not been tested on such  
mising feautre for potential vegetation modelling, but have not been tested on such subject yet 
ill be models and maps of the potential vegetation distribution of occurrence probability of ea 
ls and maps of the potential vegetation distribution of occurrence probability of each mature v 
f occurrence probability of each mature vegetation type in hungary, as well as an evaluation of 
getation type in hungary, as well as an evaluation of the modelling techinques. the primary out 
ungary, as well as an evaluation of the modelling techinques. the primary outcome will be furth 
n the observed and potential pattern of vegetation types individually as well as in their co-oc 
r co-occurrence. this will also provide nature conservation and ecological restoration implicat 
ll also provide nature conservation and ecological restoration implications.  
12260 14                  enhancing or retaining biodiversity in agricultural ecosystems is a key priori 
 retaining biodiversity in agricultural ecosystems is a key priority within the uk. the biodive 
ms is a key priority within the uk. the biodiversity of agricultural landscapes is determined b 
rity within the uk. the biodiversity of agricultural landscapes is determined by the spatial ar 
etermined by the spatial arrangement of land use types identified management, agronomic and eco 
rrangement of land use types identified management, agronomic and economic factors as those tha 
his project is to develop an integrated model to predict how the decisions made about land-use, 
to predict how the decisions made about land-use, based on economic, land characteristic, lands 
based on economic, land characteristic, landscape and management factors, affect biodiversity w 
mic, land characteristic, landscape and management factors, affect biodiversity within agroecos 
andscape and management factors, affect biodiversity within agroecosystems, with a focus on how 
ent factors, affect biodiversity within agroecosystems, with a focus on how economic incentives 
hin agroecosystems, with a focus on how economic incentives could be utilised to optimise biodi 
ncentives could be utilised to optimise biodiversity enhancement within agoecosystems.  
10493 44 he rate at which biologically available nitrogen enters the environment when compared to pre-in 
logically available nitrogen enters the environment when compared to pre-industrial levels. thi 
 and groundwaters causing low dissolved oxygen levels, loss of habitat and freshwater and ripar 
ng low dissolved oxygen levels, loss of habitat and freshwater and riparian biodiversity, lower 
lved oxygen levels, loss of habitat and freshwater and riparian biodiversity, lowered drinking  
els, loss of habitat and freshwater and riparian biodiversity, lowered drinking water quality a 
 of habitat and freshwater and riparian biodiversity, lowered drinking water quality and, in so 
riparian biodiversity, lowered drinking water quality and, in some places, increased occurrence 
ence of algal blooms. globally, western europe is regarded as a hot spot of riverine nitrogen f 
e is regarded as a hot spot of riverine nitrogen flux and some of the highest nitrate concentra 
e nitrogen flux and some of the highest nitrate concentrations are found in uk rivers, particul 
 nitrate concentrations are found in uk rivers, particularly the river thames. this is due to t 
r thames. this is due to the population density, the extent of high-input agriculture within th 
ation density, the extent of high-input agriculture within the country, and the small, relative 
ry, and the small, relatively unimpeded nature of uk rivers. the potential for human impact on  
mall, relatively unimpeded nature of uk rivers. the potential for human impact on riverine nutr 
 nature of uk rivers. the potential for human impact on riverine nutrient and carbon fluxes by  
r human impact on riverine nutrient and carbon fluxes by large-scale land-use and management ch 
ine nutrient and carbon fluxes by large-scale land-use and management change has been demonstra 
trient and carbon fluxes by large-scale land-use and management change has been demonstrated, a 
rbon fluxes by large-scale land-use and management change has been demonstrated, and suggested  
 suggested to be of potentially greater water quality significance than projected climate chang 
ter quality significance than projected climate change impacts. recent uk work has shown that g 
nificance than projected climate change impacts. recent uk work has shown that groundwater-domi 
 impacts. recent uk work has shown that groundwater-dominated river catchments exhibit a long-t 
n the importance of long-term catchment function, but alarmingly, in england, there are few dat 
ta from before the establishment of the water authorities in 1974 to support interpretation of  
ecords to construct the world s longest water quality time series comprising monthly average ni 
 time series comprising monthly average nitrate concentrations for the river thames upstream of 
sent. this allows a unique insight into water quality changes affected by direct human influenc 
cter of catchment responses to changing land use and land management policy, and comparison of  
ment responses to changing land use and land management policy, and comparison of the magnitude 
o changing land use and land management policy, and comparison of the magnitude of these influe 
tude of these influences with potential impacts of climate change over a sufficiently long peri 
se influences with potential impacts of climate change over a sufficiently long period. the pro 
erm. this will allow the rates at which groundwater nutrient transport can make land to river t 
will help to identify whether projected climate change impacts will be as big a threat to water 
entify whether projected climate change impacts will be as big a threat to water quality as lar 
ange impacts will be as big a threat to water quality as large-scale changes in land use. this  
 big a threat to water quality as large-scale changes in land use. this will enable freshwater  
water quality as large-scale changes in land use. this will enable freshwater and catchment sci 
e changes in land use. this will enable freshwater and catchment scientists to gain a better un 
ns. it will also show the ways in which monitoring programmes need to be managed to provide app 
 be interpreted if we are to manage our natural resources effectively and sustainably in the lo 
15259 2 slands and their meaning in the current biodiversity will be carried out. for that the most imp 
 islands a comparation with the current biodiversity data.  
14595 12     the aim of this project address the ecological functions of the toxins produced by cyanophy 
f the toxins produced by cyanophytes in mediterranean calcareous rivers, studying their effects 
cyanophytes in mediterranean calcareous rivers, studying their effects on the growth and ultras 
s rivers, studying their effects on the growth and ultrastructure of aquatic fungi, microalgae  
he growth and ultrastructure of aquatic fungi, microalgae and bacteria, the factors affecting t 
ucture of aquatic fungi, microalgae and bacteria, the factors affecting their production, their 
d bacteria, the factors affecting their production, their bioaccumulation in trophic webs and t 
oaccumulation in trophic webs and their degradation or persistence in environment. the main obj 
and their degradation or persistence in environment. the main objectives are: 1. to know the ef 
 to know the effects of microcystins in growth and ultrastructure of microalgae and aquatic fun 
ltrastructure of microalgae and aquatic fungi 2. to know the effect of the variation in culture 
ary producers 4. to study the bacterial degradation of microcystins  
7154 22  . the face of global changes including climate risk, take into account uncertainty and arrival 
ace of global changes including climate risk, take into account uncertainty and arrival informa 
cluding climate risk, take into account uncertainty and arrival information. we must integrate  
ation. we must integrate the respective complexity of ecological systems, technical, economic.  
nd integrated sequential decision under uncertainty, combined with cost-effective approaches to 
bined with cost-effective approaches to sustainability or to inform the management of biodivers 
ches to sustainability or to inform the management of biodiversity. uncertainty and climate or  
nability or to inform the management of biodiversity. uncertainty and climate or global dynamic 
 inform the management of biodiversity. uncertainty and climate or global dynamics will be seen 
gement of biodiversity. uncertainty and climate or global dynamics will be seen initially as im 
obal dynamics will be seen initially as impacts. this project builds on two application fields: 
oject builds on two application fields: management by grazing habitat protected under the imple 
n two application fields: management by grazing habitat protected under the implementation of e 
plication fields: management by grazing habitat protected under the implementation of european  
ropean directives; the effectiveness of marine protected areas for the conservation of populati 
eness of marine protected areas for the conservation of populations and the sustainability of f 
the conservation of populations and the sustainability of fishing activities. however, it prese 
f populations and the sustainability of fishing activities. however, it presents a more heurist 
ework of the mathematical and numerical modeling, multidisciplinary approach that we incur aims 
complementary specialties: mathematics, economics, ecology, fisheries, animal husbandry and agr 
ry specialties: mathematics, economics, ecology, fisheries, animal husbandry and agronomy  
lties: mathematics, economics, ecology, fisheries, animal husbandry and agronomy  
14479 6 e scope of this research project is the assessment of haloperidol and azaperone, two short-acti 
short-acting tranquilizers, to modulate stress response in three different species of wild ungu 
outhern chamois and spanish ibex in our environment. to our knowledge, no data about the use of 
ern chamois and spanish ibex population management, mainly in all the aspects related to their  
with increasing frequency nowadays, and monitoring stress procuring animal welfare needs to be  
sing frequency nowadays, and monitoring stress procuring animal welfare needs to be a paramount 
12062 16                            the moroccan biodiversity is one of the richest of northern africa a 
rsity is one of the richest of northern africa and of the whole mediterranean basin. the divers 
est of northern africa and of the whole mediterranean basin. the diversity of bio-climatic and  
d of the whole mediterranean basin. the diversity of bio-climatic and ecological conditions as  
 atlantic coast favored a high level of diversity among plants and animals and of endemism. fro 
versity among plants and animals and of endemism. from the humid high mountains of the rif and  
the extreme desert of sahara, the whole diversity is estimated to be over 31,000 species, 11% o 
morocco suffers from moderate to severe degradation, notably of the forests. about 10% of its o 
e to severe degradation, notably of the forests. about 10% of its overall biological diversity  
f the forests. about 10% of its overall biological diversity is threatened and the bulk is cons 
ituted of plants . in terms of cultural evolution, the complex issue of the appearance and deve 
the complex issue of the appearance and development of the modern human behaviour is directly l 
viour is directly linked with the human adaptation to the environment. was the modern behaviour 
linked with the human adaptation to the environment. was the modern behaviour influenced by cli 
 was the modern behaviour influenced by climate change and for recent periods, did modern human 
n humans have a strong influence on the environment  
15423 13 sting physiological characteristics and ecology. the tinto river is an extreme environment with 
 ecology. the tinto river is an extreme environment with a constant acid ph and high concentrat 
xtreme environment with a constant acid ph and high concentrations of heavy metals. these unusu 
tant acid ph and high concentrations of heavy metals. these unusual conditions along with the s 
he tinto is one of the most interesting ecosystems for the study of the biological organization 
me microbial communities adapted to low ph and high heavy metal conditions. understanding the m 
avy metal conditions. understanding the microbial ecology of extreme environments may provide n 
ts possible origin. most of the primary productivity in the river is a direct consequence of th 
uence of the photosynthetic activity of algae, and they are also responsible for most of the bi 
ey are also responsible for most of the biomass. however, currently the knowledge regarding the 
ently the knowledge regarding the algal community of the tinto river and their role in this eco 
 the tinto river and their role in this ecosystem is almost nonexistent. the main objective of  
the project the study of the acidic pit mining lakes located in the iberian pyritic belt. we wi 
7516 1 with the institute of genetic resources beijing other hand, the use of neutral markers to study 
11299 7 any oomycetes seriously impact upon the ecology of natural populations. in coastal marine ecosy 
logy of natural populations. in coastal marine ecosystems, the oomycete eurychasma dicksonii is 
 natural populations. in coastal marine ecosystems, the oomycete eurychasma dicksonii is though 
tribute to shaping populations of brown algae. it not only has the largest reported host range  
s the largest reported host range among marine pathogens - infecting virtually every brown alga 
thogenicity, biology, epidemiology, and ecology of e. dicksonii. as part of the oceans 2025 cor 
demics on algal populations and coastal ecosystems. however, many unresolved biological questio 
11540 7 any oomycetes seriously impact upon the ecology of natural populations. in coastal marine ecosy 
logy of natural populations. in coastal marine ecosystems, the oomycete eurychasma dicksonii is 
 natural populations. in coastal marine ecosystems, the oomycete eurychasma dicksonii is though 
tribute to shaping populations of brown algae. it not only has the largest reported host range  
s the largest reported host range among marine pathogens - infecting virtually every brown alga 
thogenicity, biology, epidemiology, and ecology of e. dicksonii. as part of the oceans 2025 cor 
demics on algal populations and coastal ecosystems. however, many unresolved biological questio 
11630 13  one the major concerns for the natural environment is the possible effects of polluting chemic 
ts of polluting chemicals especially in rivers and seas. industry and government departments th 
regulate the levels of chemicals in the environment can check to see if disease is caused in fi 
 in the environment can check to see if disease is caused in fish and can look for possible pol 
an check to see if disease is caused in fish and can look for possible polluting chemicals but  
t tiny changes that might be harmful in fish before it is too late and disease occurs. in recen 
rmful in fish before it is too late and disease occurs. in recent years there have been fantast 
versities and organisations such as the environment agency so that both can learn about how thi 
s technology can be used to improve the assessment of animal health in the environment and to h 
 the assessment of animal health in the environment and to help companies and the government to 
micals, if any, are causing harm in the environment.we will have a workshop where the scientist 
s for detecting effects of chemicals on fish and other organisms in the environment.  
cals on fish and other organisms in the environment.  
14448 4 in bulgaria the treasure of lactic acid bacteria . the original development of specific gene ma 
 of lactic acid bacteria . the original development of specific gene markers for proving the pr 
ffect of selected bulgarian lactic acid bacteria, determination of the mechanisms of adhesion t 
ture applicability of research works in development of probiotic products with scientifically p 
10463 3 ts of n deposition, and its removal, on soil nitrifier populations at upland sites will indicat 
isers induced by, or which occur during recovery from, n deposition. analyses of amoa genes in  
e information for mechanistic models of soil n cycling.  
10328 1 their use will permit construction of a classification incorporating all major lineages establi 
11385 16                                         competition for resources, such as food, shelter and ma 
 between individuals. many animals form dominance hierarchies where a clear pecking order is ap 
microarray technology, which allows the monitoring of expression of thousands of genes at one t 
genes differ between three ranks within dominance hierarchies. individual fish held under growt 
ithin dominance hierarchies. individual fish held under growth and stress regimes enabled the i 
hierarchies. individual fish held under growth and stress regimes enabled the identification of 
. individual fish held under growth and stress regimes enabled the identification of genes sole 
entification of genes solely related to dominance status. three candidate genes have been ident 
ase which has previously been linked to stress responses; gaba a which has been implicated in a 
n hierarchies were subject to simulated drought or spate, rank 2 ended to lose its position to  
osition since it loses weight, has high stress levels in terms of cortisol and stress-related g 
 stress levels in terms of cortisol and stress-related gene expression so may be unable to cope 
nding on the causes and consequences of dominance status. modern technology shall also be adopt 
ated with rank position and, if so, can dominance be predicted by analysing blood metabolites f 
be used as a diagnostic tool to predict dominance relationships. understanding the mechanisms a 
ding the mechanisms and consequences of dominance hierarchies will provide us with new informat 
15078 2 l history of the gene susceptibility to disease and the biological history of human populations 
ist data on the evolutionary history of risk variants of the nos genes for cardiovascular and o 
6852 14 several factors influence the spread of resistance. apathogenic organisms become resistant due  
ne transfer and thus become part of the resistance gene-pool. furthermore, there is a bi-direct 
c of all of these organisms between the environment and the susceptible host. consequently, stu 
e host. consequently, studying only the resistance of pathogens recovered from patients will li 
incidence and dynamics of the spread of resistance genes. furthermore, environmental microorgan 
elective pressure for virulence and for resistance that their counterparts in the host. this pr 
he relationship between virulence-, and resistance genes. our goal is to investigate the incide 
te the incidence, linkage to multi drug resistance, the molecular background and transferabilit 
lity of beta-lactam and fluoroquinolone resistance in enteric bacteria collected from some 160  
d fluoroquinolone resistance in enteric bacteria collected from some 160 environmental samples  
at these results will contribute to the development of more accurate antibiotic resistance moni 
development of more accurate antibiotic resistance monitoring systems, as well as to a better u 
 of more accurate antibiotic resistance monitoring systems, as well as to a better understandin 
onship between virulence and antibiotic resistance.  
14606 4 he most conspicuous cases of biological adaptation the crustacean artemia with its unique speci 
how that a key protein involved in this adaptation is the na,k-atpase, which extrudes salts acr 
the multiple alleles at a1 represent an adaptation to environments characterized by different p 
of artemia present differences in their adaptation to some of those physico-chemical properties 
15484 2 iology and behaviour, that represent an adaptation to the geophysical cycles in our planet. in  
cycles in aphids but also in many other insects.  
6858 1                    deprived ventricular function is a consequence of dilated cardiomyopathy and 
11344 24                                     the carbon cycle in freshwater lake systems comprises two m 
                    the carbon cycle in freshwater lake systems comprises two main phases: prim 
lake systems comprises two main phases: primary production and biodegradation. sediments and th 
 sediments and the lower regions of the water column are often anoxic, particularly in summer,  
c microorganisms degrade the cellulosic phytoplankton biomass, principally to carbon dioxide an 
ms degrade the cellulosic phytoplankton biomass, principally to carbon dioxide and methane. in  
c phytoplankton biomass, principally to carbon dioxide and methane. in the environment, anaerob 
mass, principally to carbon dioxide and methane. in the environment, anaerobic microorganisms f 
y to carbon dioxide and methane. in the environment, anaerobic microorganisms function as commu 
e environment, anaerobic microorganisms function as communities or consortia from which the iso 
d a poor representation of the inherent complexity. one alternative is to analyse dna and rna e 
re to the cellulose-degrading anaerobic community of freshwater lakes. in addition to the relat 
lulose-degrading anaerobic community of freshwater lakes. in addition to the relatively ubiquit 
ively ubiquitous groups of cellulolytic bacteria, we also have evidence that gut inhabiting ana 
 evidence that gut inhabiting anaerobic fungi occur in the environment at large and are keen to 
inhabiting anaerobic fungi occur in the environment at large and are keen to determine their co 
r contribution to cellulose turnover in freshwater lakes. environmental dna will be cloned and  
be cloned and sequenced to describe the biodiversity within the cellulose-degrading community,  
iversity within the cellulose-degrading community, and this will be followed up with direct pro 
ling experiments to assess the relative abundance and contribution of the different members. th 
t and with guidance from the centre for ecology and hydrology, windermere, we plan to analyse c 
uidance from the centre for ecology and hydrology, windermere, we plan to analyse cellulose bai 
nalyse cellulose baits colonised in the water column and at the sediment surface of two contras 
olonised in the water column and at the sediment surface of two contrasting lakes located in a  
6807 4                                     the fish-parasitic myxosporeans has still unclear parts. du 
ient to draw conclusions concerning the evolution and genetic relationship of myxosporeans and  
 understand the factors influencing the evolution of myxosporeans and their hosts. furthermore, 
 of infection caused by myxosporeans in fish host from the early developmental stages of parasi 
11618 6                                         marine nematodes are a ubiquitous, abundant, hyper-dive 
                                 marine nematodes are a ubiquitous, abundant, hyper-diverse gro 
 for scientific research and biological monitoring. unfortunately, they are difficult to work w 
 characterisation and identification of marine nematodes in british estuaries where species are 
terisation and identification of marine nematodes in british estuaries where species are relati 
fication of marine nematodes in british estuaries where species are relatively well known.  
14544 13 tly widely distributed group within the bacteria. recently, the use of molecular techniques has 
detection in a large variety of natural ecosystems. most of these bacteria have not been cultur 
ty of natural ecosystems. most of these bacteria have not been cultured and characterized yet a 
ticular interest for their influence in nutrient cycling due to the relationship of iron to pho 
ip of iron to phosphorous, sulphur, and nitrogen cycles in the studied ecosystem. the monitorin 
hur, and nitrogen cycles in the studied ecosystem. the monitoring of the main limnological feat 
en cycles in the studied ecosystem. the monitoring of the main limnological features of the aqu 
in limnological features of the aquatic environment and, in particular, of the sediment-water i 
 environment and, in particular, of the sediment-water interface, will enable us to know the fu 
ent and, in particular, of the sediment-water interface, will enable us to know the function an 
r interface, will enable us to know the function and possible influence of acidobacteria in the 
n their natural habitats in relation to nutrient cycling and system productivity.  
relation to nutrient cycling and system productivity.  
7494 7  of non cultivability more than 99 % of soil bacteria, alternative techniques have been develop 
on cultivability more than 99 % of soil bacteria, alternative techniques have been developed ba 
tion of microbial dna directly from the environment and its cloning in microbial hosts domestic 
ble to express in vitro non- culturable bacteria genes including complex operons encoding full  
erons encoding full channels antibiotic production. the project aims to develop molecular scree 
population analysis and functional high biodiversity rate. the gains will also be used to devel 
ill also be used to develop mycorrhizal fungi cdna libraries from the ground after the removal  
6907 11 l for variety identification and/or the development of efficient breeding methods to create new 
create new apple cultivars selected for disease resistance, fruit quality or tree growth charac 
ew apple cultivars selected for disease resistance, fruit quality or tree growth characteristic 
sease resistance, fruit quality or tree growth characteristics etc. the emergence of pcr-based  
rs has created the opportunity for fine-scale genetic characterizations of germplasm collection 
fy tightly linked molecular markers for disease resistance genes. microsatellite markers are id 
ly linked molecular markers for disease resistance genes. microsatellite markers are ideal tool 
or cultivar differentiation. some plant resistance genes have been already cloned and sequenced 
solation of molecular markers linked to resistance genes in apple is planned to achieve using d 
on population derived from the cross of resistance and susceptible cultivars is available for m 
 susceptible cultivars is available for mapping of these markers.  
10074 26                                         photosynthesis in the oceans leads to the production of 
otosynthesis in the oceans leads to the production of just under half of the oxygen in the atmo 
he production of just under half of the oxygen in the atmosphere. in the nutrient-poor central  
poor central regions of the oceans this production of oxygen is dominated by very small, single 
egions of the oceans this production of oxygen is dominated by very small, single celled organi 
 to as the photosynthetic picoplankton. marine photosynthetic picoeukaryotes rrna oligonucleoti 
mics of this important photoautotrophic community both horizontally, along several ocean transe 
ocean transects, and vertically, down a water column, and to assess the primary production cont 
 down a water column, and to assess the primary production contribution of phylogenetically ide 
logenetically identified members of the marine ppe community. knowledge of the ppes occupying s 
ly identified members of the marine ppe community. knowledge of the ppes occupying specific loc 
pes occupying specific locations in the water column is necessary since different algal classes 
xation rates. thus, estimates of global productivity using satellite imagery, which utilise onl 
rophyll measurements, may underestimate productivity by not accounting for this photosynthesis  
productivity by not accounting for this photosynthesis at depth and which may contribute a sign 
. similarly, it is clear that since the species composition of pelagic food webs is intimately  
ince the species composition of pelagic food webs is intimately coupled with other major biogeo 
al functions of the oceans not just the carbon cycle, it is necessary that for models to adequa 
ly predict the flow of elements through marine ecosystems the detailed structure of individual  
ict the flow of elements through marine ecosystems the detailed structure of individual compone 
ucture of individual components of this food web be known. thus how organisms like ppes functio 
 be known. thus how organisms like ppes function and react to short-term change, and ultimately 
ge, is crucial to understanding how the marine ecosystem responds to and changes the chemical e 
crucial to understanding how the marine ecosystem responds to and changes the chemical environm 
em responds to and changes the chemical environment and so ultimately affects global climate.  
onment and so ultimately affects global climate.  
7368 5                       b. exploration of diversity to meet new constraints or new: a region of c 
chromosome xix poplar wears qualitative resistance genes and partial resistance to leaf rust th 
ualitative resistance genes and partial resistance to leaf rust the. we wish to study the molec 
ust the. we wish to study the molecular diversity of this region in germplasm collections of tw 
omal region and phenotypic variation in resistance  
9814 7                                         marine synechococcus have a ubiquitous distribution in  
 marine synechococcus have a ubiquitous distribution in oceanic waters, responsible for around  
responsible for around a quarter of the primary production in some regions. however, much of ou 
 use molecular techniques to assess the distribution of these clades, in several ocean systems, 
eral ocean systems, and correlate these distribution patterns with physical and chemical proper 
physical and chemical properties of the water column. we will also examine various physiologica 
 to directly assess the phenotype-niche adaptation relationship in this ecologically important  
10186 12 ural sources. little is known about the biogeochemistry of this potent ozone-depleting trace ga 
nt ozone-depleting trace gas. molecular ecology techniques will be developed and used to examin 
ll be developed and used to examine the distribution, diversity and activity of ch3cl -degradin 
d and used to examine the distribution, diversity and activity of ch3cl -degrading bacteria in  
ersity and activity of ch3cl -degrading bacteria in the environment. phylogenetic probes based  
ity of ch3cl -degrading bacteria in the environment. phylogenetic probes based on 16s rrna gene 
ferase found in chloromethane-utilising bacteria will be used to examine the ecology of these b 
ng bacteria will be used to examine the ecology of these bacteria in laboratory based mesocosm  
be used to examine the ecology of these bacteria in laboratory based mesocosm studies and in en 
y of these bacteria in laboratory based mesocosm studies and in environmental samples. a new st 
amples, will be exploited to relate the distribution of phylogenetic and functional markers of  
sers to their in situ activities in the environment.  
11087 2 n of partners in the legume root-nodule symbiosis is mediated by species-specific chemical sign 
l signals. we aim to understand how the diversity of signals from its host plants influences ge 
11470 1  the potential to analyse the molecular evolution of the genes underlying flowering time variat 
7595 5   the project objective is to study the evolution of molecular diversity on resistance to patho 
 is to study the evolution of molecular diversity on resistance to pathogens. we propose to eva 
the evolution of molecular diversity on resistance to pathogens. we propose to evaluate the all 
ens. we propose to evaluate the allelic diversity presented by the different paralogs of two fa 
wo families of candidates characterized resistance genes in common bean. the sequence polymorph 
14926 15                   a major factor in the evolution of angiosperms is the adaptation of plants to 
 in the evolution of angiosperms is the adaptation of plants to animal pollinators. the signifi 
s is the adaptation of plants to animal pollinators. the significance of animal pollinator as a 
pollinators. the significance of animal pollinator as a directional force can be appreciated in 
ce can be appreciated in the convergent pollination syndromes observed in flowers of quite diff 
ery little is known about the molecular evolution underlying floral diversification as a result 
as a result of adaptacion to particular pollinators. nor is it known to what extent convergence 
 it known to what extent convergence in pollination syndromes reflects convergence at the molec 
der the control of div. the specialised function of ml1 and its upstream regulator div may have 
several other families of lamiales, the function of ml1- and div-like genes could be linked to  
d div-like genes could be linked to the evolution of asymmetric specilised flowers in this orde 
lised flowers in this order. therefore, mapping the evolutionary history of the ml1 and div gen 
iv genes will help us to understand the evolution of molecular and developmental pathways leadi 
mental pathways leading to a particular pollination syndromes. our working hypothesis allows tw 
 working hypothesis allows two possible scenarios. in the first, the specialised personate flow 
15045 15                   a major factor in the evolution of angiosperms is the adaptation of plants to 
 in the evolution of angiosperms is the adaptation of plants to animal pollinators. the signifi 
s is the adaptation of plants to animal pollinators. the significance of animal pollinator as a 
pollinators. the significance of animal pollinator as a directional force can be appreciated in 
ce can be appreciated in the convergent pollination syndromes observed in flowers of quite diff 
ery little is known about the molecular evolution underlying floral diversification as a result 
g floral diversification as a result of adaptation to particular pollinators. nor is it known t 
as a result of adaptation to particular pollinators. nor is it known to what extent convergence 
 it known to what extent convergence in pollination syndromes reflects convergence at the molec 
several other families of lamiales, the function of ml1- and div-like genes could be linked to  
d div-like genes could be linked to the evolution of asymmetric specialised flowers in this ord 
lised flowers in this order. therefore, mapping the evolutionary history of the ml1 and div gen 
iv genes will help us to understand the evolution of molecular and developmental pathways leadi 
mental pathways leading to a particular pollination syndrome. my working hypothesis allows two  
 working hypothesis allows two possible scenarios. in the first, the specialised personate flow 
10843 11 barriers between ecologically divergent forest trees are particularly interesting, because the  
enetic analysis of adaptively important traits - suites of characters that are especially impor 
ecially important in the face of global climate change. perhaps the biggest impediment to unloc 
 multi-generation crosses in long-lived forest trees. natural hybrid zones offer an attractive  
 remarkably successful for the study of disease-related genes in admixed human populations. the 
methodology is applicable to long-lived forest trees, but evaluating its potential requires a s 
een populus alba and populus tremula in europe, to detect genomic regions that introgress more  
ypic characters. the proposed work will yield important insights into the nature of a barrier t 
 will yield important insights into the nature of a barrier to gene flow between two ecological 
 and into the potential of admixture ld mapping as a tool for the genetic analysis of adaptivel 
enetic analysis of adaptively important traits in trees.  
6811 4 eeding work. in the framework of united europe the importance of quality production is growing  
united europe the importance of quality production is growing on and not in the mass production 
ction is growing on and not in the mass production. the requirements of meat quality are develo 
of domestic animal breeds threatened by extinction.  
7004 7 e will estimate which of the identified predators will be potentially key-elements for the regu 
 project will finally contribute to the development of more efficient and ecological control st 
ological control strategies. white grub predators will be identified by specific dna-sequences, 
s, which can be found in the gut of the predators after consumption of scarab larvae. we will u 
pproach, which will enable us to screen predators simultaneously for several prey species. our  
with trophic relationships in different ecosystems. this will provide an important step forward 
rtant step forward in applied and basic ecosystem-research.  
7304 8                             chromosomal phylogeny of monkeys has shown that the evolution of th 
phylogeny of monkeys has shown that the evolution of this taxon primarily involves non- centrom 
s approach combining molecular biology, fish and immunocytochemistry, if molecular structures e 
tures exist, explaining that particular evolution. these studies provide a new perspective on p 
es provide a new perspective on primate evolution mechanisms and subsequently will be used for  
nisms and subsequently will be used for conservation purposes, in a context of fragmentation of 
 conservation purposes, in a context of fragmentation of their habitat  
 in a context of fragmentation of their habitat  
14101 3  synthetic chemicals, released into the environment may be causing adverse health effects in hu 
ugh their ability to interfere with the function of the endocrine system. reproductive toxicity 
 of ahrr pro185ala in the modulation of disease susceptibility, including changes in spermatoge 
14210 6 h play a central role in the regulation carbon dioxide uptake at minimal loss of water. this is 
arbon dioxide uptake at minimal loss of water. this is particularly important in situations whe 
ticularly important in situations where water resources are limited. accordingly, understanding 
ll plasma membrane s-type anion channel function or regulation. it has been shown that guard ce 
is of crucial importance for developing drought resistant crops, which will be a lucrative init 
hich will be a lucrative initiative for agriculture.  
6777 2 thoma elasticum are responsible for the development of pxe, that is traditionally thought of as 
nally thought of as a connective tissue disease. while a spectrum of mutations within the abcc6 
15459 1 ts in the many genera of lichen-forming fungi currently in use were developed in the 1970s, and 
10104 15  organisms nutritionally dependent on a symbiosis with sulphide-oxidising bacteria and bivalve  
 on a symbiosis with sulphide-oxidising bacteria and bivalve molluscs are a major component of  
of these communities. subsequently, the symbiosis has been recognised in a range of shallow-wat 
s been recognised in a range of shallow-water marine animals. of the marine bivalve molluscs de 
 recognised in a range of shallow-water marine animals. of the marine bivalve molluscs dependen 
of shallow-water marine animals. of the marine bivalve molluscs dependent on the symbiosis, mem 
arine bivalve molluscs dependent on the symbiosis, members of the family lucinidae are by far t 
h proposal are to establish a dna based phylogeny of the lucinidae in order to interpret the ev 
the lucinidae in order to interpret the evolution of chemoautotrophic symbiosis within this biv 
rpret the evolution of chemoautotrophic symbiosis within this bivalve family. this will enable  
ideas concerning the acquisition of the symbiosis, structural accommodations to the bacteria an 
iosis, structural accommodations to the bacteria and diversification of lucinids into different 
s will be relevant to understanding the evolution and diversification of sulphide -dependent co 
es collected from habitats ranging from intertidal mangrove mud to hydrothermal vents.  
d from habitats ranging from intertidal mangrove mud to hydrothermal vents.  
15007 5                                         phylogeny and phylogeographical analyses are basic tool 
he processes given rise and maintaining biodiversity patterns, main object of biology evolution 
aim it is also needed to have groups of model organisms for which the present day distribution  
del organisms for which the present day distribution and characteristic of the species, populat 
ical analyses can also help to optimize conservation efforts.  
14590 3 ed over the mountain ranges of southern europe, the taurus mountains and the caucasus. at prese 
. this knowledge is essential to define conservation priorities among chamois populations, some 
rosatellites or on mitochondrial dna an evaluation of different dna markers will be done. final 
14912 8 se animals have successfully adapted to marine as well as freshwater and terrestrial environmen 
ccessfully adapted to marine as well as freshwater and terrestrial environments, and are an exc 
rial environments, and are an excellent model system to study and understand the evolutionary m 
 that are involved in the generation of biodiversity over long periods of time. the objective o 
three phylogenetic important questions: phylogeny of heterobranchia, and the monophylies of opi 
al gene order rearrangements during the evolution of gastropods. in addition, a molecular clock 
hin gastropods will be characterized by mapping different aspects of their natural history onto 
 natural history onto the reconstructed phylogeny. finally, molecular and morphological phyloge 
14535 4 eport of 2002, the committee for the re-evaluation of the species definition in bacteriology, r 
 definition in bacteriology, recommends evaluation of multilocus gene sequence analysis for its 
e it is a genus with a great ecological diversity and it is not well-defined taxonomically. in  
ecies concept obtained with our data to bacteria in general.  
14811 2 ect we try to set up a robust molecular phylogeny of the subfamily chrysomelinae based upon the 
s on the possible trends of chromosomal evolution, and future cladistic analyses focused on mor 
15435 15 and the processes that gave rise to the biodiversity patterns we observe nowadays and how bioti 
e is basic to better handle present day biodiversity, to understand how humans have and are aff 
nd how and where should we restore lost biodiversity or help the landscape to recover. in this  
e restore lost biodiversity or help the landscape to recover. in this project we propose to fol 
his type of analyses in two hotspots of biodiversity, both highly threatened due to human activ 
y threatened due to human activity: the mediterranean basin and the brasilian atlantic forest.  
e mediterranean basin and the brasilian atlantic forest. as model organisms we propose a group  
n and the brasilian atlantic forest. as model organisms we propose a group of platyhelminthes,  
 we propose a group of platyhelminthes, freshwater and terrestrial planarians, which present a  
hic studies . being specialized and low-dispersal taxa planarians are better models than genera 
 better models than generalist and high-dispersal organisms for phylogeographic studies as thei 
ms for phylogeographic studies as their distribution and richness are highly influenced by the  
aphic studies as their distribution and richness are highly influenced by the historical habita 
are highly influenced by the historical habitat stability. namely, we want to characterize the  
ly influenced by the historical habitat stability. namely, we want to characterize the factors  
15167 4 hese considerations are crucial for the landscape restoration programs, which are currently tak 
derations are crucial for the landscape restoration programs, which are currently taken place i 
, which are currently taken place in nw africa and se spain.  
rrently taken place in nw africa and se spain.  
10352 13               plants require sulfur for growth, but most of the sulfur in natural soil is prese 
owth, but most of the sulfur in natural soil is present in a bound form that can be utilized by 
bound form that can be utilized by some bacteria, but not by plants. we have identified a bacte 
 leads to a two-fold stimulation in the growth of tomato seedlings. this project will examine t 
on other plants, quantifying both plant growth and increased levels of sulfur and other mineral 
ther minerals in the plant tissues. the growth stimulation effect will be correlated with the a 
h the amount of sulfonate-sulfur in the soil in which the plants are grown, and the ability of  
ilize this sulfur. the genetic basis of growth stimulation will be investigated in detail by mo 
ation will be investigated in detail by monitoring gene expression in the root-associated bacte 
 gene expression in the root-associated bacteria and in the plant while supplying varying level 
ur transformations at the plant-microbe-soil interface, but will also be of immense practical v 
 promote sulfur bio-availability in the soil, and increase plant productivity.  
ability in the soil, and increase plant productivity.  
14631 9 coidea. many authors disagree about the classification of the taxa included inside this family  
d inside this family mostly because its taxonomy is based on shell morphology and the anatomy o 
nails, particularly with respect to the evolution of the reproductive stimulatory system and as 
tem and associated organs. to propose a phylogeny of the helicodontidae based on the sequences  
which have been used in the traditional taxonomy. we want also to characterize by molecular met 
ies in the oestophorinae, to know their phylogeny as well as the validity of several undescribe 
 will be of great interest to elaborate conservation strategies for several of the helicodontid 
licodontidae endemisms, with restricted distribution ranges, and to propose conservation priori 
ted distribution ranges, and to propose conservation priorities for them.  
15030 13 arctic terrestrial molluscs in terms of diversity. many authors disagree about the classificati 
ersity. many authors disagree about the classification of the taxa included inside this superfa 
e this superfamily mostly because their taxonomy is based on shell morphology and the anatomy o 
 groups. to establish the morphological evolution in this group of terrestrial snails, particul 
iated reproductive organs. to propose a phylogeny of the helicoidea based on the sequences of d 
phological data used in the traditional taxonomy. we will use different phylogenetic inference  
the molecular information to update the taxonomy of the w-mediterranean sphincterochila species 
rmation to update the taxonomy of the w-mediterranean sphincterochila species, their phylogeogr 
chila species, their phylogeography and evolution. to know the number of the iberian xerocrassa 
ships. to study the phylogeography, the evolution, the speciation processes, and the effects of 
 will be of great interest to elaborate conservation strategies for several helicoidea endemism 
ms, some of them having very restricted distribution ranges, and to propose conservation priori 
ted distribution ranges, and to propose conservation priorities for them.  
6981 1 ned for the hypocrea species in central europe.  
12410 13 objective: noise is addressed by the eu marine framework strategy directive . descriptor 11 sta 
tor 11 states that the `introduction of energy, including underwater noise, is at levels that d 
levels that do not adversely affect the marine environment.` continuous low frequency sound has 
that do not adversely affect the marine environment.` continuous low frequency sound has been i 
 identified by the eu commission as one indicator for measuring good environmental status and m 
tudy in order to implement an appropiat monitoring regime. the study will help in identifying r 
dentifying representative ambient noise monitoring areas in the uk and existing sea observatori 
he current state of ambient noise in uk marine waters to identify baseline values for different 
 the applicability of the ambient noise indicator as set forth by the directive. key customer p 
stomer purpose: this project is of high policy relevance as it directly addresses one of the re 
ddresses one of the requirements of the marine strategy framework directive. the results of the 
of the study will be used to assess the monitoring effort necessary for underwater noise within 
he directive, including the location of monitoring stations the equipment necessary and the mos 
14523 3 ensive use of the technique in regional-scale surveys. we also aim to determine, under laborato 
ereby allow us to make a more realistic assessment of the ecological risks than previously poss 
ibility of making an advancement in the monitoring of air quality with moss, by using biotests. 
12403 7  combined with analytical chemistry and ecology, provide powerful investigative tools for asses 
 tools for assessing the quality of the marine environment. animal sentinels integrate the effe 
for assessing the quality of the marine environment. animal sentinels integrate the effects of  
s e.g. physical changes that may impact ecology. this project has 5 main aims: 1 develop a road 
fd. this project will contribute to the development of a more integrated approach for contamina 
pproach for contaminant-related effects monitoring and provide the opportunity to develop withi 
re fit for purpose biological effect uk monitoring strategy.  
13708 15                          utilization of wildlife resources generates a substantial amount of fo 
e in many african countries, mainly via tourism. trophy hunting is the most profitable form of  
the most profitable form of consumptive wildlife utilization and this industry has grown rapidl 
 from hunting, while assuring long-term sustainability, accurate census data are of fundamental 
ading to over-exploitation and resource degradation. unfortunately, observational data are ofte 
thods have yet to become widely used by wildlife managers. the proposed project would implement 
project would implement a collaborative monitoring project between researchers based at the swe 
swedish agricultural university and the tanzania wildlife research institute, in charge of all  
gricultural university and the tanzania wildlife research institute, in charge of all wildlife  
fe research institute, in charge of all wildlife research in tanzania. the logistical structure 
, in charge of all wildlife research in tanzania. the logistical structure and knowledge transf 
s will increase the range of population assessment tools available to managers and researchers  
vailable to managers and researchers in tanzania, and thereby directly promote sustainable reso 
stainable resource use, preservation of biodiversity and economic development.  
e use, preservation of biodiversity and economic development.  
15392 9                 mountain landscapes and biodiversity are changing. there are two main factors r 
sed to continue in the future: the fast evolution of habitats due to changes in traditional lan 
anges in traditional land uses, and the global warming . a thorough exploratory study of the wh 
lp us to reveal possible ecological and functional traits common for the species with periphera 
most extreme situation -boreoalpine and mediterranean- will enable us to compare demographic pe 
favourable vs. marginal. the population monitoring will reveal how vital rates responsible for  
tructured along the gradient, and their resilience. the results will help us to improve our und 
 and the way in which future changes in biodiversity due to global warming will occur, dependin 
h future changes in biodiversity due to global warming will occur, depending on the responses o 
15024 12 ogenic origin, grouped in the so called global change. it is a flora with a high degree of ende 
tiative gloria that leave zones of bare soil among them. with regard to the characterization of 
ill obtain microclimatic information of temperature, relative dampness and solar radiation of t 
l as the edaphic characteristics of the soils under the above described vegetation and also bar 
 of the soils under the above described vegetation and also bareground, but capable of being co 
ground, but capable of being colonized: nutrients, texture, etc. finally, we will carry out dis 
exture, etc. finally, we will carry out distribution models of high mountain species, in order  
r response to different climatic change scenarios; it will suppose the sampling of a regular me 
 species which colonize such an adverse environment, since the high mountain is. it would help  
ld help to the persons in charge of the management of these so singular spaces and, at the same 
 in danger, they will have new tools of conservation of the plant biodiversity in these biotope 
 new tools of conservation of the plant biodiversity in these biotopes.  
12741 2  on peoples engagement with the natural environment, including visits to the natural environmen 
onment, including visits to the natural environment  
15110 4                     temporal changes in marine vegetation have been related to episodic natural 
             temporal changes in marine vegetation have been related to episodic natural or ant 
as well as long-term gradual changes in water quality of g. sesquipedale. complementary field e 
periments to elucid the main sources of stress will be carried out.  
12609 1              this project continues the monitoring series for the use of peat and alternatives  
14967 6                                     the soil is a reservoir of a huge number and variety of mic 
 huge number and variety of microscopic fungi. the most common are the ascomycete, which are th 
 sexual state of an important number of fungi of biotechnological importance, of plant and anim 
erform the first world monograph of the soil-borne ascomycetes. approximately 150-200 genera an 
ncluded in the book. their geographical distribution and their most representative morphologica 
der to contribute to their more natural classification. restriction maps of the 5.8s, 18s rdna  
7031 3  group of ciliates, besides the typical model organisms paramecium and tetrahymena. the present 
ae . practitioners, for example, in the water quality management, need not waste a lot of time  
ners, for example, in the water quality management, need not waste a lot of time to search for  
14451 9 of the project are the investigation of taxonomy, ecology, distribution, and economic importanc 
ject are the investigation of taxonomy, ecology, distribution, and economic importance of four  
the investigation of taxonomy, ecology, distribution, and economic importance of four taxonomic 
 importance of four taxonomic groups of fungi in bulgaria . 3. establishment of new for bulgari 
lishment of new for bulgaria species of fungi and new fungal hosts and substrata. 4. new data a 
strata. 4. new data and analyses of the distribution, ecology, economic importance, and conserv 
 data and analyses of the distribution, ecology, economic importance, and conservation signific 
tion, ecology, economic importance, and conservation significance of the investigated groups of 
nificance of the investigated groups of fungi in bulgaria.  
13814 21                             much of the biodiversity value of agricultural landscapes is depend 
      much of the biodiversity value of agricultural landscapes is dependent on the preservatio 
 dependent on the preservation of small landscape elements, such as stonewalls, field islets, d 
ant agri-environmental support, but the cost-effectiveness of these schemes—in terms of biodive 
ectiveness of these schemes—in terms of biodiversity and ecosystem service benefits to society— 
se schemes—in terms of biodiversity and ecosystem service benefits to society—has not been rigo 
im is to develop an ecological-economic model that is suitable for evaluating the cost-effectiv 
del that is suitable for evaluating the cost-effectiveness of conservation policy. this will be 
or evaluating the cost-effectiveness of conservation policy. this will be achieved through tran 
easuring the benefits provided by small landscape elements and estimating the costs to farmers  
ating the costs to farmers of different management measures. a modification of the replacement  
 the problem into the same mathematical model. in addition to ecological-economic methods, the  
s for assessing the importance of small landscape elements for threatened species and as refuge 
r threatened species and as refuges for pollinators and natural enemies of crop pests, and to e 
cies and as refuges for pollinators and natural enemies of crop pests, and to evaluate the ecos 
mies of crop pests, and to evaluate the ecosystem services provided by the latter two groups, a 
wo groups, and b evaluate the effect of landscape structure and landscape history on species di 
e the effect of landscape structure and landscape history on species diversity in these habitat 
cape structure and landscape history on species diversity in these habitats. finally, we expect 
habitats. finally, we expect to provide policy recommendations for achieving more biodiversity  
licy recommendations for achieving more biodiversity value at less cost.  
7265 5 that man inflicts damage to terrestrial ecosystems. by studying the knowledge and practices of  
 explore the interrelationships between development, biodiversity and climate change; - mobiliz 
interrelationships between development, biodiversity and climate change; - mobilize naturalists 
s between development, biodiversity and climate change; - mobilize naturalists local knowledge  
 climate change; - mobilize naturalists local knowledge through a network of stakeholder initia 
14497 1                                         classification of blood cells in reptiles, including th 
14732 7 cardiac outflow tract of chondrichthian fish consists of a single myocardial chamber, the conus 
richthyes are strongly related with the adaptation of each species to its mode of life. the pre 
bus arteriosus appeared during chordate evolution much earlier than usually thought. in this re 
 which concern the anatomy and adaptive evolution of the fish heart and which have been controv 
e anatomy and adaptive evolution of the fish heart and which have been controversial during man 
over, they might throw new light on the assessment of morphogenetic processes that operate in t 
hogenetic processes that operate in the development of the cardiac outflow tracts of both lungf 
15365 9                                         monitoring studies performed during a decade in estuari 
ng studies performed during a decade in estuaries and adjacent coastal waters of cantabria and  
ooms, being a dominant component of the phytoplankton. a more detailed study performed in the n 
ed study performed in the nervion river estuary showed the presence of at least 10 species belo 
gain insight into the morphological and genetic diversity of the genus, different estuaries and 
netic diversity of the genus, different estuaries and their adjacent coastal waters of cantabri 
to account. the existence of many small estuaries with different geomorphology and land uses ma 
 of many small estuaries with different geomorphology and land uses makes of this coastal zone  
erest to gain insight into the specific diversity of the genus. the study should be of interest 
14552 2 4. to relate seedling morphological and functional traits with provenance, mother tree, and aco 
with provenance, mother tree, and acorn production dynamics.  
13358 7 untries for plant genetic resources and plant diversity in the world. many agricultural plant s 
t is believed that cowpea originated in africa, where it is grown throughout the tropics and su 
frica, where it is grown throughout the tropics and subtropics, after the introduction of its c 
 almost whole of the country. the large distribution, natural and artificial selections by farm 
ections by farmers resulted in the high diversity of the land races. in many regions of turkey, 
al of this project is to determinate of drought tolerant and sensitive cowpea landraces by scre 
ssions material collected from possible distribution areas.  
7278 2  petals. . the results of this new non- model species, integrated with the data available in ot 
ngiosperms in shaping the morphological diversity of petals  
15179 6 ject aims to investigate the effects of growth duration on the skeletal morphology in different 
 modern humans. it aims to develop a 4d model of morphological variation in silico. the charact 
lico. the characterisation of different growth periods and their duration . finally, excavation 
 excavation methods are applied for the recovery of anthropological material in anatomical cont 
esearch project is of interdisciplinary nature and its results will contribute to the developme 
 and its results will contribute to the development and transfer of data to different areas, in 
11254 14 a major role in determining the world s climate. in part this is due to the production of oxyge 
d s climate. in part this is due to the production of oxygen and the consumption of carbon diox 
n part this is due to the production of oxygen and the consumption of carbon dioxide by small p 
uction of oxygen and the consumption of carbon dioxide by small photosynthetic plants called ph 
e by small photosynthetic plants called phytoplankton. in the large central regions of the ocea 
from the coasts, very small unicellular cyanobacteria are the most numerous part of the phytopl 
teria are the most numerous part of the phytoplankton. these cyanobacteria are continually grow 
merous part of the phytoplankton. these cyanobacteria are continually growing and dividing, but 
 be used as food by small single celled grazing animals called protists. it is the interaction  
eraction between these two processes of mortality, together with the defence mechanisms that th 
er with the defence mechanisms that the cyanobacteria have developed, which are the focus of th 
we would like to find out whether these cyanobacteria have specific structures on their surface 
parts of the oceans there aren t enough nutrients for the cyanobacteria and it is important to  
s there aren t enough nutrients for the cyanobacteria and it is important to find out how starv 
11494 14 a major role in determining the world s climate. in part this is due to the production of oxyge 
d s climate. in part this is due to the production of oxygen and the consumption of carbon diox 
n part this is due to the production of oxygen and the consumption of carbon dioxide by small p 
uction of oxygen and the consumption of carbon dioxide by small photosynthetic plants called ph 
e by small photosynthetic plants called phytoplankton. in the large central regions of the ocea 
from the coasts, very small unicellular cyanobacteria are the most numerous part of the phytopl 
teria are the most numerous part of the phytoplankton. these cyanobacteria are continually grow 
merous part of the phytoplankton. these cyanobacteria are continually growing and dividing, but 
 be used as food by small single celled grazing animals called protists. it is the interaction  
eraction between these two processes of mortality, together with the defence mechanisms that th 
er with the defence mechanisms that the cyanobacteria have developed, which are the focus of th 
we would like to find out whether these cyanobacteria have specific structures on their surface 
parts of the oceans there aren t enough nutrients for the cyanobacteria and it is important to  
s there aren t enough nutrients for the cyanobacteria and it is important to find out how starv 
11029 27 llions of floating microbes convert the energy of the sun into living tissue through photosynth 
y of the sun into living tissue through photosynthesis. these tiny one-celled creatures are cal 
se tiny one-celled creatures are called phytoplankton , and their photosynthesis draws carbon d 
es are called phytoplankton , and their photosynthesis draws carbon dioxide are bringing great  
ankton , and their photosynthesis draws carbon dioxide are bringing great advances, but we stil 
nnot estimate biological processes like competition and mortality in the ocean and these are im 
ological processes like competition and mortality in the ocean and these are important in deter 
e are important in determining how much phytoplankton will grow. it use to be assumed that phyt 
on will grow. it use to be assumed that phytoplankton could divide indefinitely i.e. that they  
on losses came only from being eaten by zooplankton, infected by viruses or sinking out of the  
the sunlit waters. but now we know that phytoplankton are mortal, and that they will grow old a 
ize fits all rule may not apply because phytoplankton are highly diverse - some are less relate 
 there is also great variation in form, function and life-history. nevertheless, these essentia 
microbes control the processes, such as oxygen production, which sustain all other life on eart 
s control the processes, such as oxygen production, which sustain all other life on earth. inde 
in all other life on earth. indeed, the phytoplankton made the earth s oxygen atmosphere a bill 
eed, the phytoplankton made the earth s oxygen atmosphere a billion years ago. in the last 15 y 
aled how important the natural death of phytoplankton could be for the energy flow of marine ec 
death of phytoplankton could be for the energy flow of marine ecosystems: in some cases, more t 
lankton could be for the energy flow of marine ecosystems: in some cases, more than half of the 
 could be for the energy flow of marine ecosystems: in some cases, more than half of the surfac 
 more than half of the surface-dwelling phytoplankton may be dead. dead cells cannot grow and d 
detecting chlorophyll is not as good an indicator of primary production as we once thought and  
orophyll is not as good an indicator of primary production as we once thought and suggests that 
ught and suggests that our ideas of how energy flows in the food web may be simplistic. the res 
at our ideas of how energy flows in the food web may be simplistic. the research that we propos 
to better understand how populations of phytoplankton grow, divide and die in the vast expanses 
7474 7 the goal of mountain.trip is to provide stakeholders, end-users and practitioners with readily  
 research-based information relevant to sustainable development in mountain regions. mountain.t 
ist in forms recognized by the research community but not easily or quickly assimilated by comm 
en eu project findings and the needs of policy- and decision-makers, stakeholders in economy an 
e needs of policy- and decision-makers, stakeholders in economy and environment, planners and a 
ion-makers, stakeholders in economy and environment, planners and administrators, non governmen 
 the most important mountain regions of europe, hereafter referred to in this proposal as pract 
10393 4 vanced research training in fundamental ecology and environmental science, and in the integrati 
gration of these scientific skills into environmental management. the mres ecology and environm 
into environmental management. the mres ecology and environmental management is an inter-discip 
mental management. the mres ecology and environmental management is an inter-disciplinary cours 
10857 5 s based on the existing nerc-funded msc ecology programme at the university of aberdeen , aims  
e training for research on the biology, ecology and sustainable management of biological resour 
on the biology, ecology and sustainable management of biological resources, for students intend 
ts 4 full studentships for three years. conservation and management. this grant supports four f 
ships for three years. conservation and management. this grant supports four full studentships  
10110 1 rphological and molecular techniques of taxonomy and systematics, and experience with computer  
11659 1  calibre capable of addressing priority water resource issues needing interdisciplinary solutio 
10871 7         the msc programme aims to teach conservation as a dynamic discipline integral to all th 
cial reform, political economy, spatial planning, poverty alleviation, human and institutional  
m, political economy, spatial planning, poverty alleviation, human and institutional capacity,  
tion, human and institutional capacity, agriculture, and population growth, in addition to the  
l capacity, agriculture, and population growth, in addition to the hard science of biodiversity 
wth, in addition to the hard science of biodiversity and ecology. this grant supports 4 full st 
to the hard science of biodiversity and ecology. this grant supports 4 full studentships for th 
10386 1 ential prerequisite for their effective management. this grant supports 6 full studentships for 
10373 2 e principles, policies and practices of nature conservation, providing them with the skills to  
ts of different approaches to achieving nature conservation objectives in the uk and abroad. th 
10876 1 h organisations that are engaged in the production or application of environmental information. 
11133 3                   the msc environmental monitoring, modelling and management provides advanced- 
      the msc environmental monitoring, modelling and management provides advanced-level multid 
environmental monitoring, modelling and management provides advanced-level multidisciplinary tr 
10864 17 , integrating science, technology, law, economics, policy and management, with an in-depth educ 
ng science, technology, law, economics, policy and management, with an in-depth education in th 
 technology, law, economics, policy and management, with an in-depth education in the more spec 
y the 8 second term options: ecological management, pollution management, global environmental  
nd term options: ecological management, pollution management, global environmental change polic 
tions: ecological management, pollution management, global environmental change policy, health  
anagement, pollution management, global environmental change policy, health risk assessment pol 
management, global environmental change policy, health risk assessment policy and management, w 
bal environmental change policy, health risk assessment policy and management, water management 
l change policy, health risk assessment policy and management, water management, energy policy, 
licy, health risk assessment policy and management, water management, energy policy, environmen 
 risk assessment policy and management, water management, energy policy, environmental economic 
olicy and management, water management, energy policy, environmental economics and policy, busi 
nd management, water management, energy policy, environmental economics and policy, business an 
ement, water management, energy policy, environmental economics and policy, business and the en 
rgy policy, environmental economics and policy, business and the environment. this grant suppor 
 economics and policy, business and the environment. this grant supports 6 full studentships fo 
11639 4           the aim of the msc in applied ecology and conservation is to provide a flexible cours 
e aim of the msc in applied ecology and conservation is to provide a flexible course structure, 
ssary for a range of careers in applied ecology and conservation. this grant supports six full  
range of careers in applied ecology and conservation. this grant supports six full studenthips  
11549 4 al zone ; the importance of integrating ecology with hydrological and geomorphological aspects; 
 aspects; consideration of temporal and spatial scale; the design and application of aquatic mo 
; the design and application of aquatic monitoring programmes; and the use of modelling approac 
c monitoring programmes; and the use of modelling approaches for explanation and prediction pur 
11649 4 al zone ; the importance of integrating ecology with hydrological and geomorphological aspects; 
 aspects; consideration of temporal and spatial scale; the design and application of aquatic mo 
; the design and application of aquatic monitoring programmes; and the use of modelling approac 
c monitoring programmes; and the use of modelling approaches for explanation and prediction pur 
11648 2  students with the technical aspects of gis software and hardware for capturing, managing, anal 
f a team, lecturers, clients and senior management. this grant supports 3 full studentships for 
9848 1 e provides advanced training in applied marine environmental science for recent graduates, and  
11126 5 entists for direct involvement in plant conservation, biodiversity-related informatics or surve 
rect involvement in plant conservation, biodiversity-related informatics or survey, or for care 
nformatics or survey, or for careers in biodiversity research and biodiversity management. this 
or careers in biodiversity research and biodiversity management. this grant supports six full s 
 biodiversity research and biodiversity management. this grant supports six full studentships f 
11131 5                   the aim of the msc in wildlife management and conservation is to train studen 
         the aim of the msc in wildlife management and conservation is to train students in a w 
m of the msc in wildlife management and conservation is to train students in a wide range of di 
 to prepare individuals for a career in wildlife management. this grant supports 4 full student 
re individuals for a career in wildlife management. this grant supports 4 full studentships for 
10394 3 r course is to enhance the uk s edge in marine environmental research, environmental science te 
ronmental science teaching and business development by offering the only truly internationally- 
iplinary advanced training programme in coastal management. this grant supports 5 full students 
1082 20 such as methylotrophs, that can utilise methane or other c1 compounds such as methanol and meth 
hylated amines that are correlated with marine invertebrates metabolism, and methanogens that p 
 amines that are correlated with marine invertebrates metabolism, and methanogens that produce  
re correlated with marine invertebrates metabolism, and methanogens that produce methane, poten 
etabolism, and methanogens that produce methane, potentially increasing the entity of the emiss 
ty of the emissions. the study of viral abundance, production, life strategies and decay rates, 
missions. the study of viral abundance, production, life strategies and decay rates, will aim t 
l aim to assess whether viruses control production and diversity of prokaryotic communities in  
 whether viruses control production and diversity of prokaryotic communities in these ecosystem 
ity of prokaryotic communities in these ecosystems. the presence, abundance and diversity of me 
ties in these ecosystems. the presence, abundance and diversity of meio- and macrofauna will be 
ecosystems. the presence, abundance and diversity of meio- and macrofauna will be assessed, als 
e, abundance and diversity of meio- and macrofauna will be assessed, also in relation to the fr 
, also in relation to the frequency and abundance of the mv methane emissions. investigation on 
o the frequency and abundance of the mv methane emissions. investigation on the presence of mei 
rformed to assess whether mud volcanoes ecosystems create environments that favour ecto- / endo 
e environments that favour ecto- / endo symbiosis oases. finally, all data will be integrated a 
 data will be integrated and ecological modelling of bacteria-mediated c transfer to higher tro 
 integrated and ecological modelling of bacteria-mediated c transfer to higher trophic levels w 
low to understand the functioning of mv ecosystems.  
7110 4                the relationship between agriculture and biodiversity are complex and there are  
he relationship between agriculture and biodiversity are complex and there are few examples of  
in areas where these species subject to conservation measures. the situation generated by the r 
representing an economic alternative to management by the rendering industry. . finally, behavi 
536 12 roject is to investigate the effects of global change on the biodiversity of aphid communities  
ate the effects of global change on the biodiversity of aphid communities in western europe. bi 
versity of aphid communities in western europe. biodiversity has been examined at 3 levels: tot 
of aphid communities in western europe. biodiversity has been examined at 3 levels: total numbe 
d at 3 levels: total number of species, phenology and reproductive strategy. data was provided  
pending on the location. this is due to introduced species but also to warming which favours ra 
s due to introduced species but also to warming which favours rare species. no general trend of 
species. no general trend of increasing density has been detected, but phenological prematurene 
cal prematureness of almost all species phenology of aphids is expected to advance and their ab 
aphids is expected to advance and their abundance to increase with temperature, and the possibl 
ce and their abundance to increase with temperature, and the possible role of natural enemies t 
h temperature, and the possible role of natural enemies to regulate abundant species is being d 
14363 5                                      in ecosystems where two or more vegetation types or plant  
        in ecosystems where two or more vegetation types or plant species co-exist, the success 
 plant species co-exist, the success of remote sensing and multi-temporal image classification  
remote sensing and multi-temporal image classification is evaluated. it is anticipated that by  
 similarity problem in intimately mixed vegetation systems can be addressed effectively. a mult 
13974 17                                         fungi capable of forming biotrophic mycorrhizal associa 
verse range of free-living saprotrophic fungi. however, multiple evolutionary reversals from my 
ndition and vice-versa have occurred in fungi, indicating that the ability to form mycorrhiza i 
c basidiomycetes, including widely used biocontrol agent phlebiopsis gigantea and endangered sp 
ocontrol agent phlebiopsis gigantea and endangered species phlebia centrifuga, were occasionall 
 to examine how saprotrophic wood-decay fungi interact with healthy roots of forest trees, some 
ay fungi interact with healthy roots of forest trees, something that has never been done before 
, more that 200 species of saprotrophic fungi will be examined for their capacity to form funct 
s by p. gigantea and other saprotrophic fungi on sites treated with biocontrol agent of p. giga 
aprotrophic fungi on sites treated with biocontrol agent of p. gigantea and also determine impa 
biotrophic association is in wood-decay fungi. it will also provide new insights into fungal ec 
l also provide new insights into fungal ecology and evolution, and contribute to our better und 
de new insights into fungal ecology and evolution, and contribute to our better understanding a 
ibute to our better understanding about human impact on fungal biodiversity in forest ecosystem 
erstanding about human impact on fungal biodiversity in forest ecosystems.  
 human impact on fungal biodiversity in forest ecosystems.  
impact on fungal biodiversity in forest ecosystems.  
7698 4 r proposal is to develop a mathematical model adapted to the constraints of multi disciplinarit 
raction, implementing computerized data mining and large-scale simulation. it will aim to help  
ting computerized data mining and large-scale simulation. it will aim to help the decision on l 
on. it will aim to help the decision on land use planning and in particular the areas involved  
1086 10 fferent types of human activities, like tourism, hunting and fishing, together with habitat fra 
n activities, like tourism, hunting and fishing, together with habitat fragmentation, that modi 
ism, hunting and fishing, together with habitat fragmentation, that modify both structure and g 
 can represent useful models to outline management policies, securing the survival of populatio 
ecies with similar characteristics. the evaluation of tourist impact on vertebrate populations  
d boar sus scrofa, whereas those due to fishing and restocking will be investigated in trouts s 
salvelinus alpinus. finally, effects of habitat fragmentation due to human action to achieve ta 
ability and, therefore, to find correct management policies, which can assure at the same time  
n assure at the same time the long-term conservation of vertebrate species and the sustainable  
rate species and the sustainable use of natural resources.  
12483 16                                     the ecosystems approach is a strategy for the integrated ma 
proach is a strategy for the integrated management of land, water, and living resources that pr 
 for the integrated management of land, water, and living resources that promotes conservation  
ter, and living resources that promotes conservation and sustainable use in an equitable way. t 
n an equitable way. the approach places human well-being as the central focus for assessment, w 
man well-being as the central focus for assessment, while recognizing that biodiversity and eco 
 for assessment, while recognizing that biodiversity and ecosystems also have intrinsic value a 
while recognizing that biodiversity and ecosystems also have intrinsic value and that people ta 
d that people take decisions concerning ecosystems based on considerations of well-being as wel 
 applicability of the principles of the ecosystem approach, as laid out by the ma, against the  
the current level of understanding of a protected area and to demonstrate a prioritisation fram 
 prioritisation framework for balancing policy objectives against the value of ecosystem servic 
 policy objectives against the value of ecosystem services and potential impacts that takes dat 
lue of ecosystem services and potential impacts that takes data and model uncertainty into acco 
d potential impacts that takes data and model uncertainty into account.  
ntial impacts that takes data and model uncertainty into account.  
15260 2 tension of our previous research on the evolution and systematics of aveneae/poeae, enlarged no 
ancient and recent spatial and climatic scenarios.  
15261 2 tension of our previous research on the evolution and systematics of aveneae/poeae, enlarged no 
ancient and recent spatial and climatic scenarios.  
522 23 in the axis 1/ territorial strategy and biodiversity insofar as the relations betweens scavenge 
far as the relations betweens scavenger birds and farming systems are largely variable and depe 
o reveals of axis 2/ interdependence of production systems and biodiversity because the ovine f 
terdependence of production systems and biodiversity because the ovine farming systems of meat  
arming systems of meat or milk, and the production standards might affect the availability of r 
es that they generate for the scavenger birds. finally it is also part of axis 3, interactions  
f axis 3, interactions between economic policy, social dynamics and preservation of biodiversit 
cy, social dynamics and preservation of biodiversity the relations between agriculture and biod 
n of biodiversity the relations between agriculture and biodiversity are complex and the exampl 
y the relations between agriculture and biodiversity are complex and the examples of situations 
entified are rare. during the precedent agriculture and biodiversity programme a pluridisciplin 
e. during the precedent agriculture and biodiversity programme a pluridisciplinary study was de 
dy was devoted to the role of scavenger birds in the quartering management. one of the issuess  
le of scavenger birds in the quartering management. one of the issuess of this study was to ana 
lternative to the industrial quartering management. the eco-toxicological risks linked to the t 
ographic analyses provide a support for decision-making in order to favour its resilience to fu 
 decision-making in order to favour its resilience to future changes in socioeconomic, regulato 
ractices. with this target we propose a modelling work relying on the pursuit of investigations 
gramme, to the creation and use in real management of a tool to support simulation and decision 
ent of a tool to support simulation and decision-making. in this case it would be a multiple-ag 
 this case it would be a multiple-agent model formalizing all the possible dynamics of scavenge 
 all the possible dynamics of scavenger birds in this quartering system. in priority elaborated 
the same species for which the resource management differs. it will also be adapted to cases of 
15130 8 nalis presents an extended geographical distribution across very variable ecological conditions 
molecular markers used. such widespread distribution can be explained by a great capacity to re 
y is achieved either though rapid local adaptation, leading to genetic structuring, or strong p 
ariation of vegetative and reproductive traits, as well as the genetic variation in r. officina 
 and whether there is evidence of local adaptation. 3.- to determine the contribution of the ex 
the contribution of the extended floral phenology of rosmarinus officinalis to its success and  
 a plants progeny. 5.- to determine the distribution of r. officinalis in the mediterranean bas 
e distribution of r. officinalis in the mediterranean basin before and during the interglacial  
15050 5                                     the evolution of multiple sexual signals within the same sp 
ion. we predict that different types of traits might evolve to signal male condition in differe 
rent sensory channels, thus, maximizing efficiency and reliability when multiple signals, with  
ions in different populations may drive evolution of signals to maximize efficiency under local 
 drive evolution of signals to maximize efficiency under local conditions, and eventually lead  
13966 7   the aims are to assess the effects of multiple stressors on shallow-water sediments and to st 
ffects of multiple stressors on shallow-water sediments and to study the nature of their intera 
hallow-water sediments and to study the nature of their interaction will be used as the model t 
f their interaction will be used as the model toxicant. focus will be on the microscopic food w 
icant. focus will be on the microscopic food webs and key ecosystem processes driven by them. c 
be on the microscopic food webs and key ecosystem processes driven by them. complementing small 
ses driven by them. complementing small-scale laboratory experiments, using natural sediments,  
13735 8  status will affect the sensitivity and resilience of shallow-water sediments at exposure to po 
e sensitivity and resilience of shallow-water sediments at exposure to polyaromatic hydrocarbon 
nd heterotrophic micro-organisms in the sediment. we still lack knowledge about how multiple st 
ment. we still lack knowledge about how multiple stressors affect the sensitivity and resilienc 
le stressors affect the sensitivity and resilience of these systems. intact natural sediments w 
cosms, applying theory and methods from community and systems ecology, ecotoxicology and molecu 
 and methods from community and systems ecology, ecotoxicology and molecular biology. effect va 
ods from community and systems ecology, ecotoxicology and molecular biology. effect variables a 
14527 10                                         food web relationships are the basis of the ecosystem f 
 web relationships are the basis of the ecosystem functioning. use of stable isotopes can be us 
is of the ecosystem functioning. use of stable isotopes can be used as indicators of the energy 
. use of stable isotopes can be used as indicators of the energy flow through an organism in sy 
otopes can be used as indicators of the energy flow through an organism in systems where the at 
ystems where the atmosphere is the only pollution source. recent results indicate that the kine 
 concentrations in the organisms of the food web. this aproximation with multiple tracers to th 
th multiple tracers to the study of the food web will be developed in mountain lakes, given the 
tion according to gradients of habitats complexity; and the bioaccumulation of pcb as tracers o 
ioaccumulation of pcb as tracers of the energy flow in the foodweb.  
14712 31                                     the mediterranean landscape is one of the most singular and 
                      the mediterranean landscape is one of the most singular and rich ones in  
e of the most singular and rich ones in biodiversity in europe being its conservation highly pr 
ngular and rich ones in biodiversity in europe being its conservation highly priority. this lan 
nes in biodiversity in europe being its conservation highly priority. this landscape is the res 
 its conservation highly priority. this landscape is the result of a continued human activity t 
t has determined the composition of its biological diversity. there, the forest masses alternat 
of its biological diversity. there, the forest masses alternate with scrub and grassland zones, 
 forest masses alternate with scrub and grassland zones, next to cultivated areas conforming as 
s conforming as a characteristic mosaic landscape. grazing activity models the vegetation condi 
g as a characteristic mosaic landscape. grazing activity models the vegetation conditioning the 
 landscape. grazing activity models the vegetation conditioning the community of invertebrates. 
 models the vegetation conditioning the community of invertebrates. only in some areas wild her 
egetation conditioning the community of invertebrates. only in some areas wild herbivorous exis 
thod of analysis at different levels of landscape scale that provide information on the compone 
alysis at different levels of landscape scale that provide information on the components of bio 
rovide information on the components of biodiversity. this project attempt to contribute to the 
elated to the design, handling, use and conservation of the mediterranean ecosystems, and for t 
, handling, use and conservation of the mediterranean ecosystems, and for that purpose 3 groups 
e and conservation of the mediterranean ecosystems, and for that purpose 3 groups of insects wi 
stems, and for that purpose 3 groups of insects with different biology and functional importanc 
aviours related with the changes of the landscape structure. in order to reach this objective t 
ctive two adjacent areas with a similar mediterranean landscape but with different uses and man 
cent areas with a similar mediterranean landscape but with different uses and management have b 
n landscape but with different uses and management have been selected: a natural area that corr 
the existence of cattle and traditional agriculture. once the studied habitats will be characte 
es susceptible to be used as biological indicators of possible changes of the environment and t 
l indicators of possible changes of the environment and therefore for the monitoring of the sta 
f the environment and therefore for the monitoring of the state of conservation of the habitat  
fore for the monitoring of the state of conservation of the habitat of communitarian interest.  
ing of the state of conservation of the habitat of communitarian interest.  
11278 17  survey, one of the longest and richest marine monitoring programmes for the north atlantic and 
, one of the longest and richest marine monitoring programmes for the north atlantic and the no 
ogrammes for the north atlantic and the north sea. the data in this survey has the potential fo 
 long term trends and driving forces on marine ecosystems in this region, such as for example c 
erm trends and driving forces on marine ecosystems in this region, such as for example climate  
ems in this region, such as for example climate change impacts. this project will develop novel 
ion, such as for example climate change impacts. this project will develop novel statistical me 
 multiscale analysis for collections of ecosystem processes, and quantify the different scale e 
m processes, and quantify the different scale effects of eutrophication and climate change. the 
quantify the different scale effects of eutrophication and climate change. the project will als 
ent scale effects of eutrophication and climate change. the project will also aim to quantify b 
ing forces have been accounted for. the marine monitoring data is provided by sahfos, the desig 
ces have been accounted for. the marine monitoring data is provided by sahfos, the designated p 
derstanding the complex interactions of climate, eutrophication and plankton abundance. by comb 
ng the complex interactions of climate, eutrophication and plankton abundance. by combining the 
of climate, eutrophication and plankton abundance. by combining the scientific understanding wi 
and complex collection of data, and the uncertainty of estimation accounted for.  
14362 23                   objective the spatial distribution of vector-borne diseases is tied to enviro 
 vectors will only thrive under certain habitat conditions. these can be defined in terms of ap 
bitats are best documented at the local scale, climatic ranges are best described at the region 
nges are best described at the regional scale. second, given a certain vector and pathogen dist 
nd, given a certain vector and pathogen distribution, for the disease to be transmitted to huma 
ctor and pathogen distribution, for the disease to be transmitted to humans, there must be an o 
ere must be an overlap with the spatial distribution of human activities. land use will often r 
atial distribution of human activities. land use will often reflect accurately the spatial dist 
ll often reflect accurately the spatial distribution of human activities, which both influence  
oth influence and are influenced by the landscape.tick-borne diseases are currently the most im 
most important vector-borne diseases in europe. a dramatic upsurge in the incidence of tick-bor 
tative explanation remains to be found. climate trends have been widely incriminated, but recen 
resolution data have been successful at mapping either vectors or disease cases. however, the k 
successful at mapping either vectors or disease cases. however, the knowledge that is currently 
vironmental factors dictating vector or disease distribution indicates that factors acting at m 
tal factors dictating vector or disease distribution indicates that factors acting at more than 
es that factors acting at more than one scale should be considered. using the example of tick-b 
g the example of tick-borne diseases in europe, we propose to fill this gap in the use of remot 
on of the use of multilevel statistical modelling for the analyses of remotely sensed data, and 
a with data from other sources, such as disease incidence. - a better understanding of the infl 
eases incidence, and, particularly, the scale of action of the environmental factors that are t 
 diseases, carried by the main european disease vector, the tick. other significant outcomes of 
rengthening of the belgian expertise in remote sensing and spatial epidemiology --------------- 
15355 9 roject on ecological interactions among arthropods in an organic citrus grove. the main project 
as two general objectives, one of basic ecology and a more applied one. first, we study the int 
e interactions among the species of the community to understand its trophic structure. second,  
cies of the community to understand its trophic structure. second, we want to use the acquired  
cquired ecological knowledge to improve pest control and crop productivity. the project aims to 
wledge to improve pest control and crop productivity. the project aims to be a long-term resear 
ally, the fourth objective explores the stability of the community composition through the 12 y 
objective explores the stability of the community composition through the 12 years of the study 
watering, the hypothesis that increased water availability is the reason behind the observed in 
10942 16                                         colonization of plants by am fungi is known to alter th 
           colonization of plants by am fungi is known to alter the growth and survival of foli 
lants by am fungi is known to alter the growth and survival of foliar-feeding insects. this pro 
e growth and survival of foliar-feeding insects. this project aims to examine if these effects  
n a higher trophic level, namely insect parasitoids. a model system of leucanthemum vulgare, a  
hic level, namely insect parasitoids. a model system of leucanthemum vulgare, a leaf mining fly 
 system of leucanthemum vulgare, a leaf mining fly and its associated parasitoids will be studi 
e, a leaf mining fly and its associated parasitoids will be studied in observational and manipu 
specifically, we ask whether amf affect parasitoid performance through changes in plant archite 
 or chemistry or through changes in the growth and abundance of the fly. natural colonization o 
ry or through changes in the growth and abundance of the fly. natural colonization of plants wi 
rowth and abundance of the fly. natural colonization of plants will be reduced in the field and 
plants will be reduced in the field and growth, survival and fitness of fly and parasitoids ass 
growth, survival and fitness of fly and parasitoids assessed. in addition, a semi-controlled ex 
trolled experiment will examine fly and parasitoid performance on plants grown with different c 
ts grown with different combinations of fungi, isolated from the field site.  
11745 6                mustard gas contaminated soil contains a toxic micture of mustard and its deriva 
ttle over decades of contamination. the soil contains indigenous bacteria that have adapted to  
amination. the soil contains indigenous bacteria that have adapted to tolerate and degrade thes 
ade these compounds. by elucidating the diversity and functionality of these populations, coupl 
ons, coupled with chemical analysis and assessment of site parameters, we will construct a mode 
of site parameters, we will construct a model .  
10371 2  however, various factors constrain the evolution of perfectly adaptive behaviours, including c 
generation, deleterious mutations shift traits away from their perfect value. the importance of 
542 18           we are studying the impact of global change on two specific insect-plant mutualisms.  
mbines correlative methods . mutualisms function because the partners have contrasting and comp 
ners have contrasting and complementary biological traits, so that a service implying only a lo 
uced can disrupt the functioning of the mutualism. by comparing two strongly contrasting system 
o strongly contrasting systems—fig/wasp pollination mutualisms and ant-plant protection mutuali 
n mutualisms—we aim to characterize the diversity of reactions of mutualisms to global change.  
diversity of reactions of mutualisms to global change. by identifying common features, we also  
 generalizations about the reactions to global change of specific obligate mutualisms, an impor 
ant and neglected component of tropical biodiversity. our results show that the two mutualisms  
ferentiation, indicating that the great dispersal capacities of both figs and their pollinating 
getational change. in contrast, limited dispersal capacity of both ant and plant partners has r 
nt/plant protection mutualisms: species-distribution patterns suggest restriction of the system 
indicates widespread bottlenecks during fragmentation and expansion. alternate contraction and  
and expansion of lowland and submontane-forest climate zones led to disruption of ant-plant mut 
ansion of lowland and submontane-forest climate zones led to disruption of ant-plant mutualisms 
 disruption of ant-plant mutualisms, as ants were more affected by climate change than plants.  
tualisms, as ants were more affected by climate change than plants. preliminary results of expe 
spond to co2 fertilisation by increased growth rate and/or by modified chemical composition of  
15371 7 ism selection pressures have driven the evolution of some nest-building behaviours and antipara 
 behaviours and antiparasitic defensive traits of birds that breed in risky hole-nest environme 
s and antiparasitic defensive traits of birds that breed in risky hole-nest environments. impor 
ogenic infection of offspring and adult birds in the nest. we hypothesise that , and thus will  
est the effects of the secretion on the species composition of the bacterial communities living 
on eggs hatching success and on feather degradation. similar to subproject number one, this sub 
to evaluate the importance of different bacteria in the expected fitness effects of the uropygi 
14672 1 oral thesis. besides this, cataloguing, distribution analysis, identification and publication o 
11096 24                                     the boreal forest covers a vast area of the northern hemisp 
and surface, 70% of the all the world s forest, contains around 35% of all c in terrestrial eco 
ains around 35% of all c in terrestrial ecosystems and is the world s major source of softwood  
ood timber. a defining feature of these forests is that the overstorey trees are conifers such  
 have recently shown that at least some fungi can form mycorrhizas on both. this is exciting be 
 this is exciting because it means that carbon fixed in photosynthesis by the trees might be us 
g because it means that carbon fixed in photosynthesis by the trees might be used by the fungi  
hesis by the trees might be used by the fungi to support nutrient uptake by the shrubs or vice  
e it would alter the way we think about carbon and nutrient cycling in boreal forest, affect ou 
alter the way we think about carbon and nutrient cycling in boreal forest, affect our predictio 
nk about carbon and nutrient cycling in boreal forest, affect our predictions of how these fore 
st, affect our predictions of how these forests respond to global warming, and influence the wa 
ictions of how these forests respond to global warming, and influence the way that forest manag 
bal warming, and influence the way that forest managers view the understorey. in order to confi 
to find out whether sharing mycorrhizal fungi is widespread in the field, and get more informat 
blaeberry. we will culture these shared fungi on artificial media in the laboratory, and then u 
t systems. we will then use isotopes of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus to confirm that carbon  
s. we will then use isotopes of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus to confirm that carbon moves fr 
en use isotopes of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus to confirm that carbon moves from the host t 
nitrogen and phosphorus to confirm that carbon moves from the host to the fungus and nutrients  
n moves from the host to the fungus and nutrients move from fungus to host. by growing pine and 
 can investigate how much of the fungus carbon is derived from each host, and how that influenc 
 host, and how that influences how much nitrogen and phosphorus the fungus transfers to each ho 
w that influences how much nitrogen and phosphorus the fungus transfers to each host.  
12201 15  cereals, especially wheat, by fusarium fungi can lead to contamination of grain, and hence gra 
are a hazard to the health of human and livestock consumers. the principle mycotoxins include t 
, and make an essential contribution to risk analysis. risk analysis will therefore be based on 
ssential contribution to risk analysis. risk analysis will therefore be based on completed epid 
 previous uk survey data and up-to-date monitoring of crops and weather patterns. this will be  
velop models that will assess long-term risk, the risk of mycotoxin contamination of grain prod 
ls that will assess long-term risk, the risk of mycotoxin contamination of grain produced in th 
 grain produced in the current year, or risk of severe disease in the current or following seas 
 in the current year, or risk of severe disease in the current or following seasons crops. this 
rops. this is expected to contribute to policy and planning, and will lead to advice on choice  
is expected to contribute to policy and planning, and will lead to advice on choice of crop, ti 
ain from toxin contamination and to the sustainability of arable agriculture in the uk. the fin 
ion and to the sustainability of arable agriculture in the uk. the findings are expected to mak 
ed to make an immediate contribution to policy decisions and, on the farm, to crop management a 
icy decisions and, on the farm, to crop management advice and practice for minimising ear bligh 
14107 2 isms of functions of plant myosins. the model system is arabidopsis thaliana, the first plant w 
ced genome are switched off what is the function of organelles fast movement in physiology of p 
6827 17 n our studies maize hybrids differed in efficiency traits and yield when grown in the field wit 
es maize hybrids differed in efficiency traits and yield when grown in the field with low and h 
brids differed in efficiency traits and yield when grown in the field with low and high n. more 
applied n than did earlier releases.the assessment of only a few selected traits and their inte 
s.the assessment of only a few selected traits and their integration with yield is our approach 
ected traits and their integration with yield is our approach. the measured traits are abovegro 
ith yield is our approach. the measured traits are aboveground total dry matter and grain yield 
tter and grain yields, n applied to the soil, and total n taken into the aboveground plant. the 
n taken into the aboveground plant. the traits evaluated are: n uptake efficiency . phase of de 
ant. the traits evaluated are: n uptake efficiency . phase of development is important to the i 
ted are: n uptake efficiency . phase of development is important to the interpretation of nitro 
t is important to the interpretation of nitrogen stress. the analysis of the n fertiliser respo 
rtant to the interpretation of nitrogen stress. the analysis of the n fertiliser responses of m 
ids is inconceivable without the use of growth analysis. ecophysiological measurements are also 
easurements are also planned. the grain yield and silage yield will be recorded and the yield c 
lso planned. the grain yield and silage yield will be recorded and the yield components will be 
d silage yield will be recorded and the yield components will be determined.  
14976 6 enus can be found in the palmones river estuary and their roots are anchored in a sediment with 
tuary and their roots are anchored in a sediment with shows anoxic and alkaline conditions and  
ns and where the concentrations of some nutrients, like ammonium and inorganic phosphorous are  
 inorganic phosphorous are high whereas nitrate and potassium concentrations can be low. the re 
. finally, the transport mechanisms for nitrate, phosphate and ammonium will be characterized b 
the ion which drives the entry of these nutrients into the cell. this ion could be sodium inste 
11579 6   the release of particles of nanometre scale to the environment for the clean up of pollution  
 of particles of nanometre scale to the environment for the clean up of pollution is an emergin 
 to the environment for the clean up of pollution is an emerging technology. at the forefront i 
ing technology. at the forefront is the development of nanoscale zerovalent iron . we will see  
ll see how the nzvi particles behave in soil by using an electron microscope. also, we will app 
at nzvi agglomeration in an undisturbed soil situation.  
15063 9                     the degree of natal dispersal and philopatry are basic components in invasi 
 and philopatry are basic components in invasion and colonization patterns, and in the genetic  
ry are basic components in invasion and colonization patterns, and in the genetic structure of  
y on the causal factors affecting natal dispersal, especially in avian species. in birds female 
persal, especially in avian species. in birds females usually females disperse more than males  
than dominant, adults or good condition birds. the present research project aims at answering s 
nmigratory spotless starling, the natal dispersal costs and on the evolution of natal dispersal 
g, the natal dispersal costs and on the evolution of natal dispersal patterns in these species. 
sal costs and on the evolution of natal dispersal patterns in these species.  
15489 1 for reproduction and the quality of the habitat  
12604 3 in detail how data derived from ongoing monitoring could potentially be used in the context of  
entially be used in the context of a uk soil monitoring network. the final report is available  
lly be used in the context of a uk soil monitoring network. the final report is available on th 
13887 12          the aim is to study how native predators affect species invasions and how this resista 
s affect species invasions and how this resistance change over time. initially, invasive specie 
resistance change over time. initially, invasive species may reach very high population densiti 
one explanation for this is that native predators adapt to changes at the food base and start t 
new resource. timing and extent of this predator adaptation may be one of the key factors that  
rce. timing and extent of this predator adaptation may be one of the key factors that govern sp 
 of the key factors that govern spread, population dynamics and the magnitude of negative ecolo 
itude of negative ecological effects of invasive species. despite this, little is known about h 
 this, little is known about how native predators interact with invasive biota. i will study ho 
e in aquaria and field enclosures in ne usa where 13 aquatic mollusks have invaded over differe 
ifferent time-scales and many different predators are present. the mollusk invaders have well-k 
e well-known distributions, which allow predators to be caught that are naive, previously expos 
12144 27 aim of this project is to determine the vulnerability of the native species and forest stand pr 
vulnerability of the native species and forest stand productivity in the conditions of biologic 
 of the native species and forest stand productivity in the conditions of biological invasions  
stand productivity in the conditions of biological invasions and climate change, and offer cost 
 conditions of biological invasions and climate change, and offer cost-based measures for fores 
ange, and offer cost-based measures for forest adaptation. the project will identify the impact 
nd offer cost-based measures for forest adaptation. the project will identify the impact of the 
project will identify the impact of the biological invasions and intensive spreading of the spe 
tensive spreading of the species to the vulnerability, productivity and structure of forest sta 
ng of the species to the vulnerability, productivity and structure of forest stands. the trends 
rability, productivity and structure of forest stands. the trends of long-term changes of the n 
es of the native tree species and stand productivity, and acting environmental factors will be  
ed, then making the economic-ecological evaluation of these changes. the potential effects of c 
these changes. the potential effects of climate change on the populations of native tree growth 
hange on the populations of native tree growth rhythm, the genetic diversity and condition, the 
tions of native tree growth rhythm, the genetic diversity and condition, the frequency, periodi 
ndition, the frequency, periodicity and risk of the main forest tree species vulnerability due  
uency, periodicity and risk of the main forest tree species vulnerability due to the biological 
nd risk of the main forest tree species vulnerability due to the biological invasions and clima 
t tree species vulnerability due to the biological invasions and climate change will be assesse 
ity due to the biological invasions and climate change will be assessed. after the completion o 
ion of these studies, the economic-cost assessment of the native forest trees growth and change 
 economic-cost assessment of the native forest trees growth and changes of stand productivity w 
t assessment of the native forest trees growth and changes of stand productivity will be carrie 
orest trees growth and changes of stand productivity will be carried out. it will then be devel 
nd more sustainable condition stands on climate change and biological invasions conditions.  
 condition stands on climate change and biological invasions conditions.  
7112 5 e of the most remarkable aspects of new development policies is the obligation of the social ac 
icies implemented in the last decade to agriculture, and the other one from the particular angl 
he particular angle towards exchange of agriculture and biodiversity. the expected results of t 
gle towards exchange of agriculture and biodiversity. the expected results of this research is  
olicies and the institutionalization of collective action in the context of consultation mechan 
525 4 e of the most remarkable aspects in new development policies is that the actors are under oblig 
e implemented during the last decade in agriculture , both from the specific angle of a joining 
from the specific angle of a joining of agriculture and biodiversity. the expected out  
c angle of a joining of agriculture and biodiversity. the expected out  
6849 1 nteractions it will allow us generating disease-tolerant grapevine plants using either traditio 
10282 16 y animal populations change in size and distribution and why individuals behave as they do, it  
y do, it is essential to understand how evolution occurs. over the past few decades a real succ 
es a real success story in the study of ecology has been the long-term studies of mammals and b 
en the long-term studies of mammals and birds where it has been possible to follow individuals  
 address questions about how particular traits affect reproductive success and hence drive evol 
ct reproductive success and hence drive evolution. for instance, studies of darwin s finches ha 
s finches have been able to demonstrate evolution occurring because particular beak shapes are  
ld system to the handful of mammals and birds which have thus far been thoroughly studied in na 
ave thus far been thoroughly studied in nature. we will use a network of digital video cameras  
males may be more likely to be eaten by birds. these issues with crickets are shared with almos 
ickets are shared with almost all other model systems: without exception the species that are w 
f large vertebrates. the combination of monitoring and parentage assignment will allow us to ad 
ress some key questions in evolutionary ecology: 1. do males depend more on their ability to ge 
b based estimates of the inheritance of traits match estimates made in the field 8. do related  
timates made in the field 8. do related insects ever meet and if they do, do they mate with one 
ogy which is that we can do behavioural ecology in the lab.  
9932 11  pilot project to test the phylogenetic distribution of secondary metabolite gene clusters in m 
f secondary metabolite gene clusters in marine environments. functional gene chips to test the  
ents. functional gene chips to test the distribution of a subset of natural product genes, incl 
nal genes, detected in environmental or community surveys, to their host organism, except by in 
 clusters in which the both the rate of evolution and the potential for lateral gene transfer m 
that no inference can be made about the phylogeny of the organism from secondary metabolite seq 
deep-sea streptomycete isolates and two marine environmental metagenome libraries. this pilot p 
 for environmental sampling to test the distribution of secondary metabolite genes across phylo 
tration of extensive untapped microbial biodiversity and new search and discovery strategies ar 
esis genes, are distributed across that biodiversity and the environmental heterogeneity of the 
that biodiversity and the environmental heterogeneity of the biosphere. at a fundamental level  
11746 9            we have isolated a number of marine actinomycete strains that show significnt potent 
el means of controlling biofouling. the growth of animals and plants on ships and marine struct 
owth of animals and plants on ships and marine structures is a mutli-million dollar problem. cu 
so have detrimental effect on the wider marine ecosystems. there is a strong need foor novel wa 
 detrimental effect on the wider marine ecosystems. there is a strong need foor novel ways to c 
biofouling. we have isolate a number of marine bacteria that have the interesting property of a 
ing. we have isolate a number of marine bacteria that have the interesting property of attracti 
 new approaches to solve the problem of marine biofouling stable, we will actively engage indus 
 new approaches to solve the problem of marine biofouling.  
10934 4 dy investigates if the phenomenon of ag resistance extends to other metals, cu pb, in fish from 
ance extends to other metals, cu pb, in fish from different metallogenic regions and if ag tole 
able information on the adaptability of fish to metal rich environments, with emphasis on ag, a 
the uk despite being extremely toxic to freshwater organisms.  
14178 15 als can not move away from unfavourable growth conditions. consequently plants have developed s 
tly plants have developed sophisticated adaptation and defence mechanisms to cope with external 
such as extreme temperatures or lack of water. conventional methods for finding and characteriz 
erstand plant responses to the external environment. a complementary approach is to use natural 
ame species to find genes important for adaptation and survival. plant science as such is curre 
olutionary phase, mostly because of the adaptation of new technological developments in molecul 
proach based on quantitative trait loci mapping to better understand plant adaptation to enviro 
loci mapping to better understand plant adaptation to environmental stress conditions. the natu 
stand plant adaptation to environmental stress conditions. the natural genetic diversity in ara 
onmental stress conditions. the natural genetic diversity in arabidopsis thaliana ecotypes will 
aracterize genes and gene networks that function in determining ozone responses, important anti 
e responses, important antioxidants and adaptation to extreme climate conditions. due to consum 
 antioxidants and adaptation to extreme climate conditions. due to consumer resistance to genet 
eme climate conditions. due to consumer resistance to genetically modified organisms this resea 
ility to breed for improved agronomical traits.  
12671 4 he contractor will develop the national biodiversity network in support of defras strategic obj 
access to existing information, deliver biodiversity information to a wider range of stakeholde 
versity information to a wider range of stakeholders, generate wider public engagement with bio 
ng and further develop tools to deliver biodiversity information.  
10096 1 wledge and understanding in the area of remote sensing data calibration and validation . import 
10964 2 l data for the late mousterian sites in europe are biasing our perception of neanderthal popula 
h local environmental proxies and wider climate data, should permit a better understanding of n 
12398 14 dy to develop the evidence base for the marine strategy framework directive impact assessment.  
the marine strategy framework directive impact assessment. part 1 of this study outline potenti 
 part 1 of this study outline potential policy baselines against which the impact of the direct 
his will involve assessing the existing policy initiatives and legislative commitments which wi 
 this directive and developing baseline scenarios based on this assessment. it will focus on th 
loping baseline scenarios based on this assessment. it will focus on the detail of how each cou 
 detail of how each could be used in an impact assessment and outline the strengths and limitat 
udy will outline potential illustrative scenarios for what range of measures might be required  
eve good environmental status under the marine strategy framework directive. in particular the  
delivered through other legislation and policy commitments such as the marine bill, the water f 
tion and policy commitments such as the marine bill, the water framework directive, the bathing 
ommitments such as the marine bill, the water framework directive, the bathing water directive, 
 water framework directive, the bathing water directive, the habitats directive, the birds dire 
 directive, the habitats directive, the birds directive and the nitrates directive. each scenar 
10656 15                                     the ecosystem services framework offers considerable potent 
 that simultaneously provide ecological stability and livelihood security, especially in the mo 
romises to integrate concerns about the resilience of ecosystems with their broader development 
egrate concerns about the resilience of ecosystems with their broader developmental implication 
increasing evidence that the reality of ecosystem management involves making difficult choices  
cult choices between different types of ecosystem services . it will use a process of expert-le 
s . it will use a process of expert-led modelling of ecological and socio-economic dynamics alo 
lay or everyday perspectives from local stakeholders. it will use structured software for syste 
structured software for systems dynamic modelling to develop expert and participatory models of 
tem, and will use these to engage local stakeholders in a structured dialogue about tradeoffs a 
eholders in a structured dialogue about tradeoffs and choices, through a series of site-based w 
ased workshops. the findings from these modelling exercises, and from the stakeholder workshops 
how political constraints influence the nature of the process. these observations will be used  
esource use, which will ultimately help policy makers develop better strategies for pro-poor ec 
 develop better strategies for pro-poor ecosystem management.  
11839 4 tudy is to use the long-tailed tit as a model system to test predictions of the information mod 
 to test predictions of the information model. the caring effort of one parent will be increase 
ll be monitored. the predictions of the model will be tested by conducting this experiment in s 
lutionary biology, animal behaviour and ecology.  
9940 2 biostratigraphic and palaeoceanographic indicators, and direct comparisons will be made with ne 
rve as a baseline for understanding the diversity and origin of polar dwaf, and provide essenti 
14607 1 s of the world as such as central asia, australia or antarctic regions.  
186 6                        pattern of avian growth are highly variable within species and populatio 
iety of environmental factors. although growth rate has important consequences on offspring fit 
physiological mechanisms underlying the growth processes. in this project, we use a novel appro 
y examining the impact of environmental stress on nestling growth patterns through changes in p 
act of environmental stress on nestling growth patterns through changes in parent-offspring com 
objectives of this study are to examine growth of vital body structures even in stressful condi 
15369 6 ism selection pressures have driven the evolution of some nest-building behaviours and antipara 
 behaviours and antiparasitic defensive traits of birds that breed in risky hole-nest environme 
s and antiparasitic defensive traits of birds that breed in risky hole-nest environments. impor 
ogenic infection of offspring and adult birds in the nest. we hypothesise that mutualistic asso 
esise that mutualistic association with bacteria as defence mechanisms against pathogenic infec 
ll pay special attention to mutualistic bacteria living in the uropygial gland of hoopoes, as w 
13948 4 shoots of birch, secondary metabolites, nutrients and feeding behavior of mountain hare and fie 
dary metabolites, nutrients and feeding behavior of mountain hare and field vole. the complex c 
 with experiments, computational neural modeling and spatial network modeling in a cooperation  
nal neural modeling and spatial network modeling in a cooperation with hans liljenström at dep. 
10648 12                                  living birds evolved from a flightless ancestor. the changes t 
ize between species and, because of its function in balance, this size variation may relate to  
 the variation might also relate to the habitat in which a species lives, because flying in enc 
flying in enclosed environments such as forests requires different flying skills to flying over 
ide the skull of both living and fossil birds, revealing how the brain of modern birds has evol 
irds, revealing how the brain of modern birds has evolved. using ct analysis, the size of the f 
ned in dinosaurs and living and extinct birds, because its shape - and that of the brain as a w 
gists to infer flying ability for early birds such as archaeopteryx from this structure. howeve 
rd rather than to its flying ability or habitat preference. this project intends to test these  
used to predict flying behaviour and/or habitat, or whether the size of the bird is the control 
 a tool to test current ideas about the evolution of avian flight, and the transition from dino 
t, and the transition from dinosaurs to birds.  
13925 5  a pest of stored fruits as well as the model of insect olfaction. despite recent breakthroughs 
onses to ‘banana as input, the computer model will compute synthetic blends that generate patte 
anana in the fly brain. to increase the model’s power, i will physiologically characterize orns 
 exclusion of selected orns on the flys behavior. this entirely novel approach bypasses the ted 
l for attractant research on other pest insects, such as mosquitoes or moths. in addition, the  
10929 18                   the sense of smell of fish is exquisitely sensitive and precise with the abil 
them find their way back to their natal streams since fish with this sense impaired bilaterally 
r way back to their natal streams since fish with this sense impaired bilaterally are unable to 
known what particular smells the homing fish are attracted to, nor how their nervous systems de 
. it may be chemicals released into the water by closely related fish , particular chemicals or 
eased into the water by closely related fish , particular chemicals or groups of chemicals comm 
onmental factors such as day length and water temperature and the increased levels of thyroid h 
al factors such as day length and water temperature and the increased levels of thyroid hormone 
to prepare themselves for their seaward migration. their olfactory systems become temporarily h 
the general chemistry of their own home streams by electronically tagging many premigratory smo 
 releasing them into either their natal stream or an adjacent tributary of the same river syste 
ributary of the same river system, then monitoring their return as adults, including making phy 
 physiological recordings from selected fish. we will also establish populations of hatchery re 
stablish populations of hatchery reared fish imprinted to either chemically or fish conditioned 
 fish imprinted to either chemically or fish conditioned water and assess their preferences for 
o either chemically or fish conditioned water and assess their preferences for these odours usi 
odours using a laboratory y-maze. these fish will then be used for physiological recording expe 
esponses in imprinted and non-imprinted fish.  
13528 9 ming increasingly clear that successful management of natural populations requires not only pre 
e and adaptive potential. however, most conservation geneticists only use molecular marker trai 
n geneticists only use molecular marker traits, yet these may not reflect the adaptive potentia 
 do better reflect variation in fitness traits, but the distribution of quantitative genetic va 
ct variation in fitness traits, but the distribution of quantitative genetic variation in natur 
stions in this context. first, how does landscape structure affect the distribution of quantita 
how does landscape structure affect the distribution of quantitative and molecular genetic vari 
quantitative genetic response of larval life history of the moor frog to environmental acidific 
 potential in amphibian populations. as environmental change increases rapidly as a result of a 
11085 19                                although biological diversity is now of wide concern to society, 
tle about the general principles of how diversity is generated and maintained. are there genera 
there general rules which determine the distribution of species and the richness of biodiversit 
ine the distribution of species and the richness of biodiversity in an area can we make any pre 
ribution of species and the richness of biodiversity in an area can we make any predictions fro 
ributions will change with the changing climate a new theory of biodiversity attempts to explai 
th the changing climate a new theory of biodiversity attempts to explain the distribution of di 
of biodiversity attempts to explain the distribution of diversity in an amazingly simple way, a 
attempts to explain the distribution of diversity in an amazingly simple way, and for the first 
evel of populations, species and entire ecosystems. the main idea of this theory is that specie 
s. the main idea of this theory is that species diversity is due to neutral processes rather th 
l issue in this theory is the degree of migration of individuals between habitats. aquatic beet 
ions because they occur in well defined freshwater habitats with discrete distances between the 
n them. due to the differences in their habitat structure and persistence, some groups will rel 
, some groups will rely more heavily on dispersal than others. we will compare these groups car 
tudying entire communities, to test for species interactions over neutral models. because we ar 
ll also provide new knowledge about how biodiversity is distributed at the level of genes, rath 
 will demonstrate a new way of studying biological diversity and testing the forces that shape  
y and testing the forces that shape the species richness of the living world.  
11457 7 veys are converted to species numerical density using target strength . uncertainty in ts is a  
merical density using target strength . uncertainty in ts is a major contributor to uncertainty 
rtainty in ts is a major contributor to uncertainty in abundance estimation. measurement of tts 
s a major contributor to uncertainty in abundance estimation. measurement of tts is a newly eme 
y to identify species acoustically, aid ecosystem studies and assessment and management of comm 
acoustically, aid ecosystem studies and assessment and management of commercially and ecologica 
id ecosystem studies and assessment and management of commercially and ecologically important s 
14452 8              nowadays the environmental risk assessment in model insects and small mammalians w 
ys the environmental risk assessment in model insects and small mammalians will be proposed. th 
 environmental risk assessment in model insects and small mammalians will be proposed. they pro 
ssors and can be used as early –warning indicators of environmental effect of contaminants. new 
odern molecular cytogenetical approach: fish, differential staining of chromosomes, comet assay 
ons. the project will create an optimal environment for young scientists as well as the project 
national joint projects in the field of ecology, environment protection, and the application of 
joint projects in the field of ecology, environment protection, and the application of new mode 
10367 7 hnids are the most diverse and abundant predators on land today. a complete picture of mesozoic 
omplete picture of mesozoic terrestrial ecosystem function could not be assembled until now bec 
led until now because data on the major predators - the spiders - are missing. the objectives o 
cause data on the major predators - the spiders - are missing. the objectives of this study are 
ormation from newly discovered mesozoic spiders using innovative techniques in reflected-light  
data to understand mesozoic terrestrial ecosystems and how they survived global extinction even 
ecosystems and how they survived global extinction events.  
10287 11 ditionally, the importance of inorganic nitrogen for plant nutrition in terrestrial ecosystems  
ogen for plant nutrition in terrestrial ecosystems has taken centre stage. recent studies, howe 
t plants can also use dissolved organic nitrogen is high, due to low of rates of microbial turn 
xisiting plant species to partition the soil n pool based on chemical forms of n, is greatest i 
chemical forms of n, is greatest in low productivity ecosystems where don dominates the soil n  
s of n, is greatest in low productivity ecosystems where don dominates the soil n pool. we will 
vity ecosystems where don dominates the soil n pool. we will take a holistic, field based appro 
haracterised and ubiquitous gradient of grassland productivity, coupled with non-destructive st 
ed and ubiquitous gradient of grassland productivity, coupled with non-destructive stable and r 
 and fate of components of don in these ecosystems. we believe that our data will provide new i 
ce partitioning, which is the basis for plant diversity.  
10298 11 ditionally, the importance of inorganic nitrogen for plant nutrition in terrestrial ecosystems  
ogen for plant nutrition in terrestrial ecosystems has taken centre stage. recent studies, howe 
t plants can also use dissolved organic nitrogen is high, due to low of rates of microbial turn 
xisiting plant species to partition the soil n pool based on chemical forms of n, is greatest i 
chemical forms of n, is greatest in low productivity ecosystems where don dominates the soil n  
s of n, is greatest in low productivity ecosystems where don dominates the soil n pool. we will 
vity ecosystems where don dominates the soil n pool. we will take a holistic, field based appro 
haracterised and ubiquitous gradient of grassland productivity, coupled with non-destructive st 
ed and ubiquitous gradient of grassland productivity, coupled with non-destructive stable and r 
 and fate of components of don in these ecosystems. we believe that our data will provide new i 
ce partitioning, which is the basis for plant diversity.  
12242 26 t greenhouse gas emissions, and diffuse pollution of waterways have strengthened the need for f 
nmentally and economically sustainable. grassland represents more than 70% of the uks agricultu 
0% of the uks agricultural land and the development of systems of land use and livestock produc 
 land and the development of systems of land use and livestock production with reduced environm 
 development of systems of land use and livestock production with reduced environmental footpri 
nt of systems of land use and livestock production with reduced environmental footprints is ess 
f this need is to be met. new roles for grasslands have also been identified including the prot 
ed including the protection of land and water quality and their potential for carbon sequestrat 
d water quality and their potential for carbon sequestration. their genetic diversity also prov 
tential for carbon sequestration. their genetic diversity also provides a source of genes for a 
ity also provides a source of genes for adaptation to climate change. forage grasses, especiall 
des a source of genes for adaptation to climate change. forage grasses, especially perennial ry 
ses, especially perennial ryegrass, and legumes adaptation to climate change through enhanced w 
ecially perennial ryegrass, and legumes adaptation to climate change through enhanced water use 
ial ryegrass, and legumes adaptation to climate change through enhanced water use efficiency. t 
tion to climate change through enhanced water use efficiency. this involves selection for morph 
imate change through enhanced water use efficiency. this involves selection for morphological a 
ion for morphological and physiological traits that affect soil hydrology. genotypes will also  
al and physiological traits that affect soil hydrology. genotypes will also be selected for inc 
d physiological traits that affect soil hydrology. genotypes will also be selected for increase 
pes will also be selected for increased water use efficiency under times of drought. the exploi 
lso be selected for increased water use efficiency under times of drought. the exploitation of  
sed water use efficiency under times of drought. the exploitation of our developing understandi 
standing of genes for key environmental sustainability traits and the means for their assembly  
es for key environmental sustainability traits and the means for their assembly in elite germpl 
ge interaction with end users and other stakeholders through a range of mechanisms.  
11560 14                         in the northern north sea, the water column stratifies in summer as the 
         in the northern north sea, the water column stratifies in summer as the surface layer  
mportant in sustaining overall plankton growth in the north sea, particularly in summer and thi 
staining overall plankton growth in the north sea, particularly in summer and this plankton pro 
articularly in summer and this plankton production may also be important in sustaining fish gro 
ion may also be important in sustaining fish growth. this proposal seeks support to study these 
ay also be important in sustaining fish growth. this proposal seeks support to study these laye 
o assess their significance for overall productivity. climate change is likely to increase stra 
 significance for overall productivity. climate change is likely to increase stratification in  
ikely to increase stratification in the north sea and we will also assess the impacts of such c 
e north sea and we will also assess the impacts of such changes on phytoplankton productivity a 
o assess the impacts of such changes on phytoplankton productivity and fisheries.  
mpacts of such changes on phytoplankton productivity and fisheries.  
anges on phytoplankton productivity and fisheries.  
15468 8                                     the diversity of prokaryotic microorganisms that have remai 
tats containing the greatest culturable biodiversity are saline and hypersaline environments. o 
 and hypersaline environments. one such environment is rambla salada, a hypersaline area in the 
special protection, especially for wild birds . the culturable prokaryotic biodiversity found i 
wild birds . the culturable prokaryotic biodiversity found in this habitat has been studied pre 
 prokaryotic biodiversity found in this habitat has been studied previously by the group applyi 
ture techniques that will elucidate the diversity and structure of the hitherto unculturable pr 
unknown halophilic taxa and study their distribution. finally, given that extreme environments  
12019 5 ogical and evolutionary determinants of community structures is a major challenge in order to a 
 to analyse the consequences of ongoing global change on the functioning of biodiversity. this  
ing global change on the functioning of biodiversity. this requires a joint analysis of diversi 
is objective, we used the ficus-figwasp model. we have made almost 1000 wasp collections , allo 
ly that it is feasible, on a short time scale, using modern techniques of imaging, genetics, ch 
15325 1 me first: morphologica/genetic trait or environment-change is an observed change exclusively ge 
10560 5 is idea, and other aspects of the early evolution of the biosphere, are few and far between. th 
anogens are important components of the biomass - lacustrine, estuarine and marine microbial ma 
the biomass - lacustrine, estuarine and marine microbial mats, deep-sea sediments and hydrother 
 this research program is to develop ni stable isotopes as a marker for ancient life. we see th 
early earth through an array of organic-carbon-rich samples available to us via existing and pr 
14229 20  estimate the effect of atmospheric and soil conditions , also their dependency on trees season 
also their dependency on trees seasonal growth pattern. finally, we are looking answer to the q 
r to the question whether the nocturnal water use has a passive or adaptive nature. we have thr 
nal water use has a passive or adaptive nature. we have three main hypothesis to prove: 1. the  
 on well-watered trees in deficiency of soil mineral nutrients. 2. the hydraulic conductivity o 
red trees in deficiency of soil mineral nutrients. 2. the hydraulic conductivity of the root sy 
ermines the intensity of the night-time water use. 3. nocturnal water use and the relative impo 
 the night-time water use. 3. nocturnal water use and the relative importance of its components 
eing highest within the period of rapid growth when the need for mineral nutrients is highest.  
 rapid growth when the need for mineral nutrients is highest. this research project will improv 
e about the process of trees night-time water use relating to the factors generating it. our ex 
lic conductivity and on a regulation of water transfer between roots and foliage. furthermore,  
he mechanisms conducting the night-time water use in a plant as a whole. our presumptive result 
specify and improve models dealing with water cycling on stand and ecosystem scale depending on 
dealing with water cycling on stand and ecosystem scale depending on atmospheric and soil condi 
th water cycling on stand and ecosystem scale depending on atmospheric and soil conditions. the 
stem scale depending on atmospheric and soil conditions. the fertilizing and moistening experim 
riments give valuable information about growth and water use of fast growing economically impor 
e valuable information about growth and water use of fast growing economically important tree s 
based economy models depending on trees growth conditions.  
14498 9                evergreen species of the mediterranean forest are subjected to stress periods wi 
 evergreen species of the mediterranean forest are subjected to stress periods with high irradi 
e mediterranean forest are subjected to stress periods with high irradiance combined with droug 
iods with high irradiance combined with drought or low temperatures. the imbalance between ligh 
mperatures. the imbalance between light energy absorption and its use in photosynthesis leads t 
 light energy absorption and its use in photosynthesis leads to the formation of reactive oxyge 
esis leads to the formation of reactive oxygen species correlation of biochemical quantificatio 
ed by using the obtained data base in a forest study to compare antioxidant systems in winter a 
m-oak regeneration by resprouting after fire.  
10176 7                                    leaf respiration plays a vital role in determining global at 
lobal c exchange models assume that the temperature coefficient of r exhibited in short-term me 
 short-term measurements can be used to model future rates of r. however, there is growing evid 
 r acclimates to longer-term changes in temperature. acclimation can result in plants maintaini 
on will require an additional supply of nitrogen. this research project will establish the exte 
nt to which thermal acclimation of leaf respiration is dependent on an adequate supply of nitro 
n is dependent on an adequate supply of nitrogen. to provide a more mechanistic understanding o 
13504 5                                         nitrogen and effects of o2 and reduced n on their n2-fi 
 project provides information about the diversity and distribution of heterotrophic n2-fixing b 
des information about the diversity and distribution of heterotrophic n2-fixing bacteria in the 
distribution of heterotrophic n2-fixing bacteria in the baltic sea and gains insights into some 
heterotrophic n2-fixing bacteria in the baltic sea and gains insights into some of the factors  
13613 11                                         nitrogen is the primary limiting nutrient throughout th 
rimary limiting nutrient throughout the boreal forest. previous work has demonstrated that eric 
trient availability, driving changes in community composition, reducing productivity, and incre 
nges in community composition, reducing productivity, and increasing carbon storage in stable s 
, reducing productivity, and increasing carbon storage in stable soil pools. therefore, underst 
and increasing carbon storage in stable soil pools. therefore, understanding specific mechanism 
 of great interest in both the field of ecology, and in the forest industry. we plan to use a v 
n both the field of ecology, and in the forest industry. we plan to use a variety of isotope la 
pe labeling experiments and 15n natural abundance measurements to determine: 1 whether litter i 
: 1 whether litter inputs from the most nitrogen-use-efficient ericaceous shrub whether this li 
roved knowledge for n cycling in boreal forests.  
15113 1 ered the global biogeochemical cycle of nitrogen and the environmental consultancy urs-españa s 
15114 1 ered the global biogeochemical cycle of nitrogen and the environmental consultancy urs-españa s 
10051 16                             the element nitrogen is not fixed and appears to be flexible . for  
ars to be flexible . for example, where water column n2o concentration is high, we measured a l 
h, we measured a low ratio of n2 to n2o production from no2- and vice versa where water column  
oduction from no2- and vice versa where water column n2o concentration was low. although this f 
helps redefine our understanding of n2o production in oxygen minimum zones / why this ratio sho 
 our understanding of n2o production in oxygen minimum zones / why this ratio should change is  
this project we aim to characterise the water column at selected sites in the central arabian s 
 terms of, for example, n2o, o2 and the bacteria driving the n-cycle. we will experimentally ma 
aters to test if the ratio of n2 to n2o production is fixed or flexible , screen for n2 product 
on is fixed or flexible , screen for n2 production coupled to organic matter and analyse the ac 
e , screen for n2 production coupled to organic matter and analyse the active bacteria involved 
o organic matter and analyse the active bacteria involved in the metabolism of these gases by u 
yse the active bacteria involved in the metabolism of these gases by using molecular or genetic 
 understanding of the key processes and bacteria involved in these complex metabolisms in such  
 arabian sea should help the scientific community build better predictive climate models.  
tific community build better predictive climate models.  
11581 16                             the element nitrogen is not fixed and appears to be flexible . for  
ars to be flexible . for example, where water column n2o concentration is high, we measured a l 
h, we measured a low ratio of n2 to n2o production from no2- and vice versa where water column  
oduction from no2- and vice versa where water column n2o concentration was low. although this f 
helps redefine our understanding of n2o production in oxygen minimum zones / why this ratio sho 
 our understanding of n2o production in oxygen minimum zones / why this ratio should change is  
this project we aim to characterise the water column at selected sites in the central arabian s 
 terms of, for example, n2o, o2 and the bacteria driving the n-cycle. we will experimentally ma 
aters to test if the ratio of n2 to n2o production is fixed or flexible , screen for n2 product 
on is fixed or flexible , screen for n2 production coupled to organic matter and analyse the ac 
e , screen for n2 production coupled to organic matter and analyse the active bacteria involved 
o organic matter and analyse the active bacteria involved in the metabolism of these gases by u 
yse the active bacteria involved in the metabolism of these gases by using molecular or genetic 
 understanding of the key processes and bacteria involved in these complex metabolisms in such  
 arabian sea should help the scientific community build better predictive climate models.  
tific community build better predictive climate models.  
13936 18                during the 20th century, eutrophication of the baltic sea has increased signific 
the 20th century, eutrophication of the baltic sea has increased significantly causing ecologic 
and economical problems. cyanobacterial growth are estimated to constitute about one fifth of t 
ute about one fifth of the total annual primary production in the baltic sea, and their annual  
 total annual primary production in the baltic sea, and their annual n input is the third large 
r techniques to analyze the genetics of nitrogen fixation, heterocysts development, toxin produ 
etics of nitrogen fixation, heterocysts development, toxin production and the regulation of the 
ixation, heterocysts development, toxin production and the regulation of these processes by com 
gulation of these processes by combined nitrogen in nodularia spumigena. nodularia is one of th 
igena. nodularia is one of the dominant cyanobacteria in the summer blooms with major contribut 
r blooms with major contribution to the primary production of carbon and nitrogen in the baltic 
ntribution to the primary production of carbon and nitrogen in the baltic sea. the results of t 
to the primary production of carbon and nitrogen in the baltic sea. the results of this study w 
roduction of carbon and nitrogen in the baltic sea. the results of this study will significantl 
fine our understanding of the effect of eutrophication on the nitrogen-fixation activity and he 
 of the effect of eutrophication on the nitrogen-fixation activity and hence the primary produc 
fixation activity and hence the primary productivity of n by nodularia, and will be of valuable 
re to find effective ways to manage the baltic sea blooms.  
2535 7 pling are bound to change the future of wildlife monitoring. it is at this forefront of conserv 
 bound to change the future of wildlife monitoring. it is at this forefront of conservation res 
 monitoring. it is at this forefront of conservation research where the proposed project is to  
l collaboration with leading experts in wildlife monitoring, molecular analysis, and statistica 
ration with leading experts in wildlife monitoring, molecular analysis, and statistical modelin 
ng, molecular analysis, and statistical modeling. based on geographic and methodological distin 
ate and complement non-invasive genetic monitoring.  
2071 10  raised. these plantations have several impacts on local biodiversity and landscape, especially 
antations have several impacts on local biodiversity and landscape, especially if they begin di 
veral impacts on local biodiversity and landscape, especially if they begin dispersing from the 
ecies, and about their effects on local biodiversity. this will be done by undertaking a germin 
ing a germination experiment in various vegetation types typical for the oceanic parts of norwa 
c parts of norway. different degrees of disturbance will be included in the experiment. the pro 
riment. the project will also perform a landscape analysis for two different areas, for evaluat 
wo different areas, for evaluating what vegetation types that have mainly been used for plantat 
persed considerably, and may serve as a model for what genetic changes that follow an introduct 
anges that follow an introduction of an alien species. the project is a collaboration between n 
12692 1          to assess changes in the rate, scale and impact of non-native species introductions to 
2108 20  of nessas is to quantify the impact of climate variability on the structure and function of th 
limate variability on the structure and function of the barents sea marine ecosystem in order t 
ructure and function of the barents sea marine ecosystem in order to predict the ecosystem resp 
 and function of the barents sea marine ecosystem in order to predict the ecosystem response to 
arine ecosystem in order to predict the ecosystem response to possible future climate change an 
e ecosystem response to possible future climate change and its possible economic impact. the pr 
the gaps in our knowledge regarding the climate forcing of the physical oceanography of the bar 
eanography of the barents sea and their impacts on the ecosystem. this will include a combinati 
he barents sea and their impacts on the ecosystem. this will include a combination of retrospec 
mbination of retrospective analyses and modelling. the information on processes and mechanisms  
ion on processes and mechanisms linking climate and ecosystem responses will be used to extend  
sses and mechanisms linking climate and ecosystem responses will be used to extend and improve  
e making quatitative predictions on the ecosystem response to future climate scenarios. this wi 
ons on the ecosystem response to future climate scenarios. this will include changes to the fis 
he ecosystem response to future climate scenarios. this will include changes to the fish and in 
arios. this will include changes to the fish and invertebrate stocks. many of the models that w 
c impact of the expected changes in the fish stocks under various chlimate change scenarios on  
sh stocks under various chlimate change scenarios on the value of the fisheries , fleet structu 
te change scenarios on the value of the fisheries , fleet structure and plant processing capabi 
tional globec regional program entitled ecosystem studies of sub-arctic seas .  
2156 4 fically sound and objective approach to evaluation of the endangered species status for the new 
objective approach to evaluation of the endangered species status for the new editions of the n 
standing, sustainable use and efficient management of the natural environment. the new approach 
and efficient management of the natural environment. the new approaches will be implemented in  
7464 2  a biotechnology sme specialised in the production of reagents, a major pharmaceutical company  
n and dissemination activities/ project management.  
11819 1 why these species failed to survive the climate changes of the last 50,000 years. potentially,  
12538 6 health service to increase the level of monitoring for statutory organisms in compliance with b 
ng the quality of response, through the development and adoption of appropriate novel diagnosti 
ateral flow devices by inspectors. with development of new assay formats and improved extractio 
g pests of current statutory concern as model systems: further development of molecular field-t 
utory concern as model systems: further development of molecular field-testing and development  
elopment of molecular field-testing and development of novel methods for laboratory use. the re 
6924 7  the increase of profitability of wheat production as well as the reduction of environmental ri 
vironmental risks imposed by the use of pesticides can be achieved by developing cultivars resi 
ary goal of this proposal is to improve resistance of the breeding material of martonvásár agai 
to use rna silencing to develop durable resistance agaist powdery mildew by inactivating the ml 
and glass house testing methods for the evaluation of wdv resistance to help virus resistance b 
sting methods for the evaluation of wdv resistance to help virus resistance breeding programs.  
luation of wdv resistance to help virus resistance breeding programs.  
12313 9 he eu the first major advance in rodent pest control since the registration of the second gener 
animal welfare. the new chemistries and pest control products that emerge will be shaped by eur 
ompound has already been registered for predator control in new zealand. if successful there wi 
been registered for predator control in new zealand. if successful there will be direct benefit 
the food industry and for grey squirrel management. the new class of compounds have the potenti 
l benefit of minimising or removing the risk of food-web residue contamination and minimising t 
esidue contamination and minimising the risk of secondary poisoning of non-target species. the  
w compounds will enable the safer broad-scale management of rats and other rodents.  
ounds will enable the safer broad-scale management of rats and other rodents.  
15190 1 ect study of the nuclear dna content in algae, with special reference to phaeophyceae cgl2005-0 
14640 5 h tool in the fields of systematics and phylogeny. this project has two basic objectives. first 
d to measure the nuclear dna content in algae using fluorimetric techniques, with the aim of tr 
for this kind of cytogenetic studies in spain, bearing in mind that only the research group in  
h no information has been published for mediterranean species. twenty species will be analysed, 
nd sargassum . this measurement and the assessment of the levels of ploidy will be performed at 
7562 3 r transfer from frozen somatic cells in fish. the term aim is to enable the restoration of indi 
 in fish. the term aim is to enable the restoration of individuals genetically and phenotypical 
yonic cell nuclei gives good results in fish, including interspecific, but the field is still b 
7607 2 gies on a larger area of following offe"ecological engineering"calls in 2007 and 2008 will be c 
up of an operation original transfer of soil per inoculation, developed in 2008  
173 1 al peer-reviewed journals and books for distribution of results.  
10291 33 ur ability to quantify the influence of phosphorus limitation and temperature on plant tissue r 
 influence of phosphorus limitation and temperature on plant tissue respiration. the carbon bal 
itation and temperature on plant tissue respiration. the carbon balance of an organism and of a 
rature on plant tissue respiration. the carbon balance of an organism and of an ecosystem is st 
carbon balance of an organism and of an ecosystem is strongly dependent on the balance between  
rongly dependent on the balance between photosynthesis and respiration. globally, respiration o 
 the balance between photosynthesis and respiration. globally, respiration on land is at presen 
otosynthesis and respiration. globally, respiration on land is at present very slightly smaller 
s at present very slightly smaller than photosynthesis, meaning that terrestrial ecosystems are 
hotosynthesis, meaning that terrestrial ecosystems are thought to be a sink for atmospheric car 
re thought to be a sink for atmospheric carbon dioxide, slowing the continual rise in carbon di 
 dioxide, slowing the continual rise in carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere. about 8 
tration in the atmosphere. about 80% of respiration from land is thought to come from trees, so 
 so understanding what determines plant respiration is central to understanding how the terrest 
are available to help us quantify plant respiration over large regions of the world. for exampl 
lthough we know that the most important nutrients for plant growth - nitrogen and phosphorus -  
 the most important nutrients for plant growth - nitrogen and phosphorus - limit plant metaboli 
 important nutrients for plant growth - nitrogen and phosphorus - limit plant metabolism, we ha 
trients for plant growth - nitrogen and phosphorus - limit plant metabolism, we have almost no  
- nitrogen and phosphorus - limit plant metabolism, we have almost no information on how phosph 
m, we have almost no information on how phosphorus deficiency limits plant respiration, and hen 
 how phosphorus deficiency limits plant respiration, and hence the carbon balance. we also know 
limits plant respiration, and hence the carbon balance. we also know only a little about how pl 
also know only a little about how plant respiration responds to temperature: currently our glob 
about how plant respiration responds to temperature: currently our global models of terrestrial 
rently our global models of terrestrial ecosystems make large assumptions about this that may b 
ider that: to quantify the influence of phosphorus deficiency on the temperature dependence of  
fluence of phosphorus deficiency on the temperature dependence of plant respiration. we will be 
 on the temperature dependence of plant respiration. we will be able to link our results to exi 
n the relationship between plant tissue metabolism and nitrogen concentration, and to incorpora 
hip between plant tissue metabolism and nitrogen concentration, and to incorporate the results  
e results into site-specific and global modelling frameworks. the project is highly cost effici 
cant gap in our understanding of global ecology and the functioning of the earth system.  
11285 24 ur ability to quantify the influence of phosphorus limitation and temperature on plant tissue r 
 influence of phosphorus limitation and temperature on plant tissue respiration. the carbon bal 
itation and temperature on plant tissue respiration. the carbon balance of an organism and of a 
rature on plant tissue respiration. the carbon balance of an organism and of an ecosystem is st 
carbon balance of an organism and of an ecosystem is strongly dependent on the balance between  
rongly dependent on the balance between photosynthesis and respiration. globally, respiration o 
 the balance between photosynthesis and respiration. globally, respiration on land is at presen 
otosynthesis and respiration. globally, respiration on land is at present very slightly smaller 
s at present very slightly smaller than photosynthesis, meaning that terrestrial ecosystems are 
hotosynthesis, meaning that terrestrial ecosystems are thought to be a sink for atmospheric car 
re thought to be a sink for atmospheric carbon dioxide, slowing the continual rise in carbon di 
 dioxide, slowing the continual rise in carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere. a large 
mosphere. a large fraction of the total respiration from land is thought to come from trees, so 
 so understanding what determines plant respiration is central to understanding how the terrest 
are available to help us quantify plant respiration over large regions of the world. for exampl 
lthough we know that the most important nutrients for plant growth to quantify the influence of 
 the most important nutrients for plant growth to quantify the influence of phosphorus deficien 
ant growth to quantify the influence of phosphorus deficiency on the temperature dependence of  
fluence of phosphorus deficiency on the temperature dependence of plant respiration. we will be 
 on the temperature dependence of plant respiration. we will be able to link our results to exi 
n the relationship between plant tissue metabolism and nitrogen concentration, and to incorpora 
hip between plant tissue metabolism and nitrogen concentration, and to incorporate the results  
e results into site-specific and global modelling frameworks. the project is highly cost effici 
cant gap in our understanding of global ecology and the functioning of the earth system.  
12512 8        this proposal will assist in the development and implementation of policy relating to th 
n the development and implementation of policy relating to the water framework directive, the m 
mplementation of policy relating to the water framework directive, the most substantial piece o 
ctive, the most substantial piece of eu water legislation to date. the primary purpose of the w 
n uk dairy systems, while not affecting productivity, will significantly improve farm-gate nutr 
ficantly improve farm-gate nutrient use efficiency and pathogen control. this will provide stra 
 strategies for sustainable, low input, grassland-based, conventional and organic dairy farmers 
 to contribute to implementation of the water framework directive.  
14876 4         walkers & syers to evaluate the biomass, necromass, primary production and decompositio 
ers to evaluate the biomass, necromass, primary production and decomposition to assess the prod 
mass, necromass, primary production and decomposition to assess the productivity of each stand. 
duction and decomposition to assess the productivity of each stand.  
14658 1 f adaptative processes related to their environment. considering all these aspects, the aim of  
10667 3 s, to discover the magnitude of surface ph variations at seasonal-up-to-decadal time scales. we 
 all the quality data relevant to ocean carbon uptake and ph. estimation of change will be set  
ata relevant to ocean carbon uptake and ph. estimation of change will be set against the backgr 
10916 3 s, to discover the magnitude of surface ph variations at seasonal-up-to-decadal time scales. we 
 all the quality data relevant to ocean carbon uptake, and from which ph trends can be derived. 
 to ocean carbon uptake, and from which ph trends can be derived. estimation of decadal trends  
11174 3 s, to discover the magnitude of surface ph variations at seasonal-up-to-decadal time scales. we 
 all the quality data relevant to ocean carbon uptake, and from which ph trends can be derived. 
 to ocean carbon uptake, and from which ph trends can be derived. estimation of decadal trends  
11403 3 s, to discover the magnitude of surface ph variations at seasonal-up-to-decadal time scales. we 
 all the quality data relevant to ocean carbon uptake, and from which ph trends can be derived. 
 to ocean carbon uptake, and from which ph trends can be derived. estimation of decadal trends  
146 7              to preserve the quality of environment for the life of the coming generations, it  
n all the branches of economy including agriculture..in plant cultivation it means that the use 
 that the use of mineral fertlizers and pesticides should be significantly limited or even enti 
hnology and field margins are promoting parasitoids and predators presence in agrocenosis.resul 
d margins are promoting parasitoids and predators presence in agrocenosis.results enable us to  
o give recommendations for cropping and landscape designing so that the role of carabids and hy 
 the role of carabids and hymenopterous parasitoids is increasing in plant protection.  
12402 16               summary objective: the uk ocean acidification programme is a programme of researc 
 chemistry changes and their effects on marine biogeochemistry, ecosystems and other components 
try changes and their effects on marine biogeochemistry, ecosystems and other components of the 
heir effects on marine biogeochemistry, ecosystems and other components of the earth system, an 
tem, and to understand the responses to ocean acidification and other climate change related st 
ponses to ocean acidification and other climate change related stressors by marine organisms, b 
her climate change related stressors by marine organisms, biodiversity and ecosystems including 
 related stressors by marine organisms, biodiversity and ecosystems including an improved under 
s by marine organisms, biodiversity and ecosystems including an improved understanding of their 
ding an improved understanding of their resistance or susceptibility to acidification. key cust 
to provide data and effective advice to policy makers and managers of marine bioresources on th 
advice to policy makers and managers of marine bioresources on the possible size and timescale  
ible size and timescale of the risks of ocean acidification to allow for development of appropr 
sks of ocean acidification to allow for development of appropriate mitigation and adaptation st 
to allow for development of appropriate mitigation and adaptation strategies.  
velopment of appropriate mitigation and adaptation strategies.  
13776 24                        rising levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere are making the oceans  
ars, fossil fuel burning has caused the ph of the oceans to fall by 0.1 units - a seemingly sma 
0 it is reliably estimated that oceanic ph will be ~ 0.4 units lower than at present . the impa 
~ 0.4 units lower than at present . the impacts of this change have barely begun to be understo 
the effects of these changes on coastal marine ecosystems, and the data that do exist suggest t 
ects of these changes on coastal marine ecosystems, and the data that do exist suggest that del 
icate early life-history stages such as fertilization and larval development may be particularl 
stages such as fertilization and larval development may be particularly susceptible. this proje 
sceptible. this project will assess the impacts of an up to 0.4 ph unit decrease in ocean ph on 
will assess the impacts of an up to 0.4 ph unit decrease in ocean ph on the fertilization succe 
 an up to 0.4 ph unit decrease in ocean ph on the fertilization success and larval development  
0.4 ph unit decrease in ocean ph on the fertilization success and larval development of key eco 
on the fertilization success and larval development of key ecosystem-structuring species of mar 
n success and larval development of key ecosystem-structuring species of marine invertebrate in 
of key ecosystem-structuring species of marine invertebrate in swedish coastal waters. the resu 
tion of predictive models regarding the impacts of ocean acidification on the resilience, dynam 
dictive models regarding the impacts of ocean acidification on the resilience, dynamics and int 
e impacts of ocean acidification on the resilience, dynamics and integrity of swedish coastal e 
namics and integrity of swedish coastal ecosystems. this can, in turn, inform future strategies 
 turn, inform future strategies for the management and conservation of our marine environment,  
uture strategies for the management and conservation of our marine environment, and the ecosyst 
 the management and conservation of our marine environment, and the ecosystem services it provi 
nagement and conservation of our marine environment, and the ecosystem services it provides.  
tion of our marine environment, and the ecosystem services it provides.  
10894 7 s is releasing vast quantities of extra carbon dioxide to the earth s atmosphere. much of this  
atmosphere is a greenhouse gas, causing global warming; co2 entering the sea makes it more acid 
e changing chemistry of seawater due to ocean acidification is mostly well understood and not s 
hat the changing chemistry will have on marine organisms and ecosystems, on biogeochemical cycl 
istry will have on marine organisms and ecosystems, on biogeochemical cycling in the sea, and o 
eracts with the atmosphere to influence climate. we propose to run a carbonate chemistry facili 
 ta for other research groups in the uk ocean acidification programme who lack the appropriate  
10003 12 s is releasing vast quantities of extra carbon dioxide to the earth s atmosphere. much of this  
atmosphere is a greenhouse gas, causing global warming; co2 entering the sea makes it more acid 
e changing chemistry of seawater due to ocean acidification is mostly well understood and not s 
hat the changing chemistry will have on marine organisms and ecosystems, on biogeochemical cycl 
istry will have on marine organisms and ecosystems, on biogeochemical cycling in the sea, and o 
eracts with the atmosphere to influence climate. we will look to investigate these questions in 
s, and the life within, will respond to ocean acidification. most of what we know about biologi 
. most of what we know about biological impacts, and the source of the current concern about th 
the current concern about the impact on marine life, comes from experimental studies in which i 
f natural environmental variability and complexity that is difficult or impossible to capture i 
 experiments on the naturally-occurring community may represent more accurately the future resp 
future response of the surface ocean to ocean acidification. in order to carry out this experim 
10153 12 s is releasing vast quantities of extra carbon dioxide to the earth s atmosphere. much of this  
atmosphere is a greenhouse gas, causing global warming; co2 entering the sea makes it more acid 
e changing chemistry of seawater due to ocean acidification is mostly well understood and not s 
hat the changing chemistry will have on marine organisms and ecosystems, on biogeochemical cycl 
istry will have on marine organisms and ecosystems, on biogeochemical cycling in the sea, and o 
eracts with the atmosphere to influence climate. we will look to investigate these questions in 
s, and the life within, will respond to ocean acidification. most of what we know about biologi 
. most of what we know about biological impacts, and the source of the current concern about th 
the current concern about the impact on marine life, comes from experimental studies in which i 
f natural environmental variability and complexity that is difficult or impossible to capture i 
 experiments on the naturally-occurring community may represent more accurately the future resp 
future response of the surface ocean to ocean acidification. in order to carry out this experim 
11687 12 s is releasing vast quantities of extra carbon dioxide to the earth s atmosphere. much of this  
atmosphere is a greenhouse gas, causing global warming; co2 entering the sea makes it more acid 
e changing chemistry of seawater due to ocean acidification is mostly well understood and not s 
hat the changing chemistry will have on marine organisms and ecosystems, on biogeochemical cycl 
istry will have on marine organisms and ecosystems, on biogeochemical cycling in the sea, and o 
eracts with the atmosphere to influence climate. we will look to investigate these questions in 
s, and the life within, will respond to ocean acidification. most of what we know about biologi 
. most of what we know about biological impacts, and the source of the current concern about th 
the current concern about the impact on marine life, comes from experimental studies in which i 
f natural environmental variability and complexity that is difficult or impossible to capture i 
 experiments on the naturally-occurring community may represent more accurately the future resp 
future response of the surface ocean to ocean acidification. in order to carry out this experim 
11824 2 phere system plays a key role in global climate events such as the el nino-southern oscillation 
sing a state-of-the-art numerical ocean model in conjunction with satellite-based observations  
14987 13                                     the invasion of alloctonous species is considered as one of 
of the system as a whole. nowadays, the invasion of species and its consequences on marine syst 
sion of species and its consequences on marine systems is of particular interest within the fra 
icular interest within the framework of global warming given that the changes induced by human  
therefore, the study of the dynamics of invasive species, their interaccions with other key org 
how this can be affected by the gradual global warming are key tools towards conservation of bi 
al global warming are key tools towards conservation of biological diversity. the project propo 
g are key tools towards conservation of biological diversity. the project propose the study of  
y. the project propose the study of the invasive species oculina patagonica aspects of its auto 
tribute to determine the impact of this invasive species on natural and human altered communiti 
ties, to identify potential methods for mitigation of the impacts and to provide elements of ju 
potential methods for mitigation of the impacts and to provide elements of judgement for the ma 
, specially, of the natural heritage of protected areas.  
7397 3                                         valuation approaches where local animal populations are 
quality or origin, are accompanied by a complexity of management bodies and decision, a"synchro 
gin, are accompanied by a complexity of management bodies and decision, a"synchronous"changing  
12361 3  standing of the country. the levels of marine traffic in uk waters is therefore high and with  
 accidents and the consequent threat to marine resources investigate the relationship of toxici 
 or 3. establish new separate pass/fail assessment criteria for dispersant approval for these t 
7303 1 ican and lizard ruins, recently arrived invasive species on the island. a second part concerns  
11452 2  here, we plan to monitor the olfactory development from weaning to sexual maturity using an in 
nd thus contribute to understanding the evolution of sociality.  
6768 8  that a drastic decrease of terrestrial biodiversity caused mainly by human impact is being rec 
rrestrial biodiversity caused mainly by human impact is being recorded. one of the most suitabl 
s for the approach of understanding and modelling processes and of the development of terrestri 
ding and modelling processes and of the development of terrestrial ecosystems during earth hist 
s and of the development of terrestrial ecosystems during earth history is palaeobotany providi 
eserved fossil floras suitable for both environment and climate reconstructions are available f 
loras suitable for both environment and climate reconstructions are available from the oligocen 
nstruction of the palaeoenvironment and ecosystems of the oligocene at the inner carpathian reg 
2547 4  these snp markers on a large number of birds to reconstruct the phylogeographic history of the 
ttern of assortative pair formation and fertilization will be investigated, as well as potentia 
investigate the genetic architecture of traits of interest, that is, traits associated with rep 
tecture of traits of interest, that is, traits associated with reproductive isolation. finally, 
14635 12 rived of light such as: interstitial of streams, water in caves and the anquialine habitat. it  
light such as: interstitial of streams, water in caves and the anquialine habitat. it is still  
eams, water in caves and the anquialine habitat. it is still unknown: - which environmental var 
t the time of invading the subterranean environment - which model could offer a good historical 
ng the subterranean environment - which model could offer a good historicalo-functional explana 
kinds of objectives: a.- descriptives - taxonomy of amphipoda, isopoda, syncarida and hydracnid 
lquivir basin, including the anquialine habitat. - morphologica study beyond the needs of ident 
d, based on morphological and molecular traits. - morphological trends with habitat change. - p 
lar traits. - morphological trends with habitat change. - pattern of biodiversity and distribut 
rends with habitat change. - pattern of biodiversity and distribution at various taxonomic scal 
t change. - pattern of biodiversity and distribution at various taxonomic scales. c.- museistic 
r material of the subterranean fauna of spain.  
15421 6 een predicted that, as a consequence of global warming, the distribution area of sandflies and  
as a consequence of global warming, the distribution area of sandflies and balearic island. the 
codes cytochrome b, thus completing the distribution maps for sandflies in spain. our findings  
 the distribution maps for sandflies in spain. our findings on the altitudinal expansion of san 
consolidated through new studies on the density and abundance of these dipterans in different b 
 through new studies on the density and abundance of these dipterans in different biotopes of t 
15176 3 h pursue the analysis of the scientific nature of taxonomic hypothesis and its supporting evide 
pective aims to 1 deal in detail on the nature of observation associated with the taxonomic wor 
of taxonomic work and 4 the bias in the evaluation of taxonomic activity. from a practical poin 
2058 8  with different climatic regimes drives primary production on the northern svalbard shelf throu 
rthern svalbard shelf through different carbon sources and in different years. ultimately, the  
insight into the energetic pathways and trophic structure of this ecosystem and its stability v 
 pathways and trophic structure of this ecosystem and its stability versus sensitivity in the f 
hic structure of this ecosystem and its stability versus sensitivity in the face of predicted f 
itivity in the face of predicted future climate changes. such an ecosystem-based approach is th 
edicted future climate changes. such an ecosystem-based approach is the most effective means to 
understand the possible consequences of climate change to biotic systems.  
12451 25 ng from scientific research surveys and fisheries data dating back to the beginning of the cent 
and to use this data to investigate how climate change and fishing have impacted the distributi 
a to investigate how climate change and fishing have impacted the distribution of fishing effor 
te change and fishing have impacted the distribution of fishing effort, fish abundance and food 
shing have impacted the distribution of fishing effort, fish abundance and food-web structure.  
ted the distribution of fishing effort, fish abundance and food-web structure. specially, impli 
he distribution of fishing effort, fish abundance and food-web structure. specially, implicatio 
pecially, implications of shifts in the distribution of fish and fisheries and changes in size  
ations of shifts in the distribution of fish and fisheries and changes in size structure of the 
 shifts in the distribution of fish and fisheries and changes in size structure of the fish com 
es and changes in size structure of the fish community, and gathering more information about th 
d changes in size structure of the fish community, and gathering more information about the str 
ion about the structure of the relevant ecosystems when fishing pressure was low and under diff 
ructure of the relevant ecosystems when fishing pressure was low and under different climate pa 
ng pressure was low and under different climate patterns. key customer purpose utilise existing 
ng-term datasets to: map changes in the distribution of catches and effort of the fishing fleet 
stribution of catches and effort of the fishing fleet over the last 100 years and use this to i 
nfer factors influencing changes in the distribution and abundance of fish; use biological data 
uencing changes in the distribution and abundance of fish; use biological data from scientific  
es in the distribution and abundance of fish; use biological data from scientific surveys to pr 
de knowledge on how the size and age of fish and their relative abundance has changed and help  
size and age of fish and their relative abundance has changed and help infer factors influencin 
nfer factors influencing changes in the distribution and abundance of fish.  
uencing changes in the distribution and abundance of fish.  
es in the distribution and abundance of fish.  
15211 5 ms to study the ontogenic variations in energy compounds jointed to the metabolism of polysacch 
ions in energy compounds jointed to the metabolism of polysaccharides, lipids, proteins, and nu 
 biomarkers for detecting and assessing pollution levels in freshwater ecosystems. in order to  
cting and assessing pollution levels in freshwater ecosystems. in order to do this, we have dev 
ssessing pollution levels in freshwater ecosystems. in order to do this, we have developed a wo 
10227 6                                         evolution is expected to occur when natural selection a 
ival and reproductive success depend on body size, a trait which is known to be determined, at  
genetic and environmental influences on evolution. by analysing the way in which the trait, its 
its genetic basis of variation, and the nature of natural selection on it may all change with a 
ction on it may all change with age and environment, it is expected that this work will provide 
o the evolutionary processes that shape biodiversity in the wild.  
14370 6 improve the quality of existing optical remote sensing products for marine and inland waters ba 
ing optical remote sensing products for marine and inland waters based on new knowledge and to  
ms for diffuse attenuation coefficient, primary production, phytoplankton functional groups and 
uation coefficient, primary production, phytoplankton functional groups and partial pressure of 
ient, primary production, phytoplankton functional groups and partial pressure of co2. 2. multi 
 understanding of optical properties of phytoplankton, impact of bottom reflectance and adjacen 
10020 24 st all ecologies: namely repellent anti-predator defences. predation is a fundamental process i 
amely repellent anti-predator defences. predation is a fundamental process in the structuring o 
ing of ecological communities, allowing energy flow from primary producers to higher trophic le 
ary producers to higher trophic levels. predation, and the need of potential prey to avoid atta 
 one of the most pervasive causes of co-evolution in ecological communities. although great str 
ing the mechanistic functioning of anti-predator defences, here we take a more ecological view, 
d physiological viewpoint. further, the distribution of such defences have been considered both 
 levels of investment in repellent anti-predator defences, within which such empirically-derive 
ical attention that has focussed on the evolution and maintenance of aposematic signals that ca 
sematic signals that can warn potential predators of such chemical defences. however, existing  
efences in a simplistic manner as fixed traits that are not subject to selection. the small num 
lthough chemical defences act to reduce predation in immature life-history stages, the physiolo 
acquisition of toxins can slow juvenile growth rates. hence, the key trade-off is ecological: i 
increase exposure to attacks by slowing growth rate and so increasing time to maturity. the fac 
predictive theory of investment in anti-predator defences, and how this changes with ontogeny,  
es, and how this changes with ontogeny, life history and ecology. 2. parameterise this model us 
changes with ontogeny, life history and ecology. 2. parameterise this model using existing empi 
story and ecology. 2. parameterise this model using existing empirical relationships and purpos 
rpose designed experiments. 3. use this model to make predictions about how investment in defen 
 five issues: a the effects of external ecology on investment in defence b the relation between 
nvestment in defence d the evolutionary ecology of sequestering versus synthesising of toxins e 
ntogenic colour change this theoretical development will be supported by purposed designed expe 
 to parameterise, evaluate and validate model assumptions, and by comparative analysis aimed at 
y comparative analysis aimed at testing model predictions.  
11044 24 st all ecologies: namely repellent anti-predator defences. predation is a fundamental process i 
amely repellent anti-predator defences. predation is a fundamental process in the structuring o 
ing of ecological communities, allowing energy flow from primary producers to higher trophic le 
ary producers to higher trophic levels. predation, and the need of potential prey to avoid atta 
 one of the most pervasive causes of co-evolution in ecological communities. although great str 
ing the mechanistic functioning of anti-predator defences, here we take a more ecological view, 
d physiological viewpoint. further, the distribution of such defences have been considered both 
 levels of investment in repellent anti-predator defences, within which such empirically-derive 
ical attention that has focussed on the evolution and maintenance of aposematic signals that ca 
sematic signals that can warn potential predators of such chemical defences. however, existing  
efences in a simplistic manner as fixed traits that are not subject to selection. the small num 
lthough chemical defences act to reduce predation in immature life-history stages, the physiolo 
acquisition of toxins can slow juvenile growth rates. hence, the key trade-off is ecological: i 
increase exposure to attacks by slowing growth rate and so increasing time to maturity. the fac 
predictive theory of investment in anti-predator defences, and how this changes with ontogeny,  
es, and how this changes with ontogeny, life history and ecology. 2. parameterise this model us 
changes with ontogeny, life history and ecology. 2. parameterise this model using existing empi 
story and ecology. 2. parameterise this model using existing empirical relationships and purpos 
rpose designed experiments. 3. use this model to make predictions about how investment in defen 
 five issues: a the effects of external ecology on investment in defence b the relation between 
nvestment in defence d the evolutionary ecology of sequestering versus synthesising of toxins e 
ntogenic colour change this theoretical development will be supported by purposed designed expe 
 to parameterise, evaluate and validate model assumptions, and by comparative analysis aimed at 
y comparative analysis aimed at testing model predictions.  
11334 18                                     the water industry is increasingly under pressure to achiev 
achieve high standards of treated waste water discharges in particular in relation to nutrients 
discharges in particular in relation to nutrients, minimising carbon footprint, and at the same 
ar in relation to nutrients, minimising carbon footprint, and at the same time, minimising capi 
new and challenging framework for waste water treatment technology optimisation to achieve, not 
only compliance, process robustness and resilience but also to reduce associated carbon and eco 
esilience but also to reduce associated carbon and economic costs. therefore, the water industr 
rbon and economic costs. therefore, the water industry need new approaches to provide solutions 
 this programme examines new biological modelling approaches for a fixed film process and so de 
 of taught msc models in the centre for water science this will enable the researcher to posses 
 training relating to effective project management and will become familiar with business proce 
a better understanding of a robust, low energy technology for achieving increasingly tighter de 
he technological application within the water industry. the project will necessarily entail the 
ience among others, to deliver a biofim model and thus improved rbc operation and design that i 
but is also embedding the importance of carbon footprint in waste water treatment process optim 
importance of carbon footprint in waste water treatment process optimisation. the impact of thi 
t of this work will be to deliver a new modelling approach for biological fixed film processes  
ptimise pollutant removal at the lowest carbon cost.  
13601 24 mental objectives flows in many managed rivers and streams will likely need to be re-evaluated  
ctives flows in many managed rivers and streams will likely need to be re-evaluated to meet eco 
 likely need to be re-evaluated to meet ecosystem needs. most flow alteration in swedish rivers 
 needs. most flow alteration in swedish rivers and streams is related to hydropower production. 
t flow alteration in swedish rivers and streams is related to hydropower production. present en 
rs and streams is related to hydropower production. present environmental law dictates that mea 
ld be implemented to safeguard riverine ecosystems. however, there is no standardized model for 
tems. however, there is no standardized model for environmental water allocation, nor is there  
no standardized model for environmental water allocation, nor is there any direct scientific li 
inkage between prescribed flows and the ecosystem. flows are kept more or less constant, lackin 
 variables that work as drivers for the ecosystem and often extreme low flow levels are used. s 
al flow regimes for sustaining riverine ecosystems suggests that the static and arbitrary minim 
minimum flows used in regulated swedish rivers are inefficient in sustaining diversity and ecol 
sh rivers are inefficient in sustaining diversity and ecological processes. future relicensing  
ogical processes. future relicensing of water rights provides a possibility to improve environm 
 a possibility to improve environmental water allocation. the aim of this project is to evaluat 
s to evaluate the effectiveness of flow management in swedish rivers and streams and to develop 
ctiveness of flow management in swedish rivers and streams and to develop methods that match ec 
f flow management in swedish rivers and streams and to develop methods that match ecosystem nee 
reams and to develop methods that match ecosystem needs by developing flow-ecology response cur 
atch ecosystem needs by developing flow-ecology response curves for variables representing stru 
or variables representing structure and function of riparian ecosystems. i will do this by comp 
 representing structure and function of riparian ecosystems. i will do this by comparing reache 
ting structure and function of riparian ecosystems. i will do this by comparing reaches without 
15285 8                          in the current global change scenario, it is necessary to develop agro 
it is necessary to develop agropastoral management strategies which allow the optimization of t 
l management strategies which allow the optimization of the goods provided. in the proposed stu 
echanisms and processes involved in the diversity-function relationship, and its transmission a 
and processes involved in the diversity-function relationship, and its transmission across trop 
f primary producers. this effect on the soil biota structure and composition, will in turn affe 
t performs, such as the mineralization, decomposition and denitrification, associated to the nu 
s the mineralization, decomposition and denitrification, associated to the nutrient cycles and  
15286 8                          in the current global change scenario, it is necessary to develop agro 
it is necessary to develop agropastoral management strategies which allow the optimization of t 
l management strategies which allow the optimization of the goods provided. in the proposed stu 
echanisms and processes involved in the diversity-function relationship, and its transmission a 
and processes involved in the diversity-function relationship, and its transmission across trop 
f primary producers. this effect on the soil biota structure and composition, will in turn affe 
t performs, such as the mineralization, decomposition and denitrification, associated to the nu 
s the mineralization, decomposition and denitrification, associated to the nutrient cycles and  
7544 6              basal stem rot is a fungal disease from land causing serious damage to oil palm in 
palm in southeast asia, first area of ​​production of palm oil. its causal agent is ganoderma b 
sal agent is ganoderma boninense, whose diversity is important but still poorly understood. gen 
ant track to contain the impact of this disease. . therefore it is particularly important to de 
particularly important to develop early resistance test, with the inoculation of seedlings with 
sumatra, which is representative of the diversity of local populations. using the brg is reques 
12616 3 nerations. remediation removes negative impacts and leads to benefits for society. potential be 
e methodology needs to address economic impacts such as the impact on neighbouring house prices 
ree candidate methodologies based on an assessment of international practice, the unique charac 
188 12 e proposed research is aimed to analyse ecosystem changes of large shallow lakes based on the i 
tion of long-term dynamics of dissolved organic matter . identification of dissolved organic ma 
ic matter . identification of dissolved organic matter in sediments allows to estimate long-ter 
 lake and cachment area in formation of organic matter. investigation of dom and psp from l. pe 
ted to give new knowledge to understand eutrophication processes of shallow eutrophic lakes. st 
. studies of long- term changes of lake ecosystems via sediment analyses are timely both from t 
ng- term changes of lake ecosystems via sediment analyses are timely both from the aspect of eu 
yses are timely both from the aspect of eutrophication and climate change impact analyses. few  
h from the aspect of eutrophication and climate change impact analyses. few studies have been d 
ill add important information for using sediment investigations for estimation of long-term eco 
l changes of such lakes, as well as for modelling and predicting future scenarios.  
 as for modelling and predicting future scenarios.  
14872 19                                         soils can be source and sink of carbon, then soils cont 
        soils can be source and sink of carbon, then soils contribute to carbon cycle regulatio 
 can be source and sink of carbon, then soils contribute to carbon cycle regulation and their c 
ink of carbon, then soils contribute to carbon cycle regulation and their consequences on clima 
le regulation and their consequences on climate change. land use and soil management influence  
d their consequences on climate change. land use and soil management influence soil organic car 
quences on climate change. land use and soil management influence soil organic carbon content a 
 land use and soil management influence soil organic carbon content and its flux to the atmosph 
ural and man made, fires which occur in forest ecosystems involve soil degradation that can be  
d man made, fires which occur in forest ecosystems involve soil degradation that can be reversi 
hich occur in forest ecosystems involve soil degradation that can be reversible. the use of org 
occur in forest ecosystems involve soil degradation that can be reversible. the use of organic  
 to increase the amount of sequestrated carbon by the soil, its productivity and biodiversity.  
he amount of sequestrated carbon by the soil, its productivity and biodiversity. the present pr 
of sequestrated carbon by the soil, its productivity and biodiversity. the present project star 
arbon by the soil, its productivity and biodiversity. the present project starts from a land re 
from a land reclamation experience of a fire-declined area by vegetation cover establishment an 
n experience of a fire-declined area by vegetation cover establishment and exogenous organic ma 
ation cover establishment and exogenous organic matter addition  
14453 6 n. to further test the possibility that birds use geomagnetic information for navigation, caged 
in particular the alternatives by which birds can detect longitude by use of geomagnetic declin 
s p. t. trochilus migrating in southern sweden are expected to migrate towards south-west to wi 
s south-west to winter quarters in west africa, while the northern subspecies p. t. acredula ar 
 migrate towards south-east to east and south africa. the proportion of birds from different su 
ast and south africa. the proportion of birds from different subspecies of willow warbler passi 
15057 6                  amongst the halophilic bacteria the genus halomonas contains a very high numbe 
technological applications due to their production of enzymes, compatible solutes and exopolysa 
us halomonas. nevertheless, analyses of microbial diversity within these same habitats using mo 
irect this project towards studying the diversity and the biogeography of species of the genus  
 towards studying the diversity and the biogeography of species of the genus halomonas in diffe 
and ecological role of halomonas in the environment as a whole and also the influence of enviro 
15138 8 l bases driving the current patterns of biodiversity within these groups of parasites. taxa tha 
stly, the position of these taxa in the phylogeny of the digenea will be determined by using mo 
markers. then, the hypothesis about the marine origin of cetacean digeneans will be tested cond 
 cophylogenetic analysis, specially the colonization or host switching through the food webs. t 
onization or host switching through the food webs. this will require the elaboration of a phylo 
 this will require the elaboration of a phylogeny of these groups, based on molecular markers a 
graphical information about the current distribution of the associations. finally, the specific 
gmogaster antarcticus, with a worldwide distribution in several host species, will be determine 
7559 2    originally cultivated yams and their genetic diversity are poorly understood. the use of rel 
zation of ex situ and genetic resources conservation yams face a lack of knowledge about the ge 
10796 2 ntal changes that occurred as the early vegetation evolved and spread, hopefully shedding light 
 light on issues concerned with current global change.  
14977 3 tive, in groups of plants containing no model organisms. the project is focused on morphologica 
rticils in three case studies: of known function in model organisms will be explored in selecte 
hree case studies: of known function in model organisms will be explored in selected species. p 
11465 5 and emit more ch4 in gut communities of soil-feeding as opposed to wood-feeding termites. we pr 
ular phylogenetic approach to track the distribution of methanogenic archaea in guts, faeces an 
ogenic archaea in guts, faeces and food-soil of the soil-feeding termite cubitermes fungifaber  
ea in guts, faeces and food-soil of the soil-feeding termite cubitermes fungifaber sampled acro 
ether gut methanogens are ingested with soil as the animal forages, or vertically inherited as  
11557 2        the incredible success of living birds of pneumaticity was a single event or occurred on 
aurs this project will demonstrate that evolution of the air sac system is more complex than cu 
11858 4 r several questions about cotton genome evolution and domestication utilizing remarkably preser 
rom qasr ibrim in egypt and januária in brazil. the new technology of palaeogenomics - the stud 
dimension to the study of cotton genome evolution to address several hypotheses of genomic chan 
the paleogenomic approach will allow an assessment of the extent of change there has been over  
10322 8              we plan to investigate the evolution of parasite life cycle complexity for a ubiqu 
te the evolution of parasite life cycle complexity for a ubiquitous group of organisms found in 
s found in a range of habitats and in a diversity of hosts, in order to further demonstrate the 
rate the important role of parasites in biodiversity. tapeworms, with over 6000 recognized spec 
ertebrate data reviewed in the light of evolution, but the proposed combination has far reachin 
e proposed combination has far reaching impacts in further understanding the successful radiati 
hat underpin sustainable economies. few ecosystems are free from tapeworms, and almost all spec 
 pertinent in understanding the natural environment.  
10000 14 search aims to develop a new ecological model for crop domestication, integrating the roles of  
domestication, integrating the roles of environmental change, plant traits, and human agency, u 
he roles of environmental change, plant traits, and human agency, under the constraints of the  
at different stages in the emergence of agriculture, focusing on the interactions between plant 
interactions between plants, humans and environment during the period preceding fully agricultu 
ecessary to develop and refine this new model. our ecological model is formulated within the ar 
d refine this new model. our ecological model is formulated within the archaeologically documen 
work of a gradual, widespread origin of agriculture, and is based on the proposition that diffe 
 archaeologically visible domestication traits: larger grain size and seed indehiscence, and se 
at seed size correlates with a suite of functional traits which, through ecological processes,  
s of these crop species. we advance the model through the discussion of four hypothetical phase 
 the path towards greater sedentism and agriculture. previous research has demonstrated that at 
 assess the feasibility of the proposed model for explaining observed changes. the construction 
icroenvironments with greater levels of disturbance and higher fertility.  
12394 6  objective: to coordinate and draft the climate change contribution for the ospar qsr in 2010.  
e: this project is designed to lead the production of section 3.1 of the ospar qsr `impacts of  
uction of section 3.1 of the ospar qsr `impacts of climate change on the north-east atlantic ec 
ection 3.1 of the ospar qsr `impacts of climate change on the north-east atlantic ecosystem`, l 
imate change on the north-east atlantic ecosystem`, link into the production of chapters 2 and  
east atlantic ecosystem`, link into the production of chapters 2 and 3.2, and contribute to the 
11843 22 live in the area they invaded. invasive predator species able to use a wide range of prey are p 
ematic and are held responsible for the extinction or catastrophic declines of some native spec 
by actively removing individuals of the invasive species. removing the last individual however  
necessary to continue controlling those invasive species for the foreseeable future. this is ex 
nly be done in areas selected for their conservation value, such as national parks or reserves. 
conservationists learn to control those alien species as effectively as possible, so that the n 
 been studying the interactions between predators and their prey. they have learned about the i 
e likelihood of species not causing the extinction of other species. ecologists now realise tha 
ay an important role in the success and mitigation of invasions. they have also devised equatio 
ions to predict how the rate at which a predator remove prey from a population varies with the  
 prey from a population varies with the abundance of a prey population. they have also gained a 
logists, conservationist and a users of wildlife resources that will use predator-prey theory a 
ers of wildlife resources that will use predator-prey theory and new empirical data to devise a 
mpirical data to devise a science-based management strategy to safeguard populations of a prote 
ected and rapidly declining mammal, the water vole that is subjected to predation by the invasi 
al, the water vole that is subjected to predation by the invasive american mink. the project wi 
s, we will remove mink from sections of rivers for a time and monitor recolonisation as it take 
ce. we will find out whether there is a density below which trappers are no longer interested i 
 them, and may then move on and prey on water voles elsewhere in a valley. this may result in r 
 valley. this may result in rabbits and water voles not being found in the same valley, even th 
ven though rabbits certainly do not eat water voles if mink require rabbits to breed successful 
xplore the relative merits of different management strategies including 1. increasing the numbe 
11245 39  distinctive landforms along meandering rivers of the world, functioning as vital aquatic flood 
the world, functioning as vital aquatic floodplain habitat for many threatened species and as i 
functioning as vital aquatic floodplain habitat for many threatened species and as important si 
ened species and as important sinks for sediment, nutrients, and contaminants. the ability of o 
es and as important sinks for sediment, nutrients, and contaminants. the ability of oxbows to p 
pends upon their persistence as aquatic habitat, an attribute partly determined by the initial  
e partly determined by the initial open-water volume they inherit upon their formation. oxbows  
ation. oxbows that inherit a large open-water volume have substantial storage space and may per 
torage space and may persist as aquatic habitat for centuries. in contrast, oxbows that inherit 
trast, oxbows that inherit a small open-water volume often become completely filled by natural  
ten become completely filled by natural sedimentation processes and converted into terrestrial  
rocesses and converted into terrestrial habitat within decades after their formation. the susta 
thin decades after their formation. the sustainability of aquatic floodplain habitat in the con 
ormation. the sustainability of aquatic floodplain habitat in the context of climate-driven env 
he sustainability of aquatic floodplain habitat in the context of climate-driven environmental  
ic floodplain habitat in the context of climate-driven environmental change depends upon a mean 
abitat in the context of climate-driven environmental change depends upon a means for reliably  
hat newly created oxbows persist in the environment, a means predicated upon an understanding o 
f how oxbows inherit their initial open-water volume. such an understanding has yet to be achie 
bsence of a mechanistic analysis of the sedimentation processes responsible for transforming se 
chanics that establish the initial open-water volumes of oxbow lakes, critical to the developme 
volumes of oxbow lakes, critical to the development of theory explaining the geomorphological a 
ing the geomorphological and ecological evolution of the floodplain environment. to achieve thi 
logical and ecological evolution of the floodplain environment. to achieve this purpose, the wo 
 ecological evolution of the floodplain environment. to achieve this purpose, the work will: a. 
cipal controls on rates and patterns of sedimentation within newly forming oxbows using evidenc 
g evidence from the field and numerical modelling results; b. determine the mechanisms that est 
arated channel segments using numerical modelling experiments; c. document the influence of ini 
 document the influence of initial open-water volumes on oxbow persistence as aquatic habitat f 
volumes on oxbow persistence as aquatic habitat from sedimentological data and numerical modell 
rom sedimentological data and numerical modelling; d. develop and validate a model capable of p 
al modelling; d. develop and validate a model capable of predicting the initial open-water volu 
 capable of predicting the initial open-water volume of oxbows based on measurable characterist 
easurable characteristics of meandering rivers. the results of this project will, for the first 
ls. the results will also allow for the development of a quantitative model capable of predicti 
w for the development of a quantitative model capable of predicting oxbow persistence as aquati 
predicting oxbow persistence as aquatic habitat and will thus have significant impact on wider  
l thus have significant impact on wider management needs expressed in the water framework direc 
wider management needs expressed in the water framework directive .  
10037 4 reactive trace gases and particles with modelling studies of chemical processes in a protected  
es of chemical processes in a protected forest area of sabah, east malaysia, to better understa 
 understand how a south-east asian rain forest contributes to the formation of ozone and partic 
d-value to nerc resources by the active participation of international collaborators.  
10039 4 reactive trace gases and particles with modelling studies of chemical processes in a protected  
es of chemical processes in a protected forest area of sabah, east malaysia, to better understa 
 understand how a south-east asian rain forest contributes to the formation of ozone and partic 
d-value to nerc resources by the active participation of international collaborators.  
10293 4 reactive trace gases and particles with modelling studies of chemical processes in a protected  
es of chemical processes in a protected forest area of sabah, east malaysia, to better understa 
 understand how a south-east asian rain forest contributes to the formation of ozone and partic 
d-value to nerc resources by the active participation of international collaborators.  
10296 4 reactive trace gases and particles with modelling studies of chemical processes in a protected  
es of chemical processes in a protected forest area of sabah, east malaysia, to better understa 
 understand how a south-east asian rain forest contributes to the formation of ozone and partic 
d-value to nerc resources by the active participation of international collaborators.  
11055 4 reactive trace gases and particles with modelling studies of chemical processes in a protected  
es of chemical processes in a protected forest area of sabah, east malaysia, to better understa 
 understand how a south-east asian rain forest contributes to the formation of ozone and partic 
d-value to nerc resources by the active participation of international collaborators.  
11306 4 reactive trace gases and particles with modelling studies of chemical processes in a protected  
es of chemical processes in a protected forest area of sabah, east malaysia, to better understa 
 understand how a south-east asian rain forest contributes to the formation of ozone and partic 
d-value to nerc resources by the active participation of international collaborators.  
11570 4 reactive trace gases and particles with modelling studies of chemical processes in a protected  
es of chemical processes in a protected forest area of sabah, east malaysia, to better understa 
 understand how a south-east asian rain forest contributes to the formation of ozone and partic 
d-value to nerc resources by the active participation of international collaborators.  
11834 4 reactive trace gases and particles with modelling studies of chemical processes in a protected  
es of chemical processes in a protected forest area of sabah, east malaysia, to better understa 
 understand how a south-east asian rain forest contributes to the formation of ozone and partic 
d-value to nerc resources by the active participation of international collaborators.  
15212 13  and genetic influences on evolutionary trade-offs, particularly in key life-history traits and 
-offs, particularly in key life-history traits and reproductive strategies in birds. recent stu 
y traits and reproductive strategies in birds. recent studies emphasized the role of oxidative  
tudies emphasized the role of oxidative stress as an important physiological mediator of life-h 
 physiological mediator of life-history trade-offs. the project aims to determine the impact of 
rmine the impact of breeding effort and growth on oxidative damage in biomolecules in both germ 
the genetic architecture of life-hitory traits and oxidative-related parameters. this subprojec 
ge and sexual selection in life-history evolution. moreover, a long-term monitoring program on  
istory evolution. moreover, a long-term monitoring program on boobies breeding at isla isabel,  
ram on boobies breeding at isla isabel, mexico, was established in 1981 by the laboratorio de c 
 ideal species to work during the chick growth. the results from the different tasks will allow 
s to know broad aspects in life-history evolution, from a general perspective to proximate and  
olve recurrent problems in life-history evolution.  
13481 15  project will generate new knowledge on ecosystem functioning. we will build a model of the dyn 
 ecosystem functioning. we will build a model of the dynamics of a number of key compounds: vit 
ins , defense enzymes against oxidative stress and fatty acid cpmposition, at different trophic 
s of year and in different parts of the baltic sea. we will do this by documenting plankton foo 
food quality and follow the transfer to fish during eight offshore expeditions in 2004-2005. we 
sms, of different trophic levels of the baltic sea simultaneously. the project combines all fac 
 occurrence of a serious reproductional disturbance in baltic fish know as m74: oxidative stres 
us reproductional disturbance in baltic fish know as m74: oxidative stress, astaxanthin, thiami 
e in baltic fish know as m74: oxidative stress, astaxanthin, thiamine and fatty acids. one of o 
s is that m74 and other disturbances in fish correlate to a pelagic regime shift caused by larg 
urbances in fish correlate to a pelagic regime shift caused by large-scale environmental change 
 a pelagic regime shift caused by large-scale environmental changes, notably eutrophication. in 
ge-scale environmental changes, notably eutrophication. in 2006-2008 we will study mechanisms a 
gned to obtain quantitative measures of ecosystem health for the baltic sea. this is scientific 
ve measures of ecosystem health for the baltic sea. this is scientifically interesting, no such 
12531 9 rnoviae in both nurseries and the wider environment. these strategies have largely focussed on  
ial and contaminated leaf/plant debris. monitoring carried out over the last two years in manag 
ance maintained on treating/removing re-growth of the host, it has been possible to prevent fur 
n that the pathogens can persist in the environment, particularly in soil, pathways and waterco 
ist in the environment, particularly in soil, pathways and watercourses, and evidence is starti 
e. this will allow investigation of the scale of contamination in each situation and give a mor 
e new spatial techniques to measure the development of disease on rhododendron plants infected  
echniques to measure the development of disease on rhododendron plants infected with either p.  
m or p. kernoviae. data on inoculum and disease levels will be analysed in relation to seasonal 
14414 22                     sapes is a research environment combining ecological and socio-economic res 
s between farmers choices, agricultural land-use, biodiversity and ecosystem services, and to c 
farmers choices, agricultural land-use, biodiversity and ecosystem services, and to create stat 
agricultural land-use, biodiversity and ecosystem services, and to create state-of-the-art deci 
f-the-art decision support tools to aid adaptive governance of agro-ecosystems. our aim is to u 
ort tools to aid adaptive governance of agro-ecosystems. our aim is to understand how land-use  
cosystems. our aim is to understand how land-use and farm management affect farmland biodiversi 
 is to understand how land-use and farm management affect farmland biodiversity and thus, ecosy 
use and farm management affect farmland biodiversity and thus, ecosystem services. we are also  
 affect farmland biodiversity and thus, ecosystem services. we are also interested to learn mor 
e about the factors influencing farmers decision making. this information will then be used to  
formation will then be used to generate agri-environment schemes that are better adapted to ben 
 are better adapted to benefit farmers, biodiversity and ecosystem services. finally, we will p 
ed to benefit farmers, biodiversity and ecosystem services. finally, we will provide decision-m 
ort tools that can be used to guide the development towards more applicable and implementable m 
table measures and schemes that benefit ecosystem services. sapes is a collaboration between lu 
. together we develop a strong research environment working for a sustainable agriculture where 
rong research environment working for a sustainable agriculture where biodiversity and ecosyste 
ing for a sustainable agriculture where biodiversity and ecosystem services are managed as asse 
able agriculture where biodiversity and ecosystem services are managed as assets to society. sa 
 to society. sapes as a strong research environment is financed for the five-year period 2010-2 
30 researchers and 20 phd-students from ecology, agronomy and economy. we welcome you to browse 
11447 4  of scales to resolve their lifestyles, community structure and intra-/interregional variation. 
 will allow reconstruction of ediacaran ecosystems on a scale of cm to 1000 plus minus km. the  
nstruction of ediacaran ecosystems on a scale of cm to 1000 plus minus km. the focus will be on 
role of organisms in defining the total environment, and understanding their contribution to ev 
14757 14                    in this project, the production of new palaeoecological sequences will join  
vestigate the patterns and processes of vegetation change for iberia during the interval plioce 
the construction of models of taxonomic extinction, the study of the origin and long-term dynam 
related biogeographic processes such as migration and populational expansion/retraction. within 
omponent of models for the survival and extinction of hominids in the iberian peninsula. a cruc 
g the use of an ecologically contingent model that give to inertia, resilience and vulnerabilit 
 contingent model that give to inertia, resilience and vulnerability of terrestrial ecosystems  
el that give to inertia, resilience and vulnerability of terrestrial ecosystems an adequate rol 
lience and vulnerability of terrestrial ecosystems an adequate role in interpreting palaeoecolo 
historical processes including episodic disturbance. the possible causal links between ecologic 
ider corolaries for conservationist and forest management policies. through the analysis of pos 
gaps in our knowledge of the floras and vegetation of the study period. to achieve part of thes 
 on theoretical and applied problems in ecology, evolutionary biology and conservation biology. 
ms in ecology, evolutionary biology and conservation biology.  
15123 1 of iberia , and several corollaries for conservation biology.  
9939 3 xtra-african dispersion events in human evolution. the number and timing of such events remains 
of human dispersion as one facet of the evolution of the terrestrial mammalian fauna of the pli 
al biotic contact and movements between africa and eurasia.  
6885 14 olimnological reconstruction of several water bodies and two oxbows of tisza river. dating and  
ormant eggs and allozyme analysis along sediment cores. species composition of the subfossil zo 
allozyme analysis along sediment cores. species composition of the subfossil zooplankton commun 
s. species composition of the subfossil zooplankton community can be reconstructed by its remai 
omposition of the subfossil zooplankton community can be reconstructed by its remains. it also  
 which helps to infer trophic level and water quality. comparison between recent and ancient cr 
n between recent and ancient crustacean community helps us to establish the ecological status o 
of lakes as a target state for european water framework directive. dormant egg banks integrate  
ant egg banks integrate spatio-temporal heterogeneity in cladoceran community, thus analysis of 
io-temporal heterogeneity in cladoceran community, thus analysis of dormant egg banks support u 
banks support us to determine potential biodiversity from which an actual diversity of microcru 
ntial biodiversity from which an actual diversity of microcrustacean community can be realised. 
 an actual diversity of microcrustacean community can be realised. hatching of daphnia ephippia 
. hatching of daphnia ephippia from the sediment supplies specimens for the allozyme study to r 
7149 7 was to"hang"of the recordings of global climate changes in the tropics. long considered subject 
rdings of global climate changes in the tropics. long considered subject to a sinking phenomeno 
n of global fluctuations over time, the tropics is still under- documented and all the more so  
 registration of old data is subject to degradation indices markers of the environment due to a 
t to degradation indices markers of the environment due to ambient conditions. the choice of th 
come this handicap through a geological environment conducive to trapping and conservation biog 
l environment conducive to trapping and conservation biogeographical signals and, moreover, bec 
432 4 rd of global climatic shift in tropical environment that is said to be neutral to this recordin 
rety that erases the smooth shifting of environment. we undertook an archaeological approach of 
ording of climatic shifting in tropical environment, the second was to identify these shiftings 
o test the impact of volcanic events on climate as it is suggested that the role of volcanism h 
10219 6 how climates changed and how plants and ecosystems responded. this work will use new chemical r 
 stalagmites to help understand how the environment of the indonesian region has changed over t 
r climatic changes were involved in the extinction of homo floresiensis whether the extinction  
nction of homo floresiensis whether the extinction of homo floresiensis coincided with substant 
floresiensis coincided with substantial environmental change. in particular by creating longer  
 points may have been needed to trigger extinction.  
10905 6 how climates changed and how plants and ecosystems responded. this work will use new chemical r 
 stalagmites to help understand how the environment of the indonesian region has changed over t 
r climatic changes were involved in the extinction of homo floresiensis whether the extinction  
nction of homo floresiensis whether the extinction of homo floresiensis coincided with substant 
floresiensis coincided with substantial environmental change. in particular by creating longer  
 points may have been needed to trigger extinction.  
7450 21                                         tropical forests harbour thousands of useful plants whi 
ded in local, regional or international markets. the effect on the ecosystem is little known, a 
nternational markets. the effect on the ecosystem is little known, and the forests resilience i 
 the ecosystem is little known, and the forests resilience is badly understood. palms are the m 
system is little known, and the forests resilience is badly understood. palms are the most usef 
ul group of plants in tropical american forests and we will study the effect of extraction and  
ect of extraction and trade of palms on forest in the western amazon, the andes and the pacific 
trade of palms on forest in the western amazon, the andes and the pacific lowlands. we will det 
ms on forest in the western amazon, the andes and the pacific lowlands. we will determine the s 
the size of the resource by making palm community studies in the different forest formations an 
palm community studies in the different forest formations and determine the number of species a 
g of the species contributes to genetic erosion of its populations, and whether extraction can  
e, ethnobotanical research in different forest types and then we study trade patterns for palm  
e patterns for palm products from local markets to markets which involve export to other countr 
for palm products from local markets to markets which involve export to other countries and con 
ve and negative policies in relation to resilience of ecosystems and use this to propose sustai 
e policies in relation to resilience of ecosystems and use this to propose sustainable policies 
ets and videos for farmers, reports for policy makers to scientific publication for the researc 
scientific publication for the research community. the team behind the proposal represents 10 u 
represents 10 universities and research institutions in europe and northwestern south america.  
iversities and research institutions in europe and northwestern south america.  
12728 1  of special scientific interest and the environment agency in order to provide the contractor w 
13346 21                                         tropical forests harbour thousands of useful plants whi 
ded in local, regional or international markets. the effect on the ecosystem is little known, a 
nternational markets. the effect on the ecosystem is little known, and the forests’ resilience  
 the ecosystem is little known, and the forests’ resilience is badly understod. palms are the m 
ystem is little known, and the forests’ resilience is badly understod. palms are the most usefu 
ul group of plants in tropical american forests and we will study the effect of extraction and  
ect of extraction and trade of palms on forest in the western amazon, the andes and the pacific 
trade of palms on forest in the western amazon, the andes and the pacific lowlands. we will det 
ms on forest in the western amazon, the andes and the pacific lowlands. we will determine the s 
the size of the resource by making palm community studies in the different forest formations an 
palm community studies in the different forest formations and determine the number of species a 
g of the species contributes to genetic erosion of its populations, and whether extraction can  
e, ethnobotanical research in different forest types and then we study trade patterns for palm  
e patterns for palm products from local markets to markets which involve export to other countr 
for palm products from local markets to markets which involve export to other countries and con 
ve and negative policies in relation to resilience of ecosystems and use this to propose sustai 
e policies in relation to resilience of ecosystems and use this to propose sustainable policies 
ets and videos for farmers, reports for policy makers to scientific publication for the researc 
scientific publication for the research community. the team behind the proposal represents 10 u 
represents 10 universities and research institutions in europe and northwestern south america.  
iversities and research institutions in europe and northwestern south america.  
10647 12 ming years as a consequence of climatic warming. there may be no summer sea ice in the arctic b 
ight and as it retreats it exposes open water to illumination causing a rapid increase in the g 
ination causing a rapid increase in the growth of marine plants to quantify how strong and regu 
using a rapid increase in the growth of marine plants to quantify how strong and regular the mi 
 to quantify how strong and regular the migration behaviour is and relate this to the biologica 
this knowledge to improve models of how zooplankton transport carbon, through their faecal mate 
ove models of how zooplankton transport carbon, through their faecal material, to depth. unders 
aecal material, to depth. understanding zooplankton dvm is important for many reasons. quantify 
 sea ice might alter changes in the way carbon is captured and stored in the productive arctic  
 will be able to understand the role of zooplankton in arctic ecosystems and this is of particu 
stand the role of zooplankton in arctic ecosystems and this is of particular importance if pred 
ons on the effect of plankton-dependent fish species are to be made.  
12070 19 ble effects of recent global changes on marine phytoplankton. these high biomass blooms can lea 
ects of recent global changes on marine phytoplankton. these high biomass blooms can lead to se 
ges on marine phytoplankton. these high biomass blooms can lead to severe damages, including ox 
s can lead to severe damages, including oxygen depletion, decrease of light penetration, losses 
ses in habitats, and services , and the global warming. the fact that a lot of coastal dinoflag 
t that a lot of coastal dinoflagellates yield through sexual reproduction very resistant cysts  
nt cysts that accumulate locally in the sediment is an inflating parameter: an invasive species 
 sediment is an inflating parameter: an invasive species becoming rapidly a recurrent problem i 
rrent problem in the newly contaminated ecosystem. if a lot of works has been done to understan 
ooms, almost nothing is known about the resilience of the contaminated marine coastal ecosystem 
bout the resilience of the contaminated marine coastal ecosystems over time. long term surveys  
ence of the contaminated marine coastal ecosystems over time. long term surveys suggested that  
ggest the regulatory role of widespread marine parasites such as viruses, bacteria, and protist 
pread marine parasites such as viruses, bacteria, and protists specific for these toxic microal 
hese parasites in recently contaminated environment by toxic and invasive dinoflagellates in or 
n order to understand their role on the resilience and the stability of marine coastal ecosyste 
nd their role on the resilience and the stability of marine coastal ecosystems.  
 on the resilience and the stability of marine coastal ecosystems.  
nce and the stability of marine coastal ecosystems.  
15061 6                      a central theme in community ecology is the search for principles accounti 
e communities of three sympatric mullet fish to elucidate the origin of associations of selecte 
project can contribute substantially to community ecology, fisheries, biology conservation, evo 
ute substantially to community ecology, fisheries, biology conservation, evolutionary biology a 
o community ecology, fisheries, biology conservation, evolutionary biology and biogeography. by 
 conservation, evolutionary biology and biogeography. by focusing on parasite communities of mu 
15145 5  helminthfaunas of wild life mammals of spain. this study will deal fundamentally with differen 
ed to parasite fauna of many species of birds and of mammals belonging to orders insectivora, r 
nstitute an important hotspot as regard biodiversity of the planet, which guarantees the conven 
contamination as well as in the case of ecosystems perturbed by fire, constitute the main objec 
 in the case of ecosystems perturbed by fire, constitute the main objectives of the present pro 
10147 1 t to human health, domestic animals and wildlife. this project will help to understand these im 
11674 1 t to human health, domestic animals and wildlife. this project will help to understand these im 
11697 1 t to human health, domestic animals and wildlife. this project will help to understand these im 
14519 4 eir health status, as it can affect the production and the reproductive capacity of their hosts 
h. the final goal of the project is the development of specific control measures for each paras 
l measures for each parasitoses in each ecosystem, including hygienic and management measures f 
 each ecosystem, including hygienic and management measures for maintaining healthy animals fre 
14521 4 eir health status, as it can affect the production and the reproductive capacity of their hosts 
h. the final goal of the project is the development of specific control measures for each paras 
l measures for each parasitoses in each ecosystem, including hygienic and management measures f 
 each ecosystem, including hygienic and management measures for maintaining healthy animals fre 
14520 2                                         spain has an exceptional wild fauna within the european 
nimals setting-up of an epidemiological model and establishment of control measures  
11339 1 ling begging reflects increased sibling competition arising from polyandrous mating.  
7271 6                      in 27 farms in the amazon deforested where the nav amaz project described  
he nav amaz project described in detail biodiversity, products and services from the ground, it 
l look in the 1,200 identified species, indicators of overall biodiversity and ecosystem servic 
entified species, indicators of overall biodiversity and ecosystem services productions. indica 
 indicators of overall biodiversity and ecosystem services productions. indicator species class 
ity and ecosystem services productions. indicator species classes value of these attributes wil 
10985 47 associated tools to explicitly identify trade-offs between ecosystem services and between the w 
 explicitly identify trade-offs between ecosystem services and between the wellbeing of differe 
 and between the wellbeing of different stakeholders resulting from policy and development scen 
f different stakeholders resulting from policy and development scenarios and environmental chan 
 stakeholders resulting from policy and development scenarios and environmental change. we will 
s resulting from policy and development scenarios and environmental change. we will achieve thi 
om policy and development scenarios and environmental change. we will achieve this by combining 
ange. we will achieve this by combining modelling and participatory processes to represent inte 
represent interactions and responses of social-ecological systems, and applying the developed f 
 the developed framework to the coastal environment of kenya through a series of expert and sta 
framework to the coastal environment of kenya through a series of expert and stakeholder worksh 
es of expert and stakeholder workshops. ecosystem services have become popular for understandin 
anding linkages between human needs and ecosystems, yet their use in practical application to p 
in practical application to problems of development and sustainability, and poverty alleviation 
lication to problems of development and sustainability, and poverty alleviation in particular,  
 of development and sustainability, and poverty alleviation in particular, have been limited by 
or es frameworks to take account of the complexity and interactions inherent in social-ecologic 
complexity and interactions inherent in social-ecological systems. it limits our understanding  
n how es will ultimately translate into poverty alleviation. particularly, we know that es bene 
ow that es benefits depends not only on institutions and markets, but also on capital, knowledg 
ts depends not only on institutions and markets, but also on capital, knowledge, expertise, tec 
 effectiveness of using es approach for poverty alleviation in the face of trade-offs of es ben 
 for poverty alleviation in the face of trade-offs of es benefits to different groups. there is 
need for es frameworks that account for trade-offs under the complexity of social-ecological sy 
s that account for trade-offs under the complexity of social-ecological systems with explicitly 
 for trade-offs under the complexity of social-ecological systems with explicitly representatio 
ll develop a novel framework to combine modelling and participatory processes to understand, do 
 understand, document and deliberate on trade-offs between es benefits to the wellbeing of diff 
ing of different user groups in complex social-ecological systems. we will test the framework i 
he framework in a case study of coastal environment of kenya. we will develop quantitative and  
 a case study of coastal environment of kenya. we will develop quantitative and semi-quantitati 
semi-quantitative models to explore the impacts of scenarios on es and wellbeing of particular  
tative models to explore the impacts of scenarios on es and wellbeing of particular groups. lin 
g of particular groups. linkages in the social-ecological system will be modelled based on quan 
cological components. interspersed with model development and data collation, we propose to con 
cal components. interspersed with model development and data collation, we propose to conduct f 
opose to conduct five workshops in east africa with scientists, managers and stakeholders to: d 
st africa with scientists, managers and stakeholders to: develop conceptual and methodological  
nceptual and methodological tools, plan scenarios, obtain model parameters, conduct multi-crite 
dological tools, plan scenarios, obtain model parameters, conduct multi-criteria analysis, and  
be disseminated amongst scientists, and policy makers to support the espa programme. the propos 
oject will provide a framework to study trade-offs in ecosystem services and facilitate the dis 
vide a framework to study trade-offs in ecosystem services and facilitate the discussion of sha 
s between users groups and in designing policy options. particularly, the approach will help in 
se the recognition of the poor-group in policy discussion related to ecosystem services, and th 
r-group in policy discussion related to ecosystem services, and thus contribute to developing p 
e to developing policies that alleviate poverty.  
10782 9                                         marine phytoplankton play a central role in the cycling 
                                 marine phytoplankton play a central role in the cycling of bio 
iologically important elements, such as carbon situations. data describing changes in growth an 
 situations. data describing changes in growth and activity of the organisms will support the c 
esults will thence be incorporated into ecosystem models that will examine the implications for 
 that will examine the implications for marine productivity and biogeochemistry of the improved 
ill examine the implications for marine productivity and biogeochemistry of the improved descri 
mplications for marine productivity and biogeochemistry of the improved description of phytopla 
ion of phytoplanktonic activity, and of ocean acidification for the uk shelf seas.  
11318 9                                         marine phytoplankton play a central role in the cycling 
                                 marine phytoplankton play a central role in the cycling of bio 
iologically important elements, such as carbon situations. data describing changes in growth an 
 situations. data describing changes in growth and activity of the organisms will support the c 
esults will thence be incorporated into ecosystem models that will examine the implications for 
 that will examine the implications for marine productivity and biogeochemistry of the improved 
ill examine the implications for marine productivity and biogeochemistry of the improved descri 
mplications for marine productivity and biogeochemistry of the improved description of phytopla 
ion of phytoplanktonic activity, and of ocean acidification for the uk shelf seas.  
13841 25 isciplinary merging geography and plant ecology. present-day plant species diversity and patter 
hy and plant ecology. present-day plant species diversity and patterns in the rural landscape i 
ies diversity and patterns in the rural landscape is investigated. the species patterns are ana 
tterns are analysed with regard to past land-use change as well as physical properties of the l 
e as well as physical properties of the landscape . twelve landscapes have been chosen in south 
dscapes have been chosen in southestern sweden representing different landscape change in the p 
uthestern sweden representing different landscape change in the past, such as afforestation, ab 
t landscape change in the past, such as afforestation, abandonment or intesification. historica 
t or intesification. historical data on land-use change is interpreted from old cadastral maps  
 the 17th and 18th century. present-day vegetation is interpreted from aerial photographs and f 
. the goal is to explain the effects on species diversity of fragmentation, landuse change and  
ain the effects on species diversity of fragmentation, landuse change and habitat loss in grass 
ty of fragmentation, landuse change and habitat loss in grassland and small grassland habitats. 
ion, landuse change and habitat loss in grassland and small grassland habitats. based on the ge 
and habitat loss in grassland and small grassland habitats. based on the geographical data futu 
n the geographical data future landcape scenarios is going to be used to model plant spieces su 
ndcape scenarios is going to be used to model plant spieces survival and pattern depending on l 
tern depending on landuse intensity and landscape configuration. the models will be developeded 
ed in collaboration with researchers in australia and france. the results will contribute to th 
 to the understanding of the effects of landscape configuration, both in space and time, on pla 
terns. further, it can provide relevant conservation plans for protecting species diversity in  
evant conservation plans for protecting species diversity in a landscape context for the future 
s for protecting species diversity in a landscape context for the future. this project will als 
te to bridging some of the gaps between landscape ecology and the more empirical ecology.  
andscape ecology and the more empirical ecology.  
10265 20                  since the discovery of fire and the development of agriculture, humans have be 
    since the discovery of fire and the development of agriculture, humans have been releasing  
iscovery of fire and the development of agriculture, humans have been releasing carbon dioxide  
agriculture, humans have been releasing carbon dioxide . atmospheric co2 is predicted to steadi 
 will dissolve in seawater, forcing the ph of the surface ocean lower and lower. it is likely t 
ower and lower. it is likely that ocean ph will reach values seen only rarely since the time of 
om laboratory experiments it seems that ocean acidification will affect marine organisms, parti 
ms that ocean acidification will affect marine organisms, particularly those that make shells a 
 to control co2 emissions to keep ocean ph change within the limits calcifying organisms can co 
see dissolution of their shells, slower growth, failure to reproduce, dwarfism, or reduced acti 
ce, dwarfism, or reduced activity, with impacts further the ecosystem. unrestricted industrial  
uced activity, with impacts further the ecosystem. unrestricted industrial activities may even  
 adapt and evolve in response to global environmental change. although the global environmental 
vironmental change. although the global environmental change we are causing now is many hundred 
nducted over decades to tell us whether marine organisms will be able to adapt to ocean acidifi 
rine organisms will be able to adapt to ocean acidification. by the time we know the answer, it 
 the numbers. this will tell us how the ph of the ocean changed in the past. by linking this in 
g this information with observations of ecosystem changes and species extinctions will provide  
 provide vital clues to what changes in marine ecosystems we might expect in the future if we d 
e vital clues to what changes in marine ecosystems we might expect in the future if we do not m 
10791 20                  since the discovery of fire and the development of agriculture, humans have be 
    since the discovery of fire and the development of agriculture, humans have been releasing  
iscovery of fire and the development of agriculture, humans have been releasing carbon dioxide  
agriculture, humans have been releasing carbon dioxide . atmospheric co2 is predicted to steadi 
 will dissolve in seawater, forcing the ph of the surface ocean lower and lower. it is likely t 
ower and lower. it is likely that ocean ph will reach values seen only rarely since the time of 
om laboratory experiments it seems that ocean acidification will affect marine organisms, parti 
ms that ocean acidification will affect marine organisms, particularly those that make shells a 
 to control co2 emissions to keep ocean ph change within the limits calcifying organisms can co 
see dissolution of their shells, slower growth, failure to reproduce, dwarfism, or reduced acti 
ce, dwarfism, or reduced activity, with impacts further the ecosystem. unrestricted industrial  
uced activity, with impacts further the ecosystem. unrestricted industrial activities may even  
 adapt and evolve in response to global environmental change. although the global environmental 
vironmental change. although the global environmental change we are causing now is many hundred 
nducted over decades to tell us whether marine organisms will be able to adapt to ocean acidifi 
rine organisms will be able to adapt to ocean acidification. by the time we know the answer, it 
 the numbers. this will tell us how the ph of the ocean changed in the past. by linking this in 
g this information with observations of ecosystem changes and species extinctions will provide  
 provide vital clues to what changes in marine ecosystems we might expect in the future if we d 
e vital clues to what changes in marine ecosystems we might expect in the future if we do not m 
2534 5 is known pertaining to how governmental management policies interact with regional differences  
onmental conditions, such as population density and influence individual production strategies  
lation density and influence individual production strategies in the reindeer husbandry in norw 
nt basis for developing sustainable and adaptive management. the stipulated project aims at gen 
ating knowledge that may have important management implications and that may increase our under 
530 2 al assets resulting from the scientific monitoring of two agro-environmental operations. these  
overgrow, and more generally on various landscape tasks.  
2187 18 -natural and cultivated pastures in the agricultural landscape. we evaluate consequences for sp 
landscape. we evaluate consequences for species diversity of day-flying butterflies and agricul 
diversity of day-flying butterflies and agriculture associated birds, since species of these gr 
 butterflies and agriculture associated birds, since species of these groups associated with se 
 of population processes in relation to landscape structures. we focus on the value of semi-nat 
the value of semi-natural pastures in a landscape perspective. first, we investigate the occurr 
first, we investigate the occurrence of extinction thresholds, i.e. abrupt declines in patch oc 
nvestigate the occurrence of extinction thresholds, i.e. abrupt declines in patch occupancy acr 
esence of semi-natural pastures for the biodiversity in adjacent cultivated pastures and uncult 
ivated pastures and uncultivated linear habitat elements. fourth, we evaluate consequences of d 
, we evaluate consequences of different management regimes of cultivated pastures for their pos 
 cultivated pastures for their possible conservation value. since semi-natural pastures are of  
since semi-natural pastures are of high conservation concern for red-listed species in sweden,  
ation concern for red-listed species in sweden, it is important to optimise the use of resource 
project will give insight into how both habitat quality and landscape structure affect viabilit 
sight into how both habitat quality and landscape structure affect viability of declining popul 
lation processes of general interest in conservation biology, i.e. how population viability is  
how population viability is affected by landscape structures.  
6730 2     the proposed research will focus on disease-causing genomic mutations of the vhl, men2, nf- 
tic, or prognostic markers for clinical management of patients with hereditary and sporadic adr 
15122 9  propose to study the pathways of river water distribution in stratified reservoirs and to eval 
se to study the pathways of river water distribution in stratified reservoirs and to evaluate t 
evaluate the influence that river-borne nutrients have on the nutrient dynamics of the surface  
s of these systems and, hence, on their phytoplankton , the processes determining the pathways  
e processes determining the pathways of distribution of nutrients in stratified reservoirs and  
rmining the pathways of distribution of nutrients in stratified reservoirs and the changes of t 
al to seasonal. we will also study what biomass changes in the smallest fraction of the phytopl 
changes in the smallest fraction of the phytoplankton community are triggered in response to ch 
 smallest fraction of the phytoplankton community are triggered in response to changes in nutri 
11448 8 ent theoretical work into the effect of spatial pattern on population dynamics and the pattern- 
k into the effect of spatial pattern on population dynamics and the pattern-generating processe 
and the pattern-generating processes of population dynamics suggests that local competition and 
population dynamics suggests that local competition and limited dispersal could prevent competi 
ests that local competition and limited dispersal could prevent competitive exclusion and hence 
competitive exclusion and hence promote species richness. we propose to use a model system of a 
e species richness. we propose to use a model system of annual plants to test this prediction u 
 under field conditions by manipulating seed dispersal. if spatial processes are important, the 
2048 22                   according to european fisheries policy 2003-2012 fisheries management from no 
        according to european fisheries policy 2003-2012 fisheries management from now on shoul 
 to european fisheries policy 2003-2012 fisheries management from now on should be firmly based 
based on the new eu-principles for good governance: accountability, effectiveness, transparency 
transparency, but above all stakeholder participation. this implies informed participation of f 
er participation. this implies informed participation of fishermens organisations and of enviro 
ions and of environmentalists, but such participation warrants a far better information managem 
ation warrants a far better information management than the one maintained at the present by na 
. after half a century of science-based management the public information is incomplete and har 
dly accessible. this leads to divergent perceptions amongst stakeholders on simple issues even, 
 leads to divergent perceptions amongst stakeholders on simple issues even, like spatial distri 
ers on simple issues even, like spatial distribution patterns of the fish, stock dynamics and t 
ke spatial distribution patterns of the fish, stock dynamics and the impact of the fishery rela 
fishery relative to that of the natural environment. the three objectives of this study therefo 
cientists, and explaining the different perceptions from the type, content, availability and ac 
nformation and from the capacity of the stakeholders to handle such information. 2. assessing t 
ssing the cognitive maps of the various stakeholders by which they understand the dynamics in r 
 process with environmental and fishery impacts, and explaining the differences between the var 
fic traditions and from the information environment, and 3. drafting an information management  
ronment, and 3. drafting an information management plan in support of a more equitable particip 
ent plan in support of a more equitable participation of all stakeholders  
f a more equitable participation of all stakeholders  
2100 10 on structure and spatial distibution of biodiversity in deep-sea fishes. overexploitation by sh 
sea fishes. overexploitation by shallow water fisheries in later years has led to an increased  
shes. overexploitation by shallow water fisheries in later years has led to an increased intere 
n deep-sea resources. however, deep-sea fisheries have often proved to be unsustainable after a 
fferent to harvesting than most shallow-water fishes. plausible causes for this difference incl 
causes for this difference include slow growth and low productivity of deep-sea fishes, and pos 
 difference include slow growth and low productivity of deep-sea fishes, and possibly that popo 
eographically beacause of the sedentary nature of most species and restrictions on movement imp 
ons on movement imposed by the physical environment. because little if anything is known on pop 
rosatellite dna anlyses, to quantifying biodiversity patterns and population substructure in fi 
2091 9 e interaction between organisms and the environment properties in the lower part of the pelagic 
erties in the lower part of the pelagic food web. experimental work in laboratory and mesocosms 
nalysis in an attempt to understand how population dynamics, biodiversity and biogeochemical el 
 to understand how population dynamics, biodiversity and biogeochemical element cycles are all  
inked complementary aspects of the same ecosystem. particular interest is directed to the relat 
he relationship between size- selective grazing and host - specific virus that factors which bo 
virus that factors which both maintains diversity and which directs the flow of energy and mate 
diversity and which directs the flow of energy and material in the food web. stable coexistence 
 the flow of energy and material in the food web. stable coexistence, as opposed to unstable fl 
14164 20                                 primary productivity enables life on the earth. the possible im 
he earth. the possible impact of global climate change on oceanographic conditions brings atten 
n to the biological importance of large-scale hydrological processes. the regulation of primary 
drological processes. the regulation of primary production of communities is still not fully un 
 mesoscale process that strongly shapes marine communities. the role of upwelling in determinin 
a few recent studies in oceanic coastal ecosystems, while there is no available data from estua 
ilable data from estuarine or non-tidal ecosystems. the topography-related exposure of marine a 
ems. the topography-related exposure of marine areas is connected to a complex combination of e 
impact of exposure on the regulation of primary production is very poorly known to date. the pr 
neous regulation of benthic and pelagic production in the coastal sea. field experiments will b 
mbined with observations, sampling, and remote sensing techniques. spatially large-scaled inves 
tion will cover the benthic and pelagic primary production, the impact of herbivory, detrivory, 
lagic primary production, the impact of herbivory, detrivory, and carnivory on primary producti 
 herbivory, detrivory, and carnivory on primary production, and the impact of eutrophication or 
n primary production, and the impact of eutrophication or consumer-mediated facilitation on pri 
 of eutrophication or consumer-mediated facilitation on primary production and higher trophic l 
on or consumer-mediated facilitation on primary production and higher trophic levels, as well a 
d higher trophic levels, as well as the spatial variability of benthic and pelagic communities  
erstand and predict the consequences of eutrophication or community changes at different hydrol 
t the consequences of eutrophication or community changes at different hydrological conditions  
15387 18 ns harbour more than half of the earths biodiversity in only 7% of its territory. a massive res 
auses behind the striking difference in species richness between temperate and tropical regions 
why tropical regions have such elevated biodiversity it is essential that we first acquire more 
luencing diversification and phenotypic evolution in tropical taxa. in this project we will exa 
ivers of diversification and phenotypic evolution in tropical regions at both a micro- and macr 
at both a micro- and macro-evolutionary scale, providing an essential step forward in the under 
 forward in the understanding of global diversity patterns. our project is groundbreaking in th 
oundbreaking in that it combines modern landscape ecology, phylogenetic comparative and genomic 
 and central american amphibians as our model. amphibians represent nearly 15% of known vertebr 
epresent nearly 15% of known vertebrate diversity and include more than 6300 described species. 
planets amphibians inhabit the american tropics, but very little is known about the factors tha 
out the factors that influence tropical diversity a fact that becomes increasingly alarming as  
f amphibian species are threatened with extinction. we will test whether rates of phenotypic ev 
e will test whether rates of phenotypic evolution increase with rates of speciation, as would b 
lso analyze the influence of ecological diversity, geographical and genetic distance on the deg 
 influence of geographical barriers and landscape features on the genetic differentiation of po 
fferentiation of populations and on the dispersal abilities of species with different ecologica 
on the individual patterns of molecular diversity.  
15390 7  one of the most important hotspots for biodiversity worldwide. this area includes sundaland an 
 better understanding of the origin and evolution of one of the major and most threatened biodi 
of one of the major and most threatened biodiversity hotspots. by taking into account the the e 
human-modified landscapes are impacting wildlife and how climate changes affected in the past.  
ndscapes are impacting wildlife and how climate changes affected in the past. this could provid 
hanges could be expected to have on the evolution of the diversity in this region and others.  
xpected to have on the evolution of the diversity in this region and others.  
14938 17                        the knowledge of biodiversity and the implementation of strategic plans  
ternational priorities for research and development. in this framework, the study of the geneti 
nt. in this framework, the study of the genetic diversity, and the analysis of the historical,  
actors and processes that determine its distribution, contributes to the design of sound manage 
ion, contributes to the design of sound management policies for its use and conservation. our p 
und management policies for its use and conservation. our project proposal on taxus baccata l.  
end, we aim at assessing the levels and distribution of genetic variability for t. baccata usin 
ned at two spatial scales: 1 across its distribution range in the iberian peninsula and baleari 
 peninsula and balearic islands; 2 at a landscape level. the first kind of approach, performed  
performed on a national-wide geographic scale, has the following objectives: and genetic dynami 
s: and genetic dynamics under different scenarios of landscape fragmentation. the proposal is d 
c dynamics under different scenarios of landscape fragmentation. the proposal is designed to un 
 under different scenarios of landscape fragmentation. the proposal is designed to understand t 
the species ecological and life-history traits in maintaining its evolutionary potential for co 
ionary potential for coping with global climate change, and to help in designing appropriate ma 
e, and to help in designing appropriate management strategies for conservation.  
g appropriate management strategies for conservation.  
11111 9  of all plants and animals vary in many traits that are controlled by genetic variation. findin 
to know what the genes are that control diversity and adaptation in animals and plants, while a 
he genes are that control diversity and adaptation in animals and plants, while applied biologi 
enes involved in economically important traits such as disease resistance in crops or insectici 
n economically important traits such as disease resistance in crops or insecticide resistance i 
ically important traits such as disease resistance in crops or insecticide resistance in pests  
ease resistance in crops or insecticide resistance in pests and their relatives. here we will s 
n for convergence within the local prey community. mimicry alleles vary between and within popu 
or dramatic morphological variation and adaptation to local prey communities. in h. melpomene,  
9837 9  of all plants and animals vary in many traits that are controlled by genetic variation. findin 
to know what the genes are that control diversity and adaptation in animals and plants, while a 
he genes are that control diversity and adaptation in animals and plants, while applied biologi 
enes involved in economically important traits such as disease resistance in crops or insectici 
n economically important traits such as disease resistance in crops or insecticide resistance i 
ically important traits such as disease resistance in crops or insecticide resistance in pests  
ease resistance in crops or insecticide resistance in pests and their relatives. here we will s 
n for convergence within the local prey community. mimicry alleles vary between and within popu 
or dramatic morphological variation and adaptation to local prey communities. in h. melpomene,  
15492 3 new insights in our knowledge about the ecology and evolution of allopatry identification of co 
 in our knowledge about the ecology and evolution of allopatry identification of common pattern 
he iberian herpetofauna and thus design management programs that take into account areas where  
10899 4 ry objective. 2. calcareous nannofossil evolution through eocene hyperthermals and the eocene c 
middle eocene saw a rise in nannofossil diversity to a cenozoic maximum. i will investigate the 
shifts played a significant role in the evolution of the oceanic plankton at this time. if earl 
tion to test for the forcing effects of temperature and/or ocean chemistry changes . this is an 
2533 5                                  pesila-redd will employ integrated methodology to address gaps 
ated methodology to address gaps in the evaluation of payments for environmental services deter 
 gaps in the evaluation of payments for environmental services determination of policy benchmar 
environmental services determination of policy benchmarks. case studies will be conducted in co 
arks. case studies will be conducted in costa rica and colombia.  
7719 3                            payments for environmental services programs are expanding rapidly a 
an instrument for preserving endangered ecosystems, especially in developing countries where ps 
here pse are presented as tools against poverty. in their process of institutionalization, arch 
10409 84 bog are, firstly, to understand how the biodiversity and ecosystem functions of peatlands acros 
 to understand how the biodiversity and ecosystem functions of peatlands across europe are impa 
ecosystem functions of peatlands across europe are impacted by nitrogen pollution and climate c 
peatlands across europe are impacted by nitrogen pollution and climate change, and secondly, to 
 across europe are impacted by nitrogen pollution and climate change, and secondly, to develop  
 are impacted by nitrogen pollution and climate change, and secondly, to develop meaningful ind 
ge, and secondly, to develop meaningful indicators of risk to these impacts. the peatlands of n 
ly, to develop meaningful indicators of risk to these impacts. the peatlands of northern europe 
 meaningful indicators of risk to these impacts. the peatlands of northern europe are major glo 
hese impacts. the peatlands of northern europe are major global sinks for carbon and support a  
thern europe are major global sinks for carbon and support a unique biological community. clima 
 carbon and support a unique biological community. climate change and air pollution, however, t 
 support a unique biological community. climate change and air pollution, however, threaten the 
gical community. climate change and air pollution, however, threaten the structure and function 
on, however, threaten the structure and function of these ecosystems. aerial deposition of reac 
ten the structure and function of these ecosystems. aerial deposition of reactive nitrogen and  
osystems. aerial deposition of reactive nitrogen and other pollutants has already caused a sign 
as already caused a significant drop in diversity and functioning of peatlands in parts of euro 
nd functioning of peatlands in parts of europe. there is also evidence that climate change will 
 of europe. there is also evidence that climate change will disturb peatland hydrology, through 
at climate change will disturb peatland hydrology, through widespread summer drying, thus reduc 
spread summer drying, thus reducing net carbon sequestration. this project aims to understand h 
understand how the combined stresses of nitrogen pollution and changing climate will affect bio 
d how the combined stresses of nitrogen pollution and changing climate will affect biodiversity 
sses of nitrogen pollution and changing climate will affect biodiversity and ecosystem properti 
lution and changing climate will affect biodiversity and ecosystem properties of peatlands. we  
ng climate will affect biodiversity and ecosystem properties of peatlands. we hypothesize that  
nds. we hypothesize that above critical thresholds of nitrogen deposition, there will be reduct 
esize that above critical thresholds of nitrogen deposition, there will be reductions in the di 
sition, there will be reductions in the diversity of all species, with bryophytes being particu 
ypes, there will be replacement by more nitrogen-loving species and both these changes will con 
will contribute to accelerated rates of nitrogen and carbon cycling. this will result in increa 
te to accelerated rates of nitrogen and carbon cycling. this will result in increased losses of 
this will result in increased losses of nitrogen and carbon to the environment, seen principall 
ult in increased losses of nitrogen and carbon to the environment, seen principally as elevated 
ed losses of nitrogen and carbon to the environment, seen principally as elevated levels of nit 
 seen principally as elevated levels of nitrogen in stream-water and rising concentrations of g 
pally as elevated levels of nitrogen in stream-water and rising concentrations of greenhouse ga 
s elevated levels of nitrogen in stream-water and rising concentrations of greenhouse gases rel 
ream-water and rising concentrations of greenhouse gases released to the atmosphere. we anticip 
cipate that these negative responses to nitrogen pollution will worsen under climate change due 
at these negative responses to nitrogen pollution will worsen under climate change due to incre 
to nitrogen pollution will worsen under climate change due to increased microbial activity seen 
n under climate change due to increased microbial activity seen particularly in warm summer con 
y in warm summer conditions as peatland water tables fall. to address these concerns, we will d 
rmine the relationship between peatland species richness and nitrogen deposition across norther 
p between peatland species richness and nitrogen deposition across northern europe. using field 
and nitrogen deposition across northern europe. using field manipulations to alter water table  
ope. using field manipulations to alter water table and temperature, we will measure the nature 
 manipulations to alter water table and temperature, we will measure the nature of the interact 
le and temperature, we will measure the nature of the interaction between nitrogen pollution an 
e the nature of the interaction between nitrogen pollution and climate on peatland biodiversity 
ure of the interaction between nitrogen pollution and climate on peatland biodiversity and biog 
eraction between nitrogen pollution and climate on peatland biodiversity and biogeochemistry. t 
rogen pollution and climate on peatland biodiversity and biogeochemistry. the importance of spe 
nd climate on peatland biodiversity and biogeochemistry. the importance of species diversity fo 
 and biogeochemistry. the importance of species diversity for ecosystem elemental cycles will b 
the importance of species diversity for ecosystem elemental cycles will be assessed within cont 
 also identify the associations between vegetation richness and soil microbial diversity, and h 
ify the associations between vegetation richness and soil microbial diversity, and how these ar 
iations between vegetation richness and soil microbial diversity, and how these are affected by 
ns between vegetation richness and soil microbial diversity, and how these are affected by nitr 
iversity, and how these are affected by nitrogen pollution and climate change. increased unders 
 and how these are affected by nitrogen pollution and climate change. increased understanding w 
 are affected by nitrogen pollution and climate change. increased understanding will help us de 
 understanding will help us develop bio-indicators of risk to peatland ecology and functional i 
 will help us develop bio-indicators of risk to peatland ecology and functional integrity cause 
elop bio-indicators of risk to peatland ecology and functional integrity caused by elevated nit 
functional integrity caused by elevated nitrogen deposition and climate change. for example, we 
sed by elevated nitrogen deposition and climate change. for example, we will be able to better  
, we will be able to better account for climate change in the setting of nitrogen critical load 
nt for climate change in the setting of nitrogen critical loads thresholds, and conversely, ass 
 the setting of nitrogen critical loads thresholds, and conversely, assess more accurately how  
 conversely, assess more accurately how nitrogen pollution affects the vulnerability of peatlan 
ly, assess more accurately how nitrogen pollution affects the vulnerability of peatlands to spe 
tely how nitrogen pollution affects the vulnerability of peatlands to specific degrees of warmi 
ity of peatlands to specific degrees of warming and summer drought. this is the first study inv 
 specific degrees of warming and summer drought. this is the first study investigating the inte 
interactive effects of n deposition and climate on bog biodiversity, linking plant diversity wi 
ects of n deposition and climate on bog biodiversity, linking plant diversity with microbial di 
nd climate on bog biodiversity, linking plant diversity with microbial diversity. further novel 
diversity, linking plant diversity with microbial diversity. further novel aspects are the biog 
roach in using relational databases and gis to strengthen data analysis and facilitate communic 
sults with the stakeholder and end-user community.  
13611 74 ms of peatbog are to understand how the biodiversity and ecosystem functions of peatlands acros 
 to understand how the biodiversity and ecosystem functions of peatlands across europe are impa 
ecosystem functions of peatlands across europe are impacted by nitrogen pollution and climate c 
peatlands across europe are impacted by nitrogen pollution and climate change, and to develop m 
 across europe are impacted by nitrogen pollution and climate change, and to develop meaningful 
 are impacted by nitrogen pollution and climate change, and to develop meaningful indicators of 
imate change, and to develop meaningful indicators of risk to these impacts. the peatlands of n 
and to develop meaningful indicators of risk to these impacts. the peatlands of northern europe 
 meaningful indicators of risk to these impacts. the peatlands of northern europe are major glo 
hese impacts. the peatlands of northern europe are major global sinks for carbon and support a  
thern europe are major global sinks for carbon and support a unique biological community. clima 
 carbon and support a unique biological community. climate change and air pollution, however, t 
 support a unique biological community. climate change and air pollution, however, threaten the 
gical community. climate change and air pollution, however, threaten the structure and function 
on, however, threaten the structure and function of these ecosystems. aerial deposition of reac 
ten the structure and function of these ecosystems. aerial deposition of reactive nitrogen and  
osystems. aerial deposition of reactive nitrogen and other pollutants has already caused a sign 
as already caused a significant drop in diversity and functioning of peatlands in parts of euro 
nd functioning of peatlands in parts of europe. there is also evidence that climate change will 
 of europe. there is also evidence that climate change will disturb peatland hydrology through  
at climate change will disturb peatland hydrology through widespread summer drying, thus reduci 
spread summer drying, thus reducing net carbon sequestration. this project aims to understand t 
lly. we hypothesize that above critical thresholds of nitrogen deposition there will be reducti 
esize that above critical thresholds of nitrogen deposition there will be reductions in the div 
osition there will be reductions in the diversity of all species, with bryophytes being particu 
being particularly sensitive. sensitive vegetation will be replaced by more nitrophilic species 
anges, together with enhanced microbial decomposition, will contribute to accelerated rates of  
will contribute to accelerated rates of nitrogen and carbon cycling. this will result in increa 
te to accelerated rates of nitrogen and carbon cycling. this will result in increased losses of 
this will result in increased losses of nitrogen and carbon to the environment, seen principall 
ult in increased losses of nitrogen and carbon to the environment, seen principally as elevated 
ed losses of nitrogen and carbon to the environment, seen principally as elevated levels of nit 
 seen principally as elevated levels of nitrogen in soil solution and rising concentrations of  
pally as elevated levels of nitrogen in soil solution and rising concentrations of greenhouse g 
l solution and rising concentrations of greenhouse gases released to the atmosphere. we anticip 
. we anticipate that these responses to nitrogen pollution will become exacerbated under climat 
cipate that these responses to nitrogen pollution will become exacerbated under climate change, 
pollution will become exacerbated under climate change, and under extreme conditions may lead t 
nditions may lead to a breakdown in the ecosystem and mass carbon and nitrogen loss. to address 
o a breakdown in the ecosystem and mass carbon and nitrogen loss. to address these concerns, we 
wn in the ecosystem and mass carbon and nitrogen loss. to address these concerns, we will deter 
etween peatland above- and below-ground species richness and nitrogen deposition across norther 
- and below-ground species richness and nitrogen deposition across northern europe. using field 
and nitrogen deposition across northern europe. using field manipulations to alter water table  
ope. using field manipulations to alter water table and temperature, we will measure the nature 
 manipulations to alter water table and temperature, we will measure the nature of the interact 
le and temperature, we will measure the nature of the interactions between nitrogen pollution a 
 the nature of the interactions between nitrogen pollution and climate on peatland biodiversity 
re of the interactions between nitrogen pollution and climate on peatland biodiversity and biog 
ractions between nitrogen pollution and climate on peatland biodiversity and biogeochemistry. t 
rogen pollution and climate on peatland biodiversity and biogeochemistry. the importance of spe 
nd climate on peatland biodiversity and biogeochemistry. the importance of species diversity fo 
 and biogeochemistry. the importance of species diversity for ecosystem elemental cycles will b 
the importance of species diversity for ecosystem elemental cycles will be assessed within cont 
 also identify the associations between vegetation richness and soil microbial diversity, and h 
ify the associations between vegetation richness and soil microbial diversity, and how these ar 
iations between vegetation richness and soil microbial diversity, and how these are affected by 
ns between vegetation richness and soil microbial diversity, and how these are affected by nitr 
iversity, and how these are affected by nitrogen pollution and climate change. increased unders 
 and how these are affected by nitrogen pollution and climate change. increased understanding w 
 are affected by nitrogen pollution and climate change. increased understanding will help us to 
derstanding will help us to develop bio-indicators of risk to peatland ecology and functional i 
ll help us to develop bio-indicators of risk to peatland ecology and functional integrity cause 
elop bio-indicators of risk to peatland ecology and functional integrity caused by elevated nit 
functional integrity caused by elevated nitrogen deposition and climate change. on a national a 
sed by elevated nitrogen deposition and climate change. on a national and european scale, this  
mate change. on a national and european scale, this will allow us to identify the most vulnerab 
rable peatlands and to evaluate current policy such as critical loads thresholds. this is the f 
e current policy such as critical loads thresholds. this is the first study investigating the i 
interactive effects of n deposition and climate on both vegetation and microbial biodiversity i 
cts of n deposition and climate on both vegetation and microbial biodiversity in peatlands. fur 
limate on both vegetation and microbial biodiversity in peatlands. further novel aspects are th 
roach in using relational databases and gis to strengthen data analysis and facilitate communic 
sults with the stakeholder and end-user community.  
15571 74 ms of peatbog are to understand how the biodiversity and ecosystem functions of peatlands acros 
 to understand how the biodiversity and ecosystem functions of peatlands across europe are impa 
ecosystem functions of peatlands across europe are impacted by nitrogen pollution and climate c 
peatlands across europe are impacted by nitrogen pollution and climate change, and to develop m 
 across europe are impacted by nitrogen pollution and climate change, and to develop meaningful 
 are impacted by nitrogen pollution and climate change, and to develop meaningful indicators of 
imate change, and to develop meaningful indicators of risk to these impacts. the peatlands of n 
and to develop meaningful indicators of risk to these impacts. the peatlands of northern europe 
 meaningful indicators of risk to these impacts. the peatlands of northern europe are major glo 
hese impacts. the peatlands of northern europe are major global sinks for carbon and support a  
thern europe are major global sinks for carbon and support a unique biological community. clima 
 carbon and support a unique biological community. climate change and air pollution, however, t 
 support a unique biological community. climate change and air pollution, however, threaten the 
gical community. climate change and air pollution, however, threaten the structure and function 
on, however, threaten the structure and function of these ecosystems. aerial deposition of reac 
ten the structure and function of these ecosystems. aerial deposition of reactive nitrogen and  
osystems. aerial deposition of reactive nitrogen and other pollutants has already caused a sign 
as already caused a significant drop in diversity and functioning of peatlands in parts of euro 
nd functioning of peatlands in parts of europe. there is also evidence that climate change will 
 of europe. there is also evidence that climate change will disturb peatland hydrology through  
at climate change will disturb peatland hydrology through widespread summer drying, thus reduci 
spread summer drying, thus reducing net carbon sequestration. this project aims to understand t 
lly. we hypothesize that above critical thresholds of nitrogen deposition there will be reducti 
esize that above critical thresholds of nitrogen deposition there will be reductions in the div 
osition there will be reductions in the diversity of all species, with bryophytes being particu 
being particularly sensitive. sensitive vegetation will be replaced by more nitrophilic species 
anges, together with enhanced microbial decomposition, will contribute to accelerated rates of  
will contribute to accelerated rates of nitrogen and carbon cycling. this will result in increa 
te to accelerated rates of nitrogen and carbon cycling. this will result in increased losses of 
this will result in increased losses of nitrogen and carbon to the environment, seen principall 
ult in increased losses of nitrogen and carbon to the environment, seen principally as elevated 
ed losses of nitrogen and carbon to the environment, seen principally as elevated levels of nit 
 seen principally as elevated levels of nitrogen in soil solution and rising concentrations of  
pally as elevated levels of nitrogen in soil solution and rising concentrations of greenhouse g 
l solution and rising concentrations of greenhouse gases released to the atmosphere. we anticip 
. we anticipate that these responses to nitrogen pollution will become exacerbated under climat 
cipate that these responses to nitrogen pollution will become exacerbated under climate change, 
pollution will become exacerbated under climate change, and under extreme conditions may lead t 
nditions may lead to a breakdown in the ecosystem and mass carbon and nitrogen loss. to address 
o a breakdown in the ecosystem and mass carbon and nitrogen loss. to address these concerns, we 
wn in the ecosystem and mass carbon and nitrogen loss. to address these concerns, we will deter 
etween peatland above- and below-ground species richness and nitrogen deposition across norther 
- and below-ground species richness and nitrogen deposition across northern europe. using field 
and nitrogen deposition across northern europe. using field manipulations to alter water table  
ope. using field manipulations to alter water table and temperature, we will measure the nature 
 manipulations to alter water table and temperature, we will measure the nature of the interact 
le and temperature, we will measure the nature of the interactions between nitrogen pollution a 
 the nature of the interactions between nitrogen pollution and climate on peatland biodiversity 
re of the interactions between nitrogen pollution and climate on peatland biodiversity and biog 
ractions between nitrogen pollution and climate on peatland biodiversity and biogeochemistry. t 
rogen pollution and climate on peatland biodiversity and biogeochemistry. the importance of spe 
nd climate on peatland biodiversity and biogeochemistry. the importance of species diversity fo 
 and biogeochemistry. the importance of species diversity for ecosystem elemental cycles will b 
the importance of species diversity for ecosystem elemental cycles will be assessed within cont 
 also identify the associations between vegetation richness and soil microbial diversity, and h 
ify the associations between vegetation richness and soil microbial diversity, and how these ar 
iations between vegetation richness and soil microbial diversity, and how these are affected by 
ns between vegetation richness and soil microbial diversity, and how these are affected by nitr 
iversity, and how these are affected by nitrogen pollution and climate change. increased unders 
 and how these are affected by nitrogen pollution and climate change. increased understanding w 
 are affected by nitrogen pollution and climate change. increased understanding will help us to 
derstanding will help us to develop bio-indicators of risk to peatland ecology and functional i 
ll help us to develop bio-indicators of risk to peatland ecology and functional integrity cause 
elop bio-indicators of risk to peatland ecology and functional integrity caused by elevated nit 
functional integrity caused by elevated nitrogen deposition and climate change. on a national a 
sed by elevated nitrogen deposition and climate change. on a national and european scale, this  
mate change. on a national and european scale, this will allow us to identify the most vulnerab 
rable peatlands and to evaluate current policy such as critical loads thresholds. this is the f 
e current policy such as critical loads thresholds. this is the first study investigating the i 
interactive effects of n deposition and climate on both vegetation and microbial biodiversity i 
cts of n deposition and climate on both vegetation and microbial biodiversity in peatlands. fur 
limate on both vegetation and microbial biodiversity in peatlands. further novel aspects are th 
roach in using relational databases and gis to strengthen data analysis and facilitate communic 
sults with the stakeholder and end-user community.  
12376 6 he annual and seasonal variations in uk marine nutrient inputs to facilitate modelling of the m 
uk marine nutrient inputs to facilitate modelling of the most significant nutrient fluxes and t 
 fluxes and their effects in the remote marine areas of interest or concern. key customer purpo 
trient loads. if the contribution of uk nutrients towards eutrophication in remote areas cannot 
he contribution of uk nutrients towards eutrophication in remote areas cannot be shown to be in 
economic burdens for industries such as agriculture and wastewater treatment.  
11804 4  drill the barberton greenstone belt in south africa. the barberton is one of the only two plac 
important opportunity to determine what habitat and energy sources archean rocks provide to lif 
portunity to determine what habitat and energy sources archean rocks provide to life today and  
he geomicrobiological study of the icdp chesapeake bay impact crater, the first icdp project to 
15220 11 l changes are having a strong impact of marine ecosystems. pelagic seabirds are one of the most 
es are having a strong impact of marine ecosystems. pelagic seabirds are one of the most pertur 
this context, understanding the feeding ecology and the spatiotemporal dynamics of seabirds is  
 when and where seabirds are exposed to human impacts. tracking the movements of pelagic seabir 
the characterization of the biophysical traits of the marine habitat can help us to locate feed 
zation of the biophysical traits of the marine habitat can help us to locate feeding areas, bui 
of the biophysical traits of the marine habitat can help us to locate feeding areas, build habi 
 help us to locate feeding areas, build habitat suitability models and identify important bird  
 stable isotope composition to specific water masses. with this information we will also built  
ith this information we will also built habitat suitability models and will propose the protect 
ill propose the protection of important birds areas for seabirds at sea.  
7222 4            biomex aims to study pelagic marine biodiversity in the western indian ocean through 
    biomex aims to study pelagic marine biodiversity in the western indian ocean through a wide 
 with the objective to characterize the biodiversity and ensure its follow-up. the project will 
 will establish an inventory of pelagic biodiversity from various ' samplers ' which will for t 
12535 1 er states where pepmv poses a potential risk. adoption of the new pra will allow eu plant healt 
7173 2 o species of non-native rodents, led in europe to trade their skin. returned to the wild, they  
l. the application of toxic products in nature is increasingly contested today. this has led us 
7199 9                              ecological intensification of agricultural systems requires greate 
f agricultural systems requires greater efficiency in use of resources and n p soil. . the comp 
 efficiency in use of resources and n p soil. . the complementary concepts of ecological niches 
ntary concepts of ecological niches and facilitation applied to agricultural systems encourage  
and installation of stands with greater functional diversity, allowing species and / or varieti 
ve low-input systems in conventional or organic farming, the interest of complex plant communit 
tal - in terms of the n in resource use efficiency and p soil. this assessment combines bio- te 
 the n in resource use efficiency and p soil. this assessment combines bio- technical approache 
esource use efficiency and p soil. this assessment combines bio- technical approaches  
12688 1                                      to review the individual status of five biosphere reserves 
15358 7 namics of species in response to modern climate change are likely to be determined largely by p 
ulations as long-term stores of species genetic diversity and evolutionary history during the q 
ercus robur hybridisation with the more stress-tolerant q. pyrenaica results in better performa 
valuable background information for the development of appropriate strategies for their conserv 
ent of appropriate strategies for their conservation and management in a changing, and presumab 
e strategies for their conservation and management in a changing, and presumably drier, climate 
nt in a changing, and presumably drier, climate.  
6944 1 llected in hungary, in various parts of europe also supported by considerable international rel 
11395 13 zzled over the mechanisms that maintain biological diversity - that permit so many natural spec 
hat species coexist by exploiting their environment in different ways, and patterns of abundanc 
ment in different ways, and patterns of abundance and rarity reflect the distinct roles played  
oles played by different species in the community. this view was supported by charles darwin, w 
t describing the patterns of rarity and abundance in many natural systems. however, not even hu 
re them to data. by contrast, hubbell s model is relatively simple, and its properties can be s 
can use the exact solution to hubbell s model to calculate how the predictions of our models di 
of piggy-backing on an exactly solvable model to study an unsolvable one is a well-established  
nd in species preferences for different habitat contribute to patterns of biodiversity. this wi 
erent habitat contribute to patterns of biodiversity. this will show us how strong these proces 
ly different predictions from hubbell s model. we shall use our models to analyse data for high 
data for highly diverse systems such as tropical forests and coral reefs. in this way, we shall 
se systems such as tropical forests and coral reefs. in this way, we shall measure and distingu 
13347 2 and nomenclators . pesi contributes the development of a unified cross-reference system and pro 
tandards. pesi will further involve the europe-based nomenclatural services and link the planne 
457 11 enefit from a fundamental and assiduous development of research activities, with strong needs f 
r transfer of knowledge and support for policy-makers and users. nonetheless the phanerogam mea 
 nonetheless the phanerogam meadows are ecosystems that are barely studied on these islands, ev 
ial for neighbouring systems, source of biodiversity or even as pollution buffer has been prove 
tems, source of biodiversity or even as pollution buffer has been proved in other regions. more 
oreover, studies carried out in eastern africa show a multitude of ecosystem services, which ma 
t in eastern africa show a multitude of ecosystem services, which make these plants an importan 
mulant effects of these habitats on the biodiversity and the associated users on the islands, o 
ies: 1/ to characterize their intrinsic biodiversity; 2/ to quantify the anthropogenic impact o 
rnational databases, tools for activity management and help for decision-making, but also the r 
ls for activity management and help for decision-making, but also the reinforcement of multidis 
7208 15                          . phenological development is a trait common to the species life histo 
opment is a trait common to the species life history and own biological rhythm: the apical bud  
nd shrubs of undergrowth, resumption of development among herbivorous insects, production of pr 
mption of development among herbivorous insects, production of primary inoculum in parasitic fu 
 development among herbivorous insects, production of primary inoculum in parasitic fungi. gene 
uction of primary inoculum in parasitic fungi. genericity of this feature allows you to set at  
ty of this feature allows you to set at community level, a character called phenological timing 
easure the synchronization in different forest stands located along an altitudinal gradient in  
n the pyrenees, for the construction of growth curves of three species categories component com 
s. finally, the close dependence of the phenology of species to temperature suggests breaks phe 
pendence of the phenology of species to temperature suggests breaks phenological timing in resp 
eaks phenological timing in response to climate change. the experimental device used, as well a 
he experimental device used, as well as modeling, provide answers about the extent of these bre 
 the modification of the methods of oak forest management guaranteeing their sustainability  
ak forest management guaranteeing their sustainability  
2083 15   an immediate and observable effect of global warming in norway is a transition in the seasona 
 norway is a transition in the seasonal vegetation cycles. changes in the phenological phases a 
n the first indication of transition in ecosystem. a lengthening of the growing season, as obse 
 southern norway, is likely to increase biomass production and accelerated tree growth across t 
n norway, is likely to increase biomass production and accelerated tree growth across the regio 
biomass production and accelerated tree growth across the region. changed winter and spring con 
 due to more snow from increased winter precipitation as observed in the northern continental r 
tal regions, will have an impact on the grazing resources for reindeer, and thereby a socio-eco 
e important climatic variables, this to model and predict changes in future phenological timing 
anges in future phenological timing and primary production along the north-south, coastal-inlan 
l analyse the consequences for the agro-forestry sector. main emphasis will be on the northern  
 emphasis will be on the northern birch forest. the project will study the role of climate vari 
est. the project will study the role of climate variability as a driving factor for the reindee 
ty as a driving factor for the reindeer management, and its implications for the såmi culture.  
lergies in norway, and changes in goose migration patterns.  
15426 4                                         phenology is the study of the timing of recurring seaso 
nt of view, variability in reproductive phenology may lead to genetic differentiation within a  
roduction time and weak constraints for pollination. in addition, an adaptive divergence in rel 
eding depression and see the biological efficiency in relation to the degree of overlap of the  
15002 3 ocesses that occur during speciation or adaptation. questions of the type: how many genes, what 
type or how do they interact to produce adaptation or speciation are nowadays as difficult to a 
s have evolved each time in response to adaptation or the same gene combination has evolved rep 
7226 3 e the role of geographical barriers and ecology in the process of differentiation. the indian o 
n the speciation through the drosophila model sechellia / mauritiana / simulans, which played a 
ticularly in the taxonomic groups which biogeography is now better understood. we propose in th 
467 4 e the role of geographical barriers and ecology in processes of differentiation. the islands in 
 of knowledge on speciation through the model drosophila sechellia/mauritiana/stimulans, which  
hese islands constitute an advantageous environment for developing more research on species for 
oups for which the understanding of the biogeography is henceforth improved. in this project we 
15486 6 rphological structures or physiological function in adult animals in response to environmental  
ve period of the day in a thermoneutral environment and post-absorptive state. recent studies h 
ns to biotic and abiotic changes in the environment. phenotypic response of bird bmr in respons 
on, food restriction, osmoregulation or temperature changes, have received a lot of attention i 
rgetic constraints, such as nutritional stress and immunization, osmoregulation and immunizatio 
ation and osmoregulation and increasing temperature. our general hypothesis is that phenotypic  
6741 5  are often incomplete and inconsistent. evaluation of the native gene resources has become an i 
genetic and ecological reasons of their diversity in its complexity, which information are usef 
gical reasons of their diversity in its complexity, which information are useful during introdu 
uction into cultivation. we decided the adaptation and/or development of the modem methods of c 
ation. we decided the adaptation and/or development of the modem methods of chemical analysis,  
14953 14  it constitutes a challenge for current ecology dissecting and outlining with enough detail the 
ough detail the interdependence between biodiversity and functionality of the ecosystems or, in 
n biodiversity and functionality of the ecosystems or, in other words, between biogeochemistry  
 ecosystems or, in other words, between biogeochemistry and population dynamics. in lakes much  
ther words, between biogeochemistry and population dynamics. in lakes much is known on phosphor 
ion dynamics. in lakes much is known on phosphorus, particularly after the research effort make 
ch effort make owing to the problems of eutrophication. in addition to its central role in lake 
in addition to its central role in lake productivity, his influence on shaping communities as l 
an influence and concentrate on natural phosphorus levels, still there is much to study for und 
ogical and evolving mechanisms in which phosphorus plays a relevant role. the alpine lake conte 
indirectly control the relevance of the phosphorus loading form outside the system to study the 
tion and survival mechanisms related to phosphorus availability in distinct phytoplankton organ 
 to phosphorus availability in distinct phytoplankton organisms and to determine its role in th 
d to determine its role in the seasonal succession of alpine lakes. our ultimate goal is to ach 
10301 15               reducing diffuse nutrient pollution is a prime focus of measures to improve the e 
 improve the environmental status of uk rivers. in groundwater-fed rivers, processes operating  
e environmental status of uk rivers. in groundwater-fed rivers, processes operating in the hypo 
status of uk rivers. in groundwater-fed rivers, processes operating in the hyporheic zone proce 
been linked to increased rates of plant growth, changes in species composition and proliferatio 
eased rates of plant growth, changes in species composition and proliferation of planktonic and 
planktonic and epiphytic and epibenthic algae in rivers. such rivers often fail to meet the sta 
c and epiphytic and epibenthic algae in rivers. such rivers often fail to meet the standards of 
ic and epibenthic algae in rivers. such rivers often fail to meet the standards of the eu water 
en fail to meet the standards of the eu water framework directive necessitating the introductio 
ssitating the introduction of expensive mitigation measures. these measures can only succeed if 
e controls in relation to p dynamics in groundwater-fed rivers.the focus in on understanding of 
lation to p dynamics in groundwater-fed rivers.the focus in on understanding of the temporal va 
oral variation in nutrient processes in groundwater-fed rivers.  
n nutrient processes in groundwater-fed rivers.  
11290 2 e spent developing a radiative transfer model of the snow and sea-ice to estimate these fluxes  
e these fluxes with simple mathematical function for other users.  
15454 36  understanding the factors that control litter decomposition is fundamental to our understandin 
tal to our understanding of terrestrial ecosystem functioning. litter decomposition is the prim 
g of terrestrial ecosystem functioning. litter decomposition is the primary source of soil nutr 
 decomposition is the primary source of soil nutrients and it is also a fundamental component o 
mposition is the primary source of soil nutrients and it is also a fundamental component of the 
o a fundamental component of the global carbon cycle. litter and soil organic matter pools cont 
 of the global carbon cycle. litter and soil organic matter pools contain important amounts of  
tter pools contain important amounts of carbon in terrestrial ecosystems and their relative fas 
ortant amounts of carbon in terrestrial ecosystems and their relative fast turnover rates makes 
heir relative fast turnover rates makes litter decomposition one of the most dynamic components 
e most dynamic components of the global carbon cycle. litter decomposition is controlled mainly 
 components of the global carbon cycle. litter decomposition is controlled mainly by litter qua 
r decomposition is controlled mainly by litter quality, temperature and precipitation. however, 
is controlled mainly by litter quality, temperature and precipitation. however, these factors f 
inly by litter quality, temperature and precipitation. however, these factors fail to explain d 
 however, these factors fail to explain decomposition rates in arid ecosystems. recently, the p 
 to explain decomposition rates in arid ecosystems. recently, the process of photodegradation h 
 been identified as the main process of litter decomposition in semiarid ecosystems. it is a pr 
ess of litter decomposition in semiarid ecosystems. it is a process by which solar radiation br 
ch solar radiation breaks down directly organic matter components releasing co2 and thus, it is 
ng co2 and thus, it is a direct loss of carbon from the ecosystem to the atmosphere without bei 
 it is a direct loss of carbon from the ecosystem to the atmosphere without being incorporated  
ere without being incorporated into the soil organic matter pool. however, few studies have qua 
his process and its contribution to the ecosystem carbon balance as well as its response to cli 
s and its contribution to the ecosystem carbon balance as well as its response to climate chang 
rbon balance as well as its response to climate change. the aim of this project is to tackle so 
contribution of photodegradation to the ecosystem carbon balance in a mediterranean shrubland s 
on of photodegradation to the ecosystem carbon balance in a mediterranean shrubland site where  
on to the ecosystem carbon balance in a mediterranean shrubland site where net ecosystem exchan 
 mediterranean shrubland site where net ecosystem exchange is being measured. moreover, it will 
in both ground litter and standing dead biomass. the contribution of photodegradation to soil r 
the contribution of photodegradation to soil respiration, standing mass decomposition will be d 
tion to soil respiration, standing mass decomposition will be done using a specific uv transpar 
 of the contribution of this process to litter decomposition in semiarid ecosytems and to the e 
sition in semiarid ecosytems and to the ecosystem carbon balance. another part of the project w 
semiarid ecosytems and to the ecosystem carbon balance. another part of the project will test t 
15399 3 iology and behaviour, that represent an adaptation to the geophysical cycles in our planet. in  
. the availability of the genome of the model aphid acyrthosiphon pisum will help in our study. 
cycles in aphids but also in many other insects.  
14767 17 fects of leaf longevity on resource use efficiency in limiting environments constitute a long-d 
ducing the instantaneous photosynthetic efficiency, and this could compensate the advantages de 
 topic, it is necessary to estimate the photosynthesis integrated along the leaf life and to co 
the present project is to calculate the production and the photosynthetic nitrogen and water us 
e the production and the photosynthetic nitrogen and water use efficiency integrated along the  
ion and the photosynthetic nitrogen and water use efficiency integrated along the whole leaf li 
e photosynthetic nitrogen and water use efficiency integrated along the whole leaf life in medi 
integrated along the whole leaf life in mediterranean deciduous and evergreen woody species. we 
cies. we will measure the variations in photosynthesis along the leaf life of the different spe 
 life of the different species and will model the effects of the seasonal climatic variation on 
oject may be also useful to predict the impacts of climate change. we hypothesize that in a sea 
e also useful to predict the impacts of climate change. we hypothesize that in a seasonal clima 
ange. we hypothesize that in a seasonal climate the percentage of the total leaf life under unf 
s must increase with leaf longevity. if climate change leads to variations in the strength of t 
effects on instantaneous photosynthetic efficiency. by contrast, deciduous species may respond  
ons in the instantaneous photosynthetic efficiency. these different responses may change the co 
 in leaf longevity and their effects on photosynthesis.  
11099 10                          in the oceanic environment growth constraints, most notably the in sit 
             in the oceanic environment growth constraints, most notably the in situ light envi 
traints, most notably the in situ light environment and nutrient availability, restrict specifi 
al physiology which must underlie these growth constraints. the component of cyanobacterial phy 
yanobacterial physiology that restricts growth under different light regimes is photosynthesis. 
growth under different light regimes is photosynthesis. we propose that photosynthetic performa 
se that photosynthetic performance as a function of growth at different light intensities impli 
osynthetic performance as a function of growth at different light intensities implicate specifi 
ogy as key determinants in defining the community structure of these organisms. in order to add 
formance in representatives of specific marine prochlorococcus and synechococcus lineages.we wi 
148 9 s to continue and extend the studies of evolution and systematics in the grass genus bromus and 
genetic systematics, phylogeography and evolution in botany. the main objectives of the project 
th traditional taxonomic treatments. 3. evaluation of genetic diversity and breeding system in  
 taxonomic treatments. 3. evaluation of genetic diversity and breeding system in a presumable p 
s - b. intermedius in relation to their evolution. 4. to assess intraspecific variation of isoz 
lation to their evolution. 4. to assess intraspecific variation of isozymes, chromosome numbers 
racca-tenuifolia complex. 5. to compare genetic diversity in some wideaspread annual weedy brom 
uropean regions in order to study their migration history and to locate areas of high diversity 
ion history and to locate areas of high diversity and unique variation, e. g. in bromus sterili 
11347 1 cial behaviour, life-history theory and conservation biology.  
10811 6                                 natural ecosystems consist of complex networks of species that  
scriptions of these networks are called food webs. just like other networks from an exceptional 
rom an exceptionally well characterised food web that has been collected over a period of 10 ye 
 hypotheses on the organisation of this food web. in the future we can then formulate hypothese 
n then formulate hypotheses on how this community will respond to perturbations such as the inv 
ll respond to perturbations such as the invasion by a new species and design experiments to tes 
14744 10                                     the mediterranean tribe cardueae and the group of dendroid  
itute two different examples of african-mediterranean disjunctions. this project proposes a phy 
tarchonantheae, from south and tropical africa, with which they conform the subfamily cardueae; 
a species and their relatives from east africa, oman, yemen and south africa. on the basis of t 
tives from east africa, oman, yemen and south africa. on the basis of the molecular data obtain 
ined, we shall carry out an analysis of dispersal-vicariance, with the aim of correlating the p 
 aim of correlating the phylogeographic evolution of both groups and the evolution of the medit 
raphic evolution of both groups and the evolution of the mediterranean vegetation.  
of both groups and the evolution of the mediterranean vegetation.  
 and the evolution of the mediterranean vegetation.  
14930 15 iological adaptations to their peculiar environment. in insects, morphological changes include  
tions to their peculiar environment. in insects, morphological changes include reduction of eye 
es include reduction of eyes and wings, development of long appendages and seta, and a softened 
ation, reflecting the needs in a stable habitat characterised by darkness, high humidity, const 
ed by darkness, high humidity, constant temperature and limited food resources. this strong sel 
st species are known to have a high fat metabolism, extended lifetime and a narrow temperature  
abolism, extended lifetime and a narrow temperature tolerance, with some even having modificati 
ere we propose the investigation of the evolution of the life cycle of cave beetles of the speo 
aches. first, we will build a molecular phylogeny at the species level, to identify the origin  
 unique or multiple. by calibrating the phylogeny with geological events it will be possible to 
rigin of the developmental changes. the phylogeny will then be used to identify closely related 
monal control mechanisms regulating the development. in holometabolous insects the hormones reg 
ting the development. in holometabolous insects the hormones regulating the embryonic, larval a 
s over the time of embryonic and larval development will be measured. since the profiling of th 
mones has been done for a wide range of insects, including beetles, similar profiles are availa 
216 4 studies of certain groups of cetrarioid lichens worldwide. the tasks of the project are as foll 
snea species recorded contemporarily in europe . the age of the substrate, ph of the bark and l 
y in europe . the age of the substrate, ph of the bark and light conditions will be measured, a 
version of the world list of cetrarioid lichens and to complement it with the nomenclatural dat 
10598 4 umber and area is a dominant pattern in macroecology. neither phenomenon is fully understood. w 
a explains over half of the variance in diversity among lineages, whereas previously-documented 
eas previously-documented correlates of diversity typically explain very little. we propose to  
 to the synthesis of macroevolution and macroecology.  
10087 6  hippos, and the small hyrax species of africa is the closest living relative to the elephants  
biologists need sophisticated models of evolution. our research will develop mathematical model 
rch will develop mathematical models of evolution that can detect when pairs of species differ  
hings as viral and pathogenic bacterial evolution, the origin and spread of disease, conservati 
ial evolution, the origin and spread of disease, conservation biology, and the history of the m 
tion, the origin and spread of disease, conservation biology, and the history of the movement o 
2477 18 c stressors are causing changes in many ecosystems. discovery of these changes however, are oft 
often made long after extensive loss of biodiversity and remediation becomes a tremendous under 
extend our operations towards sensitive ecosystems that have previously been protected from res 
to a particular environmental stressor. ecosystem change caused by anthropogenic stressors is d 
 as long term climatic change. accurate monitoring of ecosystems therefore requires high resolu 
climatic change. accurate monitoring of ecosystems therefore requires high resolution, both tem 
ted to this. we propose to initiate the development of the worlds most advanced marine environm 
development of the worlds most advanced marine environmental monitoring system through environo 
rlds most advanced marine environmental monitoring system through environomics. we aim to condu 
ith the same technology we will monitor biodiversity of several sensitive marine areas in north 
nitor biodiversity of several sensitive marine areas in northern norway which will provide a ba 
e high frequency and spatial resolution biodiversity monitoring we will further develop and eva 
ncy and spatial resolution biodiversity monitoring we will further develop and evaluate microar 
valuate microarray technology, using 30 indicator species with several phylogenetic markers for 
lable it will generate new knowledge of human impacts on marine ecosystems particularly the sho 
erate new knowledge of human impacts on marine ecosystems particularly the short and long-term  
ew knowledge of human impacts on marine ecosystems particularly the short and long-term effects 
ing petroleum resources have on oceanic ecosystems.  
14844 12            this proposal will study the phylogeny and evolution of earthworms belonging to the  
s proposal will study the phylogeny and evolution of earthworms belonging to the family lumbric 
ll study the phylogeny and evolution of earthworms belonging to the family lumbricidae as the o 
eproductive organ in the hermaphroditic earthworms that works as an apparatus for mating and sp 
d as diagnostic characters in earthworm taxonomy. however, for many species, the spermathecae s 
nd some species, the so-called athecate earthworms even lack spermathecae and are apparently pa 
c. the establishment of the lumbricidae phylogeny will allow us to study the evolution of the s 
ae phylogeny will allow us to study the evolution of the spermathecae into a phylogenetic frame 
framework and their implications in the phylogeny of the group. we will apply phylogenetic meth 
ctic and parthenogenetic populations of earthworms with a very controversial taxonomic position 
first comprehensive study of lumbricids evolution using a phylogenetic approach after more than 
nowledge and understanding of earthworm evolution. this proposal is also a landmark study in ea 
15014 3 racters as genitalia, we may remark the evolution of the wing pattern, that we pretend to gener 
to the whole lepidoptera order, and the evolution of the secondary sexual characters. finally t 
 sequence that help to interpretate the phylogeny of the group.  
14701 3 d, and biogeographical aspects on their distribution will be studied. finally, analyses of popu 
rkers, will be undertaken as a tool for conservation. in that sense, succulent chenopodiaceae a 
e abundant in the iberian salt-marshes, ecosystems dramatically threatened by human activities, 
10971 19         one of the enduring problems of ecology is to explain the processes which govern the as 
l way of distinguishing these models of community assembly. if closely related species are ecol 
re ecologically similar, then under the competition model, close relatives are less likely to c 
lly similar, then under the competition model, close relatives are less likely to coexist, and  
ess likely to coexist, and species in a community should be less closely related, on average, t 
d, on average, than expected. under the habitat-filtering model, close relatives should be more 
n expected. under the habitat-filtering model, close relatives should be more likely to coexist 
ikely to coexist, as they share similar habitat preferences. other predictions about phylogenet 
s. other predictions about phylogenetic community structure follow it there is little or no lin 
y. i will examine patterns phylogenetic community structure across large numbers of mammal comm 
in, and search for any systematic large-scale variation with spatial scale and across geographi 
y systematic large-scale variation with spatial scale and across geographical gradients. i will 
raphical gradients. i will simulate the evolution of ecological traits and the assembly of comm 
ll simulate the evolution of ecological traits and the assembly of communities to fine-tune pre 
predictions about expected phylogenetic community patterns under different scenarios. the proje 
etic community patterns under different scenarios. the project aims to test the generality of p 
 generality of patterns of phylogenetic community structure and give new insights into the proc 
w insights into the processes governing community assembly and local diversity.  
 governing community assembly and local diversity.  
14454 7 ructures on the basis of the elaborated phylogeny 5. analysis of the distribution of the parasi 
elaborated phylogeny 5. analysis of the distribution of the parasitic worms from mullets among  
he basis of the ultrastructural data 6. assessment of the host specificity of parasitic worms f 
 parasitological studies at the clge 5. development of the interinstitutional collaboration bet 
sis and the spermatozoon of cestodes of birds and mammals 6. additional motivation of the young 
erts for increasing of their scientific productivity and career development  
heir scientific productivity and career development  
7022 1 ith a comprehensive knowledge about the biodiversity of this important section, both for its bi 
2066 9                              historical biogeography conjectures that cladogenesis, the origins 
isms, is directly related to geographic migration and isolation of clade members over time. the 
so far been produced. barriers to plant migration have been created and lifted alternately thro 
brid cladogenesis, and the interglacial invasion of fennoscandia. results of the project will f 
oject will form a case study toward the development of a model for mosaic evolution of the nort 
 case study toward the development of a model for mosaic evolution of the northern hemisphere f 
d the development of a model for mosaic evolution of the northern hemisphere flora, and will ad 
lora, and will advance knowledge of the phylogeny and taxonomy of a species-rich and ecological 
 advance knowledge of the phylogeny and taxonomy of a species-rich and ecologically important l 
155 9 rpose of the project is to describe the phylogeny and dispersal trajectories of baltic sea regi 
roject is to describe the phylogeny and dispersal trajectories of baltic sea region . refinemen 
phylogeny and dispersal trajectories of baltic sea region . refinement of taxon delimitiation,  
ion for floras and keys. newly obtained distribution data will be added to distribution maps.th 
ined distribution data will be added to distribution maps.the research proposed will provide an 
ion to the understanding of postglacial evolution and distribution of plant taxa in the baltic  
erstanding of postglacial evolution and distribution of plant taxa in the baltic sea region. al 
n and distribution of plant taxa in the baltic sea region. also, the study will yield informati 
baltic sea region. also, the study will yield information essential for phylogenetic studies of 
15196 3  and its phylogenetic relationships and evolution are the object of study of a number of intern 
gh it has been extensively studied, the phylogeny of the tribe cariceae is not completely resol 
boeckelereae, never studied before. the evolution of morphological, reproductive, biogeographic 
200 2 analyse brown bear third topic involves phylogeny reconstruction of the tapeworm genus echinoco 
articular attention will be paid on the phylogeny of different strains of most life-threatening 
14793 1       the project is aimed to study the phylogeny and the phylogeography of the subgenus mesoca 
7399 2 ng two major groups of plant pathogenic bacteria, identify cohesive forces maintaining the inte 
we propose to produce a fine and robust phylogeny based on protein-coding genes, and using popu 
7597 2 ng two major groups of plant pathogenic bacteria, identify cohesive forces maintaining the inte 
we propose to produce a fine and robust phylogeny based on protein-coding genes, and using popu 
15010 3 t nuclear markers that can be useful in phylogeny. to do this, we will select 100 introns of fa 
his, we will select 100 introns of fast evolution and which, in addition, are single-copy genes 
fulness of these introns for studies of phylogeny and speciation of a well-known species group, 
14542 2 ntribute to the knowledge of the global biodiversity. the drawbacks of the most widely used mol 
ers. if possible, a consensus molecular phylogeny will be reached and compared to phylogenies b 
15379 1 iability of the three species and their habitat preference.  
14475 1 d by the largest islands of the western mediterranean basin .  
15009 1 andiodes will allow us to establish the distribution patterns of m. moricandioides within a his 
14648 7 e modelled speciation processes and the distribution of species. the understanding of these pro 
 processes is an essential tool for the management and conservation of species. the importance, 
n essential tool for the management and conservation of species. the importance, direction and  
man activities such as the expansion of agriculture, habitat fragmentation or global warming ha 
s such as the expansion of agriculture, habitat fragmentation or global warming have determined 
f agriculture, habitat fragmentation or global warming have determined the demography and, thus 
etermined the demography and, thus, the conservation status of the species.  
15329 16 geographic relationships in the western mediterranean region, and contribute to the conservatio 
terranean region, and contribute to the conservation of plant diversity. we propose to develop  
, and contribute to the conservation of plant diversity. we propose to develop a biosystematic  
 environments not appropriate for their development, the situation can be described as habitat- 
ment, the situation can be described as habitat-islands within continental fragments. thus, our 
y to evaluate the biological effects of habitat insularity in the continental fragments of the  
he continental fragments of the western mediterranean. the most recent developments of metapopu 
able environments: the classical island-biogeography theory, the classical metapopulation theor 
tion theory, and approaches coming from landscape ecology. in this context, our aim is to provi 
eliable data that may contribute to the development of such hypotheses, by means of careful stu 
ful studies that examine the effects of habitat fragmentation and connectivity. we will check w 
he effects of habitat fragmentation and connectivity. we will check whether any consistency can 
under study. from the standpoint of the conservation of habitats and plant species, we remark t 
ze and develop strategies for effective conservation in the mediterranean environments, fragmen 
egies for effective conservation in the mediterranean environments, fragmented and fragile, esp 
 fragile, especially in relation to the climate changes that may occur in the future.  
6940 8 tion in the budai hills, and to map the distribution of the amphibian killing chytrid fungus ba 
d the reconstruction of the postglacial colonization of the two species within europe. these re 
 colonization of the two species within europe. these researches would prepare important intern 
ion living isolated in a very disturbed environment, and could help successful conservation man 
 environment, and could help successful conservation management of the area and the protected s 
 and could help successful conservation management of the area and the protected species. the e 
ian amphibian populations could map the distribution of chytridiomycosis in central-europe, and 
ribution of chytridiomycosis in central-europe, and would help to understand the causes and con 
14697 2  from mountains in central and northern europe reveal postglacial isolation of populations, whi 
ory of populations of cistus in various scenarios sharing similar geographic and climatic histo 
14698 2  from mountains in central and northern europe reveal postglacial isolation of populations, whi 
tory of populations of carex in various scenarios sharing similar geographic and climatic histo 
15512 8 s turbinata guss. is a species from the mediterranean and macaronesian regions that very often  
hat correspond to environments in which soil and climatic conditions are unfavorable, such as c 
reat interest from the point of view of conservation since this species can be found in habitat 
ve clarified some issues concerning the distribution of genetic variation of this species, howe 
f 30 populations will be studied in the distribution area of this species, specially in the ibe 
esults obtained will allow to asess the genetic diversity of populations of juniperus turbinata 
roductions of the species, according to management plans, at both the specific and habitat leve 
agement plans, at both the specific and habitat levels.  
15326 7 lgeria are the two largest countries in africa, while sudans ethnic diversity is enormous with  
ountries in africa, while sudans ethnic diversity is enormous with more than 90 human groups an 
sudan is an obliged step for the out of africa of homo s. sapiens by the levantine route, while 
ountries and will allow to build a deep phylogeny of all mitochondrial lineages to investigate  
logroups that encompasses all the human diversity found outside of africa and if, in addition t 
ll the human diversity found outside of africa and if, in addition to haplogroups m1 and u6, th 
at also trace the later human return to africa from asia.  
14913 17 information about the general models of freshwater fish distribution, and the identification of 
 about the general models of freshwater fish distribution, and the identification of cobitiform 
t the general models of freshwater fish distribution, and the identification of cobitiform biod 
n, and the identification of cobitiform biodiversity in asia minor and the caucasus. the taxa s 
pteridae. both families exhibit a broad distribution in the selected areas, low dispersal abili 
distribution in the selected areas, low dispersal abilities derived from their morphological co 
ween alternative modes of speciation of freshwater organisms inhabiting complex geological area 
rical processes during their origin and evolution. phylogeography serves as the theoretical fra 
work to evaluate traditional historical scenarios that explain current distribution patterns. t 
storical scenarios that explain current distribution patterns. therefore, phylogeography place  
nd mitochondrial genes with low rate of evolution in a comparative phylogeograhical framework b 
e minor asia, caucasus and the european freshwater fish fauna. the diversity of these groups wa 
a, caucasus and the european freshwater fish fauna. the diversity of these groups was long time 
the european freshwater fish fauna. the diversity of these groups was long time neglected due t 
sal, we will address the ichthyological diversity using independent characters e.g. molecular c 
 characters, to identify the cobitiform diversity in minor asia and the caucasus and to test th 
ters to evaluate current ichthyological biodiversity.  
14608 2               understanding the present distribution of a group of organisms and the patterns a 
ly the timing of those events known the distribution of sexual and asexual populations for each 
6886 5                gall wasps are important model systems in many subject areas ranging from ecolog 
tems in many subject areas ranging from ecology to the evolutionary biology. a number of specie 
of specialist inhabitants. however, the stability of these communities is not known. large scal 
f these communities is not known. large scale structure of modern populations may be explained  
vel of variability may rise simply from life history. for example, among host genetic different 
12060 7 matic oscillations and loss or gains in biodiversity. this is a key issue, as we are facing a c 
lenge of both rapid climatic change and biodiversity loss as consequences of anthropogenic caus 
s consequences of anthropogenic causes. adaptation of populations and species to climatic chang 
as are never fixed over geological time scale, and shift, expand, or shrink. a community is a l 
 scale, and shift, expand, or shrink. a community is a local assemblage of species, interacting 
ies, interacting or not, sharing a same habitat. the response of the assemblage to climatic osc 
ations on trees and tree – phytophagous insects interactions. but this very topic as well is fa 
13453 14  our aim is to identify the barriers to dispersal in two invasive microalgal species that form  
ecies that form blooms in lakes and the baltic sea. our approach is to determine the importance 
mportance of physical versus biological dispersal barriers by analyzing the genetic diversity p 
cal dispersal barriers by analyzing the genetic diversity patterns. we hypothesize that physica 
 patterns. we hypothesize that physical dispersal barriers are important processes for generati 
ounder or priority effects refer to the dominance of strains or species that arrive first to a  
s or species that arrive first to a new habitat. these are enhanced by short generation time, r 
d by short generation time, rapid local adaptation of the resident population, and large propag 
of geographic distance and hydrographic connectivity in the toxic marine alexandrium ostenfeldi 
 hydrographic connectivity in the toxic marine alexandrium ostenfeldii and the nuisance freshwa 
lexandrium ostenfeldii and the nuisance freshwater flagellate gonyostomum semen. in laboratory  
te gonyostomum semen. in laboratory and mesocosm experiments we will test priority effects and  
ts we will test priority effects and if invasion sequence matters. this research has implicatio 
models and recommendations for targeted monitoring strategies, which will be designed in collab 
10570 14 river patterns and dynamics have viewed vegetation as having a passive role. however, over the  
ing body of evidence has indicated that riparian trees can be highly influential in controlling 
hly influential in controlling landform development and dynamics along river margins. whilst ri 
nd dynamics along river margins. whilst riparian trees and driftwood have received the most att 
hat under many circumstances and across rivers of all sizes, a range of plant species can influ 
dynamics, providing a mechanism linking plant diversity and channel form. evidence of river eng 
ing by plants potential consequences of climate - flow regime change for the above to do this w 
 investigate broad associations between stream energy, sediment calibre and biogeomorphic forms 
igate broad associations between stream energy, sediment calibre and biogeomorphic forms. 2. su 
oad associations between stream energy, sediment calibre and biogeomorphic forms. 2. surveys of 
nd ecological change along gradients of stream power and sediment characteristics. 3. detailed  
nge along gradients of stream power and sediment characteristics. 3. detailed field and laborat 
amics associated with the biogeomorphic model 4. air photograph analysis to define temporal dyn 
 temporal dynamics of the biogeomorphic model.  
11052 14 river patterns and dynamics have viewed vegetation as having a passive role. however, over the  
ing body of evidence has indicated that riparian trees can be highly influential in controlling 
hly influential in controlling landform development and dynamics along river margins. whilst ri 
nd dynamics along river margins. whilst riparian trees and driftwood have received the most att 
hat under many circumstances and across rivers of all sizes, a range of plant species can influ 
dynamics, providing a mechanism linking plant diversity and channel form. evidence of river eng 
ing by plants potential consequences of climate - flow regime change for the above to do this w 
 investigate broad associations between stream energy, sediment calibre and biogeomorphic forms 
igate broad associations between stream energy, sediment calibre and biogeomorphic forms. 2. su 
oad associations between stream energy, sediment calibre and biogeomorphic forms. 2. surveys of 
nd ecological change along gradients of stream power and sediment characteristics. 3. detailed  
nge along gradients of stream power and sediment characteristics. 3. detailed field and laborat 
amics associated with the biogeomorphic model 4. air photograph analysis to define temporal dyn 
 temporal dynamics of the biogeomorphic model.  
11504 14 river patterns and dynamics have viewed vegetation as having a passive role. however, over the  
ing body of evidence has indicated that riparian trees can be highly influential in controlling 
hly influential in controlling landform development and dynamics along river margins. whilst ri 
nd dynamics along river margins. whilst riparian trees and driftwood have received the most att 
hat under many circumstances and across rivers of all sizes, a range of plant species can influ 
dynamics, providing a mechanism linking plant diversity and channel form. evidence of river eng 
ing by plants potential consequences of climate - flow regime change for the above to do this w 
 investigate broad associations between stream energy, sediment calibre and biogeomorphic forms 
igate broad associations between stream energy, sediment calibre and biogeomorphic forms. 2. su 
oad associations between stream energy, sediment calibre and biogeomorphic forms. 2. surveys of 
nd ecological change along gradients of stream power and sediment characteristics. 3. detailed  
nge along gradients of stream power and sediment characteristics. 3. detailed field and laborat 
amics associated with the biogeomorphic model 4. air photograph analysis to define temporal dyn 
 temporal dynamics of the biogeomorphic model.  
13946 13               systematic studies on the biogeochemistry of fe and mo are necessary to be able t 
 are necessary to be able to understand primary production in the baltic sea. especially, field 
to understand primary production in the baltic sea. especially, field studies on the physicoche 
, in relation to variations in plankton production, are important. the bioavailability of fe to 
important. the bioavailability of fe to phytoplankton is influenced by its physico-chemical spe 
hemical speciation of fe in the surface water. there is very little information on trace metal: 
 metal:c ratios in field populations of phytoplankton. this information is vital to make links  
en laboratory-based culture studies and marine ecosystem dynamics. there is a urgent need to br 
ratory-based culture studies and marine ecosystem dynamics. there is a urgent need to bridge th 
periments and the situation in the real marine ecosystem, i.e. the gap between the physiologica 
ts and the situation in the real marine ecosystem, i.e. the gap between the physiological respo 
 responses of single organisms to fe in model systems and that of populations of organisms with 
lations of organisms within the natural ecosystem. this project can contribute in bridging this 
14503 24  of tropospheric ozone, contributing to pollution episodes and influencing the climate. the fun 
 pollution episodes and influencing the climate. the functions of vocs in plants are controvers 
non stored vocs can contribute to plant adaptation to adverse conditions and can protect agains 
t abiotic stresses often exacerbated by global change. in this project, we will carry out a mul 
dely represented in spanish terrestrial ecosystems, and to improve the parametrization and mode 
 and to improve the parametrization and modelling of vocs emissions. in a first approach, we wi 
ocused in other abiotic factors such as temperature, irradiation, water availability, co2 and o 
ctors such as temperature, irradiation, water availability, co2 and o3. we will study the respo 
e response of diverse species to biotic stress produced by herbivorism and abiotic factors such 
herbivorism and abiotic factors such as eutrophication. we will investigate the mechanisms by w 
e approached in relation to defence and adaptation mechanisms. vocs emissions will be parametri 
 will be parametrized and modelled as a function of these biotic and abiotic factors. in this p 
introduce the study of emissions at the community level comparing communities with different sp 
el comparing communities with different species diversity. the idea is, in addition to measurin 
e idea is, in addition to measuring and modelling the emissions at ecosystemic scale, to obtain 
 modelling the emissions at ecosystemic scale, to obtain a measure of vocs atmospheric biodiver 
to obtain a measure of vocs atmospheric biodiversity and its relationship with community biodiv 
 biodiversity and its relationship with community biodiversity. we also will focus on the diffe 
ity and its relationship with community biodiversity. we also will focus on the different land  
land uses, one of the big components of global change that can have a more important effect on  
onmental factors, land uses and type of ecosystem will be improved with the results obtained in 
 plant protection and the environmental monitoring in the framework of global change and biodiv 
onmental monitoring in the framework of global change and biodiversity changes. finally, this p 
g in the framework of global change and biodiversity changes. finally, this project will also b 
9947 9                                         marine biogenic trace gases play critical roles in glob 
 on atmospheric chemistry and influence climate through the production of aerosols. dimethylsul 
istry and influence climate through the production of aerosols. dimethylsulphide has relatively 
ethylsulphide has relatively well known production pathways, so i will examine plankton species 
n a molecular path to understanding dms production and investigate linkages between the sulphur 
tigate linkages between the sulphur and nitrogen cycles. for biogenic halocarbons and hydrocarb 
oader and deeper knowledge of trace gas production at the physiological and molecular level, an 
 whether this might change under future climate scenarios.  
 this might change under future climate scenarios.  
14512 2 quatic systems coming from agricultural runoff, exerting their toxic action on non target photo 
 by different herbicides often found in freshwater systems will be studied. for the consecution 
12558 12 and species in the uk and cause serious disease on a wide range of garden shrubs found within h 
es for replanting in situations of high disease pressure. this research project will directly s 
directly support the defra phytophthora disease management programme for p. ramorum and p. kern 
 support the defra phytophthora disease management programme for p. ramorum and p. kernoviae in 
n england and wales, addressing the key policy objectives. project outputs will be relevant to  
outputs will be relevant to independent stakeholders, landowners and garden end-users, facilita 
ners and garden end-users, facilitating disease management. core outputs from the work will be  
 garden end-users, facilitating disease management. core outputs from the work will be regular  
 dissemination in appropriate format to stakeholders, including recommendations and practical g 
ecommendations and practical guides for disease management and eradication action at outbreak s 
ations and practical guides for disease management and eradication action at outbreak sites of  
rnoviae in the natural and semi-natural environment.  
15203 48              mankind needs good quality water. however, at present, many aquatic ecosystems do  
ater. however, at present, many aquatic ecosystems do not have the desirable quality status. th 
desirable quality status. therefore any management, conservation and/or restoration initiative  
ality status. therefore any management, conservation and/or restoration initiative that guarant 
ore any management, conservation and/or restoration initiative that guarantee good water qualit 
toration initiative that guarantee good water quality is welcome. the fact that some aquatic ec 
 is welcome. the fact that some aquatic ecosystems can show alternative states is well known: a 
rnative states is well known: a a clear water system dominated by submerged aquatic vegetation  
r system dominated by submerged aquatic vegetation and with much more biodiversity or b a turbi 
d aquatic vegetation and with much more biodiversity or b a turbid phytoplankton-dominated syst 
th much more biodiversity or b a turbid phytoplankton-dominated system in which aquatic vegetat 
nkton-dominated system in which aquatic vegetation disappears and all life forms related to it. 
pears and all life forms related to it. conservation and restoration goals are focussed on stab 
e forms related to it. conservation and restoration goals are focussed on stabilizing the syste 
that is obtaining the submerged aquatic vegetation fully developed with all its benefits. the i 
its benefits. the importance of aquatic vegetation in the achievement and maintenance of transp 
e of this, an integrated picture of the phytoplankton-aquatic vegetation interaction that combi 
ed picture of the phytoplankton-aquatic vegetation interaction that combines all the informatio 
information regarding the environmental complexity does not exist yet. it is not known whether  
undergoes, negatively affects submerged macrophytes in shallow systems like coastal lagoons, an 
 fact influences the success of aquatic vegetation over microalgae. it is necessary to know whe 
oalgae. it is necessary to know whether allelopathy is an important interaction between macroph 
thy is an important interaction between macrophytes and phytoplankton at field scale and, there 
ant interaction between macrophytes and phytoplankton at field scale and, therefore, to determi 
 macrophytes and phytoplankton at field scale and, therefore, to determine what role this inter 
ns, if they happen, are affected by the eutrophication gradient. it is essential to know to wha 
is essential to know to what extent the sediment vegetation propapule bank can be useful in the 
ial to know to what extent the sediment vegetation propapule bank can be useful in the restorat 
ion propapule bank can be useful in the restoration of deteriorated environments, its viability 
iorated environments, its viability and vulnerability faced with new conditions. this project a 
ns. this project aims to use the recent restoration of a coastal wetland with water bodies of d 
use the recent restoration of a coastal wetland with water bodies of different trophic status t 
t restoration of a coastal wetland with water bodies of different trophic status to get all thi 
 be very useful for making decisions in wetland conservation, creation and restoration. the mai 
 useful for making decisions in wetland conservation, creation and restoration. the main goal o 
s in wetland conservation, creation and restoration. the main goal of this project is to establ 
stablish the effect of uv radiation and pollution by nutrients on the plankton-submerged macrop 
effect of uv radiation and pollution by nutrients on the plankton-submerged macrophytes relatio 
 by nutrients on the plankton-submerged macrophytes relationship and to determine what macrophy 
 less vulnerable, but more efficient in biodiversity maintenance and in the reduction of plankt 
ance and in the reduction of planktonic primary production and biomass. this project also aims  
on of planktonic primary production and biomass. this project also aims to deal in depth in the 
ms to deal in depth in the knowledge of allelopathy as a control factor in the establishment of 
eal weight of this interaction at field scale. finally, this project will determine the natural 
 determine the natural potential of the sediment propagule bank of aquatic vegetation in these  
 the sediment propagule bank of aquatic vegetation in these environments. thus, facilitating th 
nts. thus, facilitating the increase of biodiversity always by establishing a less vulnerable m 
tablishing a less vulnerable macrophyte community in the presence of global changes and more ef 
2513 24                                         marine phytoplankton form the basis of the marine food  
                                 marine phytoplankton form the basis of the marine food chain a 
ine phytoplankton form the basis of the marine food chain and are crucial players within the gl 
in the global biogeochemical cycling of carbon and other key elements . the overall ecological  
nts . the overall ecological success of marine phytoplankton, but also its taxonomic diversity  
he overall ecological success of marine phytoplankton, but also its taxonomic diversity and siz 
e phytoplankton, but also its taxonomic diversity and size distribution, determines the efficie 
t also its taxonomic diversity and size distribution, determines the efficiency by which fixed  
y and size distribution, determines the efficiency by which fixed carbon is transferred to high 
etermines the efficiency by which fixed carbon is transferred to higher trophic levels and into 
nd into the deep ocean- and sedimentary carbon reservoirs. concern is growing that rising tempe 
f atmospheric co2 and lowering of ocean ph may disrupt primary productivity in the future ocean 
owering of ocean ph may disrupt primary productivity in the future oceans. previous culture exp 
phores, a prominent group of calcifying marine algae, have shown that the physiological respons 
 a prominent group of calcifying marine algae, have shown that the physiological responses to t 
eatly complicate our predictions of how marine algae may adapt to future climatic scenarios. we 
omplicate our predictions of how marine algae may adapt to future climatic scenarios. we propos 
rine algae may adapt to future climatic scenarios. we propose to use a comprehensive approach t 
roach to study the adaptive response of marine algae to climatic change across ecological and e 
o study the adaptive response of marine algae to climatic change across ecological and evolutio 
at are build as time series of adaptive evolution of algal size around an optimal state. the mo 
 genotypic-specific responses in living algae. the outcome of this project will provide groundb 
rovide groundbreaking insights into how algae have adapted to past environmental change, and he 
hts into how algae have adapted to past environmental change, and help predict how they may ada 
14133 20                            the plankton ecosystem of the baltic sea is under the pressure of tw 
          the plankton ecosystem of the baltic sea is under the pressure of two simultaneous an 
o simultaneous anthropogenic pressures: eutrophication and climate change. the predicted runoff 
ropogenic pressures: eutrophication and climate change. the predicted runoff changes in the bal 
ation and climate change. the predicted runoff changes in the baltic sea catchment area, due to 
ge. the predicted runoff changes in the baltic sea catchment area, due to climate change, imply 
n the baltic sea catchment area, due to climate change, imply decreasing surface salinities pot 
inities potentially favoring increasing dominance of cladocerans over copepods. the basic diffe 
over copepods. the basic differences in ecological stoichiometry of these competing mesozooplan 
on. this trophic feed-back mechanism to eutrophication within the plankton food-web modifies th 
m why we empirically witness consistent nitrogen limitation of primary producers in the coastal 
ion of primary producers in the coastal baltic sea . matching up with respective physical-chemi 
ies is analyzed for trends and possible regime shifts in nutrient limitation and phytoplankton  
or trends and possible regime shifts in nutrient limitation and phytoplankton response. an exis 
egime shifts in nutrient limitation and phytoplankton response. an existing data set of 6 large 
sponse. an existing data set of 6 large-scale mesocosm experiments with contrasting grazer comm 
. an existing data set of 6 large-scale mesocosm experiments with contrasting grazer communitie 
ill be analysed for association between functional groups of phytoplankton and dominant grazer  
ssociation between functional groups of phytoplankton and dominant grazer type. finally a set o 
rried out with natural coastal plankton community combining varying degree of n and p limitatio 
12041 2 ver demonstrated that picophytoplankton diversity is much higher than previously expected with  
ysophyceae and haptophytes. • bacterial community structure seems to be somewhat coupled to tha 
9917 5 ing antenna of photosystem ii in intact phytoplankton cells. comparison between the direct exci 
e decay components corresponding to the development of carotenoid-mediated photoprotection. res 
urely optical method of determining the efficiency with which energy derived from absorbed phot 
f determining the efficiency with which energy derived from absorbed photons are conveyed to th 
, a key factor in formulating models of primary production.  
10795 10 nd, at the same time, provides an ideal model to study evolutionary change. despite decades of  
 moved into new areas. it is clear that agriculture was introduced to europe by the earliest fa 
lear that agriculture was introduced to europe by the earliest farmers moving from the near eas 
r domestic animals and plants. however, europe was not an empty landscape. it was already occup 
lants. however, europe was not an empty landscape. it was already occupied by human groups, who 
 hunting and gathering. also present in europe were some of the same wild animal species that p 
c routes taken by early farmers through europe can we see if wild boar in europe were then dome 
rough europe can we see if wild boar in europe were then domesticated we will use two different 
answer questions related to origins and dispersal routes, but also glean insights into other as 
an insights into other aspects of human dispersal and pig domestication. for example, we will b 
9943 10 nd, at the same time, provides an ideal model to study evolutionary change. despite decades of  
 moved into new areas. it is clear that agriculture was introduced to europe by the earliest fa 
lear that agriculture was introduced to europe by the earliest farmers moving from the near eas 
r domestic animals and plants. however, europe was not an empty landscape. it was already occup 
lants. however, europe was not an empty landscape. it was already occupied by human groups, who 
 hunting and gathering. also present in europe were some of the same wild animal species that p 
c routes taken by early farmers through europe can we see if wild boar in europe were then dome 
rough europe can we see if wild boar in europe were then domesticated we will use two different 
answer questions related to origins and dispersal routes, but also glean insights into other as 
an insights into other aspects of human dispersal and pig domestication. for example, we will b 
11342 4 n important selective force driving the evolution of host sex ratios and host sex determining m 
ortion via zygotic interference seen in insects, srds of crustacea act later in host developmen 
ts, srds of crustacea act later in host development by modulating the endocrine control of sexu 
tools to monitor androgen gland hormone production in future studies of environmental sex deter 
12434 6     summary objectives: to provide full scale, pilot evaluation of the application of genetic e 
bjectives: to provide full scale, pilot evaluation of the application of genetic egg identifica 
 and to provide high-resolution data on distribution of spawning by cod and other species in 20 
and other species in 2006 to inform the review of appropriate temporal and spatial boundaries f 
ne of evidence for the justification of fisheries policy in this sea region.  
ence for the justification of fisheries policy in this sea region.  
10381 12           london s lichen and bryophyte diversity has greatly improved following major reductio 
lowing major reductions in so2, but the species composition appears to be dominated by nitrogen 
 composition appears to be dominated by nitrogen-loving taxa. the review and assessment of lond 
 dominated by nitrogen-loving taxa. the review and assessment of london s air quality confirms  
by nitrogen-loving taxa. the review and assessment of london s air quality confirms that oxides 
 the protective standards for sensitive ecosystems and vegetation and human health. this study  
 standards for sensitive ecosystems and vegetation and human health. this study will for the fi 
etween corticolous lichen and bryophyte diversity and various atmospheric parameters based on t 
tistical techniques will be applied and gis maps constructed to examine the relationship betwee 
ecessary towards establishing practical indicator scales to monitor the effects of the new poll 
cales to monitor the effects of the new pollution climate.  
onitor the effects of the new pollution climate.  
11114 13                       just like humans, algae are plagued by diseases caused by fungi, bacteria 
algae are plagued by diseases caused by fungi, bacteria or viruses. this is of ecological impor 
re plagued by diseases caused by fungi, bacteria or viruses. this is of ecological importance s 
ts have been made in the field of large scale protein and chemical identification. furthermore, 
tocarpus gets infected by a fungus-like disease-causing organism called eurychasma. firstly, in 
o a basis for future comparisons on how algae, animals and terrestrial plants defend themselves 
tudies, it can already be inferred that algae share some very old defence mechanisms with them, 
ong those, the most widely known is the production of halogenated compounds which are the major 
y adapted for studying such question in marine organisms. also, there will be insight about the 
 and trying to infect a large number of algae from different geographical origins, we will try  
 to understand how the pathogen and the algae might possibly have co-evolved. this knowledge of 
 have co-evolved. this knowledge of the biological diversity of both the alga and its parasite  
al habitats and to assess their role in ecosystem dynamics.  
12258 1               proposals for the revised nitrate vulnerable zone .  
10460 10                                         phytoplankton and zooplankton samples collected during  
                      phytoplankton and zooplankton samples collected during the marine product 
ooplankton samples collected during the marine productivity cruises in the irminger sea will be 
ton samples collected during the marine productivity cruises in the irminger sea will be analys 
g a flowcam at the azti lab in northern spain in collaboration with dr xabier irigoien and coll 
plankton size spectra obtained from the marine productivity samples will be compared with the d 
n size spectra obtained from the marine productivity samples will be compared with the data obt 
c. the results will help understand how energy transfer in the plankton is affected by temperat 
transfer in the plankton is affected by temperature and productivity.  
plankton is affected by temperature and productivity.  
12734 5 oint project or series of projects with economics division and clg to provide the evidence need 
ide the evidence needed to underpin the development of biodiversity offsets policy. it will inc 
e needed to underpin the development of biodiversity offsets policy. it will include a survey o 
the development of biodiversity offsets policy. it will include a survey of the implementation  
survey of the implementation of current policy at a local level which will primarily be data co 
14526 5                                         habitat fragmentation modifies the outcomes of plant-an 
 by means of interaction-mediated plant recruitment patterns across secondary succession. we wi 
iated plant recruitment patterns across secondary succession. we will use a multiple methodolog 
studies, mensurative field experiments, landscape descriptive analyses and manipulative, proces 
d manipulative, process-oriented, small scale experiments.  
14478 4 o analyze the relationships between the fungi of the order urocystales and their hosts, with th 
ctures of the introns, as well as their distribution in the urocystis species and their hosts.  
ll as the strategies of penetration and colonization. 6.- to relate the structures and strategi 
h the presence, secondary structure and distribution of gi introns 7.- design a web page to spr 
7026 5      understanding the effects of plant functional groups on food chains within the soil subsys 
tional groups on food chains within the soil subsystem and the density and diversity of soil or 
hains within the soil subsystem and the density and diversity of soil organisms of different tr 
 the soil subsystem and the density and diversity of soil organisms of different trophic levels 
system and the density and diversity of soil organisms of different trophic levels is urgently  
7014 17                                         ecosystem respiration and c/n ratios on litter decompos 
                              ecosystem respiration and c/n ratios on litter decomposition and  
ecosystem respiration and c/n ratios on litter decomposition and related microbial community st 
ios on litter decomposition and related microbial community structure and activity, - an assess 
 community structure and activity, - an assessment of microbial diversity and community structu 
ucture and activity, - an assessment of microbial diversity and community structure at the gras 
n assessment of microbial diversity and community structure at the grassland sites and their li 
iversity and community structure at the grassland sites and their link to c fluxes, - the devel 
sites and their link to c fluxes, - the development of a process-based model linking c assimila 
s, - the development of a process-based model linking c assimilation, non-structural carbohydra 
l carbohydrates and plant and microbial respiration. by focussing on the processes underlying e 
y focussing on the processes underlying ecosystem c fluxes in differently managed grasslands th 
osystem c fluxes in differently managed grasslands the proposed project will answer questions a 
answer questions about the influence of land use and land management on short-term controls on  
ons about the influence of land use and land management on short-term controls on c-sequestrati 
ort-term controls on c-sequestration of grasslands and contribute to an understanding of feedba 
o an understanding of feedbacks between land-use changes and the mechanisms of above and below  
12515 4 et requirements but also fulfil current policy ambitions for lowering inputs. production of reg 
t policy ambitions for lowering inputs. production of regional varieties does not fit within th 
ational listing trialling system on the development of vegetable varieties for sustainable and/ 
eties for sustainable and/or ‘regional’ production by carrying out a case study of a small ‘reg 
14211 7 rs that control species coexistence and diversity is crucial to plan protection of threatened s 
hreatened species and to combat harmful invasive species or deceases. the most prevalent theory 
ith individual-based spatially explicit community models. we shall use most up-to-date methods, 
st up-to-date methods, e.g. plant small-scale coexistence will be described both above and belo 
ject challenges an existing paradigm in ecology and our findings can be used in nature conserva 
ecology and our findings can be used in nature conservation and management.  
 can be used in nature conservation and management.  
15008 26                                     the climate change affects the functional biodiversity caus 
e climate change affects the functional biodiversity causing changes in the structures and ecos 
y causing changes in the structures and ecosystem functioning. knowledge and analyses of the bi 
ioning of the plant communities and the vulnerability of the species. these processes are descr 
 functional characters that predict the climate change and can be used as ecological indicators 
t the climate change and can be used as ecological indicators. the aim of the project is to est 
tion models for the possible functional biodiversity changes as a result of the climate change  
biodiversity changes as a result of the climate change in sierra nevada . sierra nevada is the  
in sierra nevada . sierra nevada is the ecosystem of a high mountain with a great floristic div 
 a high mountain with a great floristic diversity and endemic species in the western mediterran 
sity and endemic species in the western mediterranean region. the analysis of the effect would  
fect would be carried out by means of a climate altitudinal gradient from 1,600m to 3,300m on t 
 functional vegetative and regenerative traits measured in c. 100 most characteristic vegetativ 
 of the different functional types with assessment of the importance of each relevant character 
evant characters and their value as key ecological indicators in functional biodiversity. the s 
key ecological indicators in functional biodiversity. the study would also aim at describing th 
describing the spatio-temporal adaptive dispersal strategies which permit the estimation of the 
gies which permit the estimation of the migration and survival ability in situ of the species l 
he communities. species with long range dispersal ability could migrate to most alpine areas an 
d consequently originate changes in the biodiversity. phenomorphological characterization along 
 to determine the specific phenological adaptation. a current model of the distribution of plan 
ific phenological adaptation. a current model of the distribution of plant functional types can 
ical adaptation. a current model of the distribution of plant functional types can be used to p 
 a current model of the distribution of plant functional types can be used to predict the futur 
l tool for climatic change research and conservation management  
imatic change research and conservation management  
13367 2                        turkey has a big plant diversity including a lot of medicinal and aromat 
rotect them. to realize those aims, the distribution areas of maps are determined. maps is coll 
15506 15   over 40.000 wildfires occur yearly in mediterranean europe causing a devastating environmenta 
wildfires occur yearly in mediterranean europe causing a devastating environmental damage. burn 
amage. burning modifies the morphology, taxonomy and phylogenetic structure of plant communitie 
genetic structure of plant communities. fire also stamps a genetic fingerprint on primary produ 
ng alters the decomposer system and its ecosystem services through changing the soil environmen 
ecosystem services through changing the soil environment. in this proposal it is intended to su 
stem services through changing the soil environment. in this proposal it is intended to survey  
s proposal it is intended to survey the fire-induced shifts in the genomes, biogeochemical func 
e genomes, biogeochemical functions and community structure of ectomycorrhizal to ascertain whe 
lects certain phenotypes. understanding community phylogenetic patterns and the molecular basis 
tic patterns and the molecular basis of adaptation to recurrent fire is essential for revealing 
ecular basis of adaptation to recurrent fire is essential for revealing evolutionary and ecolog 
gical processes, and to predict how the ecosystem functioning can be altered through the increa 
g can be altered through the increasing wildfire frequency caused by temperature rise.  
increasing wildfire frequency caused by temperature rise.  
12527 3                        phytoplasmas are bacteria-like pathogens that infect plants. spread by i 
pathogens that infect plants. spread by insects, these pathogens have a number of biological pr 
ure years and especially in areas where taxonomy which underpins diagnostic capabilities. this  
12545 7                                         fungi comprise nearly 70 % of the non-native pathogens  
h international fungal biology research community. close interaction with and benefit to the al 
tion with and benefit to the alternaria community will be ensured through various dissemination 
ed uk research group to co-ordinate the development of fungal dna barcoding technologies, and t 
es. overall this work relates to defras policy objectives in sustainable farming and food and t 
odern taxonomic approaches underpinning biodiversity conservation, and food security.  
rpinning biodiversity conservation, and food security.  
202 4                    even under temperate climate conditions, plants are likely to experience hea 
s, plants are likely to experience heat stress during dry and sunny summer periods. the sensiti 
ity of photosynthetic reactions to heat stress can differ between species or clones of the same 
ially important hybrid aspen clones and indicators for oxidative burst and programmed cell deat 
2461 4 nter environmental stresses for example insects, pathogens and plant nutrients. presence of the 
or example insects, pathogens and plant nutrients. presence of these myrosin cells is a typical 
rogrammed cell death to investigate the function of these defence cells in plant and plant stre 
 these defence cells in plant and plant stress.  
12287 2 rotinia sclerotiorum causes sclerotinia disease on more than 400 plant species including both i 
in the uk, the incidence of sclerotinia disease is increasing in crops determine the frequency  
10981 22 s species of plants and animals live in tropical forests, and there is considerable interest in 
rocesses maintaining this extraordinary diversity. explaining the high diversity of tropical tr 
ordinary diversity. explaining the high diversity of tropical trees is a particular challenge,  
ecies might be expected to dominate the forest, rather than the hundreds of species per hectare 
en observed. if we can explain the high diversity of tropical trees, then the high diversity of 
ersity of tropical trees, then the high diversity of other taxa in tropical forests may follow. 
hen the high diversity of other taxa in tropical forests may follow. recently, evidence has bee 
ly, evidence has been growing that high plant diversity in tropical forests arises because of s 
en growing that high plant diversity in tropical forests arises because of strong density-depen 
opical forests arises because of strong density-dependent seed and seedling mortality. in other 
ong density-dependent seed and seedling mortality. in other words, seeds and seedlings are more 
ting any one species from reaching high abundance. it is widely suspected that fungus-like plan 
 pathogens are responsible for seedling density-dependence. however, the evidence for their rol 
ence for their role in maintaining high plant diversity in tropical forests is largely circumst 
 in maintaining high plant diversity in tropical forests is largely circumstantial, and their e 
their effects on the wider structure of tropical forest communities have not been explored full 
esis that plant pathogens maintain high plant diversity at our study site in belize, central am 
ss five key outstanding questions: does mortality from pathogens increase diversity we will car 
 does mortality from pathogens increase diversity we will carry out the first experimental test 
f the hypothesis that pathogens promote plant diversity by comparing the diversity of the seed  
romote plant diversity by comparing the diversity of the seed rain with the diversity of new se 
the diversity of the seed rain with the diversity of new seedlings in fungicide-treated and unt 
15011 11 responses to different types of abiotic stress is one of the most active research topics in pla 
ecause of its practical implications in agriculture, since abiotic stress . for this, we will d 
lications in agriculture, since abiotic stress . for this, we will determine the levels of seve 
teristic of different pathways of plant stress responses. we will also carry out studies on the 
rategy of using wild plants tolerant to stress in their natural environment, may contribute to  
nts tolerant to stress in their natural environment, may contribute to the improvement of our k 
 to the improvement of our knowledge on stress response mechanisms, providing complementary inf 
s in this field, which use non-tolerant model species and laboratory or greenhouse artificial c 
ata which may help to avoid the loss of biodiversity, defining conservation and/or restauration 
void the loss of biodiversity, defining conservation and/or restauration strategies for these f 
egies for these fragile and interesting ecosystems, which are highly treathened or, in many cas 
11469 9 populations at the margins of a species distribution are of interest for a variety of reasons:  
e need to deduce what properties of the environment at a range margin prevent the species from  
utions change in response to changes in climate or land use we will examine ecological, physiol 
ge in response to changes in climate or land use we will examine ecological, physiological and  
of ongoing evolutionary change in these traits, and for the processes limiting such adaptation: 
ts, and for the processes limiting such adaptation: either a lack of necessary genetic variatio 
 this species is closely related to the model species arabidopsis thaliana, we have many modern 
al and we can test whether well-studied stress responses found in this widespread species corre 
rties of a species can help explain its distribution.  
9978 9 populations at the margins of a species distribution are of interest for a variety of reasons:  
e need to deduce what properties of the environment at a range margin prevent the species from  
utions change in response to changes in climate or land use we will examine ecological, physiol 
ge in response to changes in climate or land use we will examine ecological, physiological and  
of ongoing evolutionary change in these traits, and for the processes limiting such adaptation: 
ts, and for the processes limiting such adaptation: either a lack of necessary genetic variatio 
 this species is closely related to the model species arabidopsis thaliana, we have many modern 
al and we can test whether well-studied stress responses found in this widespread species corre 
rties of a species can help explain its distribution.  
14212 16 hbours may be explained by depletion of nutrients by neighbouring roots, the results of several 
 whose direct inhibitory effect on root growth has been demonstrated in several study systems.  
even less is known about the role of co-evolution in determining the nature and specificity of  
role of co-evolution in determining the nature and specificity of root interactions. nonetheles 
search on the causes of invasiveness in introduced species suggests that the existence of commo 
dramatically alter the outcome of plant competition. the root exudates of invasive plant specie 
 have a strong inhibitory effect on the growth of native plants in an invaded range. by contras 
nt species that naturally co-occur with invasive species in their native ranges show little res 
 little response or even an increase in growth in response to the same exudates. we propose tha 
o the same exudates. we propose that co-evolution may lead to exudates that originally had toxi 
eighbour recognition and the role of co-evolution in shaping plant interactions cannot be fully 
be fully understood without considering soil biota. soil pathogens and root symbionts are gener 
erstood without considering soil biota. soil pathogens and root symbionts are generally host-sp 
mbionts are generally host-specific and soil microbial composition has been shown to change rap 
character of root interactions, and the function of root exudates and soil biota as mediators o 
, and the function of root exudates and soil biota as mediators of plant responses to neighbour 
10549 6 a collaboration is proposed between two institutions with complementary expertise: the centre f 
complementary expertise: the centre for ecology and hydrology . the hordeivirus can be pollen-b 
y expertise: the centre for ecology and hydrology . the hordeivirus can be pollen-borne, while  
. this will allow for the first time an assessment of these viruses as environmental determinan 
 new approaches to reduce the burden of disease in the community.  
 to reduce the burden of disease in the community.  
11047 6 a collaboration is proposed between two institutions with complementary expertise: the centre f 
complementary expertise: the centre for ecology and hydrology . the hordeivirus can be pollen-b 
y expertise: the centre for ecology and hydrology . the hordeivirus can be pollen-borne, while  
. this will allow for the first time an assessment of these viruses as environmental determinan 
 new approaches to reduce the burden of disease in the community.  
 to reduce the burden of disease in the community.  
12047 4 de-off between intra and inter-specific diversity at the farm level, to face environmental or s 
plantadiv project are 1 to describe the agrobiodiversity maintained in the agrosystems of the l 
at the species and varieties level, its evolution under the social and environmental pressures  
ences of actors’choices on the adaptive diversity of millet and sorghum, two major crops in the 
14339 2 ts set in the global strategy for plant conservation and in so doing so complies with actions o 
o complies with actions outlined in the convention on biological diversity. the information abo 
7682 26  plays a key role in the maintenance of grassland areas with high biodiversity, especially in m 
aintenance of grassland areas with high biodiversity, especially in mountainous zones. quantify 
y in mountainous zones. quantifying the impacts on biodiversity of particular farming practices 
inous zones. quantifying the impacts on biodiversity of particular farming practices is a neces 
necessary step to predict the future of grassland biodiversity in the face of global change, an 
step to predict the future of grassland biodiversity in the face of global change, and to desig 
f grassland biodiversity in the face of global change, and to design good mitigation measures i 
ce of global change, and to design good mitigation measures in terms of farming management. thi 
mitigation measures in terms of farming management. this project will build new models of biodi 
. this project will build new models of biodiversity dynamics based on species functional trait 
 biodiversity dynamics based on species functional traits, focusing on two biodiversity layers: 
cies functional traits, focusing on two biodiversity layers: plants and insects in semi-natural 
 on two biodiversity layers: plants and insects in semi-natural managed grasslands. in these mo 
nts and insects in semi-natural managed grasslands. in these models, farming activities as well 
pes manipulating farming treatments and drought levels to parameterize these trait-based models 
arameterize these trait-based models of biodiversity dynamics. we will develop model-based scal 
 biodiversity dynamics. we will develop model-based scaling techniques to upscale our plot-leve 
hniques to upscale our plot-level plant biodiversity data to the landscape and regional scales, 
ot-level plant biodiversity data to the landscape and regional scales, and confront our predict 
s in the massif central. with these new modelling tools in hand, we will analyze different scen 
ools in hand, we will analyze different scenarios of change in farming practices and climate in 
rios of change in farming practices and climate in their impact on regional biodiversity. these 
and climate in their impact on regional biodiversity. these output biodiversity scenarios will  
 on regional biodiversity. these output biodiversity scenarios will help design public policies 
biodiversity. these output biodiversity scenarios will help design public policies to efficient 
ly mitigate the threats associated with global change.  
14662 44                                  future scenarios of global change forecast important changes i 
                    future scenarios of global change forecast important changes in the mediter 
hange forecast important changes in the mediterranean region, such as a decrease of the biologi 
anean region, such as a decrease of the biological diversity of ecosystems as well as changes i 
decrease of the biological diversity of ecosystems as well as changes in some soil properties r 
f ecosystems as well as changes in some soil properties relevant to soil resistance to erosion  
ges in some soil properties relevant to soil resistance to erosion processes. these changes lea 
n some soil properties relevant to soil resistance to erosion processes. these changes lead to  
operties relevant to soil resistance to erosion processes. these changes lead to positive feedb 
positive feedbacks that might result in desertification processes. considering these prediction 
ns, and given the accelerated rhythm of mediterranean ecosystem degradation, there is an urgent 
the accelerated rhythm of mediterranean ecosystem degradation, there is an urgent need to know  
rated rhythm of mediterranean ecosystem degradation, there is an urgent need to know the effect 
an urgent need to know the effects that climate change might have on ecosystems and their compo 
fects that climate change might have on ecosystems and their components in order to be able to  
 the effects of the interaction between erosion and aridity on vegetation cover, floristic comp 
eraction between erosion and aridity on vegetation cover, floristic composition and community r 
tation cover, floristic composition and community richness, plant morphological and functional  
er, floristic composition and community richness, plant morphological and functional traits and 
unity richness, plant morphological and functional traits and soil characteristics related to p 
morphological and functional traits and soil characteristics related to plant colonization and  
d soil characteristics related to plant colonization and development in mediterranean ecosystem 
stics related to plant colonization and development in mediterranean ecosystems. the specific o 
o plant colonization and development in mediterranean ecosystems. the specific objectives of th 
zation and development in mediterranean ecosystems. the specific objectives of the proposal are 
degree of patchiness resulting from the intensification of erosion and aridity, and to identify 
s resulting from the intensification of erosion and aridity, and to identify which species are  
riations in the plant morphological and functional traits of resistant and colonizing species o 
adient, in order to obtain a predictive model of plant functional types that allows the selecti 
n order to obtain a predictive model of plant functional types that allows the selection of spe 
on of species or plant types useful for erosion control in a scenario of climatic change. 3. to 
 to establish functions of variation of soil physical, chemical and hydrological characteristic 
ical characteristics in relation to the intensification of erosion and aridity and their intera 
s in relation to the intensification of erosion and aridity and their interaction, in order to  
 able to identify and validate a set of soil indicators of the state and trend of both processe 
 to identify and validate a set of soil indicators of the state and trend of both processes. an 
sses. and moreover to identify critical thresholds of soil properties that might be limiting fo 
over to identify critical thresholds of soil properties that might be limiting for the differen 
ifferent plant species. 4. to develop a model describing the formation of fertility islands or  
 this proposal may be applicable to the management of mediterranean-like ecosystems in a scenar 
 may be applicable to the management of mediterranean-like ecosystems in a scenario of climatic 
to the management of mediterranean-like ecosystems in a scenario of climatic change. the inform 
 the actions planed to restore degraded ecosystems and fight desertification by providing usefu 
o restore degraded ecosystems and fight desertification by providing useful criteria for the se 
10292 4  tracking changes in the composition of vegetation. these uniquely detailed records will then b 
ferences were critical for survival, or extinction. we will reconstruct the ecologies of the ex 
natomical information, and from data on vegetation and climate, where megafaunal remains have b 
mation, and from data on vegetation and climate, where megafaunal remains have been found relia 
11086 4  tracking changes in the composition of vegetation. these uniquely detailed records will then b 
ferences were critical for survival, or extinction. we will reconstruct the ecologies of the ex 
natomical information, and from data on vegetation and climate, where megafaunal remains have b 
mation, and from data on vegetation and climate, where megafaunal remains have been found relia 
7475 14   at the heart of this project lies the development, trialling and operationalisation of a tool 
 tool , designed to support the work of policy-making for sustainability in real-world settings 
o support the work of policy-making for sustainability in real-world settings. the tool will su 
 knowledge which is focused on specific policy objectives. in substantive terms, the project re 
led in seeking to address anthropogenic climate change by attempting to shift patterns of consu 
tive problem-focused interventions with policy-makers which will engage with their current work 
 in these areas. stave will allow these policy-makers to examine the nature and validity of ass 
llow these policy-makers to examine the nature and validity of assumptions about human sensibil 
d action that are incorporated into the development of policy. the project will yield detailed  
re incorporated into the development of policy. the project will yield detailed guidance on how 
development of policy. the project will yield detailed guidance on how best to utilise stave ac 
 across a variety of organisational and policy-specific environments. it will also generate imp 
 activity of policymaking; and into the nature of lay citizens practical reasoning and everyday 
ryday activities, as they relate to the sustainability of their patterns of consumption.  
2185 22 environmental payment systems linked to landscape indicators; b to improve the model for evalua 
tal payment systems linked to landscape indicators; b to improve the model for evaluating polic 
 landscape indicators; b to improve the model for evaluating policy measures for qualities of a 
; b to improve the model for evaluating policy measures for qualities of agricultural landscape 
uating policy measures for qualities of agricultural landscapes, c to evaluate alternative poli 
l landscapes, c to evaluate alternative policy instrument designs and alternative policy instru 
licy instrument designs and alternative policy instrument packages, and d to investigate the po 
ial for developing ecological and other landscape indicators that are applicable for value-base 
veloping ecological and other landscape indicators that are applicable for value-based policy m 
ors that are applicable for value-based policy measures. the project is expected to contribute  
 payment schemes that could enhance the efficiency of policies to improve the qualities of agri 
of policies to improve the qualities of agricultural landscapes from a conservation standpoint. 
ities of agricultural landscapes from a conservation standpoint. by evoking policy relevant que 
m a conservation standpoint. by evoking policy relevant questions to other projects and exploit 
ojects and exploiting their results for policy instrument analysis, the project may be catalysi 
alysing the efforts to link science and policy implementation the project will analyse alternat 
on the project will analyse alternative policy measures for preserving the values of agricultur 
y measures for preserving the values of agricultural landscapes in terms of efficiency, fairnes 
 of agricultural landscapes in terms of efficiency, fairness and feasibility. a methodology wil 
g value-based payment schemes linked to landscape indicators, in order to promote sustainable a 
sed payment schemes linked to landscape indicators, in order to promote sustainable and efficie 
sustainable and efficient solutions for landscape preservation.  
14889 1  of allergic asthma during or after the pollination period. various sub-micronic particles may  
14887 7 portance to exactly know the moments of pollination, and the factors that most influences polle 
ses for them provoked. likewise, during pollination and its previous periods, the expression an 
rains, as before as during or after the pollination period, leads us to carry out the study of  
e of the northwest suboceanic region of spain. 2 to determine by means technical of enzimal-inm 
 special cold and heat periods in their development. the masculine phenophases will be followed 
he dormancy period to activation of the development, maturation and deshiscence. we try to eval 
nce. we try to evaluate the effect that temperature exerts in the formation and liberation of p 
14849 3 ities object of study beside with their evolution in the atmosphere throughout the pollen seaso 
studies related to the human origin air pollution, which is affecting to the population life qu 
w researches focused in the air quality evaluation regarding to biological particles. even if w 
14850 3 ities object of study beside with their evolution in the atmosphere throughout the pollen seaso 
studies related to the human origin air pollution, which is affecting to the population life qu 
w researches focused in the air quality evaluation regarding to biological particles. even if w 
14851 3 ities object of study beside with their evolution in the atmosphere throughout the pollen seaso 
studies related to the human origin air pollution, which is affecting to the population life qu 
w researches focused in the air quality evaluation regarding to biological particles. even if w 
14886 5                                     the fertilization of flowering plants is initiated with pol 
n of flowering plants is initiated with pollination when the desiccated pollen grains land on t 
ated, which is essential for successful fertilization. during this period, the expression and r 
n processes, as well as elucidate their function following pollen capture by the stigma. in add 
tion, a deeper knowledge of the origin, function and liberation mechanisms of these soluble pol 
15027 11 ctors in predicting the real outcome of fragmentation on population genetic diversity and struc 
 outcome of fragmentation on population genetic diversity and structure. some studies have show 
ome studies have shown that the spatial distribution of populations in fragmented landscapes do 
ess in progenies. moreover, the spatial distribution of populations seems to be more influentia 
tial for the levels of pollen flow than pollination system of the species we propose to evaluat 
uestions: what are the effective pollen dispersal distances how many pollen donors are fertiliz 
ons. 3. to estimate the efective pollen dispersal distances, the effective number o fathers, th 
es, the effective number o fathers, the pollination area neigbourhood, and the inbreeding and b 
ing rates. 4. to address changes in the pollination biology of the studied species in relation  
y of the studied species in relation to landscape structure and population size and density. 5. 
scape structure and population size and density. 5. comprehensively, to evaluate the evidences  
15363 7 case of j. cedrus we will study how the seed dispersal system is organised, and particularly th 
pects that are related to long distance dispersal events after the extinction of the raven corv 
ong distance dispersal events after the extinction of the raven corvus corax 25 years ago. in t 
 we would like to assess if its limited distribution and population is related to either the se 
and population is related to either the seed dispersal or post-dispersal phases, or both. a nov 
ed to either the seed dispersal or post-dispersal phases, or both. a novel aspect in the study  
oth. a novel aspect in the study of the efficiency of the main seed dispersers, in both systems 
2067 20                                    seed production is one of the most basic and important ecosy 
 is one of the most basic and important ecosystem processes because it provides the continuous  
rovides the continuous renewal of green biomass. most flowering plants produce seeds through po 
 flowering plants produce seeds through pollination interactions with animals, and therefore th 
erefore this interaction is crucial for ecosystem diversity, stability and resilience to distur 
is interaction is crucial for ecosystem diversity, stability and resilience to disturbance. cur 
ion is crucial for ecosystem diversity, stability and resilience to disturbance. currently, the 
 for ecosystem diversity, stability and resilience to disturbance. currently, there is growing  
 diversity, stability and resilience to disturbance. currently, there is growing awareness of a 
rently, there is growing awareness of a pollination crisis whereby the diversity of pollinators 
ess of a pollination crisis whereby the diversity of pollinators is declined due to human inter 
ination crisis whereby the diversity of pollinators is declined due to human interference. if r 
ine may have cascading effects on plant population dynamics and ultimately on ecosystem diversi 
t population dynamics and ultimately on ecosystem diversity and function. to truly assess any c 
on dynamics and ultimately on ecosystem diversity and function. to truly assess any consequence 
d ultimately on ecosystem diversity and function. to truly assess any consequences of a pollina 
. to truly assess any consequences of a pollination crisis for natural ecosystems, there is an  
ces of a pollination crisis for natural ecosystems, there is an urgent need for more substantia 
tantial and complete knowledge of plant-pollinator relationships and interactions, and the cons 
nsequences of such interactions for the population dynamics of plants.  
11445 9 annot cope and are therefore faced with extinction. a recent theory by p.a. aigner, challenges  
hallenges this notion in the context of pollination biology. the provocative idea is that a pla 
king specialisation to a less efficient pollinator, provided that such specialisation does not  
he benefits conferred by more efficient pollinators. in other words, plants may be cryptic gene 
phenotype seems to match predictions of adaptation to a particular pollinator type. we found an 
edictions of adaptation to a particular pollinator type. we found an ideal model system to stud 
ular pollinator type. we found an ideal model system to study this hypothesis. the canary islan 
 which appear to be specialised to bird pollination. yet there are no to tackle this question,  
entify the relative values of different pollinators for these flowers.  
14941 12 nderstand the effect of flower-dwelling predators on the evolution of floral traits. we will fo 
ect of flower-dwelling predators on the evolution of floral traits. we will focus on two types  
ng predators on the evolution of floral traits. we will focus on two types of traits: nectar se 
l traits. we will focus on two types of traits: nectar secretion rate and flower colour and sha 
nt because we expect that the effect of predators on the behaviour of pollinators will depend o 
effect of predators on the behaviour of pollinators will depend on the amount of nectar that po 
ill depend on the amount of nectar that pollinators can expect to obtain at flowers. flower col 
ecause they affect the probability that pollinators detect ambushing predators and the probabil 
ility that pollinators detect ambushing predators and the probability that attacks are successf 
evious objectives, the effect of floral predators on the evolution of floral traits.  
, the effect of floral predators on the evolution of floral traits.  
al predators on the evolution of floral traits.  
1931 5                                      in agricultural landscapes, values for nature conservation 
 in agricultural landscapes, values for nature conservation are concentrated in habitat fragmen 
nature conservation are concentrated in habitat fragments, which are highly dynamic. for many f 
r simulating the conditions to increase biodiversity in an agricultural landscape.  
nditions to increase biodiversity in an agricultural landscape.  
7418 3 urbed areas, are key to maintaining the diversity of fauna, flora and maintaining ecological co 
borders of the most favorable areas for biodiversity, taking into account the problems of farme 
into account the problems of farmers on pollinators. second, to organize a national day of awar 
475 74 ms of peatbog are to understand how the biodiversity and ecosystem functions of peatlands acros 
 to understand how the biodiversity and ecosystem functions of peatlands across europe are impa 
ecosystem functions of peatlands across europe are impacted by nitrogen pollution and climate c 
peatlands across europe are impacted by nitrogen pollution and climate change, and to develop m 
 across europe are impacted by nitrogen pollution and climate change, and to develop meaningful 
 are impacted by nitrogen pollution and climate change, and to develop meaningful indicators of 
imate change, and to develop meaningful indicators of risk to these impacts. the peatlands of n 
and to develop meaningful indicators of risk to these impacts. the peatlands of northern europe 
 meaningful indicators of risk to these impacts. the peatlands of northern europe are major glo 
hese impacts. the peatlands of northern europe are major global sinks for carbon and support a  
thern europe are major global sinks for carbon and support a unique biological community. clima 
 carbon and support a unique biological community. climate change and air pollution, however, t 
 support a unique biological community. climate change and air pollution, however, threaten the 
gical community. climate change and air pollution, however, threaten the structure and function 
on, however, threaten the structure and function of these ecosystems. aerial deposition of reac 
ten the structure and function of these ecosystems. aerial deposition of reactive nitrogen and  
osystems. aerial deposition of reactive nitrogen and other pollutants has already caused a sign 
as already caused a significant drop in diversity and functioning of peatlands in parts of euro 
nd functioning of peatlands in parts of europe. there is also evidence that climate change will 
 of europe. there is also evidence that climate change will disturb peatland hydrology through  
at climate change will disturb peatland hydrology through widespread summer drying, thus reduci 
spread summer drying, thus reducing net carbon sequestration. this project aims to understand t 
lly. we hypothesize that above critical thresholds of nitrogen deposition there will be reducti 
esize that above critical thresholds of nitrogen deposition there will be reductions in the div 
osition there will be reductions in the diversity of all species, with bryophytes being particu 
being particularly sensitive. sensitive vegetation will be replaced by more nitrophilic species 
anges, together with enhanced microbial decomposition, will contribute to accelerated rates of  
will contribute to accelerated rates of nitrogen and carbon cycling. this will result in increa 
te to accelerated rates of nitrogen and carbon cycling. this will result in increased losses of 
this will result in increased losses of nitrogen and carbon to the environment, seen principall 
ult in increased losses of nitrogen and carbon to the environment, seen principally as elevated 
ed losses of nitrogen and carbon to the environment, seen principally as elevated levels of nit 
 seen principally as elevated levels of nitrogen in soil solution and rising concentrations of  
pally as elevated levels of nitrogen in soil solution and rising concentrations of greenhouse g 
l solution and rising concentrations of greenhouse gases released to the atmosphere. we anticip 
. we anticipate that these responses to nitrogen pollution will become exacerbated under climat 
cipate that these responses to nitrogen pollution will become exacerbated under climate change, 
pollution will become exacerbated under climate change, and under extreme conditions may lead t 
nditions may lead to a breakdown in the ecosystem and mass carbon and nitrogen loss. to address 
o a breakdown in the ecosystem and mass carbon and nitrogen loss. to address these concerns, we 
wn in the ecosystem and mass carbon and nitrogen loss. to address these concerns, we will deter 
etween peatland above- and below-ground species richness and nitrogen deposition across norther 
- and below-ground species richness and nitrogen deposition across northern europe. using field 
and nitrogen deposition across northern europe. using field manipulations to alter water table  
ope. using field manipulations to alter water table and temperature, we will measure the nature 
 manipulations to alter water table and temperature, we will measure the nature of the interact 
le and temperature, we will measure the nature of the interactions between nitrogen pollution a 
 the nature of the interactions between nitrogen pollution and climate on peatland biodiversity 
re of the interactions between nitrogen pollution and climate on peatland biodiversity and biog 
ractions between nitrogen pollution and climate on peatland biodiversity and biogeochemistry. t 
rogen pollution and climate on peatland biodiversity and biogeochemistry. the importance of spe 
nd climate on peatland biodiversity and biogeochemistry. the importance of species diversity fo 
 and biogeochemistry. the importance of species diversity for ecosystem elemental cycles will b 
the importance of species diversity for ecosystem elemental cycles will be assessed within cont 
 also identify the associations between vegetation richness and soil microbial diversity, and h 
ify the associations between vegetation richness and soil microbial diversity, and how these ar 
iations between vegetation richness and soil microbial diversity, and how these are affected by 
ns between vegetation richness and soil microbial diversity, and how these are affected by nitr 
iversity, and how these are affected by nitrogen pollution and climate change. increased unders 
 and how these are affected by nitrogen pollution and climate change. increased understanding w 
 are affected by nitrogen pollution and climate change. increased understanding will help us to 
derstanding will help us to develop bio-indicators of risk to peatland ecology and functional i 
ll help us to develop bio-indicators of risk to peatland ecology and functional integrity cause 
elop bio-indicators of risk to peatland ecology and functional integrity caused by elevated nit 
functional integrity caused by elevated nitrogen deposition and climate change. on a national a 
sed by elevated nitrogen deposition and climate change. on a national and european scale, this  
mate change. on a national and european scale, this will allow us to identify the most vulnerab 
rable peatlands and to evaluate current policy such as critical loads thresholds. this is the f 
e current policy such as critical loads thresholds. this is the first study investigating the i 
interactive effects of n deposition and climate on both vegetation and microbial biodiversity i 
cts of n deposition and climate on both vegetation and microbial biodiversity in peatlands. fur 
limate on both vegetation and microbial biodiversity in peatlands. further novel aspects are th 
roach in using relational databases and gis to strengthen data analysis and facilitate communic 
sults with the stakeholder and end-user community.  
11110 2 p sea is the largest and least explored environment on the planet, covering some 60% of the ear 
archers began to discover the wealth of biological diversity and evolutionary novelty that it h 
11130 4 ood chamber arises from outcrossing via water-borne sperm. harmer s original histological infer 
ns within the brood chamber, or of self-fertilization, or of parthenogenesis cannot be dismisse 
n this respect is whether brood chamber development is induced by the presence of water-borne a 
velopment is induced by the presence of water-borne allosperm, as has been found in the cheilos 
9829 3 tion structure may be important for the evolution and maintenance of this life history. an oppo 
r the evolution and maintenance of this life history. an opportunity exists to explore dynamics 
ts to explore dynamics of gene flow and biodiversity in sessile communities from a novel angle. 
212 13 , there are several advantages of large body size, of which the positive correlation between fe 
the positive correlation between female body size and fecundity being probably the one that is  
e one that is most frequently observed. body size being relatively stable evolutionarily, one w 
e able to balance the benefits on large body size. the most commonly expected cost of becoming  
 becoming large is increased cumulative mortality, which is the consequence of prolonged growin 
 the positive correlation between final body size and growing period, which is the key assumpti 
estigate the relationship between final body size and duration of growing period in insects. in 
 size and duration of growing period in insects. in particular, we will investigate whether, an 
sect species exhibiting polymorphism in growth schedules as a model objects. in particular, spe 
g polymorphism in growth schedules as a model objects. in particular, species displaying intras 
 maturity and the ecological context of growth . this is because such cases allow one to direct 
s and benefits of a decision to prolong growth period. different methods including an across sp 
es, experimental laboratory studies and monitoring survival in field conditions will be used.  
7573 1 ify those that could be used as markers genetic diversity of strains and for reliable epidemiol 
12028 6 and pervasive role in plant speciation, evolution and domestication. polyploidy has profound im 
 domestication. polyploidy has profound impacts on biodiversity dynamics and ecosystem function 
ion. polyploidy has profound impacts on biodiversity dynamics and ecosystem functioning because 
nd impacts on biodiversity dynamics and ecosystem functioning because whole genome duplications 
ics, proteomics, breeding, systematics, ecology and evolution have interacted in order to uncov 
ics, breeding, systematics, ecology and evolution have interacted in order to uncover molecular 
14307 2                                         water is needed in all aspects of life has a dual funct 
eeded in all aspects of life has a dual function in pondscape: this partner deals with both the 
7390 1 g particular consider the impact on the conservation of genetic resources  
11149 16        a very significant amount of the water flowing in many uk rivers originates from the eff 
 amount of the water flowing in many uk rivers originates from the effluent of wastewater treat 
 the reproductive success of individual fish in the competing groups and try to relate this suc 
w effluent over one and two generations impacts the development of the testes and ovaries and c 
ver one and two generations impacts the development of the testes and ovaries and consequent br 
 health of wild roach populations in uk rivers using dna microsatellites for populations collec 
tellites for populations collected from rivers sites with different levels of pollution with oe 
m rivers sites with different levels of pollution with oestrogenic wwtw effluent. ultimately, o 
cing significantly knowledge on how the sustainability of roach populations in uk rivers may be 
stainability of roach populations in uk rivers may be impacted. this work is intended to greatl 
work is intended to greatly improve the assessment of the health impacts of exposure to complex 
ly improve the assessment of the health impacts of exposure to complex mixtures of chemical dis 
plex mixtures of chemical discharges on fish populations in the natural environment for the bet 
rges on fish populations in the natural environment for the better protection of our aquatic re 
protection of our aquatic resources and biodiversity. the work will have importance in the regu 
st to the government regulatory bodies, environment protection groups, industry and the wider p 
11696 16        a very significant amount of the water flowing in many uk rivers originates from the eff 
 amount of the water flowing in many uk rivers originates from the effluent of wastewater treat 
 the reproductive success of individual fish in the competing groups and try to relate this suc 
w effluent over one and two generations impacts the development of the testes and ovaries and c 
ver one and two generations impacts the development of the testes and ovaries and consequent br 
 health of wild roach populations in uk rivers using dna microsatellites for populations collec 
tellites for populations collected from rivers sites with different levels of pollution with oe 
m rivers sites with different levels of pollution with oestrogenic wwtw effluent. ultimately, o 
cing significantly knowledge on how the sustainability of roach populations in uk rivers may be 
stainability of roach populations in uk rivers may be impacted. this work is intended to greatl 
work is intended to greatly improve the assessment of the health impacts of exposure to complex 
ly improve the assessment of the health impacts of exposure to complex mixtures of chemical dis 
plex mixtures of chemical discharges on fish populations in the natural environment for the bet 
rges on fish populations in the natural environment for the better protection of our aquatic re 
protection of our aquatic resources and biodiversity. the work will have importance in the regu 
st to the government regulatory bodies, environment protection groups, industry and the wider p 
2164 15 ditions experienced by salmonids within freshwater may have a direct impact on the survival of  
 a direct impact on the survival of the fish once they enter the marine environment. 2 furtherm 
urvival of the fish once they enter the marine environment. 2 furthermore, the mortality of atl 
 of the fish once they enter the marine environment. 2 furthermore, the mortality of atlantic s 
 marine environment. 2 furthermore, the mortality of atlantic salmon smolts can exceed 60% duri 
d 60% during the transition period from freshwater, through estuaries to coastal waters. 3 addi 
nsition period from freshwater, through estuaries to coastal waters. 3 additional marine mortal 
tuaries to coastal waters. 3 additional marine mortality may also occur after departure from co 
 to coastal waters. 3 additional marine mortality may also occur after departure from coastal w 
chanisms are operating during the early marine phase of the life cycle of atlantic salmon. 5 th 
ing salmon populations during the early marine phase of the life cycle. 6 increased knowledge a 
 cycle. 6 increased knowledge about the function and interactions of these mechanisms will sign 
 significantly contribute to the future sustainability of atlantic salmon populations through d 
 of atlantic salmon populations through development of improved mitigating actions and manageme 
ment of improved mitigating actions and management strategies  
15156 17 in fragmented landscapes in relation to dispersal, population dynamics and genetic structure. w 
ed landscapes in relation to dispersal, population dynamics and genetic structure. we will use  
idual-based spatial-explicit population model. this model will be fine tunned and validated wit 
spatial-explicit population model. this model will be fine tunned and validated with genetic pa 
nd validated with genetic patterns at a landscape scale. the obtained model will be applied to  
ed with genetic patterns at a landscape scale. the obtained model will be applied to assess dis 
erns at a landscape scale. the obtained model will be applied to assess dispersal, population v 
btained model will be applied to assess dispersal, population viability and population genetic  
ted and real landscapes, with different fragmentation levels due to land use intensification. f 
h different fragmentation levels due to land use intensification. from a theoretical point of v 
nt fragmentation levels due to land use intensification. from a theoretical point of view, this 
 deepen our knowledge on the effects of habitat fragmentation on the viability of populations,  
tions, considering both demographic and dispersal processes, as well as on the effects on popul 
as well as on the effects on population genetic diversity and genetic spatial structure. from a 
applied point of view, the results will yield specific conservation guidelines in relation to t 
f view, the results will yield specific conservation guidelines in relation to the populations  
d populations of testudo graeca and the landscape structure.  
14820 11                              studies on population dynamics aim at understanding the ecological 
 study the spatio-temporal variation in population dynamics, population genetics and local adap 
dynamics, population genetics and local adaptation in the annual plant arabidopsis thaliana . u 
tion performance in the species natural habitat. this project includes three activities to stud 
 includes three activities to study the population dynamics, population genetics and local adap 
dynamics, population genetics and local adaptation of natural populations of a. thaliana, respe 
liana, respectively. in particular, the population dynamics will be studied by analysing the re 
nalysing the relative importance of the soil seed bank and of the yearly production of seeds. t 
of the soil seed bank and of the yearly production of seeds. these parameters determine the spe 
pulations. finally, the extent of local adaptation will be studied by means of a reciprocal tra 
 must be noted that this project merges ecology and genetics for the study of the population bi 
11383 14  their ability to deal with things like temperature, rainfall, predators and parasites. some an 
with things like temperature, rainfall, predators and parasites. some animals and plants are ab 
ts are able to recognize changes in the habitat that they live in and change accordingly. these 
ven how they develop. for example, when water fleas grow up in a habitat in which fish are pres 
 example, when water fleas grow up in a habitat in which fish are present they develop head and 
ter fleas grow up in a habitat in which fish are present they develop head and tail spines that 
d tail spines that make it harder for a fish to eat them, however these spines are not produced 
ever these spines are not produced when fish are absent. this ability of an animal to change wh 
s is not what we generally observe. the distribution of most plants and animals is constrained  
t hatch late in the season reduce their body size i can directly compete plastic and non-plasti 
he success of a particular clone in any environment can be measured as its ability to replace a 
 clone. using these sorts of population competition experiments i will examine whether plastic  
eplace non-plastic clones in a variable environment and whether non-plastic clones can replace  
an replace plastic clones in a constant environment as would be expected if being plastic is co 
13835 12   during the last century, semi-natural grasslands have become reduced by almost 90% in sweden. 
ds have become reduced by almost 90% in sweden. short-lived species show the fastest decline in 
ved species show the fastest decline in abundance in the initial stages of degradation of semi- 
e in abundance in the initial stages of degradation of semi-natural grasslands. the aim is to s 
l stages of degradation of semi-natural grasslands. the aim is to study local and regional dyna 
ecies living in fragmented semi-natural grasslands. how does the dynamics at the patch scale re 
nds. how does the dynamics at the patch scale relate to the dynamics at the local and regional  
 the dynamics at the local and regional scale how synchronised are the dynamics of local popula 
ons are affected by local conditions or landscape changes, such as fragmentation, is of importa 
onditions or landscape changes, such as fragmentation, is of importance both in a general ecolo 
in a general ecological context and for conservation of plants in fragmented landscapes. beside 
 of annual plant populations in remnant habitat fragments varying in size and isolation, an exp 
2052 5 ood data on environmental changes, food abundance and fishing pressures during the entire perio 
vironmental changes, food abundance and fishing pressures during the entire period. effects of  
ial information for the construction of adaptive management programs not only for the studied s 
studied systems, but also for predatory freshwater fish in general.  
tems, but also for predatory freshwater fish in general.  
10537 2 cs of foraging populations. where legal marine turtle fisheries operate, these data are critica 
 populations. where legal marine turtle fisheries operate, these data are critical to assess th 
10297 35 ironmental conditions influencing their life history decisions, subsequent dispersal patterns a 
heir life history decisions, subsequent dispersal patterns and reproductive performance. these  
e performance. these decisions generate heterogeneity in individual quality within and across a 
date, consideration of these sources of heterogeneity in predictive models of population dynami 
f heterogeneity in predictive models of population dynamics have been restricted to reproductiv 
cs have been restricted to reproductive traits, and been based mostly on populations inhabiting 
ems, mainly islands, with no or limited dispersal. yet, not only is dispersal an influential de 
 or limited dispersal. yet, not only is dispersal an influential demographic trait but it is al 
nderstanding how populations respond to environmental change. in this project, we will investig 
n in individual quality and its role in population dynamics by simultaneously considering its i 
ering its influence on reproductive and dispersal traits. we will achieve this using a unique,  
influence on reproductive and dispersal traits. we will achieve this using a unique, large, lon 
ny owls specifically designed to detect dispersal at multiple scales and characterised by marke 
 hence in the potential contribution of life history traits including dispersal to the overall  
 potential contribution of life history traits including dispersal to the overall dynamics of a 
bution of life history traits including dispersal to the overall dynamics of asynchronous preda 
to the overall dynamics of asynchronous predator populations. of all the important demographic  
tions. of all the important demographic traits, estimating dispersal poses perhaps the biggest  
mportant demographic traits, estimating dispersal poses perhaps the biggest difficulties: obtai 
iled data set of tawny owl strix aluco, abundance and life history traits, together with detail 
of tawny owl strix aluco, abundance and life history traits, together with detailed measures of 
strix aluco, abundance and life history traits, together with detailed measures of prey abundan 
together with detailed measures of prey abundance collected continuously by petty and collabora 
tors since 1980 over 600 km2 in kielder forest, in northern england. reproduction of tawny owls 
to recently developed capture-recapture modelling techniques allowing simultaneous modelling of 
elling techniques allowing simultaneous modelling of information from a variety of animal encou 
a variety of animal encounters so as to yield maximum statistical power. in particular, combini 
s a powerful tool for the estimation of dispersal pattern simultaneously, and guided by empiric 
e will clarify the relationship between dispersal behaviour and the resulting density dependenc 
n dispersal behaviour and the resulting density dependence in dispersal, a key determinant of p 
and the resulting density dependence in dispersal, a key determinant of population synchrony. t 
poral autocorrelations, coincident with climate change. as such, it serves as a rare model syst 
te change. as such, it serves as a rare model system for investigating the response of a predat 
tem for investigating the response of a predator to observed and expected environmental change. 
 of a predator to observed and expected environmental change.  
6745 4   the common hamster are very important indicator-species of the agricultural lands. their habi 
ethods. the investigation of population-ecology and metapopulation structure of these rodents a 
ster is a characteristic species of the agricultural landscape and the steppe of the hungarian  
the project we will know more about the ecology of these rodents and we will able to give sugge 
15328 12                                      in microbial ecology, the biomass, activity and ecological 
              in microbial ecology, the biomass, activity and ecological role of a given microb 
iverse evolutionary histories, cellular traits and metabolic capacities. the main reason for th 
y without molecular tools, which use in microbial ecology is relatively recent. one of such mic 
light into the processes leading to the adaptation and success of each taxa to the marine envir 
ptation and success of each taxa to the marine environment and will serve to start understandin 
 and success of each taxa to the marine environment and will serve to start understanding heter 
erstanding heterotrophic flagellates in nature. focusing on the population ecology of a few mod 
s in nature. focusing on the population ecology of a few model species provides a unique possib 
sing on the population ecology of a few model species provides a unique possibility of going on 
ther in disentangling the structure and function of microbial assemblages in nature.  
nd function of microbial assemblages in nature.  
13472 20                             the swedish forest landscape has experienced a loss of natural dist 
                     the swedish forest landscape has experienced a loss of natural disturbance 
scape has experienced a loss of natural disturbance processes and current management recognizes 
tural disturbance processes and current management recognizes that forest fires need to be rein 
 and current management recognizes that forest fires need to be reintroduced. however, it is un 
ar whether the ecological memory of the ecosystem is sufficient to allow species to locate and  
d habitats. the project will focus wood fungi confined to burned or fire-influenced dead pines. 
 focus wood fungi confined to burned or fire-influenced dead pines. their occurrence is tempora 
ead trees due to decay and at the stand scale as succession progress. it can thus be hypothesiz 
 due to decay and at the stand scale as succession progress. it can thus be hypothesized that t 
thus be hypothesized that this group of fungi are patch tracking metapopulations at two spatial 
ons at two spatial scales, and that the dispersal and establishment stages is key factors in th 
lishment stages is key factors in their life history. the current project is to be viewed as a  
 metapopulation models and thus provide management with tools for efficient planning at landsca 
ide management with tools for efficient planning at landscape scale. it utilizes modern molecul 
nt with tools for efficient planning at landscape scale. it utilizes modern molecular tools to  
ols for efficient planning at landscape scale. it utilizes modern molecular tools to identify s 
onizers during the initial stages after forest fire; ii fungal spore availability in different  
 during the initial stages after forest fire; ii fungal spore availability in different landsca 
relation between spore availability and colonization patterns; iv genetic variation among colon 
6870 2             the planned purposes of our competition are to find all localisation of native silv 
nsdanubia; to investigate the genetical diversity between and inside the selected populations u 
11355 4 m isoforms, and reveals a robust clinal distribution within europe. we will study the functiona 
als a robust clinal distribution within europe. we will study the functional significance of th 
ons. we will investigate the effects of temperature and photoperiod on transgenic flies carryin 
m protein isoforms when challenged with environmental change. finally we shall examine the evol 
15362 1 actors and the insular isolation on the evolution of the selected taxa; and, if possible, to es 
11152 1 atural selection can drive and maintain biodiversity in natural populations.  
13582 6 ers such as microsatellites are used in fisheries science to identify stock boundaries. the goa 
dvances in genome sequencing will allow development of new marker types affected by natural sel 
: 1. do patterns of neutral, non coding genetic diversity reflect adaptive genetic diversity 2. 
ding genetic diversity reflect adaptive genetic diversity 2. what is the genetic basis for obse 
 among local populations working in two marine systems, the skagerrak-kattegat-baltic salinity  
 systems, the skagerrak-kattegat-baltic salinity transition and skagerrak fjords, we propose to 
11392 11            all life on earth depends on bacteria, which drive the global cycles of matter and e 
h drive the global cycles of matter and energy, provide nutrients, decompose waste and clean up 
al cycles of matter and energy, provide nutrients, decompose waste and clean up pollution. of c 
nutrients, decompose waste and clean up pollution. of course, some of them also make us ill or  
 dna sequences of hundreds of different bacteria, we can see that nearly all these diverse func 
ns are carried out by accessory genes . bacteria are like computers: they have a basic genome t 
tem running and is much the same in all bacteria, rather like the hardware and operating system 
lection of these by swapping with other bacteria, just as computers accumulate software package 
ve installed. we expect that even those bacteria that belong to the same species and have essen 
, looking at large numbers of genes and bacteria so that we can draw some strong general conclu 
 it will be widespread or restricted in distribution.  
13746 2 in assessing population persistence and extinction risk for a threatened species.  
g population persistence and extinction risk for a threatened species.  
15256 1 on with the ub, is to relate population traits continental shelf  
2039 4 gating population genetic structure and population dynamics of the commercially important flatf 
ss the consequences of various specific management scenarios in the context of sustainability.  
equences of various specific management scenarios in the context of sustainability.  
 management scenarios in the context of sustainability.  
13740 3 , during the last two decades. adequate management of cod require knowledge of the population s 
s the following issues: 1. the temporal stability of spatially divergent cod populations in ska 
 study will provide information for the management of cod nationally and within ices.  
11006 4 d the mechanisms that maintain pathogen diversity using a genetically and phenotypically polymo 
ing issues of geographical and temporal scale and interaction between virus and host immunity.  
enefit, the study design will enable an assessment of the impact of virus infection on host mor 
f the impact of virus infection on host mortality and direct estimates of rates and routes of v 
11206 4 d the mechanisms that maintain pathogen diversity using a genetically and phenotypically polymo 
ing issues of geographical and temporal scale and interaction between virus and host immunity.  
enefit, the study design will enable an assessment of the impact of virus infection on host mor 
f the impact of virus infection on host mortality and direct estimates of rates and routes of v 
11709 20                             many global marine fisheries have collapsed, or are at record low l 
                     many global marine fisheries have collapsed, or are at record low levels o 
llapsed, or are at record low levels of abundance. continuing exploitation and the uncertain im 
ntinuing exploitation and the uncertain impacts of climate change are adding further pressures  
ploitation and the uncertain impacts of climate change are adding further pressures on fish res 
 change are adding further pressures on fish resources. new strategies are therefore required t 
are therefore required to assist in our management and conservation efforts. one such developme 
equired to assist in our management and conservation efforts. one such development will be to i 
ment and conservation efforts. one such development will be to incorporate the extent and dynam 
biological differences that exist among fish stocks into stock assessment. such information is  
that exist among fish stocks into stock assessment. such information is important since most ex 
ation is important since most exploited fish species comprise assemblages of individuals that d 
als that differ in their vital rates of growth, reproduction, migratory tendency and mortality. 
h, reproduction, migratory tendency and mortality. it therefore becomes desirable, for example, 
ble, for example, to match the level of fishing intensity to the projected rate of replenishmen 
is also important in the maintenance of genetic diversity in wild fish populations, so endowing 
aintenance of genetic diversity in wild fish populations, so endowing them with greater evoluti 
otential for adapting to changes in the environment. a critical component of such work involves 
lative contributions of such factors as dispersal of eggs and larvae, and behaviour of juvenile 
forts across each of the three major uk fisheries agencies .  
10028 20                             many global marine fisheries have collapsed, or are at record low l 
                     many global marine fisheries have collapsed, or are at record low levels o 
llapsed, or are at record low levels of abundance. continuing exploitation and the uncertain im 
ntinuing exploitation and the uncertain impacts of climate change are adding further pressures  
ploitation and the uncertain impacts of climate change are adding further pressures on fish res 
 change are adding further pressures on fish resources. new strategies are therefore required t 
are therefore required to assist in our management and conservation efforts. one such developme 
equired to assist in our management and conservation efforts. one such development will be to i 
ment and conservation efforts. one such development will be to incorporate the extent and dynam 
biological differences that exist among fish stocks into stock assessment. such information is  
that exist among fish stocks into stock assessment. such information is important since most ex 
ation is important since most exploited fish species comprise assemblages of individuals that d 
als that differ in their vital rates of growth, reproduction, migratory tendency and mortality. 
h, reproduction, migratory tendency and mortality. it therefore becomes desirable, for example, 
ble, for example, to match the level of fishing intensity to the projected rate of replenishmen 
is also important in the maintenance of genetic diversity in wild fish populations, so endowing 
aintenance of genetic diversity in wild fish populations, so endowing them with greater evoluti 
otential for adapting to changes in the environment. a critical component of such work involves 
lative contributions of such factors as dispersal of eggs and larvae, and behaviour of juvenile 
forts across each of the three major uk fisheries agencies .  
13969 12 ng declining populations in the face of land use changes and climatic changes. within the appli 
ucing realistic forecasts of population growth and extinction risk in a changing environment. m 
stic forecasts of population growth and extinction risk in a changing environment. many of the  
sts of population growth and extinction risk in a changing environment. many of the most seriou 
rowth and extinction risk in a changing environment. many of the most serious threats to biodiv 
nt. many of the most serious threats to biodiversity are associated with long-term trends in en 
and provide tools that can better guide management actions. we will use extensive field data, e 
ensive field data, experiments, and new modelling techniques to accomplish four main objectives 
ss population viability under different scenarios of environmental change. fourth, we will impl 
 viability under different scenarios of environmental change. fourth, we will implement methods 
 we will implement methods in practical conservation to forecast the viability of red-listed pl 
bility of red-listed plants and suggest management options.  
15098 3 the genus alytes, an iberian-maghrebian endemism, represented by five extant species, are ideal 
ideal models to evaluate the effects of environmental change. this environmental change of glob 
e effects of environmental change. this environmental change of global reach results for human  
6802 6 ed for understanding the functioning of ecosystems. these approaches rarely meet adequately in  
se approaches rarely meet adequately in ecology. in the analysis of food webs describing inters 
equately in ecology. in the analysis of food webs describing interspecific interactions of high 
overemphasising either pure topology or population dynamics in no network context represents ex 
ions of species having large effects on community dynamics in real webs. it is an interesting q 
tone species, which is a key problem of conservation biology.  
10095 3 antification of the separate effects of competition, ppis, and the abiotic environment with cha 
s of competition, ppis, and the abiotic environment with changing severity, and examination of  
 interaction in determining the overall nature of the relationship between neighbours.  
14799 10    one of the most relevant features of mediterranean ecosystems is the importance of fires, an 
most relevant features of mediterranean ecosystems is the importance of fires, and many species 
eristics and mechanisms conferring post-fire persistence. in these ecosystems, the two main per 
ferring post-fire persistence. in these ecosystems, the two main persistence mechanisms are: th 
el, and the capacity of seeds to resist fire, which confers persistence at population level. in 
ogical and evolutionary consequences of fire history in the persistence mechanisms and in other 
 in other functional characteristics of mediterranean basin species. specifically, we aim to te 
s designed for compiling information on life history attributes of the species in the mediterra 
istory attributes of the species in the mediterranean basins. this task will permit an appropri 
under a larger spatial and phylogenetic scale than the experiments, although without the robust 
11633 9 in fertilisation success through: sperm competition, the competition between the ejaculates of  
success through: sperm competition, the competition between the ejaculates of different males o 
erent partners for fertilisation. sperm competition and cryptic female choice interact in a com 
damental mechanisms of male fertilising efficiency, and the way genetic interactions between re 
llus, a sexually promiscuous bird and a model system of sexual selection. this project constitu 
anisms controlling fertility and the co-evolution between males and females. addressing these i 
s in turn fundamental to understand the evolution of male and female reproductive strategies, t 
and female reproductive strategies, the evolution of reproductive isolation and speciation. thi 
re of managed populations of farmed and endangered species.  
15502 10                                         biological invasions are one of the major causes affect 
s are one of the major causes affecting biodiversity at global scale. the characterization of t 
causes affecting biodiversity at global scale. the characterization of the invasive potential o 
terization of the invasive potential of alien species is, however, unresolved. in recent years, 
d. in recent years, the hypothesis that exotic species undergo rapid evolution when they invade 
hesis that exotic species undergo rapid evolution when they invade a new environment has gained 
 rapid evolution when they invade a new environment has gained support in the scientific commun 
nt has gained support in the scientific community. plants may undergo changes in the herbivore  
bivore selective pressures in the novel habitat through a release of the herbivores associated  
portant to unravel the basic aspects of biological invasions and provide information on the fun 
7268 6 d of one year, the histogram of coastal marine post-larval species settling on the coastline fo 
oving knowledge about the life cycle of marine animals and biodiversity, will propose new indic 
ut the life cycle of marine animals and biodiversity, will propose new indicators of stock by c 
mals and biodiversity, will propose new indicators of stock by comparing adults to post-larvae. 
blication of a guide post larvae of the mediterranean and give economic value tracks the specie 
st larvae of the mediterranean and give economic value tracks the species caught  
10078 5 iations of plant av-ptgs in relation to climate change, because laboratory experiments has demo 
atory experiments has demonstrated that temperature affects the strength of plant av-ptgs. this 
 of av-ptgs in natural conditions. such evaluation will help to assess the potential benefits/r 
 predict the ecological consequences of global warming and the climate changes in the uk.  
 consequences of global warming and the climate changes in the uk.  
14734 23  biodiverse and with more percentage of endemism in the world. the gran sabana, one of its more 
, but the potential consequences of the global warming have not been considered yet. the main o 
 project are: to estimate the potential extinction of vascular plant species as a consequence o 
ecies as a consequence of the projected temperature increase for the present century and to pro 
present century and to propose suitable conservation strategies, as well as to elaborate a medi 
, as well as to elaborate a medium-term monitoring plan for the endangered species. the underly 
e a medium-term monitoring plan for the endangered species. the underlying hypothesis is that t 
cies. the underlying hypothesis is that temperature increase will determine an upward displacem 
ill determine an upward displacement of vegetation belts which, owing to the peculiar tabular t 
ography of the region, will lead to the habitat loss and/or fragmentation for many species thus 
n, will lead to the habitat loss and/or fragmentation for many species thus inducing their disa 
eir disappearance. additional secondary extinction is expected to occur due to the disappearanc 
tions would significantly affect global biodiversity. in order to estimate the magnitude of pot 
 to estimate the magnitude of potential extinction by habitat loss, palaeoecological methods su 
he magnitude of potential extinction by habitat loss, palaeoecological methods such as pollen a 
ions of the eventual future altitudinal distribution of involved species using graphical modell 
ion of involved species using graphical modelling based on geographical information systems. th 
ad, thus providing the bases for impact evaluation and risk analysis, which are needed to class 
ing the bases for impact evaluation and risk analysis, which are needed to classify the endange 
lysis, which are needed to classify the endangered species by their threaten degree and to defi 
 by their threaten degree and to define conservation priorities accordingly. the results of thi 
y to the organizations in charge of the biodiversity conservation of guayana. this is a pilot s 
neration and maintenance of present-day biodiversity.  
12243 3  cropping and the provision of specific environmental services, within the uks arable sector. a 
i-permanent and permanent conversion to grassland. opportunites and constraints to further use  
 where needed, to enable application of grassland-based technologies.  
11073 27           this project investigates the recovery of arctic tundra from the effects of atmospher 
 tundra from the effects of atmospheric nitrogen deposition. fossil fuel burning in vehicles, p 
s, power stations and industry produces nitrogen oxides. these gases travel long distances in t 
ed back to the ground surface where the nitrogen causes changes to the vegetation and soil. the 
here the nitrogen causes changes to the vegetation and soil. the arctic tundra receives such ai 
en causes changes to the vegetation and soil. the arctic tundra receives such air pollution fro 
il. the arctic tundra receives such air pollution from around the northern hemisphere and is ve 
h arctic, to investigate the effects of nitrogen deposition on tundra plants. the nitrogen that 
trogen deposition on tundra plants. the nitrogen that we watered onto the vegetation affected t 
. the nitrogen that we watered onto the vegetation affected the physiology of plants and the ab 
fected the physiology of plants and the abundance of different species; some species almost die 
t were used to set the critical load of nitrogen for tundra; that is, the internationally agree 
ernationally agreed number for how much nitrogen the ecosystem can tolerate before it is damage 
agreed number for how much nitrogen the ecosystem can tolerate before it is damaged. critical l 
. critical load values for all european ecosystems were taken into account in the development o 
osystems were taken into account in the development of international pollution control legislat 
unt in the development of international pollution control legislation. our arctic experiment co 
ed; after three years we stopped adding nitrogen to some of our experimental plots but after an 
other seven years it was clear that the vegetation had not recovered. in this project we will r 
n to the experiment to measure how much recovery has occurred over 18 years. this is important  
e international legislation has reduced nitrogen oxide emissions across europe and we need to u 
reduced nitrogen oxide emissions across europe and we need to understand what the potential is  
to understand what the potential is for ecosystems to recover once the amount of nitrogen being 
cosystems to recover once the amount of nitrogen being deposited on them decreases. should the  
decreases. should the results show that recovery is very slow, it is possible that the critical 
t is possible that the critical load of nitrogen for tundra will be reduced to take into accoun 
 fact that ecological changes caused by nitrogen deposition are not readily reversible.  
12612 31 s it can pose to peoples health and the environment. local authorities are required to identify 
well as land causing or likely to cause pollution of controlled waters. harm with respect to hu 
n health is assessed using quantitative risk assessment which considers: concentrations of cont 
ders: concentrations of contaminants in soil, water and air associated with the site; potential 
concentrations of contaminants in soil, water and air associated with the site; potential expos 
two important issues associated with uk policy on contaminated land. the first is that estimate 
ed land. the first is that estimates of risk of health impacts from contaminated land do not qu 
rst is that estimates of risk of health impacts from contaminated land do not quantify the very 
ing dose and inferring potential health impacts. instead, this uncertainty is compensated throu 
potential health impacts. instead, this uncertainty is compensated through the use of conservat 
ates of exposure and the application of uncertainty factors to toxicological data; both approac 
protective estimate of potential health impacts associated with a particular site. the project  
se uncertainties associated with health impacts from contaminated land and then target quantifi 
then target quantification of levels of uncertainty for risks associated with a case study cont 
ormation on the extent to which current risk estimates may be under- or over-protective of huma 
ll identify the most important areas of uncertainty and thus help to target data collection and 
nd future research activities to reduce uncertainty. the second issue is that action on health  
ample, one might hypothesise that total impacts on human health associated with air pollution f 
cts on human health associated with air pollution from road transport are several orders of mag 
t the relative costs to mitigate health impacts via the two sources and thus inform a debate ab 
elative costs and benefits of different policy options. the project will generate information o 
ll generate information on total health impacts from contaminated land and then compare this wi 
 provide a baseline analysis from which policy debate can be initiated. the overall aim of this 
 an overview of the direct and indirect impacts of contaminated land on human health and compar 
e an overview of the different types of risk to human health posed by contaminated land. 2. ass 
h posed by contaminated land. 2. assess uncertainty associated with determining health impacts  
inty associated with determining health impacts from contaminated land and undertake quantitati 
minated land and undertake quantitative uncertainty analysis for four case study contaminants.  
y contaminants. 3. estimate the overall risk to human health due to exposure to contaminated la 
inated land, including likely levels of uncertainty. 4. for four case study contaminants, compa 
to the contaminants. 5. compare overall risk to human health from exposure to contaminated land 
14780 10 out to identify the potential impact of climate change upon the biota of montane aquatic system 
e permanence gradient affects in turn a diversity of ecological processes that play substantial 
t play substantial roles in determining biodiversity in these areas. montane aquatic systems ar 
 regarded as particularly threatened by climate change and a change in their degree of permanen 
structure and dynamics of populations 3 community composition, 4 impact of exotic species and 5 
ns 3 community composition, 4 impact of exotic species and 5 impact of emerging diseases. gener 
on of natural systems. the project will yield mechanistic explanatory models of the ecological  
se required to anticipate the degree of vulnerability to climate change and the corresponding p 
ticipate the degree of vulnerability to climate change and the corresponding preventive or miti 
nge and the corresponding preventive or mitigation measures.  
13469 15 ollowing questions which are related to climate change: 1 is there less genetic variation at ra 
ns compared to the centre of a species’ distribution 2 are northern species more vulnerable to  
are northern species more vulnerable to climate change than southern species 3 how do community 
e change than southern species 3 how do community interactions affect the predicted life histor 
unity interactions affect the predicted life history response obtained from single species labo 
answers on the 3 questions will provide conservation biologist with information on which specie 
e to climatic change. it will also tell conservation biologist how realistic laboratory experim 
istic laboratory experiments simulating climate change are and if it is possible to extrapolate 
it is possible to extrapolate predicted life history responses from laboratory to natural commu 
ry responses from laboratory to natural community systems. the project consists of a mixture of 
semi-field experiments. the focus is on life history traits in dragonflies, but the results obt 
periments. the focus is on life history traits in dragonflies, but the results obtained are gen 
ut the results obtained are general for conservation issues of aquatic invertebrates. among spe 
eral for conservation issues of aquatic invertebrates. among species comparisons will be made.  
nvention, and 22 are on the red list of europe. an alarming pattern is that northern dragonflie 
11163 35                                         china s premier wen jiabao recently commented that the  
ao recently commented that the sluggish development of agriculture and the slow increase of far 
mented that the sluggish development of agriculture and the slow increase of farmers incomes co 
 many developing countries. alleviating poverty and raising standards of well-being among the r 
ncreasingly scientists are arguing that rural development must also proceed alongside proper ma 
ment must also proceed alongside proper management of the natural environment. without this, th 
ngside proper management of the natural environment. without this, the possible negative conseq 
 negative consequences for food supply, water quality, biodiversity and other aspects of the en 
quences for food supply, water quality, biodiversity and other aspects of the environment that  
, biodiversity and other aspects of the environment that we all depend upon, so-called ecologic 
ment that we all depend upon, so-called ecological services, are severe. there are countless ex 
 countless examples of how agricultural development has caused signficant and often irreversibl 
re consequences of human activities and climate change on key environmental conditons. but ther 
e well the possibility that the natural environment can change in unpredictable ways. we know t 
e in complex ways, as with flooding and forest fire, but when humans are involved these changes 
mplex ways, as with flooding and forest fire, but when humans are involved these changes can be 
ysing how the mixture of human actions, climate and ecology has effectively evolved to the stat 
e mixture of human actions, climate and ecology has effectively evolved to the state that we se 
elatively long timescales. for example, pollution of rivers and lakes by sewage and fertlizers  
g timescales. for example, pollution of rivers and lakes by sewage and fertlizers can take seve 
e several decades from the start of the pollution to the whole water system reacting in terms o 
the start of the pollution to the whole water system reacting in terms of fish losses or build- 
whole water system reacting in terms of fish losses or build-up of poisonous algae. sometimes,  
of fish losses or build-up of poisonous algae. sometimes, ecosytems can withstand a good deal o 
 ecosytems can withstand a good deal of stress from human activities, but when they finally giv 
. even today, there is widespread rural poverty across many agricultural settings, and many env 
nmental problems. there is accelerating soil erosion on the hilly lands; deteriorating water qu 
osion on the hilly lands; deteriorating water quality in irrigation channels, rivers and lakes; 
y lands; deteriorating water quality in irrigation channels, rivers and lakes; the ever-present 
g water quality in irrigation channels, rivers and lakes; the ever-present threat of flooding;  
ver-present threat of flooding; coastal erosion from rising sea-levels; pressure to produce mor 
isors, and farmers the changes that the environment has already experienced and how it might ch 
 statistically in order to evaluate the sustainability of the current form of agricultural mana 
ity of the current form of agricultural management. we will meet with academics, agencies and r 
 how the results compare with their own perceptions of change, and what might be the best alter 
12537 8                                pratique stakeholders with a transparent presentation of the ris 
sing economic, environmental and social impacts. work package 3: enhancing techniques for stand 
 for standardising and summarising pest risk assessments. objective is to enhance techniques fo 
ues for ensuring consistency, capturing uncertainty, mapping endangered areas and summarising r 
ing consistency, capturing uncertainty, mapping endangered areas and summarising risk work pack 
apping endangered areas and summarising risk work package 4: enhancing techniques for pathway a 
t validation and dissemination with the development of a web-based pra scheme. objective is to  
within pratique is provided via project ph0413 by defra plant health division; csl is participa 
12572 13  investigate and quantify the extent of predation by specific pisciverous fish and non-native c 
nt of predation by specific pisciverous fish and non-native crustacean species on diadromous fi 
native crustacean species on diadromous fish within the freshwater and estuarine environments.  
n species on diadromous fish within the freshwater and estuarine environments. specifically, to 
pecifically, to determine the potential predation impact of signal crayfish on the eggs and lar 
tages of atlantic salmon, determine the habitat use and territory size of wild atlantic salmon  
ignal crayfish, determine the potential predation impact by stocked and escapee trout on emigra 
mon smolts, and determine the potential predation impact of sea bass on emigrating salmon smolt 
ey customer purpose advise defra, other management authorities and stakeholders in england and  
defra, other management authorities and stakeholders in england and wales on the management of  
takeholders in england and wales on the management of migratory salmonid stocks and the species 
tion of potential conflicts between the management plans for different fish species and to advi 
ween the management plans for different fish species and to advise on the control or eradicatio 
14641 22          we aim to quantify the role of predation in explaining the lack of recovery of wild ra 
 of predation in explaining the lack of recovery of wild rabbit at the end of the 1980s. in oth 
countries with rabbit presence, such as australia, it has been empirically proved that certain  
oved that certain populations with high density, after being affected by an external factor, ca 
an reach a new equilibrium stage at low density. according to the predator pit hypothesis, pred 
 stage at low density. according to the predator pit hypothesis, predation would have a regulat 
cording to the predator pit hypothesis, predation would have a regulatory effect at low rabbit  
 have a regulatory effect at low rabbit density, preventing a return to the initial, high densi 
reventing a return to the initial, high density, equilibrium. in the iberian peninsula, we hypo 
ven many rabbit populations to new, low density equilibria where they are regulated by predatio 
 equilibria where they are regulated by predation. in a former project, we have shown that most 
study has assessed whether this lack of recovery in rabbit populations is related to a predatio 
y in rabbit populations is related to a predation-mediated equilibrium. in this project our obj 
rabbit populations are regulated at low density by predation in the centre-southern iberian pen 
lations are regulated at low density by predation in the centre-southern iberian peninsula. 2.  
 2. to quantify the joint impact of the predator community on rabbits, comparing localities wit 
antify the joint impact of the predator community on rabbits, comparing localities with similar 
bits, comparing localities with similar habitat characteristics, where rabbits are at different 
s functional and numerical responses of predators to changes in the abundance of rabbit populat 
esponses of predators to changes in the abundance of rabbit populations. and 4. to propose mana 
f rabbit populations. and 4. to propose management strategies which enable the effective recove 
t strategies which enable the effective recovery of rabbit populations.  
1982 17  interaction between two parties, where adaptation in one party leads to a changed selection re 
ted in the formation and maintenance of biodiversity. although the importance of coevolution is 
e. the latter is known for its prolific production of protein-rich silk webs as a defence again 
ein-rich silk webs as a defence against predators. we will focus on the key question how the de 
y species depends on other life-history traits via an energetic and/or genetic trade-off. the m 
n defensive trait in spider mites, silk production for webbing, is known to involve investment  
end to assess the relation between silk production and other fitness components, such as egg pr 
d other fitness components, such as egg production and detoxification of secondary plant compou 
ds, using selection experiments on silk production. these trade-offs will be studied in more de 
n experiments on silk production. these trade-offs will be studied in more detail by investigat 
of essential amino acids in silk or egg production in the various selection lines. in addition, 
w differences in silk investment affect predation risk and predator-prey dynamics, as well as h 
ces in silk investment affect predation risk and predator-prey dynamics, as well as how these d 
lk investment affect predation risk and predator-prey dynamics, as well as how these depend on  
n population experiments, using natural predator-prey populations in sicily and in turkey, in w 
tions in sicily and in turkey, in which predator densities and host plant quality will be manip 
imental system, focusing on the role of trade-offs and in particular its physiological basis, a 
11493 32                                         predation is a key factor in the structuring of ecologi 
unities. the behavioural adaptations of predators and prey to each other can have a fundamental 
 adaptations and counter-adaptations of predator and prey and how these translate into larger s 
rey and how these translate into larger scale phenomena at the group and population levels. spe 
 we consider how the sensory systems of predators can become confused by large groups of prey,  
ppearance, how it can be ameliorated by predator behaviour, and how the behaviours investigated 
oups at the single-group and population scale. we will use the powerful computational modelling 
 we will use the powerful computational modelling techniques of artificial neural networks and  
ms, fully validated with experiments on predation by sticklebacks and humans. the predatory sen 
ork with a static, previously obtained, mapping unit that generates the aforementioned confusio 
oned confusion effect , and a trainable decision making network that interprets the cognitive m 
es prey items in a way that ameliorates predator confusion. this decision-making unit is traine 
at ameliorates predator confusion. this decision-making unit is trained using a process similar 
ess similar to natural selection affect predator success how does complexity of the prey group  
ection affect predator success how does complexity of the prey group affect predator success an 
oes complexity of the prey group affect predator success and under what circumstances might a p 
ss and under what circumstances might a predator choose to specialise on a particular prey type 
ed. having validated the neural network model, and investigated the influence of prey group beh 
he influence of prey group behaviour on predator success, we will consider the counter case of  
e will consider the counter case of how predator prey choice may effect group formation of prey 
 in form and composition in response to predation by the neural network predator. the predator  
onse to predation by the neural network predator. the predator will remove individuals from the 
ion by the neural network predator. the predator will remove individuals from the prey group, a 
ve individuals from the prey group, and evolution of prey group form examined. how does the opt 
oup form examined. how does the optimal predator strike strategy affect the ultimate form and c 
rey groups be explained by variation in predator characteristic and/or initial form of the grou 
ill be addressed. ultimately, the whole predator-prey modelling framework will be integrated in 
ed. ultimately, the whole predator-prey modelling framework will be integrated into a full coev 
o a full coevolutionary system in which predator and prey evolve simultaneously. these sophisti 
in form and composition be explained by predation what types of predator might be associated wi 
be explained by predation what types of predator might be associated with different types of pr 
ucture in natural populations how might predator strategy and prey group form change through ev 
11795 32                                         predation is a key factor in the structuring of ecologi 
unities. the behavioural adaptations of predators and prey to each other can have a fundamental 
 adaptations and counter-adaptations of predator and prey and how these translate into larger s 
rey and how these translate into larger scale phenomena at the group and population levels. spe 
 we consider how the sensory systems of predators can become confused by large groups of prey,  
ppearance, how it can be ameliorated by predator behaviour, and how the behaviours investigated 
oups at the single-group and population scale. we will use the powerful computational modelling 
 we will use the powerful computational modelling techniques of artificial neural networks and  
ms, fully validated with experiments on predation by sticklebacks and humans. the predatory sen 
ork with a static, previously obtained, mapping unit that generates the aforementioned confusio 
oned confusion effect , and a trainable decision making network that interprets the cognitive m 
es prey items in a way that ameliorates predator confusion. this decision-making unit is traine 
at ameliorates predator confusion. this decision-making unit is trained using a process similar 
ess similar to natural selection affect predator success how does complexity of the prey group  
ection affect predator success how does complexity of the prey group affect predator success an 
oes complexity of the prey group affect predator success and under what circumstances might a p 
ss and under what circumstances might a predator choose to specialise on a particular prey type 
ed. having validated the neural network model, and investigated the influence of prey group beh 
he influence of prey group behaviour on predator success, we will consider the counter case of  
e will consider the counter case of how predator prey choice may effect group formation of prey 
 in form and composition in response to predation by the neural network predator. the predator  
onse to predation by the neural network predator. the predator will remove individuals from the 
ion by the neural network predator. the predator will remove individuals from the prey group, a 
ve individuals from the prey group, and evolution of prey group form examined. how does the opt 
oup form examined. how does the optimal predator strike strategy affect the ultimate form and c 
rey groups be explained by variation in predator characteristic and/or initial form of the grou 
ill be addressed. ultimately, the whole predator-prey modelling framework will be integrated in 
ed. ultimately, the whole predator-prey modelling framework will be integrated into a full coev 
o a full coevolutionary system in which predator and prey evolve simultaneously. these sophisti 
in form and composition be explained by predation what types of predator might be associated wi 
be explained by predation what types of predator might be associated with different types of pr 
ucture in natural populations how might predator strategy and prey group form change through ev 
13584 14                i propose to examine the predator-prey space use game in a system of treefrog ta 
y behaviors that reduce larval feeding, growth and/or developmental rates. accordingly, dozens  
t adaptive responses to the presence of predators, typically by reducing larval activity and/or 
r by moving away from areas with higher risk. these studies, however, either used caged predato 
ese studies, however, either used caged predators, or if they used free-swimming predators did  
redators, or if they used free-swimming predators did not analyze behavioral interactions betwe 
analyze behavioral interactions between predators and prey. from the predator view, many stuide 
ns between predators and prey. from the predator view, many stuides have shown that aquatic inv 
es have shown that aquatic invertebrate predators exhibit adaptive responses to their prey, inc 
ut how changes in risks and rewards for predators and prey influence the outcomes of predator-p 
tors and prey influence the outcomes of predator-prey spatial games. in addition, i will expand 
 empirical analyses to include multiple predators since multiple predators are clearly the norm 
clude multiple predators since multiple predators are clearly the norm in nature.  
tiple predators are clearly the norm in nature.  
9945 30                                         global warming is creating an extensively modified worl 
 events e.g., breeding season and local extinction. new evidence suggests that the underlying s 
ggests that the underlying structure of marine and freshwater ecosystems is changing, and poten 
 the underlying structure of marine and freshwater ecosystems is changing, and potentially most 
ying structure of marine and freshwater ecosystems is changing, and potentially most alarmingly 
mingly, key global cycles which control climate have been altered. however, how the processes t 
he processes that sustain life in these ecosystems will respond to future global warming are un 
these ecosystems will respond to future global warming are unknown. an understanding of these p 
ial if we are to be able to predict how ecosystems will respond to warming in the future and fu 
 predict how ecosystems will respond to warming in the future and furthermore implement managem 
in the future and furthermore implement management strategies to protect the fundamentals of th 
es to protect the fundamentals of these ecosystems. this represents a significant challenge for 
ficant challenge for scientists because ecosystems are inherently complex and their response to 
nherently complex and their response to environmental change can often be idiosyncratic. we wil 
y elements and their relationships with temperature. at the same time we will continue a large  
 the same time we will continue a large scale experiment which has been running since 2006 whic 
n running since 2006 which involves the warming of a series of replicated artificial ponds to s 
ponds to simulate the effects of future global warming. the combination of these approaches wil 
hat will govern the response of aquatic ecosystems to the elevated temperatures predicted for t 
ucial predictive tools for the study of global warming on ecosystems. while our experimental ma 
ools for the study of global warming on ecosystems. while our experimental manipulation will al 
l manipulation will allow us to test or model predictions and provide direct evidence of the ef 
ovide direct evidence of the effects of warming on whole aquatic ecosystems. ecologists typical 
the effects of warming on whole aquatic ecosystems. ecologists typically break ecosystems down  
 ecosystems. ecologists typically break ecosystems down into structural which maintain the inte 
l which maintain the integrity of these ecosystems. we will test our ideas by making high resol 
igh resolution seasonal measurements of nutrients and the size distribution of plants and anima 
 measurements of nutrients and the size distribution of plants and animals, along with rates of 
plants and animals, along with rates of photosynthesis and decomposition in our experimental sy 
 along with rates of photosynthesis and decomposition in our experimental systems.  
11798 8 es are very active, and can perturb the water system rapidly on annual or shorter time-scales,  
e at byrd glacier a direct link between water drainage and ice flow acceleration has been demon 
heir potential as long-term archives of climate change. this interest is demonstrated by three  
e sheet dynamics the study will utilise gis and numerical ice sheet modelling to predict where  
ill utilise gis and numerical ice sheet modelling to predict where subglacial lakes may have oc 
 sheets and then the identification and evaluation of some of these former subglacial lakes usi 
r routing and the relationship with ice streams. it is anticipate that findings arising from th 
for glaciological thinking of how basal water exerts a control on ice flux and routing.  
10714 7                                         climate is changing: predictions for the uk and much of 
ing: predictions for the uk and much of europe suggest a rise in temperature of 3-5ºc in the ne 
uk and much of europe suggest a rise in temperature of 3-5ºc in the next half century, the warm 
 over the past 40.000 years. this rapid climate change is likely to have pronounced effects in  
nced effects in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. these effects will appear at different scal 
ividual level and other characteristics/traits of species, populations and ecosystems.  
tics/traits of species, populations and ecosystems.  
2180 21 t is to analyze how expected changes in climate will affect the population dynamics of birds an 
cted changes in climate will affect the population dynamics of birds and mammals, and how these 
 will affect the population dynamics of birds and mammals, and how these dynamical influences w 
s will cause shifts in the geographical distribution of abundances within the distributional ra 
alyze in detail some carefully selected model systems for which long time series of individual- 
l as a mechanistic understanding of how climate influences the demography are available. this w 
 can be used to quantitatively evaluate climate influences on the population dynamics. by compa 
vely evaluate climate influences on the population dynamics. by comparing systems with differen 
ical for strong responses to changes in climate than others. we will then develop theoretical m 
er which conditions temporal changes in climate are most likely to cause shift in the geographi 
kely to cause shift in the geographical distribution of abundance within a species' distributio 
ift in the geographical distribution of abundance within a species' distributional range. we wi 
pulation fluctuations are influenced by climate variation. by combining stochastic population m 
chastic population models with regional scenarios for expected changes in climate as well as in 
ional scenarios for expected changes in climate as well as in environmental phenology, we can c 
 in climate as well as in environmental phenology, we can calculate how changes in climate will 
nology, we can calculate how changes in climate will affect the spatial synchrony of the popula 
 how this will cause differences in the distribution of the abundance of the species within the 
 differences in the distribution of the abundance of the species within their distributional ra 
rn affect the regional variation in the yield of these commercially important species. we will  
herefore examine whether the effects of climate changes can be modified by altering the harvest 
9851 22                                   rapid climate change and habitat fragmentation are expected t 
               rapid climate change and habitat fragmentation are expected to disrupt ecologica 
inctions due to direct loss of suitable habitat occur. such disruptions are likely to have seri 
ious implications for the services that ecosystems provide for human health and agriculture. in 
ecosystems provide for human health and agriculture. in particular, asynchronies are likely to  
ons, and between these plants and their pollinators. these mismatches could substantially reduc 
d substantially reduce both the spatial connectivity of populations, and the ecological resilie 
vity of populations, and the ecological resilience of plant-pollinator networks. attempts to pr 
 and the ecological resilience of plant-pollinator networks. attempts to predict such effects a 
pts to predict such effects assume that traits such as flowering times and flower morphology ch 
cies. however, recent studies of flower traits and emergence time within and between population 
tionary change in flower morphology and pollinator visitation. the case partner, the avon wildl 
 visitation. the case partner, the avon wildlife trust, has been quick to adopt a living landsc 
trust, has been quick to adopt a living landscape approach to its conservation to maximise the  
dopt a living landscape approach to its conservation to maximise the capacity for species to ad 
mise the capacity for species to adapt. pollination networks on its grassland reserves are alre 
s to adapt. pollination networks on its grassland reserves are already being studied by dr mich 
 ecological interactions in the face of global change is a key nerc priority. this will be the  
nd ecological variation in life-history traits in a single species, and assess how maintaining  
aintaining a given networks of distinct habitat reserves is likely to maximise ecological resil 
serves is likely to maximise ecological resilience. these data will also inform the value of tr 
d by some practitioners as critical for conservation in a changing world.  
13884 16 of the proposed project is to integrate landscape modelling with metapopulation modelling to i  
posed project is to integrate landscape modelling with metapopulation modelling to i provide a  
landscape modelling with metapopulation modelling to i provide a deeper understanding of how to 
 have a limited life-time, ii study the extinction debt, i.e. analyze to what extent the curren 
tterns reflect the historical amount of habitat, iii initiate an integration of landscape, meta 
habitat, iii initiate an integration of landscape, metapopulation and economic modelling to pro 
 landscape, metapopulation and economic modelling to provide a tool for finding landscape manag 
modelling to provide a tool for finding landscape management strategies which preserve biodiver 
pe management strategies which preserve biodiversity in a cost-effective way. as a model system 
diversity in a cost-effective way. as a model system i will mainly work with old trees in agric 
em i will mainly work with old trees in agricultural landscapes. in that landscape, the beetle  
ees in agricultural landscapes. in that landscape, the beetle osmoderma eremita is the main mod 
he beetle osmoderma eremita is the main model species. i studied o. eremita empirically as a ph 
. i studied o. eremita empirically as a ph.d. student. i simulate the metapopulation dynamics t 
he creation and destruction of suitable habitat patches. for that reason i model the dynamics o 
able habitat patches. for that reason i model the dynamics of the trees. to make that possible  
1938 3               predicting the effects of nature restoration requires the setting of targets. rec 
       predicting the effects of nature restoration requires the setting of targets. recently a 
etting of targets. recently a system of nature target types' to spatio-temporal dynamics.  
1939 27                          the effects of nature restoration practices are often predicted from a 
                  the effects of nature restoration practices are often predicted from abiotic  
om abiotic environmental factor such as soil moisture, ph and nutrients. indeed these factors c 
ronmental factor such as soil moisture, ph and nutrients. indeed these factors can be affected  
al factor such as soil moisture, ph and nutrients. indeed these factors can be affected by rewe 
from some species may be present in the soil; many species, however, have to recolonize the tar 
, have to recolonize the target area by dispersal from elsewhere. the phd-project analysis of p 
0 declined and 150 increased species in the netherlands, including their spatial dynamics in th 
ional series, including the established vegetation and the soil seed bank. moreover, lists of t 
ding the established vegetation and the soil seed bank. moreover, lists of target species will  
died. it further estimates life-history traits such as seed longevity, dispersal and adult long 
-history traits such as seed longevity, dispersal and adult longevity from literature and exper 
ation with the phd-projects and the nwo/biodiversity programme bobbink , the current postdoc-pr 
doc-project will built up a database on life history traits for the evaluation of common life h 
ill built up a database on life history traits for the evaluation of common life history traits 
database on life history traits for the evaluation of common life history traits of declined an 
ory traits for the evaluation of common life history traits of declined and increased species i 
r the evaluation of common life history traits of declined and increased species in order to im 
prove predictions on the probability of colonization by target species. these predictions will  
 parts of the pleistocene sandy area of the netherlands. apart from the case-studies, the resul 
he case-studies, the results of various nature restoration projects in the netherlands will be  
-studies, the results of various nature restoration projects in the netherlands will be validat 
 various nature restoration projects in the netherlands will be validated. finally, the project 
sis to be developed by the institute of forestry and nature research. this expert system aims a 
eloped by the institute of forestry and nature research. this expert system aims at improved pr 
 improved predictions of the effects of nature restoration.  
ed predictions of the effects of nature restoration.  
1937 2  want to examine which changes in taxic diversity have taken place and what we can expect to ha 
. 150 increasing species national flora monitoring programs.  
10108 9  role of an ecologist is to explain the diversity and abundance of organisms. however, novel ch 
ologist is to explain the diversity and abundance of organisms. however, novel challenges and r 
ver, novel challenges and risks such as climate change, genetic modification, invasive species  
s climate change, genetic modification, invasive species and the loss of biodiversity, mean tha 
ation, invasive species and the loss of biodiversity, mean that ecologists must be able to pred 
properties of the whole population like growth rate and stability. but do we need this new math 
e whole population like growth rate and stability. but do we need this new maths this project w 
al populations in the laboratory. using freshwater crustacea called daphnia, it is possible to  
lysing the effect of this change on the growth rate of the population. the project will also us 
13596 9  microbial communities at the field and landscape scale, and how this relates to nitrification  
 communities at the field and landscape scale, and how this relates to nitrification and nitrat 
andscape scale, and how this relates to nitrification and nitrate leaching in different crop pr 
d how this relates to nitrification and nitrate leaching in different crop production systems.  
 and nitrate leaching in different crop production systems. nitrification is a two-step process 
g in different crop production systems. nitrification is a two-step process, in which nh3 is ox 
idized to no2- by the ammonia-oxidizing bacteria spatial modelling of the phylogenetic structur 
 the ammonia-oxidizing bacteria spatial modelling of the phylogenetic structure of nitrifier co 
e of nitrifier communities at the field scale to address the relative importance of different u 
11454 6   data from our 50-year study of fulmar ecology have shown that variations in the north atlanti 
th atlantic oscillation and sea surface temperature influence both reproductive performance and 
uence both reproductive performance and recruitment in this species. this proposal builds upon  
 interest in the consequences of abrupt climate change, and uses these data to parameterise age 
of recent and predicted trends in ocean climate on changes in colony size, and focus future res 
 between variations in these indices of climate change and key population parameters.  
2069 3  the project extends beyond the current risk assessment of transgenes, which is focused primari 
ders explicitly the issues of transgene population dynamics. the methodological framework estab 
us be instrumental in ensuring adequate risk assessments of novel gene constructs prior to regu 
12167 7 oject , we will run 2-3 expected change scenarios' relatoing to national level chnage through t 
ational level chnage through the impact model. objective 7 to make recommendations for future r 
recommendations for future research and policy we will use the information derived from objecti 
commendations that deliver not only for biodiversity but also for wider ecosystem services and  
nly for biodiversity but also for wider ecosystem services and within the context of climate ch 
stem services and within the context of climate change. to update the evidence base and identif 
ments and causes of decline of farmland birds.  
12562 13                      summary objective: model the response of native and non-native fish specie 
l the response of native and non-native fish species under conditions of climate change; refine 
native fish species under conditions of climate change; refine the hazard identification and as 
e; refine the hazard identification and assessment tools, to aid managers in assessing the risk 
 aid managers in assessing the risks of management options and prioritising actions; and evalua 
 prioritising actions; and evaluate the impacts of non-native species on native species and str 
on-native species on native species and stream ecosystem function so as to inform the risk asse 
ve species on native species and stream ecosystem function so as to inform the risk assessment  
 ecosystem function so as to inform the risk assessment process. key customer purpose: analyse  
s arising from the spread of non-native fish, including the spread of novel fish diseases, esse 
ive fish, including the spread of novel fish diseases, essential for the appropriate implementa 
ted diseases. and, assess the impact of management initiatives, and the species’ response to en 
itiatives, and the species’ response to environmental change, to combat the spread of non-nativ 
14927 2               according to the european water framework directive, the evaluation of the ecolog 
european water framework directive, the evaluation of the ecological status is determined by th 
2190 32 is to develop knowledge and methods for nature conservation and biodiversity considerations in  
and methods for nature conservation and biodiversity considerations in physical planning, envir 
biodiversity considerations in physical planning, environmental impact assessments . the projec 
ty considerations in physical planning, environmental impact assessments . the project will mai 
ictions tools for projects and plans at landscape and regional levels as these refer to scales  
ack of effective tools dealing with the evaluation of impacts on biodiversity. the development  
ve tools dealing with the evaluation of impacts on biodiversity. the development of ecological  
aling with the evaluation of impacts on biodiversity. the development of ecological prediction  
luation of impacts on biodiversity. the development of ecological prediction tools will increas 
l contribute to a better integration of biodiversity considerations in planning and decision-ma 
ation of biodiversity considerations in planning and decision-making. the areas of interest for 
iversity considerations in planning and decision-making. the areas of interest for the study ar 
reas of interest for the study are peri-urban areas of the stockholm region where there is an i 
 there is an increasing pressure on the environment due the ongoing urbanisation. new developme 
tion. new developments, infrastructure, recreation and forestry cause fragmentation and disturb 
opments, infrastructure, recreation and forestry cause fragmentation and disturbance effects on 
tructure, recreation and forestry cause fragmentation and disturbance effects on natural habita 
on and forestry cause fragmentation and disturbance effects on natural habitats. the method is  
 processes and that represent different habitat types and scales in the landscape. from environ 
fferent habitat types and scales in the landscape. from environmental data in a geographical in 
tem together with empirical data on the distribution of selected focal species, predictive mode 
 be applied on the present state and on planning scenarios in the form of regional planning sce 
ed on the present state and on planning scenarios in the form of regional planning scenarios, c 
nning scenarios in the form of regional planning scenarios, comprehensive municipal plans and p 
narios in the form of regional planning scenarios, comprehensive municipal plans and planned ro 
ad projects. in this way a quantitative assessment of biodiversity values on a landscape level  
n this way a quantitative assessment of biodiversity values on a landscape level will be achiev 
 assessment of biodiversity values on a landscape level will be achieved. it will be possible t 
it will be possible to find patterns of connectivity and dispersal, thresholds, opportunities f 
le to find patterns of connectivity and dispersal, thresholds, opportunities for mitigation mea 
patterns of connectivity and dispersal, thresholds, opportunities for mitigation measures and t 
ispersal, thresholds, opportunities for mitigation measures and to identify effects and consequ 
13982 6 empirical, predictive models of benthic diversity in deep marine habitats. this vill be done by 
ive models of benthic diversity in deep marine habitats. this vill be done by testing hypothese 
theses about patterns of variability is scale-dependent and that the importance of ecological p 
e study of spatial patterns and for the development of mechanistic as well as purely predictive 
ted technologies for the measurement of marine biodiversity is consitutes an important task and 
hnologies for the measurement of marine biodiversity is consitutes an important task and an int 
13883 11  dynamics, and to provide guidelines to conservation authorities and forestry for the conservat 
delines to conservation authorities and forestry for the conservation of the study species. the 
vation authorities and forestry for the conservation of the study species. the models are inten 
are confined to trees which are dynamic habitat patches. the first method is for modelling dyna 
abitat patches. the first method is for modelling dynamics between single trees. i will use bay 
 trees. i will use bayesian statistical modelling, and apply the so called back-calculation tec 
idemiology but has never been tested in ecology. the second method is for modelling dynamics be 
ed in ecology. the second method is for modelling dynamics between stands in a landscape. the m 
 modelling dynamics between stands in a landscape. the model is fitted based on simulations of  
mics between stands in a landscape. the model is fitted based on simulations of epiphyte dynami 
iphyte dynamics across a known historic landscape scenario.  
1956 3 nd associated reproductive success in a soil-inhabiting predatory mite . in this way the geneti 
may stimulate further research into the ecology and evolution of specialists and generalists an 
e further research into the ecology and evolution of specialists and generalists and the mainte 
14518 17                                  modern agriculture is currently considered as one of the facto 
est negative impact on overall european biodiversity, including several small game species. con 
all game species. consequently, farming management models aimed to reduce those negative effect 
s have been increasingly implemented in europe during last decades , we will take samples fro t 
bout hunting pressure, farming and game management systems, and identity and abundance of agroc 
me management systems, and identity and abundance of agrochemicals released. the risk of exposu 
bundance of agrochemicals released. the risk of exposure to agrochemicals will be assessed, pay 
integrating the information about avian community structure, ecology of two key species, habita 
mation about avian community structure, ecology of two key species, habitat structure, phenolog 
 structure, ecology of two key species, habitat structure, phenology of cultivation, toxicology 
 of two key species, habitat structure, phenology of cultivation, toxicology, and hunting and f 
on, toxicology, and hunting and farming management, we may obtain a first approach to the knowl 
s of farming affecting more strongly to biodiversity, as well as assessing the efficacy of ecol 
 to design future strategies in farming management that may optimise the relationships between  
imise the relationships between farming productivity, game management and biodiversity conserva 
hips between farming productivity, game management and biodiversity conservation.  
rming productivity, game management and biodiversity conservation.  
12424 9 to an oil or chemical spill incident in marine waters of england and wales. the programme has t 
 programme has two key elements: 1, the development of expert guidelines to set out sampling an 
 and essential information required for impact assessment in the short, medium and long-terms;  
he short, medium and long-terms; 2. the development of a network of national and regional exper 
ational and regional experts, samplers, fisheries contacts, analytical providers and facilities 
he national authorities responsible for marine spill response in english/welsh waters have well 
ise, resources, networks and logistical planning that are required to achieve prompt and effect 
equired to achieve prompt and effective impact assessment and monitoring are not formally in pl 
mpt and effective impact assessment and monitoring are not formally in place.  
2211 15 ting the prerequisites for establishing management systems that are able to respond to the dyna 
 are able to respond to the dynamics of ecosystems, in the case, fish and wildlife populations. 
he dynamics of ecosystems, in the case, fish and wildlife populations. this overall goal can be 
cs of ecosystems, in the case, fish and wildlife populations. this overall goal can be summariz 
follows: • identify what is typical for management systems that are found to be adaptive and cl 
y of types of species under focus, e.g. fish and moose • clarity the institutional prerequisite 
ity the institutional prerequisites for adaptive management of fish and wildlife • explore to w 
rerequisites for adaptive management of fish and wildlife • explore to what extent local system 
tes for adaptive management of fish and wildlife • explore to what extent local systems for man 
 what extent local systems for managing fish and wildlife exhibit adaptive qualities and ascert 
ent local systems for managing fish and wildlife exhibit adaptive qualities and ascertain to wh 
mporary institutional framework for the management of swedish fish and wildlife populations. •  
framework for the management of swedish fish and wildlife populations. • suggest how existing m 
 for the management of swedish fish and wildlife populations. • suggest how existing management 
ife populations. • suggest how existing management systems may be refined to become more adapti 
13869 10                                         prescribed fire is becoming an increasingly used conser 
d fire is becoming an increasingly used conservation and management tool aiming to restore stan 
g an increasingly used conservation and management tool aiming to restore stand structure and c 
eas that have been altered by long-term fire suppression, thereby providing appropriate habitat 
 habitats for species that benefit from forest fires. the effects of forest fire can be divided 
nefit from forest fires. the effects of forest fire can be divided into specific direct effects 
rom forest fires. the effects of forest fire can be divided into specific direct effects depend 
 into specific direct effects depend on fire-created substrates. this laboratory-based objectiv 
ependence of selected fungal species on fire-killed and non fire-killed wood substrates  
d fungal species on fire-killed and non fire-killed wood substrates  
453 1 ches will make it possible to produce a management plan for the studied areas. the status of th 
461 15 or used. egg collecting, hunting, guano mining, localization of fish schools are all ecosystem  
 hunting, guano mining, localization of fish schools are all ecosystem services provided by sea 
g, localization of fish schools are all ecosystem services provided by seabird colonies. more r 
ded by seabird colonies. more recently, ecotourism and biomonitoring have been developed and br 
 have been developed and bring on a new economic value to seabirds. but non-regulated exploitat 
ought about decline or maybe even local extinction of numerous populations. in tropical zones s 
mine the status of preservation and the ecosystem services provided by seabirds in three countr 
oaching, with no method for sustainable management. others yet are the basis of a thought-out e 
hers yet are the basis of a thought-out ecotourism that generates consistent incomes and job op 
tent incomes and job opportunities. our evaluation by country and by island or group of islands 
e the creation of a plan for integrated management and preservation of seabirds on a regional s 
 preservation of seabirds on a regional scale. eventually we hope to stop the erosion of biodiv 
l scale. eventually we hope to stop the erosion of biodiversity among seabirds in the region wh 
entually we hope to stop the erosion of biodiversity among seabirds in the region while improvi 
improving living conditions for coastal birds, notably in madagascar.  
13837 21                          old coniferous forests in the northern boreal part of scandinavia, sti 
scandinavia, still unaffected by modern forestry, serve as models and reference concepts for ne 
and reference concepts for near-natural management and ecological studies of biodiversity. howe 
al management and ecological studies of biodiversity. however, new evidence indicate that pre-i 
w evidence indicate that pre-industrial human impact in northern sweden. our hypothesis is that 
pre-industrial human impact in northern sweden. our hypothesis is that long term anthropogenic  
thropogenic influence on low productive boreal forest ecosystems affect ecosystem productivity  
fluence on low productive boreal forest ecosystems affect ecosystem productivity and resilience 
ductive boreal forest ecosystems affect ecosystem productivity and resilience, resulting in slo 
real forest ecosystems affect ecosystem productivity and resilience, resulting in slow but majo 
stems affect ecosystem productivity and resilience, resulting in slow but major ecosystem trans 
resilience, resulting in slow but major ecosystem transformations over time. the study sites co 
e. the study sites comprise three large forest reserves along a north/south gradient. the time  
be carried out to identify gradients of human impact and to direct detailed investigations. the 
esults can be used to assess the use of forest reserves as references for comparative studies,  
comparative studies, and for studies on disturbance and resilience in forest ecosystems and to  
ies, and for studies on disturbance and resilience in forest ecosystems and to provide tools fo 
tudies on disturbance and resilience in forest ecosystems and to provide tools for preservation 
on disturbance and resilience in forest ecosystems and to provide tools for preservation of the 
on of the cultural heritage in northern forest ecosystems.  
he cultural heritage in northern forest ecosystems.  
13331 6                 focussing on the use of biodiversity by small and medium enterprises. methodolo 
in terms of business patterns and major ecosystems will be as comprehensive as possible. experi 
es to contribute to the eu strategy for sustainable development through their commercial actvit 
rprise strategy and the eu strategy for sustainable development. 3.awareness raised amongst the 
ess raised amongst the applied research community about the potential contribution of smes to c 
t the potential contribution of smes to conservation in the eu, and key research needs identifi 
14123 2  volatile compound on air quality under climate change and provides relevant information on the 
levant information on the dependence of productivity on emission rate under different stresses  
2105 36                                         forest covers 38% of norways land area, is basis for fo 
 38% of norways land area, is basis for forestry and forest industries as one of the countrys m 
ys land area, is basis for forestry and forest industries as one of the countrys most important 
conomic sectors, and provides important environmental services, like recreation, conservation o 
 important environmental services, like recreation, conservation of biological diversity, and s 
nvironmental services, like recreation, conservation of biological diversity, and sequestration 
vices, like recreation, conservation of biological diversity, and sequestration of climate gase 
logical diversity, and sequestration of climate gases. future climate change is of vital intere 
 sequestration of climate gases. future climate change is of vital interest for forestry and en 
climate change is of vital interest for forestry and environmental policy in norway, and it is  
e is of vital interest for forestry and environmental policy in norway, and it is important to  
y, and it is important to analyze which impacts climate changes may have on forests, forestry a 
t is important to analyze which impacts climate changes may have on forests, forestry and fores 
ich impacts climate changes may have on forests, forestry and forest industries to be able to m 
ts climate changes may have on forests, forestry and forest industries to be able to meet futur 
anges may have on forests, forestry and forest industries to be able to meet future challenges  
nalyses it is a strong advantage to use forest ecosystem process models and combine their resul 
 it is a strong advantage to use forest ecosystem process models and combine their results with 
 combine their results with bioeconomic modeling. the principle objectives of the project is to 
s of the project is to develop suitable forest ecosystem process models for norway and use them 
e project is to develop suitable forest ecosystem process models for norway and use them as bas 
edge on how and to what degree expected climate changes are likely to influence together with p 
 prognosis from regclim to estimate the climate change impacts on main forest ecosystem functio 
 regclim to estimate the climate change impacts on main forest ecosystem functions. s3: integra 
mate the climate change impacts on main forest ecosystem functions. s3: integrate the results f 
e climate change impacts on main forest ecosystem functions. s3: integrate the results from s2  
ting bio-economic models to analyze the climate change impacts on forest management, carbon seq 
ic models to analyze the climate change impacts on forest management, carbon sequestration, and 
o analyze the climate change impacts on forest management, carbon sequestration, and income/emp 
te change impacts on forest management, carbon sequestration, and income/employment in the fore 
estration, and income/employment in the forest sector. s4: analyze the uncertainty in the resul 
t in the forest sector. s4: analyze the uncertainty in the results with particular emphasis on  
ing the relative importance of the main risk factors. the project will be done in cooperation w 
nternational institutes in the field of forest process modeling, and be based on climate change 
stitutes in the field of forest process modeling, and be based on climate change data provided  
orest process modeling, and be based on climate change data provided by regclim.  
13862 7 xplore processes delaying or preventing vegetation recovery following decreased nitrogen than t 
esses delaying or preventing vegetation recovery following decreased nitrogen than the effects  
vegetation recovery following decreased nitrogen than the effects on chemical parameters. this  
repancy between chemical and biological recovery will be explored in the proposed research by s 
e by pathogens/insect herbivores, plant community species composition and soil n turnover.  
gens/insect herbivores, plant community species composition and soil n turnover.  
plant community species composition and soil n turnover.  
14617 8                                  the re-colonization of alpine grassland with woody species as  
          the re-colonization of alpine grassland with woody species as a result of vegetation  
sland with woody species as a result of vegetation succession and land use change is one of the 
woody species as a result of vegetation succession and land use change is one of the most impor 
s a result of vegetation succession and land use change is one of the most important threats to 
ne of the most important threats to the conservation of alpine pastureland in the central pyren 
atorralization in the central pyrennes. disturbance value of alpine grassland.  
l pyrennes. disturbance value of alpine grassland.  
10056 6  of the world s surface and is a unique environment, supporting a diverse microbial community.  
nique environment, supporting a diverse microbial community. during ice formation in autumn, mi 
ed to hypersaline brine channels, where salinity reaches over 20% and temperatures can drop to  
arsh environmental conditions the algal biomass is surprisingly high, with diatoms representing 
enting a major component to this unique community. it has been determined that sea ice diatoms  
in laboratory cultures to determine the abundance and composition of this diatom eps, measure t 
10057 6  of the world s surface and is a unique environment, supporting a diverse microbial community.  
nique environment, supporting a diverse microbial community. during ice formation in autumn, mi 
ed to hypersaline brine channels, where salinity reaches over 20% and temperatures can drop to  
arsh environmental conditions the algal biomass is surprisingly high, with diatoms representing 
enting a major component to this unique community. it has been determined that sea ice diatoms  
in laboratory cultures to determine the abundance and composition of this diatom eps, measure t 
11311 6  of the world s surface and is a unique environment, supporting a diverse microbial community.  
nique environment, supporting a diverse microbial community. during ice formation in autumn, mi 
ed to hypersaline brine channels, where salinity reaches over 20% and temperatures can drop to  
arsh environmental conditions the algal biomass is surprisingly high, with diatoms representing 
enting a major component to this unique community. it has been determined that sea ice diatoms  
in laboratory cultures to determine the abundance and composition of this diatom eps, measure t 
11345 6 ion arises because understanding of dms production processes is based on research that focuses  
e emiliania huxleyi. current efforts to model dms and dmsp production potential rely upon the s 
. current efforts to model dms and dmsp production potential rely upon the same possibly biased 
collection and investigate dmsp and dms production. the project we propose is novel for its foc 
ity of the current understanding of dms production by this important phytoplankton group.  
ing of dms production by this important phytoplankton group.  
12178 12  description the steering group for the biodiversity action plan , with recommendations as to w 
determine their most appropriate future management. the audience for the dvd will be farmers an 
e of particular help to those with agri-environment scheme agreements. the tone of the dvd will 
ition have benefits for animal and crop production as well as wildlife, the landscape and our h 
r animal and crop production as well as wildlife, the landscape and our historical heritage. it 
rop production as well as wildlife, the landscape and our historical heritage. it will recognis 
e the key role that farmers play in the management of the countryside to deliver wildlife and l 
anagement of the countryside to deliver wildlife and landscape benefits and the considerable re 
the countryside to deliver wildlife and landscape benefits and the considerable resources they  
 resources they currently devote to the management of hedgerows. this will be placed within the 
for farms to be financially viable. the production company will be expected to provide necessar 
 in close discussion with mr adams. the production company may engage mr adams or any other per 
14555 6 udies. many vertebrates, and especially birds, develop conspicuous sex-specific secondary sexua 
nspicuous sex-specific secondary sexual traits also, most studies in the wild have been perform 
ation of environmental factors, such as abundance and quality of food resources or demographic  
rces or demographic parameters, such as density modulate mate choice, intrasexual competition o 
nsity modulate mate choice, intrasexual competition or the production of sscs in early life. th 
 choice, intrasexual competition or the production of sscs in early life. the main objective of 
7699 3                   the context of french agriculture is currently contradictions carrier with on 
ased demands on improving the impact of production activities on the environment and on the oth 
 impact of production activities on the environment and on the other hand, an increase in deman 
10755 12  the most poorly understood terrestrial habitat in antarctica is its ice: a significant microbi 
ectively constitutes the largest single freshwater reservoir of bacteria on the earth s surface 
 largest single freshwater reservoir of bacteria on the earth s surface. the total bacterial ce 
rth s surface. the total bacterial cell biomass in the antarctic ice sheet is thought to amount 
nce. at each site we will establish the microbial community structure and biomass throughout th 
h the microbial community structure and biomass throughout the summer and track the fate of mic 
om the snow and ice. we will also track nutrients at the same time and measure the melt energy  
s at the same time and measure the melt energy fluxes that drive the whole system. this tight i 
rctic peninsula not subject to detailed monitoring. for these areas, we will use existing meteo 
to calculate the westward flux of melt, nutrients and microbial biomass that might be expected  
he westward flux of melt, nutrients and microbial biomass that might be expected under current  
 expected under current and future melt scenarios. at the same time we will establish the co2 f 
14580 17         the study of the trophic web in mediterranean coastal marshes has been proposed, by mea 
d dynamics of the bacterioplankton, the phytoplankton and the zooplankton during an annual cycl 
erioplankton, the phytoplankton and the zooplankton during an annual cycle under different envi 
in the saltmarshes and to establish the trophic interactions between the different planktonic g 
nic groups. the role of the mixotrophic phytoplankton will be specially analysed. these organis 
y analysed. these organisms have double function in the trophic food web, because they are both 
sms have double function in the trophic food web, because they are both predators and competito 
trophic food web, because they are both predators and competitors of other phytoplankters. this 
ther phytoplankters. this increases the complexity of the planktonic food webs of these ecosyst 
reases the complexity of the planktonic food webs of these ecosystems. we also analyse the rela 
ty of the planktonic food webs of these ecosystems. we also analyse the relationship between th 
so analyse the relationship between the zooplankton size structure and the degree of the commun 
on size structure and the degree of the community structure, identifying if the size structure  
es of the structure of the plankton and benthos due to the production and the fish predation.  
 of the plankton and benthos due to the production and the fish predation.  
d benthos due to the production and the fish predation.  
thos due to the production and the fish predation.  
7563 3 e how to act and interact the different stakeholders to understand compatibility and possible i 
ompatibilities in their approach to the management and conservation of rg. this should allow to 
in their approach to the management and conservation of rg. this should allow to consider forms 
12160 4 xpertise to contribute to the effective development, execution, evaluation and communication of 
o the effective development, execution, evaluation and communication of the department-funded p 
n independent programme manager for the grasslands assessment unit and its constituent projects 
nt programme manager for the grasslands assessment unit and its constituent projects.  
12161 4 xpertise to contribute to the effective development, execution, evaluation and communication of 
o the effective development, execution, evaluation and communication of the department-funded p 
 by acting as programme adviser for the grasslands assessment unit and its constituent projects 
as programme adviser for the grasslands assessment unit and its constituent projects.  
2140 17                                         arthropods of tropical forests constitute the dominant  
                          arthropods of tropical forests constitute the dominant component of b 
ts constitute the dominant component of biodiversity on earth and are essential for structuring 
e essential for structuring terrestrial ecosystems. this project represents the first attempt t 
 the first attempt to compare arthropod species richness in the soil and understorey vs. canopy 
mpare arthropod species richness in the soil and understorey vs. canopy habitats of a tropical  
est the hypothesis that 2/3 of tropical arthropods lives in the canopy. it is one of the first  
 it is one of the first studies of beta diversity at in a lowland tropical forest, encompassing 
udies of beta diversity at in a lowland tropical forest, encompassing a sample size accounting  
 a sample size accounting for arthropod diversity, spatial and seasonal replicates; and one of  
on the vertical stratification and beta-diversity of 40-50 focal arthropod taxa phylogeneticall 
number of species on earth, dynamics in tropical forests and conservation of biodiversity in tr 
earth, dynamics in tropical forests and conservation of biodiversity in tropical rainforests. i 
in tropical forests and conservation of biodiversity in tropical rainforests. i am invited amon 
omologists to participate in this large-scale project on biodiversity in a tropical lowland for 
ticipate in this large-scale project on biodiversity in a tropical lowland forest in panama, wh 
t on biodiversity in a tropical lowland forest in panama, which represent an excellent chance t 
12560 15                                    many weeds occur in patches but farmers frequently spray who 
ently spray whole fields to control the weeds in these patches. given a geo-referenced weed map 
hine vision system to automate the weed mapping process. the project thereby addresses the prin 
despread adoption of site specific weed management management approaches, and also with the req 
option of site specific weed management management approaches, and also with the requirements o 
, and also with the requirements of the water framework directive to reduce levels of pesticide 
framework directive to reduce levels of pesticides in water bodies. the greater precision of we 
ctive to reduce levels of pesticides in water bodies. the greater precision of weed management  
r bodies. the greater precision of weed management offered by sswm is therefore a key element i 
e farming systems for the future, where policy makers and consumers want to minimise pesticide  
y makers and consumers want to minimise pesticide use and the carbon footprint of farming while 
 want to minimise pesticide use and the carbon footprint of farming while maintaining food prod 
print of farming while maintaining food production and security. the mapping technology could a 
ining food production and security. the mapping technology could also be used on organic farms  
ical weed control thereby reducing both carbon footprints and also damage to crops by, for exam 
7683 13 o provide a better understanding of the evolution of coral reefs ecosystems in the context of g 
etter understanding of the evolution of coral reefs ecosystems in the context of global changes 
tanding of the evolution of coral reefs ecosystems in the context of global changes . a specifi 
 attention will be borne to the non-use valuation. to this end, work will be carried out by env 
onomic and social contribution of those ecosystems to local population and tourists over a peri 
des. this project will also look at the decision-making process towards management of coral ree 
 at the decision-making process towards management of coral reef ecosystems. research will ther 
on-making process towards management of coral reef ecosystems. research will therefore aim at p 
rocess towards management of coral reef ecosystems. research will therefore aim at preparing ma 
esearch will therefore aim at preparing mapping of ecosystem services and predicted evolution o 
l therefore aim at preparing mapping of ecosystem services and predicted evolution over a 3-dec 
ing of ecosystem services and predicted evolution over a 3-decades period. importantly, the res 
 at how to better reconnect science and policy with regards to two specific points: the message 
13400 1  olive. for this reason, it has a great richness for olive germplasm resources. following a com 
2076 43                  the maintenance of the biological diversity is important for many reasons. mar 
iversity is important for many reasons. marine and coastal systems provide important food sourc 
 the medical and chemical industry. the biological diversity has also a more ethical and moral  
l value. it is important to protect the biological diversity on earth because it may be essenti 
 certain species. the protection of the biological diversity is moreover important to maintain  
ns. the most significant threats to the marine biological diversity are represented by marine p 
 most significant threats to the marine biological diversity are represented by marine pollutio 
biological diversity are represented by marine pollution from different sources and from over-f 
cal diversity are represented by marine pollution from different sources and from over-fishing  
on from different sources and from over-fishing or over-exploitation of marine living resources 
om over-fishing or over-exploitation of marine living resources. fishing has serious impacts on 
xploitation of marine living resources. fishing has serious impacts on the biological diversity 
e living resources. fishing has serious impacts on the biological diversity, and the project wi 
ces. fishing has serious impacts on the biological diversity, and the project will concentrate  
on the regulation of this activity. the biological diversity is defined in the 1992 convention  
ogical diversity is defined in the 1992 convention on biological diversity. the definition of b 
biological diversity. the definition of biodiversity is centered upon variation within and betw 
 species. the holistic approach to both marine and terrestrial ecosystems is expressed in the l 
approach to both marine and terrestrial ecosystems is expressed in the latest environmental agr 
nts such as the rio declaration and the convention on biological diversity. these international 
d processes recognize the importance of ecosystem management and establish obligations for cons 
anagement and establish obligations for conservation and sustainable use of the biological dive 
conservation and sustainable use of the biological diversity. the project will first discuss th 
s the global obligations concerning the management and conservation of the marine biodiversity. 
ligations concerning the management and conservation of the marine biodiversity. important trea 
 the management and conservation of the marine biodiversity. important treaties here are the 19 
nagement and conservation of the marine biodiversity. important treaties here are the 1982 law  
 law of the sea convention and the 1992 convention on biological diversity and international fi 
bligations of the states concerning the management of the marine biological diversity. the proj 
states concerning the management of the marine biological diversity. the project will also exam 
concerning the management of the marine biological diversity. the project will also examine reg 
ligations and principles concerning the marine biodiversity on this level. the thesis is geogra 
ns and principles concerning the marine biodiversity on this level. the thesis is geographicall 
orway - the north east atlantic and the north sea. one question here is how the regional agreem 
 arrangements and agreements concerning fishing, regulate the management and conservation of th 
ements concerning fishing, regulate the management and conservation of the marine biodiversity. 
ng fishing, regulate the management and conservation of the marine biodiversity. the project wi 
 the management and conservation of the marine biodiversity. the project will also examine the  
nagement and conservation of the marine biodiversity. the project will also examine the relatio 
egional arrangements and agreements can function. after having discussed the legal obligations  
 examine how the obligations concerning fisheries management and management of biological diver 
ons concerning fisheries management and management of biological diversity are implemented on a 
 fisheries management and management of biological diversity are implemented on a national leve 
11145 13 methods for extraction of proteins from soils. the project will lead to an understanding of the 
 an understanding of the influence that soil protein have in determining the hydrophobicity of  
n determining the hydrophobicity of the soil around them and the manner in which hydrophobicity 
prediction of occurrence and effects of soil hydrophobicity, especially the transitions between 
n wettable and non-wettable states, and development of optimum and sustainable natural resource 
 development of optimum and sustainable natural resource management strategies for soil system  
ural resource management strategies for soil system functioning. the project is particularly re 
y relevant and timely in the context of climate predictions for the coming decades, which sugge 
g decades, which suggest more prolonged drought periods as well as more intense precipitation e 
drought periods as well as more intense precipitation events for the uk and many other regions. 
c conditions may induce more widespread development of hydrophobicity in soils, which in turn r 
spread development of hydrophobicity in soils, which in turn reduces infiltration and water sto 
 which in turn reduces infiltration and water storage and may increase the number of flooding e 
10261 9 rey communities. because of their sheer abundance within the oceans, these organisms effect how 
anisms effect how key elements, such as carbon and nitrogen, are cycled on a global scale. ther 
ct how key elements, such as carbon and nitrogen, are cycled on a global scale. there is much e 
on and nitrogen, are cycled on a global scale. there is much evidence to suggest that protists  
 that cell recognition by single-celled predators involves more than one type of receptor. with 
teins expressed by a species of protist predator using a technique called proteomics. we will i 
led proteomics. we will investigate how predator protein expression changes with different prey 
hus aiding our overall understanding of food webs and nutrient cycling within the ocean.  
 overall understanding of food webs and nutrient cycling within the ocean.  
14105 28 erally suggested that the strength of a fish year-class is determined by the availability of pl 
has been exhausted. starvation and high mortality is well known among larval fish. the diet of  
gh mortality is well known among larval fish. the diet of fish larvae is determined by their ga 
ll known among larval fish. the diet of fish larvae is determined by their gape and prey size a 
e substantially to plankton numbers and biomass, making them an available food source for larva 
hem an available food source for larval fish.despite the growing number of publications on the  
umber of publications on the planktonic food web structure only a few evidence are documented t 
e cascading effect of the planktivorous fish to the microbial loop components. the majority of  
 and therefore easily decomposed in the fish gut. thus, protist ingestion may have been neglect 
lties in describing the gut contents of fish larvae, due to a high degree of decomposition of t 
of fish larvae, due to a high degree of decomposition of the food and the use of conventional t 
 with the direct protist consumption by fish larvae in natural environment. to our knowledge th 
t consumption by fish larvae in natural environment. to our knowledge there are no correspondin 
no corresponding studies from the fresh water lakes. our goal is to combine the modern fluoresc 
method to study the role of protists as fish larvae food. we hypothesize that in the freshwater 
larvae food. we hypothesize that in the freshwater lakes the larval fish may feed on protozoan  
that in the freshwater lakes the larval fish may feed on protozoan prey at rates that potential 
 proportion of protozoan prey in larval fish diet in different water bodies. 2.to find out is t 
n prey in larval fish diet in different water bodies. 2.to find out is there any differences in 
otozoan consumption depending on larval fish species/age. 3.to find out the key factors determi 
 importance of protozoan prey in larval fish diets. 4.to determine the effect of larval fish fe 
ts. 4.to determine the effect of larval fish feeding on the microbial loop and classical food w 
ing on the microbial loop and classical food web. to estimate the proportion of protozoan prey  
 proportion of protozoan prey in larval fish diet we are going to sample larval fish in various 
fish diet we are going to sample larval fish in various lake types. to assess the effect of lar 
e types. to assess the effect of larval fish feeding on the microbial loop and classical food w 
ing on the microbial loop and classical food web we are going to carry out more complex food we 
 we are going to carry out more complex food web studies in lake võrtsjärv.  
10365 2                                 optical remote sensing is used to monitor the health and status 
many aquatic systems including both the water column .  
11484 3  aim to prepare an archive of microbial genetic diversity by cloning high molecular weight . us 
specially adapted dna extraction method soil will be sampled from three treatment regimes for p 
al gene libraries. these libraries will function as a permanent archive of dna for the molecula 
12189 55                                         ecosystem services are the benefits people obtain from  
ces are the benefits people obtain from ecosystems, such as clean water, flood control, storage 
e obtain from ecosystems, such as clean water, flood control, storage of greenhouse gases and p 
 clean water, flood control, storage of greenhouse gases and pollination of crops. they also in 
ontrol, storage of greenhouse gases and pollination of crops. they also include cultural servic 
ltural services, such as landscapes for recreation and education, and for aesthetic appreciatio 
tion, and for aesthetic appreciation of nature. international and national studies are showing  
hat human activities, such as intensive agriculture, are contributing to declines in the ecosys 
re, are contributing to declines in the ecosystem services provided by nature, with possible co 
s in the ecosystem services provided by nature, with possible consequences for human health and 
of initiatives are underway to maintain ecosystem services and potentially to reverse their dec 
ne. in the uk, and elsewhere in the eu, agri-environment schemes have great potential to contri 
ial to contribute to the maintenance of ecosystem services. the english environmental stewardsh 
rovides one such opportunity to enhance ecosystem services in the farmed environment. environme 
nhance ecosystem services in the farmed environment. environmental stewardship encourages farme 
ies, with the current aims to: conserve wildlife; maintain and enhance landscape quality and ch 
conserve wildlife; maintain and enhance landscape quality and character; protect the historic e 
ity and character; protect the historic environment; promote public access and understanding of 
tanding of the countryside; and protect natural resources. the range of management options unde 
protect natural resources. the range of management options under environmental stewardship may  
vironmental stewardship may also affect ecosystem services, for example: winter cover crops may 
ecosystem services, for example: winter cover crops may lessen flooding hazards by reducing wat 
may lessen flooding hazards by reducing water run-off; or grass margins in arable field may tra 
 grass margins in arable field may trap sediment and nutrients and so reduce water pollution. w 
s in arable field may trap sediment and nutrients and so reduce water pollution. while the pote 
ap sediment and nutrients and so reduce water pollution. while the potential is clear, the evid 
iment and nutrients and so reduce water pollution. while the potential is clear, the evidence f 
stewardship may best be used to enhance ecosystem services. this project will address these iss 
ll collate and analyse the evidence for impacts of environmental stewardship and similar land m 
f environmental stewardship and similar land management activities on services from a variety o 
re and expert opinion. we will then use modelling approaches to suggest the best environmental  
onmental stewardship options to enhance ecosystem services and the ideal placement of these wit 
onsidering issues such as practicality, policy needs and cost, we will produce a set of ‘option 
applied to a farm. we will also use our review and analysis to suggest new forms of environment 
nmental stewardship options may improve ecosystem services. the first will use well-developed m 
well-developed models of the effects of land management on processes such as carbon storage and 
of land management on processes such as carbon storage and water flow to determine how combinat 
on processes such as carbon storage and water flow to determine how combinations of environment 
ions in the english uplands may enhance ecosystem services. this will involve novel combination 
this will involve novel combinations of modelling methods to answer precise questions about the 
t is relevant to the real world and the scale at which environmental stewardship agreements are 
arm will be monitored using measures of water use, infiltration and run-off, greenhouse gas sto 
, greenhouse gas storage and emissions, water quality in terms of nitrogen phosphorus and sedim 
nd emissions, water quality in terms of nitrogen phosphorus and sediment, pollination of crops, 
ons, water quality in terms of nitrogen phosphorus and sediment, pollination of crops, biodiver 
ity in terms of nitrogen phosphorus and sediment, pollination of crops, biodiversity, and stake 
ms of nitrogen phosphorus and sediment, pollination of crops, biodiversity, and stakeholders’ u 
rus and sediment, pollination of crops, biodiversity, and stakeholders’ use and attitudes towar 
pollination of crops, biodiversity, and stakeholders’ use and attitudes towards the changed far 
nd attitudes towards the changed farmed landscape. these measures will be combined with modelli 
e. these measures will be combined with modelling methods to project how the environmental stew 
ntal stewardship activities will affect water quantity and quality and greenhouse gas storage o 
s will inform environmental stewardship policy and will greatly enhance our knowledge of how to 
knowledge of how to manage the land for ecosystem services. dissemination of the results and tr 
aff can implement the findings and that stakeholders can make best use of the project outputs.  
12491 5 ntributes to the provision of different ecosystem services through analysis of current levels o 
ent levels of uptake for each of the es management options; to make recommendations on how the  
 recommendations on how the delivery of ecosystem services through the es could be measured; to 
 which it would be possible to place an economic value on the ecoystem services delivered throu 
might be achieved; and to recommend how ecosystem service delivery might be enhanced through th 
12360 6         purpose - why is the r&d needed marine environment division as the division with respon 
 purpose - why is the r&d needed marine environment division as the division with responsibilit 
on with responsibility within defra for marine emergencies/incidents need to co-ordinate the sc 
 reasonably requested to facilitate the management of the response to the grounding of the msc  
the msc napoli in lyme bay, in terms of monitoring and/or mitigating the environmental impact.  
rms of monitoring and/or mitigating the environmental impact.  
10628 20 lling to take risks under the threat of predation, quicker to learn simple tasks and less fearf 
s. however, the tables may be turned if predation risk is high and the greater activity of the  
, the tables may be turned if predation risk is high and the greater activity of the bold anima 
h of these personality styles cope with environmental change. climate change, such as global wa 
 styles cope with environmental change. climate change, such as global warming and other human  
nmental change. climate change, such as global warming and other human influences e.g. toxicant 
.g. toxicants, affects the geographical distribution of animals but also whether they survive o 
all determine whether these personality traits can be influenced by giving animals experience o 
and losers tend to go on losing so bold fish experiencing a succession of defeats may become mo 
o on losing so bold fish experiencing a succession of defeats may become more shy and shy fish  
 of defeats may become more shy and shy fish repeatedly being the victor may become more bold.  
cisions this may inform theories behind evolution and explain why some animals cannot survive c 
animals cannot survive changes in their environment. finally we shall alter the internal state  
different environments increasing their energy demands to determine if a hungry shy fish is wil 
gy demands to determine if a hungry shy fish is willing to take risks in the presence of a pred 
ling to take risks in the presence of a predator to get food and thus the internal state of the 
rstanding how fixed animals behavioural traits are, how different personalities cope with envir 
, how different personalities cope with environmental change and which genes underpin these cha 
ehavioural characteristics affect their distribution in a habitat and more importantly the surv 
eristics affect their distribution in a habitat and more importantly the survival of individual 
15451 12  groups. the presence of pseudomonas in water conductions is well known, but its contribution i 
 are: 1 detailed study of the bacterial community developed in the pure water pipes by using as 
cterial community developed in the pure water pipes by using as a model the hemodialysis waters 
d in the pure water pipes by using as a model the hemodialysis waters of the new university hos 
anuary 2011. 2 changes in the bacterial community along time by using molecular microbial techn 
. it will give us a global image of the water quality. 3 succession assessment of the pseudomon 
 a global image of the water quality. 3 succession assessment of the pseudomonas populations in 
mage of the water quality. 3 succession assessment of the pseudomonas populations in the coloni 
t of the pseudomonas populations in the colonization and biofilm formation with culture depende 
re dependent and independent methods. 4 development of accurate and rapid identification method 
ased on the mass spectrometric analysis risk assessment of the bacteriological water quality fo 
 risk assessment of the bacteriological water quality for the patient in hemodialysis with chro 
14818 2 zeri is a relevant bacterial species in microbial ecology, due to their relevant physiological  
pate actively in the c cycle , to their colonization potential of new ecological niches, and to 
2205 2 ation of many aquatic organisms such as fish, crustaceans and molluscs is already today strictl 
ay strictly regulated between different water bodies may be a vector for new introductions. thu 
13811 16 er to achieve the commitments regarding conservation and restoration of biodiversity, the publi 
 commitments regarding conservation and restoration of biodiversity, the public must get involv 
garding conservation and restoration of biodiversity, the public must get involved. several mea 
everal measures to conserve and restore biodiversity are being used on the basis of their ecolo 
g used on the basis of their ecological efficiency. these would, however, be more efficient if  
 to describe public support for various biodiversity conservation measures in broadleaf deciduo 
rvation measures in broadleaf deciduous forest in scania as compared to the perceived intrusion 
ical foundation of public acceptance of conservation measures. the project is based on theories 
heories of environmental psychology and landscape planning, and carried out in co-operation wit 
ed out in co-operation with the swedish forest agency. the empirical work will consist of four  
 subsequent studies. study 1 develops a scale of acceptance of conservation measures by the q-s 
udy 1 develops a scale of acceptance of conservation measures by the q-sort method. study 2 emp 
 the q-sort method. study 2 employs the scale in a field study. study 3 validates tools for stu 
 psychological factors to acceptance of conservation measures, carried out in a larger sample a 
e understanding of the public's view of conservation measures and can thereby point to the soci 
res and can thereby point to the social efficiency of various measures.  
11541 8 hat drives our dynamic earth; all large-scale geological activity is driven by mantle convectio 
d volcanic islands, such as iceland and hawaii. there is increasing evidence that these upwelli 
lumes have a direct influence on global climate. while the observational evidence for pulsing i 
 s geological history and the long-term evolution of earth s mantle. to address these gaps in c 
pothesis will be validated by comparing model predictions of pulsing behavior with geological o 
 comparing model predictions of pulsing behavior with geological observations, predominantly fr 
e of this research will be a predictive model of the response of earth s surface to flow within 
n earth s interior. in other words, the model will show how earth s engine - mantle convection  
10881 14 trajectory of previous rafts to eastern australia. the rafts will reach eastern australia withi 
australia. the rafts will reach eastern australia within the next year where a large proportion 
tion by silicic explosive eruptions and dispersal by wind and ocean currents, to their recruitm 
al by wind and ocean currents, to their recruitment and long-range transport of biota. pumice r 
rtant natural vector for the long-range dispersal of many marine species, overcoming physiologi 
or for the long-range dispersal of many marine species, overcoming physiological limitations on 
ming physiological limitations on their dispersal range, and allow intermittent contact and exc 
nt contact and exchange between shallow marine ecosystems that otherwise remain extremely isola 
act and exchange between shallow marine ecosystems that otherwise remain extremely isolated by  
it may serve as a natural mechanism for ecosystems damaged by human activity to recover species 
y human activity to recover species and biodiversity. in many cases, pumice rafts also represen 
igins and eruptive processes of shallow marine explosive eruptions of silicic magma in island a 
how successful it is for the long-range dispersal of biota to the great barrier reef, an import 
rrier reef, an important area of global biodiversity.  
15348 16  to study the patterns and processes of marine speciation using the most diverse group of opist 
pisthobranchs, the chromodorididae as a model. we will attempt to revise the systematics of atl 
tention to chromatic patterns, chemical ecology and cases of convergent evolution stemming from 
hemical ecology and cases of convergent evolution stemming from their common ancestry. also we  
 ancestry. also we evaluate the role of climate change, dispersal and plate tectonics in confir 
we evaluate the role of climate change, dispersal and plate tectonics in confirming the phyloge 
l and plate tectonics in confirming the phylogeny of different taxa. we propose several seconda 
 of chromodorididae in the atlantic and mediterranean; 2 determining the geographical distribut 
rranean; 2 determining the geographical distribution of the species studied; 3 establishing the 
n dna sequences; 6 evaluate the generic classification of the species studied in relation to th 
the principal processes implicating the evolution of species to correlate the rates of evolutio 
on of species to correlate the rates of evolution with the regional patterns of diversity. an a 
evolution with the regional patterns of diversity. an additional objective, that will depend on 
s obtained, will be to assign levels of conservation priority of the species and genera studied 
ty of using the concept of phylogenetic endemism in conservation.  
the concept of phylogenetic endemism in conservation.  
1948 11                            for adaptive evolution to occur a population has to be persistent. t 
 be persistent. therefore at least some life history characteristics of the individuals have to 
ontrol, and some characteristics of the environment have to respond to an output from the popul 
 on food availability. yet, present day life history theory assumes that this feedback loop is  
our group has shown that the outcome of life history evolution may strongly depend on the preci 
 shown that the outcome of life history evolution may strongly depend on the precise nature of  
tion may strongly depend on the precise nature of this feedbackloop. our goal is to initiate a  
 that have earned their keep in earlier life history work, but now extended to incorporate vari 
erent experimental groups, consider the life history evolution of two model organisms, guppies  
ental groups, consider the life history evolution of two model organisms, guppies and flour bee 
sider the life history evolution of two model organisms, guppies and flour beetles, to test how 
12540 10                         project summary development of accurate identification tools for plant  
uction into and their spread within the community needs to be taken. those threats are now grea 
d expansion of the eu and the impact of climate change. currently identifying pathogens . the o 
icient dna to be stored and sent across europe for use in diagnostic protocols as positive but  
everal groups of plant pests/pathogens: insects, bacteria, viruses, nematodes, fungi for which  
oups of plant pests/pathogens: insects, bacteria, viruses, nematodes, fungi for which taqman pc 
/pathogens: insects, bacteria, viruses, nematodes, fungi for which taqman pcrs are available. v 
 insects, bacteria, viruses, nematodes, fungi for which taqman pcrs are available. validated pr 
r plant protection organizations across europe. in addition we will develop protocols for optim 
wga amplified samples to be send across europe to be used as positive and negative controls in  
6845 2 ited together with fusarium head blight resistance. marker data will be stored in appropriate d 
ed with phenotypic fusarium head blight resistance data. these markers will be also useful for  
9944 4  variation an selected morphometric and life history traits in a free-living population, the so 
 selected morphometric and life history traits in a free-living population, the soay sheep on s 
ion, the soay sheep on st. kilda. if ld mapping is feasible, we will fine-map other candidate q 
idate qtl emerging from our own linkage mapping and from studies of domestic sheep.  
10550 6 ions, but is amongst the most difficult traits to study at a genetic level. numerous genes infl 
n in ecologically important behavioural traits in the arctic fly species drosophila montana. we 
 in the laboratory as influencing these traits in d melanogaster as well as random background g 
s will identify genes influencing these traits in natural populations and tell us if these gene 
 they allow us to determine whether the function of genes is conserved across species, which ha 
lications for our understanding of gene function and behaviour, which are very poorly studied i 
11030 6 ions, but is amongst the most difficult traits to study at a genetic level. numerous genes infl 
n in ecologically important behavioural traits in the arctic fly species drosophila montana. we 
 in the laboratory as influencing these traits in d melanogaster as well as random background g 
s will identify genes influencing these traits in natural populations and tell us if these gene 
 they allow us to determine whether the function of genes is conserved across species, which ha 
lications for our understanding of gene function and behaviour, which are very poorly studied i 
11183 19           proposal to research councils energy program: carbon capture and storage / potential  
al to research councils energy program: carbon capture and storage / potential ecosystem impact 
 carbon capture and storage / potential ecosystem impacts of geological carbon storage call. qu 
pture and storage / potential ecosystem impacts of geological carbon storage call. quantifying  
tential ecosystem impacts of geological carbon storage call. quantifying and monitoring potenti 
al carbon storage call. quantifying and monitoring potential ecosystem impacts of geological ca 
l. quantifying and monitoring potential ecosystem impacts of geological carbon storage to a sma 
ying and monitoring potential ecosystem impacts of geological carbon storage to a small scale t 
tential ecosystem impacts of geological carbon storage to a small scale tightly controlled arti 
of geological carbon storage to a small scale tightly controlled artificial leak. we will look  
effects and importantly investigate the recovery time needed. we will be able to relate the foo 
and impact that can be applied to other scenarios and we will assess a number of monitoring met 
cenarios and we will assess a number of monitoring methods. the project will also investigate t 
. the project will also investigate the nature of flow through geological formations to give us 
 scientific tools necessary to form ccs risk assessments and quantitative knowledge of the ecol 
uantitative knowledge of the ecological impacts of leaks. we will develop model tools that can  
gical impacts of leaks. we will develop model tools that can predict the transfer, fate and imp 
e and impact of leaks from reservoir to ecosystem, which may be applied when specific ccs opera 
rk will be a recommendation of the best monitoring strategy to ensure the early detection of le 
1099 16 on in disadvantaged areas; harmony with landscape problems; integrated development of farming w 
ony with landscape problems; integrated development of farming with agri-tourism, cultural acti 
grated development of farming with agri-tourism, cultural activities, handicraft, environment c 
urism, cultural activities, handicraft, environment conservation; local breeds defence and anim 
ral activities, handicraft, environment conservation; local breeds defence and animal bio-diver 
on; local breeds defence and animal bio-diversity preservation. furthermore, sheep breeding off 
c combinations between genetic type and management, maintaining an historical and cultural link 
teed origin, produced with transparent, environment-friend and animal-friend techniques. the pr 
ollowing aims: - to represent lamb meat production systems variety, as regards lamb types and m 
eding regime in the different lamb meat production systems; - to estimate the relative contribu 
timate the relative contribution of the production process credence characteristics and of prod 
cted, suitable to represent the italian production variety. pre-ruminant and weaned lambs will  
k . finally, consumers' ex-ante quality perceptions towards consumption, and their relationship 
d laboratory-measured intrinsic quality traits will be carried out. according to the results of 
quality, will be identified the process traits, the organoleptic attributes and healthy charact 
or generating typicity and authenticity traits, able to improve products' commercial performanc 
10061 6 primary roughness elements that provide resistance to the water flow. the response of bedforms  
elements that provide resistance to the water flow. the response of bedforms to a changing disc 
vast majority of our bed-phase diagrams development and application of an innovative numerical  
 application of an innovative numerical model of unsteady flow over a deformable 3d boundary. t 
low over a deformable 3d boundary. this modelling work will ensure that the results are generic 
at provide flood predictions and inform environmental management decisions. all data and output 
11074 6 primary roughness elements that provide resistance to the water flow. the response of bedforms  
elements that provide resistance to the water flow. the response of bedforms to a changing disc 
vast majority of our bed-phase diagrams development and application of an innovative numerical  
 application of an innovative numerical model of unsteady flow over a deformable 3d boundary. t 
low over a deformable 3d boundary. this modelling work will ensure that the results are generic 
at provide flood predictions and inform environmental management decisions. all data and output 
11867 6 primary roughness elements that provide resistance to the water flow. the response of bedforms  
elements that provide resistance to the water flow. the response of bedforms to a changing disc 
vast majority of our bed-phase diagrams development and application of an innovative numerical  
 application of an innovative numerical model of unsteady flow over a deformable 3d boundary. t 
low over a deformable 3d boundary. this modelling work will ensure that the results are generic 
at provide flood predictions and inform environmental management decisions. all data and output 
9858 13 value green roofs can provide important ecosystem services within the urban environment from bi 
important ecosystem services within the urban environment from biodiversity, climate change ada 
ant ecosystem services within the urban environment from biodiversity, climate change adaptatio 
vices within the urban environment from biodiversity, climate change adaptation, air quality ma 
he urban environment from biodiversity, climate change adaptation, air quality management, envi 
 climate change adaptation, air quality management, environmental performance of buildings, aes 
dings, aesthetic/recreational value, to economic value through local food growing and public he 
rently a lack of formalised guidance or policy provision, particularly in the uk, due in part t 
der strategy towards achieving national indicator performance targets, in addition to complemen 
 for the region, such as the manchester climate change and biodiversity strategies and the gm a 
ch as the manchester climate change and biodiversity strategies and the gm air quality action p 
lable equipment includes: rotronics air temperature rh sensors, gill sonic anemometer for winds 
auge, vaisala portable weather station, soil moisture theta probe. the student will also have a 
2016 10 ffects of chemical stressors is causing erosion in public acceptance of expensive environmental 
osion in public acceptance of expensive environmental management actions. one should realize th 
s. one should realize that although the pollution peaks in surface waters in the 1970s have now 
 total metal concentrations measured in water often predict effects. however deleterious ecolog 
is the recently developed biotic ligand model . comparisons between predictions and field obser 
ultimately be a basis for environmental risk management. firstly by underpinning environmental  
ately be a basis for environmental risk management. firstly by underpinning environmental crite 
d biology. secondly by exploring active management measures in order to challenge water-quality 
nagement measures in order to challenge water-quality problems caused by metals in the field an 
 to show the effectiveness of expensive environmental management options.  
11184 8                                     the respiration rates in micro and meso-zooplankton will be 
the respiration rates in micro and meso-zooplankton will be measured when fed phytoplankton pre 
o-zooplankton will be measured when fed phytoplankton prey of high and low n:c in limiting and  
unts. the rate of cn consumption and of zooplankton-cn population growth will also be determine 
mption and of zooplankton-cn population growth will also be determined. these data will provide 
data for parameterising newly developed zooplankton models. the implications of these processes 
he implications of these processes, and modelling thereof, will be determined within simple cn- 
ermined within simple cn-based npz-type ecosystem models.  
10166 14                                         climate change caused by increasing emissions of co2, p 
ciety. currently around 90% of the uk s energy needs are met by fossil fuels which will probabl 
ontinue to be the predominant source of energy for decades to come. developing our understandin 
 as wind, wave and solar renewables and carbon capture and storage to a small scale tightly con 
d carbon capture and storage to a small scale tightly controlled artificial leak. we will look  
effects and importantly investigate the recovery time needed. we will be able to relate the foo 
and impact that can be applied to other scenarios and we will assess a number of monitoring met 
cenarios and we will assess a number of monitoring methods. the project will also investigate t 
. the project will also investigate the nature of flow through geological formations to give us 
 scientific tools necessary to form ccs risk assessments and quantitative knowledge of the ecol 
uantitative knowledge of the ecological impacts of leaks. we will develop model tools that can  
gical impacts of leaks. we will develop model tools that can predict the transfer, fate and imp 
e and impact of leaks from reservoir to ecosystem, which may be applied when specific ccs opera 
rk will be a recommendation of the best monitoring strategy to ensure the early detection of le 
10215 19           proposal to research councils energy program: carbon capture and storage / potential  
al to research councils energy program: carbon capture and storage / potential ecosystem impact 
 carbon capture and storage / potential ecosystem impacts of geological carbon storage call. qu 
pture and storage / potential ecosystem impacts of geological carbon storage call. quantifying  
tential ecosystem impacts of geological carbon storage call. quantifying and monitoring potenti 
al carbon storage call. quantifying and monitoring potential ecosystem impacts of geological ca 
l. quantifying and monitoring potential ecosystem impacts of geological carbon storage to a sma 
ying and monitoring potential ecosystem impacts of geological carbon storage to a small scale t 
tential ecosystem impacts of geological carbon storage to a small scale tightly controlled arti 
of geological carbon storage to a small scale tightly controlled artificial leak. we will look  
effects and importantly investigate the recovery time needed. we will be able to relate the foo 
and impact that can be applied to other scenarios and we will assess a number of monitoring met 
cenarios and we will assess a number of monitoring methods. the project will also investigate t 
. the project will also investigate the nature of flow through geological formations to give us 
 scientific tools necessary to form ccs risk assessments and quantitative knowledge of the ecol 
uantitative knowledge of the ecological impacts of leaks. we will develop model tools that can  
gical impacts of leaks. we will develop model tools that can predict the transfer, fate and imp 
e and impact of leaks from reservoir to ecosystem, which may be applied when specific ccs opera 
rk will be a recommendation of the best monitoring strategy to ensure the early detection of le 
10415 14                                         climate change caused by increasing emissions of co2, p 
ciety. currently around 90% of the uk s energy needs are met by fossil fuels which will probabl 
ontinue to be the predominant source of energy for decades to come. developing our understandin 
 as wind, wave and solar renewables and carbon capture and storage to a small scale tightly con 
d carbon capture and storage to a small scale tightly controlled artificial leak. we will look  
effects and importantly investigate the recovery time needed. we will be able to relate the foo 
and impact that can be applied to other scenarios and we will assess a number of monitoring met 
cenarios and we will assess a number of monitoring methods. the project will also investigate t 
. the project will also investigate the nature of flow through geological formations to give us 
 scientific tools necessary to form ccs risk assessments and quantitative knowledge of the ecol 
uantitative knowledge of the ecological impacts of leaks. we will develop model tools that can  
gical impacts of leaks. we will develop model tools that can predict the transfer, fate and imp 
e and impact of leaks from reservoir to ecosystem, which may be applied when specific ccs opera 
rk will be a recommendation of the best monitoring strategy to ensure the early detection of le 
10671 14                                         climate change caused by increasing emissions of co2, p 
ciety. currently around 90% of the uk s energy needs are met by fossil fuels which will probabl 
ontinue to be the predominant source of energy for decades to come. developing our understandin 
 as wind, wave and solar renewables and carbon capture and storage to a small scale tightly con 
d carbon capture and storage to a small scale tightly controlled artificial leak. we will look  
effects and importantly investigate the recovery time needed. we will be able to relate the foo 
and impact that can be applied to other scenarios and we will assess a number of monitoring met 
cenarios and we will assess a number of monitoring methods. the project will also investigate t 
. the project will also investigate the nature of flow through geological formations to give us 
 scientific tools necessary to form ccs risk assessments and quantitative knowledge of the ecol 
uantitative knowledge of the ecological impacts of leaks. we will develop model tools that can  
gical impacts of leaks. we will develop model tools that can predict the transfer, fate and imp 
e and impact of leaks from reservoir to ecosystem, which may be applied when specific ccs opera 
rk will be a recommendation of the best monitoring strategy to ensure the early detection of le 
10931 19           proposal to research councils energy program: carbon capture and storage / potential  
al to research councils energy program: carbon capture and storage / potential ecosystem impact 
 carbon capture and storage / potential ecosystem impacts of geological carbon storage call. qu 
pture and storage / potential ecosystem impacts of geological carbon storage call. quantifying  
tential ecosystem impacts of geological carbon storage call. quantifying and monitoring potenti 
al carbon storage call. quantifying and monitoring potential ecosystem impacts of geological ca 
l. quantifying and monitoring potential ecosystem impacts of geological carbon storage to a sma 
ying and monitoring potential ecosystem impacts of geological carbon storage to a small scale t 
tential ecosystem impacts of geological carbon storage to a small scale tightly controlled arti 
of geological carbon storage to a small scale tightly controlled artificial leak. we will look  
effects and importantly investigate the recovery time needed. we will be able to relate the foo 
and impact that can be applied to other scenarios and we will assess a number of monitoring met 
cenarios and we will assess a number of monitoring methods. the project will also investigate t 
. the project will also investigate the nature of flow through geological formations to give us 
 scientific tools necessary to form ccs risk assessments and quantitative knowledge of the ecol 
uantitative knowledge of the ecological impacts of leaks. we will develop model tools that can  
gical impacts of leaks. we will develop model tools that can predict the transfer, fate and imp 
e and impact of leaks from reservoir to ecosystem, which may be applied when specific ccs opera 
rk will be a recommendation of the best monitoring strategy to ensure the early detection of le 
11719 19           proposal to research councils energy program: carbon capture and storage / potential  
al to research councils energy program: carbon capture and storage / potential ecosystem impact 
 carbon capture and storage / potential ecosystem impacts of geological carbon storage call. qu 
pture and storage / potential ecosystem impacts of geological carbon storage call. quantifying  
tential ecosystem impacts of geological carbon storage call. quantifying and monitoring potenti 
al carbon storage call. quantifying and monitoring potential ecosystem impacts of geological ca 
l. quantifying and monitoring potential ecosystem impacts of geological carbon storage to a sma 
ying and monitoring potential ecosystem impacts of geological carbon storage to a small scale t 
tential ecosystem impacts of geological carbon storage to a small scale tightly controlled arti 
of geological carbon storage to a small scale tightly controlled artificial leak. we will look  
effects and importantly investigate the recovery time needed. we will be able to relate the foo 
and impact that can be applied to other scenarios and we will assess a number of monitoring met 
cenarios and we will assess a number of monitoring methods. the project will also investigate t 
. the project will also investigate the nature of flow through geological formations to give us 
 scientific tools necessary to form ccs risk assessments and quantitative knowledge of the ecol 
uantitative knowledge of the ecological impacts of leaks. we will develop model tools that can  
gical impacts of leaks. we will develop model tools that can predict the transfer, fate and imp 
e and impact of leaks from reservoir to ecosystem, which may be applied when specific ccs opera 
rk will be a recommendation of the best monitoring strategy to ensure the early detection of le 
11182 14                                         climate change caused by increasing emissions of co2, p 
ciety. currently around 90% of the uk s energy needs are met by fossil fuels which will probabl 
ontinue to be the predominant source of energy for decades to come. developing our understandin 
 as wind, wave and solar renewables and carbon capture and storage to a small scale tightly con 
d carbon capture and storage to a small scale tightly controlled artificial leak. we will look  
effects and importantly investigate the recovery time needed. we will be able to relate the foo 
and impact that can be applied to other scenarios and we will assess a number of monitoring met 
cenarios and we will assess a number of monitoring methods. the project will also investigate t 
. the project will also investigate the nature of flow through geological formations to give us 
 scientific tools necessary to form ccs risk assessments and quantitative knowledge of the ecol 
uantitative knowledge of the ecological impacts of leaks. we will develop model tools that can  
gical impacts of leaks. we will develop model tools that can predict the transfer, fate and imp 
e and impact of leaks from reservoir to ecosystem, which may be applied when specific ccs opera 
rk will be a recommendation of the best monitoring strategy to ensure the early detection of le 
10319 11 otal evidence suggests that sub-saharan africa may contain large areas of peatlands, several ti 
 basis, are some of the world s densest carbon stores. discovering and quantifying the carbon s 
stores. discovering and quantifying the carbon stored in such peatlands, and the environmental  
ironmental controls on their extent and distribution, is therefore critical to , who collective 
 150 papers, including seven in science/nature. the project provides an excellent package of st 
ating elements of field, laboratory and modelling work, enabling the development of a broad sui 
ratory and modelling work, enabling the development of a broad suite of technical skills in add 
chnical skills in addition to practical conservation management experience in central africa. t 
s in addition to practical conservation management experience in central africa. the interdisci 
vation management experience in central africa. the interdisciplinary nature of this project wi 
n central africa. the interdisciplinary nature of this project will provide the student with sk 
11850 25      the notion that spending time with nature can reduce stress may seem self evident. natural 
at spending time with nature can reduce stress may seem self evident. natural tonics have been  
world health organisation predicts that stress will be the leading cause of ill health by 2020. 
of ill health by 2020. if experience of nature can relieve that stress why is not more done abo 
f experience of nature can relieve that stress why is not more done about it like so many intui 
lson suggested that human affinity with wildlife is hereditary, borne of evolutionary pressures 
ed by our ancestors, exists. if love of nature is innate, or otherwise important to our physica 
will also be important in human health, biodiversity conservation and environmental policy. we  
n health, biodiversity conservation and environmental policy. we are in the midst of an extinct 
ental policy. we are in the midst of an extinction crisis. for example, in 2004 the iucn report 
 importantly we know very little of the economic value of nature. many people declare a love fo 
ow very little of the economic value of nature. many people declare a love for nature, and beha 
 nature. many people declare a love for nature, and behave as if they attribute value to it whi 
motional health benefits are ignored by policy makers. the relationships between human physical 
sical and mental health and the natural environment, and the mechanisms involved is scientifica 
topical and of potentially far-reaching policy relevance. when environmental problems are quant 
. this approach to managing the natural environment is in its infancy, but no less important. t 
. the issue is particularly relevant in urban areas, where planners increasingly speculate on t 
efits from interacting with the natural environment, beyond for example exercise. this could sh 
ogy, and provide economic arguments for biodiversity conservation that may benefit disproportio 
quences of interaction with the natural environment are often interpreted in terms of stress, s 
nment are often interpreted in terms of stress, stress is likely to be a focus of the emerging  
e often interpreted in terms of stress, stress is likely to be a focus of the emerging research 
eat-ably and rapidly gives a measure of stress from only a pinprick of blood. before this can b 
health and interaction with the natural environment within an inter-disciplinary framework to p 
13761 12 e of these species on the structure and function of ecosystems makes them particularly importan 
pecies on the structure and function of ecosystems makes them particularly important to study f 
ve. for example, their browsing affects primary production, nutrient cycling and plant communit 
ir browsing affects primary production, nutrient cycling and plant community composition and st 
 production, nutrient cycling and plant community composition and structure, all with direct im 
position and structure, all with direct impacts on basic ecosystem services and biodiversity. c 
cture, all with direct impacts on basic ecosystem services and biodiversity. currently, the lar 
impacts on basic ecosystem services and biodiversity. currently, the large herbivore fauna in s 
currently, the large herbivore fauna in sweden is recovering and up to four species of large he 
ixed populations and the effects on the ecosystems they , biodiversity and ecosystem processes; 
nd the effects on the ecosystems they , biodiversity and ecosystem processes; subject areas of  
 the ecosystems they , biodiversity and ecosystem processes; subject areas of considerable scie 
9861 2 t natural sources of the greenhouse gas methane , with most of those emissions occurring becaus 
ause of the unpredictable and transient nature of weather events, the only suitable means of st 
10058 16  at the gamete level between mating and fertilization are much more complex than previously sup 
opulations of spermatozoa competing for fertilization, there is even more selective opportunity 
me five males but in simultaneous sperm competition. our experimental model will be the atlanti 
ous sperm competition. our experimental model will be the atlantic salmon, in which females nat 
to 16 males at once, and where external fertilization allows us to conduct in vitro fertilizati 
y. our previous work on salmon in vitro fertilization dynamics will allow us to ensure that fer 
g batches that only differ according to fertilization in the presence or absence of sperm compe 
ion in the presence or absence of sperm competition and/or egg choice. after fertilization, the 
rm competition and/or egg choice. after fertilization, the offspring batches will be measured f 
tches will be measured for survival and growth across key stages of embryo development, egg hat 
 and growth across key stages of embryo development, egg hatch, alevin development, fry emergen 
f embryo development, egg hatch, alevin development, fry emergence, and parr survival, success  
ergence, and parr survival, success and growth. these fitness measures will all be conducted in 
s will all be conducted in experimental stream sections that allow environmentally-relevant sel 
present some selection from the natural environment, because this is where fitness benefits wil 
tchery breeding strategies. to conserve genetic diversity, hatchery protocols now use enforced  
10625 4  a theoretical framework to explain the evolution of male dimorphisms. this research comprehens 
t commonly invoked status dependent ess model, in which males adopt the tactic from which they  
fitness return for their status. at low density the mite sancassania berlesei has a status depe 
ion of the fitness functions shift with density, as theory predicts.  
9817 3       the study will combine individual life history and morphometric data records for red deer 
ed with ecological factors in affecting life history and morphometric traits. specific objectiv 
affecting life history and morphometric traits. specific objectives: to investigate inbreeding  
10274 10 ing the geological record of a specific warming event. we are especially interested in finding  
d in finding out what drives biological evolution and how much of a part climate plays in this. 
ogical evolution and how much of a part climate plays in this. it is important to understand ho 
anging environments, because our modern climate is warming rapidly and we need to find out what 
ronments, because our modern climate is warming rapidly and we need to find out what the impact 
these changes will be. will we see more extinction will life in the oceans become less abundant 
nd so provide less food and absorb less carbon dioxide changes. more broadly, these records of  
more broadly, these records of plankton evolution will help us understand how these warm climat 
 will help us understand how these warm climate events operated and how earth returned to more  
ing of how life responded to these past climate events, we will be better able to make predicti 
1988 5 onflicts can play a crucial role in the evolution of reproductive systems, and can even lead to 
gies evolve that enhance the chances of fertilization, but at the same time reduce the reproduc 
 is already available, this is an ideal model system. within our integrative approach, we are h 
-demonstrated changes in egg laying and growth that the receiver experiences. finally, we will  
igate whether costs imposed by the male function can be avoided by the recipient. this research 
9833 6 ding systems are most commonly found in insects determine what the energetic costs are of helpi 
wing them to spend more time conserving energy and resting. second, by huddling together to sta 
ogether to stay warm at night, when the temperature may go below 0c, individuals may be able to 
0c, individuals may be able to conserve energy through reducing heat loss. the results from thi 
will not only help us to understand the evolution of cooperative breeding and group living, but 
ain the importance of the family to the evolution of cooperative breeding in humans.  
11020 12                       the importance of earthworms in the processing of soil organic matter of  
ance of earthworms in the processing of soil organic matter of carbon and nitrogen from organic 
he processing of soil organic matter of carbon and nitrogen from organic matter in soils. overa 
ng of soil organic matter of carbon and nitrogen from organic matter in soils. overall, this re 
anic matter of carbon and nitrogen from organic matter in soils. overall, this research will ad 
bon and nitrogen from organic matter in soils. overall, this research will add a new dimension  
w dimension to the understanding of how earthworms affect the breakdown of organic matter, how  
 how earthworms affect the breakdown of organic matter, how much organic matter they can proces 
e breakdown of organic matter, how much organic matter they can process, and whether their acti 
ty increases or decreases the amount of carbon and nitrogen stored in the soil.  
s or decreases the amount of carbon and nitrogen stored in the soil.  
nt of carbon and nitrogen stored in the soil.  
10711 6 ages between foraging animals and their predators. foragers must collect sufficient food but al 
od but also be able to detect and avoid predators. on the other hand, predators must try to out 
and avoid predators. on the other hand, predators must try to outsmart their prey and come up w 
 catch them unawares. for example, crab spiders can blend in with their background and record t 
record their behaviour. we would expect bees that have experience of predators to fly more caut 
uld expect bees that have experience of predators to fly more cautiously and spend more time st 
12735 2  stricter obligations imposed by the eu wildlife trade regulations and the costs of delivering  
ve measures which could alsoaddress the conservation needs of cites-listed species.  
10359 12 sing emissions of anthropogenic co2 and climate models predicting a future greenhouse world the 
s and their affect upon the terrestrial climate and biota are paramount. as a consequence, the  
tial eocene thermal maximum recorded in marine and continental strata worldwide, which may refl 
 which may reflect a massive release of methane from seafloor gas hydrates that triggered green 
ng population, has been attributed to a dispersal event from asia to north america and europe.  
al event from asia to north america and europe. using phosphate oxygen isotopes in mammalian to 
rth america and europe. using phosphate oxygen isotopes in mammalian tooth enamel as a proxy fo 
ely studied in north america using both carbon and oxygen isotopes. in this proposal the mammal 
 in north america using both carbon and oxygen isotopes. in this proposal the mammal paschather 
ucted in north america. in the european succession a new method of tracking climate change will 
ean succession a new method of tracking climate change will be used to calculate for the first  
reenhouse event should also help in the modelling of the impact of similar, but thistime anthro 
12169 9                                 current agri-environment schemes are central to meeting the gov 
njunction with those from the wider els monitoring project, will inform the development and imp 
els monitoring project, will inform the development and implementation of agri-environment meas 
 development and implementation of agri-environment measures designed to enhance the conservati 
onment measures designed to enhance the conservation status of these species by identifying key 
extent to which these are influenced by landscape context and some indication of threshold habi 
andscape context and some indication of threshold habitat areas required for population recover 
ontext and some indication of threshold habitat areas required for population recovery for a nu 
d habitat areas required for population recovery for a number of key bird species.  
10641 1  deleterious effects on communities and ecosystems in many areas of the world. our research has 
11141 29 ith the intention of supporting a plant community. green roofs are a rapidly expanding technolo 
ey absorb co2 and particulates, prevent water run off and insulate the building. they can also  
e building. they can also enhance local biodiversity by providing habitats for declining plants 
itats for declining plants, pollinating insects and birds. all new developments in major cities 
clining plants, pollinating insects and birds. all new developments in major cities like london 
ropriate way to ensure successful plant community establishment. even in summers like 2007 and  
ven in summers like 2007 and 2008, when water was not limiting, plant establishment is poor. fo 
d brick, with the addition of 10 or 20% organic matter. the medium is applied dry, so when the  
ed dry, so when the roof is constructed soil invertebrates are likely to be absent and the micr 
y, so when the roof is constructed soil invertebrates are likely to be absent and the microbial 
ebrates are likely to be absent and the microbial community much impoverished. our hypothesis i 
hed. our hypothesis is that the lack of soil biota is one of the main reasons why plant establi 
rincipal aims are to 1 characterise the community of soil invertebrates and microbes in roofs o 
 are to 1 characterise the community of soil invertebrates and microbes in roofs of different a 
to 1 characterise the community of soil invertebrates and microbes in roofs of different age, t 
s are present, and 2 to add mixtures of soil bacteria and fungi, to determine if a sustainable  
 present, and 2 to add mixtures of soil bacteria and fungi, to determine if a sustainable micro 
 2 to add mixtures of soil bacteria and fungi, to determine if a sustainable microbial communit 
nd fungi, to determine if a sustainable microbial community can develop and whether this can en 
s, how they do this, and over what time scale colonisation occurs. bacterial and fungal communi 
 technique that is culture-independent. soil invertebrates and we will also construct a new roo 
nique that is culture-independent. soil invertebrates and we will also construct a new roof, wi 
proach of augmentation at the base of a food web, we will be able to determine if it is possibl 
 is possible to establish a sustainable microbial community, whether this can allow increased i 
 enhancement of plant establishment and growth. the outcome of this project will be a knowledge 
en roofs will be a major feature in the development of the london 2012 olympic complex. a featu 
nalytical principles and the linking of soil ecology to the construction industry. finding a wa 
 quality of life in our cities, through carbon absorption, pollutant reduction, biodiversity en 
carbon absorption, pollutant reduction, biodiversity enhancement and the psychological benefits 
11123 1 ion can provide important insights into evolution. however, few studies have attempted to measu 
10047 10                            the chemical evolution of the oceans is controlled by a range of bio 
damental role in regulating the earth s temperature. therefore, records of ancient seawater che 
 importance of weathering on the global carbon cycle and its affect on the earth s climate. man 
bon cycle and its affect on the earth s climate. many natural radiogenic isotopes in seawater a 
ern and magnitude of change seen in the marine 87sr/86sr record. despite the complexities intro 
ay themselves reveal information on the nature of those changes in composition, for example, wh 
al source, hydrothermal exchange or the precipitation of marine carbonate. overall these result 
hermal exchange or the precipitation of marine carbonate. overall these results will thus serve 
 of the atmospheric partial pressure of carbon dioxide, and thus influence on the greenhouse ef 
nce on the greenhouse effect and global climate.  
11408 10                            the chemical evolution of the oceans is controlled by a range of bio 
damental role in regulating the earth s temperature. therefore, records of ancient seawater che 
 importance of weathering on the global carbon cycle and its affect on the earth s climate. man 
bon cycle and its affect on the earth s climate. many natural radiogenic isotopes in seawater a 
ern and magnitude of change seen in the marine 87sr/86sr record. despite the complexities intro 
ay themselves reveal information on the nature of those changes in composition, for example, wh 
al source, hydrothermal exchange or the precipitation of marine carbonate. overall these result 
hermal exchange or the precipitation of marine carbonate. overall these results will thus serve 
 of the atmospheric partial pressure of carbon dioxide, and thus influence on the greenhouse ef 
nce on the greenhouse effect and global climate.  
11227 23 s understand year-to-year variations in climate around the world. this includes the occurrence  
mine the largest source of year-to-year climate variability on earth, namely, el niño. the el n 
rs, and it is a result of a much larger scale phenomenon involving changes to the winds, rainfa 
volving changes to the winds, rainfall, temperature and ocean currents across the whole of the  
ole of the tropical pacific. the larger scale phenomenon is known as the el niño southern oscil 
ropical pacific, it has near world-wide impacts because of the way it affects the circulation o 
inds and transport of moisture from the tropics to the extra-tropics. floods and droughts and c 
 moisture from the tropics to the extra-tropics. floods and droughts and changed incidence of s 
m el niño directly affect the lives and livelihoods of well over a billion people, and major el 
damage, and devastation to some natural ecosystems such as coral reefs. even europe experiences 
tion to some natural ecosystems such as coral reefs. even europe experiences changed weather pa 
al ecosystems such as coral reefs. even europe experiences changed weather patterns associated  
o activity, or how enso will respond to climate change. to help answer some of these questions, 
 over the past 5,000 years by analysing growth rings in the skeletons of old dead , and these c 
en, by analysing the chemistry of their growth bands we will be able to reconstruct the changes 
l be able to reconstruct the changes in climate, and enso, that the corals experienced during t 
 answer these questions, we need to use climate models. the same models that we now use to pred 
odels that we now use to predict future climate can be used to research changes in enso. in our 
r work, we will use the most up-to-date climate models to see if they can correctly replicate t 
volcanic eruptions, solar radiation and greenhouse gases in these models. by comparing the mode 
gases in these models. by comparing the model results with the coral records we will get a bett 
 will get a better understanding of the nature and causes of changes in enso, and the skill of  
redict the likely range of enso-related climate events for the coming decades.  
9895 23 s understand year-to-year variations in climate around the world. this includes the occurrence  
mine the largest source of year-to-year climate variability on earth, namely, el niño. the el n 
rs, and it is a result of a much larger scale phenomenon involving changes to the winds, rainfa 
volving changes to the winds, rainfall, temperature and ocean currents across the whole of the  
ole of the tropical pacific. the larger scale phenomenon is known as the el niño southern oscil 
ropical pacific, it has near world-wide impacts because of the way it affects the circulation o 
inds and transport of moisture from the tropics to the extra-tropics. floods and droughts and c 
 moisture from the tropics to the extra-tropics. floods and droughts and changed incidence of s 
m el niño directly affect the lives and livelihoods of well over a billion people, and major el 
damage, and devastation to some natural ecosystems such as coral reefs. even europe experiences 
tion to some natural ecosystems such as coral reefs. even europe experiences changed weather pa 
al ecosystems such as coral reefs. even europe experiences changed weather patterns associated  
o activity, or how enso will respond to climate change. to help answer some of these questions, 
 over the past 5,000 years by analysing growth rings in the skeletons of old dead , and these c 
en, by analysing the chemistry of their growth bands we will be able to reconstruct the changes 
l be able to reconstruct the changes in climate, and enso, that the corals experienced during t 
 answer these questions, we need to use climate models. the same models that we now use to pred 
odels that we now use to predict future climate can be used to research changes in enso. in our 
r work, we will use the most up-to-date climate models to see if they can correctly replicate t 
volcanic eruptions, solar radiation and greenhouse gases in these models. by comparing the mode 
gases in these models. by comparing the model results with the coral records we will get a bett 
 will get a better understanding of the nature and causes of changes in enso, and the skill of  
redict the likely range of enso-related climate events for the coming decades.  
15452 2 osts. thus, understanding host-symbiont ecology is key to understanding how biodiviersity is su 
ind the huge difference on feather mite abundance among individuals within and among bird speci 
14128 13 chnologically important substances with bacteria is growing target in several commercial sector 
 studied, fast and cheaply cultivatable bacteria that is favourable to use as a production syst 
bacteria that is favourable to use as a production system. on the other side at higher growth r 
ion system. on the other side at higher growth rates problem is substrate wasting to unusable a 
 compounds – acetate etc. this overflow metabolism has been studied using several genetic mutan 
ts of residual substrate concentration, ph and temperature on the overflow metabolism in e. col 
esidual substrate concentration, ph and temperature on the overflow metabolism in e. coli. part 
ion, ph and temperature on the overflow metabolism in e. coli. partly it is caused by slow and  
hods throughput capacities reducing the efficiency of industrial bioprocess optimization. this  
the efficiency of industrial bioprocess optimization. this study will bridge the gap in this fi 
 enabling precisely to monitor cellular metabolism especially around the switch points of metab 
 especially around the switch points of metabolism in steady state – accelerostat cultivation.  
n quantitative characterization of cell metabolism to study regulation mechanism at whole cell  
11878 2  important to consider the situation or environment in which we express behaviour. we might sto 
tions on which our understanding of the evolution of social behaviour is based. i will do this  
14102 4  or are unavailable to a wider research community. moreover, the baltic chitinozoan and conodon 
ng sedimentary processes, and assessing biodiversity patterns. the planned project aims to fill 
tinozoan-based time scales, compile new biodiversity curves in temporal resolution that has not 
the potential of the baltic region as a model area for early palaeozoic biota and environments. 
10218 14                                      in marine ecosystems, enzymes in microorganisms catalyse t 
                              in marine ecosystems, enzymes in microorganisms catalyse the chem 
tions of elemental cycles and stimulate energy flow though the ecosystem. it is both the abunda 
es and stimulate energy flow though the ecosystem. it is both the abundance and efficiency of t 
ow though the ecosystem. it is both the abundance and efficiency of these enzymes that determin 
ecosystem. it is both the abundance and efficiency of these enzymes that determine the rates of 
mine the rates of biochemical cycles in marine systems. these cycles shape our current and futu 
ability to understanding and accurately model these cycles is therefore an important task for e 
he nerc mission statement. the daunting complexity of these marine microbial assemblages is onl 
ement. the daunting complexity of these marine microbial assemblages is only beginning to be un 
luding biological-rate measurements and microbial community structure. these techniques have th 
racterise and monitor the capacities of marine micororganisms to acclimate to anthropogenic rap 
thropogenic rapid change in co2, uv and nutrient cycling, and to map the distributions of these 
tributions of these enzymes on a global scale.  
2148 4                                         management of atlantic salmon is moving towards using m 
atlantic salmon is moving towards using management targets . furthermore, we will assess the ac 
will assess the acceptance of different management measures among anglers, commercial fishermen 
nd societal part of the project to give management advices that take both aspects into account. 
15572 19                                         europe´s amphibians are disappearing: 18 of 81 species  
species are experiencing some degree of extinction threat and even widespread species are disap 
phibians are dying in the wild from the disease chytridiomycosis. nevertheless the extent that  
he extent that this invasive infectious disease is impacting on amphibian biodiversity is almos 
tious disease is impacting on amphibian biodiversity is almost completely unrecognised by europ 
ost completely unrecognised by european conservation agencies, governments and academic institu 
tion agencies, governments and academic institutions; this despite clear signs that this pathog 
´key threatening process´ for amphibian biodiversity and their associated roles in ecosystem-su 
diversity and their associated roles in ecosystem-support and servicing. to address this lack o 
. to address this lack of knowledge and conservation activities addressing this cryptic killer  
ler of amphibians, race will assess the risk that bd poses to european amphibians and will impl 
 first pan-european attempt to mitigate disease. we will do this by identifying the natural and 
technologies to rapidly acquire spatial disease and biodiversity data from field-teams of resea 
 to rapidly acquire spatial disease and biodiversity data from field-teams of researchers europ 
ty data from field-teams of researchers europe-wide. outputs of the epicollect system will be d 
ly integrated into the global amphibian disease surveillance effort. alongside field-data on th 
 outputs of race will be used to advise policy on an international level by involving partners  
ther eu-projects and the united nations environment programmes 2010 biodiversity targets.  
ted nations environment programmes 2010 biodiversity targets.  
10779 40                                      if global warming runs its course, what will be the effect 
cifically, how will the earth s richest ecosystems - the tropical rainforests - cope with futur 
ed million years, the earth experienced global warming on a massive scale, completely melting t 
experienced global warming on a massive scale, completely melting the polar icecaps. about the  
pical rainforests began to dieback. did global warming trigger extinction not everyone agrees.  
 to dieback. did global warming trigger extinction not everyone agrees. others point the finger 
tonic plates that forced up a himalayan-scale mountain belt on the edge of the tropics. they cl 
-scale mountain belt on the edge of the tropics. they claim that changes in elevation and geomo 
hey claim that changes in elevation and geomorphology caused rainforest wipeout. from 2008-2013 
ed decline or an abrupt crunch, and was global warming or mountain building responsible to achi 
ines of illinois, kentucky and indiana, usa. here spectacular fossilized forests are preserved  
diana, usa. here spectacular fossilized forests are preserved that date from the crucial time p 
 extraordinary thing about these fossil forests is that they have been unearthed over thousands 
s like me to literally walk through the forests and see how species make-up changed across the  
cies make-up changed across the ancient landscape. this shows us the forests were very complex, 
he ancient landscape. this shows us the forests were very complex, patchy ecosystems much like  
s the forests were very complex, patchy ecosystems much like rainforest today. my team has now  
my team has now identified seven fossil forests stacked on top of each other. the fossil forest 
tacked on top of each other. the fossil forests span a period of about two million years and cr 
e rainforest dieback. by studying these forests we can learn exactly how dieback occurred. what 
ccurred. what species were lost how did ecosystems reorganize how abrupt was the change of cour 
n that a cause of change. so what about global warming to find out what the climate was doing d 
out global warming to find out what the climate was doing during the extinction event we plan t 
t what the climate was doing during the extinction event we plan to study pores in the leaves o 
stomata. stomata allow plants to absorb carbon dioxide. studies have shown that the more carbon 
oxide. studies have shown that the more carbon dioxide there is the air, the less stomata plant 
eaves allow us to detect changes in the carbon dioxide levels. as carbon dioxide is an importan 
hanges in the carbon dioxide levels. as carbon dioxide is an important greenhouse gas, changes  
hanges in its concentration will affect climate. my colleagues will use other techniques using  
 will use other techniques using fossil soils to get independent estimates of past carbon dioxi 
ls to get independent estimates of past carbon dioxide levels. together we will put together a  
ut together a high-resolution record of climate change through the key time interval. we will t 
val. we will then see how the timing of climate change corresponds with the timing of rainfores 
ncide, it doesn t necessarily mean that climate change caused rainforest dieback. you can never 
s will input our findings into computer climate simulations. this will test to see whether our  
s will test to see whether our observed climate change would lead to the observed rainforest di 
lp support any inferences we make about climate change and extinction. although our three hundr 
rences we make about climate change and extinction. although our three hundred million year old 
nerally contribute to discussion on the nature and rate of rainforest dieback in the face of cl 
te of rainforest dieback in the face of climate change, and help us better predict future chang 
12356 4  dredged material, subject to continued monitoring and under the condition that coarse items of 
 latest understanding of the dispersive nature and coastal processes of the site and to extend  
head. the project aims to ascertain the nature and general findings of new and ongoing scientif 
he current concerns/issues of the local stakeholders. finally the project aims to discuss the f 
12429 6       summary objectives an independent review into the rame head disposal site has been reques 
rliamentary under-secretary for natural environment and fisheries, richard benyon mp, and is be 
r-secretary for natural environment and fisheries, richard benyon mp, and is being led by the m 
hard benyon mp, and is being led by the marine management organisation .evidence gaps – to advi 
nyon mp, and is being led by the marine management organisation .evidence gaps – to advise the  
sposal site, including a sense of local scale and impact.  
11871 13 terbreeding, or even change the rate of evolution by altering how thoroughly parents genes are  
 occasionally lethal sting. jack jumper ants are also unusual in that very closely related spec 
romosomes despite being very similar in body size, appearance and behaviour. we are members of  
 explore the genomes of closely related ants that have far more chromosomes; in one case as man 
 18-32 pairs. although we know that the ants have different chromosome numbers, we know almost  
han m. croslandi to allow us to ask: do ants with more chromosomes have more dna overall, or do 
 the same amount into smaller pieces do ants with more chromosomes have more junk or repetitive 
sed in future work to determine whether ants with different chromosome numbers can interbreed.  
rent chromosome numbers can interbreed. ants are highly diverse and important components of alm 
important components of almost all land ecosystems and show extremely specialised social behavi 
work will increase understanding of the evolution and diversification of the ants, and also of  
he evolution and diversification of the ants, and also of genome and chromosome evolution in ot 
ants, and also of genome and chromosome evolution in other species.  
12420 16 y the more effective approaches for the assessment of human activities in the marine environmen 
e assessment of human activities in the marine environment and to provide more transparency to  
sment of human activities in the marine environment and to provide more transparency to stakeho 
ent and to provide more transparency to stakeholders about how assessments are carried out. the 
to activity modules, each to deliver: a assessment techniques, methodologies and approaches to  
ents of various human activities in the marine environment. b guidance documents for stakeholde 
 various human activities in the marine environment. b guidance documents for stakeholders and  
e environment. b guidance documents for stakeholders and the wider public on the approaches use 
aches used to assess and manage various marine activities key customer purpose: the project is  
the project is relevant to defra msed's policy responsibilities for managing and advising on th 
lities for managing and advising on the impacts of human activities in the marine environment a 
 the impacts of human activities in the marine environment and the mfas delivery responsibiliti 
pacts of human activities in the marine environment and the mfas delivery responsibilities. the 
ill be used by both cefas/defra/mfa and stakeholders involved in the permitting of human activi 
e permitting of human activities in the marine environment.  
tting of human activities in the marine environment.  
10576 4  a major influence on the structure and ecology of shallow water coral reefs. this occurs throu 
on the structure and ecology of shallow water coral reefs. this occurs through the physical des 
 structure and ecology of shallow water coral reefs. this occurs through the physical destructi 
ar easier. based on existing post-storm recovery trajectories in other tropical regions we woul 
10021 10 s a natural laboratory for studying the colonization of freshwater habitats by fish since river 
ratory for studying the colonization of freshwater habitats by fish since rivers and lakes all  
 colonization of freshwater habitats by fish since rivers and lakes all date from the end of th 
on of freshwater habitats by fish since rivers and lakes all date from the end of the last ice- 
 fibre number is related to the age and stability of the habitat and is different depending on  
related to the age and stability of the habitat and is different depending on whether there is  
different depending on whether there is competition with other morphs. the research is importan 
the level of physiological systems. the evolution of different morphs of the same species is re 
is research is in understanding how the biodiversity of fish populations arises and how it may  
n understanding how the biodiversity of fish populations arises and how it may be conserved for 
12068 4                 the sixth event of mass extinction differs from the five previous one on three  
event if predominantly anthropogenic in nature. be it through global change , in order to propo 
 anthropogenic in nature. be it through global change , in order to propose concrete solutions  
r to propose concrete solutions to curb extinction events.  
10694 8                                         biodiversity and population dynamics in the plankton ar 
                       biodiversity and population dynamics in the plankton are closely linked  
in the plankton are closely linked with environmental change. to assess the potential impact of 
ntial impact of the current man-induced climate change on modern plankton, analogous, rapid eve 
oraminifera to these events, and of the nature of plankton community recovery after dramatic ch 
e events, and of the nature of plankton community recovery after dramatic changes in pelagic ec 
and of the nature of plankton community recovery after dramatic changes in pelagic ecosystems.  
overy after dramatic changes in pelagic ecosystems.  
11034 9                                         marine communities are complex and are subject to chang 
roups, regardless of latitude, depth or biogeography. few of these groups have excellent fossil 
ryozoans, or moss-animals, are colonial invertebrates found predominantly in marine environment 
al invertebrates found predominantly in marine environments, although one group is restricted t 
er animals and plants in the process of community succession. their complex skeletons are amena 
 and plants in the process of community succession. their complex skeletons are amenable to det 
reserved in the skeleton. they are also model organisms for studying the evolutionary palaeobio 
 of biomineralized skeletons in aquatic invertebrates and their possible secondary loss when co 
possible secondary loss when colonizing freshwater habitats.  
11552 1 er, despite the enormous extent of this ecosystem during 5 process cruises on mbari research ve 
15199 5 mation on the biology, systematics, and evolution of species in the saprolegniaceae, saprolegni 
 could help in the understanding of the development of disease within aquatic hosts. specifical 
the understanding of the development of disease within aquatic hosts. specifically, the aim of  
their identification are key aspects in conservation and management studies of threatened aquat 
ion are key aspects in conservation and management studies of threatened aquatic animal species 
12328 4 2003 following recommendations from the policy commission on the future of farming and food to  
d to consider a ‘broad and shallow agri-environment scheme in england. the aim of the pilot ent 
farmers to deliver simple but effective environmental management across a wide area, and to tes 
 pilot area of 50 . 6.to inform the els review of progress by providing evidence about the opti 
14379 7 hniques for the specific application of vegetation mapping. in particular, our aim is to tackle 
 the specific application of vegetation mapping. in particular, our aim is to tackle the proble 
nce data by investigating the re-use of vegetation reference data. as a prototype problem, we e 
as a prototype problem, we envisage the classification of vegetation from hyperspectral images  
blem, we envisage the classification of vegetation from hyperspectral images acquired at the sa 
 different locations containing similar vegetation types. the goal is then to design strategies 
one occasion or location to improve the classification at the other occasions or locations.  
11498 5 n have undergone substantial changes in distribution and abundance. most of the uk s grey and h 
substantial changes in distribution and abundance. most of the uk s grey and harbour seals live 
artners will benefit from the increased efficiency of their photo-id programmes and databases w 
s which will in turn inform the science community. there is also the potential for benefits to  
ts to extend to local economies through ecotourism.  
14800 9             recent climatic changes and risk of malaria reappearance in sw andalusia . our hypo 
matic changes and the regression of the wetlands where the mosquitoes thrive. for that reason i 
for that reason it is possible that the wetlands act as a link between the climatic changes and 
d explain that in those zones where the climate changes affect the wetlands, where the vectors  
es where the climate changes affect the wetlands, where the vectors of malaria thrive, a signif 
 have an effect on the virulence of the disease in those zones where the direct wetlands-climat 
disease in those zones where the direct wetlands-climatic change relationship would not exist.  
works about the historical reduction of wetlands where the transmitting vector of malaria thriv 
g vector of malaria thrives, historical climate trends in sw andalusia for the last two centuri 
14973 25              in order to predict future impacts of global warming on species distributions it i 
  in order to predict future impacts of global warming on species distributions it is necessary 
e played by climatic factors, specially temperature, and other abiotic and biotic factors in de 
s. the presence of higher physiological stress in organisms living at their limit of distributi 
s in organisms living at their limit of distribution suggest that climate play a direct role in 
heir limit of distribution suggest that climate play a direct role in defining species borders. 
estigate the physiology of two species, habitat holders or ecosystem engineers, in marginal and 
logy of two species, habitat holders or ecosystem engineers, in marginal and central population 
c studies of species in their limits of distribution. moreover, we have recently observed drama 
cently observed dramatic changes in the abundance of these species in the marginal area. change 
utional limits and therefore, the local extinction/introduction of species can be considered as 
n of species can be considered as broad-scale experiments where it is possible to tests the eff 
o tests the effects of these changes on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning, thus combining  
ning, thus combining two main topics in ecology and conservation. the main goals of this projec 
ombining two main topics in ecology and conservation. the main goals of this project are two. f 
ata in marginal populations of northern spain. the working hypothesis is that the individuals a 
e consequences of the local, non-random extinction of these ecosystem engineers on ecosystem fu 
e local, non-random extinction of these ecosystem engineers on ecosystem functioning, with spec 
inction of these ecosystem engineers on ecosystem functioning, with special interests on change 
h special interests on changes in plant biomass and composition, and the trophic links between  
s. we expect important changes in these ecosystem properties as consequence of the local extinc 
 properties as consequence of the local extinction of this two seaweeds. such studies linking b 
this two seaweeds. such studies linking biodiversity changes, and extinction processes, are not 
udies linking biodiversity changes, and extinction processes, are not common on marine systems. 
extinction processes, are not common on marine systems.  
10718 8 es of languages, pottery, and human gut bacteria suggest that farmers in taiwan began heading s 
seem to have, but originated instead in vietnam, then travelling along the islands of sumatra a 
ption at the heart of the out-of-taiwan model holds that all of the individual elements of the  
e implies that the story of the pacific colonization was a great deal more complex than previou 
hroughout the region to ascertain their genetic diversity. this element of the study will enabl 
im to reconstruct a detailed map of the migration of early farmers into the pacific, allowing u 
tions, and insights into the origins of agriculture, human migration, and civilization.  
 into the origins of agriculture, human migration, and civilization.  
11422 8 es of languages, pottery, and human gut bacteria suggest that farmers in taiwan began heading s 
seem to have, but originated instead in vietnam, then travelling along the islands of sumatra a 
ption at the heart of the out-of-taiwan model holds that all of the individual elements of the  
e implies that the story of the pacific colonization was a great deal more complex than previou 
hroughout the region to ascertain their genetic diversity. this element of the study will enabl 
im to reconstruct a detailed map of the migration of early farmers into the pacific, allowing u 
tions, and insights into the origins of agriculture, human migration, and civilization.  
 into the origins of agriculture, human migration, and civilization.  
2484 3 ge and used for reconstructions of past ecosystems. the overall resolution level possible to ob 
turnover dynamics in assemblages, niche stability in time and space, and backward testing of pr 
 backward testing of predictive species distribution models. the project team will consist of t 
15425 2 ple genes represent a paradigm shift in phylogeny because they introduce concepts of population 
and thus, speciation. to advance in the development of these methodologies and to evaluate thei 
2001 3                              effects of climate change on the biodiversity and carbon accumulat 
       effects of climate change on the biodiversity and carbon accumulation in bogs during the 
 climate change on the biodiversity and carbon accumulation in bogs during the last ca 400 year 
10785 4 h contains spectacular fossils of small marine invertebrates that lived about 425 million years 
ins spectacular fossils of small marine invertebrates that lived about 425 million years ago, d 
rst time, syntheses of the composition, community structure and ecology of the herefordshire fa 
he composition, community structure and ecology of the herefordshire fauna, and comparison of i 
11065 4 h contains spectacular fossils of small marine invertebrates that lived about 425 million years 
ins spectacular fossils of small marine invertebrates that lived about 425 million years ago, d 
rst time, syntheses of the composition, community structure and ecology of the herefordshire fa 
he composition, community structure and ecology of the herefordshire fauna, and comparison of i 
11833 4 h contains spectacular fossils of small marine invertebrates that lived about 425 million years 
ins spectacular fossils of small marine invertebrates that lived about 425 million years ago, d 
rst time, syntheses of the composition, community structure and ecology of the herefordshire fa 
he composition, community structure and ecology of the herefordshire fauna, and comparison of i 
12049 11 teract acidification of terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems and, to promote the recovery of b 
ification of terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems and, to promote the recovery of biodiversity 
eshwater ecosystems and, to promote the recovery of biodiversity that has been impoverished by  
systems and, to promote the recovery of biodiversity that has been impoverished by acidificatio 
es as well as studies on the dynamic of biodiversity and related to ecological processes. the p 
quiped experimental sites including two forest catchments that hae been limed in fall 2003. the 
ate in a global perspective whether the recovery towards pristine abiotic charactistics induces 
ristine abiotic charactistics induces a recovery of biodiversity and if changes in biodiversity 
tic charactistics induces a recovery of biodiversity and if changes in biodiversity increased t 
overy of biodiversity and if changes in biodiversity increased the efficiency of functional pro 
f changes in biodiversity increased the efficiency of functional processes  
14871 26                                         ecological restoration of forest soils after fire could 
              ecological restoration of forest soils after fire could be improved by the additi 
       ecological restoration of forest soils after fire could be improved by the addition of o 
gical restoration of forest soils after fire could be improved by the addition of organic amend 
f organic amendments such as compost of urban refuse. the introduction of exogenous organic mat 
n refuse. the introduction of exogenous organic matter efficaciously contributes to a better re 
r efficaciously contributes to a better revegetation of land cover by the increase in nutrients 
contributes to a better revegetation of land cover by the increase in nutrients, to increase th 
tation of land cover by the increase in nutrients, to increase the content of soil organic carb 
n nutrients, to increase the content of soil organic carbon and favouring the restoration of th 
f soil organic carbon and favouring the restoration of the soil trophic web, and at the same ti 
on and favouring the restoration of the soil trophic web, and at the same time, reuses a subpro 
t the same time, reuses a subproduct of urban waste treatment with some difficulties for their  
hree universities with an experience in revegetation with pine trees of an area of forest previ 
egetation with pine trees of an area of forest previously destroyed by a fire, in the vicinity  
rea of forest previously destroyed by a fire, in the vicinity of the city of burgos. this exper 
t on the different organic fractions of soil carbon and its contribution to establish their tro 
ion to establish their trophic web. the evolution of the exogenous organic matter, its contribu 
hic web. the evolution of the exogenous organic matter, its contribution at short, medium and l 
medium and long term of sequestering of carbon in soil, the activity of soil microbial biomass, 
 long term of sequestering of carbon in soil, the activity of soil microbial biomass, its metab 
ring of carbon in soil, the activity of soil microbial biomass, its metabolic and functional di 
of carbon in soil, the activity of soil microbial biomass, its metabolic and functional diversi 
il microbial biomass, its metabolic and functional diversity, as determined by the analysis of  
in the regeneration of land affected by fire or the revegetation of agricultural land.  
eration of land affected by fire or the revegetation of agricultural land.  
10517 16                                         mortality in marine copepods can be more important than 
                           mortality in marine copepods can be more important than fecundity an 
an be more important than fecundity and growth in the determine spatio-temporal patterns of abu 
e determine spatio-temporal patterns of abundance, biomass and secondary productivity. as the m 
 spatio-temporal patterns of abundance, biomass and secondary productivity. as the mortality of 
rns of abundance, biomass and secondary productivity. as the mortality of egg and nauplii is mo 
mass and secondary productivity. as the mortality of egg and nauplii is most variable, least un 
 on these stages. we will measure early mortality and its variability in calanus, assess underl 
al and biological forces in the natural environment. we will perform detailed experimental work 
l target fecundity and hatch success as recruitment terms, and the effects of food, starvation, 
nd the effects of food, starvation, and temperature on early nauplii development, growth and su 
ation, and temperature on early nauplii development, growth and survival/mortality in c. finmar 
mperature on early nauplii development, growth and survival/mortality in c. finmarchicus and c. 
auplii development, growth and survival/mortality in c. finmarchicus and c. helgolandicus. rate 
. helgolandicus. rates of cannibalistic predation and their control will be investigated, as we 
estigated, as well as determining which predators are most important at the north atlantic stat 
11805 16                                         mortality in marine copepods can be more important than 
                           mortality in marine copepods can be more important than fecundity an 
an be more important than fecundity and growth in the determine spatio-temporal patterns of abu 
e determine spatio-temporal patterns of abundance, biomass and secondary productivity. as the m 
 spatio-temporal patterns of abundance, biomass and secondary productivity. as the mortality of 
rns of abundance, biomass and secondary productivity. as the mortality of egg and nauplii is mo 
mass and secondary productivity. as the mortality of egg and nauplii is most variable, least un 
 on these stages. we will measure early mortality and its variability in calanus, assess underl 
al and biological forces in the natural environment. we will perform detailed experimental work 
l target fecundity and hatch success as recruitment terms, and the effects of food, starvation, 
nd the effects of food, starvation, and temperature on early nauplii development, growth and su 
ation, and temperature on early nauplii development, growth and survival/mortality in c. finmar 
mperature on early nauplii development, growth and survival/mortality in c. finmarchicus and c. 
auplii development, growth and survival/mortality in c. finmarchicus and c. helgolandicus. rate 
. helgolandicus. rates of cannibalistic predation and their control will be investigated, as we 
estigated, as well as determining which predators are most important at the north atlantic stat 
9938 16                                         mortality in marine copepods can be more important than 
                           mortality in marine copepods can be more important than fecundity an 
an be more important than fecundity and growth in the determine spatio-temporal patterns of abu 
e determine spatio-temporal patterns of abundance, biomass and secondary productivity. as the m 
 spatio-temporal patterns of abundance, biomass and secondary productivity. as the mortality of 
rns of abundance, biomass and secondary productivity. as the mortality of egg and nauplii is mo 
mass and secondary productivity. as the mortality of egg and nauplii is most variable, least un 
 on these stages. we will measure early mortality and its variability in calanus, assess underl 
al and biological forces in the natural environment. we will perform detailed experimental work 
l target fecundity and hatch success as recruitment terms, and the effects of food, starvation, 
nd the effects of food, starvation, and temperature on early nauplii development, growth and su 
ation, and temperature on early nauplii development, growth and survival/mortality in c. finmar 
mperature on early nauplii development, growth and survival/mortality in c. finmarchicus and c. 
auplii development, growth and survival/mortality in c. finmarchicus and c. helgolandicus. rate 
. helgolandicus. rates of cannibalistic predation and their control will be investigated, as we 
estigated, as well as determining which predators are most important at the north atlantic stat 
9995 16                                         mortality in marine copepods can be more important than 
                           mortality in marine copepods can be more important than fecundity an 
an be more important than fecundity and growth in the determined spatio-temporal patterns of ab 
 determined spatio-temporal patterns of abundance, biomass and secondary productivity. as the m 
 spatio-temporal patterns of abundance, biomass and secondary productivity. as the mortality of 
rns of abundance, biomass and secondary productivity. as the mortality of egg and nauplii is mo 
mass and secondary productivity. as the mortality of egg and nauplii is most variable, least un 
 on these stages. we will measure early mortality and its variability in calanus, assess underl 
al and biological forces in the natural environment. we will perform detailed experimental work 
l target fecundity and hatch success as recruitment terms, and the effects of food, starvation, 
nd the effects of food, starvation, and temperature on early nauplii development, growth and su 
ation, and temperature on early nauplii development, growth and survival/mortality in c. finmar 
mperature on early nauplii development, growth and survival/mortality in c. finmarchicus and c. 
auplii development, growth and survival/mortality in c. finmarchicus and c. helgolandicus. rate 
. helgolandicus. rates of cannibalistic predation and their control will be investigated, as we 
estigated, as well as determining which predators are most important at the north atlantic stat 
7164 14              . . the rich procession of parasitoids, all general practitioners and indigenous,  
ioners and indigenous, can not curb the invasion or even to establish themselves seriously leaf 
 rate is around 3% and shows no sign of growth over time. this is striking and contrasts with t 
the dynamics of other miners and quavec stability of the food web, which nevertheless puts up q 
ther miners and quavec stability of the food web, which nevertheless puts up quickly. response  
 elements are to be found in the search behavior of parasitoids, which do not seem attracted to 
e to be found in the search behavior of parasitoids, which do not seem attracted to the plant i 
verdrafts few guests. the extent of the invasion, the environmental and financial cost of curre 
tions under which a biotic control with parasitoids would be more effective. a combination of n 
 is primarily to increase the number of parasitoids on alternative miners to create an independ 
er. then control can take place and the invasion of miners halt or recede. a method of practica 
oblem of biotic cascading effects of an invasion is always topical, both in basic research quap 
. the potentially devastating effect of parasitoids from the horse chestnut leaf miner on the d 
he many other miners currently invading europe and france  
11180 8       iron is an essential nutrient for marine organisms and plays an important role in primary 
 and plays an important role in primary productivity in the ocean and hence the uptake and prod 
y in the ocean and hence the uptake and production of gases associated with climate change such 
and production of gases associated with climate change such as carbon dioxide. there are curren 
 associated with climate change such as carbon dioxide. there are currently, however, large gap 
in our knowledge of iron chemistry, its distribution in the oceans and its relationship with bi 
ssolved iron concentrations released by marine bacteria. it is essential that iron data are of  
 iron concentrations released by marine bacteria. it is essential that iron data are of high qu 
12207 1 levels of weed control with the minimum risk of crop damage and residues and with substantial r 
14296 3   context frank bruchon seine-normandie water agency, directorate of environmental research, pr 
environmental research, prospective and evaluation, marine and coastal division.  
l research, prospective and evaluation, marine and coastal division.  
11117 1 modern skeletal material and associated vegetation, algal and dung samples collected from orkne 
13348 42                       understanding how freshwater ecosystems will respond to future climate ch 
           understanding how freshwater ecosystems will respond to future climate change is ess 
water ecosystems will respond to future climate change is essential for the development of poli 
ure climate change is essential for the development of policies and implementation strategies n 
trategies needed to protect aquatic and riparian ecosystems. the future status of freshwater ec 
 needed to protect aquatic and riparian ecosystems. the future status of freshwater ecosystems  
parian ecosystems. the future status of freshwater ecosystems is however, also dependent on cha 
ystems. the future status of freshwater ecosystems is however, also dependent on changes in lan 
s however, also dependent on changes in land-use, pollution loading and water demand. in additi 
 also dependent on changes in land-use, pollution loading and water demand. in addition the mea 
nges in land-use, pollution loading and water demand. in addition the measures that need to be  
asures that need to be taken to restore freshwater ecosystems to good ecological health or to s 
 need to be taken to restore freshwater ecosystems to good ecological health or to sustain prio 
o be designed either to adapt to future climate change or to mitigate the effects of climate ch 
te change or to mitigate the effects of climate change in the context of changing land-use. gen 
imate change in the context of changing land-use. generating the scientific understanding that  
us of refresh. it is concerned with the development of a system that will enable water managers 
evelopment of a system that will enable water managers to design cost-effective restoration pro 
water managers to design cost-effective restoration programmes for freshwater ecosystems at the 
st-effective restoration programmes for freshwater ecosystems at the local and catchment scales 
e restoration programmes for freshwater ecosystems at the local and catchment scales that accou 
es that account for the expected future impacts of climate change and land-use change in the co 
ount for the expected future impacts of climate change and land-use change in the context of th 
ed future impacts of climate change and land-use change in the context of the wfd and habitats  
ctive. at its centre is a process-based evaluation of the specific adaptive measures that might 
e taken to minimise the consequences of climate change on freshwater quantity, quality and biod 
e the consequences of climate change on freshwater quantity, quality and biodiversity. the focu 
nge on freshwater quantity, quality and biodiversity. the focus is on three principal climate-r 
ersity. the focus is on three principal climate-related and interacting pressures, increasing t 
d and interacting pressures, increasing temperature, changes in water levels and flow regimes a 
res, increasing temperature, changes in water levels and flow regimes and excess nutrients, pri 
ater levels and flow regimes and excess nutrients, primarily with respect to lowland rivers, la 
ents, primarily with respect to lowland rivers, lakes and wetlands because these often pose the 
th respect to lowland rivers, lakes and wetlands because these often pose the most difficult pr 
 i understanding how the functioning of freshwater ecosystems is affected by climate change; ii 
nding how the functioning of freshwater ecosystems is affected by climate change; ii new indica 
of freshwater ecosystems is affected by climate change; ii new indicators of functional respons 
s is affected by climate change; ii new indicators of functional response and tools for assessi 
tional response and tools for assessing vulnerability; iii modelling ecological processes; iv i 
 tools for assessing vulnerability; iii modelling ecological processes; iv integrated modelling 
ing ecological processes; iv integrated modelling; and v adaptive management.  
ocesses; iv integrated modelling; and v adaptive management.  
15587 47                       european marginal grasslands are biodiversity hot spots owing to ecologic 
       european marginal grasslands are biodiversity hot spots owing to ecological constraints, 
 to ecological constraints, biophysical heterogeneity, and centuries of agriculture. currently  
hysical heterogeneity, and centuries of agriculture. currently it is not clear whether these un 
anges, or if they have developed a high resilience over their history of co-evolution between h 
igh resilience over their history of co-evolution between humans and ecosystems. in the latter  
tory of co-evolution between humans and ecosystems. in the latter case the limits to this resil 
. in the latter case the limits to this resilience are unknown, and their prediction hazardous. 
n, and their prediction hazardous. this uncertainty lies largely in the poor knowledge of resil 
y lies largely in the poor knowledge of resilience mechanisms of both the ecological and human  
ell as those underpinning robustness or vulnerability of the entire system coupled through land 
ty of the entire system coupled through land management decisions and ecosystem services. regar 
d through land management decisions and ecosystem services. regards aims to unravel the mechani 
 to unravel the mechanisms underpinning resilience of marginal grassland systems to global envi 
sms underpinning resilience of marginal grassland systems to global environmental and social ch 
ge in order to enhance socio-ecological resilience from farm to regional level. we ask the foll 
nts in the combined effects of changing climate, including extremes, and management on grasslan 
anging climate, including extremes, and management on grassland ecosystems 2 how does coupled a 
, including extremes, and management on grassland ecosystems 2 how does coupled above-belowgrou 
g extremes, and management on grassland ecosystems 2 how does coupled above-belowground functio 
ms 2 how does coupled above-belowground functional diversity buffer or amplify grassland ecosys 
 functional diversity buffer or amplify grassland ecosystem responses to combined changes in cl 
l diversity buffer or amplify grassland ecosystem responses to combined changes in climate and  
system responses to combined changes in climate and management 3 how do landscape structures en 
nses to combined changes in climate and management 3 how do landscape structures enhance or dec 
nges in climate and management 3 how do landscape structures enhance or decrease the resilience 
cape structures enhance or decrease the resilience of ecosystem services 4 can multi-level gove 
s enhance or decrease the resilience of ecosystem services 4 can multi-level governance structu 
of ecosystem services 4 can multi-level governance structures facilitate fast adaptation to soc 
l governance structures facilitate fast adaptation to socioeconomic changes that affect biodive 
on to socioeconomic changes that affect biodiversity and the related ecosystem services 5 does  
hat affect biodiversity and the related ecosystem services 5 does regional integration and glob 
ervices 5 does regional integration and globalization enhance or threaten resilience through th 
n and globalization enhance or threaten resilience through their effects on flows of goods and  
ugh their effects on flows of goods and ecosystem services, people and information 6 how do eco 
nd human processes combine to determine resilience of ecosystem services regards will address t 
sses combine to determine resilience of ecosystem services regards will address these questions 
ll address these questions for mountain grassland sites in austria, france and norway, where co 
ementary dimensions of socio-ecological resilience. questions . scenarios varying openness of t 
ocio-ecological resilience. questions . scenarios varying openness of the human-environment sys 
scenarios varying openness of the human-environment system and governance structures will be de 
ess of the human-environment system and governance structures will be defined with key local an 
 be defined with key local and regional stakeholders and decision makers. evaluation of scenari 
ional stakeholders and decision makers. evaluation of scenario outcomes in terms of biodiversit 
uation of scenario outcomes in terms of biodiversity, ecosystem services, material well-being,  
ario outcomes in terms of biodiversity, ecosystem services, material well-being, and associated 
used to foster knowledge building about resilience at farm and local/regional levels.  
208 11                                   small-scale spatial structure of plant communities behind the 
t communities behind the observed small-scale vegetation pattern and to elucidate the role of c 
unities behind the observed small-scale vegetation pattern and to elucidate the role of communi 
on pattern and to elucidate the role of community regeneration in determining the spatial struc 
hat the balance between seed and clonal recruitment in heterogeneous environments is the main d 
terminant of observed spatially diverse vegetation pattern, but the mechanisms behind the patte 
n sparsely vegetated patches, where the competition is expected to be weaker. h2. vegetative re 
ent rich patches, we also expect higher mortality of seedlings there due to root competition. h 
ortality of seedlings there due to root competition. h4. seedling establishment in low nutrient 
tically dependent on the presence of am symbiosis, while in nutrient rich patches, the positive 
for controlling these hypotheses in the nature, series of mensurative and manipulative experime 
2012 19 is to experimentally explore if drastic regime shifts due to alternative stable states and posi 
mportant structuring factors in benthic ecosystems. rather than occurring gradually, newly deve 
ally, newly developed theory and recent modeling results suggest that changes in benthic ecosys 
results suggest that changes in benthic ecosystems may occur in sharp transition steps in respo 
 response to gradual changes in organic carbon loading. thus, the effects of increased organic  
 thus, the effects of increased organic carbon loading on microbial abundance, microbial degrad 
sed organic carbon loading on microbial abundance, microbial degradation pathways and benthic c 
ading on microbial abundance, microbial degradation pathways and benthic community structure wi 
robial degradation pathways and benthic community structure will be explored experimentally. in 
ing between oxic, suboxic and anaerobic degradation pathways as well as the influence of benthi 
ays as well as the influence of benthic macrofauna will be studied to obtain an integrated view 
ied to obtain an integrated view of the ecosystem functioning and its response to organic carbo 
functioning and its response to organic carbon loading. the experimental research will be condu 
ed in close interaction with diagenetic model development, and address some of the main gaps th 
close interaction with diagenetic model development, and address some of the main gaps that exi 
ly have formidable consequences for the conservation and management of benthic ecosystems, and  
e consequences for the conservation and management of benthic ecosystems, and our understanding 
 conservation and management of benthic ecosystems, and our understanding of their response to  
g of their response to changing organic carbon loadings is imperative.  
13795 20 tudy is to analyse time series from the baltic sea addressing river loads of water and nutrient 
he baltic sea addressing river loads of water and nutrients, biogeochemical conditions of the b 
sea addressing river loads of water and nutrients, biogeochemical conditions of the baltic sea, 
ients, biogeochemical conditions of the baltic sea, its food web structure and fish stocks in o 
mical conditions of the baltic sea, its food web structure and fish stocks in order to develop  
 baltic sea, its food web structure and fish stocks in order to develop and test regime shift i 
ish stocks in order to develop and test regime shift indicators and describe revealed basin-spe 
 order to develop and test regime shift indicators and describe revealed basin-specific regime  
rs and describe revealed basin-specific regime shifts. the modelling tools of the baltic nest i 
ealed basin-specific regime shifts. the modelling tools of the baltic nest institute will be us 
points in the various subsystems of the baltic sea. scenario analyses of ecosystem linkages and 
of the baltic sea. scenario analyses of ecosystem linkages and sectoral conflicts will be given 
ral conflicts will be given, addressing ecosystem-based management options for eutrophication a 
 ecosystem-based management options for eutrophication and fishing and taking into account thei 
nagement options for eutrophication and fishing and taking into account their stochastic interp 
 these analyses will be used to suggest governance structures on a national, baltic sea countri 
st governance structures on a national, baltic sea countries and eu level that are able capture 
level that are able capture and prevent regime shifts by applying early warning signals, i.e.,  
y applying early warning signals, i.e., regime shift indicators.  
rly warning signals, i.e., regime shift indicators.  
15093 11 bproject focuses on objective 5 and the modelling activities within objectives 1 and 4. the goa 
op explanatory and predictive models of forest structure and dynamics of main iberian forest co 
 structure and dynamics of main iberian forest communities along environmental and disturbance  
est communities along environmental and disturbance gradients. the specific objectives are: 1 t 
dividual interactions, disturbances and dispersal- of likely forest responses to global change. 
, disturbances and dispersal- of likely forest responses to global change. the work is based on 
ispersal- of likely forest responses to global change. the work is based on an integrated appro 
grated approximation of available large scale spanish data sets, parameterization of stochastic 
s, to provide a better understanding of mediterranean vegetation-climate feedbacks.  
a better understanding of mediterranean vegetation-climate feedbacks.  
derstanding of mediterranean vegetation-climate feedbacks.  
7462 31                                         soil and land information is needed for a wide range of 
ct addresses the felt need for a global soil and terrain database. as the european contribution 
s the european contribution to a global soil observing system, it will deliver a web-based regi 
a, methodology, and applications, using remote sensing to validate, augment and extend existing 
ve to be overcome include: quantitative mapping of landforms; soil parent material and soil att 
ude: quantitative mapping of landforms; soil parent material and soil attribute characterizatio 
 of landforms; soil parent material and soil attribute characterization and pattern recognition 
acterization and pattern recognition by remote sensing; standardization of methods and measures 
ndardization of methods and measures of soil attributes to convert legacy data. two major resea 
ent of the current soter methodology at scale 1:1 million in four windows in europe, china and  
at scale 1:1 million in four windows in europe, china and morocco. moderate-resolution optical  
 1:1 million in four windows in europe, china and morocco. moderate-resolution optical remote s 
nd morocco. moderate-resolution optical remote sensing will be combined existing parent materia 
ed existing parent material/geology and soil information, making use of advanced statistical pr 
tistical procedures; 2 within 1:250 000-scale pilot areas, advanced remote sensing applications 
n 1:250 000-scale pilot areas, advanced remote sensing applications will be developed - geomorp 
ications will be developed - geomorphic landscape analysis, geological re-classified remote sen 
cape analysis, geological re-classified remote sensing, and remote sensing of soil attributes.  
gical re-classified remote sensing, and remote sensing of soil attributes. advances beyond the  
d remote sensing, and remote sensing of soil attributes. advances beyond the state of the art i 
ta and addition of new information with remote sensing and dem; interpretations of the e-soter  
 that address threats defined in the eu soil thematic strategy and comparing the results with c 
: 1 a methodology to create 1:1 million-scale soter databases, and an enhanced soil and terrain 
-scale soter databases, and an enhanced soil and terrain database at scale 1:1 million for the  
n enhanced soil and terrain database at scale 1:1 million for the four windows; 2 an artifact-f 
 an artifact-free 90m digital elevation model; 3 methodologies to create 1:250 000-scale enhanc 
el; 3 methodologies to create 1:250 000-scale enhanced soter databases, and the databases thems 
 themselves for four pilots; 4 advanced remote sensing techniques to obtain soil attribute data 
ced remote sensing techniques to obtain soil attribute data; 5 validation and uncertainty propa 
n soil attribute data; 5 validation and uncertainty propagation analysis; 6 dedicated applicati 
pplications related to major threats to soil quality and performance.  
11642 5                                         cyanobacteria numerically dominate the tropical and sub 
 a unique combination of expertise with marine skills in microbial biogeochemistry, flow cytome 
pertise with marine skills in microbial biogeochemistry, flow cytometry, molecular ecology of c 
geochemistry, flow cytometry, molecular ecology of cyanobacteria combined with terrestrial back 
y, flow cytometry, molecular ecology of cyanobacteria combined with terrestrial background skil 
10582 3                                         nitrogen is key to life on earth, cycling between the a 
ches to the irish sea and several local estuaries, with the aim of elucidating the factors that 
everal areas of research covered by the marine sciences committee.  
11815 2 trument for the first time for assaying marine communities in both laboratory and field setting 
d within temperate and tropical coastal marine systems.  
11488 13 a major role in determining the world s climate. in part this is due to the production of oxyge 
d s climate. in part this is due to the production of oxygen and the consumption of carbon diox 
n part this is due to the production of oxygen and the consumption of carbon dioxide by very sm 
uction of oxygen and the consumption of carbon dioxide by very small, single celled organisms,  
 to as the photosynthetic picoplankton. marine cyanobacteria of the closely-related genera proc 
the photosynthetic picoplankton. marine cyanobacteria of the closely-related genera prochloroco 
y lab has demonstrated that the in situ community structure of these organisms is fairly comple 
s, the factors that dictate this global community structure are still poorly defined. this is i 
icate major domain shifts in planktonic ecosystems and by observing and interpreting their dist 
stand the molecular basis of this niche adaptation we propose here to undertake a molecular app 
mponent for fe acquisition in sequenced marine synechococcus genomes my lab has recently been a 
s facilitating acquisition of these key nutrients in organisms we consider to be either special 
 hypothesise is key to their successful colonization of vast tracts of the world oceans.  
14195 13             improvement of agricultural productivity is a major challenge in the coming years.  
ng to produce high yielding and abiotic stress resistant crop varieties. thus, addressing how p 
ing how plants acclimate to unfavorable climate conditions at the molecular level is of great i 
sms behind genetic variation underlying stress tolerance of natural populations. the air pollut 
. the air pollutant ozone is an abiotic stress factor that decreases plant productivity and ove 
otic stress factor that decreases plant productivity and overall biomass production. this proje 
ecreases plant productivity and overall biomass production. this project aims at identifying no 
 plant productivity and overall biomass production. this project aims at identifying novel fact 
 insensitive ecotype to generate a fine mapping population. the second objective is to elucidat 
s that act together to regulate abiotic stress signaling. for this purpose higher order mutants 
e involved in the regulation of abiotic stress will be generated and characterized to understan 
ted and characterized to understand the complexity of interacting signaling networks, and thus  
nteracting signaling networks, and thus stress tolerance of plants.  
1935 18                                         plant diversity of the dutch landscape is most i y rest 
           plant diversity of the dutch landscape is most i y restricted to semi-natural and na 
 restricted to semi-natural and natural ecosystems in nature reserves. many endangered plant sp 
 semi-natural and natural ecosystems in nature reserves. many endangered plant species, have, h 
 of environmental stresses, such as air pollution, eutrophication or lowering of the water tabl 
mental stresses, such as air pollution, eutrophication or lowering of the water table. several  
tion, eutrophication or lowering of the water table. several semi-natural ecosystems of high na 
f the water table. several semi-natural ecosystems of high nature conservation importance on th 
several semi-natural ecosystems of high nature conservation importance on the sandy pleistocene 
ne areas have been especially affected. ecological restoration has to play a vital role in redu 
h wet heaths and nardo-galion saxatllis grasslands were once wide spread and locations of hot s 
e spread and locations of hot spots' of diversity in these relatively species-poor surroundings 
s. is was shown that these species-rich ecosystems on sandy soils were restricted to oligotroph 
 these species-rich ecosystems on sandy soils were restricted to oligotrophic, but weakly buffe 
o oligotrophic, but weakly buffered wet soil conditions, mostly originating from seepage with b 
ed to determine the actual seed bank of endangered species in these degraded situations. the fi 
 of this project is to develop a robust restoration approach for former hot spots of diversity  
ration approach for former hot spots of diversity in acidified wet heaths and matgrass swards a 
7621 6 2008 as part of the project systemo the carbon content of soils while ensuring plant productivi 
e project systemo the carbon content of soils while ensuring plant productivity. understand how 
n content of soils while ensuring plant productivity. understand how the concentration of nutri 
ty. understand how the concentration of nutrients in the form of"spots"affects the functioning  
"spots"affects the functioning of agro- ecosystems and study the fate of mo when amended as ver 
scientific perspectives in the field of ecological engineering  
7416 4               artois once in the wooded landscape was mandatory. a mesh fences surrounded by sm 
exploitation it has problems of"fatigue"soil but also for beekeepers, providing high school nor 
he only public beekeeping training. the rehabilitation of farmland would be a first in this ver 
ecome widespread after several years of monitoring.  
2065 10 minent key species in the arctic/alpine environment. anthropogenic activities including oil, ga 
 and mineral exploration, hydroelectric development, and tourism have expanded rapidly in these 
oration, hydroelectric development, and tourism have expanded rapidly in these environments dur 
he public. there is time for a critical evaluation of the current state of the art on anthropog 
hropogenic effects to be published as a review article. a follow up of the national conservancy 
studies of vigilance, fright and flight behavior, and habitat avoidance related to human infras 
ilance, fright and flight behavior, and habitat avoidance related to human infrastructure. in o 
apply the primary behavioral effects to energy budgets and secondary effects on animal body siz 
budgets and secondary effects on animal body size, reproduction and mortality, one needs to dev 
s on animal body size, reproduction and mortality, one needs to develop and refine methods for  
7427 4                        our project is a scale experiment on two farms"pilot"a full reintegratio 
two farms"pilot"a full reintegration of biodiversity in arable crops, with the ultimate goal of 
 guide adapted to the regional context,"biodiversity and crop"for farmers. it is also to unders 
ally evaluate the impact and the use of biomass.  
11088 6           a major topic in evolutionary ecology is the evolution, by kin selection, of conflict 
or topic in evolutionary ecology is the evolution, by kin selection, of conflict within social  
oups. we will investigate conflict over production of males in social hymenoptera with one, sin 
g the bumble bee bombus terrestris as a model system. we will test the hypothesis that egg-layi 
s use of information about their social environment proximately affects their reproductive beha 
 and information availability in social evolution.  
6826 1  on the social behaviour of animals. in birds, most studies investigate how genetic relatedness 
9920 3 ition to the long-term benefits of this mapping, which will aid future quantitative genetic and 
rrangements between these two important model species, showing whether their genetic maps are h 
 between recombination and dna sequence diversity, which has not yet been tested in a plant spe 
11531 4                                     the decomposition of organic matter is a critical process t 
                   the decomposition of organic matter is a critical process to the functioning 
ocess to the functioning of terrestrial ecosystems. this process is largely driven by saprotrop 
y driven by saprotrophic the effects of temperature increases / freeze-thaw on c mineralisation 
10655 15                                         phytoplankton form the base of the marine food chain. m 
     phytoplankton form the base of the marine food chain. most phytoplankton are benign and in 
the base of the marine food chain. most phytoplankton are benign and indeed positively benefiti 
itively benefitial to the health of the environment. however, a minority of phytoplantkon are h 
hytoplantkon are harmful to humans, the environment or the economy as a result of their proucti 
ir prouction of toxic substances. these phytoplankton are often called harmful algal blooms or  
led harmful algal blooms or habs. toxic phytoplankton may be ingested by filter feeding shellfi 
 potentially serious illness may occur. monitoring programs of phytoplankton and shellfish fles 
lness may occur. monitoring programs of phytoplankton and shellfish flesh act as a means of min 
 act as a means of minimising the heath risk to humans of shellfish consumption. hwever, throug 
s that are not fully understood harmful phytoplankton and theor toxins are perceived to be on t 
erstand to factors that influence toxin production its vectoring by shellfish and the public he 
op to integrate scientists, regulators, monitoring agencies and industry representatives with e 
epresentatives with expertise in hamful phytoplankton and their effects. the worshop will allow 
/biomedical colloborative projects. the production of a report will allow us to disseminate mor 
11583 15                                         phytoplankton form the base of the marine food chain. m 
     phytoplankton form the base of the marine food chain. most phytoplankton are benign and in 
the base of the marine food chain. most phytoplankton are benign and indeed positively benefiti 
itively benefitial to the health of the environment. however, a minority of phytoplantkon are h 
hytoplantkon are harmful to humans, the environment or the economy as a result of their proucti 
ir prouction of toxic substances. these phytoplankton are often called harmful algal blooms or  
led harmful algal blooms or habs. toxic phytoplankton may be ingested by filter feeding shellfi 
 potentially serious illness may occur. monitoring programs of phytoplankton and shellfish fles 
lness may occur. monitoring programs of phytoplankton and shellfish flesh act as a means of min 
 act as a means of minimising the heath risk to humans of shellfish consumption. hwever, throug 
s that are not fully understood harmful phytoplankton and their toxins are perceived to be on t 
erstand to factors that influence toxin production its vectoring by shellfish and the public he 
op to integrate scientists, regulators, monitoring agencies and industry representatives with e 
epresentatives with expertise in hamful phytoplankton and their effects. the worshop will allow 
/biomedical colloborative projects. the production of a report will allow us to disseminate mor 
15382 48 n biogeochemical cycles and the role of wetlands as green filters: effects of eutrophication, p 
f wetlands as green filters: effects of eutrophication, plant species and the season of the yea 
 species and the season of the year for carbon sequestration. according to a specific citation  
f scientific research and technological development of spain, development and scientific innova 
search and technological development of spain, development and scientific innovation 2008-2011, 
and technological development of spain, development and scientific innovation 2008-2011, ...pol 
and scientific innovation 2008-2011, ...pollution and degradation of ecosystems, depletion of r 
 innovation 2008-2011, ...pollution and degradation of ecosystems, depletion of resources, lost 
8-2011, ...pollution and degradation of ecosystems, depletion of resources, lost of biological  
ources, lost of biological and cultural diversity and global warming..., we propose a project i 
f biological and cultural diversity and global warming..., we propose a project in which the ef 
ropose a project in which the effect of eutrophication will be studied jointly with carbon sequ 
ophication will be studied jointly with carbon sequestration in environments of high diversity  
n sequestration in environments of high diversity such as semiarid mediterranean wetlands. the  
ents of high diversity such as semiarid mediterranean wetlands. the initial hypothesis, based o 
iversity such as semiarid mediterranean wetlands. the initial hypothesis, based on the results  
, is that the presence of eutrophicated water influences biogeochemical cycles and therefore th 
 cycles and therefore the role of these wetlands as green filter perhaps may not be entirely co 
e entirely compatible with an effective carbon sequestration them, this may be influenced by ve 
tration them, this may be influenced by vegetation type. for this reason, this project aims to  
following question: is the capacity for carbon sequestration of semiarid mediterranean wetlands 
ty for carbon sequestration of semiarid mediterranean wetlands affected by the role of green fi 
sequestration of semiarid mediterranean wetlands affected by the role of green filters played b 
chemical processes related to cycles of carbon and nutrients in the plant-soil-water system of  
ocesses related to cycles of carbon and nutrients in the plant-soil-water system of wetlands af 
es of carbon and nutrients in the plant-soil-water system of wetlands affected by eutrophicated 
 carbon and nutrients in the plant-soil-water system of wetlands affected by eutrophicated wate 
ients in the plant-soil-water system of wetlands affected by eutrophicated waters, in order to  
e ability of these systems to sequester carbon and act at the same time as green filters. speci 
es are: 1. determine to what extent the decomposition of the litter from different plant specie 
s is influenced by the presence of high nitrogen, phosphorus and dissolved organic carbon conte 
enced by the presence of high nitrogen, phosphorus and dissolved organic carbon contents in eut 
rogen, phosphorus and dissolved organic carbon contents in eutrophicated waters and if this is  
s ocurr; 2. determine in what extent of soil microbial activity related to the carbon cycle is  
rr; 2. determine in what extent of soil microbial activity related to the carbon cycle is influ 
 soil microbial activity related to the carbon cycle is influenced by the type of litter and by 
e of litter and by the presence of high nitrogen, phosphorus and dissolved organic carbon conte 
r and by the presence of high nitrogen, phosphorus and dissolved organic carbon contents in eut 
rogen, phosphorus and dissolved organic carbon contents in eutrophicated waters and if this is  
e of litter and by the presence of high nitrogen, phosphorus and dissolved organic carbon conte 
r and by the presence of high nitrogen, phosphorus and dissolved organic carbon contents in eut 
rogen, phosphorus and dissolved organic carbon contents in eutrophicated waters and if this is  
ne the possible impact of the eutrophic water on the balance of organic carbon, nitrogen and ph 
trophic water on the balance of organic carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus in the plant-soil syste 
water on the balance of organic carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus in the plant-soil system from t 
balance of organic carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus in the plant-soil system from these wetlands 
n, nitrogen and phosphorus in the plant-soil system from these wetlands and to ascertain what e 
rus in the plant-soil system from these wetlands and to ascertain what extent this effect may b 
194 8  project is to study how the changes in forest cover in the surroundings of some small estonian 
io of tree pollen to herb pollen in the sediment, the forest cover conditions in the landscape  
len to herb pollen in the sediment, the forest cover conditions in the landscape around the lak 
ent, the forest cover conditions in the landscape around the lake. for studying the causes of c 
. for studying the causes of changes in forest cover and for reconstructing the history of fore 
r and for reconstructing the history of forest fires also the microscopic charcoal analyses wil 
ated in sediments the elaborated pollen-vegetation relationships enable to reconstruct quantita 
ruct quantitatively the past changes in vegetation structure.  
193 52 roject innovatively combines methods of fish biology studies and novel sociological approaches  
identifying deficiencies in sustainable management of fish resources and at the same time manag 
ficiencies in sustainable management of fish resources and at the same time management strategi 
 of fish resources and at the same time management strategies for sustaining the well-being of  
es for sustaining the well-being of the fishing dependent communities. large shallow lake peips 
s. large shallow lake peipsi has been a water body rich in fish production. however, during 20t 
ke peipsi has been a water body rich in fish production. however, during 20th century the total 
ipsi has been a water body rich in fish production. however, during 20th century the total comm 
 caused drastic increase in pressure on fish resources of l. peipsi forming potential risk to t 
esources of l. peipsi forming potential risk to the ecosystem structure and functioning as well 
l. peipsi forming potential risk to the ecosystem structure and functioning as well as to local 
local livelihood. furthermore, valuable fish resources of the lake are under the threat of anth 
e are under the threat of anthropogenic eutrophication and are strongly influenced also by larg 
d also by large natural fluctuations of water level and temperature. the number of professional 
natural fluctuations of water level and temperature. the number of professional fishermen and f 
he number of professional fishermen and fishing power in l. peipsi do not correspond to the rec 
o not correspond to the recent state of fish stocks. the influence of the interactions of these 
of the interactions of these factors on fish community is investigated insufficiently. moreover 
e interactions of these factors on fish community is investigated insufficiently. moreover the  
gling is unknown; therefore, the proper assessment of fish stocks is hindered. as local fishing 
wn; therefore, the proper assessment of fish stocks is hindered. as local fishing dependent com 
nt of fish stocks is hindered. as local fishing dependent community inhabiting l. peipsi basin  
is hindered. as local fishing dependent community inhabiting l. peipsi basin is vulnerable to a 
ng l. peipsi basin is vulnerable to any fisheries management regulations, next to technocratic  
 today, local needs and perspectives on development need to be taken into account in management 
opment need to be taken into account in management decisions. though, the state of fish stock,  
agement decisions. though, the state of fish stock, its managements implications on local well- 
anding the possibilities for mitigating fisheries management problems among different stakehold 
ies management problems among different stakeholders have not been addressed jointly in previou 
lanned study will innovatively approach fisheries management problems integrating social and en 
s in clarifying on how the state of the fish community is affected by the interactions of envir 
clarifying on how the state of the fish community is affected by the interactions of environmen 
 pressures, and to assess the impact of fisheries’ management strategies on livelihoods of loca 
 and to assess the impact of fisheries’ management strategies on livelihoods of local people an 
 of fisheries’ management strategies on livelihoods of local people and their motivation for pa 
d their motivation for participating in fish resources management. fishing pressure of winterti 
ion for participating in fish resources management. fishing pressure of wintertime angling on t 
icipating in fish resources management. fishing pressure of wintertime angling on target specie 
 interviews with the representatives of fishing dependent community, regulators and experts the 
he representatives of fishing dependent community, regulators and experts the possible disparit 
vironmental and socio-economic risks of fishing related activities and their access to manageme 
 related activities and their access to management decisions will be identified. transboundary  
ted and coherent knowledge on l. peipsi fisheries status and effects on environmental pressures 
o-economic implications, and legitimate fisheries management affected by local knowledge on its 
timate fisheries management affected by local knowledge on its design. the project will provide 
port for national implementation of the water framework directive and european common fisheries 
framework directive and european common fisheries policy as well as can be exploited in protect 
directive and european common fisheries policy as well as can be exploited in protecting estoni 
ecting estonian interests in preventing fish stock degradation and ensuring stability of the vu 
nian interests in preventing fish stock degradation and ensuring stability of the vulnerable ec 
ing fish stock degradation and ensuring stability of the vulnerable ecosystem of transboundary  
nd ensuring stability of the vulnerable ecosystem of transboundary l. peipsi.  
10275 24  many amphibian species threatened with extinction as bird species. disease has been identified 
atened with extinction as bird species. disease has been identified as one of the major contrib 
led out as the most dangerous amphibian disease identified to date. batrachochytrium dendrobati 
ete fungus, has been implicated in mass mortality events, population declines and species extin 
nctions around the globe. the amphibian conservation summit recently organized by the iucn reco 
for immediate research to determine the distribution of the disease, how this distribution was  
ch to determine the distribution of the disease, how this distribution was achieved and the con 
e distribution of the disease, how this distribution was achieved and the consequences of invas 
on was achieved and the consequences of invasion of the pathogen for local amphibian communitie 
 nerc, we have completed three years of monitoring b. dendrobatidis and chytridiomycosis across 
ndrobatidis and chytridiomycosis across europe and have shown for the first time that infection 
idwife toad, one of the most critically endangered species of amphibian. we now need to add to  
nfection in natural populations lead to extinction. firstly, we will intensively survey five fo 
survey five focal study sites where the disease is present, but is causing different effects in 
 dendrobatidis into the uk and mainland europe. we need to know whether there is variation betw 
 the pathogen in their ability to cause disease, and to test this idea we will perform challeng 
ll perform challenge experiments in our model species, the common toad bufo bufo. once these co 
icit goal of predicting the dynamics of disease emergence across several scales. we have strong 
al scales. we have strong evidence that temperature is a key determinant of chytrid-driven mort 
 is a key determinant of chytrid-driven mortality, and we will develop statistical models to de 
termine the potential effects of global-warming on the distribution of the disease within europ 
ential effects of global-warming on the distribution of the disease within europe. our aim is t 
obal-warming on the distribution of the disease within europe. our aim is that these short and  
 the distribution of the disease within europe. our aim is that these short and long term resea 
11303 24  many amphibian species threatened with extinction as bird species. disease has been identified 
atened with extinction as bird species. disease has been identified as one of the major contrib 
led out as the most dangerous amphibian disease identified to date. batrachochytrium dendrobati 
ete fungus, has been implicated in mass mortality events, population declines and species extin 
nctions around the globe. the amphibian conservation summit recently organized by the iucn reco 
for immediate research to determine the distribution of the disease, how this distribution was  
ch to determine the distribution of the disease, how this distribution was achieved and the con 
e distribution of the disease, how this distribution was achieved and the consequences of invas 
on was achieved and the consequences of invasion of the pathogen for local amphibian communitie 
 nerc, we have completed three years of monitoring b. dendrobatidis and chytridiomycosis across 
ndrobatidis and chytridiomycosis across europe and have shown for the first time that infection 
idwife toad, one of the most critically endangered species of amphibian. we now need to add to  
nfection in natural populations lead to extinction. firstly, we will intensively survey five fo 
survey five focal study sites where the disease is present, but is causing different effects in 
 dendrobatidis into the uk and mainland europe. we need to know whether there is variation betw 
 the pathogen in their ability to cause disease, and to test this idea we will perform challeng 
ll perform challenge experiments in our model species, the common toad bufo bufo. once these co 
icit goal of predicting the dynamics of disease emergence across several scales. we have strong 
al scales. we have strong evidence that temperature is a key determinant of chytrid-driven mort 
 is a key determinant of chytrid-driven mortality, and we will develop statistical models to de 
termine the potential effects of global-warming on the distribution of the disease within europ 
ential effects of global-warming on the distribution of the disease within europe. our aim is t 
obal-warming on the distribution of the disease within europe. our aim is that these short and  
 the distribution of the disease within europe. our aim is that these short and long term resea 
162 26 that may be connected with impoverished soil biota caused by ceased economical management and o 
 soil biota caused by ceased economical management and overgrowing with brushwood of abandoned  
the wader species feed predominately on soil invertebrates, especially earthworms and insects,  
ader species feed predominately on soil invertebrates, especially earthworms and insects, the i 
ately on soil invertebrates, especially earthworms and insects, the investigation will be focus 
nvertebrates, especially earthworms and insects, the investigation will be focused on these com 
f the project, the relationship between soil biota and the numbers, territorial distribution an 
soil biota and the numbers, territorial distribution and population density of waders will be i 
territorial distribution and population density of waders will be investigated. according to th 
king hypothesis, the number, population density and distribution of waders of coastal and flood 
sis, the number, population density and distribution of waders of coastal and floodplain meadow 
d distribution of waders of coastal and floodplain meadows are closely related with the species 
 related with the species constitution, abundance and biomass of soil invertebrates communities 
the species constitution, abundance and biomass of soil invertebrates communities. at the same  
 constitution, abundance and biomass of soil invertebrates communities. at the same time, we as 
titution, abundance and biomass of soil invertebrates communities. at the same time, we assume  
s. at the same time, we assume that the abundance and structure of the earthworm and microbial  
l communities are greatly influenced by water salinity of overfloods. . the study will be carri 
unities are greatly influenced by water salinity of overfloods. . the study will be carried on  
t of estonia, mainly on the coastal and floodplain meadows of the matsalu nature reserve, where 
l and floodplain meadows of the matsalu nature reserve, where the meadows are well represented. 
 by the standard transect and recurring mapping methods, will also be carried out. soil inverte 
ping methods, will also be carried out. soil invertebrates and microbial communities will be st 
methods, will also be carried out. soil invertebrates and microbial communities will be studied 
ses that will give the basis for better conservation management of the species.  
 give the basis for better conservation management of the species.  
15467 1 and expulsion are very important in the evolution of recognition. the hypotheses that we intend 
184 4             relationships between plant water relations, gas exchange and hydraulic characteris 
change and hydraulic characteristics of forest trees will be examined under natural and laborat 
nd whether they have any effect on leaf water-use efficiency  
 they have any effect on leaf water-use efficiency  
14550 9                                         landscape level induces biological conservation models  
     landscape level induces biological conservation models to depend on fragmentation and dest 
ogical conservation models to depend on fragmentation and destruction of continuous habitats by 
 we choose menorca, an insular cultural landscape without altitudinal gradient and without impo 
adient and without important changes in land use along last decades, to study the climatic driv 
dy the climatic driving forcings of its habitat mosaic, harbouring enough endemic richness gene 
bitat mosaic, harbouring enough endemic richness generate a temporal series of these indexes fr 
a temporal series of these indexes from landsat mss-tm images for the period 1975 to present, a 
imatic from the anthropic components of habitat change.  
15296 8 in objective proposes to use crustacean zooplankton for studying the relative importance of sto 
vance of environmental factors on their distribution requires the understanding of how local fa 
nding of how local factors affect local population dynamics and the structure of metapopulation 
ure of metapopulations. the island-like nature of limnetic habitats creates opportunities for l 
s for local genetic differentiation and adaptation to develop. crustaceans could be an ideal gr 
dies since within crustaceans different dispersal strategies are found: calanoid copepods and c 
to produce diapausing eggs and have low dispersal capacity, whereas cyclopoid copepods do not p 
ise a new site. it is expected that the distribution of the cyclopoid copepods will be more aff 
13374 9 tents were determined by icp-oes in the soil. maximum amount of cadmium in the soil samples was 
 soil. maximum amount of cadmium in the soil samples was 39 mg kg-1. the highest amount of cadm 
read and perfectly grows throughout the soil with zinc mines potentially having high cadmium co 
rally high amount of cadmium containing soils by setting up preliminary trials with the seeds c 
ry trials with the seeds collected from nature. highest amount of cadmium content was measured  
on capacity of sinapis alba l. grown in soil containing different doses of cadmium were also ex 
plications had no significant effect on water saturation, electrical conductivity and ph while  
saturation, electrical conductivity and ph while humic acid applications determined to improve  
acid applications determined to improve soil organic matter.  
12024 5 d and predict how global changes affect marine ecosystems. it used marine top predators . all o 
redict how global changes affect marine ecosystems. it used marine top predators . all objectiv 
anges affect marine ecosystems. it used marine top predators . all objectives have yet not been 
t marine ecosystems. it used marine top predators . all objectives have yet not been attained b 
rm persistence of the is and its future development have to be considered for an even better va 
13460 12  completely non-invasive tool to detect fish species communities . therefore no fishing gear ne 
fish species communities . therefore no fishing gear needs to be used for identifying the fish  
ar needs to be used for identifying the fish species, a few milliliters of water will be enough 
 the fish species, a few milliliters of water will be enough. water samples for the detection o 
ew milliliters of water will be enough. water samples for the detection of frogs have been used 
lts. this in combination with access to lidar will help us develop gis tools with a power not u 
th access to lidar will help us develop gis tools with a power not used in remote sensing of wa 
elop gis tools with a power not used in remote sensing of waters before. i expect this framewor 
to become necessary in ranges of future fish- and aquatic biodiversity management and research, 
y in ranges of future fish- and aquatic biodiversity management and research, especially invasi 
f future fish- and aquatic biodiversity management and research, especially invasive species su 
ity management and research, especially invasive species surveys.  
14364 23 context and objectives the upper mms of intertidal sediments harbour dense microalgal biofilms  
e images can provide information on mpb biomass quantification and on sediment properties. apar 
on on mpb biomass quantification and on sediment properties. apart from traditional spatial ana 
ment properties. apart from traditional spatial analysis methods such as correlograms and semiv 
nts to test supervised and unsupervised classification methods. results expected - algorithms t 
 nuisance algal blooms plus maps of mpb biomass and composition - a validated and calibrated fl 
lidated and calibrated fluorescence and grazing index that predicts the physiological status of 
 on absorption features of pigments - a model for the net primary production, which considers t 
tures of pigments - a model for the net primary production, which considers the primary product 
primary production, which considers the primary production of mpb, the losses due to respiratio 
ry production of mpb, the losses due to respiration, the availability of nutrients, the losses  
due to respiration, the availability of nutrients, the losses due to grazing animals plus maps  
ability of nutrients, the losses due to grazing animals plus maps of pp - guidelines about the  
e usefulness of satellite data to study intertidal sediment and ecosystems. these guidelines wi 
s of satellite data to study intertidal sediment and ecosystems. these guidelines will be gener 
e data to study intertidal sediment and ecosystems. these guidelines will be general so that th 
so that they can be used to study other intertidal flats and to choose the most suitable sensor 
f the interactions between bio-physical sediment parameters, topography and hydrodynamics and o 
 main variables influencing the spatial distribution of mpb and sediment properties - construct 
ing the spatial distribution of mpb and sediment properties - construction of a validated histo 
dels at multiple scales of bio-physical sediment properties - accuracy assessment and improveme 
physical sediment properties - accuracy assessment and improvement of supervised and unsupervis 
rovement of supervised and unsupervised classification methods based on clustering techniques - 
11859 34 wland raised bogs to absorb atmospheric carbon dioxide through photosynthesis means that they p 
sorb atmospheric carbon dioxide through photosynthesis means that they play a major role in mod 
 play a major role in moderating global climate. globally, peat bogs contain around one third o 
at bogs contain around one third of the carbon stored in the terrestrial biosphere. climate cha 
on stored in the terrestrial biosphere. climate change may affect the bog s water balance, whic 
re. climate change may affect the bog s water balance, which will in turn, have an effect on ca 
, which will in turn, have an effect on carbon storage. this is because degraded peatlands rele 
s is because degraded peatlands release greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, instead of abs 
tlands release greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, instead of absorbing them. human distur 
at cutting and draining may also affect carbon storage. as a result, there is a research impera 
n the structure of the surface, and bog hydrology. surface structure can also determine peatlan 
tant variable to monitor in relation to climate change. plant communities living on the bog sur 
this provides an alternative structural indicator of bog hydrology. this research aims to use n 
alternative structural indicator of bog hydrology. this research aims to use novel remote sensi 
rology. this research aims to use novel remote sensing techniques for monitoring raised bog str 
use novel remote sensing techniques for monitoring raised bog structure, and thus, hydrological 
ructure, and thus, hydrological status. remote sensing is a method of measuring the earth s sur 
ruments. the synoptic view offered by a remote sensing approach has obvious advantages over fie 
has obvious advantages over field-based monitoring techniques because raised bog surfaces are o 
survey on the ground. new techniques in remote sensing offer a means of detecting and measuring 
reviously mentioned, structure is a key indicator of raised bog hydrology, and therefore if thi 
ucture is a key indicator of raised bog hydrology, and therefore if this can be quantified and  
is can be quantified and modelled using remote sensing, this offers a repeatable means of monit 
sing, this offers a repeatable means of monitoring and managing these habitats. an important ra 
used as the test-bed for a suite of new monitoring and modelling approaches. wedholme flow has  
t-bed for a suite of new monitoring and modelling approaches. wedholme flow has been chosen bec 
e site will focus on characterising the ecology and hydrology and classifying the bog surface i 
focus on characterising the ecology and hydrology and classifying the bog surface into conditio 
 classes. these analyses will result in development of spatial models linking structure to lowl 
depth understanding of the link between wetland hydrology, developmental topography, biodiversi 
derstanding of the link between wetland hydrology, developmental topography, biodiversity, and  
nd hydrology, developmental topography, biodiversity, and remotely sensed structural variables. 
e a means of rigorously and efficiently monitoring global wetland resources.  
ously and efficiently monitoring global wetland resources.  
14365 27                    land abandonment and forest recovery is often taking place on marginal lands 
            land abandonment and forest recovery is often taking place on marginal lands, such  
ssessing the rate, spatial patterns and ecosystem impacts of forest cover change in these envir 
he rate, spatial patterns and ecosystem impacts of forest cover change in these environments is 
atial patterns and ecosystem impacts of forest cover change in these environments is challengin 
dness and inaccessibility of mountains. remote sensing methods are the privileged tool, and yet 
techniques on the detection accuracy of forest transitions and the mapping accuracy of ecosyste 
 accuracy of forest transitions and the mapping accuracy of ecosystem services. method the meth 
transitions and the mapping accuracy of ecosystem services. method the methods is divided in 5  
od the methods is divided in 5 steps: - remote sensing data acquisition, pre-processing and cor 
n for topographic effects; - large area mapping with high resolution remote sensing data; - mon 
large area mapping with high resolution remote sensing data; - monitoring of forest-cover chang 
 high resolution remote sensing data; - monitoring of forest-cover change and degradation; - ma 
on remote sensing data; - monitoring of forest-cover change and degradation; - mapping of ecosy 
- monitoring of forest-cover change and degradation; - mapping of ecosystem services with high  
 forest-cover change and degradation; - mapping of ecosystem services with high resolution sens 
er change and degradation; - mapping of ecosystem services with high resolution sensing data; - 
 socio-economic responses to changes in environmental goods and services. - we will conduct a s 
rization of biophysical attributes from remote sensing to the level of correction for possible  
pply an optimal preprocessing chain for monitoring forest cover change and ecosystem services,  
imal preprocessing chain for monitoring forest cover change and ecosystem services, - provide n 
 for monitoring forest cover change and ecosystem services, - provide new insights in the impac 
n the impact and feedback mechanisms of forest transitions on ecosystem services. the results o 
ack mechanisms of forest transitions on ecosystem services. the results of this study on forest 
 services. the results of this study on forest transition are very relevant for climate change  
forest transition are very relevant for climate change policies and possible future obligations 
ct to limitations of ghg emissions from land cover activities scheme. ------------------------- 
14359 6      context and objectives the role of remote sensing and spatial analysis and modelling in ep 
jectives the role of remote sensing and spatial analysis and modelling in epidemiology becomes  
remote sensing and spatial analysis and modelling in epidemiology becomes increasingly importan 
ngly important. up to now, a variety of remote sensing tools has been developed for use in epid 
to fine-tune these tools, exploit their complementarity, integrate their outputs in state-of-th 
tness in a data-driven decision support environment. the general objective of this proposal is  
12753 5                       the eus renewable energy directive ; to examine proposed voluntary scheme 
oposed voluntary schemes for certifying biofuels in line with the red requirements, their cover 
the red requirements, their coverage of grasslands and their compatibility with the ieep approa 
e expansion of the ieep approach to the assessment of the other six protected land uses specifi 
roach to dealing with highly biodiverse grasslands.  
9805 9                           the very high species diversity around the amazon basin allows highly 
 very high species diversity around the amazon basin allows highly replicated biogeographic tes 
heories about neotropical and amazonian diversity have been tested only using morphological cha 
 distributions, and the explanation for diversity is still contested because of a lack of predi 
n and an extra-amazonian fauna near the andes in eastern peru, in order to test between conflic 
azonian fauna near the andes in eastern peru, in order to test between conflicting models of ne 
nding and expertise in the genetics and ecology of speciation to problems which have world impo 
ce in the fields of quaternary science, biodiversity processes, and conservation.  
ry science, biodiversity processes, and conservation.  
13866 1 ources of threats to the maintenance of biodiversity may interact and reinforce each other but  
7130 6 d objectives of reform are to study how climate change and rising atmospheric co2 levels will a 
 atmospheric co2 levels will affect the productivity of mediterranean forest species and struct 
 levels will affect the productivity of mediterranean forest species and structure of mediterra 
ffect the productivity of mediterranean forest species and structure of mediterranean landscape 
rranean forest species and structure of mediterranean landscapes. it is also interested in beco 
 settlements will be facilitated by the participation of inra and cemagref project  
14694 5               seahorses are distinctive marine fish which are affected by overexploitation and  
       seahorses are distinctive marine fish which are affected by overexploitation and habitat 
ch are affected by overexploitation and habitat degradation belonging to the instituto canario  
ffected by overexploitation and habitat degradation belonging to the instituto canario de cienc 
 to promote the rational use of aquatic environment and its inhabitants  
14860 3 project will include the study of three endangered species of gazelles which are part of captiv 
ct has new objectives which include the development of techniques to cryopreserve somatic tissu 
preserve somatic tissues and cells, the development of embryo transfer techniques, to study the 
15227 2 edigree information are unrealistic for endangered species, leading to serious underestimates o 
rm aneuploidies and levels of sperm dna fragmentation. we will examine the role of protamines i 
10437 2 e to decide how much of their available nutrients to invest in themselves, how many offspring t 
d how much to invest in each one. these traits are likely to be inter-related and form a trade- 
14791 9 different research fields such as plant production, plant breeding, molecular biology and also  
ontributing to maintain the fitogenetic biodiversity.ferns survival and distribution depends on 
genetic biodiversity.ferns survival and distribution depends on its efficiency to complete its  
urvival and distribution depends on its efficiency to complete its life cycle successfully. in  
 more determining steps to assure ferns development, apart from another factors derived from na 
ormation with repercussions on both the production and conservations of this plant group. the a 
e the effect of reproductive biology on distribution and conservation of endangered species of  
eproductive biology on distribution and conservation of endangered species of ferns, and also t 
ogy on distribution and conservation of endangered species of ferns, and also to contribute to  
14614 3  time; it is due not only to the slower growth in relation to the herbaceous species, but also  
fficulty to self-fertilizate in a great scale and to the low quantity of offspring got after se 
ow quantity of offspring got after self-pollination.  
7005 7 ingle investigations on flower and seed development of high mountain plants suggest much variat 
lly shaped by environmental conditions, temperature and day length being the most important fac 
ost important factors. the reproductive development of high mountain plants and the response to 
o different environmental conditions as temperature, day length and length of the growing seaso 
ern and the flexibility of reproductive development is important, in order to judge how plants  
have a better chance to remain in their habitat than less flexible species which have to migrat 
o more suitable habitats in the case of climate change.  
14591 1  females on the demographic and genetic connectivity between populations.  
14160 8 grations in the reproductive success of freshwater fishes in brackish-water environment. we wil 
uccess of freshwater fishes in brackish-water environment. we will clarify, what is the extensi 
 of freshwater fishes in brackish-water environment. we will clarify, what is the extension of  
extension of the spawning migrations of freshwater species in the coastal sea of horizontal sal 
pecies in the coastal sea of horizontal salinity gradient and whether homing is typical to fres 
adient and whether homing is typical to freshwater fish species. our expertise in studying the  
whether homing is typical to freshwater fish species. our expertise in studying the spatial and 
ral dynamics and migratory behaviour of fish, but also reproductive parameters and success as w 
11156 20 d still remains an outstanding issue in ecology, and especially in a conservation context. envi 
g issue in ecology, and especially in a conservation context. environmental stressors such as l 
ween climatic conditions and population density as surrogates for resource limitation. studies  
s for resource limitation. studies with model species for which the life history response can b 
tudies with model species for which the life history response can be linked to predictable chan 
ity to predict population trajectories. predators relying on cyclic prey species provide a usef 
ience dramatic variation in demographic traits according to variation in prey densities. this v 
the tawny owl population of the kielder forest, northern england. this nocturnal raptor is spec 
nd. this nocturnal raptor is specialist predator of field voles. our objective is to fully unde 
 populations, from mites to mammals and birds, display such cyclic patterns. life history strat 
nd birds, display such cyclic patterns. life history strategy of organisms living in cyclic env 
 strategy of organisms living in cyclic environment may include phenotypic plasticity in some t 
y include phenotypic plasticity in some traits such as age of first reproduction or reproductiv 
ompletely the impact of changes in prey abundance. first, we will consider whether environmenta 
on between these different life-history traits as this pattern greatly influences population dy 
aits as this pattern greatly influences population dynamics. third, we are interested in determ 
c dynamics in rodent species throughout europe. those species indeed constitute key stone speci 
ed constitute key stone species in many ecosystems and food chains, and numerous predators, inc 
cosystems and food chains, and numerous predators, including species of high conservation conce 
us predators, including species of high conservation concern, are directly and highly dependent 
13360 2                  turkey is an important genetic diversity center for cereals as the the other p 
ild relatives in turkey. in addition to conservation of them.  
10642 8 ing potential middle stone age sites in kenya in september 2009 prof t. brown accompanied dr l. 
ty. the middle stone age is a period in africa that is thought to last from about 500,000-50,00 
00 years ago and is associated with the evolution of the earliest members of our species, homo  
rtant in an eastern african setting, as soil conditions are generally acidic and bone of does n 
ght to be 18 million years old. western kenya is well known for its miocene fossils, and a wide 
l times since then as a result of large-scale climatic fluctuations. very little is known about 
very little is known about the regional environment prior to this. whether the chianda site is  
te a marsh edge or a shallow river/lake environment. with three further experts dr j. stewart,  
12181 5 ngaged with resource protection such as soil and water and the enhancement of biodiversity, the 
th resource protection such as soil and water and the enhancement of biodiversity, the alterati 
s soil and water and the enhancement of biodiversity, the alterations in land use that the unde 
ent of biodiversity, the alterations in land use that the undertaking of es options will requir 
 will require may have implications for climate change.  
13376 2       sub-project 1:research project on conservation and evaluation of fig genetic resources in 
 1:research project on conservation and evaluation of fig genetic resources in southeast anatol 
12415 5  need for an improved evidence base for assessment of eutrophication required to meet a range o 
mproved evidence base for assessment of eutrophication required to meet a range of current poli 
ion required to meet a range of current policy drivers including; ospar, the urban waste water  
nt policy drivers including; ospar, the urban waste water treatment directive and the nitrates  
ivers including; ospar, the urban waste water treatment directive and the nitrates directive. t 
12752 3 d is developing a coherent framework of indicators to assess progress towards post-2010 targets 
of linkages between global and national indicator development and reporting.  
s between global and national indicator development and reporting.  
13759 19 due to anthropogenic pressures, coastal ecosystems are being rapidly degraded and can undergo r 
 being rapidly degraded and can undergo regime shifts associated with loss of ecosystem service 
o regime shifts associated with loss of ecosystem services. theory and modeling indicates that  
 loss of ecosystem services. theory and modeling indicates that interactions between systems th 
 systems through species movements at a landscape level are crucial for the resilience of coast 
t a landscape level are crucial for the resilience of coastal ecosystems, and that ecology and  
e crucial for the resilience of coastal ecosystems, and that ecology and management therefore m 
ilience of coastal ecosystems, and that ecology and management therefore must be scaled up. in  
oastal ecosystems, and that ecology and management therefore must be scaled up. in this project 
ct i will investigate the importance of landscape connectivity between two common but threatene 
investigate the importance of landscape connectivity between two common but threatened european 
 european coastal systems – soft-bottom seagrass beds and hard-bottom macroalgal beds – for eco 
s and hard-bottom macroalgal beds – for ecosystem functioning and resilience to anthropogenic d 
al beds – for ecosystem functioning and resilience to anthropogenic disturbances. by integratin 
and using comparative, experimental and modeling approaches, i will investigate how distance be 
be able to develop and test theories on connectivity-resilience relationships, and ultimately p 
velop and test theories on connectivity-resilience relationships, and ultimately produce manage 
e relationships, and ultimately produce management guidelines to increase resilience of europea 
oduce management guidelines to increase resilience of european coastal systems.  
7296 8                                         community resilience is related to the redundancy of sp 
                              community resilience is related to the redundancy of species with 
 community resilience is related to the redundancy of species within functional groups. coral f 
ted to the redundancy of species within functional groups. coral fish, diverse and highly struc 
species within functional groups. coral fish, diverse and highly structured assemblies, serve a 
ighly structured assemblies, serve as a model. the analysis is based on several international p 
e at multiple scales, to understand and model the processes and responses related to the coupli 
d to the coupling between taxonomic and functional diversity  
13828 26                                     the resilience, i.e. the ability of system to resist distur 
e, i.e. the ability of system to resist disturbance and the rate at which it returns to equilib 
ich it returns to equilibrium following disturbance to a large degree determines the fragility  
e degree determines the fragility of an ecosystem to disturbance caused by human activities. an 
rmines the fragility of an ecosystem to disturbance caused by human activities. an understandin 
ing of the factors governing ecological resilience is the basis for developing management strat 
 resilience is the basis for developing management strategies for maintaining biodiversity the  
g management strategies for maintaining biodiversity the overall aim with this project is to an 
all aim with this project is to analyse resilience of the communities of saproxylic coleoptera  
lience of the communities of saproxylic coleoptera and, a severely neglected group of insects,  
tera and, a severely neglected group of insects, saproxylic parasitic wasps to disturbance resu 
 insects, saproxylic parasitic wasps to disturbance resulting from forest practise and, by that 
tic wasps to disturbance resulting from forest practise and, by that, identify resource-efficie 
tify resource-efficient ways to promote biodiversity on ecosystem level, thus minimizing overal 
ficient ways to promote biodiversity on ecosystem level, thus minimizing overall species loss.w 
cosystem level, thus minimizing overall species loss.we will use a unique field experiment that 
mainly with support from the faculty of forestry at slu and forest companies. the experiment co 
from the faculty of forestry at slu and forest companies. the experiment consist of ten localit 
t consist of ten localities in northern sweden, each consisting of three sites, a forest reserv 
eden, each consisting of three sites, a forest reserve, a mature managed forest and a fresh cle 
tes, a forest reserve, a mature managed forest and a fresh clear-cut in close vicinity. pca-ana 
ation and information on differences in habitat and subtrate character will be used to identify 
ions of factors correlated with highest species diversity but also to identify species for whic 
st resource-efficient ways that promote biodiversity on ecosystem level, thus minimizing overal 
cient ways that promote biodiversity on ecosystem level, thus minimizing overall species loss.  
cosystem level, thus minimizing overall species loss.  
15069 1              on august 2003, a woodland fire of 4543 ha in sant llorenç del munt natural park a 
13734 6                                         invertebrates lack adaptive immunity and have to rely o 
e spot syndrome virus and crayfish as a model to understand in general how virus affect the imm 
l how virus affect the immune system in invertebrates and specifically how a virus infection af 
 the wssv does not kill crayfish at low temperature but at temperatures at ca 18-20c. we can al 
is known about how virus interacts with invertebrates and their immune system and it is hoped t 
immune system and it is hoped that this model system may provide such knowledge.i will also inv 
6925 10 eaf rust is one of the most devastating disease of the wheat occuring every year in hungary. it 
g every year in hungary. it can cause a yield loss of 30-70% in the susceptible cultivars in ye 
ics. in this project we try to make the development of genetically resistant wheat cultivars mo 
ch they need not be protected by costly pesticides harmful for both environment and human consu 
d by costly pesticides harmful for both environment and human consumption. during this work, we 
opose to make two very strong leaf rust resistance genes to be much useful for the breeding pra 
oid the harmful effect of wild wheat on yield while keeping the resistance. we propose to use m 
f wild wheat on yield while keeping the resistance. we propose to use molecular markers in sele 
o screen most of our breeding lines for resistance. the economic turn over of resistance will b 
r resistance. the economic turn over of resistance will be also investigated by field experimen 
10256 19 infectious particle. alternatively, the disease can be vertically transmitted following adult r 
 be uninfected. these are called covert disease infections because the pathogen does not cause  
oes not cause any visible symptoms. the abundance of uninfected hosts in a pathogen s environme 
nce of uninfected hosts in a pathogen s environment is a key factor affecting how efficiently i 
it is transmitted. when uninfected host density is high, horizontal transmission of lethal path 
nce horizontal transmission of a lethal disease kills the host, it will clearly impede the vert 
baculoviruses are pathogens that infect arthropods, especially butterflies and moths, and these 
often associated with high densities of forest insect pests, but these outbreaks are typically  
ypically separated by years of low host density and no obvious presence of pathogens. what happ 
tood. we aim to test the idea that host density is a key factor affecting whether horizontal or 
routes are favoured. we will do this by monitoring the prevalence of lethal and covert infectio 
ons that differ markedly in patterns of abundance. we will also carry out selection experiments 
ifferent transmission routes affect the life history traits of the host, such as development an 
smission routes affect the life history traits of the host, such as development and fecundity,  
ife history traits of the host, such as development and fecundity, and of the pathogen, such as 
thogen, such as pathogenicity and virus production. vertically transmitted infections are likel 
y variable densities, such as pests and invasive species. identifying the conditions that favou 
 mode and their impact on both host and disease ecology is crucial.  
d their impact on both host and disease ecology is crucial.  
11267 19 infectious particle. alternatively, the disease can be vertically transmitted following adult r 
 be uninfected. these are called covert disease infections because the pathogen does not cause  
oes not cause any visible symptoms. the abundance of uninfected hosts in a pathogen s environme 
nce of uninfected hosts in a pathogen s environment is a key factor affecting how efficiently i 
it is transmitted. when uninfected host density is high, horizontal transmission of lethal path 
nce horizontal transmission of a lethal disease kills the host, it will clearly impede the vert 
baculoviruses are pathogens that infect arthropods, especially butterflies and moths, and these 
often associated with high densities of forest insect pests, but these outbreaks are typically  
ypically separated by years of low host density and no obvious presence of pathogens. what happ 
tood. we aim to test the idea that host density is a key factor affecting whether horizontal or 
routes are favoured. we will do this by monitoring the prevalence of lethal and covert infectio 
ons that differ markedly in patterns of abundance. we will also carry out selection experiments 
ifferent transmission routes affect the life history traits of the host, such as development an 
smission routes affect the life history traits of the host, such as development and fecundity,  
ife history traits of the host, such as development and fecundity, and of the pathogen, such as 
thogen, such as pathogenicity and virus production. vertically transmitted infections are likel 
y variable densities, such as pests and invasive species. identifying the conditions that favou 
 mode and their impact on both host and disease ecology is crucial.  
d their impact on both host and disease ecology is crucial.  
11855 6  ignore the impact that an individual s body size has on its family members. if being large is  
cause they have been raised in the same environment. to separate the effects of nature and nurt 
environment. to separate the effects of nature and nurture we can let parents raise some of the 
ld resemble each other. however, if the environment also plays a role then the parents own offs 
h parents, and there is a great deal of competition, with the youngest usually coming out the w 
he relative importance of genes and the environment. also, when foster families are created in  
10500 5 second largest sources of anthropogenic methane, respectively. significant progress must be mad 
h has demonstrated that the capacity of soil to eliminate pollutants is greatly improved after  
tly improved after having been mixed by earthworms. our aim in the proposed study is to demonst 
 simulated landfill biocover containing earthworms can be used to eliminate lge. through the us 
derstanding of the interactions between earthworms and the active microorganisms in a landfill  
10740 5 second largest sources of anthropogenic methane, respectively. significant progress must be mad 
h has demonstrated that the capacity of soil to eliminate pollutants is greatly improved after  
tly improved after having been mixed by earthworms. our aim in the proposed study is to demonst 
 simulated landfill biocover containing earthworms can be used to eliminate lge. through the us 
derstanding of the interactions between earthworms and the active microorganisms in a landfill  
11622 5 second largest sources of anthropogenic methane, respectively. significant progress must be mad 
h has demonstrated that the capacity of soil to eliminate pollutants is greatly improved after  
tly improved after having been mixed by earthworms. our aim in the proposed study is to demonst 
 simulated landfill biocover containing earthworms can be used to eliminate lge. through the us 
derstanding of the interactions between earthworms and the active microorganisms in a landfill  
10836 4               saprotrophic cord-forming fungi play a central role in n cycling in temperate for 
 central role in n cycling in temperate forest ecosystems. we will determine the relative abili 
l role in n cycling in temperate forest ecosystems. we will determine the relative ability of s 
ing foraging strategies to redistribute nitrogen in relation to the sizes of spatially discrete 
9968 4               saprotrophic cord-forming fungi play a central role in n cycling in temperate for 
 central role in n cycling in temperate forest ecosystems. we will determine the relative abili 
l role in n cycling in temperate forest ecosystems. we will determine the relative ability of s 
ing foraging strategies to redistribute nitrogen in relation to the sizes of spatially discrete 
11450 5 dynamics and mechanisms of multispecies predator-prey assemblages where two prey and resource e 
petitive exclusion. we propose to use a model insect predator-prey system to test this predicti 
usion. we propose to use a model insect predator-prey system to test this prediction by manipul 
 manipulating resource availability. if productivity is important, then competitive exclusion m 
titive exclusion mediated by the shared predator should occur more quickly at intermediate leve 
11143 2 ecies to share resources and so reduces competition between them and hence promotes co-existenc 
orms of that nutrient. however, despite phosphorus work first needs proof-of-concept for the pr 
15394 16 to global environmental changes such as climate change and habitat destruction has prompted a p 
ntal changes such as climate change and habitat destruction has prompted a plethora of research 
o current global environmental changes. adaptation to altered environments may be limited by ge 
onstraints, but also by the type of the disturbance, the demographic characteristics of the pop 
hese later limitations, but the role of life history and plastic responses remains poorly under 
s remains poorly understood. first, the life history of a species might affect their survival w 
 factors and allee effects. second, the life history might be associated with adaptations -such 
logical generalism- which combined with dispersal ability and social behavior may buffer indivi 
bined with dispersal ability and social behavior may buffer individuals against environmental c 
s project, we plan to study the role of life history and behavioral in the response to environm 
tegrating comparative, experimental and modeling approaches. using birds as model system, we wi 
rimental and modeling approaches. using birds as model system, we will analyze the response to  
and modeling approaches. using birds as model system, we will analyze the response to changes i 
e response to changes in the context of biological invasions, the urbanization process and clim 
he context of biological invasions, the urbanization process and climate change.  
invasions, the urbanization process and climate change.  
2529 10              drilling fluids markers of stress with specificity to exposure to suspended dc and 
tools to measure biological effects and stress levels of sponges exposed to df and dc in the fi 
nges exposed to df and dc in the field. threshold values for concentration, duration and freque 
df on sponges will also improve current modelling tools for environmental risk assessment of of 
rrent modelling tools for environmental risk assessment of offshore oil drilling activities. st 
wledge is vital in developing effective management strategies to mitigate environmental and eco 
o mitigate environmental and ecological impacts to marine benthic habitats. furthermore, this p 
environmental and ecological impacts to marine benthic habitats. furthermore, this project will 
gical and biological parameters of deep-water sponges, which is a currently lacking in the lite 
the sensitivity and importance of these marine benthic organisms and the need to manage them mo 
11296 2 leyi is a fast growing coccolithophorid phytoplankton species that forms calcium carbonate . wo 
y, the university of essex and the uk s marine biological association, which is an ocean 2025 c 
15442 12       tthere is an increasing demand to ecology to predict the effects of anthropogenic alterat 
cts of anthropogenic alterations on the environment, in order to provide guidance for conservat 
nment, in order to provide guidance for conservation policies. in this sense, it is important t 
ediated activities over the patterns of distribution, abundance and composition of natural asse 
ties over the patterns of distribution, abundance and composition of natural assemblages, and h 
n be modulated under predicted climatic scenarios. this project aim to assess the effects of eu 
is project aim to assess the effects of eutrophication over natural assemblages inhabiting inte 
ion over natural assemblages inhabiting intertidal rock pools.these treatments will be applied  
us manipulation of all these drivers of biodiversity. this will greatly contribute to the under 
 and will provide relevant insights for conservation and management decisions aimed at preventi 
 relevant insights for conservation and management decisions aimed at preventing or mitigating  
reventing or mitigating their potential impacts.  
2532 9 0, resulting in increased temperatures, ocean acidification and dominant copepod species, dom p 
ation and dominant copepod species, dom production, fate, and turnover rates, as well as net mi 
ate, and turnover rates, as well as net microbial community respiration rates. by examining in  
tes, as well as net microbial community respiration rates. by examining in detail the microbial 
 which seek to provide understanding of global change and consequent effects on human society.  
s also important in managing commercial fisheries as yields are controlled by c bioavailability 
to higher trophic levels and c transfer efficiency through planktonic food webs. combining mult 
 transfer efficiency through planktonic food webs. combining multidisciplinary international sc 
template for transformative research on impacts of oa on biologically mediated elemental flux t 
15151 13 ber of episodes of particularly intense drought that had often produced serious defoliation and 
s defoliation and, locally, die-back of vegetation. climate forecast models point in the direct 
n and, locally, die-back of vegetation. climate forecast models point in the direction of incre 
 the direction of increasingly variable precipitation and temperature increases, with subsequen 
increasingly variable precipitation and temperature increases, with subsequent effects on the s 
 functioning of the regions terrestrial ecosystems. adaptation of ecosystems to the new climate 
 of the regions terrestrial ecosystems. adaptation of ecosystems to the new climate conditions  
s terrestrial ecosystems. adaptation of ecosystems to the new climate conditions may happen abr 
ms. adaptation of ecosystems to the new climate conditions may happen abruptly as a result of s 
ughts. our attention will be focused on soil respiration, also a function of the microbial comm 
 be focused on soil respiration, also a function of the microbial community assemblage, as well 
oil respiration, also a function of the microbial community assemblage, as well as of the root  
age, as well as of the root systems and soil characteristics.  
15360 8  stressors affecting the functioning of ecosystems. preservation of the biota and marine habita 
osystems. preservation of the biota and marine habitats depend critically on understanding how  
to this new scenario; to assess the way foundation species, such as seagrasses, respond is key  
, such as seagrasses, respond is key to marine conservation. these species can show a phenotypi 
as seagrasses, respond is key to marine conservation. these species can show a phenotypic plast 
ion of parameters such as the duration, seasonality and intensity of these environmental stress 
ntal stressors to minimize irreversible impacts over seagrass meadows constituted by c. nodosa  
s to minimize irreversible impacts over seagrass meadows constituted by c. nodosa and its assoc 
15125 9 responses of organisms to the projected global warming are a major handicap for the adoption of 
r handicap for the adoption of suitable biodiversity conservation strategies. archives containi 
es to develop virtual experiments about environmental change and the corresponding medium and l 
 responses of the neotropical flora and vegetation of northern south america, which are among t 
alyzed from several perspectives, i. e. nature, intensity, time lag with respect to climate, an 
re, intensity, time lag with respect to climate, and the degree of synchronism among the compon 
sm among the components of the involved ecosystems. the results obtained will be useful to fore 
and their communities, to the projected warming for the 21st century, according to the ipcc sce 
the 21st century, according to the ipcc scenarios for northern south america.  
12142 31 cological perturbations observed in the freshwater environment were mainly due to global warmin 
erturbations observed in the freshwater environment were mainly due to global warming and human 
eshwater environment were mainly due to global warming and human activities. the most significa 
ost significant problem of the affected ecosystems is biological invasion. recently, a large nu 
t problem of the affected ecosystems is biological invasion. recently, a large number of europe 
l invasion. recently, a large number of europe lakes have become invaded and dominated by the p 
m semen causing a major impact on local ecosystems. the main goal of the study – to investigate 
d studies of the impact of the invasive algae gonyostomum semen on vulnerability of the native  
the invasive algae gonyostomum semen on vulnerability of the native species, their adaptation f 
nerability of the native species, their adaptation for biological invasions, and structural org 
he native species, their adaptation for biological invasions, and structural organization of pl 
and structural organization of plankton food webs will be undertaken in the affected and not af 
and abiotic factors affecting the local community resistance to algal invasion will be characte 
c factors affecting the local community resistance to algal invasion will be characterized. ana 
the local community resistance to algal invasion will be characterized. analysis of intraspecif 
nalysis of intraspecific populations of algae genome diversity influence on local species richn 
traspecific populations of algae genome diversity influence on local species richness and produ 
gae genome diversity influence on local species richness and productivity will be provided. we  
influence on local species richness and productivity will be provided. we will test the proposa 
will test the proposal that gonyostomum dominance in type lakes is influenced by species abilit 
by species ability to utilize dissolved organic matter and competing algae as nutrient sources  
 dissolved organic matter and competing algae as nutrient sources by studding the growth of g.  
gae as nutrient sources by studding the growth of g. semen and the same strategy species in the 
boratory experiments. the chronology of phytoplankton species composition their productivity an 
iments. the chronology of phytoplankton species composition their productivity and expansion pa 
phytoplankton species composition their productivity and expansion patterns of g. semen will be 
s of g. semen will be examined based on phytoplankton pigments, n, p and c amounts fluctuations 
synthesized bio-compounds , determining algae dominance and native species resistance will be c 
sized bio-compounds , determining algae dominance and native species resistance will be carried 
ning algae dominance and native species resistance will be carried out also. the obtained resul 
rder to mitigate the negative impact of invasive species.  
7207 9 s orchards. . . characterization of the landscape, population sampling, molecular characterizat 
- aphid interactions auxiliaries. study model. observations networks orchards. b component. sam 
tistic analysis. 3 year. component has. evaluation of the role of defense compounds. experiment 
- apple - aphid interactions auxiliary. evaluation of the model and technical scenarios simulat 
teractions auxiliary. evaluation of the model and technical scenarios simulation. b component.  
. evaluation of the model and technical scenarios simulation. b component. statistical analysis 
onent. statistical analysis and spatial modeling. simulation landscape management scenarios and 
alysis and spatial modeling. simulation landscape management scenarios and crop protection  
deling. simulation landscape management scenarios and crop protection  
14968 37                            like plants, freshwater organisms may produce long-lived, resistant  
ng-lived, resistant dormant propagules. zooplankton may produce resting eggs, which maintain it 
uences in biological phenomena, such as migration from the past, temporal heterogeneity, mainte 
ch as migration from the past, temporal heterogeneity, maintenance of biodiversity, genetic var 
 temporal heterogeneity, maintenance of biodiversity, genetic variability and zooplankton dispe 
f biodiversity, genetic variability and zooplankton dispersal. the consequences of zooplankton  
ty, genetic variability and zooplankton dispersal. the consequences of zooplankton dispersal on 
plankton dispersal. the consequences of zooplankton dispersal on lake communities and egg banks 
persal. the consequences of zooplankton dispersal on lake communities and egg banks may be eval 
 egg banks may be evaluated in terms of biodiversity conservation and manipulation of aquatic s 
tion of aquatic systems. predictions of recovery rates of altered communities after different p 
icient studying the mechanisms by which zooplankton move between habitats. several factors are  
bitats. several factors are involved in zooplankton dispersal, such us wind, rain, water flow a 
ral factors are involved in zooplankton dispersal, such us wind, rain, water flow and waterfowl 
plankton dispersal, such us wind, rain, water flow and waterfowl. studying zooplankton dispersa 
ain, water flow and waterfowl. studying zooplankton dispersal, we may know the relative importa 
low and waterfowl. studying zooplankton dispersal, we may know the relative importance of these 
portance of these mechanisms in natural ecosystems of different characteristics. to evaluate th 
ferent characteristics. to evaluate the efficiency of the zooplankton dispersal, it is importan 
tics. to evaluate the efficiency of the zooplankton dispersal, it is important to indicate that 
luate the efficiency of the zooplankton dispersal, it is important to indicate that dispersal m 
ersal, it is important to indicate that dispersal may be limited by the viability of resting eg 
e to evaluate that viability. moreover, zooplankton dispersal interacts with local adaptation e 
e that viability. moreover, zooplankton dispersal interacts with local adaptation effects that  
plankton dispersal interacts with local adaptation effects that may limit effective dispersal.  
tation effects that may limit effective dispersal. the current project will be developed in fiv 
jectives, we particularly distinguish: -evaluation of the dispersal capacity of zooplankton res 
cularly distinguish: -evaluation of the dispersal capacity of zooplankton resting eggs by wind, 
evaluation of the dispersal capacity of zooplankton resting eggs by wind, rain, water flow, and 
zooplankton resting eggs by wind, rain, water flow, and waterfowl in lakes of different charact 
e the differences in life strategies of zooplankton species as a function of its dispersal abil 
 strategies of zooplankton species as a function of its dispersal ability. -capacity for local  
ooplankton species as a function of its dispersal ability. -capacity for local adaptation: gene 
 dispersal ability. -capacity for local adaptation: genetic differentiation for dispersal and s 
adaptation: genetic differentiation for dispersal and sedimentary resting eggs, and for the act 
for the active communities. in summary, zooplankton resting eggs are an interesting tool to stu 
resting tool to study the structure and diversity of aquatic communities.  
14528 10 ip with the populations dynamic and the evolution of the biodiversity in planktonic organisms.i 
ations dynamic and the evolution of the biodiversity in planktonic organisms.in the wetlands se 
iversity in planktonic organisms.in the wetlands sediments we can found the summary of process  
process that have been accounted in the water column, being, therefore, a basic component of th 
ogical integrated studies. in fact, the sediment could be considered as an environmental inform 
on about the process that occurs in the water column and the basin of the lake.the direction an 
in its viability during long periods .- review of the evolution of the main planktonic species  
ty during long periods .- review of the evolution of the main planktonic species comparing the  
es could improve our predictions on the ecosystem response to future environmental changes. as  
effect of the future execution plans on conservation strategies.  
11500 18                                brigalow forest communities, are dominated by an acacia tree, ac 
ophylla to the levels of mature remnant forests. this has economic implications for carbon mark 
sts. this has economic implications for carbon markets and mined-land rehabilitation.the propos 
is has economic implications for carbon markets and mined-land rehabilitation.the proposed rese 
tions for carbon markets and mined-land rehabilitation.the proposed research will considerably  
ology of brigalow acacia in its natural environment, and will contribute to fill the gap of kno 
l recommendations to inform sustainable restoration management of brigalow forests. generally,  
tions to inform sustainable restoration management of brigalow forests. generally, the project  
able restoration management of brigalow forests. generally, the project will further our unders 
standing of how tree species respond to habitat disturbance, especially for partially clonal sp 
 of how tree species respond to habitat disturbance, especially for partially clonal species fo 
 is important because degraded regrowth forests are now predominant worldwide, and we need to u 
 how tree species respond to widespread disturbance as a result of human activities in order to 
ly, this project will present a genetic model of thinning management, which is novel in restora 
ill present a genetic model of thinning management, which is novel in restoration ecology. the  
 thinning management, which is novel in restoration ecology. the approach, when adopted elsewhe 
d elsewhere, will improve the long-term sustainability of ecological restoration programmes.  
improve the long-term sustainability of ecological restoration programmes.  
15357 33                                cultural evolution of humankind has caused a major global ecolog 
 of humankind has caused a major global ecological footprint that is associated to loss of biod 
footprint that is associated to loss of biodiversity and provision of ecosystem services, i.e.  
o loss of biodiversity and provision of ecosystem services, i.e. of human well-being. this proj 
rovision of ecosystem services, i.e. of human well-being. this project proposal combines restor 
l-being. this project proposal combines restoration ecology with the emergent field of studies  
he emergent field of studies related to ecosystem services. its major aim is to document how ec 
vices. its major aim is to document how ecological restoration in agrarian systems, either pass 
r passive or active, affect patterns of biodiversity and ecosystem services and explain the inv 
ve, affect patterns of biodiversity and ecosystem services and explain the involved processes.  
es. our hypothesis is that the restored ecosystems in agrarian systems will provide, overall, h 
will provide, overall, higher levels of biodiversity and a broader range and quantity of ecosys 
ity and a broader range and quantity of ecosystem services than degraded ecosystems; additional 
ity of ecosystem services than degraded ecosystems; additionally, the levels of restored biodiv 
s; additionally, the levels of restored biodiversity and ecosystem services will depend upon th 
the levels of restored biodiversity and ecosystem services will depend upon the initial degrada 
m services will depend upon the initial degradation of restored ecosystems and the time that ec 
pon the initial degradation of restored ecosystems and the time that ecological restoration has 
f restored ecosystems and the time that ecological restoration has been operating. the five pro 
following: 1 to quantify, at the global scale, the levels of restored biodiversity and ecosyste 
he global scale, the levels of restored biodiversity and ecosystem services as a function of th 
the levels of restored biodiversity and ecosystem services as a function of the ecosystems init 
iodiversity and ecosystem services as a function of the ecosystems initial degradation and the  
ecosystem services as a function of the ecosystems initial degradation and the time that ecolog 
as a function of the ecosystems initial degradation and the time that ecological restoration ha 
s initial degradation and the time that ecological restoration has been operating, and the amou 
 has been operating, and the amounts of biodiversity and ecosystem services that have been rest 
ng, and the amounts of biodiversity and ecosystem services that have been restored in agrarian  
analyze the factors that affect spatial distribution and state of forest raptors during the rep 
ffect spatial distribution and state of forest raptors during the reproductive period in an atl 
 the reproductive period in an atlantic landscape. we propose 20 activities intended to achieve 
 important applications in the field of restoration ecology and forest management.  
in the field of restoration ecology and forest management.  
12199 36              hedgerows characterise the landscape of much of england and wales and provide valu 
 england and wales and provide valuable habitat for native plants and animals. the herbaceous v 
tive plants and animals. the herbaceous vegetation in the hedge base is an important part of th 
 important part of the overall hedgerow habitat but the diversity of its flora has declined, pr 
of the overall hedgerow habitat but the diversity of its flora has declined, primarily due to i 
e adjacent land and changes in hedgerow management practices. hedgerows are designated as a pri 
 hedgerows are designated as a priority habitat under the uk biodiversity action plan, with pol 
ated as a priority habitat under the uk biodiversity action plan, with policy targets that incl 
r the uk biodiversity action plan, with policy targets that include reversing the decline in th 
 single payment scheme and field margin management under agri-environment schemes will help to  
cheme and field margin management under agri-environment schemes will help to achieve this but  
 there is also a need for more positive restoration techniques to be applied. however, hedgerow 
ighly variable, so the most appropriate restoration techniques need to be identified. the overa 
hedgerow flora in england and wales and review current information on habitat restoration in or 
wales and review current information on habitat restoration in order to identify the most suita 
d review current information on habitat restoration in order to identify the most suitable meth 
table methods for a range of herbaceous vegetation types. a large number of hedgerow surveys ha 
cal characteristics, such as particular growth forms or an affinity to particular habitats. the 
ctical application for setting hedgerow management objectives to assist the process of meeting  
es to assist the process of meeting the habitat action plan targets. a review will also be carr 
ting the habitat action plan targets. a review will also be carried out of the relationship bet 
the hedgerow herbaceous plant flora and soil properties, the effect of hedge management on thes 
nd soil properties, the effect of hedge management on these flora and vegetation restoration te 
 of hedge management on these flora and vegetation restoration techniques. in addition to studi 
anagement on these flora and vegetation restoration techniques. in addition to studies carried  
o studies carried out on hedgerows, the review will cover those done on other habitats in which 
species occur, including field margins, grassland and woodland. restoration techniques with mos 
 field margins, grassland and woodland. restoration techniques with most potential will then be 
and the likely timescales for achieving restoration targets will be estimated. a sampling frame 
 will provide final recommendations for restoration of the herbaceous hedgerow flora. these wil 
lsh assembly government to develop agri-environment scheme guidelines and payments, and by land 
heir advisers in carrying out practical restoration measures. this will help to conserve this i 
is will help to conserve this important landscape feature and wildlife habitat and achieve biod 
ve this important landscape feature and wildlife habitat and achieve biodiversity action plan t 
mportant landscape feature and wildlife habitat and achieve biodiversity action plan targets fo 
eature and wildlife habitat and achieve biodiversity action plan targets for hedgerows.  
12192 12           the aims of this project are: review and summarize information from the european lite 
 secondary data sources to identify the habitat conditions required for the existence, restorat 
 conditions required for the existence, restoration or re-creation of fens, ‘purple moor-grass  
ss and rush pastures’. specifically the review will examine: the physio-chemical conditions, in 
mical conditions, including topography, soils and hydrology under which existing fen, purple mo 
itions, including topography, soils and hydrology under which existing fen, purple moor-grass a 
ur or may be restored; past and present land management practices of existing and restored habi 
ices of existing and restored habitats; restoration/re-creation methods including details of in 
ils of initial targeting and subsequent management techniques . based on the results from the r 
hniques . based on the results from the review a field survey/study will be designed to charact 
erise the state/condition of a range of restoration sites compared with reference site conditio 
cision support system for targeting the restoration and re-creation of fen, purple moor-grass a 
1934 9 nt decades dry heaths and nutrient-poor grasslands have been affected in the netherlands by soi 
t-poor grasslands have been affected in the netherlands by soil acidification and eutrophicatio 
ave been affected in the netherlands by soil acidification and eutrophication as a result of at 
e netherlands by soil acidification and eutrophication as a result of atmospheric deposition. i 
ated communities. besides this shift in dominance, a reduced species diversity has been observe 
ides this shift in dominance, a reduced species diversity has been observed in these ecosystems 
es diversity has been observed in these ecosystems. species of the acidic nardo-galion saxatlli 
es of the acidic nardo-galion saxatllis grasslands, and the related species-rich dry heathlands 
ry heathlands will improve the seedling development after sod cutting and liming.  
13824 14 l problem with a sharp reduction of bio-diversity as an obvious result. liming has been used as 
 biota with a resulting increase of bio-diversity. it is evident that basic theoretical knowled 
possibilities to predict the outcome of restoration measures and helps us to a better understan 
ulation of the structure of the pelagic community. however, one crucial question remains unansw 
ns unanswered. has the restored pelagic zooplankton community any resemblance with the bio-dive 
d. has the restored pelagic zooplankton community any resemblance with the bio-diversity it onc 
 community any resemblance with the bio-diversity it once had before acidification became a pro 
 became a problem we are going to use a sediment data to get information about bio-diversity in 
iment data to get information about bio-diversity in the past. by analysing remains of zooplank 
ty in the past. by analysing remains of zooplankton and zooplanktivores in sediment cores we th 
s of zooplankton and zooplanktivores in sediment cores we think it is possible to reconstruct z 
 we think it is possible to reconstruct zooplankton bio-diversity in the past to be able to jud 
possible to reconstruct zooplankton bio-diversity in the past to be able to judge the success o 
 to be able to judge the success of the restoration measures.  
7615 10 y methodology for the implementation of restoration projects for endangered plant species popul 
d plant species populations. this joint development will be through the specific case of arenar 
 specific case of arenaria grandiflora, endangered species forest of fontainebleau. we propose  
renaria grandiflora, endangered species forest of fontainebleau. we propose to continue researc 
eau. we propose to continue research in conservation biology to determine the ecological succes 
ries concerned. . issues related to the restoration of endangered species populations are parti 
 . issues related to the restoration of endangered species populations are particularly acute i 
cularly acute in the context of the 6th biodiversity extinction crisis. the convention on biolo 
 in the context of the 6th biodiversity extinction crisis. the convention on biological diversi 
6th biodiversity extinction crisis. the convention on biological diversity and sees many player 
13877 19       this work analyses the ecological efficiency of restoration in managed fennoscandian bore 
k analyses the ecological efficiency of restoration in managed fennoscandian boreal forests. th 
oration in managed fennoscandian boreal forests. the work comprises a large-scale experiment in 
eal forests. the work comprises a large-scale experiment including 24 forest stands in a standa 
s a large-scale experiment including 24 forest stands in a standard factorial design. it invest 
. it investigates the importance of how restoration should be designed to promote the recovery  
ation should be designed to promote the recovery and persistence of deadwood-dependent species  
ce of deadwood-dependent species at the landscape scale. the model is open to further developme 
wood-dependent species at the landscape scale. the model is open to further development that wi 
ent species at the landscape scale. the model is open to further development that will make it  
ape scale. the model is open to further development that will make it possible to analyze quest 
sible to analyze questions connected to biodiversity monitoring and forest carbon sequestration 
yze questions connected to biodiversity monitoring and forest carbon sequestration potential. t 
onnected to biodiversity monitoring and forest carbon sequestration potential. the new q-land s 
d to biodiversity monitoring and forest carbon sequestration potential. the new q-land simulato 
-land simulator will become a practical landscape planning tool for predicting the effects of d 
for predicting the effects of different scenarios of management and restoration.  
g the effects of different scenarios of management and restoration.  
f different scenarios of management and restoration.  
10946 14 go has been described as a showcase for evolution , where the concepts of speciation and adapti 
nique area also has some of the highest extinction rates in the world with extensive habitat de 
ction rates in the world with extensive habitat degradation and widespread impact from introduc 
tes in the world with extensive habitat degradation and widespread impact from introduced speci 
 degradation and widespread impact from introduced species. the islands therefore present one o 
g yet challenging opportunities for the conservation and restoration of native biological diver 
 opportunities for the conservation and restoration of native biological diversity. critical to 
 conservation and restoration of native biological diversity. critical to the design of an effe 
 critical to the design of an effective restoration program is the development of baseline data 
an effective restoration program is the development of baseline data to understand ecological c 
nstruct the long-term impact of natural disturbance and human presence on the native plant comm 
has immediate applicability to both the conservation and restoration of native biodiversity in  
licability to both the conservation and restoration of native biodiversity in galapagos.  
 conservation and restoration of native biodiversity in galapagos.  
6867 6  attended with significant death in the marine benthos. after the anoxic event in the upper par 
ed with significant death in the marine benthos. after the anoxic event in the upper part of th 
rve the successive return of the normal oxygen-level in the seas. the return of the benthos-fau 
en-level in the seas. the return of the benthos-fauna occurred rather selective. in the sequenc 
of hungary both epicontinental and deep marine sediments are observable: epicontinental ones in 
ntinental ones in the mecsek mts., deep marine ones in the bakony and gerecse mts.  
13809 14 ntal variables, such as the quality and fragmentation of habitats, may have an important effect 
bitats, may have an important effect on invasion success and distribution pattern of an invadin 
mportant effect on invasion success and distribution pattern of an invading species. in sweden, 
tion pattern of an invading species. in sweden, little or no research has focused on species in 
because we have not suffered from large extinction events as a result of invading species, as h 
f invading species, as has been seen in ecosystems in australia and new zealand. however, with  
cies, as has been seen in ecosystems in australia and new zealand. however, with ongoing climat 
een seen in ecosystems in australia and new zealand. however, with ongoing climate change, incr 
 and new zealand. however, with ongoing climate change, increased shipping of goods and increas 
goods and increased mobility of people, sweden is likely to expect an increasing risk of specie 
weden is likely to expect an increasing risk of species’ invasions in the future. the aim of th 
ve through the fragmented landscapes of sweden and how different landscapes affect colonisation 
bush-cricket introduction experiments . dispersal studies will include field observations, popu 
 population genetic analyses as well as modelling.  
13928 25 y framework of ecological processes and biodiversity. the major part of the present biodiversit 
iversity. the major part of the present biodiversity in europe is found in the traditional cult 
jor part of the present biodiversity in europe is found in the traditional cultural landscape o 
pe is found in the traditional cultural landscape occurring as islands in the modern production 
cape occurring as islands in the modern production land-use of agri-, silviculture and urban ar 
ing as islands in the modern production land-use of agri-, silviculture and urban areas. the wo 
ion land-use of agri-, silviculture and urban areas. the working hypothesis is that the dynamic 
s is that the dynamics of discontinuous management at different temporal and spatial scales is  
nd spatial scales is essential for this biodiversity by allowing species groups favoured by tra 
 species groups favoured by traditional management, succession, and old growth forest, to coexi 
ups favoured by traditional management, succession, and old growth forest, to coexist. a time p 
itional management, succession, and old growth forest, to coexist. a time perspective of severa 
 management, succession, and old growth forest, to coexist. a time perspective of several thous 
 various temporal frequencies of ceased management will be captured by a systematic overview of 
during the last 3000 years. the spatial distribution of the ceased management on a local and re 
 the spatial distribution of the ceased management on a local and regional scale will be assess 
ased management on a local and regional scale will be assessed in three case study areas using  
gical methodology. the scope of spatial distribution of ceased management will then be expanded 
scope of spatial distribution of ceased management will then be expanded to twenty sites distri 
to twenty sites distributed in southern sweden. the accumulated result will be frequency maps o 
will be frequency maps of discontinuous management and enables comparison with present distribu 
ent and enables comparison with present distribution pattern of species within different organi 
rganism groups such as vascular plants, insects, birds and fungi.  
roups such as vascular plants, insects, birds and fungi.  
 as vascular plants, insects, birds and fungi.  
13531 25 y framework of ecological processes and biodiversity. the major part of the present biodiversit 
iversity. the major part of the present biodiversity in europe is found in the traditional cult 
jor part of the present biodiversity in europe is found in the traditional cultural landscape o 
pe is found in the traditional cultural landscape occurring as islands in the modern production 
cape occurring as islands in the modern production land-use of agri-, silviculture and urban ar 
ing as islands in the modern production land-use of agri-, silviculture and urban areas. the wo 
ion land-use of agri-, silviculture and urban areas. the working hypothesis is that the dynamic 
s is that the dynamics of discontinuous management at different temporal and spatial scales ess 
l and spatial scales essential for this biodiversity by allowing species groups favoured by tra 
 species groups favoured by traditional management succession and old growth forest, to coexist 
oups favoured by traditional management succession and old growth forest, to coexist. a time pe 
aditional management succession and old growth forest, to coexist. a time perspective of severa 
al management succession and old growth forest, to coexist. a time perspective of several thous 
 various temporal frequencies of ceased management will be captured by systematic overview of t 
during the last 3000 years. the spatial distribution of ceased management on a local and region 
ars. the spatial distribution of ceased management on a local and regional scale will be assess 
ased management on a local and regional scale will be assessed in three case study areas using  
l methodology. the scope of the spatial distribution of ceased management will then be expanded 
e of the spatial distribution of ceased management will then be expanded to twenty sites distri 
to twenty sites distributed in southern sweden. the accumulated result will be frequency maps o 
will be frequency maps of discontinuous management and enables comparison with present distribu 
ent and enables comparison with present distribution pattern of species within different organi 
rganism groups such as vascular plants, insects, birds and fungi.  
roups such as vascular plants, insects, birds and fungi.  
 as vascular plants, insects, birds and fungi.  
11151 2 tify the genes that influence levels of resistance and the extent to which differences in the d 
 large effect on fitness, so provides a model system where genetic differences will be pronounc 
12351 2 ble, their likely effects and potential mitigation, drawing on windfarm and other marine indust 
tigation, drawing on windfarm and other marine industry practice and experience. key customer p 
12354 1 the impact of naturally induced channel migration is needed in order to predict its occurrence  
12624 6 ain european countries such as germany, the netherlands and france, north america, australia an 
 netherlands and france, north america, australia and new zealand in comparison with the uk. da 
nd france, north america, australia and new zealand in comparison with the uk. data will be sou 
ce information sought. knowledge of the development of technically demanding peat free media su 
rowing industry investigated in eastern europe and the usa, for example. analysis of the data g 
 investigated in eastern europe and the usa, for example. analysis of the data gathered from ot 
12589 14 eatlands are the most widespread of all wetland types on a global scale. as ecosystems they pro 
spread of all wetland types on a global scale. as ecosystems they provide vital functions for b 
all wetland types on a global scale. as ecosystems they provide vital functions for biodiversit 
ystems they provide vital functions for biodiversity, water resources, surface water management 
ovide vital functions for biodiversity, water resources, surface water management, carbon stora 
 biodiversity, water resources, surface water management, carbon storage and sequestration, and 
er resources, surface water management, carbon storage and sequestration, and paleo-environment 
ed by mankind over many centuries as an energy source and plant growing media , extraction, res 
e and plant growing media , extraction, restoration and protection. this will focus on the expe 
e the uk with significant areas of peat soils and, in particular, temperate peatlands. it will  
ases where there might be benefits. the review will involve a desk based internet search follow 
 policies and national guidance for the management, protection and enhancement of the peat reso 
 and other government agencies in their development of policy in this area.  
rnment agencies in their development of policy in this area.  
12725 2 sive information is needed to enable an assessment to be made of the extent and nature of any p 
assessment to be made of the extent and nature of any problems, and to assist in the considerat 
12152 11  slopes. it is defined by its deep peat soils, which depend on rainfall for water supply and ar 
eat soils, which depend on rainfall for water supply and are consequently poor in nutrients and 
ter supply and are consequently poor in nutrients and often very acid. one of the main `bog-bui 
phagnum moss, which is very sensitve to disturbance of water supply. britain is one of the main 
hich is very sensitve to disturbance of water supply. britain is one of the main locations for  
f the influence of historic and current land management practices and legislation on blanket bo 
 on blanket bog and consider a range of management options to recreate ‘active blanket bog in f 
ill seek to take a holistic view of the management and restoration of this important habitat, r 
e a holistic view of the management and restoration of this important habitat, recognising the  
ement and restoration of this important habitat, recognising the many and varied demands upon i 
o help secure effective and sustainable management of blanket bogs for future generations.  
12285 1  environments from a lifecycle nutrient efficiency point of view.  
12737 11      this short term project involves a review of the success of embedding the `england biodive 
f the success of embedding the `england biodiversity strategy of the england biodiversity group 
nd biodiversity strategy of the england biodiversity group and sample of biodiversity porgramme 
ngland biodiversity group and sample of biodiversity porgrammes subprogrammes and to determine  
required to help sigs and subprogrammes review their objectives and deliverables against the ad 
objectives and deliverables against the adaptation climate change principles, and to identify w 
and deliverables against the adaptation climate change principles, and to identify where furthe 
 to complete or extend the process. the review would involve behavioural research and consider  
ctive of this embedding process towards development of a climate change adaptation strategy as  
edding process towards development of a climate change adaptation strategy as part of the ebs b 
re self sufficient in taking account of climate change in their areas  
12350 4 is to provide a scientifically credible review of two aspects of the physical presence of windf 
ructures: 1.the likely reefs effects on fish, shellfish and other marine biota 2.the potential  
fs effects on fish, shellfish and other marine biota 2.the potential to enhance the reef effect 
nd to contribute to the eia and consent assessment process.  
12653 3 tation responses received on ‘improving marine nature conservation set out within the marine bi 
responses received on ‘improving marine nature conservation set out within the marine bill cons 
 nature conservation set out within the marine bill consultation document.  
12352 9                              objectives sediment process monitoring work carried out on round 1 
            objectives sediment process monitoring work carried out on round 1 developments wil 
ill be drawn together and reviewed. the review will assess the requirements, methods, data, res 
equirements, methods, data, results and impacts in order to make recommendations for monitoring 
ts in order to make recommendations for monitoring of r2 developments. key customer purpose dti 
re the results of round 1 windfarm site monitoring to be reviewed so that lessons learned can b 
tained, and enhanced recommendations on monitoring requirements given, for round 2 offshore win 
oposed project addresses the results of sediment process monitoring only.  
dresses the results of sediment process monitoring only.  
12733 3               section 40 of the natural environment and rural communities act places a duty on  
ave regard to the purpose of conserving biodiversity. this project is to collect information fr 
ils, statutory undertakers, the police, fire service, health and transport authorities.  
12597 4  to charcoal, that is produced from the decomposition of plant-derived organic matter . to supp 
from the decomposition of plant-derived organic matter . to supplement this, we will hold exper 
vide an independent, multi-disciplinary assessment of the framing of the key issues as well as  
oject team will respond to the critical evaluation of the group and go back to group members wh 
12240 13 nage fertility, particularly in organic production systems, and reduce the incidence of soil-bo 
on systems, and reduce the incidence of soil-borne pests and disease. crop rotation and its ass 
e the incidence of soil-borne pests and disease. crop rotation and its associated management pr 
idence of soil-borne pests and disease. crop rotation and its associated management practices g 
sease. crop rotation and its associated management practices generally disrupt the life cycles  
crobial and invertebrate species in the soil, through host alternation and physical disturbance 
, through host alternation and physical disturbance. in recent years there has been considerabl 
 has been considerable interest in, and development of, management practices that increase the  
erable interest in, and development of, management practices that increase the diversity of veg 
 management practices that increase the diversity of vegetation within fields. these include co 
ractices that increase the diversity of vegetation within fields. these include components of t 
these include components of the england rural development programme environmental stewardship s 
s project for sampling entomopathogenic fungi and oomycete pathogens.  
12687 3                      to investigate and review the amount and different types of conservation a 
eview the amount and different types of conservation and education work which zoos are currentl 
st zoos in making their contribution to conservation as effective as possible.  
12489 11 this project will evaluate the range of indicators that relate to the natural environment, curr 
f indicators that relate to the natural environment, currently used by defra and other governme 
agencies, for their consistency with an ecosystems approach. many of the currently used indicat 
ms approach. many of the currently used indicators and targets relate to specific aspects of th 
late to specific aspects of the natural environment, for instance populations of individual spe 
an overall perspective on the health of ecosystems. this project will examine which of the curr 
ill examine which of the currently used indicators, or combinations of indicators, can best be  
tly used indicators, or combinations of indicators, can best be used monitor the health of ecos 
 can best be used monitor the health of ecosystems as a whole and the sustainable supply of eco 
s a whole and the sustainable supply of ecosystem services on which we depend. it will also rec 
epend. it will also recommend where new indicators or targets are needed and how best to go abo 
7526 3                                    good management of genetic resources implies in particular v 
is project proposes the revision of the taxonomy of the genus daucus, combining morphological a 
of sequences of ribosomal genes and the development of a bank morphological information gatheri 
14198 8  basic knowledge concerning the role of rhizosphere processes in the carbon and presented in in 
he role of rhizosphere processes in the carbon and presented in international conferences. the  
e conclusions related to the aspects of climate change will be introduced to the estonian socie 
onian society including the ministry of environment to improve the climate scenarios. on the ba 
 ministry of environment to improve the climate scenarios. on the basis of obtained knowledge p 
y of environment to improve the climate scenarios. on the basis of obtained knowledge practical 
mmendations will to improve sustainable management of deciduous forests on abandoned agricultur 
ove sustainable management of deciduous forests on abandoned agricultural areas.  
2188 7        among western european countries sweden has the largest area . we will develop and test  
 develop and test methods for restoring hydrology and plant biodiversity in drained rich fens.  
thods for restoring hydrology and plant biodiversity in drained rich fens. in co-operational pr 
jects we also aim to cover invertebrate diversity. a ph.d. project aims to strengthen the theor 
 aim to cover invertebrate diversity. a ph.d. project aims to strengthen the theoretical unders 
en the theoretical understanding of the biodiversity in rich fens and how this knowledge can be 
s knowledge can be applied in practical conservation.  
476 18                                         europe´s amphibians are disappearing: 18 of 81 species  
species are experiencing some degree of extinction threat and even widespread species are disap 
phibians are dying in the wild from the disease chytridiomycosis. nevertheless the extent that  
he extent that this invasive infectious disease is impacting on amphibian biodiversity is almos 
tious disease is impacting on amphibian biodiversity is almost completely unrecognised by europ 
ost completely unrecognised by european conservation agencies, governments and academic institu 
tion agencies, governments and academic institutions; this despite clear signs that this pathog 
´key threatening process´ for amphibian biodiversity and their associated roles in ecosystem-su 
diversity and their associated roles in ecosystem-support and servicing. to address this lack o 
. to address this lack of knowledge and conservation activities addressing this cryptic killer  
ler of amphibians, race will assess the risk that bd poses to european amphibians and will impl 
 first pan-european attempt to mitigate disease. we will do this by identifying the natural and 
technologies to rapidly acquire spatial disease and biodiversity data from field-teams of resea 
 to rapidly acquire spatial disease and biodiversity data from field-teams of researchers europ 
ty data from field-teams of researchers europe-wide. outputs of the epicollect system will be d 
ly integrated into the global amphibian disease surveillance effort. alongside field-data on th 
 outputs of race will be used to advise policy on an international level by involving partners  
ther eu-projects and the united nations environment program  
2202 12 is to develop a general methodology for risk analysis of invasions by alien species in aquatic  
ology for risk analysis of invasions by alien species in aquatic environments. the general meth 
 characteristics of the three phases of invasion are the most important for management and for  
 of invasion are the most important for management and for developments of incentives to reduce 
 for management and for developments of incentives to reduce invasions. this subtask will seek  
sk will address models that account for heterogeneity in distribution of the invading species a 
odels that account for heterogeneity in distribution of the invading species and in the donor h 
f the invading species and in the donor habitat. the third will refine the methodology by which 
act of an invader can be evaluated. the development of a methodology for the risk analysis is n 
he development of a methodology for the risk analysis is not foreseen to be the major challenge 
the methodology for extrapolations, the uncertainty of the risk analysis will be larger than if 
 extrapolations, the uncertainty of the risk analysis will be larger than if data were availabl 
12602 1                            road-testing soil-net in hampshire schools  
15037 6 s have been shown to importantly affect population dynamics and it is suggested that they may b 
olutionary models predict that rps-like population dynamics arise due to sexual selection by fe 
utionary mechanisms leading to rps-like population dynamics. using the common lizard as a model 
 dynamics. using the common lizard as a model organism, where rps-cycles have been discovered r 
y female strategies we will use in-vivo fertilization experiments. the here outlined experiment 
e responsible for rps-like colour-morph population dynamics and they will also unravel which fe 
10262 3 established, an intervening probability density may also be established that describes how the  
n a molecular clock analysis of a broad scale evolutionary event - the establishment of the pri 
ly, on variation in the areal extent of marine rock through the cryogenian-phanerozoic interval 
7527 5                              facing the extinction of many species, the scientific community is 
inction of many species, the scientific community is trying to understand, in the conservation  
mmunity is trying to understand, in the conservation biology, the processes related to the decl 
the future of their peoples in order to management optimal. . this study is part of the will of 
 capacity / reintroduction to develop a management program in the habitats concerned  
10216 20  contain only about 1.5% of terrestrial biomass. however, they provide a similar amount of tota 
rovide a similar amount of total annual production to that on land and the turnover time for or 
 that on land and the turnover time for organic matter is 1000-times faster in marine in compar 
 organic matter is 1000-times faster in marine in comparison to terrestrial ecosystems. this hi 
 in marine in comparison to terrestrial ecosystems. this highlights that grazing by zooplankton 
strial ecosystems. this highlights that grazing by zooplankton is disproportionally important a 
ystems. this highlights that grazing by zooplankton is disproportionally important and competit 
kton is disproportionally important and competition among grazers is high. it is not surprising 
zers is high. it is not surprising that phytoplankton have evolved mechanisms to protect themse 
 include morphological defences such as grazing-resistant shells, for example in armoured dinof 
s in the bitrophic interactions between predators and their prey. however, it is also well know 
ning defence strategy that involves the production of volatile signalling compounds . our proje 
tory experiments where we will quantify grazing of microzooplankton and copepods in relationshi 
epods in relationship to the ability of phytoplankton to make dms. these data will enable a fir 
ake dms. these data will enable a first assessment of grazing-induced production of dms in a tr 
 data will enable a first assessment of grazing-induced production of dms in a tritrophic frame 
e a first assessment of grazing-induced production of dms in a tritrophic framework. we will al 
rth-east atlantic. our data will inform modelling efforts that aim to predict the effect of dif 
m to predict the effect of differential production of dms on the susceptibility of microzooplan 
tibility of microzooplankton to copepod grazing and the fecundity of copepods. this part of our 
10925 20  contain only about 1.5% of terrestrial biomass. however, they provide a similar amount of tota 
rovide a similar amount of total annual production to that on land and the turnover time for or 
 that on land and the turnover time for organic matter is 1000-times faster in marine in compar 
 organic matter is 1000-times faster in marine in comparison to terrestrial ecosystems. this hi 
 in marine in comparison to terrestrial ecosystems. this highlights that grazing by zooplankton 
strial ecosystems. this highlights that grazing by zooplankton is disproportionally important a 
ystems. this highlights that grazing by zooplankton is disproportionally important and competit 
kton is disproportionally important and competition among grazers is high. it is not surprising 
zers is high. it is not surprising that phytoplankton have evolved mechanisms to protect themse 
 include morphological defences such as grazing-resistant shells, for example in armoured dinof 
s in the bitrophic interactions between predators and their prey. however, it is also well know 
ning defence strategy that involves the production of volatile signalling compounds . our proje 
tory experiments where we will quantify grazing of microzooplankton and copepods in relationshi 
epods in relationship to the ability of phytoplankton to make dms. these data will enable a fir 
ake dms. these data will enable a first assessment of grazing-induced production of dms in a tr 
 data will enable a first assessment of grazing-induced production of dms in a tritrophic frame 
e a first assessment of grazing-induced production of dms in a tritrophic framework. we will al 
rth-east atlantic. our data will inform modelling efforts that aim to predict the effect of dif 
m to predict the effect of differential production of dms on the susceptibility of microzooplan 
tibility of microzooplankton to copepod grazing and the fecundity of copepods. this part of our 
13822 3 sed upon a long-term spatially explicit monitoring program of four insect herbivores on a peren 
and indirect weather effects as well as habitat changes are investigated with the aid of time s 
predictive models for new environmental scenarios.  
13882 1  differences in feedbacks control which fish will mature or not.  
7179 2  an updated and documented inventory of alien species present on our territory is becoming a ne 
axa were assigned six quality levels of abundance / frequency. criteria descrition of taxa are: 
10790 15                                         methane-oxidizing bacteria , although three other mbs h 
                      methane-oxidizing bacteria , although three other mbs have been partially 
rs impact pmmo expression, methanotroph ecology, and methane oxidation rates in geochemical set 
o expression, methanotroph ecology, and methane oxidation rates in geochemical settings. initia 
ve different methanotrophs to assess mb production in known strains and types, and in isolates  
strains and types, and in isolates from soils with different native cu conditions. from this in 
 assessing the impact of cu mineralogy, nitrogen source, oxygen level, iron level, and other fa 
pact of cu mineralogy, nitrogen source, oxygen level, iron level, and other factors on pmmo exp 
nd other factors on pmmo expression and methane oxidation patterns will be performed using our  
on patterns will be performed using our model organism, m. trichosporium ob3b. based on these d 
3b. based on these data and also on the nature of new mbs discovered, final experiments on real 
s discovered, final experiments on real soils will be carried out to calibrate cu availability  
m defined mineral sources and different soils collected from natural systems. the ultimate goal 
eld studies on methanotrophs, assist in climate change studies, and provide a tool for predicti 
dies, and provide a tool for predicting methane oxidation rates based on geochemical informatio 
11250 5 st-genomic era is to understand how the environment impacts upon the genome. it is likely that  
ra is to understand how the environment impacts upon the genome. it is likely that much of the  
ences. micrornas stresses for fruitfly, temperature during early development for pufferfish and 
 for fruitfly, temperature during early development for pufferfish and egg steroid concentratio 
ition-dependent plumage pigmentation in birds. mirnas will be identified that show substantial  
11253 5 st-genomic era is to understand how the environment impacts upon the genome. it is likely that  
ra is to understand how the environment impacts upon the genome. it is likely that much of the  
ences. micrornas stresses for fruitfly, temperature during early development for pufferfish and 
 for fruitfly, temperature during early development for pufferfish and egg steroid concentratio 
ition-dependent plumage pigmentation in birds. mirnas will be identified that show substantial  
11482 5 st-genomic era is to understand how the environment impacts upon the genome. it is likely that  
ra is to understand how the environment impacts upon the genome. it is likely that much of the  
ences. micrornas stresses for fruitfly, temperature during early development for pufferfish and 
 for fruitfly, temperature during early development for pufferfish and egg steroid concentratio 
ition-dependent plumage pigmentation in birds. mirnas will be identified that show substantial  
11792 5 st-genomic era is to understand how the environment impacts upon the genome. it is likely that  
ra is to understand how the environment impacts upon the genome. it is likely that much of the  
ences. micrornas stresses for fruitfly, temperature during early development for pufferfish and 
 for fruitfly, temperature during early development for pufferfish and egg steroid concentratio 
ition-dependent plumage pigmentation in birds. mirnas will be identified that show substantial  
6897 1  by the mutations may contribute to the development of these illnesses. from a few patients suf 
11276 4 e up of tiny microscopic plants, termed phytoplankton because they photosynthesise leaked out o 
ine waters fuel 75% of total biological productivity in lower latitudes, they are, in the moder 
at may have ultimately driven increased efficiency of the biological carbon pump and thereby co 
 increased efficiency of the biological carbon pump and thereby contributed to the onset of the 
15213 7  look deeper into the role of oxidative stress in the design of phenotypes, and particularly, o 
, and particularly, on key life-history traits and reproductive strategies of vertebrates. aero 
tive strategies of vertebrates. aerobic respiration requires oxygen to generate energy, but lea 
rtebrates. aerobic respiration requires oxygen to generate energy, but lead to production of re 
respiration requires oxygen to generate energy, but lead to production of reactive-oxygen speci 
 oxygen to generate energy, but lead to production of reactive-oxygen species will be studied b 
rgy, but lead to production of reactive-oxygen species will be studied by analysing the oxidati 
15058 16                                     the invasion of exotic species is an important factor affec 
                        the invasion of exotic species is an important factor affecting biodive 
pecies is an important factor affecting biodiversity at a global scale. an unknown but importan 
ctor affecting biodiversity at a global scale. an unknown but important aspect in the study of  
wn but important aspect in the study of invasion dynamics is to understand what factors determi 
 what factors determine the capacity of invasion when an exotic species colonizes a new habitat 
ermine the capacity of invasion when an exotic species colonizes a new habitat. from the multip 
 when an exotic species colonizes a new habitat. from the multiplicity of hypotheses that have  
 their competitive ability in the novel habitat due to a decrease of herbivory pressure from sp 
 the novel habitat due to a decrease of herbivory pressure from specialists of their area of in 
s plants would assign more resources to growth and reproduction and fewer to chemical defenses. 
 however, once in the introduced range, invasive plants may also be colonized by local herbivor 
 be able to evaluate whether changes in herbivory are causing a post-invasive evolution of chem 
n herbivory are causing a post-invasive evolution of chemical defenses. finally, the informatio 
bivores and to unravel basic aspects of ecosystem dynamics during invasion.  
ic aspects of ecosystem dynamics during invasion.  
7640 6 ties generated a sharp deterioration in water quality. in the context of sustainable developmen 
ion in water quality. in the context of sustainable development of environmental and resource m 
velopment of environmental and resource management strategies have been implemented. in agricul 
l areas, lowering the levels of diffuse pollution is associated with the installation of grassy 
pollutants and particles present in the runoff thus promoting them treatment while limiting ero 
promoting them treatment while limiting erosion. phytobandes the project aims to characterize t 
6780 3  has been demonstrated to influence the energy balance of the organism and it was shown that mo 
ate the effect of the chronic restraint stress on the prrp mrna expression as a function of the 
stress on the prrp mrna expression as a function of the gonadal status in control and brainstem 
529 12 impact of agricultural practices on the biodiversity is often considered only as having a detri 
 effect on the latter. nevertheless new management methods show sources of reciprocal benefit b 
fit between these two dimensions of our environment. in this context the relationship linking a 
rgence between the aims of agricultural management and the preservation of biodiversity. the re 
ural management and the preservation of biodiversity. the return and sustainable viability of p 
ely ovine, which because of its natural mortality provides the basic food resources for these b 
ides the basic food resources for these birds. thus the griffon vulture, species that has alway 
elds but in charnel-houses. the initial management of this system consisted, as regards vulture 
evaluate the potential impact that some livestock procedures could have on the populations of s 
ld have on the populations of scavenger birds. - an eco-ethological approach on the impact that 
logical approach on the impact that the management of charnel-houses would have on the vultures 
casses and thus at the same time on the efficiency of the quartering and on the regulation of p 
10456 6                                   plant growth and development show remarkable plasticity in re 
                       plant growth and development show remarkable plasticity in response to c 
le plasticity in response to changes in environment. our understanding of these responses is po 
d. vernalization occurs at one stage of development and is then remembered until later in devel 
t and is then remembered until later in development. the epigenetic regulation of the arabidops 
he molecular variation underpinning the adaptation of arabidopsis accessions to varying winter  
14485 13 o evaluate the effect of the ecological diversity on the ecosystem resistance to biological inv 
fect of the ecological diversity on the ecosystem resistance to biological invasions. ants has  
e ecological diversity on the ecosystem resistance to biological invasions. ants has been chose 
iversity on the ecosystem resistance to biological invasions. ants has been chosen as the indic 
tem resistance to biological invasions. ants has been chosen as the indicator taxonomic group,  
 invasions. ants has been chosen as the indicator taxonomic group, since a dozen of non-native  
s a very high repercussion. a number of biodiversity variables will also be studied, especially 
y considering biological and structural diversity of the vegetation. we will focus on habitats  
logical and structural diversity of the vegetation. we will focus on habitats in which non-nati 
been recorded, including both river and urban systems, as well as considering the main mediterr 
ystems, as well as considering the main mediterranean ecosystems. the study sites will be situa 
l as considering the main mediterranean ecosystems. the study sites will be situated in the gua 
f potential biological contamination by ants is actually unknown .  
14099 4 ermines co2 uptake with minimal loss of water. plant hormone abscisic acid enables to visualize 
atal regulation is important for future agriculture in order to develop drought resistant crops 
 future agriculture in order to develop drought resistant crops, but also in the context of ana 
text of analyzing processes affected by climate change.  
11667 2 investigation of the interdependence of hypoxia . the likelihood for any species survival depen 
s survival depends significantly on the nature and extent of the hypoxic response. variation in 
7116 11 the impact of agricultural practices on biodiversity is often considered only at the expense of 
expense of the latter. however, the new management measures may reveal sources of mutual benefi 
fit between these two dimensions of our environment. . return and long-term viability of popula 
depend largely on their relationship to livestock, especially sheep, which provides, by its nat 
y sheep, which provides, by its natural mortality, most of the resources consumed by these bird 
most of the resources consumed by these birds. and the griffon vulture, species always present  
e in the field but on graves '. initial management of this system consists of guards vultures t 
enefits for each actor and optimize the sustainability of the system. - an ecotoxicological app 
ossible impact of certain treatments of livestock populations of scavenging. - an eco- ethologi 
hological approach of the impact of the management of graves on vultures prospecting methods, t 
egrate them to provide, in time, global management recommendations across different regions, bu 
7288 4 to test on a large number of temperate, mediterranean and tropical species i the existence of a 
dicting from chemical and morphological traits breathing speeds and root decomposition, ii the  
ogical traits breathing speeds and root decomposition, ii the potential of near infrared spectr 
d spectroscopy to characterize the root diversity  
7715 27               in the current context of climate change and the increasing world population, sol 
on, solutions are needed to ensure both ecological integrity and productivity of agricultural / 
to ensure both ecological integrity and productivity of agricultural / forest land. fao estimat 
rity and productivity of agricultural / forest land. fao estimated that more of 10 thousand ha  
nd in the world were degraded mainly by erosion and landslides, loss of land resulting also hav 
ving an impact on the amount of complex forest carbon. these systems will be chosen from differ 
 impact on the amount of complex forest carbon. these systems will be chosen from different pro 
e systems will be chosen from different production systems, in a wide range of climates. it was 
nge of climates. it was shown that root growth is stimulated more in complex communities quen m 
s of major interest for mixed crops and agroforestry. variations of root traits depending on th 
ps and agroforestry. variations of root traits depending on the depth of the soil will be exami 
ot traits depending on the depth of the soil will be examined at the level of individuals and p 
plant communities. the fate of C in the soil profile will be drawn by isotope chemistry. isotop 
tope tracer will provide information on water redistribution generated by the roots in a commun 
istribution generated by the roots in a community. the role of roots in the fight against erosi 
 the role of roots in the fight against erosion and landslides will also be clarified through e 
 clarified through experiments cohesive soil and aggregate stability, analysis of root traits a 
experiments cohesive soil and aggregate stability, analysis of root traits and their associated 
d aggregate stability, analysis of root traits and their associated functions, and the developm 
and their associated functions, and the development of numerical models integrating the root-so 
f numerical models integrating the root-soil relationships, will quantify ecosystem services an 
 root-soil relationships, will quantify ecosystem services and link them to certain composition 
s and link them to certain compositions traits. the tradeoffs between features and services wil 
hem to certain compositions traits. the tradeoffs between features and services will be studied 
of criteria related to site effects and management constraints. a major project is expected to  
ct is expected to produce a tool to aid decision-making and guidelines for users. our research  
be facilitated through partnership with agroforestry association, an NGO and a training / resea 
12760 13  increasing conflicts with agricultural stakeholders; risks to biodiversity and social impacts  
ith agricultural stakeholders; risks to biodiversity and social impacts are likely. it is essen 
lders; risks to biodiversity and social impacts are likely. it is essential that any future mit 
likely. it is essential that any future mitigation of such conflicts is carried out in an effec 
his project will focus on the potential impacts to agriculture and on possible management techn 
 will focus on the potential impacts to agriculture and on possible management techniques to mi 
 impacts to agriculture and on possible management techniques to mitigate those impacts. the st 
management techniques to mitigate those impacts. the study will provide a comprehensive review  
 the study will provide a comprehensive review and evaluation of the currently available contro 
will provide a comprehensive review and evaluation of the currently available control technique 
search necessary to develop appropriate management strategies. the study will help inform futur 
gies. the study will help inform future policy development in respect of the species.  
he study will help inform future policy development in respect of the species.  
10197 4 s predicted to regulate a wide range of traits in pseudomonas fluorescens sbw25. the full reper 
agenesis to generate, test and refine a model of the standard deviation 54 regulatory network.  
 network. the explanatory power of this model will be tested directly by analysing gene express 
e performance of mutants in the natural environment.  
13332 28  problem in developing policies to stop biodiversity loss is translating threats into a tangibl 
ting threats into a tangible factor for decision-making. rubicode will contribute to solving th 
ibute to solving this by examining what biodiversity does for us. biological units that provide 
 understanding of the need for adequate conservation policies, which are essential to halting b 
olicies, which are essential to halting biodiversity loss. nature is fundamentally dynamic, as  
essential to halting biodiversity loss. nature is fundamentally dynamic, as are the pressures o 
re the pressures of human activities on biodiversity, yet most conservation strategies still in 
an activities on biodiversity, yet most conservation strategies still involve a static view of  
rategies still involve a static view of nature. for the realisation of future conservation obje 
f nature. for the realisation of future conservation objectives it is critical that new strateg 
eloping integrated dynamic concepts for conservation strategies and examples of their applicati 
st significant european terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems by reviewing the impacts of globa 
ant european terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems by reviewing the impacts of global change on 
 freshwater ecosystems by reviewing the impacts of global change on those components of biodive 
 ecosystems by reviewing the impacts of global change on those components of biodiversity essen 
of global change on those components of biodiversity essential for maintaining ecosystem servic 
 biodiversity essential for maintaining ecosystem services. important and threatened services w 
 be identified and methods for relating biodiversity in dynamic ecosystems to the provision of  
ds for relating biodiversity in dynamic ecosystems to the provision of these services will be c 
ared and tested. frameworks for linking biodiversity traits to service provision and for improv 
ed. frameworks for linking biodiversity traits to service provision and for improving and testi 
provision and for improving and testing indicators will be developed and used to explore manage 
s will be developed and used to explore management strategies and inform priorities for biodive 
nt strategies and inform priorities for biodiversity conservation policy. rubicode will also id 
 and inform priorities for biodiversity conservation policy. rubicode will also identify curren 
a large number of external experts, and stakeholders from policy and practice communities, to e 
external experts, and stakeholders from policy and practice communities, to ensure the relevanc 
he new concepts, their integration into conservation and to help with their dissemination.  
11213 16 h s atmosphere are driving a process of global warming that will have a profound effect on plan 
at will have a profound effect on plant photosynthesis. some models of future climate change pr 
t photosynthesis. some models of future climate change predict alarming scenarios for the latte 
 future climate change predict alarming scenarios for the latter part of the 21st century, such 
we have to understand the mechanisms of adaptation of plant photosynthesis to varying co2 conce 
d the mechanisms of adaptation of plant photosynthesis to varying co2 concentrations and temper 
hesis to varying co2 concentrations and temperature. different plant species inhabit very diffe 
experience large seasonal variations in temperature in their natural habitats. they also had to 
apt to changes in co2 concentration and temperature that have changed considerably since the ev 
hat have changed considerably since the evolution of flowering plants. in this project, we will 
this project lies in the combination of phylogeny-based evolutionary genetic analysis of select 
isco complex that have been involved in adaptation to major shifts in species ecology. it shoul 
n adaptation to major shifts in species ecology. it should also provide an important example of 
ld also provide an important example of adaptation at the molecular level caused by specific ch 
level caused by specific changes in the environment for the most abundant enzyme in the world.  
tant challenge in the context of global climate change.  
219 7 planations to observed values of insect body size. in particular, given the strong correlation  
fecundity, it is hard to understand why insects do not evolve towards larger body sizes. a pote 
s in constraints on the shape of larval growth curve. such constraints are likely related to th 
ll be searched for invariants in larval growth, i.e. relationships between growth parameters th 
rval growth, i.e. relationships between growth parameters that are invariable across insect spe 
 to assess heritabilities of respective traits, and to detect possible trade-offs. optimality m 
spective traits, and to detect possible trade-offs. optimality models involving different sets  
15046 2  innovative approaches that lead to the development of new tools to better understand the mecha 
ew tools to be applied on environmental assessment.  
10405 7 oject is to promote the contribution of ecosystem services to alleviating poverty worldwide. in 
on of ecosystem services to alleviating poverty worldwide. internationally, many advocates and  
stablishment of systems of payments for environmental services review the conceptual framework  
 of payments for environmental services review the conceptual framework in the light of the cas 
ement with local, national and regional stakeholders will be assured through workshops, briefin 
a video, an innovative way of targeting policy-makers and project developers, together with an  
sentations. electronic dissemination of policy briefs, targeted at an international audience, a 
12564 14 scales in relation to variations in the marine environment, and develop a model to predict the  
in relation to variations in the marine environment, and develop a model to predict the impact  
n the marine environment, and develop a model to predict the impact of changes in the marine en 
to predict the impact of changes in the marine environment on return rates of salmon from speci 
ict the impact of changes in the marine environment on return rates of salmon from specific pop 
race element analysis to understand the distribution of other keystone fish species. key custom 
tand the distribution of other keystone fish species. key customer purpose: investigate salmon  
ey customer purpose: investigate salmon scale micro-chemistry in order to determine the factors 
 to determine the factors affecting the distribution and abundance of salmon in the sea. determ 
 factors affecting the distribution and abundance of salmon in the sea. determine how the predi 
ermine how the predicted changes in the marine environment may influence salmon populations and 
how the predicted changes in the marine environment may influence salmon populations and suppor 
ence salmon populations and support the conservation and sustainable management of salmon popul 
upport the conservation and sustainable management of salmon populations.  
2462 5 n important problem both in relation to fish farming and to the conservation of wild salmonids. 
 in relation to fish farming and to the conservation of wild salmonids. it is now estimated tha 
n lice eggs in the sea come from farmed fish. the majority of salmon lice have therefore change 
also has led to evolutionary changes in life history traits and in virulence of the parasite. a 
to evolutionary changes in life history traits and in virulence of the parasite. as there are n 
7106 6  realization of the need to include the management of biodiversity in agricultural public actio 
f the need to include the management of biodiversity in agricultural public action within a fra 
dvance in the process of integration of biodiversity into public action, it is necessary to hav 
ated. the first type of forum is on the"production of ideas". this valuation is register on the 
um is on the"production of ideas". this valuation is register on the strategic environmental ma 
 valuation is register on the strategic environmental management  
2541 30  the project is to identify appropriate policy means for biodiversity protection in an interdis 
o identify appropriate policy means for biodiversity protection in an interdisciplinary context 
asis for understanding of challenges to biodiversity will be developed through cooperation betw 
ect suggests a specific application for policy analysis of the nature index that illustrate how 
 application for policy analysis of the nature index that illustrate how different parts of soc 
and and express their understandings of biodiversity, threats to biodiversity, and the policies 
erstandings of biodiversity, threats to biodiversity, and the policies for biodiversity protect 
s to biodiversity, and the policies for biodiversity protection. a major challenge will be to e 
n. a major challenge will be to express biodiversity targets for the two major ecosystems open  
 biodiversity targets for the two major ecosystems open lowlands and forests in terms of the in 
 two major ecosystems open lowlands and forests in terms of the indicators from the nature inde 
en lowlands and forests in terms of the indicators from the nature index. this must be done in  
sts in terms of the indicators from the nature index. this must be done in a way that can be tr 
ne in a way that can be translated into environmental management strategies. these strategies w 
o economic models will be developed for evaluation of ecosystem services. for open lowland an e 
els will be developed for evaluation of ecosystem services. for open lowland an economic model  
 services. for open lowland an economic model of production methods will be extended to cover a 
. for open lowland an economic model of production methods will be extended to cover activities 
establish and sustain open lowland. for forest a model for carbon sequestration will be develop 
 and sustain open lowland. for forest a model for carbon sequestration will be developed and ex 
in open lowland. for forest a model for carbon sequestration will be developed and expressed in 
d and expressed in terms of an economic evaluation. the project will contribute to enhance the  
ibute to enhance the basis for adaptive planning by economic policy means, where adaptive plann 
basis for adaptive planning by economic policy means, where adaptive planning is understood as  
y economic policy means, where adaptive planning is understood as iterative implementation of p 
derstood as iterative implementation of policy means towards reaching a given policy objective  
f policy means towards reaching a given policy objective for biodiversity. the results will be  
s reaching a given policy objective for biodiversity. the results will be communicated to impor 
rtant national users as the ministry of environment, the ministry of agriculture and the minist 
inistry of environment, the ministry of agriculture and the ministry of finance.  
2548 10                           the norwegian nature diversity act stipulates that genetic diversity  
                   the norwegian nature diversity act stipulates that genetic diversity within  
an nature diversity act stipulates that genetic diversity within domesticated species is to be  
 on variety release, seed marketing and conservation varieties prohibit the distribution of see 
and conservation varieties prohibit the distribution of seeds among farmers, allowing only the  
es to conserve and sustainably use crop genetic diversity. although norway has chosen a less re 
onsistencies are resolved and norwegian policy can promote the conservation and sustainable use 
ed and norwegian policy can promote the conservation and sustainable use of crop genetic resour 
oncepts. the effects on regulations and management practice in norway are assessed. finally, we 
des plant sciences from other norwegian institutions in an advisory reference group. it will be 
10855 8       iron is an essential nutrient for marine organisms and plays an important role in primary 
 and plays an important role in primary productivity in the ocean and hence the uptake and prod 
y in the ocean and hence the uptake and production of gases associated with climate change such 
and production of gases associated with climate change such as carbon dioxide. accurate determi 
 associated with climate change such as carbon dioxide. accurate determinations of iron are the 
ndous amount has been learned about the distribution and biogeochemistry of iron in recent year 
been learned about the distribution and biogeochemistry of iron in recent years, but the abilit 
ins problematic. this work proposes the participation in an international intercomparison exerc 
7623 6                                     the ecological engineering aims to manipulate the beneficia 
 organisms to communities to strengthen ecosystem services to which they contribute. in this co 
ntribute. in this context, we know that earthworms contribute to many critical services for pla 
ute to many critical services for plant production. we propose to test the hypothesis that the  
est the hypothesis that the increase in abundance in the field can have a positive impact on th 
the aim of this project is to show that earthworms can be used as control agent against foot ro 
13585 5 f the saprolegniaceae are ubiquitous in freshwater environments and can greatly influence popul 
ce populations of aquatic animals, e.g. fish, amphibians and crustaceans. i plan to study the t 
fic aims: affecting particular types of fish and to which extent the fish community is influenc 
r types of fish and to which extent the fish community is influencing which types of saprolegni 
es of fish and to which extent the fish community is influencing which types of saprolegnia and 
14378 5 he most important constraints on animal productivity and welfare. the life cycle of the liver f 
this project. the research focus is the development of a methodology to delineate swbs and thei 
on rates in order to create liver fluke risk maps at the landscape scale.  
 to create liver fluke risk maps at the landscape scale.  
 liver fluke risk maps at the landscape scale.  
11573 3  of the importance they have for global climate thanks to our technological developments in dat 
is strategically important to ocean and climate modelling, but which are still relatively data  
egically important to ocean and climate modelling, but which are still relatively data sparse d 
15428 13 here presented aims to study the lichen diversity from the river coa valley , which is for the  
e first time subject of studies of this nature, and including the introduction of laser cleanin 
1.- to increase the knowledge on lichen diversity from portugal and spain. this is expected to  
e on lichen diversity from portugal and spain. this is expected to be accomplished by focusing  
 by focusing in two areas with peculiar geomorphology and climate. 2.- to characterize the lich 
o areas with peculiar geomorphology and climate. 2.- to characterize the lichen flora colonizin 
 well as the definition of each species conservation status. 3.- to characterize thorough the l 
 to establish their influence on lichen growth and distribution. 4.- to analyse the chemical, p 
sh their influence on lichen growth and distribution. 4.- to analyse the chemical, physical and 
logical alteration of schist induced by lichens. 5.- to evaluate and compare the success of dif 
 laser radiation, in the elimination of lichens colonizing schist, and their potential impacts  
 colonizing schist, and their potential impacts on stone properties. 6.- to establish conservat 
s on stone properties. 6.- to establish conservation strategies for the protection of both the  
2466 6  the consumption of seafood or drinking water, which is infested with the neurotoxic alkaloid s 
tantly related organisms, which are the cyanobacteria and dinoflagellates, spanning two kingdom 
nthesis, metabolic or eco-physiological function, how this pathway has evolved, and what its ph 
hesis of psts have been identified from cyanobacteria. this new information will be used as a b 
ifically, this study will elucidate the function of each biosynthetic gene in the synthesis of  
ed from dinoflagellates to recreate the evolution of these genes with regard to their phylogene 
15395 5 . to experimentally assess whether post-dispersal seed predation affects differentially aggrega 
imentally assess whether post-dispersal seed predation affects differentially aggregated and is 
 experimental evaluate whether seedling predation by herbivores affects differentially aggregat 
likely to experience a positive fitness-density relation that relatively large populations. 10. 
imating the cumulative probabilities of recruitment for aggregated and isolated individuals of  
11474 11 everything from wastewater treatment to productivity of soil, seas through to freshwater and di 
wastewater treatment to productivity of soil, seas through to freshwater and disease. however,  
o productivity of soil, seas through to freshwater and disease. however, the assembly of large  
of soil, seas through to freshwater and disease. however, the assembly of large communities in  
ven fundamental descriptors such as the diversity remain unmeasured. there is a desperate need  
are proposing to implement a stochastic model for microbial populations that is more commonly a 
 that is more commonly applied in macro-scale ecology. the model as it stands assumes self-simi 
is more commonly applied in macro-scale ecology. the model as it stands assumes self-similarity 
nly applied in macro-scale ecology. the model as it stands assumes self-similarity in the resou 
ssumes self-similarity in the resource `landscape, which will only be true at certain scales. w 
laxing this assumption, thus making the model more applicable over a range of scales.  
7480 12 plications. the emphasis will be on the development of a scaleable solution which will allow a  
hich will be the basis of an integrated development environment for videocommunication applicat 
 the basis of an integrated development environment for videocommunication applications. the de 
meworks. in parallel with the algorithm development, research on a flexible hardware architectu 
 to add pointing features to be used in environment such as the distance learning application.  
ions concern scaleability, verification model and core experiments. a real time encoding of h.2 
y. a key feature of the approach is the development of a videocoding toolbox to permit coder pe 
as possible. a tightly coupled hardware development to achieve real time operation will facilit 
ormed for two different applications: a forest surveillance and fire detection system in portug 
applications: a forest surveillance and fire detection system in portugal and distant learning  
in sparsely populated areas of northern sweden. in the first application a global surveillance  
pplication a global surveillance of the forest will be performed using a network of surveillanc 
13349 24     our capacity to effectively sustain biodiversity across spatial and temporal scales is an e 
ial component of european environmental sustainability. anthropogenic and environmental pressur 
opogenic and environmental pressures on biodiversity act differently at different scales. conse 
fferent scales. consequently, effective conservation responses to these threats must explicitly 
se threats must explicitly consider the scale at which effects occur, and therefore it is cruci 
 crucial that administrative levels and planning scales match the relevant biological scales. t 
project will provide the scientific and policy research needed to guide scale-dependent managem 
fic and policy research needed to guide scale-dependent management actions. it will assess and  
esearch needed to guide scale-dependent management actions. it will assess and model the scalin 
 management actions. it will assess and model the scaling properties of natural and anthropogen 
thropogenic processes and the resulting scale-dependencies of the impacts of these pressures on 
the resulting scale-dependencies of the impacts of these pressures on various levels of biodive 
of these pressures on various levels of biodiversity from genes to ecosystem functions. to faci 
us levels of biodiversity from genes to ecosystem functions. to facilitate these assessment met 
cosystem functions. to facilitate these assessment methods for upscaling and downscaling biodiv 
t methods for upscaling and downscaling biodiversity data will be reviewed and improved. scales 
l further evaluate the effectiveness of management and policy responses to biodiversity loss in 
ate the effectiveness of management and policy responses to biodiversity loss in terms of their 
s of management and policy responses to biodiversity loss in terms of their scale-relevance and 
 to biodiversity loss in terms of their scale-relevance and will develop new tools for matching 
finally, a resulting methodological and policy framework for enhancing the effectiveness of eur 
enhancing the effectiveness of european biodiversity conservation across scales will be develop 
. this framework focuses on networks of protected areas and regional connectivity. this framewo 
etworks of protected areas and regional connectivity. this framework will be disseminated to a  
10082 12                                         body size influences an organism s energetic requiremen 
exploitation, and its susceptibility to predation. general relations between population density 
n. general relations between population density and body size in benthic animal assemblages may 
elations between population density and body size in benthic animal assemblages may be attribut 
ed to non-metabolic constraints such as habitat complexity. we aim to examine substratum surfac 
y. we aim to examine substratum surface heterogeneity and its possible fractal characteristics  
ctal characteristics upon the body-size distribution of benthic communities. in streams across  
distribution of benthic communities. in streams across the uk, we shall explore if scaling of d 
 the uk, we shall explore if scaling of density to body size converges across communities. we a 
 shall explore if scaling of density to body size converges across communities. we also aim to  
nal scales of observation may influence body size and population density.  
 may influence body size and population density.  
10841 6                               diving of marine vertebrates is a biological phenomenon which is  
remotely monitor the behaviour of large marine vertebrates over extended periods. it is propose 
 hypotheses relating to the behavioural ecology of the hawksbill turtle at two sites in the car 
ow turtles of different sizes use their environment both in space and time. the project will al 
between up-and-coming uk scientists and wildlife experts in each of the cayman islands and brit 
hts into the biology of this critically endangered species, allowing managers to better protect 
7478 22              spiral aims to enhance the connectivity between biodiversity research and policy m 
ims to enhance the connectivity between biodiversity research and policy making. although conse 
ivity between biodiversity research and policy making. although conservation and the sustainabl 
ty research and policy making. although conservation and the sustainable use of biodiversity ar 
conservation and the sustainable use of biodiversity are fundamental requisites of human well-b 
diversity are fundamental requisites of human well-being, the biodiversity issue raises unprece 
tal requisites of human well-being, the biodiversity issue raises unprecedented challenges rega 
recedented challenges regarding science-policy interfaces. the project proposes state of the ar 
t interdisciplinary research on science-policy interfaces for sustainability governance at the  
search on science-policy interfaces for sustainability governance at the theoretical, methodolo 
ce-policy interfaces for sustainability governance at the theoretical, methodological and pract 
hat are currently emerging to interface biodiversity research and sustainability policy. the pr 
 to interface biodiversity research and sustainability policy. the project will also provide an 
iodiversity research and sustainability policy. the project will also provide an opportunity fo 
tunity for the main actual or potential policy actors and stakeholders in biodiversity science- 
n actual or potential policy actors and stakeholders in biodiversity science-policy interfaces  
ntial policy actors and stakeholders in biodiversity science-policy interfaces to learn, share  
nd stakeholders in biodiversity science-policy interfaces to learn, share experiences and netwo 
s, networking opportunities, handbooks, policy briefs, targeted synthetic reports, an internet  
te. overall this will allow scientists, policy-makers and other stakeholders to capitalise on a 
low scientists, policy-makers and other stakeholders to capitalise on a better understanding of 
se on a better understanding of science-policy interfaces and implement better practices.  
13860 12                                         forestry in the tropics is changing towards increased a 
                        forestry in the tropics is changing towards increased awareness of issu 
owards increased awareness of issues of environment and sustainability. environmental guideline 
 awareness of issues of environment and sustainability. environmental guidelines, rils, have be 
ainly relate to issues of regeneration, soil and water; biodiversity aspects are largely lackin 
ate to issues of regeneration, soil and water; biodiversity aspects are largely lacking. a pilo 
issues of regeneration, soil and water; biodiversity aspects are largely lacking. a pilot proje 
ect 2003 - 2005, in cooperation between sweden, cifor and vietnam and financed by sida and vr,  
n cooperation between sweden, cifor and vietnam and financed by sida and vr, aims at producing  
anced by sida and vr, aims at producing biodiversity-oriented rils. two workshops with scientis 
rils. two workshops with scientists and forest managers have shown that there is large interest 
. in the proposed project, a literature review of plants for the long-term preservation of plan 
14711 6  problems has highly benefited from the evolution experienced by the computers capacity and com 
l hydrodynamics and solute transport in water can be modelled by means of numerical methods abl 
/chemical reaction terms, the resulting water quality model depends on a set of parameters not  
tion terms, the resulting water quality model depends on a set of parameters not sufficiently w 
come necessary in order to evaluate the distribution and evolution of the relevant variables un 
 order to evaluate the distribution and evolution of the relevant variables under different con 
14710 12 bjective of this project is to know the efficiency of a strategy for riverine wetlands restorat 
e efficiency of a strategy for riverine wetlands restoration based on combining the flood poten 
ncy of a strategy for riverine wetlands restoration based on combining the flood potencial and  
encial and the auto-organization of the ecosystem. lack of this combination has been the reason 
 the reason for failures in dloodplains restoration activities developed in practices with no r 
redictive capacity of flood models, the efficiency of re-connecting wetlands and the practice o 
models, the efficiency of re-connecting wetlands and the practice of planting vs. auto-organiza 
nting vs. auto-organization of riverine wetlands. the results will be useful to be applied as s 
ful to be applied as strategies for the ecological restoration of wetlands at large scale in fl 
egies for the ecological restoration of wetlands at large scale in floodplains of regulated riv 
ogical restoration of wetlands at large scale in floodplains of regulated rivers.  
large scale in floodplains of regulated rivers.  
12426 9 ortunity to assess current reserach and monitoring many need to be adapted to meet requirements 
ments; by bringing together experts and policy makers. key customer purpose: the marine strateg 
olicy makers. key customer purpose: the marine strategy framework directive supports uk governm 
diverse seas, and recognises that since marine pollution and other impacts often transcend nati 
 seas, and recognises that since marine pollution and other impacts often transcend national bo 
s that since marine pollution and other impacts often transcend national boundaries, national a 
onal boundaries, national action on the marine environment needs to be supported by a framework 
undaries, national action on the marine environment needs to be supported by a framework to ens 
ng associated environmental targets and indicators.  
15579 1 f scin . what do they contribute to the ecosystems co2-fixation/n-input how unique are the key  
12064 10                                     the millennium ecosystem assessment . as a result, the scie 
ssessment . as a result, the scientific community, decision makers, and managers do not yet hav 
yet have a high degree of confidence in model projections. the first objective of this project  
neration of models of plant response to climate change that can address several of the key shor 
gers with quantitative estimates of the impacts of climate change and climate extremes on plant 
uantitative estimates of the impacts of climate change and climate extremes on plant diversity  
es of the impacts of climate change and climate extremes on plant diversity and to collaborate  
 climate change and climate extremes on plant diversity and to collaborate on the development o 
ant diversity and to collaborate on the development of adaptive management strategies.  
nd to collaborate on the development of adaptive management strategies.  
12584 24 quirements of the inter-departmental uk soil indicators consortium to develop a set of policy r 
ments of the inter-departmental uk soil indicators consortium to develop a set of policy releva 
dicators consortium to develop a set of policy relevant and scientifically robust indicators of 
licy relevant and scientifically robust indicators of soil quality. sqid phase ii . the data de 
and scientifically robust indicators of soil quality. sqid phase ii . the data derived from cs2 
wn on the usefulness of each biological indicator to national-scale soil monitoring; the robust 
f each biological indicator to national-scale soil monitoring; the robustness of the different  
 biological indicator to national-scale soil monitoring; the robustness of the different type o 
ogical indicator to national-scale soil monitoring; the robustness of the different type of inf 
st implications, of application of each indicator in a large-scale monitoring scheme and the re 
pplication of each indicator in a large-scale monitoring scheme and the relative value of the i 
tion of each indicator in a large-scale monitoring scheme and the relative value of the indicat 
ng scheme and the relative value of the indicator with respect to others, including issues of c 
ing on ecological processes and the key soil functions. this information can be used by uk-sic  
 inform the specification of biological indicators for national-scale soil monitoring and for o 
n of biological indicators for national-scale soil monitoring and for other policy-related soil 
iological indicators for national-scale soil monitoring and for other policy-related soil issue 
ical indicators for national-scale soil monitoring and for other policy-related soil issues. th 
nal-scale soil monitoring and for other policy-related soil issues. the information will also b 
monitoring and for other policy-related soil issues. the information will also be invaluable to 
o be invaluable to the wider scientific community since it will a comprehensive assessment of e 
community since it will a comprehensive assessment of ecologically-relevant components of the s 
ecologically-relevant components of the soil community.  
gically-relevant components of the soil community.  
12708 9                               a scoping review of the implications for wetlands of energy gener 
 scoping review of the implications for wetlands of energy generation and distribution activiti 
iew of the implications for wetlands of energy generation and distribution activities, covering 
s for wetlands of energy generation and distribution activities, covering both the conventional 
ing both the conventional and renewable energy sectors, with reference to issues concerning cli 
rs, with reference to issues concerning climate change and wetlands, linking as appropriate to  
to issues concerning climate change and wetlands, linking as appropriate to work done in relati 
d taking account of up-to-date evolving policy perspectives in these sectors and on issues of e 
tives in these sectors and on issues of energy security in general.  
12183 19                                         soils in the moist regions of england are especially vu 
ds of the year. under enclosed and open grassland, farm traffic and heavy grazing are the princ 
 open grassland, farm traffic and heavy grazing are the principal causes of compaction. traditi 
al causes of compaction. traditionally, soil compaction has been seen solely as a cause of redu 
seen solely as a cause of reduced grass productivity. however soil compaction, in its various f 
 of reduced grass productivity. however soil compaction, in its various forms, also impacts on  
 compaction, in its various forms, also impacts on above and below ground biodiversity, the flo 
 also impacts on above and below ground biodiversity, the flows and quality of natural waters a 
n these fields and will also include an assessment of the extent, causes and also potential rem 
so potential remediation techniques for soil compaction. the study will be of relevance to defr 
elevance to defra as the maintenance of biodiversity and environmental quality are cornerstones 
onmental stewardship contain a range of management options for grassland farmers. in many insta 
ntain a range of management options for grassland farmers. in many instances, farmers who have  
particular option are obliged to follow management prescriptions that may influence the extent  
ptions that may influence the extent of soil compaction. this project will seek to elaborate an 
ny synergies and conflicts between good soil management and the environmental stewardship schem 
describing the effects of compaction on biodiversity and the quality of the natural environment 
iversity and the quality of the natural environment will be written as well as a full technical 
ws and knowledge of a wider audience of stakeholders.  
12180 29 tions are available to farmers to amend land management practices in order to protect resources 
der to protect resources and to enhance biodiversity by means of creating or restoring suitable 
ts. however, due to the complexities of nature, the advantages of creating wildlife habitats ma 
s of nature, the advantages of creating wildlife habitats may be detrimental to the environment 
life habitats may be detrimental to the environment in other ways. for example, leaving land fa 
land fallow to encourage ground-nesting birds may leave the land susceptible to nitrate leachin 
birds may leave the land susceptible to nitrate leaching due to minimal crop cover, and phospha 
crop cover, and phosphate losses due to soil erosion. in order to assess whether agri-environme 
oil erosion. in order to assess whether agri-environment schemes are beneficial overall an unde 
anding of the processes relevant to the habitat restoration scenarios is required. the objectiv 
f the processes relevant to the habitat restoration scenarios is required. the objectives of th 
ses relevant to the habitat restoration scenarios is required. the objectives of this research  
re to: 1. establish the extent to which habitat restoration occurs in england under environment 
. establish the extent to which habitat restoration occurs in england under environmental stewa 
escribe or predict the likely impact of habitat restoration on nutrient losses. 3. consider the 
or predict the likely impact of habitat restoration on nutrient losses. 3. consider the wider i 
losses. 3. consider the wider impact of habitat restoration on a the fate of nutrients beyond t 
3. consider the wider impact of habitat restoration on a the fate of nutrients beyond the catch 
of habitat restoration on a the fate of nutrients beyond the catchment of restoration, b the fa 
te of nutrients beyond the catchment of restoration, b the fate of other compounds, and c other 
ntal factors. 4. analyse the benefit of habitat restoration vs the overall environmental impact 
tors. 4. analyse the benefit of habitat restoration vs the overall environmental impact in fisc 
t of habitat restoration vs the overall environmental impact in fiscal terms, including the con 
l terms, including the consideration of mitigation options. 5. identify areas of uncertainty in 
itigation options. 5. identify areas of uncertainty in the knowledge base and recommend actions 
 could be used to predict the impact of land management practices associated with agri-environm 
nd management practices associated with agri-environment schemes on nutrient losses in relation 
t losses in relation to factors such as soil type, topography, land use.  
 factors such as soil type, topography, land use.  
12619 4 rmine the feasibility of populating the land use component of the land use, land use change and 
opulating the land use component of the land use, land use change and forestry .  
the land use component of the land use, land use change and forestry .  
nt of the land use, land use change and forestry .  
12188 17 bjective is to maintain and improve the biodiversity, natural resources, landscape and historic 
 maintain and improve the biodiversity, natural resources, landscape and historical value of en 
ve the biodiversity, natural resources, landscape and historical value of england’s uplands, an 
england’s uplands, and to contribute to climate change mitigation and adaptation, by supporting 
ds, and to contribute to climate change mitigation and adaptation, by supporting the land manag 
ribute to climate change mitigation and adaptation, by supporting the land management practices 
ation and adaptation, by supporting the land management practices which deliver these benefits. 
y objective is to contribute to genetic conservation, especially of hardy native sheep breeds a 
nd hefted flocks. it is intended that a monitoring programme will be carried out to assess the  
scheme uptake, and outcomes in terms of management changes, environmental deliverables, farmer  
tudy to develop a specification for the monitoring programme, including the establishment of a  
t and indirect measurement of outcomes, modelling and the use of case studies. the project will 
ill be held at which each aspect of the monitoring programme will be examined in turn, and pote 
ts will need to be devised that measure indicators which can be used to model impacts on the ta 
measure indicators which can be used to model impacts on the target environmental variables. a  
e indicators which can be used to model impacts on the target environmental variables. a range  
get environmental variables. a range of monitoring approaches, from remote, indirect to on the  
12488 2 ne potential benefits of undertaking an ecosystem assessment for england.  
al benefits of undertaking an ecosystem assessment for england.  
14622 16  most of the legionellosis outbreaks in spain originate in cooling towers and sanitary water po 
riginate in cooling towers and sanitary water polluted with legionella pneumophila. in accordan 
ing and disinfection as well as regular monitoring of the physic-chemical parameters and microb 
nd microbiological contamination of the water. however, monthly monitoring of the total heterot 
mination of the water. however, monthly monitoring of the total heterotrophic plate count and l 
ms. and they could be used as microbial indicators of this bacteria. an study of the prevalence 
be used as microbial indicators of this bacteria. an study of the prevalence of different strai 
ciated with legionella or became either indicators or determine the presence or absence of the  
analysed. physicochemical parameters as temperature, ph, fe, cysteine and presence of biocide w 
sicochemical parameters as temperature, ph, fe, cysteine and presence of biocide will be analys 
ganisms that encourage the survival and growth of legionella: protozoa that can be parasitated  
protozoa that can be parasitated by the bacteria, as hartanmella and acanthomoeba and bacteria  
ia, as hartanmella and acanthomoeba and bacteria such as flavobacterium; b those micro organism 
acterium; b those micro organisms whose ecology is similar, so they can survive and growth in t 
ogy is similar, so they can survive and growth in the same medium, such as aeromonas spp. and p 
s spp. and pseudomonas spp. all of them growth faster and are also easier to quantify than legi 
12289 17 nd environmental reasons to improve the efficiency with which crops capture and use water and n 
ciency with which crops capture and use water and nutrients in the soil. as pressure increases  
h which crops capture and use water and nutrients in the soil. as pressure increases on global  
ture and use water and nutrients in the soil. as pressure increases on global food prices and s 
upply, a balance is needed between food production and the maintenance of healthy and diverse o 
e maintenance of healthy and diverse of ecosystems. high water abstraction and diffuse pollutio 
healthy and diverse of ecosystems. high water abstraction and diffuse pollution from fertiliser 
ems. high water abstraction and diffuse pollution from fertilisers can have negative impacts on 
tion from fertilisers can have negative impacts on adjacent ecosystems. nitrogen . this will pr 
s can have negative impacts on adjacent ecosystems. nitrogen . this will provide data on the ro 
egative impacts on adjacent ecosystems. nitrogen . this will provide data on the root growth an 
en . this will provide data on the root growth and lateral root number, growth rate and angle o 
he root growth and lateral root number, growth rate and angle of these accessions and will comp 
ions and will complement existing trait evaluation work for these lines in wq0119. this work wi 
rk within oregin and the wider brassica community. these projects deliver directly to defras po 
ese projects deliver directly to defras policy objectives on water quality.  
directly to defras policy objectives on water quality.  
13787 19 dynamic interactions between commercial fisheries, fish stocks and natural predators, since sea 
eractions between commercial fisheries, fish stocks and natural predators, since seabirds often 
cial fisheries, fish stocks and natural predators, since seabirds often are top predators shari 
predators, since seabirds often are top predators sharing a resource base with the fisheries. c 
dators sharing a resource base with the fisheries. changes in the fish stocks may have effects  
base with the fisheries. changes in the fish stocks may have effects on all life stages of fish 
 may have effects on all life stages of fish predators. the response will partly be determined  
have effects on all life stages of fish predators. the response will partly be determined by st 
dependent variables and seabirds in the baltic sea as a case study to integrate detailed studie 
ate detailed studies of state-dependant life history responses in predators and responses of ec 
ate-dependant life history responses in predators and responses of ecologically similar predato 
s and responses of ecologically similar predator species with changes in abundance and conditio 
imilar predator species with changes in abundance and condition of prey. indirect impacts will  
undance and condition of prey. indirect impacts will be addressed more specifically, by studyin 
agic fishes in the baltic and waterfowl mortality and lowered seabird reproduction during the p 
ill provide a scientific foundation for ecosystem-based management that will safeguard viable s 
n addition, this will be valuable for a management of ecosystems striving for maintaining the a 
is will be valuable for a management of ecosystems striving for maintaining the ability to deli 
aining the ability to deliver desirable ecosystem goods and services.  
2490 7           seapop is a new and long-term monitoring and mapping programme for norwegian seabirds 
p is a new and long-term monitoring and mapping programme for norwegian seabirds that was estab 
e knowledge of seabirds for an improved management of this marine environment. the data analyse 
irds for an improved management of this marine environment. the data analyses aim to develop fu 
r an improved management of this marine environment. the data analyses aim to develop further m 
im to develop further models of seabird distribution and population dynamics using different en 
ther models of seabird distribution and population dynamics using different environmental param 
15142 3 current proposal is based on the recent development of a bin map in a quercus robur x q. petrae 
te oaks species with largest ecological diversity and distribution areas. due to colinearity am 
s with largest ecological diversity and distribution areas. due to colinearity among the white  
10501 2 at testing the hypothesis of a southern dispersal of modern humans will be produced, as well as 
 the environmental likelihood of such a dispersal event, and the degree of empirical support fr 
10473 2 at testing the hypothesis of a southern dispersal of modern humans will be produced, as well as 
 the environmental likelihood of such a dispersal event, and the degree of empirical support fr 
11105 6 tle on good quality winter and breeding habitat can determine their survival and reproductive s 
t sites at both ends of the range. this connectivity has considerable consequences for demograp 
nces for demography, life histories and conservation. in many migratory birds, parents migrate  
ies and conservation. in many migratory birds, parents migrate independently of their offspring 
in feathers can determine the wintering habitat of breeding birds. understanding these settleme 
rmine the wintering habitat of breeding birds. understanding these settlement decisions will al 
11434 6 tle on good quality winter and breeding habitat can determine their survival and reproductive s 
t sites at both ends of the range. this connectivity has considerable consequences for demograp 
nces for demography, life histories and conservation. in many migratory birds, parents migrate  
ies and conservation. in many migratory birds, parents migrate independently of their offspring 
in feathers can determine the wintering habitat of breeding birds. understanding these settleme 
rmine the wintering habitat of breeding birds. understanding these settlement decisions will al 
10481 2 s, many higher organisms use changes in temperature and daylength with phenotypic variation we  
loping biological markers for assessing climate change.  
11780 2 ganisms which are involve in processing carbon. the extra neutron in heavy 13c provides a uniqu 
 the functionally active species in the environment. we will rapidly detect labelled species us 
14613 5 be compared with those from the primary parasitoids and the hosts. this way we pretend to evalu 
s, in order to observe if the secondary parasitoids evolve together with the primary parasitoid 
itoids evolve together with the primary parasitoids and/or the principal hosts. with all this,  
n in order to help the establishment of biological control programs of some plagues of hemipter 
pters, considering not only the primary parasitoids, but also the organisms that control these  
15292 7  within their uropygial gland symbiotic bacteria which are responsible of the production of sev 
c bacteria which are responsible of the production of several compounds found in the secretion, 
which probably are due to the symbiotic bacteria, however the knowledge about this mutualistic  
ce. one of the possible benefits of the symbiosis for hoopoes could be protecting eggs against  
d be protecting eggs against pathogenic bacteria, given that females cover eggs in secretion so 
 by hoopoes from their interaction with bacteria living within their gland by checking the effe 
 for vertical transmission of symbiotic bacteria to developing embryos.  
7466 24     our capacity to effectively sustain biodiversity across spatial and temporal scales is an e 
ial component of european environmental sustainability. anthropogenic and environmental pressur 
opogenic and environmental pressures on biodiversity act differently at different scales. conse 
fferent scales. consequently, effective conservation responses to these threats must explicitly 
se threats must explicitly consider the scale at which effects occur, and therefore it is cruci 
 crucial that administrative levels and planning scales match the relevant biological scales. t 
project will provide the scientific and policy research needed to guide scale-dependent managem 
fic and policy research needed to guide scale-dependent management actions. it will assess and  
esearch needed to guide scale-dependent management actions. it will assess and model the scalin 
 management actions. it will assess and model the scaling properties of natural and anthropogen 
thropogenic processes and the resulting scale-dependencies of the impacts of these pressures on 
the resulting scale-dependencies of the impacts of these pressures on various levels of biodive 
of these pressures on various levels of biodiversity from genes to ecosystem functions. to faci 
us levels of biodiversity from genes to ecosystem functions. to facilitate these assessment met 
cosystem functions. to facilitate these assessment methods for up-scaling and downscaling biodi 
 methods for up-scaling and downscaling biodiversity data will be reviewed and improved. scales 
l further evaluate the effectiveness of management and policy responses to biodiversity loss in 
ate the effectiveness of management and policy responses to biodiversity loss in terms of their 
s of management and policy responses to biodiversity loss in terms of their scale-relevance and 
 to biodiversity loss in terms of their scale-relevance and will develop new tools for matching 
finally, a resulting methodological and policy framework for enhancing the effectiveness of eur 
enhancing the effectiveness of european biodiversity conservation across scales will be develop 
. this framework focuses on networks of protected areas and regional connectivity. this framewo 
etworks of protected areas and regional connectivity. this framework will be disseminated to a  
13949 21  in addition, a current concern is that nutrients stored in bottom sediments could be released  
e released when disturbed, regenerating nutrients into an already eutrophic ecosystem. whether  
ing nutrients into an already eutrophic ecosystem. whether these contaminants and nutrients rem 
osystem. whether these contaminants and nutrients remain buried or are subsequently remobilised 
ch as waves and bottom trawling. in the baltic sea, bottom trawling is used to catch demersal f 
ttom trawling is used to catch demersal fish species such as cod, a process that causes substan 
 cod, a process that causes substantial disturbance to the sediment. however, the extent and im 
t causes substantial disturbance to the sediment. however, the extent and implications of this  
er, the extent and implications of this disturbance have not been investigated. the aim of this 
ne for the first time the importance of sediment resuspension by trawling in the baltic sea. we 
ediment resuspension by trawling in the baltic sea. we will do this by combining detailed fishi 
. we will do this by combining detailed fishing effort data with field-derived estimates of amo 
h field-derived estimates of amounts of sediment, contaminants and nutrients resuspended by tra 
f amounts of sediment, contaminants and nutrients resuspended by trawling, predictions based on 
, predictions based on an oceanographic model, and assessments of the bioavailability of resusp 
junction with eu requirements on common fisheries policy, sustainability and conservation will  
ith eu requirements on common fisheries policy, sustainability and conservation will be vital f 
equirements on common fisheries policy, sustainability and conservation will be vital for futur 
on fisheries policy, sustainability and conservation will be vital for future sustainable manag 
on will be vital for future sustainable management of the baltic sea.  
or future sustainable management of the baltic sea.  
14728 9 r group on key questions related to the conservation of biodiversity, interactions, and genetic 
uestions related to the conservation of biodiversity, interactions, and genetic makeup in globa 
ty, interactions, and genetic makeup in global change scenarios. our methods are interdisciplin 
ns, and genetic makeup in global change scenarios. our methods are interdisciplinary, encompass 
ariation in plants where animals act as pollinators and seed dispersers is markedly structured  
 of this structure crucially depends on connectivity patterns among the distinct populations, m 
m with widespread ones, on the basis of connectivity patterns estimated from ssr and aflp genet 
 markers and their dependence on animal pollinator and seed dispersers for successful recruitme 
ator and seed dispersers for successful recruitment. we study mainly olea europaea var. sylvest 
228 6 of articles have been produced on their taxonomy and population biology. still, early stages of 
ll be performed on seeds picked up from soil after a period of time to test if the non-germinat 
are very few studies on the germination behavior of different terrestrial species under natural 
 be very different in their germination behavior and seed properties, and these differences can 
ifferences can determine the rarity and vulnerability of an orchid. the main objectives of the  
terrestrial orchid seeds collected from nature. also we would like to clarify the character of  
11237 7  a crustacean most commonly used in the production of scampi. langoustine is an extremely valua 
 is an extremely valuable species to uk fisheries, with the market currently worth £600 million 
illion. because hematodinium-associated disease can cause high death rates amongst crustacean s 
y in the seawater, do they infect other marine organisms, or do they form cysts within the seab 
heck whether hematodinium infects other marine organisms in addition to its known crustacean ho 
ecologically and commercially important marine species against hematodinium-associated disease. 
species against hematodinium-associated disease.  
14226 8 ylogenetic lineages and species. we are planning to map the species distribution of clastobasis 
ies. we are planning to map the species distribution of clastobasis worldwide and discuss it al 
identifying the degree of difference of species composition within tropical areas in connection 
 within tropical areas in connection to habitat type and distribution of ectomycorrhizal fungi  
areas in connection to habitat type and distribution of ectomycorrhizal fungi as possible food  
ype and distribution of ectomycorrhizal fungi as possible food sources is foreseen. working thr 
ble information to the knowledge on the distribution, ecology, phylogeography and coevolution o 
n to the knowledge on the distribution, ecology, phylogeography and coevolution of selected myc 
10845 5 to erode additive genetic variation for traits associated with fitness; however, fitness relate 
 with fitness; however, fitness related traits are frequently observed to have abundant genetic 
on. how is this variation maintained in nature i plan to test the prediction that negative gene 
t negative genetic correlations between traits subject to selection in the same direction are r 
 genetic parameters for fitness-related traits from the reconstructed multigenerational pedigre 
10339 1 al selection. responses to selection in nature are much less predictable. in fact, in a series  
10515 16                                         insects make up the vast majority of animal biodiversit 
cts make up the vast majority of animal biodiversity and have been studied intensively in the l 
b, providing numerous insights into how evolution works. however, there is now a serious imbala 
 know about how things actually work in nature. this discrepancy is a source of concern for two 
ced by being more likely to be eaten by birds. secondly, we urgently need to improve our unders 
 how natural populations can respond to environmental change, and for this, we need studies of  
hange, and for this, we need studies of insects as well as vertebrates. four years ago we began 
as vertebrates. four years ago we began monitoring a population of field crickets in spanish me 
w many offspring they have and that the traits displayed by males that have lots of mates are d 
ve lots of mates are different from the traits typical of males that have lots of offspring. in 
 we will dramatically improve our video monitoring and our ability to determine the relationshi 
tural and sexual selection, which drive evolution in populations, are consistent across years o 
l do well, whereas in others, different traits are more advantageous, this will help maintain g 
ariation allows populations to adapt to environmental change, so we need to understand how much 
m will be to investigate how population density affects selection, something that we can only i 
e very few studies of the lives of wild invertebrates so even major questions like this remain  
9999 16                                         insects make up the vast majority of animal biodiversit 
cts make up the vast majority of animal biodiversity and have been studied intensively in the l 
b, providing numerous insights into how evolution works. however, there is now a serious imbala 
 know about how things actually work in nature. this discrepancy is a source of concern for two 
ced by being more likely to be eaten by birds. secondly, we urgently need to improve our unders 
 how natural populations can respond to environmental change, and for this, we need studies of  
hange, and for this, we need studies of insects as well as vertebrates. four years ago we began 
as vertebrates. four years ago we began monitoring a population of field crickets in a spanish  
w many offspring they have and that the traits displayed by males that have lots of mates are d 
ve lots of mates are different from the traits typical of males that have lots of offspring. in 
 we will dramatically improve our video monitoring and our ability to determine the relationshi 
tural and sexual selection, which drive evolution in populations, are consistent across years o 
l do well, whereas in others, different traits are more advantageous, this will help maintain g 
ariation allows populations to adapt to environmental change, so we need to understand how much 
m will be to investigate how population density affects selection, something that we can only i 
e very few studies of the lives of wild invertebrates so even major questions like this remain  
15353 5 in proteins react readily with reactive oxygen species. however, they can be reduced back to me 
t animals subjected to higher oxidative stress may selectively accumulate methionine into their 
g an innovative approach to improve the stability against in vitro oxidation of proteins with b 
est, which is based on the differential behavior of methionyl residues depending on their seque 
 residues depending on their sequential environment.  
14143 1            selectivity study of passive fishing gears and elaboration of more selective gear  
2021 14                         many studies on ecosystems have shown that gradual environmental change 
s on ecosystems have shown that gradual environmental change can lead to discontinuous, catastr 
ophic shifts between alternative stable ecosystem states with concomitant losses of ecological  
use of the non-linear response of these ecosystems on different temporal and spatial scales, th 
ew is their use in explaining shifts in ecosystem structures. hence, my central hypothesis is t 
pothesis is that catastrophic shifts in ecosystems can be predicted on the basis of self-organi 
veloped and tested in arid and peatland ecosystems. these ecosystems are known to be vulnerable 
 in arid and peatland ecosystems. these ecosystems are known to be vulnerable to catastrophic s 
ey exhibit spatial self-organization of vegetation. spatially explicit models will be developed 
ion. in order to formulate a predictive ecosystem theory, i will investigate whether the identi 
zation and catastrophic shifts in other ecosystems. by this i hope to contribute to a better sc 
scientific understanding needed for the development of innovative strategies for sustainable ma 
f innovative strategies for sustainable management of ecosystems that are vulnerable to catastr 
trategies for sustainable management of ecosystems that are vulnerable to catastrophic shifts.  
11578 13                                         climate change is proceeding apace. many populations ar 
espond rapidly enough to their changing environment. we have little understanding about the ext 
much needed information about potential adaptation to environmental changes in the wild. this i 
 ratios, and hence may cause population extinction due to lack of males. the frequency of this  
stable for 70 years in the northwestern usa, but the underlying reason for the observed gradien 
ng gene in natural populations across a temperature gradient. one possibility is that changes i 
les. we will evaluate the importance of temperature in altering female mating frequencies in th 
e wild and therefore the level of sperm competition encountered by males carrying the sex ratio 
r and may mate more frequently at lower temperature and hence the level of sperm competition is 
emperature and hence the level of sperm competition is greater, reducing the paternity of sex r 
n into potential agricultural pests and disease vectors, whereas other species risk going extin 
 disease vectors, whereas other species risk going extinct. it will also be of value to captive 
e to captive breeding programmes and in biological control schemes by highlighting the link bet 
11830 13                                         climate change is proceeding apace. many populations ar 
espond rapidly enough to their changing environment. we have little understanding about the ext 
much needed information about potential adaptation to environmental changes in the wild. this i 
 ratios, and hence may cause population extinction due to lack of males. the frequency of this  
stable for 70 years in the northwestern usa, but the underlying reason for the observed gradien 
ng gene in natural populations across a temperature gradient. one possibility is that changes i 
les. we will evaluate the importance of temperature in altering female mating frequencies in th 
e wild and therefore the level of sperm competition encountered by males carrying the sex ratio 
r and may mate more frequently at lower temperature and hence the level of sperm competition is 
emperature and hence the level of sperm competition is greater, reducing the paternity of sex r 
n into potential agricultural pests and disease vectors, whereas other species risk going extin 
 disease vectors, whereas other species risk going extinct. it will also be of value to captive 
e to captive breeding programmes and in biological control schemes by highlighting the link bet 
7027 3 ertilized with the cryopreserved sperm. restoration of the diploid state can be done by applyin 
 applying heat shock in which the exact temperature and exposure time will be tested. heterozyg 
will be tested. this is for the base of fertilization of a sperm from the threatened or endange 
13832 5  aim of the project is to elucidate how parasitoid females localize and identify bark beetle br 
acked tree and land on this tree; 3 the parasitoid female should localize and identify the bark 
noterpenes and aromatics, can guide the parasitoid females through phases 1 and 2. this project 
ives information of which compounds the parasitoid females can identify, while the combined gas 
the bark beetle brood that attracts the parasitoid females.  
10984 5 rtility, mobility and ability to combat disease. however, the question is why is this one evolu 
ossibility of dying through accident or disease, genes which benefit us early in life will be b 
 die through being eaten, starvation or disease. as a consequence, we know very little about wh 
r decades on scottish islands devoid of predators. in deer in particular, there is now impressi 
s unusual may help us to understand the evolution of our own uncommon life plan.  
10762 4                                         soil respiration research programme in peru. the new in 
 soil respiration research programme in peru. the new information from this small grant will pr 
t important elements of the terrestrial carbon cycle. the project will also develop a measureme 
c resources supplied to us to perform a soil translocation study at our field site.  
10953 8                                   early impacts of oxidised and reduced n on a blanket bog comm 
oxidised and reduced n on a blanket bog community with low ambient n will be investigated by tr 
1y-1. assessments will be made of plant species composition and abundance, mycorrhizal infectio 
e made of plant species composition and abundance, mycorrhizal infection in ericoids, vitality  
oids, vitality and ability to withstand stress, photosynthesis, water relations and nutrient up 
tality and ability to withstand stress, photosynthesis, water relations and nutrient uptake in  
ty to withstand stress, photosynthesis, water relations and nutrient uptake in vascular and non 
and identify areas of uk blanket bog at risk from n deposition. the use of p and k amelioration 
10054 7                       efforts to assess ecosystem health by monitoring performance indicators i 
  efforts to assess ecosystem health by monitoring performance indicators in free-living recept 
system health by monitoring performance indicators in free-living receptor organisms using cont 
ity to describe the functional basis of resistance or vulnerability to environmental change and 
e the functional basis of resistance or vulnerability to environmental change and impact in a c 
basis of resistance or vulnerability to environmental change and impact in a conspicuously impo 
and impact in a conspicuously important soil-dwelling macroinvertebrate. by exploiting informat 
11582 7                       efforts to assess ecosystem health by monitoring performance indicators i 
  efforts to assess ecosystem health by monitoring performance indicators in free-living recept 
system health by monitoring performance indicators in free-living receptor organisms using cont 
ity to describe the functional basis of resistance or vulnerability to environmental change and 
e the functional basis of resistance or vulnerability to environmental change and impact in a c 
basis of resistance or vulnerability to environmental change and impact in a conspicuously impo 
and impact in a conspicuously important soil-dwelling macroinvertebrate. by exploiting informat 
10023 2 coveries made under nerc eg project qtl mapping in natural populations using linkage and linkag 
ep. we propose to characterise sequence diversity and patterns of linkage disequilibrium in an  
11826 3 he interaction will show high levels of genetic diversity within a species, and genetic diverge 
ion in both hosts and parasites, to the genetic diversity in these genes. our hypothesis is tha 
er by grouping genes according to their function or pattern of gene expression. this proposal w 
11295 1 ss of aquatic organisms in many diverse freshwater and to genes deposited within other gene ban 
12259 2 ntification of putative genes and their function. the project will also be used to bring the uk 
l also be used to bring the uk research community working on solanaceous plants together each y 
10802 4                                         estuaries are key transitional habitats that are signif 
 local and global human activities into biodiversity-ecosystem functioning in marine sediments. 
obal human activities into biodiversity-ecosystem functioning in marine sediments.  
o biodiversity-ecosystem functioning in marine sediments.  
10283 20                                     the marine ecosystem is crucial for the functioning of the  
                             the marine ecosystem is crucial for the functioning of the earth s 
lays an essential part in modifying the climate, they account for half of the annual primary pr 
te, they account for half of the annual primary production on the planet and about two thirds o 
 are provided by coastal and open ocean ecosystems. these environments are dominated by microor 
re dominated by microorganisms, such as bacteria and archaea, which drive all global biogeochem 
rect influence on the atmosphere by the production of chemically-active biogases. therefore the 
emically-active biogases. therefore the biogeochemistry of the oceans is the consequence of mic 
try of the oceans is the consequence of microbial activity and understanding the earth system r 
quires a significant research effort on marine microbes. the enormous number of microbes and th 
er of microbes and their vast metabolic diversity, suggests that the genetic diversity and func 
 metabolic diversity, suggests that the genetic diversity and function is far higher than that  
suggests that the genetic diversity and function is far higher than that investigated so far. t 
stigated so far. the huge extent of the microbial diversity in the marine environment was first 
xtent of the microbial diversity in the marine environment was first demonstrated by the study  
f the microbial diversity in the marine environment was first demonstrated by the study of crai 
sess the changes in the composition and function that are characterised by seasonal cycles. the 
stly, and for the first time on a large scale this project will analyse both the diversity and  
cale this project will analyse both the diversity and the activity of the microbes present in t 
 analyse the gene expression of a whole microbial community.  
10307 7 uite a simple one, which charms the sea birds in distant seas, which makes tiny shrimps tumble  
seed . this has major effects on global climate and was even used by that sage, james lovelock, 
rpin his gaia hypothesis . although the production and subsequent conversions of dms are hugely 
rent ways in which different species of marine bacteria can undertake these reactions. so, we n 
ys in which different species of marine bacteria can undertake these reactions. so, we now wish 
keup of these intriguing, and important bacteria so that we can unravel just what lies behind t 
resources to help us, and others in the marine microbiology world, to understand far better wha 
10562 7 uite a simple one, which charms the sea birds in distant seas, which makes tiny shrimps tumble  
seed . this has major effects on global climate and was even used by that sage, james lovelock, 
rpin his gaia hypothesis . although the production and subsequent conversions of dms are hugely 
rent ways in which different species of marine bacteria can undertake these reactions. so, we n 
ys in which different species of marine bacteria can undertake these reactions. so, we now wish 
keup of these intriguing, and important bacteria so that we can unravel just what lies behind t 
resources to help us, and others in the marine microbiology world, to understand far better wha 
11323 7 uite a simple one, which charms the sea birds in distant seas, which makes tiny shrimps tumble  
seed . this has major effects on global climate and was even used by that sage, james lovelock, 
rpin his gaia hypothesis . although the production and subsequent conversions of dms are hugely 
rent ways in which different species of marine bacteria can undertake these reactions. so, we n 
ys in which different species of marine bacteria can undertake these reactions. so, we now wish 
keup of these intriguing, and important bacteria so that we can unravel just what lies behind t 
resources to help us, and others in the marine microbiology world, to understand far better wha 
10455 2  photographic surveys for environmental monitoring, sample collection for biodiversity studies  
ental monitoring, sample collection for biodiversity studies and stunning images for public out 
13333 28 re to assess and predict changes in the mediterranean and black sea ecosystems as well as chang 
nges in the mediterranean and black sea ecosystems as well as changes in the ability of these e 
well as changes in the ability of these ecosystems to provide goods and services. the mediterra 
tems to provide goods and services. the mediterranean and black sea will be approached as a cou 
ill be approached as a coupled climatic/ecosystem entity, with links and feedbacks to the world 
s and feedbacks to the world ocean. the assessment of ecosystem changes will be based on the id 
s to the world ocean. the assessment of ecosystem changes will be based on the identification o 
ased on the identification of the major regime shifts in ecosystems that occurred during the la 
ification of the major regime shifts in ecosystems that occurred during the last 50 years. math 
w observations, will be used to predict ecosystem responses to changes in climate and anthropog 
edict ecosystem responses to changes in climate and anthropogenic forcings during the next five 
 multiship oceanographic cruises in the mediterranean and black sea. these will provide an over 
 will provide an overall picture of the mediterranean and black sea that does not yet exist as  
xist as well as essential data sets for model validation. sesame will also study the effect of  
esame will also study the effect of the ecosystem variability on key goods and services with hi 
ices with high societal importance like tourism, fisheries, ecosystem stability though conserva 
 high societal importance like tourism, fisheries, ecosystem stability though conservation of b 
tal importance like tourism, fisheries, ecosystem stability though conservation of biodiversity 
ance like tourism, fisheries, ecosystem stability though conservation of biodiversity and mitig 
, fisheries, ecosystem stability though conservation of biodiversity and mitigation of climate  
system stability though conservation of biodiversity and mitigation of climate change through c 
though conservation of biodiversity and mitigation of climate change through carbon sequestrati 
ation of biodiversity and mitigation of climate change through carbon sequestration in water an 
nd mitigation of climate change through carbon sequestration in water and sediments. the innova 
 change through carbon sequestration in water and sediments. the innovative character of sesame 
 the changes in the western and eastern mediterranean and the black sea within the period from  
naean and black sea regions through the participation of research organisations from member sta 
 associated candidate countries, non-eu mediterranean and nis countries as well as internationa 
12191 36           background the signing of the convention on biological diversity by the uk government 
n 1992 led to the publication of the uk biodiversity action plan in 1995. the objective of the  
 the objective of the uk bap is to halt habitat loss and species decline. in the bap, targets a 
n the bap, targets are outlined for the restoration and creation of a range of priority habitat 
ats, including several types of lowland grassland. species-rich lowland grasslands are the prod 
lowland grassland. species-rich lowland grasslands are the product of farming and are dependent 
ly on low input agricultural practices. agri-environment schemes to evaluate both the existing  
mes to evaluate both the existing rapid assessment methodologies and the current definition of  
odologies and the current definition of grassland types. from this review, a provisional rapid  
efinition of grassland types. from this review, a provisional rapid assessment methodology will 
. from this review, a provisional rapid assessment methodology will be proposed. subsequent lit 
will be proposed. subsequent literature review and analysis of existing ecological datasets wil 
ts will identify the timescales for the development of particular attributes used in the provis 
ular attributes used in the provisional assessment methodology. together with this, opinion wil 
 with this, opinion will be sought from stakeholders about the key attributes and the threshold 
olders about the key attributes and the thresholds that define whether a particular site achiev 
her a particular site achieves priority grassland status. the provisional assessment methodolog 
ority grassland status. the provisional assessment methodology will be tested in the field usin 
selection of sites currently undergoing management for habitat restoration/creation in summer 2 
tes currently undergoing management for habitat restoration/creation in summer 2010 and 2011. t 
ently undergoing management for habitat restoration/creation in summer 2010 and 2011. the robus 
 different times of the year. following evaluation of the field testing and consultation with d 
n framework for identifying appropriate indicators of success will be proposed. anticipated res 
ge of expertise to identify appropriate indicators for measuring the success of management, in  
indicators for measuring the success of management, in particular allowing the monitoring of pr 
 management, in particular allowing the monitoring of progress within timescales appropriate to 
cales appropriate to the length of agri-environment scheme agreements. the framework will enhan 
 setting and take account of a range of grassland types and starting conditions. the primary us 
ver, a greater understanding of desired grassland attributes and the timescales for their devel 
attributes and the timescales for their development will enhance the engagement of landowners w 
 landowners with the objectives of agri-environment scheme. the project outcomes will also cont 
y providing clear criteria for defining habitat status for restoration sites and ‘wildlife valu 
riteria for defining habitat status for restoration sites and ‘wildlife value for grassland cre 
bitat status for restoration sites and ‘wildlife value for grassland creation sites within agri 
storation sites and ‘wildlife value for grassland creation sites within agri-environment scheme 
lue for grassland creation sites within agri-environment schemes.  
441 13  the first microbial observatory in the mediterranean sea and a collection of environmental str 
vironmental strains. we have shown that spatial variability can be important along a transect f 
should be well adapted to the long-term monitoring of bacterial biodiversity. vertical changes  
o the long-term monitoring of bacterial biodiversity. vertical changes are also important and w 
vertical changes are also important and water samples should be collected at different depths r 
ns were mostly controlled by changes in phytoplankton biomass and/or composition and this was o 
 controlled by changes in phytoplankton biomass and/or composition and this was observed during 
nities should be monitored at a monthly scale and every two or three days during the phytoplank 
 and every two or three days during the phytoplankton blooms. the location of the mola station  
 the first microbial observatory in the mediterranean sea. it will be instrumented and automate 
is observatory will allow the long-term monitoring of microbial community structure. we also is 
 will allow the long-term monitoring of microbial community structure. we also isolated more th 
 environmental strains from the coastal environment. these strains were purified, stored in the 
2035 9 ment chance and initial post settlement mortality are key processes in determining recruitment  
tality are key processes in determining recruitment of marine soft-sediment bivalves, statistic 
processes in determining recruitment of marine soft-sediment bivalves, statistical analyses of  
 determining recruitment of marine soft-sediment bivalves, statistical analyses of long-term re 
lves, statistical analyses of long-term recruitment data, laboratory and field experiments, and 
, laboratory and field experiments, and modeling exercises will be performed to explore the mec 
long-term variations in stocks sizes of marine soft-sediment bivalves are influenced by density 
riations in stocks sizes of marine soft-sediment bivalves are influenced by density-dependent p 
oft-sediment bivalves are influenced by density-dependent processes during and shortly after se 
10209 6  have the potential for self- and cross-fertilization, but few empirical studies have focussed  
 super-genus gyrodactylus provide ideal model systems with which to assess the role of recombin 
eeding on the evolutionary dynamics and genetic diversity in natural and laboratory populations 
 study previously unexplored aspects of evolution and ecology in this economically-important gr 
sly unexplored aspects of evolution and ecology in this economically-important group of fish pa 
in this economically-important group of fish pathogens.  
2029 2 rives at predictions concerning optimal dispersal and allocation to the more ‘valuable offsprin 
d by operational sex ratio and breeding density. for both species there is a wealth of data all 
11089 7 e that it has been important in african freshwater fishes. fishes in marine environments such a 
in african freshwater fishes. fishes in marine environments such as coral reefs also exhibit hi 
. fishes in marine environments such as coral reefs also exhibit high diversity which is associ 
s such as coral reefs also exhibit high diversity which is associated with remarkable variation 
e possibly the most famous example of a marine adaptive radiation. nine to 12 species of these  
d and explain the geographic pattern of distribution of the colour morphs. the aims will be ach 
derived from studies of terrestrial and freshwater systems.  
14783 3  genus microtus, are a very interesting model system to study the structure and function of the 
model system to study the structure and function of the heterochromatin. in fact, this family i 
e the composition, structure, origin an evolution of the heterochromatic blocks from the sex ch 
10080 20 ations, they must divide their time and energy between vital activities such as finding food an 
ities such as finding food and fighting disease. to be successful in reproduction, both sexes n 
erefore vital for females to reduce the risk of dying. bacteria, viruses and other natural enem 
or females to reduce the risk of dying. bacteria, viruses and other natural enemies of animals  
k of dying. bacteria, viruses and other natural enemies of animals are widespread and can be de 
can be expensive as they are powered by energy and nutrients. as supplies of these are limited, 
nsive as they are powered by energy and nutrients. as supplies of these are limited, animals th 
ker immune systems and be more prone to disease compared to females. our research will test thi 
ed strong sexual selection with intense competition among males. under these conditions, males  
ct that these males will then have less energy and fewer nutrients left to invest in immunity,  
es will then have less energy and fewer nutrients left to invest in immunity, making them more  
n mating contests they should have more energy and nutrients to invest in their immune systems, 
ntests they should have more energy and nutrients to invest in their immune systems, making the 
 good as monogamous females at fighting disease. studies of insects are important. they can rev 
females at fighting disease. studies of insects are important. they can reveal a lot about the  
her animals, including mammals, because insects share some of the devices used by mammals to co 
f the devices used by mammals to combat disease and infection. this fascinating research will h 
hich will alter the number of hosts and natural enemies that live in our environment and also h 
ts and natural enemies that live in our environment and also how they evolve along-side one ano 
nes arising, factors that determine the diversity of animal life on our planet.  
10933 4   coelopids show a dramatic increase in mortality in the presence of seaweed. the presence of s 
 presence of seaweed not only increases mortality but also stimulates mate searching and mounti 
ntial role sexual conflict plays in the evolution of senescence. we propose here to investigate 
 conflict in generating the increase in mortality seen in the presence of seaweed. we will also 
10856 2  aim of this study is to understand the evolution of post-mating reproductive barriers between  
ch sperm fail. post-mating isolation in birds is likely to be important in speciation and this  
10519 11  role of selection in the generation of biodiversity is an exciting and controversial topic. it 
topic. it has long been recognised that adaptation to new environments can lead to the evolutio 
ion to new environments can lead to the evolution of new forms, but recently there has been gre 
rticular sexual conflict to drive rapid evolution. the theory is that males are under constant  
o which sexual conflict can drive rapid evolution and population divergence remains poorly stud 
pulation size in promoting or retarding evolution driven by sexual conflict 2. is divergence fa 
ause populations to vary in the rate of adaptation or is the level of standing variation always 
lso have implications for the design of conservation and captive breeding programmes where larg 
the adaptations which have driven their evolution. for instance a new male seminal chemical tha 
r becomes possible to detect either the adaptation or the counter-adaptation. in this proposal  
ct either the adaptation or the counter-adaptation. in this proposal we use a novel approach to 
10972 11  role of selection in the generation of biodiversity is an exciting and controversial topic. it 
topic. it has long been recognised that adaptation to new environments can lead to the evolutio 
ion to new environments can lead to the evolution of new forms, but recently there has been gre 
rticular sexual conflict to drive rapid evolution. the theory is that males are under constant  
o which sexual conflict can drive rapid evolution and population divergence remains poorly stud 
pulation size in promoting or retarding evolution driven by sexual conflict 2. is divergence fa 
ause populations to vary in the rate of adaptation or is the level of standing variation always 
lso have implications for the design of conservation and captive breeding programmes where larg 
the adaptations which have driven their evolution. for instance a new male seminal chemical tha 
r becomes possible to detect either the adaptation or the counter-adaptation. in this proposal  
ct either the adaptation or the counter-adaptation. in this proposal we use a novel approach to 
1980 6  conflicts of interest can give rise to traits advantageous for one sex but harmful to the othe 
co-evolutionary arms race where harmful traits and corresponding counter-adaptations arise. dar 
onficts between the male and the female function of lymnaea. the conflict over sperm survival i 
ted female maturation, but retards body growth. again this strategy is advantageous from the ma 
ns for the understanding of speciation, biodiversity and the evolution of bizarre hermaphroditi 
ing of speciation, biodiversity and the evolution of bizarre hermaphroditic mating behaviours.  
6735 2  and females is compared. following the mapping of differences the astroglial reaction to exper 
ifferences are also studied as possible indicators of local glia-neuron interactions.  
11759 1 r parasite mediated selection maintains genetic diversity and drives this process in the seyche 
2143 1  mates. using the bluethroat as a study model, the project investigates cues used by females in 
11351 9 , and we call this rich variety of life biodiversity . this biodiversity is essential for biolo 
ich variety of life biodiversity . this biodiversity is essential for biologists to understand  
t or microbe is called a species . this classification is very important to understand, because 
species number that combines to make up biodiversity. a species is a group of organisms that ar 
ffspring. how is a new species produced evolution, which is the process responsible for all for 
 this isolation to occur. this level of evolution is important and poorly understood. in this p 
this project, we plan to use one animal model, a flour beetle, to examine what specific reprodu 
eproductively isolated, and whether the competition to reproduce can also play an important rol 
e hopefully identify which reproductive traits lead to reproductive isolation, and therefore a  
15081 6 ble evidence suggests that reproductive traits evolve rapidly and that sexual selection could p 
mpetitiveness, which could increase the risk of polispermy to females. females will respond to  
. this process leads to antagonistic co-evolution between the sexes which promotes rapid change 
 promotes rapid changes in reproductive traits that could lead to speciation. the sexual select 
metrical. our work has shown that sperm competition has selected a larger population of sperm r 
ation, examining the influence of sperm competition upon early reproductive barriers between sp 
14642 2 ns through the selective force of sperm competition upon males to increase the competitive abil 
d sexual selection on the other, in the evolution of gametic isolation in a group of closely re 
14619 5 n is a very important force driving the evolution of individual behaviour and ornamentation, an 
implications for individual fitness and population dynamics are badly understood. by means of a 
of experimental copulations and in vivo-fertilization experiments well test the different hypot 
ce. well combine studies in the natural habitat with lab experiments to understand the mechanis 
 of the natural populations existing in spain. this data is important to be able to link differ 
15473 12       sexual selection drives the rapid evolution of reproductive traits and genes. one of the  
ves the rapid evolution of reproductive traits and genes. one of the main determinants of sperm 
shape to reduce drag, or an increase in energy production by sperm. we propose to test these hy 
o reduce drag, or an increase in energy production by sperm. we propose to test these hypothese 
rodents which differ in levels of sperm competition, and which have been shown to be a good mod 
 and which have been shown to be a good model because many of their reproductive traits are sha 
odel because many of their reproductive traits are shaped by sexual selection. an increase in s 
 sexual selection. an increase in sperm metabolism could have considerable costs in terms of ox 
estigate if sperm suffer from oxidative stress or if it is prevented by the evolution of protec 
ive stress or if it is prevented by the evolution of protective counter-measures such as change 
 evolutionary rates and levels of sperm competition, and potential links with phenotypic traits 
on, and potential links with phenotypic traits.  
11000 1 ich help the individual cope with their environment and by doing so the females thereby obtain  
9824 1 ich help the individual cope with their environment and by doing so the females thereby obtain  
2112 7 ncreasing evidence that recent climatic warming affects various aspects of ecological communiti 
al data in order to relate variation in temperature to population trends and various life histo 
rature to population trends and various life history traits. however such correlative studies c 
ulation trends and various life history traits. however such correlative studies can not tell w 
evolutionary response to changes in the environment, we need knowledge about the amount of addi 
erences in additive genetic variance in body size among male and female pied flycatcher aimed t 
 of maternal effects on heritability on body size in different environments. to our knowledge t 
10017 2 d finally we have information about the density and weather conditions in which each animal has 
ource of information on many aspects of ecology and evolutionary biology. in the first and majo 
11844 3 r to make decisions: these include town planning, search and rescue, construction and response  
ponse to emergencies such as floods and disease outbreak. the internet is a very useful means f 
s knowledge and technology to the wider community. firstly, we shall work with the producers of 
11332 20  have shown negative effects of lowered ph on biological functions in a wide range of marine an 
biological functions in a wide range of marine animals and algae. there is widespread concern f 
s in a wide range of marine animals and algae. there is widespread concern from scientists, pol 
 having, and will increasingly have, on marine life and on the stability of marine ecosystems.  
asingly have, on marine life and on the stability of marine ecosystems. this is especially so f 
 on marine life and on the stability of marine ecosystems. this is especially so for species wi 
ine life and on the stability of marine ecosystems. this is especially so for species with high 
will investigate the effects of varying ph in current environments by sampling populations of k 
ey species living in sites of different ph. terebratulina retusa is distributed from the medite 
ratulina retusa is distributed from the mediterranean to svalbard, with populations living in s 
s living in sealochs and harbours where ph is lower than offshore. calloria inconspicua inhabit 
nhabits a similar range of sites around new zealand. we will sample populations living in diffe 
 sample populations living in different ph conditions and analyse their shells. we will also mo 
lyse their shells. we will also monitor ph in the areas sampled for at least a year. this will  
al responses to being raised in reduced ph in the natural environment. secondly we will quantif 
ing raised in reduced ph in the natural environment. secondly we will quantify changes in skele 
ological periods when co2 levels in the environment were markedly different from today. this wi 
rom today. this will allow evolutionary scale responses to be addressed. finally we will hold o 
species in culture systems with altered ph conditions and assess changes in skeletal compositio 
rovide a very good understanding of how marine species have and can respond to acidification ov 
180 10 lakes and the coastal sea, the flora of rivers in estonia far less has been investigated. there 
asonal and annual changes of plants and algae in the rivers at all. considering the importance  
nual changes of plants and algae in the rivers at all. considering the importance of the vegeta 
 all. considering the importance of the vegetation for fishes and invertebrates as a habitat an 
rtance of the vegetation for fishes and invertebrates as a habitat and shelter, it was presumed 
ation for fishes and invertebrates as a habitat and shelter, it was presumed that changes in th 
 influence considerably the whole river ecosystem. the goal of this grant project is to enhance 
understanding of the role of plants and algae in the rivers. the results of the project will be 
 of the role of plants and algae in the rivers. the results of the project will be presented at 
into practice the requrements of the eu water framework directive. the students involved in thi 
7535 3 at pyoverdines, major siderophore these bacteria are remarkable taxonomic markers: all strains  
tion of the species and help define the genetic diversity of these bacteria  
p define the genetic diversity of these bacteria  
15588 22 he effects of extreme weather events on biodiversity, ecosystem functions, resilience and tippi 
extreme weather events on biodiversity, ecosystem functions, resilience and tipping points in g 
s on biodiversity, ecosystem functions, resilience and tipping points in graslands along a pan- 
along a pan-european climatic gradient. assessment of resilience status and regionally differen 
ropean climatic gradient. assessment of resilience status and regionally differentiated policy  
ce status and regionally differentiated policy decision support. rationale: studying the effect 
ionale: studying the effects of extreme drought on biodiversity and ecosystem functions is a ke 
dying the effects of extreme drought on biodiversity and ecosystem functions is a key facet of  
 of extreme drought on biodiversity and ecosystem functions is a key facet of current climate c 
tem functions is a key facet of current climate change research. in particular, identifying mec 
n particular, identifying mechanisms of resilience . signal results will provide experimental e 
 experimental evidence on mechanisms of resilience across european gradients, which may serve t 
 gradients, which may serve to regulate ecosystem services in the face of climate extremes and  
ulate ecosystem services in the face of climate extremes and foster the identification of early 
ntification of early warning signals of thresholds of regime shift. relevance: signal is well-c 
 early warning signals of thresholds of regime shift. relevance: signal is well-connected withi 
is well-connected within the scientific community, members belonging to large research initiati 
signal will intensely serve the science-policy interface by delivering timely, highly relevant  
andable information to policymakers and stakeholders about european gradients of resilience and 
takeholders about european gradients of resilience and indicators of tipping points in the face 
ut european gradients of resilience and indicators of tipping points in the face of climate ext 
cators of tipping points in the face of climate extremes, supporting eu policies and national l 
2129 11 f animal signals. we investigate signal evolution and signal discrimination in two contexts, ma 
e choice and mimicry, with focus on how adaptation is affected by learning, plasticity, variabi 
ybrid zone, where different male sexual traits convey conflicting information about species ide 
ts convey conflicting information about species identity and mate quality. the empirical setup  
 we study optimal attack strategies for predators foraging on a batesian mimic-model complex, u 
 predators foraging on a batesian mimic-model complex, using both optimality theory and learnin 
how learning affects discrimination and decision-making, as well as the interaction between lea 
g and plasticity facilitates or buffers evolution, including whether imprinting facilitates rei 
of a batesian mimic and its unpalatable model species. to this end we will apply a recently dev 
recently developed population-genetical model framework to study the evolution of evolvability  
-genetical model framework to study the evolution of evolvability and the effects of pleiotropy 
11340 13  genetic variation can be maintained in traits that are under constant selection. this has been 
ever, it is an empirical fact that most traits show significant genetic variation in the face o 
s considered particularly important for traits that are the target of mate choice, where female 
acter. one possible explanation for why traits that are the target of mate choice retain geneti 
riation is that the expression of these traits depends on the overall condition of the individu 
on and as a result, condition dependent traits are expected to reflect this genetic variation i 
interactions between individuals during development play in producing variation in condition an 
ducing variation in condition dependent traits that are the target of mate choice. traits that  
its that are the target of mate choice. traits that are affected by social interactions show ve 
ent evolutionary dynamics than ordinary traits and evolutionary genetic models suggest that the 
onary genetic models suggest that these traits may be particularly interesting with respect to  
alk-eyed fly, cyrtodiopsis dalmani as a model system, we will utilize a statistical genetic mod 
, we will utilize a statistical genetic model to estimate the relative importance of social int 
13857 12  resting stages that can survive in the sediment for decades. resting stages are often referred 
the influence of benthic life stages on phytoplankton dynamics. export of aquacultural products 
ant mean of earning foreign exchange in india. lately the export of shrimps has declined due to 
 are few scientist experienced in algal monitoring. this project encourages phycological resear 
ect encourages phycological research in india. the specific aim of the study is to investigate  
al blooms along the south-west coast of india. we will use both microscopic and molecular techn 
r techniques to determine the source of phytoplankton blooms. in mesocosms, we will study the i 
 influence of resting stage addition to phytoplankton community development. molecular methods  
resting stage addition to phytoplankton community development. molecular methods will include p 
age addition to phytoplankton community development. molecular methods will include primers tar 
 microsatellite loci in a bloom forming phytoplankton species. we will obtain genetic fingerpri 
ic coupling and the factors controlling phytoplankton blooms.  
15071 2  been one of the key innovations in the evolution of insects, which influenced decisively in th 
the key innovations in the evolution of insects, which influenced decisively in the dramatic di 
10299 19 s wild in parts of southern and western mexico. the prehistoric americans first cultivated maiz 
lose to the rio balsas river in western mexico. by the time that europeans arrived in the 15th  
ize spread from its centre of origin in mexico throughout north and south america the first mod 
ghout north and south america the first model for the spread of maize into south america arose  
location of each variety. the resulting model suggested that maize was initially introduced int 
s initially introduced into the central andes and from this location spread extensively through 
read southwards along the east coast of brazil in relatively recent times. this model was held  
brazil in relatively recent times. this model was held to be generally correct until 2002 when  
rown throughout south america. this new model holds that the southwards movement of maize from  
t the southwards movement of maize from mexico led first into the lowlands of south america, an 
f south america, and only then into the andes mountains. unfortunately, there is a problem with 
ith both these models. the geographical distribution of the varieties being studied is a critic 
ical component of the analysis, as this distribution, when compared with the genetic relationsh 
r the analysis to work, the present-day distribution of the maize varieties must be similar to  
ve had a major impact on south american agriculture, and in particular have been responsible fo 
ation into south america, one along the andes on the western side of south america, and the sec 
eological specimens, most of these from brazil, and so we cannot yet be sure if our model is ac 
il, and so we cannot yet be sure if our model is accurate. the purpose of the proposed project  
 of the proposed project is to test our model by obtaining substantially more genetic data from 
14272 4  emphasizes the study of biogeochemical complexity in earth surface environments combining fiel 
onments combining field, laboratory and modelling work. the partner of the present project, pro 
. p. regnier, is the coordinator of the modelling group and is the originator of the coupled tr 
nator of the coupled transport-reaction model contraste.  
12668 11             the programme of site based monitoring aims to understand effects of climate change 
onitoring aims to understand effects of climate change and atmospheric pollution on biodiversit 
fects of climate change and atmospheric pollution on biodiversity and to provide evidence in su 
ate change and atmospheric pollution on biodiversity and to provide evidence in support of deci 
ide evidence in support of decision and policy making to mitigate adverse impacts. it involves  
n and policy making to mitigate adverse impacts. it involves measurement of aspects of climate  
. it involves measurement of aspects of climate and pollution with assessment of biodiversity,  
s measurement of aspects of climate and pollution with assessment of biodiversity, such sensiti 
f aspects of climate and pollution with assessment of biodiversity, such sensitive species, acr 
limate and pollution with assessment of biodiversity, such sensitive species, across a network  
imination of effects, and link into the environment change network. the dataset may enable anal 
11212 3  analysis techniques to acquire species abundance and length frequency data. for aries samples, 
e consistent size frequency and species abundance estimates for the other groups of predatory p 
groups of predatory plankton, including fish, decapods/mysids, jellyfish and cephalopods.  
9806 10 nisms that determine differences in the spatial pattern and relative abundance of closely relat 
ces in the spatial pattern and relative abundance of closely related tropical trees on small sp 
ies with an aggregated pattern of adult distribution show reduced seed production or increased  
of adult distribution show reduced seed production or increased mortality of seeds or seedlings 
ow reduced seed production or increased mortality of seeds or seedlings outside high density pa 
lity of seeds or seedlings outside high density patches, while species with a random or over-di 
species with a random or over-dispersed distribution of adults show reduced fecundity in high d 
f adults show reduced fecundity in high density patches, or density/distance-dependant mortalit 
d fecundity in high density patches, or density/distance-dependant mortality of seeds or young  
 patches, or density/distance-dependant mortality of seeds or young seedlings.  
15580 9                        in many parts of europe, the original forest cover has strongly been red 
  in many parts of europe, the original forest cover has strongly been reduced and in these reg 
ongly been reduced and in these regions forests presently occur as small fragments, often embed 
matrix. despite their small size, these forest patches often act as refugia for biodiversity an 
forest patches often act as refugia for biodiversity and may provide a wide range of ecosystem  
versity and may provide a wide range of ecosystem services a supranational stakeholder board wi 
re bidirectional feedback with european policy and international conventions related to biodive 
nd international conventions related to biodiversity and sustainable forest management.  
related to biodiversity and sustainable forest management.  
7055 6 different environments resides in their genetic diversity. this diversity, most commonly manife 
esides in their genetic diversity. this diversity, most commonly manifested as single nucleotid 
 nucleotide polymorphisms of j. curcas. assessment of haplotype diversity detected through ecot 
s of j. curcas. assessment of haplotype diversity detected through ecotilling and tilling in a  
ems induced mutants. search for allelic diversity and assessment of ecotiling and tilling as me 
tants. search for allelic diversity and assessment of ecotiling and tilling as methods to disco 
13334 28            counteracting the decline of biodiversity and ensuring the sustainable management of 
odiversity and ensuring the sustainable management of ecosystems requires insight into the soci 
 ensuring the sustainable management of ecosystems requires insight into the socio-economic pro 
urely social dimension of protection of biodiversity and ecosystems is still somewhat underexpl 
nsion of protection of biodiversity and ecosystems is still somewhat underexplored, and it woul 
ed european field of social research on biodiversity and ecosystem management, or of a coordina 
 of social research on biodiversity and ecosystem management, or of a coordinated international 
ccessfully applied to issues concerning ecosystem and biodiversity management. despite this obv 
lied to issues concerning ecosystem and biodiversity management. despite this obvious potential 
s concerning ecosystem and biodiversity management. despite this obvious potential to support a 
upport and enhance the effectiveness of ecosystem and biodiversity management, social research  
ance the effectiveness of ecosystem and biodiversity management, social research is not yet com 
ctiveness of ecosystem and biodiversity management, social research is not yet commonly integra 
h is not yet commonly integrated in the development and implementation of biodiversity policy.  
n the development and implementation of biodiversity policy. many biodiversity policy makers ha 
ment and implementation of biodiversity policy. many biodiversity policy makers have educationa 
ementation of biodiversity policy. many biodiversity policy makers have educational and profess 
 biodiversity policy. many biodiversity policy makers have educational and professional backgro 
ghts concerning the societal context of ecosystem and biodiversity management into policy tools 
g the societal context of ecosystem and biodiversity management into policy tools, such as mode 
l context of ecosystem and biodiversity management into policy tools, such as models. involving 
system and biodiversity management into policy tools, such as models. involving leading researc 
earchers from germany, hungary, norway, spain, romania, the slovak republic and the united king 
ant social research contributing to the management of biodiversity and ecosystems, and especial 
earch contributing to the management of biodiversity and ecosystems, and especially to the deve 
g to the management of biodiversity and ecosystems, and especially to the development of succes 
y and ecosystems, and especially to the development of successful policies in this field. this  
ved by providing an overview, assessing policy, identifying priority needs and stimulating new  
11544 4 ong individuals in behaviours and other traits has been, even before darwin, one of the central 
tors that will affect the expression of traits ranging from behavioural, developmental to compl 
cts might facilitate or constrain trait evolution. models about how trait expression changes du 
ssion changes due to selection may thus yield quite different predictions of evolutionary dynam 
10221 13 line rapidly and die early. research on model laboratory organisms such as fruit flies and mice 
ests that the rate of decline in bodily function with age, or the rate of senescence, will depe 
d quality of resources available during growth and development. in highly social or cooperative 
f resources available during growth and development. in highly social or cooperative animals, b 
on in social investment received during development influence adult survival and condition we w 
address the last question using a large-scale field experiment in which we provision pups with  
eriment in which we provision pups with nutrients for growth or with antioxidants to test for d 
ch we provision pups with nutrients for growth or with antioxidants to test for downstream effe 
ve performance, and levels of oxidative stress. the research will generate important new inform 
 main factors influencing variation and mortality and fertility in natural populations of socia 
s, and how natural selection shapes the evolution of life history in long-lived animals living  
tural selection shapes the evolution of life history in long-lived animals living in close-knit 
 of early-life effects on adult fitness traits. these investigations promise to advance our und 
10904 13 line rapidly and die early. research on model laboratory organisms such as fruit flies and mice 
ests that the rate of decline in bodily function with age, or the rate of senescence, will depe 
d quality of resources available during growth and development. in highly social or cooperative 
f resources available during growth and development. in highly social or cooperative animals, b 
on in social investment received during development influence adult survival and condition we w 
address the last question using a large-scale field experiment in which we provision pups with  
eriment in which we provision pups with nutrients for growth or with antioxidants to test for d 
ch we provision pups with nutrients for growth or with antioxidants to test for downstream effe 
ve performance, and levels of oxidative stress. the research will generate important new inform 
 main factors influencing variation and mortality and fertility in natural populations of socia 
s, and how natural selection shapes the evolution of life history in long-lived animals living  
tural selection shapes the evolution of life history in long-lived animals living in close-knit 
 of early-life effects on adult fitness traits. these investigations promise to advance our und 
9992 13 line rapidly and die early. research on model laboratory organisms such as fruit flies and mice 
ests that the rate of decline in bodily function with age, or the rate of senescence, will depe 
d quality of resources available during growth and development. in highly social or cooperative 
f resources available during growth and development. in highly social or cooperative animals, b 
on in social investment received during development influence adult survival and condition we w 
address the last question using a large-scale field experiment in which we provision pups with  
eriment in which we provision pups with nutrients for growth or with antioxidants to test for d 
ch we provision pups with nutrients for growth or with antioxidants to test for downstream effe 
ve performance, and levels of oxidative stress. the research will generate important new inform 
 main factors influencing variation and mortality and fertility in natural populations of socia 
s, and how natural selection shapes the evolution of life history in long-lived animals living  
tural selection shapes the evolution of life history in long-lived animals living in close-knit 
 of early-life effects on adult fitness traits. these investigations promise to advance our und 
11483 2 lve over a matter of days. furthermore, bacteria can be stored in suspended animation in a free 
pended animation in a freezer, allowing evolution to be measured by directly comparing differen 
10492 10 regarding the origin and maintenance of biological diversity through sexual selection. sexual s 
ers to flexibility in individual mating behavior that is influenced by environmental factors. t 
ack to alter selection pressure on male traits. my research will use an insect system, because  
 use an insect system, because although insects are extensively used as models in sexual select 
s for sexual selection pressure on male traits. my postdoctoral work at the university of calif 
 postdoctoral work at the university of california, riverside has established that female crick 
 plasticity varies on a population-wide scale. theoretical arguments suggest that founding popu 
ptive phenotypic plasticity. the social environment of newly-founded populations would be expec 
l environments by altering their mating behavior. my analysis will detect whether females of di 
on mate choice plasticity can drive the evolution of reproductive barriers between populations. 
14206 9  work with behavioral and physiological ecology and demography in birds and mammals. twenty-eig 
physiological ecology and demography in birds and mammals. twenty-eight females of five groups  
e been continuously monitored in kibale forest national park since 2004. the background knowled 
background knowledge that exists on the behavior and ecology of gray-cheeked mangabeys from ear 
owledge that exists on the behavior and ecology of gray-cheeked mangabeys from earlier studies  
bring together experts in the fields of ecology, behavior, physiology, wildlife veterinary, bio 
ether experts in the fields of ecology, behavior, physiology, wildlife veterinary, biodemograph 
ields of ecology, behavior, physiology, wildlife veterinary, biodemography and statistical mode 
terinary, biodemography and statistical modeling of longitudinal data.  
12335 4 nomic data could be integrated into the planning of uk marine conservation zone network. this w 
d be integrated into the planning of uk marine conservation zone network. this will involve an  
tegrated into the planning of uk marine conservation zone network. this will involve an expert  
ve an expert workshop and result in the development of socio-economic data-layers. the inclusio 
15166 3                                     the fungi represent one of the poorest known kingdoms. so f 
 to demonstrate that only the number of soil-borne species that exist is of from 3.5 to 5.1 mil 
 reconstructed the evolutionary tree of fungi structure.  
14174 10                                         soil biota , by management of land-use and by working o 
                        soil biota , by management of land-use and by working out conservation  
          soil biota , by management of land-use and by working out conservation strategies. by 
nagement of land-use and by working out conservation strategies. by planning the management and 
working out conservation strategies. by planning the management and restoration projects on flo 
onservation strategies. by planning the management and restoration projects on flooded meadows  
ategies. by planning the management and restoration projects on flooded meadows the knowledge o 
strategies of meadows recolonization by soil invertebrates and the spatial structure of soil co 
egies of meadows recolonization by soil invertebrates and the spatial structure of soil communi 
ertebrates and the spatial structure of soil communities are necessary to take into account.  
12620 25                                         soils contain far more carbon than vegetation or the at 
                 soils contain far more carbon than vegetation or the atmosphere, and the conce 
     soils contain far more carbon than vegetation or the atmosphere, and the concentration of  
he atmosphere, and the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and hence the climate  
dioxide in the atmosphere and hence the climate are sensitive to any changes in soil carbon. th 
climate are sensitive to any changes in soil carbon. the amount of soil carbon is itself sensit 
y changes in soil carbon. the amount of soil carbon is itself sensitive to the way the land is  
 is managed, and there is evidence that soils across england and elsewhere have been losing car 
 england and elsewhere have been losing carbon as a result of past changes in land management.  
g carbon as a result of past changes in land management. this project is concerned with measure 
his problem and potentially to increase carbon storage in english soils. four sub-projects are  
y to increase carbon storage in english soils. four sub-projects are addressed within the proje 
centrates on knowledge gaps relating to soil carbon and how it may change with management pract 
 soil carbon and how it may change with management practices and climatic factors. the sub-proj 
s for accurate routine determination of soil carbon. the overall project will be co-ordinated b 
ty, adas consulting ltd, the centre for ecology and hydrology, the british geological survey an 
sulting ltd, the centre for ecology and hydrology, the british geological survey and skm enviro 
ential effects of future changes in our climate and land management practices on soil carbon an 
ts of future changes in our climate and land management practices on soil carbon and greenhouse 
limate and land management practices on soil carbon and greenhouse gas emissions. soil carbon u 
il carbon and greenhouse gas emissions. soil carbon underlying the topsoil and its interactions 
ace horizon will be explored to improve carbon storage and sampling and laboratory determinatio 
ampling and laboratory determination of soil carbon will be standardised for soil monitoring sc 
of soil carbon will be standardised for soil monitoring schemes in the future.  
il carbon will be standardised for soil monitoring schemes in the future.  
15148 14               the thematic strategy for soil protection related to the soil organic carbon cycl 
tegy for soil protection related to the soil organic carbon cycle this overall objective can be 
 protection related to the soil organic carbon cycle this overall objective can be broken down  
oloxidase and lacasse in olive orchards soils. 2. to develop proteomics techniques for determin 
niques for determining the quantity and phylogeny of the enzymes beta-glucosidase, diphenoloxid 
oloxidase and lacasse in olive orchards soils. 3. to evaluate the effect of different agricultu 
l, gene expression and the quantity and phylogeny of the enzymes beta-glucosidase, diphenoloxid 
oloxidase and lacasse in olive orchards soils. 4. to study the relationship between agricultura 
 practices and agricultural systems and soil organic carbon balance. to determine the soil comp 
rganic carbon balance. to determine the soil compartments where the mineralization is smaller a 
ation is smaller and the quality of the organic matter greater in order to establish possible s 
in order to establish possible sinks of carbon in the mediterranean soils.  
tablish possible sinks of carbon in the mediterranean soils.  
le sinks of carbon in the mediterranean soils.  
6994 1  . we have great experience in studying soil ciliates and my laboratory is in this respect uniq 
227 21                                cultural grasslands are usually found on less fertile soils, suc 
lands are usually found on less fertile soils, such leptosols and arenosols, and on wet soils,  
uch leptosols and arenosols, and on wet soils, such gleisols and histosols. on wet soils the ot 
ls, such gleisols and histosols. on wet soils the other agricultural activities are limited due 
 agrotechnical bear capability of those soils. however, intensive management of grasslands, suc 
lity of those soils. however, intensive management of grasslands, such repeated cutting, high f 
soils. however, intensive management of grasslands, such repeated cutting, high fertilization r 
grasslands, such repeated cutting, high fertilization rates, monoculture or species arm plant c 
e but heavy machinery, are proceeded on grasslands to get high quality fodder. in subject of so 
 get high quality fodder. in subject of soil compaction research, the main attention is paid on 
paid on the cultivated land and less on grasslands. how are changing the soil properties during 
ess on grasslands. how are changing the soil properties during intensive management, in which l 
ng the soil properties during intensive management, in which load the pores continue still to f 
 which load the pores continue still to function, how the technology used influences the regene 
es the regeneration ability of roots of grassland cultures and thereby the nutrition and produc 
 cultures and thereby the nutrition and productivity of plants, is slightly known. however, as  
nts, is slightly known. however, as the grassland cultures with their extensive root system may 
system may reduce the harmful effect of soil compaction and improve the soil properties at diff 
fect of soil compaction and improve the soil properties at different fertilization rates will b 
mprove the soil properties at different fertilization rates will be compacted specially at ever 
th the institute of plant nutrition and soil science of christan albrechts university in kiel i 
13867 28  intention is to describe the am fungal community in south swedish habitats and determine soil  
in south swedish habitats and determine soil disturbance influence on am fungal communities; di 
uth swedish habitats and determine soil disturbance influence on am fungal communities; diversi 
nce influence on am fungal communities; diversity, species composition, biomass and spore produ 
ce on am fungal communities; diversity, species composition, biomass and spore production. dist 
nities; diversity, species composition, biomass and spore production. disturbed sandy grassland 
 species composition, biomass and spore production. disturbed sandy grasslands in south east sw 
s and spore production. disturbed sandy grasslands in south east sweden will be studied and the 
isturbed sandy grasslands in south east sweden will be studied and the impact of disturbance an 
weden will be studied and the impact of disturbance and successional stage on the am fungal com 
and successional stage on the am fungal community will be studied in order to test the intermed 
udied in order to test the intermediate disturbance hypothesis for am fungal diversity. specifi 
te disturbance hypothesis for am fungal diversity. specific goals: 1. to determine the influenc 
goals: 1. to determine the influence of soil disturbance on the diversity, species composition, 
: 1. to determine the influence of soil disturbance on the diversity, species composition, biom 
he influence of soil disturbance on the diversity, species composition, biomass and spore produ 
e of soil disturbance on the diversity, species composition, biomass and spore production of am 
 on the diversity, species composition, biomass and spore production of am fungal communities.  
 species composition, biomass and spore production of am fungal communities. 2. to investigate  
munities. 2. to investigate if observed disturbance-induced changes in diversity and community  
observed disturbance-induced changes in diversity and community composition results in changes  
rbance-induced changes in diversity and community composition results in changes in am mycelium 
m c allocation and retention. am fungal diversity will be described by surveying the spore popu 
 surveying the spore populations in the soil that provides a signature for am fungi, its measur 
e soil that provides a signature for am fungi, its measurement can provide an indication of the 
an provide an indication of the overall biomass of am fungi. furthermore, by tracking c to this 
indication of the overall biomass of am fungi. furthermore, by tracking c to this compound by s 
ble isotope labelling the influences on ecosystem c cycling will be monitored.  
13988 24                             in tropical soil the organic matter content decreases and the soil  
                   in tropical soil the organic matter content decreases and the soil structure 
rganic matter content decreases and the soil structure deteriorates faster than in temperate ar 
e areas when the land is transferred to agriculture. at the same time the biodiversity of soil  
ed to agriculture. at the same time the biodiversity of soil organismsl decreases. knowledge of 
e. at the same time the biodiversity of soil organismsl decreases. knowledge of these structura 
ral and functitonal changes in tropical soil and their importance for soil processes is far fro 
 tropical soil and their importance for soil processes is far from complete. in this project we 
g questions: how are the communities of soil fauna in tropical agriculture affected by amounts  
e communities of soil fauna in tropical agriculture affected by amounts and quantity of of soil 
 affected by amounts and quantity of of soil organic matter and different crops and different i 
fferent crops and different intesity of soil cultivation - is the soil food web more stable and 
t intesity of soil cultivation - is the soil food web more stable and recilient in soil with hi 
esity of soil cultivation - is the soil food web more stable and recilient in soil with high or 
l food web more stable and recilient in soil with high organic matter content and high biodiver 
 stable and recilient in soil with high organic matter content and high biodiversity than in de 
th high organic matter content and high biodiversity than in degraded soils - to what extent ar 
 and high biodiversity than in degraded soils - to what extent are different taxonomic and func 
what extent are different taxonomic and functional groups of soil animals feeding on the growin 
rent taxonomic and functional groups of soil animals feeding on the growing crop and on microor 
and to what extent do they use the dead organic matter as their basic food source the structure 
 basic food source the structure of the soil fauna community will be studied by sampling in all 
 source the structure of the soil fauna community will be studied by sampling in allready exist 
13c isotop will be followed through the food web.  
12632 36 ledge, explore potential ways to manage soils in a sustainable manner and identify gaps in the  
the evidence base for defra relating to soil functions, quality and degradation. the five princ 
relating to soil functions, quality and degradation. the five principal outputs will provide ev 
d support for the implementation of the soil strategy for england. the objectives of the four s 
 four sub-projects are: objective a: to review the role of soil biota in soil fertility and qua 
are: objective a: to review the role of soil biota in soil fertility and quality, and explore a 
 a: to review the role of soil biota in soil fertility and quality, and explore approaches to i 
, and explore approaches to influencing soil communities to enhance delivery of these functions 
 objective b: to address the effects of soil degradation on the ability of soils to function an 
ctive b: to address the effects of soil degradation on the ability of soils to function and ide 
s of soil degradation on the ability of soils to function and identify gaps in the evidence bas 
 degradation on the ability of soils to function and identify gaps in the evidence base and pro 
 research requirements. objective c: to review the overall costs and benefits of soil erosion m 
eview the overall costs and benefits of soil erosion measures and to identify cost-effective mi 
measures and to identify cost-effective mitigation measures. objective d: to provide a clear vi 
ar view of the current knowledge on the impacts of climate change on soil processes, functions  
the current knowledge on the impacts of climate change on soil processes, functions and its rel 
dge on the impacts of climate change on soil processes, functions and its relevance to england  
 carried out by internationally-leading soil scientists from cranfield university, the cross-in 
sity, the cross-institute programme for soils , lancaster university and nri, greenwich univers 
submitted to defra for comment. a final review/report will be produced for each sub-project and 
d evidence gaps into the context of the soil strategy for england. the principal benefits arisi 
work will be to: identify the ways that soil biota may be managed to potentially increase soil  
 may be managed to potentially increase soil fertility and reduce external inputs; explore evid 
xternal inputs; explore evidence on the impacts of soil degradation on soil functions; review t 
uts; explore evidence on the impacts of soil degradation on soil functions; review the costs an 
explore evidence on the impacts of soil degradation on soil functions; review the costs and ben 
e on the impacts of soil degradation on soil functions; review the costs and benefits of mitiga 
 of soil degradation on soil functions; review the costs and benefits of mitigation measures us 
tions; review the costs and benefits of mitigation measures used to reduce soil erosion; and re 
s of mitigation measures used to reduce soil erosion; and review the potential impacts of clima 
asures used to reduce soil erosion; and review the potential impacts of climate change on soil  
 soil erosion; and review the potential impacts of climate change on soil processes, functions  
on; and review the potential impacts of climate change on soil processes, functions and biota.  
 potential impacts of climate change on soil processes, functions and biota. the outputs will b 
ustness and likely effectiveness of the soil strategy for england.  
14490 11                         the dynamics of soil seed banks in four threatened halophytes . the fat 
phytes . the fate of seeds collected by ants and the probability of germination and seedling su 
eeds, if existing, will be assessed.the soil seed bank will be periodically sampled throughout  
o determine its transient or persistent nature, due to the crucial consequences that this aspec 
onsequences that this aspect has on the population dynamics of threatened species.seed burial e 
les to analyze the fate of seeds in the soil. it will allow us to guess the seed output by agin 
ination ability and response to several temperature and light conditions of periodically exhume 
completed with the study of germination phenology in nature.the general aim of the study is to  
h the study of germination phenology in nature.the general aim of the study is to gather detail 
to the moment they are removed from the soil seed bank, on causes producing seed bank output, a 
he time that seeds remain viable in the soil. such approach will give crucial information on th 
7477 31 ltrec proposes to develop an integrated model of soil processes that describes key soil functio 
poses to develop an integrated model of soil processes that describes key soil functions. these 
el of soil processes that describes key soil functions. these functions are defined in the ec s 
. these functions are defined in the ec soil thematic strategy as essential ecosystem services  
 ec soil thematic strategy as essential ecosystem services for the well-being and economic succ 
es, computational models that integrate soil erosion, solute transport, carbon dynamics and foo 
tegrate soil erosion, solute transport, carbon dynamics and food web dynamics within an open-so 
, solute transport, carbon dynamics and food web dynamics within an open-source modelling frame 
food web dynamics within an open-source modelling framework. this framework will provide the pl 
de the platform, together with existing gis capacity, for a prototype simulator at eu-scale to  
pacity, for a prototype simulator at eu-scale to assess soil threats and evaluate approaches to 
ototype simulator at eu-scale to assess soil threats and evaluate approaches to mitigation. thi 
soil threats and evaluate approaches to mitigation. this physical-based modelling will be integ 
ches to mitigation. this physical-based modelling will be integrated with new advances in decis 
 developed from life cycle and economic assessment methodologies for natural resources. a key c 
d economic assessment methodologies for natural resources. a key conceptual advance of this pro 
 advance of this project is to quantify soil stocks, their formation, loss and functions within 
 zone. this encompasses the terrestrial environment from the top of the biosphere s tree canopy 
bedrock delineating the lower bounds of freshwater aquifers. soiltrec will link 4 eu field site 
ibe key stages within the life cycle of soil formation, its productive use and degradation. exi 
 soil formation, its productive use and degradation. existing data sets will be augmented with  
he data sets to validate the integrated model of soil processes. these process studies will be  
ets to validate the integrated model of soil processes. these process studies will be integrate 
grated with results from additional eu, usa and chinese field sites to compare soil processes a 
 usa and chinese field sites to compare soil processes and rates as they vary with lithology, c 
 and rates as they vary with lithology, climate and land use. these sites and their teams will  
s they vary with lithology, climate and land use. these sites and their teams will be integrate 
research will engage very actively with stakeholders involved in the practical management of la 
 stakeholders involved in the practical management of land, and will draw strongly on the advic 
nd guidance of international leaders in soil sustainability.  
idance of international leaders in soil sustainability.  
12605 7 non-deterministic approach to influence land management practices that enables land-managers an 
r the implications for them of changing management of organic matter within their enterprise. 2 
ions for them of changing management of organic matter within their enterprise. 2.to demonstrat 
sed to predict the impact of changes in land use and management on soc within catchments define 
t the impact of changes in land use and management on soc within catchments defined under the n 
ns learnt in a form useful to secondary stakeholders including defra. the completed case studie 
at: http://www.gya.co.uk/index.cfm/page/management_objectives.htm  
13350 48                                european soil biodiversity is pivotal for delivering food, fiber 
 pivotal for delivering food, fiber and biofuels and carbon storage. however, the demand is gre 
delivering food, fiber and biofuels and carbon storage. however, the demand is greater than the 
he demand is greater than the amount of soil available, as production of biofuels competes with 
r than the amount of soil available, as production of biofuels competes with areas for food pro 
unt of soil available, as production of biofuels competes with areas for food production and na 
f biofuels competes with areas for food production and nature. moreover, intensified land use r 
etes with areas for food production and nature. moreover, intensified land use reduces soil bio 
ction and nature. moreover, intensified land use reduces soil biodiversity and the resulting ec 
 moreover, intensified land use reduces soil biodiversity and the resulting ecosystem services. 
ces soil biodiversity and the resulting ecosystem services. soilservice will value soil biodive 
system services. soilservice will value soil biodiversity through the impact on ecosystem servi 
soil biodiversity through the impact on ecosystem services and propose how these values can be  
interdisciplinary empirical studies and soil biodiversity surveys to construct soil food web mo 
 soil biodiversity surveys to construct soil food web models and determine effects of changing  
 biodiversity surveys to construct soil food web models and determine effects of changing soil  
odels and determine effects of changing soil biodiversity on stability and resilience of carbon 
ffects of changing soil biodiversity on stability and resilience of carbon, nitrogen and phosph 
ging soil biodiversity on stability and resilience of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus cycling,  
iversity on stability and resilience of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus cycling, as well as ass 
 on stability and resilience of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus cycling, as well as assess cons 
 and resilience of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus cycling, as well as assess consequences for  
 consequences for outbreaks of pests or invasive species. soilservice will link ecological and  
 models to develop a system for valuing soil biodiversity in relation to ecosystem services. ob 
aluing soil biodiversity in relation to ecosystem services. objectives: • develop methods to va 
 objectives: • develop methods to value soil ecosystem services during different pressure of la 
ctives: • develop methods to value soil ecosystem services during different pressure of land us 
m services during different pressure of land use and changes in soil biodiversity. • field and  
ent pressure of land use and changes in soil biodiversity. • field and modelling studies will d 
anges in soil biodiversity. • field and modelling studies will determine to what spatial and te 
ine to what spatial and temporal scales soil biodiversity and soil ecosystem services are vulne 
d temporal scales soil biodiversity and soil ecosystem services are vulnerable to disturbance.  
poral scales soil biodiversity and soil ecosystem services are vulnerable to disturbance. • det 
il ecosystem services are vulnerable to disturbance. • detecting processes that indicate when e 
 detecting processes that indicate when ecosystems are approaching the limits of their natural  
ishing methods to determine and predict sustainability of ecosystem services at different types 
determine and predict sustainability of ecosystem services at different types of land use • bui 
cosystem services at different types of land use • building scenarios to identify economical an 
 different types of land use • building scenarios to identify economical and social drivers of  
fy economical and social drivers of how land use such as biofuel production and land abandonmen 
 social drivers of how land use such as biofuel production and land abandonment can influence s 
drivers of how land use such as biofuel production and land abandonment can influence soil biod 
tion and land abandonment can influence soil biodiversity and ecosystem services over european  
ent can influence soil biodiversity and ecosystem services over european scale. • interacting w 
ty and ecosystem services over european scale. • interacting with eu policies and strategies wi 
are at threat and mitigating changes in soil biodiversity to achieve a sustainable use of soils 
versity to achieve a sustainable use of soils. our results contribute to a european knowledge-b 
economy and to a future eu directive on soils.  
14909 4  is a reproductive biology study of two earthworms species, group in which sexual hermaphroditi 
ogaster elisae of this endemic group of spain, france, italy, mediterranean islands and the mag 
 endemic group of spain, france, italy, mediterranean islands and the maghreb, which is importa 
 because of its adaptations to semiarid soils favoured by the climatic change.  
12405 4 d the implications of its impact on the marine environment are matters of considerable concern. 
mplications of its impact on the marine environment are matters of considerable concern. the re 
e effects of such underwater noise upon fish, gathered in natural or semi-natural conditions, i 
ecast effects of anthropogenic noise in marine fauna. this will be the first experiment of its  
10556 18 known how this variation is maintained. invertebrates, and many vertebrates, primarily use chem 
addition to alarm and trail pheromones. ants are among the most dominant animals in the world a 
aining tens to millions of individuals. ants comprise five of the world s top seventeen most co 
 world s top seventeen most costly pest insects. despite their importance as both beneficial an 
yer that coats the outer surface of all insects. very recently this has been confirmed by demon 
carbons found on the surface of formica ants are indeed used in nest mate recognition. we will  
several of its close relatives. formica ants are a keystone ant genus, comprising over 160 spec 
ding the well-known mound-building wood ants and thus are one of the best studied groups of ins 
s are one of the best studied groups of insects. therefore, there is already a vast wealth of c 
 biochemical investigation to track the production, transportation and eventual secretion of th 
ticular hydrocarbons , within a spatial environment that can be subject to different conditions 
 the rapidly emerging field of chemical ecology, this study helps in two key areas of uk insect 
udy helps in two key areas of uk insect conservation. firstly, in the uk, f. exsecta is a categ 
n and expertise to underpin the species conservation. secondly, understanding how environmental 
tion will provide new insights into the evolution and maintaince of recognition systems not onl 
ince of recognition systems not only in ants but in many species of insects since the chemicals 
not only in ants but in many species of insects since the chemicals we are investigating are sy 
stigating are synthesised by almost all invertebrates.  
11286 18 known how this variation is maintained. invertebrates, and many vertebrates, primarily use chem 
addition to alarm and trail pheromones. ants are among the most dominant animals in the world a 
aining tens to millions of individuals. ants comprise five of the world s top seventeen most co 
 world s top seventeen most costly pest insects. despite their importance as both beneficial an 
yer that coats the outer surface of all insects. very recently this has been confirmed by demon 
carbons found on the surface of formica ants are indeed used in nest mate recognition. we will  
several of its close relatives. formica ants are a keystone ant genus, comprising over 160 spec 
ding the well-known mound-building wood ants and thus are one of the best studied groups of ins 
s are one of the best studied groups of insects. therefore, there is already a vast wealth of c 
 biochemical investigation to track the production, transportation and eventual secretion of th 
ticular hydrocarbons , within a spatial environment that can be subject to different conditions 
 the rapidly emerging field of chemical ecology, this study helps in two key areas of uk insect 
udy helps in two key areas of uk insect conservation. firstly, in the uk, f. exsecta is a categ 
n and expertise to underpin the species conservation. secondly, understanding how environmental 
tion will provide new insights into the evolution and maintaince of recognition systems not onl 
ince of recognition systems not only in ants but in many species of insects since the chemicals 
not only in ants but in many species of insects since the chemicals we are investigating are sy 
stigating are synthesised by almost all invertebrates.  
11246 14 uous burning of fossil fuel, the global environment is facing a crisis stemming from rapidly ri 
g from rapidly rising concentrations of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in our atmosp 
centrations of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in our atmosphere. assuming greenhouse 
as emissions at or above current rates, carbon dioxide will reach nearly triple the pre-industr 
 million years. according to the latest assessment of the intergovernmental panel on climate ch 
sment of the intergovernmental panel on climate change, the high latitudes will experience the  
h latitudes will experience the largest temperature increases, resulting in a rapid melting of  
 melting of polar ice-sheets and global sea level rise. for a further understanding of potentia 
 warm periods and across major climatic thresholds. the proposed research project will reconstr 
 research project will reconstruct past vegetation of antarctica and southern australasia durin 
lution pollen analyses with global data-model comparison, this proposed study will foster a dee 
icating weakness and strength, the data-model comparison will also contribute to the improvemen 
l also contribute to the improvement of climate models that we rely upon for simulating future  
that we rely upon for simulating future climate change.  
13536 17 ther sown wild flower strips can act as dispersal corridors for flying insects as butterflies a 
n act as dispersal corridors for flying insects as butterflies and bumblebees and thus have an  
d bumblebees and thus have an effect on species diversity in nearby grasslands. wild flower str 
n effect on species diversity in nearby grasslands. wild flower strips are sown by farmers in s 
tries as subsidised measures to enhance biodiversity. to study whether these sown wild flower s 
ether these sown wild flower strips can function as corridors in the chosen area in switzerland 
sidered: the available species pool and abundance in nearby grasslands, environmental factors a 
le species pool and abundance in nearby grasslands, environmental factors as pesticide use, and 
by grasslands, environmental factors as pesticide use, and spatial factors . the project will i 
he presence of flower strips influences species diversity in nearby grasslands in the context o 
 influences species diversity in nearby grasslands in the context of metacommunity research. th 
 in nearby grasslands in the context of metacommunity research. the study will be carried out b 
 study will be carried out by recording species composition of butterflies and bumblebees in th 
rflies and bumblebees in the strips and grasslands in the study area, observing insect behaviou 
he field data will be used to develop a model of metacommunity dynamics which is expected to pr 
data will be used to develop a model of metacommunity dynamics which is expected to provide use 
f mass-effects as a process maintaining biodiversity.  
1941 6                                         wetlands host a large amount of characteristic biologic 
s host a large amount of characteristic biological diversity of, and the interaction between th 
area. in this context the links between biodiversity change, recreation, and the rest of the lo 
 the links between biodiversity change, recreation, and the rest of the local economy will rece 
ive particular attention. the resulting model will be analyzed with numerical simulation and op 
 analyzed with numerical simulation and optimization techniques.  
464 14 e problem to resolve is the sustainable management of the environment in two regions of the isl 
ve is the sustainable management of the environment in two regions of the islands in the indian 
characterize the surroundings and their biodiversity, and spatial images to facilitate the deci 
y, and spatial images to facilitate the decision-making concerning local development. in madaga 
te the decision-making concerning local development. in madagascar, the regions establish devel 
t. in madagascar, the regions establish development plans that include sustainable management o 
elopment plans that include sustainable management of the environment. nonetheless, little scie 
t include sustainable management of the environment. nonetheless, little scientific information 
l ecologic mechanisms, and the existing development plans only take into account partial data.  
nt partial data. in the comoro islands, environment corrosion is even faster, due to a high pop 
s even faster, due to a high population density. the government is considering the creation of  
cientific studies on the functioning of ecosystems to facilitate the decision-making for the el 
tioning of ecosystems to facilitate the decision-making for the elaboration of a development pl 
ecision-making for the elaboration of a development plan. we have chosen a zone of study in mad 
7223 11 e the problems here are the sustainable management of the environment in two regions of the ind 
e are the sustainable management of the environment in two regions of the indian ocean islands, 
 field observations to characterize the environment and biodiversity, and space images for deci 
ons to characterize the environment and biodiversity, and space images for decision support in  
ment. madagascar has, regions establish development plans that include sustainable environmenta 
elopment plans that include sustainable environmental management. gold, little scientific infor 
 ecological mechanisms and the existing management plans do not take into account partial data. 
ment plans to create national parks for conservation, hence the need to conduct scientific stud 
cientific studies on the functioning of ecosystems to support decisions in the development of a 
 ecosystems to support decisions in the development of a management plan. we chose a study area 
pport decisions in the development of a management plan. we chose a study area in madagascar. d 
15263 9  little bustard . - continuing with the monitoring of little bustard population parameters, par 
 particularly female survival and natal dispersal. the understanding of the basic biology and e 
 understanding of the basic biology and ecology of the little bustard at different spatial scal 
ishment of a solid scientifically based conservation, including an adequate network of protecte 
twork of protected steppe areas and the development and implementation of appropriate agri-envi 
ate agri-environmental measures for the conservation of steppe habitats. this will be a general 
neral contribution to the preservation, restoration and conservation of biodiversity.  
on to the preservation, restoration and conservation of biodiversity.  
vation, restoration and conservation of biodiversity.  
13461 16                      spatial and social ecology are important aspects in understanding the ecol 
 important aspects in understanding the ecology of animals due to its influence on population s 
ynamics. in territorial species, social ecology can explain territorial dynamics, distribution  
ology can explain territorial dynamics, distribution and colonization of populations. wolverine 
 territorial dynamics, distribution and colonization of populations. wolverine and lynx are ter 
ll young males disperse, whereas female dispersal frequency is lower. in this project we will t 
: 1 lynx and wolverine have a saturated dispersal pattern, i.e. dispersal from a local populati 
ave a saturated dispersal pattern, i.e. dispersal from a local population will mainly occur whe 
territory settlement follows a despotic distribution, i.e. high quality territories will be occ 
th of a female will not influence local density as she will be quickly replaced by a female fro 
 conflicts between reindeer herding and predators is killing in high-density areas of these spe 
erding and predators is killing in high-density areas of these species. however, if young indiv 
ed animals, as predicted, the number of predators might not decrease in high-density areas and  
of predators might not decrease in high-density areas and the intended conflict measure will ha 
 understand effects of killing on local density of wolverine and lynx and their distribution we 
density of wolverine and lynx and their distribution we need detailed knowledge of their spatia 
12447 7  hydrographical processes governing the recruitment of scallops in the english channel, and the 
nnel, and the potential consequences of climate change upon these processes. develop a forecast 
 these processes. develop a forecasting model for scallop populations which incorporates spatia 
ents based on new insights into scallop recruitment gained during the research. key customer pu 
 specific advice to defra regarding the management of scallop stocks, in particular with refere 
in particular with reference to spatial management plans, through a greater understanding of th 
of the spatial and temporal patterns of recruitment.  
2146 10 anthropogenic disturbances. the smaller streams in river systems are especially vulnerable. ear 
arr migrate in large numbers into small streams in which no spawning occurs. these small stream 
n which no spawning occurs. these small streams can therefore be of great importance for the pr 
herefore be of great importance for the production of salmon. we will in this project choose th 
will in this project choose three small streams , in which the same methodology is used to stud 
 brown trout and brook trout. models of competition parameters from west brook will be applied  
 will have important value for managers planning habitat restoration projects in other more ant 
e important value for managers planning habitat restoration projects in other more anthropogeni 
ant value for managers planning habitat restoration projects in other more anthropogenically di 
uding a half-year long research stay in usa.  
13559 17 project focuses on the relation between wildlife abundance in tropical forests and spatial hete 
ocuses on the relation between wildlife abundance in tropical forests and spatial heterogeneity 
 relation between wildlife abundance in tropical forests and spatial heterogeneity in terms of  
dlife abundance in tropical forests and spatial heterogeneity in terms of natural environmental 
 this to the study of no-take areas for tropical forest wildlife. the effects of natural enviro 
dy of no-take areas for tropical forest wildlife. the effects of natural environmental variabil 
ort, previously collected in a 1000 km2 tropical forest area surrounding an indigenous communit 
l forest area surrounding an indigenous community in the amazon, with a vegetation classificati 
rounding an indigenous community in the amazon, with a vegetation classification that will be m 
igenous community in the amazon, with a vegetation classification that will be made based on fi 
munity in the amazon, with a vegetation classification that will be made based on field invento 
de based on field inventory of ferns as indicator species of soil characteristics, in combinati 
entory of ferns as indicator species of soil characteristics, in combination with remote sensin 
il characteristics, in combination with remote sensing. the interactions between hunters and ga 
e study of no-take areas as a means for wildlife management in tropical forests. the effects of 
f no-take areas as a means for wildlife management in tropical forests. the effects of two no-t 
s as a means for wildlife management in tropical forests. the effects of two no-take areas set  
1940 5                                         biodiversity in the semi-natura1 dutch wetlands is infl 
 biodiversity in the semi-natura1 dutch wetlands is influenced by a complex of factors, ranging 
turn can then be linked to the economic model and analysis, a11owing to trace the influence of  
sis, a11owing to trace the influence of economic development of wetland areas.  
he influence of economic development of wetland areas.  
15016 38                                mountain ecosystems are the most important reservoir of biodiver 
ems are the most important reservoir of biodiversity in terrestrial ecosystems partly because t 
eservoir of biodiversity in terrestrial ecosystems partly because the range of environmental va 
of environmental variation allows great diversity of organisms to live in, and partly because h 
everal investigations have revealed the risk of species adapted to low temperatures in the moun 
es in the mountains as a consequence of temperature elevation. although not only the climate ch 
rature elevation. although not only the climate change will have important effect on the dynami 
rtant effect on the dynamic of mountain ecosystems, rather the interactions between climate, hu 
ystems, rather the interactions between climate, human intervention and the composing entities  
 along temporal and spatial scales. the forest limit is particularly sensitive to the land use  
 limit is particularly sensitive to the land use change and climate change. in consequence, thi 
ly sensitive to the land use change and climate change. in consequence, this ecosystem and can  
nd climate change. in consequence, this ecosystem and can be an excellent earlier indicator of  
osystem and can be an excellent earlier indicator of the effect of those changes on the biodive 
r of the effect of those changes on the biodiversity and sustainability of the ecosystems and p 
f those changes on the biodiversity and sustainability of the ecosystems and present a rapid re 
 biodiversity and sustainability of the ecosystems and present a rapid response that can be use 
ent a rapid response that can be use to model the change in the ecosystem spatial organization  
t can be use to model the change in the ecosystem spatial organization and to detect catastroph 
hic shifts. on the other side, semiarid ecosystems present a slow response, and their diversity 
tems present a slow response, and their diversity conservation is more dependent on facilitatio 
nt a slow response, and their diversity conservation is more dependent on facilitation and prop 
rsity conservation is more dependent on facilitation and propagulos availability than the site  
site availability as in more productive ecosystems. the comparisons of a broad range of variati 
erlying processes that influence on the biodiversity conservation and in consequence will let t 
the spatial and temporal changes of the biodiversity structure and spatial organization through 
om the central pyrenees to the semiarid ecosystems of the middle ebro valley. our priority is t 
structural changes or drift in mountain ecosystems before transition triggers occurs and it is  
 it is too late to prevent irreversible degradation. the analysis will be performed analyzing a 
ysis will be performed analyzing at the scale of vegetation patches the change in diversity, sp 
 be performed analyzing at the scale of vegetation patches the change in diversity, spatial org 
ale of vegetation patches the change in diversity, spatial organization and functional traits o 
 in diversity, spatial organization and functional traits of the plant species. we will use veg 
raits of the plant species. we will use vegetation patches that vary in size, isolation and age 
archical levels constraints the spatial distribution of species at lower levels to identify cas 
 identify cascade mechanisms leading to biodiversity loss. in short, cebce project aims is to i 
ort, cebce project aims is to integrate assessment methodologies that address multiple scales o 
patchiness to provide transition shifts indicators from satellite image parameters. this projec 
12446 4  for providing better quality advice on management of crab stocks. key customer purpose: develo 
ty of advice to defra on the status and management of crab stocks through a better understandin 
e english channel. these underpin stock assessment and determine the spatial scales at which ma 
d determine the spatial scales at which management measures are likely to be appropriate and ef 
2113 21 how continuous spatial distributions of habitat may be applied to explain the spatial distribut 
t may be applied to explain the spatial distribution of a species with high economic value - th 
ial distribution of a species with high economic value - the moose. continuous habitat distribu 
 economic value - the moose. continuous habitat distributions may be estimated from spatial dat 
ethods. the kernel method estimates the density of a given habitat variable at each spatial loc 
method estimates the density of a given habitat variable at each spatial location given the who 
patial location given the whole spatial distribution of that habitat. compared to the tradition 
 the whole spatial distribution of that habitat. compared to the traditional use of discrete po 
int- or grid cell estimates, continuous habitat distributions have some beneficial properties:  
of spatial resolution; and 3 continuous habitat distributions may be an index that describes th 
 that describes the whole aspect of the landscape mosaic and may therefore give better predicta 
ve better predictability to the spatial model. here, i suggest correlating continuous spatial h 
 suggest correlating continuous spatial habitat and animal distributions to map the association 
ibutions to map the association between habitat and organism. i will further extrapolate the sp 
 i will further extrapolate the spatial model into larger areas to study the predictability of  
reas to study the predictability of the model. the actual landowner configuration will then be  
 will then be used to study the spatial economics of the species and how this may vary through  
may vary through various changes of the landscape. the economic profit for each landowner depen 
how the various landowners manage their habitat may then be studied by applying game theory. i  
nvironments at the alaska department of fish and game, fairbanks, where i plan to stay for a 10 
ated through researchers working on bio-economics at huc and a large mammal group at nina in tr 
10347 6                                         migration rates and population structure will be quanti 
 aimed at assessing the consequences of habitat deterioration and fragmentation on population s 
nsequences of habitat deterioration and fragmentation on population structure and the maintenan 
lation structure and the maintenance of genetic diversity. at the european scale microsatellite 
e of genetic diversity. at the european scale microsatellites will be used to describe the phyl 
he phylogeography and compare levels of genetic diversity in central and marginal areas.  
10541 28 val generally declines due to increased competition for resources such as food or breeding site 
 breeding sites. this process is called density-dependence, and it has been a core theme in pop 
 it has been a core theme in population ecology for decades, not least because it is pivotal to 
anding how populations might respond to environmental change, such as habitat loss or changes i 
espond to environmental change, such as habitat loss or changes in climate. we know that densit 
nge, such as habitat loss or changes in climate. we know that density-dependence occurs in popu 
oss or changes in climate. we know that density-dependence occurs in populations across a wide  
ng is particularly acute for species of conservation concern. as a result, models of population 
rvation concern. as a result, models of population dynamics used to aid decisions about their c 
amics used to aid decisions about their conservation often lack density-dependence, or make str 
ons about their conservation often lack density-dependence, or make strong assumptions about th 
cularly pronounced when considering the dispersal decisions of individuals in spatially variabl 
icts that these will play a key role in density-dependence. also, it is increasingly recognized 
ntial to form a link between individual dispersal decisions and their population-level conseque 
duals are forced to occupy poor quality habitat as a population grows, thereby driving down the 
ividuals within the population. spatial distribution patterns consistent with this idea are wid 
ave a limited idea about the individual dispersal decisions that underlie these patterns, or th 
r the wider implications for population growth or persistence. in this project, we propose to a 
 population explore the consequences of dispersal decisions for population growth and persisten 
s of dispersal decisions for population growth and persistence in the face of environmental cha 
n growth and persistence in the face of environmental change. as a result, our research will pr 
 will provide general insights into the ecology of dispersal, an understanding of how dispersal 
de general insights into the ecology of dispersal, an understanding of how dispersal generates  
y of dispersal, an understanding of how dispersal generates spatial distribution patterns and d 
ding of how dispersal generates spatial distribution patterns and density-dependence, and a the 
rates spatial distribution patterns and density-dependence, and a theoretical framework for lin 
and a theoretical framework for linking dispersal to population dynamics.  
ical framework for linking dispersal to population dynamics.  
14539 14                                         water redistribution between soil layers carried out by 
           water redistribution between soil layers carried out by roots may have an important  
oots may have an important role in arid ecosystems where water is a limiting resource. such red 
important role in arid ecosystems where water is a limiting resource. such redistribution can b 
e. such redistribution can be upwards , soil type, the organic matter content, the depth of wat 
ibution can be upwards , soil type, the organic matter content, the depth of water table, as we 
he organic matter content, the depth of water table, as well as the type of species, functional 
ishment and because it could extend the growth season, and influence the water balance of other 
nd the growth season, and influence the water balance of other species. we propose carrying out 
field and laboratory experiments, using remote sensing and geographic information systems to an 
y experiments, using remote sensing and geographic information systems to analyse mechanisms of 
nce of hydraulic redistribution for the productivity, biological diversity and plant-plant inte 
ic redistribution for the productivity, biological diversity and plant-plant interactions in ar 
ty and plant-plant interactions in arid ecosystems.  
11748 4 or a 12 month secondment to work in the ecology division at the university of stirling. i inten 
pertise in spatial population theory to model the specific ecological systems under investigati 
owledge of the specific systems and the modelling results will be bale to confer new levels of  
perimental work and benefit control and conservation strategies. initial discussions have outli 
15273 2 onstraints of point pattern analysis in ecology. in order to test most of the raised hypotheses 
ical interface. task 7.3 will deal with indirect effects in plant communities cohorts of plants 
11510 13 , infectious diseases are widespread in nature and pose a severe threat to our environment. sin 
 nature and pose a severe threat to our environment. since these diseases cause significant har 
bility of bacterial pathogens to evolve resistance to antibiotics is of increasing concern and  
ternative ways to control the spread of disease. one promising alternative is the use of bacter 
t i can compare the interaction between bacteria and phage in nature with results from controll 
teraction between bacteria and phage in nature with results from controlled, laboratory experim 
tion. i will examine both how the plant environment influences the coevolution between bacteria 
ment influences the coevolution between bacteria and phage and how infection by phage influence 
nfluences the amount of damage that the bacteria cause to their plant host. this work will be c 
s a mechanism for controlling bacterial disease. further, this research will emphasise that coe 
 is often more complex than simple, two species interactions and that understanding multi-speci 
teractions and that understanding multi-species interactions is key to making predictions of ho 
dictions of how diseases will evolve in nature.  
10308 16 at causes and maintains this staggering diversity is one of vital importance. indeed recent stu 
es have suggested that maintaining this diversity might be important in maintaining the earth s 
be important in maintaining the earth s ecosystems. as a consequence many ecologists are focuss 
blem. one of the earliest hypotheses in ecology, the competitive exclusion principle states tha 
y similar species can occur in the same habitat. this diversity is not just a property of tropi 
ies can occur in the same habitat. this diversity is not just a property of tropical rainforest 
cal rainforests; even a metre square of grassland on a derbyshire hillside in the uk can hold o 
pace. this is potentially important for competition because individuals interact only with thei 
can be important in explaining the high diversity observed in plant communities. if interaction 
ht that reaches them, and slowing their growth rate. despite this fact, most of the mathematica 
e applied to such difficult problems in ecology. my proposed research will have two main object 
 is an important process in maintaining diversity. secondly, i will construct mathematical mode 
 mathematical models that include plant growth to see if any new hypotheses like heteromyopia e 
 new theory can then be tested with the forest data to see if any of the new predictions occur  
ble a greater understanding of how high biodiversity is maintained in the face of intense compe 
ty is maintained in the face of intense competition for limiting resources.  
11406 16 at causes and maintains this staggering diversity is one of vital importance. indeed recent stu 
es have suggested that maintaining this diversity might be important in maintaining the earth s 
be important in maintaining the earth s ecosystems. as a consequence many ecologists are focuss 
blem. one of the earliest hypotheses in ecology, the competitive exclusion principle states tha 
y similar species can occur in the same habitat. this diversity is not just a property of tropi 
ies can occur in the same habitat. this diversity is not just a property of tropical rainforest 
cal rainforests; even a metre square of grassland on a derbyshire hillside in the uk can hold o 
pace. this is potentially important for competition because individuals interact only with thei 
can be important in explaining the high diversity observed in plant communities. if interaction 
ht that reaches them, and slowing their growth rate. despite this fact, most of the mathematica 
e applied to such difficult problems in ecology. my proposed research will have two main object 
 is an important process in maintaining diversity. secondly, i will construct mathematical mode 
 mathematical models that include plant growth to see if any new hypotheses like heteromyopia e 
 new theory can then be tested with the forest data to see if any of the new predictions occur  
ble a greater understanding of how high biodiversity is maintained in the face of intense compe 
ty is maintained in the face of intense competition for limiting resources.  
2207 23   our aim is to evaluate to what degree management of wildlife, especially harvest, in the fore 
o evaluate to what degree management of wildlife, especially harvest, in the forest ecosystem c 
of wildlife, especially harvest, in the forest ecosystem can rely on spatial dynamics. related  
life, especially harvest, in the forest ecosystem can rely on spatial dynamics. related uncerta 
amics. related uncertainties of spatial management will theoretically be addressed in modeling  
ment will theoretically be addressed in modeling tools. from the very beginning we will work in 
th the swedish hunters´ association for wildlife management in five swedish areas. cpue could b 
edish hunters´ association for wildlife management in five swedish areas. cpue could be an impo 
rtant tool for local hunters in spatial management systems. as a joint-effort with the other te 
e other terrestrial projects impact and monitoring we aim to develop a system that can exert ad 
m that can exert additional control via monitoring of the harvest and catch-per-unit effort. ou 
 be closely integrated with the project modeling tools, monitoring impact and values and welfar 
grated with the project modeling tools, monitoring impact and values and welfare with which we  
te to: • integrate spatially structured population dynamics to determine the appropriate spatia 
ermine the appropriate spatial level of management for wildlife. species – specific pros and co 
opriate spatial level of management for wildlife. species – specific pros and cons of areas wit 
erest. • develop guidelines for spatial management with special references to active management 
ement with special references to active management e.g. population control including harvest an 
 in cooperation with local and regional stakeholders. • analyze existing data to evaluate the p 
aluate the potential role of harvest in protected areas given a certain size. • evaluate the ap 
ize. • evaluate the appropriate size of management areas for wildlife with special reference to 
ppropriate size of management areas for wildlife with special reference to harvest and species  
 in cooperation with local and regional stakeholders.  
7686 10 e of the essential keys to increase the efficiency and coherence of future agri-environmental p 
ental policies and contribute to reduce vulnerability landscapes. to meet this lock pointed to  
 lock pointed to by the grenelle of the environment and in response to this third after diva me 
r damage or poor capacity of ecological resilience landscape. one second case study will focus  
 poor capacity of ecological resilience landscape. one second case study will focus on the vuln 
one second case study will focus on the vulnerability of water resources directly related to th 
tudy will focus on the vulnerability of water resources directly related to the filtration capa 
ean directive and inspires the european landscape convention. moreover, we question the appropr 
ion the appropriation of tvahr by local stakeholders and decision makers and will seek the most 
 makers and will seek the most relevant indicators to assess the tvahr  
2032 10 patial scales over which populations of marine organisms interact, and the possible mismatch wi 
 proriteit-progamma sustainable use and conservation of marine living resources. it consists of 
mma sustainable use and conservation of marine living resources. it consists of four integrated 
the question what the spatial scales of marine organisms are and whether the legal regime of th 
ly takes into account these scales when marine resources are being exploited. we intend to work 
ative study of population structure and population dynamics in a commercially important flatfis 
s together cover several aspects of the spatial scale of the population structure of marine org 
al scale of the population structure of marine organisms and relate these to aspects of the spa 
isms and relate these to aspects of the spatial scale of the exploitation of marine living reso 
he spatial scale of the exploitation of marine living resources.  
15531 32                          functioning of mediterranean drylands is limited by water availability 
           functioning of mediterranean drylands is limited by water availability and is increa 
of mediterranean drylands is limited by water availability and is increasingly threatened by la 
ility and is increasingly threatened by land use and climate changes, and associated changes in 
increasingly threatened by land use and climate changes, and associated changes in disturbance  
mate changes, and associated changes in disturbance frequency and severity. understanding the r 
understanding the relationships between ecosystem structure and function is of crucial importan 
onships between ecosystem structure and function is of crucial importance for ecoystem conserva 
n is of crucial importance for ecoystem conservation and restoration. this project will use man 
mportance for ecoystem conservation and restoration. this project will use manipulative experim 
experiments, observational studies, and modelling work to investigate how both spatial pattern  
 modelling work to investigate how both spatial pattern and plant diversity determine ecosystem 
nvestigate how both spatial pattern and plant diversity determine ecosystem functioning in fire 
l pattern and plant diversity determine ecosystem functioning in fire-prone mediterranean woodl 
sity determine ecosystem functioning in fire-prone mediterranean woodlands. the project will fo 
ine ecosystem functioning in fire-prone mediterranean woodlands. the project will focus on key  
ct will focus on key functions in these ecosystems such as resistance and resilience against di 
y functions in these ecosystems such as resistance and resilience against disturbances, and wil 
these ecosystems such as resistance and resilience against disturbances, and will also evaluate 
st disturbances, and will also evaluate carbon sequestration potential through the analyses of  
ation potential through the analyses of carbon budgets in the experimental areas. the specifc o 
f the project are: on plant response to fire. the project will be carried out in the framework  
relationships between plant pattern and diversity and ecosystem functioning, but in this case f 
between plant pattern and diversity and ecosystem functioning, but in this case focusing in wat 
nctioning, but in this case focusing in water relations, and more especifically in the ecohydro 
n the ecohydrological feedbacks between ecosystem structure and functioning in semiarid lands.  
ost suitable strategies to increase the resistance and resilience of the target ecosystems agai 
rategies to increase the resistance and resilience of the target ecosystems against disturbance 
resistance and resilience of the target ecosystems against disturbances and to optimize restora 
ms against disturbances and to optimize restoration efforts in mediterranean drylands.  
 and to optimize restoration efforts in mediterranean drylands.  
ze restoration efforts in mediterranean drylands.  
10272 4  do so by measuring diffusivity using a temperature micro-profiler, which measures vertical wat 
micro-profiler, which measures vertical water temperature profiles at specific locations with a 
profiler, which measures vertical water temperature profiles at specific locations with a resol 
r a range of meteorological and ambient water stratification conditions, we will build a data s 
15282 17  of plant groups between macaronesia-nw africa, e. africa and w. asia have been recognized for  
roups between macaronesia-nw africa, e. africa and w. asia have been recognized for nearly a ce 
ave been proposed to have this disjunct distribution on the basis of morphological similarities 
oposed for the origin of this enigmatic distribution: a fragmentation of a macrocontinental flo 
rigin of this enigmatic distribution: a fragmentation of a macrocontinental flora by vicariance 
a in the eastern and western margins of africa, b origin in western asia and later migration to 
ica, b origin in western asia and later migration towards e. and s. africa; c dispersion of sou 
a and later migration towards e. and s. africa; c dispersion of southafrican lineages to the no 
orth, with later diversification in the mediterranean region and western asia. despite increasi 
aims to reconstruct the spatio-temporal evolution of six plant genera exhibiting this disjuncti 
ur research team, so we have an initial phylogeny that we aim to complete , and the appearance  
y, such as new reproductive strategies, dispersal mechanisms, or the appearance of a novel type 
s, or the appearance of a novel type of metabolism. the final aim of the coordinated project is 
roject will be integrated into a larger meta-analysis to test for the existence of this pattern 
ctors that have shaped it through time: fragmentation of a macrocontinental flora by vicariance 
inental flora by vicariance and gradual extinction, or dispersal and recent diversification bet 
y vicariance and gradual extinction, or dispersal and recent diversification between geographic 
15169 11             spatio-temporal patterns of soil seed banks and their consequences in the regenerat 
sequences in the regenerative cycles of vegetation in mediterranean saline steppes inhabited by 
he regenerative cycles of vegetation in mediterranean saline steppes inhabited by albardine the 
by albardine the co-occurrence of other plant-animal interactions may restrict the recruitment. 
nt-animal interactions may restrict the recruitment. 5.- the study of seed bank changes through 
e study of seed bank changes throughout succession after cropland abandonment in albardine step 
 environmental conditions, particularly soil properties, are responsible for change patterns ra 
as confirmed in gypsum steppes, another habitat with particular soil properties as well. studie 
teppes, another habitat with particular soil properties as well. studies will be carried out in 
l. studies will be carried out in three protected area in castilla-la mancha. results may be of 
currently doing efforts to protect this habitat.  
14684 17 mobile dunes of doñana at two different spatial scale. at a large scale, the vegetation changes 
two different spatial scale. at a large scale, the vegetation changes that have taken place in  
nt spatial scale. at a large scale, the vegetation changes that have taken place in the mobile  
dynamic maps of processes, suitable for management practices. the study will include the specie 
t practices. the study will include the species composition, how and where it has changed, thei 
he changes, and the effect of the large scale pattern on lower scale processes.at a lower scale 
ect of the large scale pattern on lower scale processes.at a lower scale, we will continue stud 
ern on lower scale processes.at a lower scale, we will continue studying the natural regenerati 
uniperus oxycedrus subsp macrocarpa, an endangered species which that has in doñana one of thei 
 in doñana one of their last refuges of spain and europe. the study includes seed production an 
 one of their last refuges of spain and europe. the study includes seed production and viabilit 
ain and europe. the study includes seed production and viability, predispersal seed predation,  
 production and viability, predispersal seed predation, seed rain, postdispersal seed predation 
eed predation, seed rain, postdispersal seed predation, germination, establishment and survival 
at information will be use to elaborate conservation and management plans for the dune system a 
ll be use to elaborate conservation and management plans for the dune system and for endangered 
ement plans for the dune system and for endangered species such as the maritime juniper.  
2128 14       the movement and establishment of invasive species in new habitats is a global economic a 
petence building in order to reduce the risk of spread and establishment of invasive forest pes 
of spread and establishment of invasive forest pests, using the norway spruce - bark beetle sys 
etle system as an example. in norwegian forestry, the extensive timber imports represent a pote 
t may prove to be a serious setback for forestry. our preliminary investigations of import timb 
eetles. because direct experiments with introduced species are too dangerous, we will use a com 
 use a combination of data analysis and modelling. we have brought together a strong team of re 
 complementary expertise in bark beetle ecology, modelling and biological invasions . the budge 
ntary expertise in bark beetle ecology, modelling and biological invasions . the budget include 
e in bark beetle ecology, modelling and biological invasions . the budget includes a recruitmen 
gical invasions . the budget includes a recruitment fellowship as a part of the competence buil 
as a part of the competence building on invasive species. the final results will include recomm 
possible changes in import routines and forest management that may reduce the spread and establ 
nd establishment of damaging and costly forest pests.  
2507 8                           the potential risk for fisheries imposed by the proposed petroleum ac 
                 the potential risk for fisheries imposed by the proposed petroleum activities  
l industry by a consortium of norwegian marine research institutions. the project is expected t 
consortium of norwegian marine research institutions. the project is expected to generate new i 
ght into the spatiotemporal dynamics of growth and survival of fish larvae through their first  
oral dynamics of growth and survival of fish larvae through their first months. this insight wi 
ssible population effects of oil-caused mortality of fish larvae.  
tion effects of oil-caused mortality of fish larvae.  
7392 1 oach is essential for understanding the adaptation and evolutionary history of microorganisms,  
14802 3 a to contribute to the knowledge of the endangered species and to obtain information that allow 
d to obtain information that allows the development of appropriate conservation strategies.  
t allows the development of appropriate conservation strategies.  
14902 1        this research aims to assess the evaluation of homoploid interspecific gene flow between 
10012 4 frican great lakes, some of the richest freshwater ecosystems on earth, are regarded as biodive 
t lakes, some of the richest freshwater ecosystems on earth, are regarded as biodiversity hotsp 
er ecosystems on earth, are regarded as biodiversity hotspots. fascination with these ecosystem 
ersity hotspots. fascination with these ecosystems is in part because the lakes are home to hun 
11312 19 iation is fundamental to explaining the diversity of life. yet, life on earth is not evenly dis 
ments are a hotbed for promoting unique species diversity. the tropical lakes of africa s rift  
pecies diversity. the tropical lakes of africa s rift valley, considered to be hotspots of biod 
ft valley, considered to be hotspots of biodiversity, are such environments and provide evoluti 
h lake environments have influenced the genetic diversity of species within african rivers. fur 
tic diversity of species within african rivers. furthermore, a broad species distribution also  
an rivers. furthermore, a broad species distribution also allows biologists to examine whether  
ad an impact on the current patterns of biodiversity, which may help us make future predictions 
lp us make future predictions regarding biodiversity and therefore their conservation. the high 
arding biodiversity and therefore their conservation. the highly diverse catfish genus synodont 
 to investigate the factors influencing biological diversity in freshwater environments, as it  
ors influencing biological diversity in freshwater environments, as it meets all these criteria 
rom synodontis catfish collected across africa, combined with fossil dates, we shall be able to 
se environments happened faster than in rivers. we are also interested to see whether there mig 
nic rifting events, or drier periods in africa s climate have influenced the evolution of synod 
ng events, or drier periods in africa s climate have influenced the evolution of synodontis cat 
in africa s climate have influenced the evolution of synodontis catfish. the results of this st 
s study can then be compared with other freshwater faunas in order to find generalities that wi 
he processes that have promoted current biodiversity of tropical freshwaters. this study provid 
11626 20  occurs in widespread, widely dispersed marine species with large populations and high gene flo 
ombination with few obvious barriers to dispersal in the marine environment, are traditionally  
ew obvious barriers to dispersal in the marine environment, are traditionally considered to res 
ous barriers to dispersal in the marine environment, are traditionally considered to result in  
or slow speciation. yet, paradoxically, diversity within tropical oceans, particularly among sh 
ical oceans, particularly among shallow-water invertebrates, is often extremely high. understan 
ceans, particularly among shallow-water invertebrates, is often extremely high. understanding h 
 extremely high. understanding how this diversity has arisen is a major goal of evolutionary bi 
roposed to generate the first molecular phylogeny for the circumtropical, species-rich, broadca 
od genus turbo and to generate accurate distribution maps for each species based on museum coll 
 museum collections. the combination of phylogeny and distributions will be used to answer four 
 questions about the origin of the high biodiversity seen in the marine tropics. 1 mode of spec 
in of the high biodiversity seen in the marine tropics. 1 mode of speciation - is there evidenc 
he high biodiversity seen in the marine tropics. 1 mode of speciation - is there evidence of sy 
ere evidence of sympatric speciation in marine broadcast spawning invertebrates 2 geography of  
speciation in marine broadcast spawning invertebrates 2 geography of speciation - does the rate 
on in the rate of speciation of shallow-water marine organisms 4 evolution of the indo-west pac 
the rate of speciation of shallow-water marine organisms 4 evolution of the indo-west pacific - 
ion of shallow-water marine organisms 4 evolution of the indo-west pacific - are modern indo-we 
e they remnants of a widespread tethyan community  
15159 3 tion is opportune. the case studies are marine fish with contrasting speciation model and timin 
 opportune. the case studies are marine fish with contrasting speciation model and timing: merl 
marine fish with contrasting speciation model and timing: merluccius and pomatomus the chrosomo 
10325 1 the allopatric and sympatric speciation scenarios. moreover, the outcome will allow the subsequ 
11438 4  mitochondrial and nuclear dna sequence diversity of individuals from a range of habitats and g 
aphic context of sexuality, in terms of endemism, dispersal and habitat specialisation, will be 
ext of sexuality, in terms of endemism, dispersal and habitat specialisation, will be investiga 
ty, in terms of endemism, dispersal and habitat specialisation, will be investigated using gene 
13758 6 iation, and are vital to the successful management of biodiversity. the natural scarcity of hyb 
e vital to the successful management of biodiversity. the natural scarcity of hybrid zones that 
ilability of a perfect avian australian model system promises to offer a diversity of novel, ex 
ralian model system promises to offer a diversity of novel, exciting insights into how biodiver 
ty of novel, exciting insights into how biodiversity evolves and is maintained. through highly  
 , and its impact on the maintenance of biodiversity. and, what facilitates closely related spe 
2465 3 more than 100.000 fungal species exist, fungi are largely missing in the speciation debate. spe 
 and plants and little is known whether fungi conform to general models of speciation. four dif 
be an important speciation mechanism in fungi. the importance of hybridization and reinforcemen 
10826 3          global rates of speciation and extinction are estimated, in a comparison of assemblage 
buted genus cicindela in north america, india and australia. species-level phylogenies are the  
s cicindela in north america, india and australia. species-level phylogenies are the primary ba 
204 1  in combination using modern methods of phylogeny. morphological characters will be evaluated a 
15222 14  and limits in the capacity to transfer distribution models between different geographical area 
 the challenges posed by the changes in climate and land use. the group of species analysed wil 
ges posed by the changes in climate and land use. the group of species analysed will be the ver 
quired knowledge will be applied to the conservation of these species. the analyses will be per 
nd biogeographical relationships affect model transferibility. 5. to adapt and apply a thermic  
bility. 5. to adapt and apply a thermic energy model for a reptile species, timon lepidus, in o 
 5. to adapt and apply a thermic energy model for a reptile species, timon lepidus, in order to 
le summarizing the variables related to temperature and to evaluate its tranferibility to perfo 
valuate its tranferibility to perform a habitat quality assessment for reptiles. 6. with the co 
feribility to perform a habitat quality assessment for reptiles. 6. with the conclusions derive 
from the previous objective, to produce distribution models of vertebrates in the iberian penin 
s in the iberian peninsula in different climate change and land-use change scenarios, reasonabl 
ninsula in different climate change and land-use change scenarios, reasonably transferible to s 
rent climate change and land-use change scenarios, reasonably transferible to several periods o 
13574 27                         most studies of grassland plant diversity have focused on the spatial p 
              most studies of grassland plant diversity have focused on the spatial properties  
ve focused on the spatial properties of habitat fragments within the modern agricultural landsc 
 of habitat fragments within the modern agricultural landscape. however, it is increasingly cle 
 the processes that maintain or deplete species diversity requires a temporal as well as a spat 
pective. strategies for the sustainable management of species-diverse grasslands need to be bas 
stainable management of species-diverse grasslands need to be based on an understanding of inte 
derstanding of interactions between the dispersal properties of species and temporal changes in 
ties of species and temporal changes in habitat connectivity. we have assembled a gis database  
species and temporal changes in habitat connectivity. we have assembled a gis database containi 
bitat connectivity. we have assembled a gis database containing detailed information on local l 
ontaining detailed information on local landscape structure and land-use change over the last t 
mation on local landscape structure and land-use change over the last three centuries. we will  
stical approaches to the description of grassland connectivity. we will assess the extent to wh 
roaches to the description of grassland connectivity. we will assess the extent to which differ 
ll assess the extent to which different connectivity descriptors, applied to modern and histori 
ptors, applied to modern and historical landscape data, are significant predictors of present d 
, are significant predictors of present diversity. field data and information from species-data 
used to create individual and composite dispersal profiles for grassland species and species as 
al and composite dispersal profiles for grassland species and species assemblages. we will then 
late these profiles to species-presence/diversity in grassland patches in the modern landscape. 
ofiles to species-presence/diversity in grassland patches in the modern landscape. finally, we  
sity in grassland patches in the modern landscape. finally, we will assess the relative importa 
tive importance of past/present spatial connectivity and dispersal characteristics as predictor 
f past/present spatial connectivity and dispersal characteristics as predictors of species-occu 
s predictors of species-occurrences and species diversity in grassland fragments.  
es-occurrences and species diversity in grassland fragments.  
6957 3  a basis for creating hypotheses on the function of the studied male song characters in species 
 help us to clarify their species level taxonomy. in male song characters that are likely to co 
ge, mating history on female preference function properties will be examined. in a fourth study 
11765 24                                         climate change has the potential to cause massive disru 
e responses of species, communities and ecosystems to climate change are among the greatest cha 
 species, communities and ecosystems to climate change are among the greatest challenges facing 
s today. recent research has identified climate-induced shifts in the distribution and abundanc 
dentified climate-induced shifts in the distribution and abundance of a variety of taxa, but ha 
-induced shifts in the distribution and abundance of a variety of taxa, but has focused on indi 
alter, with implications for associated ecosystem functions. furthermore, previous research has 
es at species cool range margins, where climate warming is likely to allow increases in abundan 
ecies cool range margins, where climate warming is likely to allow increases in abundance and d 
warming is likely to allow increases in abundance and distribution. i will investigate the effe 
ely to allow increases in abundance and distribution. i will investigate the effects of climate 
tion. i will investigate the effects of climate change on communities of dung beetles, a guild  
, a guild which plays a crucial role in nutrient cycling in terrestrial ecosystems. i will eval 
role in nutrient cycling in terrestrial ecosystems. i will evaluate changes in species distribu 
luate changes in species distributions, species richness and functional group composition as a  
ies distributions, species richness and functional group composition as a result of recent clim 
group composition as a result of recent climate change, using data from four well-documented du 
nities on a north-south transect across europe. the contributions of dung beetle abundance, spe 
urope. the contributions of dung beetle abundance, species richness and different inter-specifi 
contributions of dung beetle abundance, species richness and different inter-specific combinati 
ifferent inter-specific combinations to ecosystem function will be measured experimentally. thi 
e opportunity to evaluate the effect of climate change on terrestrial ecosystems as a function  
effect of climate change on terrestrial ecosystems as a function of changes in the structure of 
e change on terrestrial ecosystems as a function of changes in the structure of communities.  
10808 7 es; for example the decline in farmland birds or the increasing rarity of many plants and insec 
he increasing rarity of many plants and insects. however, each species does not exist in isolat 
ly complex ecological networks, such as food webs. usually studies are focussed on either speci 
cal networks raising the possibility of extinction vortices in the networks, where the loss of  
 often studies examining the effects of environmental change on biodiversity consider only indi 
 the effects of environmental change on biodiversity consider only individual species or whole  
networks influence each other to affect biodiversity as a whole.  
14516 1  of their biology and their capacity of development in other hosts and man.  
14771 4                                     the diversity of the parasitic species infecting the runnin 
parasitic species infecting the running birds, or ratites, has been brought to light only in th 
 discovered and the biological data and taxonomy of species usually not studied the risk of tra 
nomy of species usually not studied the risk of transmission of these parasites between ratites 
15456 5                                     the biodiversity observed in nature responds to a complex a 
           the biodiversity observed in nature responds to a complex and long-term evolutionary 
r, cellular and organismal levels. such complexity is constrained by the correct configuration, 
se access is regulated by the chromatin metabolism , focused towards the evaluation of the effe 
omatin metabolism , focused towards the evaluation of the effects of okadaic acid on the respon 
11380 12 rovide the foundation on which to build seasonality into life history theory and subsequently i 
tion on which to build seasonality into life history theory and subsequently influence applied  
ence applied research on the effects of climate change. combining life history theory with the  
he effects of climate change. combining life history theory with the physiology of growth and d 
e history theory with the physiology of growth and differentiation i will investigate the conse 
e constraints. i have focused on immune function and condition because these physiological trai 
d condition because these physiological traits are intimately linked to fitness and are affecte 
y linked to fitness and are affected by species interactions. the project will examine the mech 
ject will examine the mechanisms of the growth/differentiation trade-off using lestes sponsa, a 
-off using lestes sponsa, a field-based model system. experimental manipulations of time constr 
nipulations of time constraints on this model in the laboratory will be combined with studying  
e combined with studying the effects of predators, parasites and prey on investment in immunity 
2503 5 pean lobsters have declined steadily in abundance over the past 30-50 years, and several restri 
 restrictions have been made to lobster fisheries already. new regulations are suggested, such  
ed, such as reduced time window for pot-fisheries, moratoria on berried females, and no-take ma 
ratoria on berried females, and no-take marine protected areas . in addition, we plan to perfor 
ion, we plan to perform an evolutionary assessment of how harvesting pressure and particular re 
11181 7            the project will explore the function of prolonged copulatory stimulation by male ma 
y stimulation functions to reduce sperm competition risk will be tested against the idea that i 
n functions to reduce sperm competition risk will be tested against the idea that it is a form  
ate on the relative importance of sperm competition and cryptic female choice in sexual selecti 
copulatory stimulation in relation to i dominance status and ii local risk of sperm competition 
tion to i dominance status and ii local risk of sperm competition, according to these predictio 
nance status and ii local risk of sperm competition, according to these predictions.  
14630 2 last 10-5,3 m.y.a. on the spermatophyte evolution and diversification is tested. five taxonomic 
ed in the most extreme zone of the west mediterranean basin. molecular, cytogenetic and reprodu 
13351 22              spiral aims to enhance the connectivity between biodiversity research and policy m 
ims to enhance the connectivity between biodiversity research and policy making. although conse 
ivity between biodiversity research and policy making. although conservation and the sustainabl 
ty research and policy making. although conservation and the sustainable use of biodiversity ar 
conservation and the sustainable use of biodiversity are fundamental requisites of human well-b 
diversity are fundamental requisites of human well-being, the biodiversity issue raises unprece 
tal requisites of human well-being, the biodiversity issue raises unprecedented challenges rega 
recedented challenges regarding science-policy interfaces. the project proposes state of the ar 
t interdisciplinary research on science-policy interfaces for sustainability governance at the  
search on science-policy interfaces for sustainability governance at the theoretical, methodolo 
ce-policy interfaces for sustainability governance at the theoretical, methodological and pract 
hat are currently emerging to interface biodiversity research and sustainability policy. the pr 
 to interface biodiversity research and sustainability policy. the project will also provide an 
iodiversity research and sustainability policy. the project will also provide an opportunity fo 
tunity for the main actual or potential policy actors and stakeholders in biodiversity science- 
n actual or potential policy actors and stakeholders in biodiversity science-policy interfaces  
ntial policy actors and stakeholders in biodiversity science-policy interfaces to learn, share  
nd stakeholders in biodiversity science-policy interfaces to learn, share experiences and netwo 
s, networking opportunities, handbooks, policy briefs, targeted synthetic reports, an internet  
te. overall this will allow scientists, policy-makers and other stakeholders to capitalise on a 
low scientists, policy-makers and other stakeholders to capitalise on a better understanding of 
se on a better understanding of science-policy interfaces and implement better practices.  
12567 13 , to quantify their potential impact on freshwater ecosystems and to advise policy customers on 
fy their potential impact on freshwater ecosystems and to advise policy customers on the implic 
 on freshwater ecosystems and to advise policy customers on the implications for fish stocks an 
olicy customers on the implications for fish stocks and fish welfare. the principal concern is  
on the implications for fish stocks and fish welfare. the principal concern is the unregulated  
rn is the unregulated introduction into rivers and lakes of angling baits that may contain chem 
ssist in making decisions regarding the management of angling practices and the conservation of 
management of angling practices and the conservation of freshwater fish populations, including  
gling practices and the conservation of freshwater fish populations, including rare and endange 
ices and the conservation of freshwater fish populations, including rare and endangered species 
er fish populations, including rare and endangered species. the study will also support the imp 
 also support the implementation of the water framework directive through an understanding of t 
ources of pollutants within the aquatic ecosystem.  
6721 12 ocuses both the native components /rock grasslands/ and a man made component /austrian pine pla 
trian pine plantations/ of the dolomite vegetation in central hungary, with special attention t 
ttention to the regeneration processes. stability of the rock grasslands will be studied by usi 
ration processes. stability of the rock grasslands will be studied by using permanent plot meth 
lantations will be characterized by the fire danger index under various climatic scenarios and  
ire danger index under various climatic scenarios and considering ecologically contrasting stan 
ly contrasting stands. since a creeping colonization of the understorey of the pine stands by f 
 native trees. the regeneration of rock grassland communities following pine forest burning wil 
ck grassland communities following pine forest burning will be monitored for ten years. the via 
ion with the kew gardens. the impact of fire on the soil structure and element composition will 
 kew gardens. the impact of fire on the soil structure and element composition will be monitore 
s detection, while for long term effect evaluation space for time substitution is planned.  
6914 13 tar stock can be exhausted. what is the density dependent evolutionarily stable food preference 
present different risks for the non-top predators let us consider a one predator-two prey syste 
non-top predators let us consider a one predator-two prey system. assume that the risk of preda 
edator-two prey system. assume that the risk of predation is high in the habitat where food is  
wo prey system. assume that the risk of predation is high in the habitat where food is abundant 
at the risk of predation is high in the habitat where food is abundant, while in the safe habit 
ere food is abundant, while in the safe habitat the food is scarce. the question is: what are t 
on is: what are the evolutionary stable habitat choices elaborate an evolutionary-ecological mo 
es elaborate an evolutionary-ecological model describing the speciation in terms of the dynamic 
on in terms of the dynamic evolutionary stability concept introduced by us, which is able to de 
le to deal with evolving non-continuous traits and establishes a connection between the theory  
t-up of such a complex game-theoretical model concerning social animals, in which the reproduct 
oduction strategies, the defense of the habitat and the hunting territory of the group against  
15266 23                                  in the mediterranean region, precipitation is the most signifi 
           in the mediterranean region, precipitation is the most significant climate factor im 
, precipitation is the most significant climate factor impacting ecosystems and limiting crop y 
st significant climate factor impacting ecosystems and limiting crop yields, and the combined e 
d effect of current aridity with future climate change is expected to particularly threaten for 
ge is expected to particularly threaten forest ecosystems and rainfed crops in this area. in th 
xpected to particularly threaten forest ecosystems and rainfed crops in this area. in this cont 
 future responses to a rapidly changing environment. in particular, one key to understand long- 
understand long-term plant responses to climate changes in the mediterranean is to characterize 
ant responses to climate changes in the mediterranean is to characterize past changes in precip 
nean is to characterize past changes in precipitation and its distribution and their effect on  
e past changes in precipitation and its distribution and their effect on rainfed cultivated pla 
effect on rainfed cultivated plants and forest trees. although global climate trends during the 
lants and forest trees. although global climate trends during the holocene are well described,  
, there is a lack of information on its spatial variability. the widespread presence of archaeo 
ence of archaeobotanical remains in the mediterranean basin, together with the stable isotope t 
erent environmental variables affecting forest and crop species. however, certain uncertainties 
this proposal aims to expand the use of stable isotopes from archaeobotanical remains as palaeo 
r understand fractionation processes of carbon and nitrogen isotopes and to explore the use of  
d fractionation processes of carbon and nitrogen isotopes and to explore the use of other non-t 
xplore the use of other non-traditional stable isotopes the water and nutrient status and yield 
her non-traditional stable isotopes the water and nutrient status and yield of main cultivated  
topes the water and nutrient status and yield of main cultivated crops during this period.  
15265 16                                  in the mediterranean region, precipitation is the most signifi 
           in the mediterranean region, precipitation is the most significant climate factor im 
, precipitation is the most significant climate factor impacting ecosystems, and the combined e 
st significant climate factor impacting ecosystems, and the combined effect of current aridity  
d effect of current aridity with future climate change is expected to particularly threaten for 
ge is expected to particularly threaten forest ecosystems in this area. in this context, studyi 
xpected to particularly threaten forest ecosystems in this area. in this context, studying plan 
 future responses to a rapidly changing environment. in particular, one key to understand long- 
understand long-term plant responses to climate changes in the mediterranean is to characterize 
ant responses to climate changes in the mediterranean is to characterize past changes in precip 
nean is to characterize past changes in precipitation and its distribution and their effect on  
e past changes in precipitation and its distribution and their effect on forest trees. although 
nd its distribution and their effect on forest trees. although global climate trends during the 
effect on forest trees. although global climate trends during the holocene are well described,  
, there is a lack of information on its spatial variability. the widespread presence of archaeo 
ad presence of archaeobotanical remains climate for the iberian peninsula during the last 8,000 
12349 4      objectives the study aims are to: ·review and evaluate the ability of currently applied or 
m construction and operation in shallow water area with high natural variability in sediment an 
r area with high natural variability in sediment and biological conditions. ·develop guidance f 
 on suitable benthic biological effects monitoring strategies for offshore windfarms. key custo 
11778 18       describing changes in the natural environment is essential, but in addition the challenge 
ion the challenge facing regulators and policy makers lies in understanding the links between p 
lies in understanding the links between policy, eu directives and regulation and the actual env 
nmental effects . in 2001, the european environment agency reported on how much or how little w 
 little we know about the links between environmental policy measures and their actual impact i 
measures and their actual impact in the environment and observed that much of the information g 
e impact of environmental measures thus risk assessment becomes a key driver of regulation, wit 
according to the risks involved and the scale of outcomes to be achieved. environment agencies  
d the scale of outcomes to be achieved. environment agencies and other ngo s regularly publish  
er ngo s regularly publish state of the environment reports which by their nature allow investi 
 the environment reports which by their nature allow investigation of change in the environment 
re allow investigation of change in the environment over time. scientific and public debates on 
 interpretations drawn from statistical modelling explicitly accounting for variation and uncer 
explicitly accounting for variation and uncertainty. many factors, including climate change, in 
nd uncertainty. many factors, including climate change, interact to produce a complex environme 
nmental signal making the effect of the policy and the magnitude of trend difficult to disentan 
the skills necessary to ensure that our environment receives the best possible management for f 
 environment receives the best possible management for future generations.  
11210 1 eral modern statistical methods,spatial modelling with time and dealing with environmental proc 
14576 10                                         biological invasions have become so widespread as to co 
ost important determinants of change in biodiversity at a global scale. in this project we focu 
s of change in biodiversity at a global scale. in this project we focus on one invasive ant spe 
lish the actual status of argentine ant distribution in iberian peninsula using human transport 
 routes. two others scalesof status and invasion spread dynamics will be considered: medium sca 
ead dynamics will be considered: medium scale on gavarras massif and the expansion range of inv 
arras massif and the expansion range of invasion front. the potential of invasion related with  
nge of invasion front. the potential of invasion related with land uses, wild fires and conside 
h land uses, wild fires and considering climate change scenarios will be estimated and modelled 
ld fires and considering climate change scenarios will be estimated and modelled.  
7317 29                                         pollinators form a key component of european biodiversi 
nators form a key component of european biodiversity, and provide vital ecosystem services to c 
uropean biodiversity, and provide vital ecosystem services to crops and wild plants. there is g 
 declines in both wild and domesticated pollinators, and parallel declines in plants relying up 
lying upon them. step will document the nature and extent of these declines, examine functional 
e and extent of these declines, examine functional traits associated with particular risk, deve 
ional traits associated with particular risk, develop a red list of some european pollinator gr 
sk, develop a red list of some european pollinator groups, in particular bees and lay the groun 
ropean pollinator groups, in particular bees and lay the groundwork for future pollinator monit 
 bees and lay the groundwork for future pollinator monitoring programmes. we will also assess t 
ay the groundwork for future pollinator monitoring programmes. we will also assess the relative 
ntial drivers of such change, including climate change, habitat loss and fragmentation, agriche 
 such change, including climate change, habitat loss and fragmentation, agrichemicals, pathogen 
luding climate change, habitat loss and fragmentation, agrichemicals, pathogens, alien species, 
ragmentation, agrichemicals, pathogens, alien species, light pollution, and their interactions. 
micals, pathogens, alien species, light pollution, and their interactions. we will measure the  
ill measure the ecological and economic impacts of declining pollinator services and floral res 
gical and economic impacts of declining pollinator services and floral resources, including eff 
effects on wild plant populations, crop production and human nutrition. step will review existi 
oduction and human nutrition. step will review existing and potential mitigation options, provi 
step will review existing and potential mitigation options, providing novel tests of their effe 
vel tests of their effectiveness across europe. our work will build upon existing datasets and  
ge. we will integrate our findings in a policy-relevant framework, creating evidence-based deci 
 communication links to a wide range of stakeholders across europe and beyond, including policy 
 to a wide range of stakeholders across europe and beyond, including policy makers, beekeepers, 
ers across europe and beyond, including policy makers, beekeepers, farmers, academics and the g 
ards improving our understanding of the nature, causes, consequences and potential mitigation o 
ure, causes, consequences and potential mitigation of declines in pollinator services at local, 
and potential mitigation of declines in pollinator services at local, national, continental and 
13352 29                                         pollinators form a key component of european biodiversi 
nators form a key component of european biodiversity, and provide vital ecosystem services to c 
uropean biodiversity, and provide vital ecosystem services to crops and wild plants. there is g 
 declines in both wild and domesticated pollinators, and parallel declines in plants relying up 
lying upon them. step will document the nature and extent of these declines, examine functional 
e and extent of these declines, examine functional traits associated with particular risk, deve 
ional traits associated with particular risk, develop a red list of some european pollinator gr 
sk, develop a red list of some european pollinator groups, in particular bees and lay the groun 
ropean pollinator groups, in particular bees and lay the groundwork for future pollinator monit 
 bees and lay the groundwork for future pollinator monitoring programmes. we will also assess t 
ay the groundwork for future pollinator monitoring programmes. we will also assess the relative 
ntial drivers of such change, including climate change, habitat loss and fragmentation, agriche 
 such change, including climate change, habitat loss and fragmentation, agrichemicals, pathogen 
luding climate change, habitat loss and fragmentation, agrichemicals, pathogens, alien species, 
ragmentation, agrichemicals, pathogens, alien species, light pollution, and their interactions. 
micals, pathogens, alien species, light pollution, and their interactions. we will measure the  
ill measure the ecological and economic impacts of declining pollinator services and floral res 
gical and economic impacts of declining pollinator services and floral resources, including eff 
effects on wild plant populations, crop production and human nutrition. step will review existi 
oduction and human nutrition. step will review existing and potential mitigation options, provi 
step will review existing and potential mitigation options, providing novel tests of their effe 
vel tests of their effectiveness across europe. our work will build upon existing datasets and  
ge. we will integrate our findings in a policy-relevant framework, creating evidence-based deci 
 communication links to a wide range of stakeholders across europe and beyond, including policy 
 to a wide range of stakeholders across europe and beyond, including policy makers, beekeepers, 
ers across europe and beyond, including policy makers, beekeepers, farmers, academics and the g 
ards improving our understanding of the nature, causes, consequences and potential mitigation o 
ure, causes, consequences and potential mitigation of declines in pollinator services at local, 
and potential mitigation of declines in pollinator services at local, national, continental and 
15070 2 ve important consequences for offspring development, both in morphology and behaviour. furtherm 
hological, behavioural and life-history traits.  
2127 4 t to prime ecological and physiological adaptation, which may ultimately result in speciation i 
threespined stickleback. this primarily marine species has founded numerous anadromous- and sta 
rs, living with- or without piscivorous predators, due to the glaciostatic uplift and its phylo 
ions along the coast of both norway and canada, using the very same protecol, offers a unique p 
10673 1 s from 50 localities throughout western europe, including britain and ireland. the most recent  
11538 14        appreciating how the numbers and distribution of a species change is of fundamental impo 
ations can occur at a local, very small scale or at larger scales such as regions. it remains u 
tors , we will make landscapes in which predators and prey are allowed to move and interact. we 
ifferent environments or changes in the environment are for ecological interactions. for exampl 
ical interactions. for example, how are predator-prey interactions affected by different enviro 
ferent environments what happens to the distribution and numbers of a species if these environm 
al, environmental processes couple with spatial scale affect species interactions is the second 
cesses couple with spatial scale affect species interactions is the second aim of our work. con 
r work. conducting a study on different species interactions at different scales in unpredictab 
by coupling this work with mathematical modelling, we will gain important insights into a broad 
ocesses that affect the persistence and abundance of biodiversity. our curiosity-driven project 
affect the persistence and abundance of biodiversity. our curiosity-driven project will provide 
 understanding fundamental processes in ecosystems that affect the preservation of biodiversity 
systems that affect the preservation of biodiversity  
2098 3 resent project is to develop stochastic community models and statistical tools to estimate the  
s and statistical tools to estimate the model parameters. such models will be of great practica 
 practical use for detecting changes in community composition e.g. due anthropogenic influences 
7244 7 coming and outgoing flows and determine carbon sequestration in the soil c. the project overall 
d determine carbon sequestration in the soil c. the project overall objective is to study the r 
 is to study the role of the quality of organic matter, microbial diversity and predation on mi 
 role of the quality of organic matter, microbial diversity and predation on microorganisms on  
organic matter, microbial diversity and predation on microorganisms on the storage of organic m 
ion on microorganisms on the storage of organic matter in soils, and in situ experiments. three 
sms on the storage of organic matter in soils, and in situ experiments. three specific objectiv 
12357 7 mmary objective as part of the food and environment protection act 1985 , nine offshore wind fa 
ind farm in the uk have been subject to monitoring reports. this project aims to collate and st 
oject aims to collate and strategically review these reports before comparing its findings agai 
scribing the key findings from the fepa monitoring, lessons learned and recommendations for fut 
 learned and recommendations for future monitoring. key customer purpose it is important to gai 
e wind farms in preparation for further development. the project will also be an update to the  
ospar current state of knowledge on the environmental impacts of the location, operation and re 
12422 7 tatus ges descriptor to form an overall assessment of ges, taking account of variations in outc 
ariations in outcomes due to changes in monitoring scales and different levels of uncertainty.  
nitoring scales and different levels of uncertainty. key customer purpose: the marine strategy  
 uncertainty. key customer purpose: the marine strategy framework directive requires member sta 
ctive requires member states to develop marine strategies to achieve good environmental status  
to achieve good environmental status in marine waters by 2020, with reference to a high level v 
and contribute to work within ospar and europe to deliver effective and pragmatic solutions for 
15368 2 fundamental tools for animal population management with special relevance in the case of threat 
luents. our proposal could be used as a model for the validation of protocols in any species fo 
11090 15    diatoms are key organisms in coastal food webs and in the intertidal region, also play a key 
ganisms in coastal food webs and in the intertidal region, also play a key role in stabilising  
diances in excess of those required for photosynthesis. this excess light energy has the potent 
d for photosynthesis. this excess light energy has the potential to cause damage and, ultimatel 
not dissipated by mechanisms other than photosynthesis. the mechanisms that diatoms use to diss 
echanisms that diatoms use to dissipate energy include changes to their light harvesting system 
es to their light harvesting systems so energy is lost as heat. however, in some situations, th 
fficient to deal with all of the excess energy and under these circumstances it is possible for 
rcumstances it is possible for reactive oxygen species to be produced. if allowed to accumulate 
ent of ros accumulation in diatoms, the efficiency of their antioxidant and scavenging systems, 
he amount of damage ros inflict and the efficiency with which that damage is repaired. the prop 
research aims to clarify these areas of uncertainty by investigating the production of ros in r 
eas of uncertainty by investigating the production of ros in response to irradiance stress, cou 
uction of ros in response to irradiance stress, coupled with measurements of the rate of photos 
oupled with measurements of the rate of photosynthesis and damage repair. we will also measure  
14750 5                     cleptoparasites and parasitoids constitute the most important natural enemi 
rasitoids constitute the most important natural enemies for solitary wasps ; the form of the de 
es for solitary wasps ; the form of the density-dependent parasitism referring to the two hosts 
le activity; the female response to the parasitoid presence in the nesting area; the influence  
uctive behaviour on the activity of the parasitoid; the influence of aggregation on the parasit 
12250 39 ect is to: define strategies to exploit risk assessment, genetic resistance and natural defence 
ies to exploit risk assessment, genetic resistance and natural defences against crop pathogens, 
e more efficient use of natural assets. disease and its management affects the use of resources 
 use of natural assets. disease and its management affects the use of resources – energy, water 
nagement affects the use of resources – energy, water and disease resistance genes – that have  
 affects the use of resources – energy, water and disease resistance genes – that have wide imp 
he use of resources – energy, water and disease resistance genes – that have wide implications  
f resources – energy, water and disease resistance genes – that have wide implications from the 
anopy. in return, interception of light energy and carbon capture by green tissues creates dry  
eturn, interception of light energy and carbon capture by green tissues creates dry matter from 
y green tissues creates dry matter from photosynthesis with an energy value as food or fuel. di 
 dry matter from photosynthesis with an energy value as food or fuel. diseases affect the green 
ing spoilage. considering the effect of disease on the efficiency of use of each resource: wate 
onsidering the effect of disease on the efficiency of use of each resource: water: approximatel 
the efficiency of use of each resource: water: approximately half of the rainfall onto arable l 
rop canopies before it can reach ground water or water courses. foliar diseases have long been  
ies before it can reach ground water or water courses. foliar diseases have long been known to  
diseases have long been known to reduce water use efficiency; work in the 1930s showed that oat 
ave long been known to reduce water use efficiency; work in the 1930s showed that oat crown rus 
 oat crown rust infection increased the water used per gram of crop dry matter produced from 27 
 270 grams to 530 grams. until recently water was not perceived as a limited resource, so such  
s shown that certain important types of disease resistance to pathogen infection impact on wate 
that certain important types of disease resistance to pathogen infection impact on water use by 
istance to pathogen infection impact on water use by disrupting stomatal function. there is a n 
act on water use by disrupting stomatal function. there is a need to devise methods to minimise 
is a need to devise methods to minimise water wastage due to pathogens and resistance mechanism 
mise water wastage due to pathogens and resistance mechanisms. energy: the balance between ener 
to pathogens and resistance mechanisms. energy: the balance between energy inputs to crops and  
mechanisms. energy: the balance between energy inputs to crops and the resulting energy outputs 
nergy inputs to crops and the resulting energy outputs is becoming more important as concern ab 
gas will facilitate communications with stakeholders, disseminate new findings and advocate sus 
e new findings and advocate sustainable disease risk management strategies which avoid waste of 
ndings and advocate sustainable disease risk management strategies which avoid waste of resourc 
s and advocate sustainable disease risk management strategies which avoid waste of resources. t 
 provide evidence and advice to support policy decisions. the resulting specific benefits to co 
 specific benefits to consumers and the environment will be through producing fuel and wholesom 
ndence on fungicides, whilst increasing water use efficiency, minimising ghg emissions and redu 
fungicides, whilst increasing water use efficiency, minimising ghg emissions and reducing loss  
ssions and reducing loss of efficacy of resistance genes.  
10803 15                                         cyanobacteria procedure would be carried out using actu 
shwaters with a history of annual bloom production. the proposal builds on existing modelling w 
uction. the proposal builds on existing modelling work to develop a hazard assessment tool to i 
ting modelling work to develop a hazard assessment tool to identify likely water bodies that ma 
zard assessment tool to identify likely water bodies that may pose a hazard from the production 
 bodies that may pose a hazard from the production toxic cyanobacteria and model the influence  
pose a hazard from the production toxic cyanobacteria and model the influence of climate change 
 the production toxic cyanobacteria and model the influence of climate change on potentially to 
yanobacteria and model the influence of climate change on potentially toxic cyanobacteria produ 
 of climate change on potentially toxic cyanobacteria production in lakes. a critical question  
ange on potentially toxic cyanobacteria production in lakes. a critical question relates to und 
ronmental factors leading to cyanotoxin production and this is addressed within the proposal. t 
d within the proposal. the human health risk from direct and indirect exposure to the toxins is 
e to the toxins is addressed along with cost-benefit analysis of monitoring for toxic blooms.  
sed along with cost-benefit analysis of monitoring for toxic blooms.  
11241 15                                         cyanobacteria procedure would be carried out using actu 
shwaters with a history of annual bloom production. the proposal builds on existing modelling w 
uction. the proposal builds on existing modelling work to develop a hazard assessment tool to i 
ting modelling work to develop a hazard assessment tool to identify likely water bodies that ma 
zard assessment tool to identify likely water bodies that may pose a hazard from the production 
 bodies that may pose a hazard from the production toxic cyanobacteria and model the influence  
pose a hazard from the production toxic cyanobacteria and model the influence of climate change 
 the production toxic cyanobacteria and model the influence of climate change on potentially to 
yanobacteria and model the influence of climate change on potentially toxic cyanobacteria produ 
 of climate change on potentially toxic cyanobacteria production in lakes. a critical question  
ange on potentially toxic cyanobacteria production in lakes. a critical question relates to und 
ronmental factors leading to cyanotoxin production and this is addressed within the proposal. t 
d within the proposal. the human health risk from direct and indirect exposure to the toxins is 
e to the toxins is addressed along with cost-benefit analysis of monitoring for toxic blooms.  
sed along with cost-benefit analysis of monitoring for toxic blooms.  
11768 15                                         cyanobacteria procedure would be carried out using actu 
shwaters with a history of annual bloom production. the proposal builds on existing modelling w 
uction. the proposal builds on existing modelling work to develop a hazard assessment tool to i 
ting modelling work to develop a hazard assessment tool to identify likely water bodies that ma 
zard assessment tool to identify likely water bodies that may pose a hazard from the production 
 bodies that may pose a hazard from the production toxic cyanobacteria and model the influence  
pose a hazard from the production toxic cyanobacteria and model the influence of climate change 
 the production toxic cyanobacteria and model the influence of climate change on potentially to 
yanobacteria and model the influence of climate change on potentially toxic cyanobacteria produ 
 of climate change on potentially toxic cyanobacteria production in lakes. a critical question  
ange on potentially toxic cyanobacteria production in lakes. a critical question relates to und 
ronmental factors leading to cyanotoxin production and this is addressed within the proposal. t 
d within the proposal. the human health risk from direct and indirect exposure to the toxins is 
e to the toxins is addressed along with cost-benefit analysis of monitoring for toxic blooms.  
sed along with cost-benefit analysis of monitoring for toxic blooms.  
11851 15                                         cyanobacteria procedure would be carried out using actu 
shwaters with a history of annual bloom production. the proposal builds on existing modelling w 
uction. the proposal builds on existing modelling work to develop a hazard assessment tool to i 
ting modelling work to develop a hazard assessment tool to identify likely water bodies that ma 
zard assessment tool to identify likely water bodies that may pose a hazard from the production 
 bodies that may pose a hazard from the production toxic cyanobacteria and model the influence  
pose a hazard from the production toxic cyanobacteria and model the influence of climate change 
 the production toxic cyanobacteria and model the influence of climate change on potentially to 
yanobacteria and model the influence of climate change on potentially toxic cyanobacteria produ 
 of climate change on potentially toxic cyanobacteria production in lakes. a critical question  
ange on potentially toxic cyanobacteria production in lakes. a critical question relates to und 
ronmental factors leading to cyanotoxin production and this is addressed within the proposal. t 
d within the proposal. the human health risk from direct and indirect exposure to the toxins is 
e to the toxins is addressed along with cost-benefit analysis of monitoring for toxic blooms.  
sed along with cost-benefit analysis of monitoring for toxic blooms.  
11783 15                                         cyanobacteria procedure would be carried out using actu 
shwaters with a history of annual bloom production. the proposal builds on existing modelling w 
uction. the proposal builds on existing modelling work to develop a hazard assessment tool to i 
ting modelling work to develop a hazard assessment tool to identify likely water bodies that ma 
zard assessment tool to identify likely water bodies that may pose a hazard from the production 
 bodies that may pose a hazard from the production toxic cyanobacteria and model the influence  
pose a hazard from the production toxic cyanobacteria and model the influence of climate change 
 the production toxic cyanobacteria and model the influence of climate change on potentially to 
yanobacteria and model the influence of climate change on potentially toxic cyanobacteria produ 
 of climate change on potentially toxic cyanobacteria production in lakes. a critical question  
ange on potentially toxic cyanobacteria production in lakes. a critical question relates to und 
ronmental factors leading to cyanotoxin production and this is addressed within the proposal. t 
d within the proposal. the human health risk from direct and indirect exposure to the toxins is 
e to the toxins is addressed along with cost-benefit analysis of monitoring for toxic blooms.  
sed along with cost-benefit analysis of monitoring for toxic blooms.  
11641 5                      reducing losses of phosphorus and sediments from agricultural land to wate 
d maintaining good ecological status in streams worldwide. vegetated buffer strips assessment o 
eams worldwide. vegetated buffer strips assessment of simple vbs management strategies aiming t 
 buffer strips assessment of simple vbs management strategies aiming to encourage p retention a 
ling through reincorporating p enriched biomass back to fields.  
11550 17                                         climate change is now recognised as one of the major gl 
the major global threats facing natural ecosystems. freshwaters are likely to be particularly v 
amenable areas as temperatures rise and habitat fragmentation intensifies. those that are unabl 
ally severe consequences for individual metabolism. this, in turn, can induce emergent effects  
ls of organisation - including altering ecosystem process rates and food web structure. unfortu 
ng altering ecosystem process rates and food web structure. unfortunately, few empirical data e 
ortunately, few empirical data exist on climate change effects on freshwater communities and fe 
data exist on climate change effects on freshwater communities and fewer still have measured ec 
mmunities and fewer still have measured ecosystem-level responses. most current data are infere 
nt data are inferential, based on large-scale temporal and/or spatial surveys across thermal gr 
trials, especially because artificially warming natural ecosystems is extremely expensive and l 
ly because artificially warming natural ecosystems is extremely expensive and logistically chal 
l experiments in icelandic and scottish streams, which are heated above ambient conditions by g 
 therefore be able to characterise both food web architecture through the food web, as these ar 
 both food web architecture through the food web, as these are likely to be disrupted in therma 
ly to be disrupted in thermally-altered ecosystems. the same techniques used in iceland will be 
trolled conditions, including measuring microbial activity in c-t rooms.  
15253 15                                invasive introduced species are a huge environmental issue, part 
ge environmental issue, particularly in freshwater ecosystems, where their abundance and ecolog 
ental issue, particularly in freshwater ecosystems, where their abundance and ecological and ec 
y in freshwater ecosystems, where their abundance and ecological and economical impacts are for 
abundance and ecological and economical impacts are formidable. the objective of our project is 
l alteration affect the invasibility of freshwater ecosystems by exotic species. we aim to quan 
n affect the invasibility of freshwater ecosystems by exotic species. we aim to quantify how mu 
nvasibility of freshwater ecosystems by exotic species. we aim to quantify how much of the inva 
cal alteration and how much to chemical pollution with strong ecological impact: we will analys 
. although this species is probably the freshwater fish most widespread worldwide, studies alon 
this species is probably the freshwater fish most widespread worldwide, studies along the river 
arce. finally, we will build predictive distribution models for the mosquitofish at the iberian 
els for the mosquitofish at the iberian scale. beyond its fundamental interest, our results wil 
ur results will help a more sustainable management of river flows in a region rich in fish ende 
ment of river flows in a region rich in fish endemics.  
7023 28                                         ecosystems are threatened and transformed at unpreceden 
n affairs massively changes our planets biodiversity, and this trend is expected to continue ov 
ed to continue over the coming decades. human impacts on biodiversity take place against a back 
er the coming decades. human impacts on biodiversity take place against a background of highly  
research recognises the consequences of biodiversity loss for the services and goods ecosystems 
versity loss for the services and goods ecosystems provide to humans, such as food production,  
systems provide to humans, such as food production, the maintenance of water quality and soil f 
 as food production, the maintenance of water quality and soil fertility, carbon storage, the m 
n, the maintenance of water quality and soil fertility, carbon storage, the mitigation of the e 
ce of water quality and soil fertility, carbon storage, the mitigation of the effects of greenh 
and soil fertility, carbon storage, the mitigation of the effects of greenhouse gas emissions a 
cts of greenhouse gas emissions and the resistance to climate and other environmental changes.  
use gas emissions and the resistance to climate and other environmental changes. understanding  
-economic factors interact to determine biodiversity and ecosystem functioning across scales is 
aims at elucidating the significance of microbial diversity on ecosystem functioning by explici 
 significance of microbial diversity on ecosystem functioning by explicit coupling of microbial 
tem functioning by explicit coupling of microbial ecology and community structure to biogeochem 
licit coupling of microbial ecology and community structure to biogeochemistry. despite conside 
bial ecology and community structure to biogeochemistry. despite considerable advances in biodi 
istry. despite considerable advances in biodiversity research during the past decade, which pri 
evelop the functional role of microbial biodiversity in ecosystems. micdif entails intensive th 
ional role of microbial biodiversity in ecosystems. micdif entails intensive theoretical work i 
, environmental microbiology, genomics, biogeochemistry, and advanced mathematical modelling. r 
geochemistry, and advanced mathematical modelling. rather than studying terrestrial and aquatic 
r than studying terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems in isolation, we also focus on the functiona 
he functional interactions across these ecosystems. this cross-system approach requires profoun 
ovative and internationally competitive biodiversity - ecosystem function research in austria.  
ernationally competitive biodiversity - ecosystem function research in austria.  
11478 26       parasites are a dominant force in nature. perhaps as many as half of all species have a p 
this. host populations are made up of a diversity of genotypes that will vary in their resistan 
ty of genotypes that will vary in their resistance to parasites. parasite infections commonly c 
dels therefore predict that within-host competition between parasite strains results in an infe 
 strains in fact win during within-host competition or that the outcome is dependent on the hos 
ndent on the host genotype in which the competition takes place. this project will investigate  
e the effects of both host and parasite genetic diversity on parasite virulence, transmission a 
on parasite virulence, transmission and evolution, in honeybees and their fungal parasite, chal 
 chalkbrood. honeybees are an excellent model host because, unusually for a social insect, thei 
ct, their colonies have relatively high genetic diversity. this makes the identification of gen 
he identification of genetic effects on resistance straightforward to identify and has been sug 
gested to have evolved to improve their resistance to disease. the chalkbrood parasite is also  
 evolved to improve their resistance to disease. the chalkbrood parasite is also an excellent m 
halkbrood parasite is also an excellent model because it produces a single batch of characteris 
 to examine how honeybee and chalkbrood genetic diversity determines the outcome of infections. 
 finally it will carry out experimental evolution to establish how host and parasite genetic di 
tion to establish how host and parasite genetic diversity impacts the evolution of the chalkbro 
how host and parasite genetic diversity impacts the evolution of the chalkbrood parasite. recen 
 parasite genetic diversity impacts the evolution of the chalkbrood parasite. recent epidemics, 
collapse disorder, have highlighted the vulnerability of honeybees to disease, but honeybees su 
ghted the vulnerability of honeybees to disease, but honeybees suffer from a number of widespre 
 significantly reduce their fitness and productivity. honeybees are estimated to pollinate crop 
stainably is important for both natural ecosystems and agriculture in the uk. the threat of dis 
portant for both natural ecosystems and agriculture in the uk. the threat of disease is the pri 
nd agriculture in the uk. the threat of disease is the principle concern of uk beekeepers today 
 the project will therefore help inform management strategies, as well as significantly advanci 
10897 36            in south asia in general and india in particular, more than one fourth of the popula 
lihood upon the services from different ecosystems but are below the poverty line and are chara 
 different ecosystems but are below the poverty line and are characterised as having a low leve 
being. conventional decisions of public policy are taken without acknowledging the people-ecosy 
 taken without acknowledging the people-ecosystem linkages. this creates situations where the c 
 where the condition and the ability of ecosystems to deliver those services are affected adver 
e, like climatic variations and loss of biodiversity, are linked with drivers like demographic  
iently broad and strong to suggest that ecosystem service delivery in the region is changing an 
to internalise the concerns of changing ecosystems and its implications for poverty alleviation 
ing ecosystems and its implications for poverty alleviation in dominant public policy is limite 
 poverty alleviation in dominant public policy is limited. growing societal pressures and the a 
ty of credible scientific evidence like millennium ecosystem assessment have made decision-make 
e decision-makers receptive to the role ecosystem services in improving the material condition  
recent initiatives by the government of india on watershed management, national action plan on  
itiatives by the government of india on watershed management, national action plan on climate c 
hed management, national action plan on climate change and desertification, assessment of waste 
ional action plan on climate change and desertification, assessment of wasteland, new forest po 
 on climate change and desertification, assessment of wasteland, new forest policies, task forc 
ification, assessment of wasteland, new forest policies, task force on tiger and biosphere rese 
mechanisms through which the aspects of ecosystem can be made integral part of mainstream plann 
can be made integral part of mainstream planning and policies need a more concerted and focusse 
society might impact the functioning of ecosystem is not adequate. one of the significant gaps  
capture the benefits people derive from ecosystems. since the prevailing market does not accoun 
rket does not account the benefits, the decision making tool chooses to ignore the benefits of  
 tool chooses to ignore the benefits of ecosystem services and the costs of ecosystem degradati 
 of ecosystem services and the costs of ecosystem degradation. people depend on those services  
tem services and the costs of ecosystem degradation. people depend on those services but the le 
us on two components: 1. methodological development to support policy design; and 2. building c 
. methodological development to support policy design; and 2. building capacity and demand. com 
state-of-the-art methods to support the decision-making process, facilitating the development o 
cision-making process, facilitating the development of these methods within the region and the  
these methods within the region and the development of toolkits , such as a toolkit for the val 
of toolkits , such as a toolkit for the valuation of regulating services, and decision support  
 within the region through engaging key stakeholders and decision makers at province level to d 
awareness amongst the regional research community and developing networks for future collaborat 
n-going work with the feedback from the stakeholders and key decision-makers in a trans-discipl 
7644 1            . seed flow can weaken local adaptation by introducing inappropriate species or vari 
11847 11                                    both china and south africa refinement and elaboration of th 
                         both china and south africa refinement and elaboration of the watercou 
 will be used by the local governments, water and environment mangers, various stakeholders, in 
sed by the local governments, water and environment mangers, various stakeholders, internationa 
 water and environment mangers, various stakeholders, international agencies and ngos to develo 
entific understandings and policies for poverty alleviation through improving catchment ecosyst 
alleviation through improving catchment ecosystem services. the resulting datasets will be used 
report including scientific methods and policy recommendations based on the findings at the cas 
udience and have a beneficial effect on poverty alleviation through improvement of catchment ec 
iation through improvement of catchment ecosystem services in both china and sa through press r 
of catchment ecosystem services in both china and sa through press release, follow up media wor 
13846 3                   artificial rearing of fish destined for deliberate release into the natural e 
for deliberate release into the natural environment as juveniles to clarify the effect of sea-r 
effect of sea-ranching on the frequency distribution of different coping styles in brown trout. 
14611 2 three different aspects of the cellular stress response to several environmental pollutants on  
several environmental pollutants on the stress response to environmental pollutans, and, likewi 
15144 8 group represents an excellent mammalian model for investigations on sex chromosome evolution an 
el for investigations on sex chromosome evolution and structural and functional analyses of het 
 the origin, composition, organization, evolution and function of heterochromatin components in 
omposition, organization, evolution and function of heterochromatin components in arvicolids sp 
t consider before in these species. the function of the constitutive heterochromatin and the in 
romatin are transcribed and, if so, the nature of the transcripts will be characterized and the 
 by functional analysis. concerning the evolution of sex chromosomes in these species, we will  
ize sex chromosomes, and also about the phylogeny of the arvicolids. another striking feature i 
15059 4 ole in allowing plant cells to tolerate stress is unknown. to gain information on those topics  
chniques will be used. modifications on growth kinetics, culture and cell morphology, will be m 
ving herbicide detoxification and/or re-distribution, increases in enzymatic activities against 
 enzymatic activities against oxidative stress and changes in programmed cell death induction.  
7121 16                               permanent grassland natural and semi-natural are carriers of both 
ical values ​​; * propose use of simple indicators describing the characteristics of natural gr 
scribing the characteristics of natural grassland and their evolution in order to reason with t 
eristics of natural grassland and their evolution in order to reason with the management of the 
r evolution in order to reason with the management of their diversity according to environmenta 
 to reason with the management of their diversity according to environmental and productive goa 
d the following five themes: 1. role of spatial heterogeneity in herbivorous / 2 vegetation int 
patial heterogeneity in herbivorous / 2 vegetation interactions. spatio-temporal vegetation dyn 
egetation interactions. spatio-temporal vegetation dynamics based on three driving modes. struc 
 response to abiotic gradients and farm management 4. spatial and temporal integration phenomen 
temporal integration phenomena patch to landscape modeling 5. development of management support 
ntegration phenomena patch to landscape modeling 5. development of management support of indica 
henomena patch to landscape modeling 5. development of management support of indicators to meas 
to landscape modeling 5. development of management support of indicators to measure and manage  
5. development of management support of indicators to measure and manage the multi-functionalit 
e and manage the multi-functionality of grasslands: what descriptors for what functions  
2488 3 concerning the mechanisms of infectious disease pathogenesis and how diseases might be controll 
t future evolutionary events related to disease. recent phylogenetic studies of yersinia pestis 
pecies. current dogma suggests that the evolution of these species which has occurred in - host 
10767 3  basalts, to estimate precise ages. the complexity of the study requires collaboration across d 
international programme, our study will yield new insights into the time scales, eruption rates 
m / and hence its relationship to earth evolution as a whole.  
10613 3                                         nitrate reduction along a no3- gradient in the colne es 
tion along a no3- gradient in the colne estuary will be investigated using polyphasic methods c 
al new information about the structure, function and activity in these ecologically important c 
14207 19                               in modern agriculture, pesticides have been used in large quantit 
                 in modern agriculture, pesticides have been used in large quantities for contr 
ge quantities for controlling pests and weeds, and thus greatly improve food production. howeve 
nd weeds, and thus greatly improve food production. however, intensive use of common pesticides 
ction. however, intensive use of common pesticides can lead to the toxicity to soils, vegetable 
 pesticides can lead to the toxicity to soils, vegetables and contamination to aqueous systems  
mination to aqueous systems , including nitrogen cycling in terrestrial and aquatic environment 
d aquatic environments. studies linking macrophytes community composition and bacterial communi 
vironments. studies linking macrophytes community composition and bacterial community compositi 
tes community composition and bacterial community composition are scarce. in addition, we are i 
 interested in the effects of different pesticides, both direct and indirect on the bacterial c 
th direct and indirect on the bacterial community structure and function. the knowledge obtaine 
n the bacterial community structure and function. the knowledge obtained could be applied when  
ined could be applied when constructing wetlands to enhance wetland function. the real-pcr anal 
d when constructing wetlands to enhance wetland function. the real-pcr analysis and the pyroseq 
onstructing wetlands to enhance wetland function. the real-pcr analysis and the pyrosequenation 
d functions of microbial communities in pesticide-influenced constructed wetland ecosystems.  
ies in pesticide-influenced constructed wetland ecosystems.  
esticide-influenced constructed wetland ecosystems.  
9956 9  understand this in terms of safety and efficiency of water transport the size of pores in pit  
is in terms of safety and efficiency of water transport the size of pores in pit membranes as b 
ible relationships between porosity and vulnerability to cavitation while the membrane is under 
 while the membrane is under mechanical stress due to stretching and deflection. 3. how can we  
 and deflection. 3. how can we link the distribution and structure of pit membranes with the co 
t membranes with the complex network of water conduction pathways this problem will be addresse 
ers for relating anatomical data to pit function. in addition, visualisation of water distribut 
function. in addition, visualisation of water distribution in living trees at the cellular leve 
on. in addition, visualisation of water distribution in living trees at the cellular level will 
10799 9            we rely on the services that bacteria provide to digest our food, to breakdown pollu 
reakdown pollutants, and to recycle the nutrients that are essential for maintaining natural ec 
t are essential for maintaining natural ecosystems. despite their importance, we are only begin 
inning to understand how communities of bacteria operate. there is good reason why this is the  
the most complex and dynamic biological ecosystem, so experiments remain in their infancy. the  
describing the factors that control the biodiversity . the current proposal follows from these  
alters the final state of the bacterial community. this is done by explicitly manipulating colo 
s created also differ in their level of ecosystem functioning. the results of such an experimen 
iment has far-reaching implications for microbial ecology by demonstrating how colonisation dyn 
14761 4 e propose to investigate the structure, evolution, and function of visual signals in several sp 
vestigate the structure, evolution, and function of visual signals in several species of lizard 
ic to conduct a study of the structure, evolution, and communicative function of foot-shakes. t 
structure, evolution, and communicative function of foot-shakes. these objectives will involve  
14915 7 eneralism/especialization found in each community. finally, we will assess whether invasive pla 
munity. finally, we will assess whether invasive plants are less likely to interact with native 
to interact with native supergeneralist pollinators than with others that visit with only a few 
ered in the project show high levels of biodiversity. as an applied result of the study, we pre 
cological networks as a useful tool for stakeholders that will allow them to take decisions on  
at will allow them to take decisions on nature management based on solid and complete scientifi 
 allow them to take decisions on nature management based on solid and complete scientific infor 
14610 13             recent studies have applied food web methodology to the study of plant-pollinator i 
d web methodology to the study of plant-pollinator interactions. these studies have revealed a  
reme specialists than expected if plant-pollinator relationships were randomly structured. thes 
is to describe the structure of a plant-pollinator web and study some of its properties. we wil 
ructure of the web. in surveys of plant-pollinator interactions, rare species appear necessaril 
ng pollen grains from the bodies of the pollinators, which will allow us to cover a longer segm 
pared to direct of observation of plant-pollinator contacts. we will also incorporate measures  
fectiveness as a crude estimate of each pollinators contribution to the fitness of the plant sp 
certain ecological factors to the plant-pollinator structure observed. first, we will analyze s 
orbidden interactions and pollen-nectar production. we expect this relationship to explain a su 
ip to explain a substantial part of the pollination web structure. finally, we will test whethe 
ith the principle of the most effective pollinator, plants with complex floral morphologies exh 
a smaller proportion from non-effective pollinators.  
15054 4                      the elimination of nitrogen and phosphorous compounds from wastewater is a 
ewater is an essential process to avoid eutrophication in those streams receiving inputs from w 
rocess to avoid eutrophication in those streams receiving inputs from wastewater treatment plan 
ewater treatment plants to quantify the uncertainty of measurement of these parameters that wou 
10318 3 biologists have always employed a large diversity of approaches for studying natural selection  
netics respond to ongoing anthropogenic environmental change. for example, extreme weather even 
ed to become more common in the face of climate change. if my research shows that such variatio 
15124 17 t persists concerning their role in the ecology and evolution of pollination systems. generaliz 
oncerning their role in the ecology and evolution of pollination systems. generalization has be 
ir role in the ecology and evolution of pollination systems. generalization has been traditiona 
f in the selective pressures exerted by pollinators. however, contrary to the theoretical expec 
ralization is quite frequent in natural pollination systems and vary at population and individu 
at population and individual levels. in pollination generalist systems, all plant genotypes in  
ract with random subsets of the overall pollinator pool. we think that the generalization degre 
ctors would attract different subset of pollinators, and plants showing different values of tho 
lants showing different values of those traits would share similar subgroups of pollinators. th 
traits would share similar subgroups of pollinators. these inter-individual differences could p 
 of interaction among the plant and its pollinators, a phenomenon that we call structured gener 
in generalization and the intraspecific pollination and mating networks at population level are 
 in subgroups of plants sharing similar pollinators . the main aim of this project is to explor 
project is to explore the occurrence of pollinator-mediated structured generalization, the fact 
nce of the spatial structure, the micro-environment and the genotype/phenotype in shaping the g 
structure and clustering pattern of the pollination and mating intraspecific networks emerging  
work analytical approach widely used in community ecology to understand the ecological and gene 
7372 4                        characterize the genetic diversity of the core european rapeseed collect 
pean rapeseed collection to improve the energy balance of culture: using agronomic data related 
re: using agronomic data related to the development of performance limiting conditions of nitro 
t of performance limiting conditions of nitrogen  
15317 9 bfamily barbuloideae by the most recent classification of the family, comprises leptodontium, w 
mic characters of all genera, drawings, habitat, nomenclature, typifications, dichotomicous key 
chotomicous keys, updated descriptions, habitat and distribution of all taxa accepted in the te 
keys, updated descriptions, habitat and distribution of all taxa accepted in the territory stud 
n order to get a whole knowledge of the biodiversity of this area. it is a starting point in or 
rry out ecological, biogeographical and conservation studies in south america. due to the scarc 
h allows users a whole knowledge of the taxonomy, nomenclature, distribution, and habitat of th 
nowledge of the taxonomy, nomenclature, distribution, and habitat of the family pottiaceae in s 
xonomy, nomenclature, distribution, and habitat of the family pottiaceae in south america.  
13357 3 udy is to investigate possibilities for conservation by freezing at ultra low temperatures cons 
n by freezing at ultra low temperatures conservation of some cultivated plants which have recal 
seed and field gene banks as vegetative conservation. the cryopreservation of turkey mint genet 
12628 17 ponents: 1. to develop a cost curve for mitigation of soil compaction on agricultural land the  
 develop a cost curve for mitigation of soil compaction on agricultural land the use of heavy m 
 use of heavy machinery or trampling by livestock can cause compaction of soil; a greater mass  
ng by livestock can cause compaction of soil; a greater mass of minerals and less space for air 
olume. in contrast to some of the other soil degradation threats, the costs associated with soi 
. in contrast to some of the other soil degradation threats, the costs associated with soil com 
tion threats, the costs associated with soil compaction across europe cannot currently be estim 
 associated with soil compaction across europe cannot currently be estimated, but they are wide 
the top seven threats to our use of the soil across england and wales. the degree of compaction 
he degree of compaction in agricultural soil largely depends on the which type of impact the so 
depends on the which type of impact the soil is exposed to we propose to use computerised x ray 
cture of materials, to examine how bulk density of mineral soils varies with depth, and the imp 
 to examine how bulk density of mineral soils varies with depth, and the implications of this f 
depth, and the implications of this for uncertainty in our measurements. in summarizing our res 
ble to identify a protocol to determine soil bulk density which is efficient and adequate for o 
ntify a protocol to determine soil bulk density which is efficient and adequate for our purpose 
ble levels of error in our estimates of soil carbon stock. as a result we will have confidence  
12635 43 ledge, explore potential ways to manage soils in a sustainable manner and identify gaps in the  
the evidence base for defra relating to soil carbon, soil management, urban soils and soil resi 
base for defra relating to soil carbon, soil management, urban soils and soil resilience in rel 
lating to soil carbon, soil management, urban soils and soil resilience in relation to climate  
 to soil carbon, soil management, urban soils and soil resilience in relation to climate change 
arbon, soil management, urban soils and soil resilience in relation to climate change. the rela 
, soil management, urban soils and soil resilience in relation to climate change. the relations 
oils and soil resilience in relation to climate change. the relationships between soil pollutan 
imate change. the relationships between soil pollutants and food will also be reviewed, and soi 
nts and food will also be reviewed, and soil quality indicators pertinent to policy reporting c 
will also be reviewed, and soil quality indicators pertinent to policy reporting cycles discuss 
nd soil quality indicators pertinent to policy reporting cycles discussed. the seven principal  
d support for the implementation of the soil strategy for england. the objectives of the six su 
otential of technologies for increasing carbon storage in soil to mitigate climate change. obje 
logies for increasing carbon storage in soil to mitigate climate change. objective b: to determ 
sing carbon storage in soil to mitigate climate change. objective b: to determine the relations 
ship between best practice for managing soils to protect the environment with that for increase 
ctice for managing soils to protect the environment with that for increased productivity. objec 
the environment with that for increased productivity. objective c: to review and make an initia 
increased productivity. objective c: to review and make an initial assessment of the impacts of 
ective c: to review and make an initial assessment of the impacts of climate change on soils in 
w and make an initial assessment of the impacts of climate change on soils in the urban environ 
an initial assessment of the impacts of climate change on soils in the urban environment, addre 
ent of the impacts of climate change on soils in the urban environment, addressing the potentia 
pacts of climate change on soils in the urban environment, addressing the potential impact to t 
of climate change on soils in the urban environment, addressing the potential impact to the eco 
 addressing the potential impact to the ecosystem goods and services which they provide. object 
ces which they provide. objective d: to review the evidence of what makes some soils more resil 
 review the evidence of what makes some soils more resilient to change, to evaluate what this m 
change, to evaluate what this means for soils in england and wales, and to provide an initial a 
nd and wales, and to provide an initial assessment of the extent to which resilience can be con 
itial assessment of the extent to which resilience can be conferred to soils. objective e: to r 
to which resilience can be conferred to soils. objective e: to review the literature on the con 
 be conferred to soils. objective e: to review the literature on the concentrations of pollutan 
 on the concentrations of pollutants in soils that lead to significant concentrations of pollut 
 discuss the setting of outcome focused indicators of soil quality that can be reported on with 
etting of outcome focused indicators of soil quality that can be reported on within policy repo 
 quality that can be reported on within policy reporting cycles. a concise summary that synthes 
 carried out by internationally-leading soil scientists from cranfield university, the cross-in 
sity, the cross-institute programme for soils , adas consulting ltd and the british geological  
mmunication within and between teams. a review/discussion paper will be produced for each sub-p 
d evidence gaps into the context of the soil strategy for england. the tangible benefits arisin 
ustness and likely effectiveness of the soil strategy for england.  
14678 4  is to evaluate the capability of small marine reserves , like those present in the nw mediterr 
reserves , like those present in the nw mediterranean, to effectively protect exploited rocky b 
 movements at both the seasonal, medium-scale and daily temporal scales inside and outside the  
and depth movements on a short temporal scale. site fidelity of both species will be analysed a 
7512 4                                     the production of seed oysters hollow hatchery spat collect 
ments will be conducted in a controlled environment. the study of diversity will be based on mi 
 a controlled environment. the study of diversity will be based on microsatellite markers by ki 
controlled crosses mixed. secondly, the genetic diversity of broodstock for hatchery french wil 
7537 4   this project aims to characterize the diversity of selected populations of domestic pigs and  
gene flow between domestic populations, livestock and wild and then evaluate the impact of live 
nd wild and then evaluate the impact of livestock cochongliers will distinguish two sub- specie 
cies, and to provide reliable tools for monitoring and control for managers of farms and wild p 
7541 4                           the long-term conservation of genetic resources of recalcitrant seede 
olerance to dehydration and slowing the growth of organs usually determine the success of these 
ermine the success of these methods. in model plants, key genes involved in the regulation of t 
 expressed in response to environmental stress or during embryogenesis. the objective of this p 
7528 3 ntly considering whether to undertake a valuation approach to race. this project aims to identi 
ect aims to identify all the steps of a valuation of a race program in chickens and compared be 
rmance will be measured in a controlled environment or farm. molecular typing will be made to c 
7582 1 between haplotypes. we will compare the diversity between more or less selected races, and we w 
7628 29 etic structures heavily involved in the evolution of bacteria, allowing them to meet many stres 
es heavily involved in the evolution of bacteria, allowing them to meet many stresses, includin 
g them to meet many stresses, including water pollution. our team has recently shown that the d 
 to meet many stresses, including water pollution. our team has recently shown that the diversi 
n. our team has recently shown that the diversity of these structures decreases in response to  
ese structures decreases in response to pollution, suggesting quune bacterial community can res 
o pollution, suggesting quune bacterial community can respond specifically to particular pollut 
 can respond specifically to particular pollution by disseminating in certain population integr 
ject aims to assess the dynamics of the diversity of genes of integrase to integrate in aquatic 
ronments in response to various organic pollution, metal, pharmaceutical, and explore modalitie 
opriateness of the use of integrate for monitoring the quality of water that envisages the deve 
integrate for monitoring the quality of water that envisages the development of biomarkers and  
the quality of water that envisages the development of biomarkers and / or biosensors based on  
pact of human activities on the natural water cycle could have irremediable consequences. surve 
mediable consequences. surveillance and monitoring of water quality are hot topics. monitoring  
quences. surveillance and monitoring of water quality are hot topics. monitoring of aquatic env 
toring of water quality are hot topics. monitoring of aquatic environments currently focused pr 
but many other substances pollute these ecosystems: pesticides, metals, hydrocarbons but also m 
er substances pollute these ecosystems: pesticides, metals, hydrocarbons but also many pharmace 
ing a broad spectrum of molecules. team environment and microbiology iprem is interested for se 
ly involved in the spread of antibiotic resistance at the root of many health problems. . integ 
ow considered important elements in the adaptation of bacterial communities, allowing them to m 
g them to meet many stresses, including water pollution. . moreover our team has recently shown 
 to meet many stresses, including water pollution. . moreover our team has recently shown that  
s recently shown that their common gene diversity, inti, decreases in response to pollution, su 
versity, inti, decreases in response to pollution, suggesting that the bacterial community can  
ollution, suggesting that the bacterial community can respond by spreading through the populati 
ge on the one hand, the dynamics of the diversity of integrons face integrase gene to the prese 
elop biosensors to detect pollutants in water  
7253 8 tudying the mechanisms at the origin of biodiversity in urban areas has been neglected. it requ 
anisms at the origin of biodiversity in urban areas has been neglected. it requires an interdis 
l perspective, ie, how men perceive the fragmentation of the landscape. the objective of this p 
w men perceive the fragmentation of the landscape. the objective of this project is to identify 
social-geographical factors influencing urban gene flow. these issues will be discussed from si 
 empirical studies and dialogue between ecology, geography and sociology. stéphanie manel, maga 
that influence the flow of genes recent urban. the questions are: 1- highly fragmented urban la 
the questions are: 1- highly fragmented urban landscapes she allows what-2 gene flow are the pr 
7505 4                   seabream is an iconic fish from the languedoc -roussillon region with an unde 
 region with an undeniable heritage and economic value. it appears as a resource or a windfall, 
on because it proves to be a formidable predator of mussels and a source of damage difficult to 
ve the same eating patterns and similar migration. we seek to characterize the so-called harmfu 
14626 10  the most important structural pests in urban environments in terms of physical damage to struc 
nomic cost of that damage is unknown in spain but probably exceeds some tens million euros per  
 is increasing. as a consequence of the urban organisation of cities and villages in spain, the 
 organisation of cities and villages in spain, the former control method represents a problem f 
hod represents a problem for people and environment; moreover, as a result of the biocide direc 
e biocide directive 98/8/ec of european community, many products will be banned in a nearby fut 
ch less toxic substances for humans and environment; in addition, the full termite colony elimi 
for new substances classified as insect growth regulators . - we will test the possible synergi 
kill termites quickly; as a result, the urban environment and human health will be benefit.  
ermites quickly; as a result, the urban environment and human health will be benefit.  
7241 7               n²o the emission from the agricultural landscape in france is an important part o 
by agricultural practices, humidity and soil drainage. objectives the subject is to finely stud 
the contribution to emissions of n2o of nitrification and denitrification processes in the cont 
o emissions of n2o of nitrification and denitrification processes in the continuum formed by ag 
in the continuum formed by agricultural soils, runoff and drainage and waterways, along a trans 
continuum formed by agricultural soils, runoff and drainage and waterways, along a transect a s 
less favorable to the issuance of n2o * mapping n2o emissions across the seine basin  
15210 13 llular concentration. most of the metal resistance mechanisms described have been discovered th 
croorganisms. we propose to explore the diversity of genes and mechanisms involved in metal res 
 genes and mechanisms involved in metal resistance using culture independent techniques which a 
el genes and operons involved in nickel resistance by functional analysis of metagenomic librar 
microbial communities associated to the rhizosphere of plants from the tinto river , in which t 
nts from the tinto river , in which the abundance and diversity of archaea is high. another asp 
into river , in which the abundance and diversity of archaea is high. another aspect of this pr 
, using microbial genes confering metal resistance, identified from the analysis of the metagen 
r previous work. we are now studying ni resistance of transgenic plants expressing genes from t 
sgenic plants expressing genes from the rhizosphere microbial communities of the tinto river. i 
 in summary, our goal is to explore the diversity of genes involved in metal resistance using c 
he diversity of genes involved in metal resistance using culture independent tecniques, to retr 
o to identify novel mechanisms of metal resistance.  
7404 2      the origin and maintenance of gene adaptation to sites polluted by metals in the genus ara 
 to be time difference and differential behavior vis-a-vis the metal, and within the species. h 
15095 5 etween the diverse ethnic groups of the mediterranean and the plant species in their environmen 
erranean and the plant species in their environment as gathered wild foods. in the plant specie 
ild foods. in the plant species a clear indicator of coevolutionary processes is the gradual do 
usive dependence of others as source of nutrients and to compare them with those already analys 
se already analysed in diverse areas of spain. 4.to detect the existence of clusters of species 
12501 10 y english heritage in 2008 focussing on urban commons indicates the wide and varied pastimes an 
ns act 2006 in changing the legislative landscape for town and village greens and adjusting and 
plication process. as a result this new landscape requires time to settle in and achieve the ri 
o surprise that there is a link between development of green space and attempts by local reside 
 there is a link between development of green space and attempts by local residents and communi 
ing them as under used areas in need of development. this research is an important step in assi 
ne whether the sites were earmarked for development in local development plans or subject to pl 
were earmarked for development in local development plans or subject to planning applications.  
n local development plans or subject to planning applications. the full diversity of sites, bot 
ject to planning applications. the full diversity of sites, both approved and rejected, will be 
14530 2  ours scholarships to observe the daily evolution of the animals movement. . this design will i 
 scholarships towards the environmental risk.  
14671 5                                         succession of entomosarcosaprophagous fauna in animal c 
determining the length of the different decomposition stages in each season and environment, de 
decomposition stages in each season and environment, determining every stages associated fauna, 
tative species of every stage. once the community dynamics under different environmental assump 
. this comparison will allow a reliably evaluation of the entomological evidence from corpses f 
15097 3 he previous project tempura and through temperature and rh dataloggers established by subprojec 
 and populations to changes in acoustic environment will be established with playback tests in  
peninsula that considers the acoustical environment as a selective pressure for anurans.  
7599 1 is a potential candidate to improve the taxonomy of pseudomonas and define ecotypes.  
15336 13  know the degree of isolation among the fish populations inhabiting deep sea ecosystems and the 
he fish populations inhabiting deep sea ecosystems and their dependence on the particular chara 
the particular characteristics of their habitat. this study attempts to deal with a topic of gr 
portance, that of knowing the degree of connectivity and dependence among these ecosystems in o 
connectivity and dependence among these ecosystems in order to be able to define a coherent net 
be able to define a coherent network of marine protected areas in accordance with the requisite 
of natura 2000 network and the european marine strategy. at the same time, this approach attemp 
empts to determine the role of deep sea ecosystems as essential habitats trophic ecology studie 
cosystems as essential habitats trophic ecology studies to know their habitat dependence. the c 
s trophic ecology studies to know their habitat dependence. the combination of these techniques 
ase in the knowledge of the biology and ecology of some of these species, which are highly vuln 
e and often threatened by the impact of fisheries, but also provide information on the migratio 
es, but also provide information on the migration of species in this type of habitats, on which 
14838 7                          an increase of mortality was observed in the chamois of the pyrenees i 
rms a separate branch within the border disease virus cluster. in 2005, 3 new outbreaks have be 
bed in different areas of the pyrenees. mortality was extraordinary high that share the habitat 
y was extraordinary high that share the habitat with chamois in the affected areas. 4. experime 
he experimental infection in sheep as a model, in case of succeed, will fulfil the main criteri 
 altogether will help to apply suitable management measures for the conservation of the species 
ly suitable management measures for the conservation of the species.  
15034 18 mic outbreaks are related with drinking water subjected to some disinfecting process. however,  
some disinfecting process. however, the bacteria overcomes this barrier and is able to multiply 
 able to multiply in some points of the water distribution system becoming an environmental ris 
to multiply in some points of the water distribution system becoming an environmental risk. alt 
bution system becoming an environmental risk. although there might be several causes, the main  
 the main one is the own biology of the bacteria. legionella resists more extremely physic-chem 
quatic micoorganisms do. moreover, this resistance increases when the bacteria is found as an e 
ver, this resistance increases when the bacteria is found as an endosymbiont of protozoa, which 
n endosymbiont of protozoa, which share habitat. there are studies about the susceptibility of  
fectants, especially to chlorine and to temperature, that are the most commonly used in our wat 
, although ecological studies show that bacteria is normally found in biofilms. legionella is u 
moeba or naegleria, inside of which the bacteria can multiply. so, to control colonitation and  
s to study the effectiveness of the tap water disinfecting methods on legionella, either when t 
 methods on legionella, either when the bacteria is a free-living cells or associated to other  
 and protozoa strains isolated from the water distribution system in front the most common disi 
rotozoa strains isolated from the water distribution system in front the most common disinfecta 
 disinfectants in the waters, chlorine, temperature and uv will be studied. the susceptibility  
. the susceptibility of the free-living bacteria, protozoa endosymbionts and asociated to a bio 
15374 1 s resulted in a progressive increase of nitrogen forms that can easily be easily assimilated by 
14917 16 is project is to evaluate the impact of drought stress in the life cycle of the desert truffle  
ct is to evaluate the impact of drought stress in the life cycle of the desert truffle terfezia 
 is negatively influenced by the strong drought in these areas of the last years. the research  
elium and the mycorrhizal system, under drought stress; the evaluation of the participation of  
d the mycorrhizal system, under drought stress; the evaluation of the participation of genes en 
hizal system, under drought stress; the evaluation of the participation of genes encoding aquap 
r drought stress; the evaluation of the participation of genes encoding aquaporins from the fun 
ost plant helianthemum almeriense under water deficit and their role in the drought tolerance o 
der water deficit and their role in the drought tolerance of the mycorrhizal plants, by physiol 
r methods. in the end, the study of the water relations in mycorrhizal plants of h. almeriense  
in established field plantations, under irrigation and withholding irrigation, as well as the r 
tions, under irrigation and withholding irrigation, as well as the relation of this answer with 
 relation of this answer with the plant growth and nutrition, the fungal sclerotia formation or 
the fungal sclerotia formation or other resistance structures, and the truffle formation of t.  
 mycelial and mycorrhizal levels, under drought stress conditions, which can affect its field s 
l and mycorrhizal levels, under drought stress conditions, which can affect its field survival. 
7504 2               the goal is to follow the evolution of a population of triticale in various envir 
order to develop an effective method of management of primary triticale. these allow enlargemen 
14884 9 udy of the factors implied in virulence evolution in wild populations is of high importance, es 
, especially if we want to intervene in nature and under the actual scenario of emergent diseas 
ases. among the main factors implied in evolution of virulence we can include the competence be 
ot abundant, but several populations of birds maintain a high abundance and diversity of infect 
al populations of birds maintain a high abundance and diversity of infections by blood parasite 
 of birds maintain a high abundance and diversity of infections by blood parasites which allow  
 and therefore, they represent an ideal model for the study of how those mechanisms affect the  
tudy of how those mechanisms affect the evolution of virulence. the use of molecular methods fo 
on by different blood parasite lines in birds in relation with transmission of these parasites  
7521 3 dization introgressive were observed in birds, particularly following the introduction in the m 
ses are not without consequences on the evolution of the genetic structure of the species invol 
 hence the need for effective tools for monitoring hybridization to describe the genetic struct 
6932 1 urtles, lizards, crocodiles, dinosaurs, birds and pterosaurs. the goal of this project is to co 
15076 6 orectes lusitanicus jekel is an iberian endemism that acts as an authentic secondary disperser, 
ces for acorns provide a diet richer in nutrients, which can benefit them in different aspects  
d reserves, higher antifreeze compounds production and higher reproductive potential. based on  
its implications on the thorectes group biodiversity and to evaluate its potential applications 
 well as their relation with the beetle metabolism. a fat body increase would be related to hig 
 and laboratory study on the population density of this species under different stocking rates  
14584 8 he aim of this project is to assess the conservation status of the characteristic mediterranean 
nservation status of the characteristic mediterranean coralligenous bottoms and to evaluate the 
ve chosen the lithophyllum stictaeforme community, one of the most important in the building of 
he coralligen. the knowledge about this community is poor. it is a very fragile community mainl 
community is poor. it is a very fragile community mainly consisting of slowly growing calcareou 
consisting of slowly growing calcareous algae and, for this reason, it is very sensitive to the 
 study of the lithophyllum stictaeforme community in the northeastern coast of the iberian peni 
in damaged zones and its possibility of colonization of artificial submarine reefs.  
15246 2 f the previous three pn projects in the environment in where s. ruber thrives, and in its front 
e s. ruber thrives, and in its frontier-ecosystems as a possible pool of transferable dna.  
15149 4 between them. the results obtained will yield fundamental information to the knowledge of europ 
 of the relationship between taphonomic environment of the archaeological sites and the molecul 
e of preservation of nucleic acids as a function of their environment. this methodology will sa 
of nucleic acids as a function of their environment. this methodology will save many resources  
15377 7  determine if hydrocory can explain the dispersal patterns of this fauna in this new habitat. t 
rsal patterns of this fauna in this new habitat. the sampling areas will be selected based on e 
ibed, providing information about their ecology, biogeography and about the ecological communit 
viding information about their ecology, biogeography and about the ecological communities they  
ps between populations and to study the connectivity of the mss network. the combined team work 
t. its intention is to explore a virgin habitat that of which there is escarce knowledge of its 
, the structure of its communities, the species richness patterns and the distributions of the  
15239 8          the autochtonous olive orchard agroecosystem in extremadura must be protected because  
because of the ecological importance in soils protection, as soils in many zones of extremadura 
ical importance in soils protection, as soils in many zones of extremadura are in precarious st 
ura are in precarious state, due to low ph and soil development, under exteme temperature and d 
 in precarious state, due to low ph and soil development, under exteme temperature and drought. 
recarious state, due to low ph and soil development, under exteme temperature and drought. for  
w ph and soil development, under exteme temperature and drought. for this purpose, measurements 
velopment, under exteme temperature and drought. for this purpose, measurements of some defence 
14806 9                                     the nature of the neolithic diffusion from the near east to 
olithic diffusion from the near east to europe is yet unknown. from an archaeological point of  
esis, the adoption of the new neolithic production methods allowed a large demographic increase 
s from the near east. this favoured the migration of human populations towards western europe,  
on of human populations towards western europe, where the inmigrants replaced the local hunter- 
gricultural practices spread throughout europe during a, so called, neolitization process. anci 
 and makes possible to test in situ the nature of the spread during the neolithic period in eur 
e spread during the neolithic period in europe. the aim of the present project is to obtain mtd 
nce, the iberian peninsula and northern africa. the information obtained can be statistically a 
15052 1 logenetic history, on the other, on the development of different vital strategies during the eg 
14756 1 e present project aims to determine the conservation status of the sea turtle nesting populatio 
14908 9 bfamily barbuloideae by the most recent classification of the family, are constituted by 14 gen 
mic characters of all genera, drawings, habitat, nomenclature, typifications, dichotomicous key 
chotomicous keys, updated descriptions, habitat and distribution of all taxa accepted in the te 
keys, updated descriptions, habitat and distribution of all taxa accepted in the territory stud 
n order to get a whole knowledge of the biodiversity of this area. it is a starting point in or 
rry out ecological, biogeographical and conservation studies in south america. due to the scarc 
h allows users a whole knowledge of the taxonomy, nomenclature, distribution, and habitat of th 
nowledge of the taxonomy, nomenclature, distribution, and habitat of the family pottiaceae in s 
xonomy, nomenclature, distribution, and habitat of the family pottiaceae in south america.  
12505 1                                      an assessment of the character of greens based on a semi-r 
14144 3                                study on fish assemblages and the fishing efficiency of gear in  
      study on fish assemblages and the fishing efficiency of gear in small estonian lakes  
udy on fish assemblages and the fishing efficiency of gear in small estonian lakes  
13431 1                   genetic structure and taxonomy of anadromus and nonanadromus pearl mullet pop 
14495 5 using entomophagous wasps together with heterogeneity of the landscape, the beta and gamma dive 
asps together with heterogeneity of the landscape, the beta and gamma diversity components will 
ty of the landscape, the beta and gamma diversity components will be analysed, thereby drawing  
reby drawing conclusions concerning the conservation and plans for managing the habitat with re 
conservation and plans for managing the habitat with respect to continental pine stands on sand 
14998 1  the typical reproductive mode in these insects. the environmental factor determining it is the 
7394 3 ing the significant role of farm in the conservation of plant genetic resources. . from a socio 
 we wish to reconsider the role of farm management and its complementarities with other modes o 
s complementarities with other modes of management  
7377 6               c. complementary modes of management and conservation devices: study the maintena 
. complementary modes of management and conservation devices: study the maintenance of intra-sp 
study the maintenance of intra-specific diversity of spontaneous grassland species planted in l 
intra-specific diversity of spontaneous grassland species planted in landscapes with high agric 
species planted in landscapes with high agriculture - livestock activity  
d in landscapes with high agriculture - livestock activity  
13486 18 merging two core fields in contemporary ecology. the first relates to productivity and environm 
temporary ecology. the first relates to productivity and environmental variation driving biodiv 
ity and environmental variation driving biodiversity, and the second considers biodiversity as  
 biodiversity, and the second considers biodiversity as the independent variable driving produc 
ity as the independent variable driving productivity patterns. despite numerous experiments and 
aged to explicitly consider and explain biodiversity as both the cause and consequence of produ 
ty as both the cause and consequence of productivity at the same time. using new theory togethe 
l study the chicken vs. egg question of productivity and biodiversity. a theoretical model that 
en vs. egg question of productivity and biodiversity. a theoretical model that is currently bei 
ctivity and biodiversity. a theoretical model that is currently being developed by bradley card 
oped by bradley cardinale suggests that biodiversity can respond to and drive productivity only 
t biodiversity can respond to and drive productivity only if regional exclusion of species is p 
s is prevented by e.g. a factor such as spatial heterogeneity. the results have the potential t 
sms structuring species assemblages and ecosystem functioning in nature. this is important beca 
ssemblages and ecosystem functioning in nature. this is important because ecosystems and their  
ng in nature. this is important because ecosystems and their biota provide us with vital goods  
same biota is often altered by changing productivity levels, e.g. due to eutrophication and cha 
anging productivity levels, e.g. due to eutrophication and changes in ocean currents and upwell 
6936 5  experiments show, that the genetics of scale formation of carp can not be described by the for 
t be described by the formerly accepted model. recently harris and his colleagues were successf 
s mutant is linked to a partial loss of function of a developmentally important gene, fibroblas 
elopmentally important gene, fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 gene. finally we will set up a 
or 1 gene. finally we will set up a new model describing the scalation pattern in common carp a 
197 11                                     the distribution of phytoplankton in water bodies where den 
                    the distribution of phytoplankton in water bodies where densities of organi 
   the distribution of phytoplankton in water bodies where densities of organisms are far great 
ayers may play an important role in the marine ecosystems. subsurface maxima are often dominate 
ay play an important role in the marine ecosystems. subsurface maxima are often dominated by po 
minated by potentially toxic species of phytoplankton. the main goal of the project is to estim 
roject is to estimate the extent of the phytoplankton/chlorophyll a subsurface maxima layers in 
the role of these layers in the pelagic ecosystem. the results allow to understand better the f 
stand better the functioning of pelagic ecosystem of the gulf and to give an answer whether and 
 into account when assessing the state, modeling the ecosystem and forecasting harmful algal bl 
 when assessing the state, modeling the ecosystem and forecasting harmful algal blooms.  
15031 5 ese species has extended to air quality monitoring networks in dozens of countries throughout t 
s that grow in industrial areas possess adaptation mechanisms that allow them to reduce the bio 
ns in protein expression in relation to adaptation mechanisms. finally, another possible disadv 
he existence of dilution effects due to growth, and therefore the final aim of the study would  
moss species under study as a result of growth of the plants.  
7431 28 n close cooperation with the agency for marine protected areas is responsible for the program t 
reas is responsible for the program the marine natural park of the three estuaries ' étaploises 
am the marine natural park of the three estuaries ' étaploises maritime cooperatives, major pla 
ving coastal resources, the laboratory" adaptation and diversity in the marine environment"for  
sources, the laboratory" adaptation and diversity in the marine environment"for his expertise o 
ratory" adaptation and diversity in the marine environment"for his expertise on algae and ifrem 
 adaptation and diversity in the marine environment"for his expertise on algae and ifremer, par 
marine environment"for his expertise on algae and ifremer, particularly under the interreg prog 
he project focuses on systems ' benthic macrofauna, ' kelp forest ' planktonic and nektonic upo 
on systems ' benthic macrofauna, ' kelp forest ' planktonic and nektonic upon which birds and m 
st ' planktonic and nektonic upon which birds and marine mammals. more specifically, it focuses 
tonic and nektonic upon which birds and marine mammals. more specifically, it focuses on four m 
s: 1. establish reference conditions of marine biodiversity in nord-pas -de-calais region 2. de 
stablish reference conditions of marine biodiversity in nord-pas -de-calais region 2. develop a 
as -de-calais region 2. develop and use indicators anthropogenic, hydro- climatic and hydromete 
the spatial and temporal variability of biodiversity, 3. establish a permanent monitoring of ma 
 biodiversity, 3. establish a permanent monitoring of marine biodiversity in north -calais regi 
 3. establish a permanent monitoring of marine biodiversity in north -calais region not 4. make 
ablish a permanent monitoring of marine biodiversity in north -calais region not 4. make projec 
egion not 4. make projections about the evolution of marine biodiversity in north -calais regio 
make projections about the evolution of marine biodiversity in north -calais region not in the  
ojections about the evolution of marine biodiversity in north -calais region not in the context 
th -calais region not in the context of climate change. this project will establish rapid diagn 
sh rapid diagnoses and prognoses on the biodiversity of the region and optimize the sustainable 
on of an atlas of observed and expected global change scenarios showing the evolution of exploi 
 of observed and expected global change scenarios showing the evolution of exploitable and inva 
ted global change scenarios showing the evolution of exploitable and invasive species, informat 
howing the evolution of exploitable and invasive species, information that will be taken over b 
12390 2 detailed assessments on the state of uk marine waters for the ospar quality status report annua 
 to show progress towards achieving the marine strategy directive descriptors of good environme 
14368 17                                         ecosystems in east-africa have been changing significan 
                     ecosystems in east-africa have been changing significantly in the last dec 
ging significantly in the last decades. population dynamics, climate change and market forces h 
 the last decades. population dynamics, climate change and market forces have led to overexploi 
forces have led to overexploitation and degradation. counteracting further impact to these ecos 
. counteracting further impact to these ecosystems is particularly important in order to decrea 
ly important in order to decrease their vulnerability to the naturally recurring drought in eas 
ulnerability to the naturally recurring drought in eastern africa. as a result, there is an inc 
 naturally recurring drought in eastern africa. as a result, there is an increased demand from  
sult, there is an increased demand from ecosystem managers, both government agencies and enviro 
on the condition and the changes of the vegetation. frequently updated vegetation indicators de 
s of the vegetation. frequently updated vegetation indicators derived from satellite images all 
getation. frequently updated vegetation indicators derived from satellite images allow to monit 
m satellite images allow to monitor the vegetation status and understand the dynamics over time 
mation on environmental quality in east-africa and to lower the barriers of its use. in the fir 
magery will be provided to the end-user community by drsrs. the most important realization of e 
 the potentials of rs for environmental monitoring at organizations which have not been using s 
14151 1 al type of artificial spawning grounds, mapping of spawning areas  
12546 9 in research priorities for plant health policy and operations are: a development of management  
ant health policy and operations are: a development of management approaches exist, or are unde 
cy and operations are: a development of management approaches exist, or are under preparation,  
aim of this project is to better inform risk assessment and risk management approaches for the  
is to better inform risk assessment and risk management approaches for the specific emerging pe 
 better inform risk assessment and risk management approaches for the specific emerging pests o 
ibed above and to develop or strengthen risk management methods for soil phases of invertebrate 
above and to develop or strengthen risk management methods for soil phases of invertebrate pest 
 strengthen risk management methods for soil phases of invertebrate pest groups or species of s 
2460 4             sandeels are small eel-like fish that is laterally compressed and without swimbladd 
hallow open-ocean waters throughout the north sea, but the geographical distribution is very pa 
out the north sea, but the geographical distribution is very patchy as they are restricted to s 
ethodology to monitor the state and the recruitment to the stock,by combing modern multifrequen 
6794 9  communities and the registering of the distribution threatened arable plants. the vegetation s 
tribution threatened arable plants. the vegetation survey will be made between 2002 and 2005 wi 
of august and the end of september. the evaluation of the relevés – with the end of field works 
axonomy as well. to support of dividing vegetation-units, will be created soil ph examinations  
iding vegetation-units, will be created soil ph examinations too. the distribution of vegetatio 
 vegetation-units, will be created soil ph examinations too. the distribution of vegetation-uni 
e created soil ph examinations too. the distribution of vegetation-units and the rare and endan 
h examinations too. the distribution of vegetation-units and the rare and endangered weeds will 
ation-units and the rare and endangered weeds will be provided on ceu mapped system.  
2147 8                                  salmon rivers in northernmost norway, finland and the kola pen 
land and the kola peninsula of archived scale collections. we also propose to examine marine di 
collections. we also propose to examine marine distribution patterns and ocean forage areas by  
ions. we also propose to examine marine distribution patterns and ocean forage areas by the com 
 abiotic parameters associated with the marine environment to better understand and explain flu 
c parameters associated with the marine environment to better understand and explain fluctuatio 
ain fluctuations in salmon survival and abundance of these northern rivers.  
urvival and abundance of these northern rivers.  
10271 1 al role of parasites in regulating host population dynamics were developed thirty years ago .  
10936 16                                         biological invasions by alien species are occurring wit 
                biological invasions by alien species are occurring with increasing frequency i 
equency in both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems with often catastrophic consequences for rec 
es. recent debate regarding the role of biodiversity in functioning of ecosystems has revitaliz 
 role of biodiversity in functioning of ecosystems has revitalized the question of how diversit 
ems has revitalized the question of how diversity affects the susceptibility of communities to  
ts the susceptibility of communities to invasion. we will investigate how functional algal dive 
e will investigate how functional algal diversity in tidepool algal communities affects their s 
unities affects their susceptibility to invasion by an alien species, sargassum muticum, a succ 
 their susceptibility to invasion by an alien species, sargassum muticum, a successful invader  
 will generate communities of differing functional diversity that can be seeded with the alien  
l diversity that can be seeded with the alien species. the susceptibility of communities to inv 
s. the susceptibility of communities to invasion, and the impacts on community structure and ec 
ity of communities to invasion, and the impacts on community structure and ecosystem function w 
unities to invasion, and the impacts on community structure and ecosystem function will be moni 
 the impacts on community structure and ecosystem function will be monitored over a 9 months pe 
10010 23  natural populations. understanding the complexity behind this seemingly simple observation is  
ge the adverse effects of anthropogenic environmental change. an important driver of environmen 
onmental change. an important driver of environmental change affecting wild populations is loss 
 affecting wild populations is loss and degradation of habitat, leading to altered availability 
 populations is loss and degradation of habitat, leading to altered availability and distributi 
at, leading to altered availability and distribution of food resources. the responses of animal 
-linearities in population responses to environmental change are likely to arise as a result of 
imal population responses to a changing environment therefore requires a knowledge of how indiv 
eneral framework for understanding when environmental change will exceed behavioural tolerances 
ural tolerances for social species. the development of such a framework will make an important  
g social foraging decisions in a patchy environment. fieldwork will be carried out to collect o 
is will provide crucial context for the development of the next step. step 2. developing an ind 
 step 2. developing an individual-based model of social foraging. a spatially-explicit individu 
. a spatially-explicit individual-based model of patch use will be developed to provide a frame 
amework for predicting the influence of environmental change on group dynamics and individual f 
erimental tests of the individual-based model. in these experiments, resource configuration wil 
ong test of the predictive power of the model. step 4. exploring social species tolerances to e 
 exploring social species tolerances to environmental change. the individual-based model will b 
ironmental change. the individual-based model will be designed with sufficient flexibility to a 
nd foraging success under environmental stress. the results will be used to identify basic prin 
 to identify basic principles about how environmental change may affect different types of soci 
study and for application in population management. the student will benefit from the case part 
arning environments at their respective institutions.  
14501 12 lication of a methodology, developed in spain by our group, to determine the levels of livestoc 
y our group, to determine the levels of livestock in arid mediterranean systems in chile, as a  
termine the levels of livestock in arid mediterranean systems in chile, as a reference to reach 
ems in chile, as a reference to reach a sustainable development, maintaining maximum levels of  
elopment, maintaining maximum levels of production without reduction in the biodiversity. at th 
 of production without reduction in the biodiversity. at the same time, we will develop sustain 
 same time, we will develop sustainable indicators, based on biophysical, social and economic c 
n of a complex set of information about soil, fodder offer, nourishing value of vegetation, and 
soil, fodder offer, nourishing value of vegetation, and the grade of livestock usage. relating  
g value of vegetation, and the grade of livestock usage. relating to the information about leve 
ating to the information about level of soil with tools for analysis , we will be liable to mak 
nditions in areas of high environmental risk  
7713 8 daume project analyzes the new forms of governance and management of peri-urban territories in  
nalyzes the new forms of governance and management of peri-urban territories in the perspective 
ms of governance and management of peri-urban territories in the perspective of sustainable dev 
urban territories in the perspective of sustainable development. this challenge is particularly 
 challenge is particularly acute in the mediterranean coastal plains where the focus of urban p 
anean coastal plains where the focus of urban pressure on scarce agricultural land, fragile and 
 food, safe building regional foresight scenarios. to support the work of researchers, the proj 
hat will become suburban farming in the mediterranean in 2030,"and consumer restitution pads  
13470 8 he possibility to infer how species and ecosystems evolved in the face of severe environmental  
rrent populations might adapt to global climate change. in the present project we will build up 
omics of norway spruce, one of the main boreal forest tree species. genomic data will be genera 
orway spruce, with special attention to phenology, a character that is crucial for adaptation a 
nology, a character that is crucial for adaptation and easy to incorporate in prediction models 
in prediction models of the response of forest tree ecosystems to climate changes as well as in 
n models of the response of forest tree ecosystems to climate changes as well as in breeding pr 
e response of forest tree ecosystems to climate changes as well as in breeding programs.  
11412 10 irds of our major food plants depend on pollinators, and honey and beeswax produced by wild and 
swax produced by wild and managed honey bees and stingless bees is an important source of food  
ld and managed honey bees and stingless bees is an important source of food and income worldwid 
ly causing declines in wild and managed bees around the world, suggesting that the pollination  
s around the world, suggesting that the pollination and food services provided by pollinators m 
llination and food services provided by pollinators might be under threat. indeed recent eviden 
 suggests that the expansion in area of pollinator-dependent crops is outstripping the availabi 
ops is outstripping the availability of pollinators. while in developed areas, we can diversify 
 diets and farming patterns, many small-scale farmers in sub-saharan africa survey training and 
many small-scale farmers in sub-saharan africa survey training and capacity building needs whic 
11495 10 irds of our major food plants depend on pollinators, and honey and beeswax produced by wild and 
swax produced by wild and managed honey bees and stingless bees is an important source of food  
ld and managed honey bees and stingless bees is an important source of food and income worldwid 
ly causing declines in wild and managed bees around the world, suggesting that the pollination  
s around the world, suggesting that the pollination and food services provided by pollinators m 
llination and food services provided by pollinators might be under threat. indeed recent eviden 
 suggests that the expansion in area of pollinator-dependent crops is outstripping the availabi 
ops is outstripping the availability of pollinators. while in developed areas, we can diversify 
 diets and farming patterns, many small-scale farmers in sub-saharan africa survey training and 
many small-scale farmers in sub-saharan africa survey training and capacity building needs whic 
14462 1 rent project proposal is to support the sustainable development of the joint genome centre trai 
2045 7 rioriteit programme sustainable use and conservation of marine living resources'. to this end w 
mme sustainable use and conservation of marine living resources'. to this end we will investiga 
tion. our expertise is in the fields of marine ecology and international law; we expect to coll 
ur expertise is in the fields of marine ecology and international law; we expect to collaborate 
borate with another project on resource economics of marine exploitation. based on these studie 
nother project on resource economics of marine exploitation. based on these studies we will des 
 models for sustainable exploitation of marine living resources. thses models will be discussed 
7482 11                  livediverse . finally, biodiversity and livelihood scenarios will be developed 
 . finally, biodiversity and livelihood scenarios will be developed. these scenarios will take  
hood scenarios will be developed. these scenarios will take into account the main perspectives; 
ake into account the main perspectives; biological diversity risk, socio economic ability and c 
main perspectives; biological diversity risk, socio economic ability and cultural perceptions t 
sk, socio economic ability and cultural perceptions to cope with effects of this risk. working  
erceptions to cope with effects of this risk. working in a 15-year perspective, the scenarios w 
. working in a 15-year perspective, the scenarios will examine future possible trends, threats  
ts in order to formulate strategies and policy to meet the needs of both biodiversity and livel 
es and policy to meet the needs of both biodiversity and livelihoods.  
meet the needs of both biodiversity and livelihoods.  
7555 6 project is to contribute to sustainable management of susceptibility alleles of two lepidoptera 
propose to study the effect of the host plant diversity and the interaction between these two s 
action between these two species on the evolution of resistance to these toxins. these two para 
n these two species on the evolution of resistance to these toxins. these two parameters have a 
ll be studied in the analysis of stable carbon isotope and cuticular hydrocarbons potentially.  
 on the location in the stem and winter mortality from each other  
12766 8                     this project will: •review problems with wild deer in the urban and peri-ur 
 •review problems with wild deer in the urban and peri-urban environment. •the project will dra 
ms with wild deer in the urban and peri-urban environment. •the project will draw on experience 
h wild deer in the urban and peri-urban environment. •the project will draw on experiences in t 
 on experiences in the uk, elsewhere in europe and the us. •consider the different approaches u 
s used to deal with these issues across europe and the us identify what approaches are applicab 
 and recommendations for a strategy for management of urban deer populations and how this could 
ations for a strategy for management of urban deer populations and how this could be administer 
14474 18 restrial vertebrates, particularly game wildlife, are closely linked to the territory. this lat 
inked to the territory. this latter, at landscape level, presents spatial and temporal heteroge 
pe level, presents spatial and temporal heterogeneity, to which hunting communities are adapted 
n models. we also want to analyse other human impacts . this gis will be based on the environme 
t to analyse other human impacts . this gis will be based on the environmental, economic, human 
data, and will be used as a sustainable management tool. we will also consider the hunting pres 
 a thermo-mesomediterranean gradient of landscape and their temporal evolution over the last th 
radient of landscape and their temporal evolution over the last three decades. the final object 
ish the optimal hunting quotas for wise management of the game resources. these models will als 
se key aspects will be used to optimise management strategies following conservation of this re 
ptimise management strategies following conservation of this resource. then biodiversity of agr 
ing conservation of this resource. then biodiversity of agricultural spaces in the alicante mou 
in the alicante mountain area, from the landscape ecology approach will be maintain., this proj 
 will finally be relevant for exporting wildlife management strategies to another regions of th 
ally be relevant for exporting wildlife management strategies to another regions of the valenci 
ies to another regions of the valencian community and other mediterranean landscapes of se spai 
ns of the valencian community and other mediterranean landscapes of se spain.  
nd other mediterranean landscapes of se spain.  
7206 3  and expected results of the changes in land use patterns, determining factor of species extinc 
patterns, determining factor of species extinction events at local and global scales, lead to t 
 to the destruction, transformation and fragmentation of natural habitats.  
13813 14 ologically and economically sustainable management of lichen-rich continuity forests. the focal 
le management of lichen-rich continuity forests. the focal organisms are epiphytic pendulous li 
focal organisms are epiphytic pendulous lichens to changes in microclimate. the economy of part 
my of partial harvest is analysed using forest planning models. the design is based on partial  
artial harvest is analysed using forest planning models. the design is based on partial harvest 
based on partial harvest experiments in canada. model species are alectoria sarmentosa, an old  
 partial harvest experiments in canada. model species are alectoria sarmentosa, an old forest i 
pecies are alectoria sarmentosa, an old forest indicator, and usnea longissima, a red-listed fl 
are alectoria sarmentosa, an old forest indicator, and usnea longissima, a red-listed flagship  
times. study sites will be in slus exp. forests and in stands owned by sca skog. we will assess 
 effects of partial cutting by sampling lichens in old experimental plots in vilhelmina model f 
in old experimental plots in vilhelmina model forest. the project is a co-operation between ume 
 experimental plots in vilhelmina model forest. the project is a co-operation between umeå univ 
and univ. of northern british columbia, canada.  
12159 5 to determine the appropriate severit of grazing, by cattle, to maintain species rich grassland, 
ng, by cattle, to maintain species rich grassland, and to quantify the impact of grazing on inv 
rassland, and to quantify the impact of grazing on invertebrates, and on the growth of cattle.  
nd to quantify the impact of grazing on invertebrates, and on the growth of cattle.  
of grazing on invertebrates, and on the growth of cattle.  
12164 23 ning of refinements to existing uk agri-environment soil conditions. prior to liming the soil p 
nements to existing uk agri-environment soil conditions. prior to liming the soil ph was in the 
nt soil conditions. prior to liming the soil ph was in the range 4.9-5.8 across the study sites 
il conditions. prior to liming the soil ph was in the range 4.9-5.8 across the study sites. lim 
ross the study sites. liming effects on soil base status can take between one and two years to  
 years to fully develop. the botanical, soil microbial and agronomic responses to the combinati 
erefore, have been at an early stage of development at the end of bd1456, in 2007. monitoring t 
elopment at the end of bd1456, in 2007. monitoring the treatment plots over a further three yea 
 ensure that the above and below ground community responses have had time to develop more fully 
owever, questions still remain over the sustainability of the annual 12 t fym /ha treatments an 
, is known to have a negative effect on grassland plant diversity. therefore any effects of the 
 to have a negative effect on grassland plant diversity. therefore any effects of the changes t 
nts are in fact sustainable in terms of plant diversity maintenance. the soil microbial communi 
rms of plant diversity maintenance. the soil microbial community response to the different fert 
f plant diversity maintenance. the soil microbial community response to the different fertilize 
lar fertilizer practices for the meadow ecosystem. low yields of late cut hay of low feed value 
 low feed value for productive ruminant livestock from unimproved meadows make the management o 
estock from unimproved meadows make the management of such meadows unattractive to farmers. evi 
f negative relationships between meadow productivity and species-richness and between yield pre 
between meadow productivity and species-richness and between yield predictability and species-r 
tivity and species-richness and between yield predictability and species-richness. the proposed 
etween yield predictability and species-richness. the proposed project will examine these relat 
occurred in 2005 and 2007 to define the productivity range of unimproved meadows under sustaina 
11688 33      people living on the coast of east africa are amongst the world s poorest. they rely heavi 
d s poorest. they rely heavily on local ecosystems for their livelihoods and security; for exam 
y heavily on local ecosystems for their livelihoods and security; for example mangrove forests  
r livelihoods and security; for example mangrove forests provide them with firewood, fish, medi 
oods and security; for example mangrove forests provide them with firewood, fish, medicines and 
ove forests provide them with firewood, fish, medicines and protection from floods and coastal  
 and protection from floods and coastal erosion. despite the importance of mangroves they are s 
stal erosion. despite the importance of mangroves they are suffering high rates of destruction. 
ys of studying, evaluating and managing mangroves, and will communicate the lessons learnt to g 
rnt to groups working in other types of ecosystems. mangrove forests are highly productive and  
s working in other types of ecosystems. mangrove forests are highly productive and efficient at 
 in other types of ecosystems. mangrove forests are highly productive and efficient at capturin 
y productive and efficient at capturing carbon, much of which ends up buried below ground and c 
up possibilities for using payments for carbon credits to help mangrove conservation and to bri 
ing payments for carbon credits to help mangrove conservation and to bring revenue for local pe 
nts for carbon credits to help mangrove conservation and to bring revenue for local people. thi 
ent and organisation of the gazi womens mangrove boardwalk committee. a kenyan sociology studen 
udent will make a detailed study of the development of this project to record the lessons learn 
 become engaged and benefit, on how the management of the mangrove resource works and on how th 
d benefit, on how the management of the mangrove resource works and on how this project can inf 
ers in the region that use payments for ecosystem services. the value of mangrove ecosystems to 
ts for ecosystem services. the value of mangrove ecosystems to local people, and particularly t 
osystem services. the value of mangrove ecosystems to local people, and particularly to the poo 
rs and politicians. full estimations of economic value for individual sites can be difficult an 
ites, but this approach is untested for mangroves and may lead to large errors. we will test th 
lead to large errors. we will test this benefit transfer approach by measuring a range of direc 
 areas. we will combine these maps with risk maps and value maps that show areas under high thr 
t and ngos when developing projects and policy. it is essential that developing countries have  
y to identify threats to their people s livelihoods and to respond to international opportuniti 
pond to international opportunities for conservation financing, such as those coming from clima 
on financing, such as those coming from climate change negotiations. unfortunately there is oft 
he science and practice of payments for ecosystem services. this will be further developed and  
 links with relevant experience in west africa will be established.  
11617 15 t that the microbial loop and microbial production play an important role in many aquatic ecosy 
 play an important role in many aquatic ecosystems. further there is a growing realisation that 
an be tightly coupled, with substantial energy fluxes across habitat boundaries. for example ca 
, with substantial energy fluxes across habitat boundaries. for example carbon flow between ter 
 across habitat boundaries. for example carbon flow between terrestrial and freshwater systems  
ple carbon flow between terrestrial and freshwater systems is classically portrayed as one of a 
ing aquatic foodwebs, yet the flow from freshwater to terrestrial can be substantial. our study 
ssociated with chemosynthetic microbial methane production as tracers, to investigate, for the  
d with chemosynthetic microbial methane production as tracers, to investigate, for the fist tim 
 fist time, the fuelling of terrestrial food webs by benthic microbial consortia via emerging a 
icrobial consortia via emerging aquatic insects. resolving and elucidating connectivity among f 
atic insects. resolving and elucidating connectivity among foodwebs is likely to have implicati 
ons for our understanding of a range of ecosystem process such as population/metapopulation dyn 
 as population/metapopulation dynamics, trophic cascades and stability.  
pulation dynamics, trophic cascades and stability.  
10822 10                                         wetland lake systems can exist in alternative states of 
alternative states of plant or plankton dominance. each is stabilised by biological mechanisms, 
vidence for switch mechanisms. also the restoration of diverse plant dominated systems is often 
tems is often unstable, perhaps because nutrients have been insufficiently controlled. recent c 
y to test three hypotheses: that rising salinity can act as a switch, that nitrogen, rather tha 
sing salinity can act as a switch, that nitrogen, rather than phosphorus is the more important  
as a switch, that nitrogen, rather than phosphorus is the more important controlling nutrient,  
tant controlling nutrient, and that the stability of the system is determined by plant diversit 
tability of the system is determined by plant diversity, which in turn is controlled by nitroge 
versity, which in turn is controlled by nitrogen loading. a major experiment will be carried ou 
10608 7 gnificant support as the key speciation model, it is a poor explanation for marine biodiversity 
ion model, it is a poor explanation for marine biodiversity. by focusing on a host-dependent or 
el, it is a poor explanation for marine biodiversity. by focusing on a host-dependent organism, 
aria is an obligate epizoic barnacle of marine turtles. populations on two host species will be 
n in habitats and assortive mating . as marine examples of sympatric divergence are relatively  
e significantly to our understanding of evolution in marine environments.  
ly to our understanding of evolution in marine environments.  
13793 3 m available predictions of increases in temperature and terrestrially derived organic in order  
d organic in order to meet future large-scale changes in freshwater and coastal environments.  
r to meet future large-scale changes in freshwater and coastal environments.  
10943 16   this study aims to quantify the local extinction rates of forest vertebrates in both hunted a 
 quantify the local extinction rates of forest vertebrates in both hunted and non-hunted forest 
rtebrates in both hunted and non-hunted forest patches in a highly fragmented amazonian forest  
atches in a highly fragmented amazonian forest landscape. the project will involve a gis analys 
in a highly fragmented amazonian forest landscape. the project will involve a gis analysis of l 
t landscape. the project will involve a gis analysis of landscape structure and fragment metric 
 project will involve a gis analysis of landscape structure and fragment metrics of the study r 
gion based on previously ground-truthed landsat-tm images; sampling of habitat structure within 
-truthed landsat-tm images; sampling of habitat structure within geo-referenced 0.25-ha forest  
structure within geo-referenced 0.25-ha forest plots; local interviews about the source fauna p 
source fauna persistence and history of disturbance of 60 fragments in different size classes ; 
s ; and rapid assessments of vertebrate abundance in 30 fragments. this study will provide key  
gistic interactions between hunting and habitat fragmentation affect tropical forest wildlife,  
unting and habitat fragmentation affect tropical forest wildlife, and may lead to a major ibama 
at fragmentation affect tropical forest wildlife, and may lead to a major ibama-funded manageme 
e, and may lead to a major ibama-funded management programme of fragmented landscapes.  
10161 4 uge variation in flowering size; in one habitat coexisting species differ 380-fold. the causes  
re differences between species within a habitat we will run comparative demographic experiments 
ents, which allow the trade-off between growth and survival to be quantified. finally, within a 
eriments to quantify heritabilities for growth and flowering size, and their genetic correlatio 
11352 4 uge variation in flowering size; in one habitat coexisting species differ 380-fold. the causes  
re differences between species within a habitat we will run comparative demographic experiments 
ents, which allow the trade-off between growth and survival to be quantified. finally, within a 
eriments to quantify heritabilities for growth and flowering size, and their genetic correlatio 
12139 8 ogically-based approach for control and management of microbial bioinvasions in order to preven 
 aim of this project is to evaluate the adaptation capacity of baltic sea invasive species pror 
 to evaluate the adaptation capacity of baltic sea invasive species prorocentrum minimum to adv 
e the adaptation capacity of baltic sea invasive species prorocentrum minimum to adverse biotic 
put analysis system will be created for monitoring and forecasting development of the p. minimu 
 created for monitoring and forecasting development of the p. minimum population. the fusion of 
ent types of data will allow creating a model of p. minimum adaptation mechanisms and interacti 
ll allow creating a model of p. minimum adaptation mechanisms and interaction with viruses.  
12732 13 ntified as a barrier to the delivery of conservation targets for uk priority species. tenderers 
: 1.address priorities identified by uk biodiversity action plan working groups http://www.ukba 
of these topics: a.status and trends in abundance and distribution b.taxonomy c.autecology 3.in 
s: a.status and trends in abundance and distribution b.taxonomy c.autecology 3.involve collabor 
 trends in abundance and distribution b.taxonomy c.autecology 3.involve collaboration with rele 
es are likely to be favoured. 4.support conservation action for uk priority species through the 
ion for uk priority species through the production and dissemination of guidance for conservati 
ction and dissemination of guidance for conservation practitioners or taxonomists, or through t 
rough the wide dissemination of data on abundance and distribution. the proposal should clearly 
 dissemination of data on abundance and distribution. the proposal should clearly explain how t 
esearch findings will contribute to the conservation of the relevant organisms. it can be diffi 
cientific basis and the relatively high transaction costs. the aim of this competition is to de 
high transaction costs. the aim of this competition is to develop a mechanism which allows esta 
14727 1 ur research line on the systematics and evolution of festuca and other related genera of subtri 
221 2 ble information to the knowledge on the distribution, ecology and phylogeography of the tribe i 
n to the knowledge on the distribution, ecology and phylogeography of the tribe in the holarcti 
13850 7  their forming a vital component of the wetland fauna. we propose systematic and taxonomic rese 
bout 30 of which are likely to occur in sweden. we will perform a phylogenetic analysis based o 
ed from different localities throughout sweden. the biological and phylogenetic data will be us 
a will be used to provide a preliminary assessment of the vulnerability of the swedish biostere 
provide a preliminary assessment of the vulnerability of the swedish biosteres species to human 
 the swedish biosteres species to human environmental impact. the studied species will be docum 
 web image database for systematics and biodiversity research.  
14725 11 ic plants, is the largest in number and diversity in the order santalales. given its amazing mo 
rphological plasticity, is an excellent model to study the evolution of the vegetative adaptati 
ity, is an excellent model to study the evolution of the vegetative adaptations in vascular pla 
ts and to construct a robust subgeneric classification. considering that extractions from herba 
ions from herbarium material of thesium yield good quality dna for pcr-amplification, we will e 
 objectives are to develop a subgeneric classification based on natural groups and to obtain th 
 more diversified in the cape region of south africa the data obtained will complement the info 
n about the origin, diversification and distribution of the cape flora and to explain why some  
ctacularly successful in this important biodiversity hot spot. the data obtained will be used t 
be used to address new aspects in plant ecology as the importance of evolution in the assembley 
s in plant ecology as the importance of evolution in the assembley and structure of plant commu 
15429 9 of the trophic line that influences the biological control of aphids and psyllids that can beco 
explosions, very common in tropical and mediterranean areas. nowadays, many studies of parasite 
due to the lack of information on their biodiversity. in the last two research projects of the  
 the charipinae, mainly focusing on the phylogeny and biogeography of the entire group and the  
e, mainly focusing on the phylogeny and biogeography of the entire group and the biodiversity a 
iogeography of the entire group and the biodiversity and taxonomy of the genera with lowest spe 
e entire group and the biodiversity and taxonomy of the genera with lowest species richness. du 
 and taxonomy of the genera with lowest species richness. due to the many publications result o 
y can be used by the general scientific community.  
151 1 en material from neotropical region and australia, suitable for analysis of intercontinental re 
13803 5 aims of this project are to establish a classification of enchytraeids that is consistent with  
t with the best supported hypotheses of phylogeny, using specimens from this survey and applyin 
f great significance for the knowledge, monitoring and conservation of swedish biodiversity, an 
cance for the knowledge, monitoring and conservation of swedish biodiversity, and the training  
 monitoring and conservation of swedish biodiversity, and the training of young taxonomists.  
7524 9                 the rabbit haemorrhagic disease or rhd is a scourge for the populations of wild 
tions responsible for susceptibility or resistance to the rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus vir 
r resistance to the rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus viral. search the frequency of these muta 
 of breeding rabbits lines resistant to disease. secondly, a mathematical model, developed in t 
nt to disease. secondly, a mathematical model, developed in the context of petri nets, will be  
xt of petri nets, will be carried. this model to estimate the future impact of rhd on the popul 
 of wild rabbits and will be a tool for management of the species taking into account the role  
species taking into account the role of disease in the population dynamics  
into account the role of disease in the population dynamics  
11862 2 ed for interdisciplinary collaboration. insects have a huge impact on our health and economy. n 
 scientific tools to exploit beneficial insects and control pests. the conference is themed to  
14911 7 the family megachilidae, because of its complexity, number of taxa and the different points of  
points of view of the experts. the west mediterranean megachilildae . these groups have been ch 
ed in the future with other families of apoidea. the results will imply a significant advance i 
quilids and will provide of a taxonomic classification that will reflect their evolution relati 
 classification that will reflect their evolution relations, the species definition, the knowle 
s well it will set up the basis for the conservation of this group of insects, very well repres 
s for the conservation of this group of insects, very well represented in the iberian peninsula 
14765 7 ogical quality index for iberian saline streams based on macroinvertebrates. the results on tax 
dex for iberian saline streams based on macroinvertebrates. the results on taxonomic and geneti 
rtebrates. the results on taxonomic and genetic diversity will contribute to the conservation o 
enetic diversity will contribute to the conservation of a network of populations and potential  
 process generating and maintaining the biodiversity of saline streams. this basic information  
 maintaining the biodiversity of saline streams. this basic information and the biological inde 
logical index will be a useful tool for management agencies.  
14769 7 n there are numerous cases in which the taxonomy at species level and the relationship among sp 
ect are: 1º accomplishment of molecular phylogeny in a series of chosen iberian species of form 
n a series of chosen iberian species of formicidae on the basis of three criteria: a species si 
ble conclusions. c endemic or danger of extinction species. 2º in the accomplishment of these p 
d unlike recombine, thus permitting the recovery of an unambiguous phylogenetic hypothesis for  
biguous phylogenetic hypothesis for its evolution. on the other hand the mtdna evolves fairly r 
the genetic mobile elements presents in formicidae.  
15036 4 es belonging to the genus trichuris are nematodes parasitizing the caecum of different hosts. t 
rasite and responsible for the whipworm disease which is, probably, the second most common huma 
obvious tool for molecular diagnosis of nematodes. the goals we intend to cover in this project 
 cox1 and nd1 gene as molecular marker. development of phylogenetic trees of the species of thi 
15235 5  is to deepen the study of the syllidae biodiversity by the use of classical taxonomic techniqu 
esearch jobs in the field of polychaete phylogeny, be it dealing with syllidae or any other fam 
he philippines because of its very high biodiversity; a second one will take place in new zeala 
ersity; a second one will take place in new zealand because of its biogeographical isolation an 
st one will be performed in the spanish mediterranean and will provide fresh specimens belongin 
6884 3 ickly in this group of the neuropterous insects. the number of the undescribed species is high; 
 localities, and the area border out of europe also is uncertain in the case of some genera and 
emales of the species living in central europe may be determined almost exclusively; however, e 
11623 12 sity researchers carry out research and marine coastal and offshore surveys and monitoring prog 
marine coastal and offshore surveys and monitoring programmes which require routine taxonomic i 
ire routine taxonomic identification of marine plankton. the work is highly skilled and often a 
nd preserve this taxonomic expertise on zooplankton and to bring together the experts to enable 
re easily accessible information on the taxonomy of plankton. plankton scientists from several  
rdeen, propose to develop and produce a taxonomy manual for ready use. various such experts hav 
d and used successfully during two nerc marine productivity summer zooplankton courses and anal 
sed successfully during two nerc marine productivity summer zooplankton courses and analysis wo 
ing two nerc marine productivity summer zooplankton courses and analysis work experience effort 
base form for easy updating, access and distribution. the marine area covered will be the north 
 updating, access and distribution. the marine area covered will be the northeast atlantic ocea 
, distributions, abundances and general ecology. the format and output will be standardised and 
6783 1 ant but unknown species of the tropical insects has been collected yet. this statement is valid 
14473 1 of southern pacific: about 3 species in australia and the remaining in south america , mainly o 
14921 4 bioindication. however, the taxonomical complexity of the genus has traditionally put obstacles 
es in the way of studying the epiphytic environment of the temperate areas where they are speci 
eas where they are specially important. spain is one the countries where this genus is speciall 
roject of flora briofitica iberica. the taxonomy and systematics of the genus orthotrichum has  
15309 1  a chief ecological role in the primary colonization of trees and shrubs bark. it is considered 
6868 1  help the recognition of the flora- and vegetation history of the postglacial period in the car 
14489 8 aracters of the three genera, drawings, habitat, nomenclature, typifications, dichotomicous key 
chotomicous keys, updated descriptions, habitat and distribution of all taxa accepted in the te 
keys, updated descriptions, habitat and distribution of all taxa accepted in the territory stud 
in the territory studied. moreover, the phylogeny of the three genera studied and related gener 
llow users a whole knowledgement of the taxonomy, nomenclature, distribution, habitat and phylo 
edgement of the taxonomy, nomenclature, distribution, habitat and phylogeny of these three gene 
e taxonomy, nomenclature, distribution, habitat and phylogeny of these three genera.  
nomenclature, distribution, habitat and phylogeny of these three genera.  
6888 2 arch is the taxonomic and zoogeographic evaluation of the oribatida fauna in some palearctic an 
talogues first of all for madagascar, e-africa and the oriental region. c.taxonomic revisions o 
6848 3 pposedly extant species of the tropical insects has been collected yet. also the dipterous faun 
w collections. the insect guilds in the tropics are richer in species but their structure is qu 
alists themselves are collecting in the tropics. during a collection trip we capture as many sp 
14571 5 jective of this project is to study the taxonomy of catapyrenium, endocarpon and placidiopsis g 
reas of the iberian peninsula, from the mediterranean region to the eurosiberian region. 3. to  
. to complete the information about the ecology and distribution of each taxa, and to carry out 
e the information about the ecology and distribution of each taxa, and to carry out distributio 
ribution of each taxa, and to carry out distribution maps in the studied area. 5. to publish al 
14861 11 dy area, to re-describe all the western mediterranean species and to designate neotypes for alm 
 museum collections being lost. for the colonization process of the western mediterranean by th 
the colonization process of the western mediterranean by the species of the genus lycosa, our i 
 hypothesis is that, as a result of its adaptation to live in very dry habitats, the colonizati 
ation to live in very dry habitats, the colonization of western european areas might have origi 
he type localities of lycosa from north africa. 3.- sequence a minimum of three specimens from  
ies under study. 4.- obtain a molecular phylogeny of the genus lycosa using both mitochondrial  
e material has been lost. 6.- infer the colonization pattern of the genus lycosa in the western 
tern of the genus lycosa in the western mediterranean and, more specifically, infer the origin  
ecifically, infer the origin of all the colonization events in the iberian peninsula and italy  
ccount the geochronology of the western mediterranean.  
15291 2 g both the knowledge of the cryptogamic biodiversity in the areas of study, and the types of di 
in the areas of study, and the types of distribution for the species.  
14742 7 s of the iberian peninsula and the west mediterranean basin is very limited and scarce. in this 
s of the iberian peninsula and the west mediterranean basin, paying special attention to these  
d in the iberian peninsula and north of africa. we will analyze the caryotypes of at least one  
atin patterns in the ophrys of the west mediterranean basin. finally, we will try to establish  
 will try to establish the geographical distribution of the cytotypes analised in our study. in 
e basis of the patters of chromosomical evolution obtained, we will elaborate a proposal about  
hips for the ophrys species of the west mediterranean basin. in order to be able to do this pro 
14890 13 n crustaceans with an important role in marine ecosystems . in spite of their importance, world 
aceans with an important role in marine ecosystems . in spite of their importance, world caprel 
lties of disections, the high degree of intraspecific variation and the morphological changes d 
on and the morphological changes during development. we will study the caprellid biodiversity f 
evelopment. we will study the caprellid biodiversity from the iberian peninsula, and a monograp 
sy to use for ecologists non-experts in taxonomy, will be also given. the first phylogenetic an 
eans, and to explain global patterns of distribution. in this sense, we will also use molecular 
also use molecular tools to explore the intraspecific variation in the cosmopolitan species and 
cts of the more abundant species in the ecosystems will be also studied and experiments in ecot 
will be also studied and experiments in ecotoxicology will be conducted to validate the use of  
oindicator in environmental studies for monitoring marine ecosystems.  
in environmental studies for monitoring marine ecosystems.  
ronmental studies for monitoring marine ecosystems.  
14637 6 s to gain knowledge about the bacterial diversity from marine environments using a combination  
edge about the bacterial diversity from marine environments using a combination of traditional  
tablished collections and environmental water samples off the spanish mediterranean coast, an a 
ronmental water samples off the spanish mediterranean coast, an area which has been often sampl 
the taxonomic/systematic point of view, marine prokaryotes still are the less characterized par 
 are the less characterized part of the biological diversity in oceans and open seas. thus we a 
15354 3 our collection of strains obtained from marine aquaculture habitats of the west mediterranean c 
lection of strains obtained from marine aquaculture habitats of the west mediterranean coast du 
marine aquaculture habitats of the west mediterranean coast during the course of past projects. 
15102 3            tamarix l. are the potential vegetation of ravines and salt marshes of semiarid terr 
the potential vegetation of ravines and salt marshes of semiarid territories, a kind of plant c 
tened by anthropic activities and whose distribution areas are decreasing gradually. by all tho 
14574 4 n the following aspects :- wing pattern evolution: the transition within the crocidosema assemb 
al conditions, mainly high altitudes. - evolution of the genitalia and last abdominal segments  
esting new characters within the group.-evolution in secondary sexual characters : males in cro 
e project and will produce a remarkable review of a taxonomically dificult group with economic  
2090 7       we propose to combine traditional taxonomy based on detailed morphological analyses with  
re effort has been put into the shallow water calcareous sponge faunas, but also here the recen 
lmost 100 years. the result is that the taxonomy of calcareous sponges in the atlantic and arct 
f numerical analysis of shape, size and distribution of spicules, combined with detailed histol 
ogical work has thrown new light on the classification of the calcarea. as a result the species 
cation of the calcarea. as a result the species diversity of the calcareous sponges is indicate 
l to provide corroboratory evidence for phylogeny based on morphological hypotheses. basically  
14796 2 ject is to complete a wide study on the taxonomy of the european and north african heathers bas 
 particularly in erica, at infrageneric classification, relationships between species and possi 
14537 3 y orthotrichaceae comprises 3 genera in europe and the mediterranean: orthotrichum hedw, ulota  
ae comprises 3 genera in europe and the mediterranean: orthotrichum hedw, ulota d. mohr and zyg 
ost interesting species at european and mediterranean levels.  
14644 1  but is not absolutely required for the development of the project; however, it would be very u 
12158 2  twofold: to develop and test practical management prescriptions to enhance the establishment o 
stablishment of these species under the agri-environment schemes.  
1102 1 l expertise through the realisation and management of a high throughput genomics facility, spec 
10466 12 ionary biology because teeth are a core model for understanding the general principles of organ 
tanding the general principles of organ development, and these theories rely heavily upon the a 
e the case and our understanding of the evolution of this model organogenic system is in disarr 
 understanding of the evolution of this model organogenic system is in disarray. thus, we are f 
the job. we know nothing concerning the function of teeth in jawless vertebrates, and feeding i 
 the new hypothesis of convergent tooth evolution is correct, because there are no comprehensiv 
s. existing hypotheses of jaw and tooth function among extinct jawless and basal jawed vertebra 
evidence of how vertebrates ate and the nature of their food. we will use sophisticated and pow 
 and teeth were engineered to fit their function. these models will use high-resolution data fr 
ow us to test hypotheses concerning the evolution of tooth development. our research will allow 
heses concerning the evolution of tooth development. our research will allow us to provide new, 
ortantly - the evolutionary origin of a model developmental module: the jaw-tooth system  
10906 12 ionary biology because teeth are a core model for understanding the general principles of organ 
tanding the general principles of organ development, and these theories rely heavily upon the a 
e the case and our understanding of the evolution of this model organogenic system is in disarr 
 understanding of the evolution of this model organogenic system is in disarray. thus, we are f 
the job. we know nothing concerning the function of teeth in jawless vertebrates, and feeding i 
 the new hypothesis of convergent tooth evolution is correct, because there are no comprehensiv 
s. existing hypotheses of jaw and tooth function among extinct jawless and basal jawed vertebra 
evidence of how vertebrates ate and the nature of their food. we will use sophisticated and pow 
 and teeth were engineered to fit their function. these models will use high-resolution data fr 
ow us to test hypotheses concerning the evolution of tooth development. our research will allow 
heses concerning the evolution of tooth development. our research will allow us to provide new, 
ortantly - the evolutionary origin of a model developmental module: the jaw-tooth system  
11418 12 ionary biology because teeth are a core model for understanding the general principles of organ 
tanding the general principles of organ development, and these theories rely heavily upon the a 
e the case and our understanding of the evolution of this model organogenic system is in disarr 
 understanding of the evolution of this model organogenic system is in disarray. thus, we are f 
the job. we know nothing concerning the function of teeth in jawless vertebrates, and feeding i 
 the new hypothesis of convergent tooth evolution is correct, because there are no comprehensiv 
s. existing hypotheses of jaw and tooth function among extinct jawless and basal jawed vertebra 
evidence of how vertebrates ate and the nature of their food. we will use sophisticated and pow 
 and teeth were engineered to fit their function. these models will use high-resolution data fr 
ow us to test hypotheses concerning the evolution of tooth development. our research will allow 
heses concerning the evolution of tooth development. our research will allow us to provide new, 
ortantly - the evolutionary origin of a model developmental module: the jaw-tooth system.  
11148 6 o maximise the benefits they gain. such trade-offs are central to our understanding of the evol 
are central to our understanding of the evolution of different life-history strategies, i.e. wh 
of investing in one area, to understand trade-offs we also need to know the associated cost. un 
of alternative investments, and mediate trade-offs between areas of investment, or across the l 
n is also greatly affected by oxidative stress / the organism s inability to cope with the dama 
ese stresses and, therefore, provide an indicator of individual quality.  
15472 4                                         life history theory attempts to explain the evolutionar 
her experimental increases in oxidative stress and reproductive effort lead to significant redu 
 an exploration of the effects of early development in telomere length. to this end, we will te 
of brood-size manipulations, incubation temperature experiments and yolk-androgen injections in 
2165 24 h is to develop and validate biological indicators suitable for classification of ecological st 
date biological indicators suitable for classification of ecological status in rivers and lakes 
 classification of ecological status in rivers and lakes in line with the eu water framework di 
in rivers and lakes in line with the eu water framework directive. the project will build upon  
nd further by focusing on still missing indicators for eutrophication and acidification of rive 
ocusing on still missing indicators for eutrophication and acidification of rivers and lakes, s 
for eutrophication and acidification of rivers and lakes, such as phytoplankton blooms, benthic 
dification of rivers and lakes, such as phytoplankton blooms, benthic algae, littoral invertebr 
, such as phytoplankton blooms, benthic algae, littoral invertebrates and fish. the project wil 
lankton blooms, benthic algae, littoral invertebrates and fish. the project will also include i 
nthic algae, littoral invertebrates and fish. the project will also include indicators for hydr 
and fish. the project will also include indicators for hydromorphological pressures on macrophy 
ors for hydromorphological pressures on macrophytes, benthic fauna and fish. existing and new m 
sures on macrophytes, benthic fauna and fish. existing and new monitoring data will be compiled 
enthic fauna and fish. existing and new monitoring data will be compiled and analysed, includin 
idate reference conditions for selected indicators. a series of different statistical and model 
. a series of different statistical and modelling techniques will be used to identify potential 
ques will be used to identify potential thresholds and to quantify the uncertainty in the respo 
otential thresholds and to quantify the uncertainty in the response curves of the indicators al 
certainty in the response curves of the indicators along the different pressure gradients. the  
g the different metrics into a holistic classification of water bodies, including uncertainty e 
trics into a holistic classification of water bodies, including uncertainty estimates and corre 
assification of water bodies, including uncertainty estimates and correlation with low-cost mon 
estimates and correlation with low-cost monitoring methods.  
15405 29              the increase in the earths temperature over the last decades has generated a proli 
generated a proliferation of studies on climate change. we should be able to discern changes in 
we should be able to discern changes in ecosystem processes caused by climate change from those 
hanges in ecosystem processes caused by climate change from those caused by natural variability 
 a profound knowledge on the effects of temperature in such processes. hence the creation in sp 
n such processes. hence the creation in spain of the national action on adaptation to climate c 
tion in spain of the national action on adaptation to climate change. the effects of climate ch 
of the national action on adaptation to climate change. the effects of climate change on ecosys 
ation to climate change. the effects of climate change on ecosystems, including those of headwa 
hange. the effects of climate change on ecosystems, including those of headwater streams, which 
cosystems, including those of headwater streams, which are the target of our project, are still 
l poorly understood, in particular when temperature interacts with other factors locally. in th 
es presently arousing great interest is leaf litter decomposition through its repercussion on t 
esently arousing great interest is leaf litter decomposition through its repercussion on the gl 
 through its repercussion on the global carbon cycle, because warming can enhance decomposition 
ion on the global carbon cycle, because warming can enhance decomposition rates. few studies ha 
rbon cycle, because warming can enhance decomposition rates. few studies have tried to clarify  
rify if the response of this process to temperature changes is of the same sign and magnitude i 
gn and magnitude in materials and river ecosystems of different geographical regions in an area 
hat of the iberian peninsula, where the climate variability is high. our aim is to assess the e 
gh. our aim is to assess the effects of temperature on the functioning of iberian headwater str 
on the functioning of iberian headwater streams through an analysis of a key ecosystem process, 
er streams through an analysis of a key ecosystem process, i.e. leaf litter decomposition and u 
alysis of a key ecosystem process, i.e. leaf litter decomposition and underlying variables, and 
s of a key ecosystem process, i.e. leaf litter decomposition and underlying variables, and to d 
s, and to determine its implications on stream ecosystems in the context of the projected clima 
to determine its implications on stream ecosystems in the context of the projected climate chan 
systems in the context of the projected climate change scenarios.  
context of the projected climate change scenarios.  
15406 28                  the increase in earths temperature in the last decades has made to proliferate 
proliferate studies within the scope of climate change. we will be able to discern changes in e 
. we will be able to discern changes in ecosystem processes caused by climate change from those 
hanges in ecosystem processes caused by climate change from those of natural variability if we  
 a profound knowledge on the effects of temperature in such processes. the fact that there is a 
fact that there is a national action on adaptation to the climate change is enough to understan 
 a national action on adaptation to the climate change is enough to understand that it is very  
ant to know profoundly the responses of ecosystems to the increase of temperature on earth. the 
ponses of ecosystems to the increase of temperature on earth. the effects of climate change on  
of temperature on earth. the effects of climate change on ecosystems, the headwater streams inc 
earth. the effects of climate change on ecosystems, the headwater streams included, the target  
ate change on ecosystems, the headwater streams included, the target of our interest, are still 
 still poorly known, in particular when temperature interacts with other factors locally. in th 
he process arousing greater interest is leaf litter decomposition, by its repercussion on the g 
ocess arousing greater interest is leaf litter decomposition, by its repercussion on the global 
tion, by its repercussion on the global carbon cycle, as warming can enhance decomposition rate 
rcussion on the global carbon cycle, as warming can enhance decomposition rates. few studies, h 
al carbon cycle, as warming can enhance decomposition rates. few studies, however, have tried t 
s process in different materials and in streams from different geographic and climatic regions, 
his project is to assess the effects of temperature in the functioning of iberian headwater str 
in the functioning of iberian headwater streams through the response of a key ecosystem process 
r streams through the response of a key ecosystem process, leaf litter decomposition, and under 
he response of a key ecosystem process, leaf litter decomposition, and underlying variables, an 
sponse of a key ecosystem process, leaf litter decomposition, and underlying variables, and to  
les, and to discern its implications on stream ecosystems under the projected climate change sc 
d to discern its implications on stream ecosystems under the projected climate change scenarios 
n stream ecosystems under the projected climate change scenarios.  
tems under the projected climate change scenarios.  
10220 16 gy is the study of how the frequency of disease changes over time, and the drivers of this chan 
 drivers of this change. for infectious disease , and may be very important in affecting diseas 
 and may be very important in affecting disease transmission- the disease has to pass between g 
 in affecting disease transmission- the disease has to pass between generations to persist. the 
r, warmer spring climates may speed the development of the next generation, increasing overlap  
the parental generation, and increasing disease transmission to it. one of the problems in cond 
ing a contact that exposes an animal to disease. we will circumvent this by examining a sexuall 
rable, this can be measured easily, and temperature-sensitivity assessed. this parasite also ha 
ection and infectivity, and there is no recovery from infection. there are annual epidemics eac 
ts will give a general insight into how climate affects the pattern of disease in insects from  
into how climate affects the pattern of disease in insects from temperate regions. it should pr 
imate affects the pattern of disease in insects from temperate regions. it should predict how c 
 regions. it should predict how current disease patterns will vary over space, and also how dis 
erns will vary over space, and also how disease patterns of insects may change in the uk follow 
space, and also how disease patterns of insects may change in the uk following climate change.  
 insects may change in the uk following climate change.  
11430 16 gy is the study of how the frequency of disease changes over time, and the drivers of this chan 
 drivers of this change. for infectious disease , and may be very important in affecting diseas 
 and may be very important in affecting disease transmission- the disease has to pass between g 
 in affecting disease transmission- the disease has to pass between generations to persist. the 
r, warmer spring climates may speed the development of the next generation, increasing overlap  
the parental generation, and increasing disease transmission to it. one of the problems in cond 
ing a contact that exposes an animal to disease. we will circumvent this by examining a sexuall 
rable, this can be measured easily, and temperature-sensitivity assessed. this parasite also ha 
ection and infectivity, and there is no recovery from infection. there are annual epidemics eac 
ts will give a general insight into how climate affects the pattern of disease in insects from  
into how climate affects the pattern of disease in insects from temperate regions. it should pr 
imate affects the pattern of disease in insects from temperate regions. it should predict how c 
 regions. it should predict how current disease patterns will vary over space, and also how dis 
erns will vary over space, and also how disease patterns of insects may change in the uk follow 
space, and also how disease patterns of insects may change in the uk following climate change.  
 insects may change in the uk following climate change.  
9902 16 gy is the study of how the frequency of disease changes over time, and the drivers of this chan 
 drivers of this change. for infectious disease , and may be very important in affecting diseas 
 and may be very important in affecting disease transmission- the disease has to pass between g 
 in affecting disease transmission- the disease has to pass between generations to persist. the 
r, warmer spring climates may speed the development of the next generation, increasing overlap  
the parental generation, and increasing disease transmission to it. one of the problems in cond 
ing a contact that exposes an animal to disease. we will circumvent this by examining a sexuall 
rable, this can be measured easily, and temperature-sensitivity assessed. this parasite also ha 
ection and infectivity, and there is no recovery from infection. there are annual epidemics eac 
ts will give a general insight into how climate affects the pattern of disease in insects from  
into how climate affects the pattern of disease in insects from temperate regions. it should pr 
imate affects the pattern of disease in insects from temperate regions. it should predict how c 
 regions. it should predict how current disease patterns will vary over space, and also how dis 
erns will vary over space, and also how disease patterns of insects may change when climate alt 
space, and also how disease patterns of insects may change when climate alters.  
ase patterns of insects may change when climate alters.  
11377 2 nts in earth history, such as meteorite impacts and periods of extreme climate change, and biol 
eteorite impacts and periods of extreme climate change, and biological developments then the ag 
14724 4 ns taking place during the adoption and development of agriculture, a period that comprises the 
 during the adoption and development of agriculture, a period that comprises the last 8.000 to  
 to 10.000 years, in two regions of the mediterranean basin: the fertile crescent and the spani 
n: the fertile crescent and the spanish mediterranean coast. we propose to apply stable isotope 
14723 1 rizing the environmental conditions and productivity of crops in the western and ancient dna te 
15573 15                                         conservation strategies focus on ecological networks th 
 the target organisms, which depends on landscape features and the target organism ecological a 
l attributes. there is a clear need for conservation instruments that allow translating landsca 
w translating landscapes or networks of protected areas into functional connectivity. tenlamas  
orks of protected areas into functional connectivity. tenlamas will evaluate alternative models 
aluate alternative models for assessing connectivity of particular ecological networks and for  
al networks and for comparing different scenarios of landscape management. the project will del 
nd for comparing different scenarios of landscape management. the project will deliver recommen 
etailed simulation models of individual behavior generating most probable paths. concurrent con 
erating most probable paths. concurrent connectivity estimates will be evaluated on selected mo 
estimates will be evaluated on selected model species in test landscapes with respect to the re 
t to the required level of precision in landscape and organism information. this will be perfor 
on. this will be performed by supplying dispersal matrices generated by each approach and corre 
ch approach and corrected for effective dispersal by assessing gene flow to a simple model, usi 
rsal by assessing gene flow to a simple model, using metapopulation viability as dependent vari 
9926 1       this project will investigate the nature of latest cretaceous-early tertiary climates in  
14785 5 ng and understanding changes effects on forest, agricultural and cattle raiser systems and ecos 
icultural and cattle raiser systems and ecosystems in autonomous regions of the spanish state.  
of the spanish state. it will permit an evaluation about all those changes impacts and elaborat 
t an evaluation about all those changes impacts and elaborating new strategies for a more intel 
 for a more intelligent and sustainable environmental management.  
7704 22                           argentina and brazil are the countries with agriculture and rural are 
ntina and brazil are the countries with agriculture and rural areas are subjected since 1990 to 
ations, shattering the myth of a single model of development and leading to coexistence in the  
hattering the myth of a single model of development and leading to coexistence in the relations 
rent models - maybe even incompatible - development in the territory and most often in the same 
in the same places, the question of the sustainability of these"associations"and consistency of 
iations"and consistency of the modes of development of the land and resources by agricultural a 
ombining locally in the home territory, participation and production: family farming, peasant a 
n the home territory, participation and production: family farming, peasant agriculture, agroec 
and production: family farming, peasant agriculture, agroecology and multiple forms local rural 
n: family farming, peasant agriculture, agroecology and multiple forms local rural development  
e, agroecology and multiple forms local rural development is that it will detect, understand, c 
ir territory and interacting with other development models. scientific work interra project, co 
al activity in three districts and then mapping at the pampas region. it gives one hand the"bac 
r types of forms that they take and the diversity of their local conditions territorial articul 
this task has already been completed in brazil, largely in cooperation led by the cnrs and the  
 largely committed in the participating institutions. . it also includes, in its search feature 
ture, which is actually the main device valuation of scientific knowledge produced by the proje 
sters not only in argentina but also in brazil and in france. this international context is als 
ptual advances on territorial and local development in rural areas, adaptation and innovation c 
l and local development in rural areas, adaptation and innovation capacity of rural communities 
sters programs in france, argentina and brazil  
6859 1  brachiopods gradually surpassed in the marine benthic assemblages from the cretaceous to the r 
6766 2  poor, not only in hungary, but also in europe. even poorer is the literature on the other ceph 
 of this research is the collecting and evaluation of the existing relevant literature of this  
13353 10                        tess will assist policy makers to integrate knowledge from the eu, natio 
onal, regional and local level into the decision making process while also encouraging local pe 
ng local people to maintain and restore biodiversity ecosystem services. to achieve this, a tra 
le to maintain and restore biodiversity ecosystem services. to achieve this, a transactional en 
ystem will be designed, linking central policy planning to local livelihoods. to develop this s 
ill be designed, linking central policy planning to local livelihoods. to develop this system,  
inking central policy planning to local livelihoods. to develop this system, tess will first re 
rch the needs and capacities of central policy makers and local actors, identify paths and traj 
hs and trajectories of cooperation, and model required transactions between the central and the 
emented by a set of brief and memorable policy guidelines to ensure its usefulness and enable i 
7407 1 plete fungal genomes issued for a large-scale study and then focusing on three fungal genera mo 
14213 7       bogs – a typical part of estonian landscape since the end of ice age – are considered as  
– are considered as the most endangered ecosystems in a global view. the development of bog mos 
ngered ecosystems in a global view. the development of bog mostly related to its hydrological r 
gical regime, which in turn, depends on climate and human activities around the bog. as a resul 
 as a result of the study, knowledge of ecology of ta communities will be complemented and loca 
will be complemented and local transfer function is completed. historical water-table level flu 
nsfer function is completed. historical water-table level fluctuations will be traced and relat 
11777 3 he system in static mode, on a range of vegetation targets and calibration objects, in order to 
ation objects, in order to validate the model and test the potential for model inversion.  
te the model and test the potential for model inversion.  
10806 18 . furthermore, many accepted beliefs in conservation practice are actually incorrect. scientifi 
ften difficult to target the search for conservation interventions without producing vast numbe 
do not have the training to extract the conservation message from academic papers. evidence-bas 
edical practice in that the collection, review, and dissemination of the evidence now underpins 
 most medical practice. we suggest that conservation would benefit from a similar revolution an 
olution and propose that evidence-based conservation should become a standard approach. in this 
uld become a standard approach. in this model we envisage practitioners having easy access to s 
papers relating to the consequences for birds of conservation interventions. syntheses of the c 
lating to the consequences for birds of conservation interventions. syntheses of the consequenc 
 also require a change in approaches to conservation. the involvement of all the major organisa 
he major organisations involved in bird conservation will both ensure that the project is as re 
. training in the use of evidence-based conservation will be provided through workshops in the  
e provided through workshops in the uk, africa and asia and this work will also be promoted thr 
nger term objective is to change global conservation practice so that the decisions effecting b 
ractice so that the decisions effecting biodiversity are routinely based upon the scientific li 
 to incorporate all the major aspect of conservation in collaboration with a wide range of othe 
nisation so that the use of evidence in decision making becomes standard practice this proposal 
eving our objective of reforming global conservation practice.  
11350 7 ion of experimentation and mathematical modelling to derive and test a theory that uses epidemi 
patio-temporal dynamics of saprotrophic fungi as they colonise populations of dispersed particu 
se populations of dispersed particulate carbon sources on and within soil across scales of cm t 
articulate carbon sources on and within soil across scales of cm to metres. the project will ad 
pts about latency and infectiousness in colonization and percolation of stochastic epidemics in 
ous environments to derive criteria for invasion and persistence of saprotrophs and the creatio 
ted using published data for a range of fungi and experimental microcosms for saprotrophic spre 
10617 8 , the fanning out of one species into a diversity of functional life forms. a central tenet of  
daptive radiation theory, that resource competition is driving such divergence, makes predictio 
nship between species and morphological diversity that have rarely been tested. replicate radia 
tested. replicate radiations of cichlid fish that evolved in several african lakes provide a un 
adiations, we ask whether morphological diversity and disparity continue to increase in the cou 
ease in the course of a radiation after species richness has plateaued, and whether determinist 
termining trajectories of morphological evolution, as predicted if divergence is driven by comp 
as predicted if divergence is driven by competition.  
10025 8 test evolutionary theory the picture of evolution we have inherited from the modern synthesis i 
rstanding of the genetic inheritance of traits, an appreciation of the role of genetic drift in 
tication to our basic view of darwinian evolution, highlighting the role of genetic constraints 
ting the role of genetic constraints on evolution, indirect genetic effects and also conflicts  
main stumbling block has been a lack of traits about which we know a lot about how natural sele 
xual conflict and so on. i will use two traits where we do know how natural selection should be 
llocation and female re-mating rate, as model systems to test the importance of aspects of curr 
g forces of natural selection influence adaptation. using the mating behaviour of a promiscuous 
11409 8 test evolutionary theory the picture of evolution we have inherited from the modern synthesis i 
rstanding of the genetic inheritance of traits, an appreciation of the role of genetic drift in 
tication to our basic view of darwinian evolution, highlighting the role of genetic constraints 
ting the role of genetic constraints on evolution, indirect genetic effects and also conflicts  
main stumbling block has been a lack of traits about which we know a lot about how natural sele 
xual conflict and so on. i will use two traits where we do know how natural selection should be 
llocation and female re-mating rate, as model systems to test the importance of aspects of curr 
g forces of natural selection influence adaptation. using the mating behaviour of a promiscuous 
11068 9 re-breeding individuals. in the case of marine organisms, because these pre-breeders spend most 
d therefore act as important buffers of environmental change. pre-breeders may wait several yea 
od. food is patchily distributed in the marine environment, and as a result seabirds we can now 
d is patchily distributed in the marine environment, and as a result seabirds we can now study  
will enable us to determine whether the development of foraging consistencies explains why seab 
aging specialisation may mean a greater vulnerability to the threat from climate change, fisher 
reater vulnerability to the threat from climate change, fisheries or pollution. if pre-breeders 
lity to the threat from climate change, fisheries or pollution. if pre-breeders do not exhibit  
hreat from climate change, fisheries or pollution. if pre-breeders do not exhibit these consist 
10332 1  victoria cichlids to test for parallel evolution of colouration and for parallel speciation. s 
10745 1  victoria cichlids to test for parallel evolution of colouration and for parallel speciation. s 
10312 3 ry forces that maintain same-sex sexual behavior in natural populations, despite its common occ 
uting to ssb. the chromosomal location, dominance relationships and correlations with fitness m 
ood that ssb is maintained under either model. the results will provide much-needed data on the 
1958 14 and its functional relations with other life history traits in the seasonal tropical butterfly  
ional relations with other life history traits in the seasonal tropical butterfly bicyclus anyn 
 by a large extent the initial size and growth of the progeny and its effects may persist throu 
all play a role in the species-specific evolution of egg size. environmental and maternal facto 
t amenable to environmental variance in life history traits. given the importance of egg size f 
 environmental variance in life history traits. given the importance of egg size for the fitnes 
ive response to the seasonal changes in climate and resting background. in concordance, the lif 
resting background. in concordance, the life history shows a remarkable contrast between the se 
rkable contrast between the seasons for traits including, weight, fecundity , fat content, long 
ccur, however, within the limits set by development and physiology that have to integrate the t 
direct and correlated responses along a temperature gradient. using existing selection lines fo 
ations between egg size and the general life history and its likely evolution using path analys 
the general life history and its likely evolution using path analysis. crosses between lines di 
 by using our growing expertise in gene mapping in this species.  
14156 1 indication of decreasing level of local genetic diversity.  
1971 9 se for the direct experimental study of evolution due to their dependence on rare spontaneous m 
fect the evolutionary outcome. in vitro evolution of single enzymes, where mutations can be int 
of sex and recombination using in vitro evolution of antibiotic resistance. we will study the e 
 using in vitro evolution of antibiotic resistance. we will study the evolution of resistance c 
ntibiotic resistance. we will study the evolution of resistance conferred by the enzyme tem-1 & 
istance. we will study the evolution of resistance conferred by the enzyme tem-1 -lacta 
 antibiotics under various evolutionary scenarios. the role of recombination in maladaptive and 
combination in maladaptive and adaptive evolution will be studied by using an antibiotic for wh 
which the -lactamase has a high resistance , respectively. by manipulating the rate of  
10572 2                                         sediment profile imagery and bioturbation.  
           sediment profile imagery and bioturbation.  
10482 5 tion is now recognised by the iucn as a conservation priority. there is therefore a pressing re 
rement to address research questions in conservation genetics, with a recent high-impact review 
ion genetics, with a recent high-impact review identifying priorities for understanding the pri 
ndividuals. problems identified by this review were: whether genetic rescue should be instigate 
o the choice of immigrant genes and the risk of outbreeding depression. material from our exper 
10026 16 ted by the paucity of research into the evolution of senescence undertaken in natural settings. 
taken in natural settings. organisms in nature experience an inevitable risk of death from envi 
isms in nature experience an inevitable risk of death from environmental causes, and this leads 
cal theory predicts that increasing the risk of mortality will result in the evolution of faste 
ry predicts that increasing the risk of mortality will result in the evolution of faster senesc 
he risk of mortality will result in the evolution of faster senescence rates. however, more rec 
ajor challenges to our understanding of evolution of senescence. determining the causes of vari 
g the causes of variation in individual mortality risk and senescence rates in natural populati 
es of variation in individual mortality risk and senescence rates in natural populations is req 
pulations is required to understand the evolution of senescence. i will use data collected from 
 and environments on variation in adult mortality risk. i will also test for differences in sen 
onments on variation in adult mortality risk. i will also test for differences in senescence ra 
nisms thought to be responsible for the evolution of senescence, i will analyse data from wild  
, tests of key hypotheses regarding the evolution of senescence in nature. advancing our unders 
egarding the evolution of senescence in nature. advancing our understanding of senescence in na 
earch into ageing, including population ecology, evolutionary biology, veterinary and medical s 
10303 9 st species is expected to influence the ecology and evolution of transposable elements within g 
s expected to influence the ecology and evolution of transposable elements within genomes. surp 
demography affects transposable element evolution. the fruitfly drosophila melanogaster is an i 
fly drosophila melanogaster is an ideal model system to test the impact of changes in host demo 
ynamics, since this species is a both a model system for transposable element biology and is kn 
ently colonised worldwide habitats from africa. we aim to test the hypothesis that the recent e 
 the d. melanogaster species range into europe from africa has been accompanied by an increase  
nogaster species range into europe from africa has been accompanied by an increase in transposa 
to demographic changes caused by global climate change.  
11233 22 tly experiencing unprecedented rates of habitat loss and environmental change. climate change a 
unprecedented rates of habitat loss and environmental change. climate change alone is predicted 
 habitat loss and environmental change. climate change alone is predicted to condemn at least o 
n at least one in ten of all species to extinction this century unless they can adapt to deal w 
hanging conditions. such a high rate of biodiversity loss is likely to have catastrophic effect 
rks that we depend on for food and fuel production, for sustainable development, and ultimately 
nd on for food and fuel production, for sustainable development, and ultimately for political s 
velopment, and ultimately for political stability. there is therefore an urgent need to underst 
ent need to understand maximum rates of evolution in response to environmental change. this wil 
ximum rates of evolution in response to environmental change. this will allow scientists to pro 
ts on what the consequences of changing climate and habitat loss are likely to be for biodivers 
he consequences of changing climate and habitat loss are likely to be for biodiversity. at spec 
e and habitat loss are likely to be for biodiversity. at species and population margins, limits 
ecies and population margins, limits to adaptation prevent expansion into novel environments. t 
ack the genetic variation necessary for adaptation. extensive preliminary data suggest that the 
rs most limit evolutionary potential in nature. the proposed research will explore how levels o 
enetic variation affect the point where evolution fails along similar altitudinal transitions o 
ls, and assess genetic changes in those traits expected to be evolving along these spatial grad 
ese models predict the maximum rates of evolution observed in real populations. such informatio 
ich species and populations are most at risk of extinction, it will also provide guidance on wh 
ies and populations are most at risk of extinction, it will also provide guidance on which stra 
duce, or plan for, the massive rates of biodiversity loss predicted for the coming centuries.  
9860 9  close by or in their social group. the disease therefore spreads spatially through the populat 
l spread can have a major effect on the disease dynamics. recent work has shown that this spati 
also have important implications to the evolution of parasites. if they spread locally, they ar 
em has confirmed the predictions of the model of the effect of space on transmission; it was lo 
t the effect of local infection on host resistance. we will then test this using our insect vir 
nt degrees of local interactions on the evolution of disease causing organisms. given that anth 
 local interactions on the evolution of disease causing organisms. given that anthropological c 
understand what the implications are to wildlife and human disease.  
 implications are to wildlife and human disease.  
10583 11 e are interested in the phytogeographic distribution of conifers, and particularly in the hypot 
ive habitats. here we use neighbourhood modelling to quantify competition within forest stands, 
use neighbourhood modelling to quantify competition within forest stands, by analysing a databa 
odelling to quantify competition within forest stands, by analysing a database of about 4000 pe 
y marked plots in natural mixed-species forests in new zealand. individual trees have been moni 
ots in natural mixed-species forests in new zealand. individual trees have been monitored over  
will quantify the responses of trees to competition by relating growth and mortality to crowdin 
ses of trees to competition by relating growth and mortality to crowding by neighbours. we will 
s to competition by relating growth and mortality to crowding by neighbours. we will investigat 
 ranges, and whether their responses to competition have contributed to their current distribut 
ition have contributed to their current distribution.  
10334 4 ect experimental tests of selection and adaptation in avian sex ratios, using blue tits as a mo 
 avian sex ratios, using blue tits as a model system. the results of such experiments can shed  
 on broader questions about the role of adaptation and constraint in evolution.  
he role of adaptation and constraint in evolution.  
2551 10 st are needed. exposure of the louse to freshwater rapidly breaks down its semi-adaptive homeos 
he louse swells almost exclusively with water, suggesting that disruption of water transport me 
th water, suggesting that disruption of water transport mechanisms can expose an untapped vulne 
e cellular mechanisms that underlie the growth and water homeostasis of the louse are, however, 
mechanisms that underlie the growth and water homeostasis of the louse are, however, virtually  
channel disruption increases the host´s resistance to infection. by targeting the adaptive chan 
ypic effects on its osmotic physiology, growth and differentiation. potential chemotherapeutant 
agenesis used to validate the structure-function relationships. we further aim to validate our  
 validate our hypothesis that aquaporin evolution was fundamentally associated with animal radi 
ting combination of molecular genetics, evolution, and potential drug targeting of invertebrate 
14214 11  can exhibit a variety of inhibition or intensification responses in root growth towards neighb 
on or intensification responses in root growth towards neighbours to reduce root competition be 
rowth towards neighbours to reduce root competition between genetically related neighbours, or  
lly related neighbours, or to intensify competition between non-related neighbours. this shows  
requently the changing patterns of root growth towards neighbours have been explained by change 
ants depends on the probability of self-competition – the probability of meeting the same genot 
e same genotype or a close relative for competition , species that have evolved in ecosystems p 
petition , species that have evolved in ecosystems poor in plant species, and reproduce predomi 
 estonian species-poor and species-rich grassland communities as model systems, to find evidenc 
d species-rich grassland communities as model systems, to find evidence to the working hypothes 
with artificial as well as semi-natural grassland communities will be used to test the hypothes 
10363 5 nformation to explore floral design and evolution, and to predict the airborne movement of gene 
t of genetically-modified pollen in the environment. cfd harnesses a supercomputer to simulate  
articles. we will use cfd to study wind pollination in oilseed rape, whose flowers appear suite 
, whose flowers appear suited to insect pollination. we will determine the likelihood that flow 
oral architecture is optimised for wind pollination. wind tunnel experiments will be used to va 
6892 3 pulation history of central and eastern europe that cannot be studied by other methods. the mol 
hand between different cultures. we are planning to study how long the line of origin of the sa 
oject. these examinations are unique in europe, since other comparative studies were built on s 
7432 3                  the association France Nature Reserves and results of the thesis should provid 
ld provide the region of thought on its policy of setting up regional nature reserves.  
ht on its policy of setting up regional nature reserves.  
10421 6 structure and functioning of planktonic ecosystems in relation to physical and atmospheric proc 
fect, directly or indirectly, the ocean carbon cycle. a range of new technologies will be appli 
 that control the formation and fate of organic matter. the observations, together with those o 
al and longer term variability in ocean ecology and biogeochemistry within the context of clima 
r term variability in ocean ecology and biogeochemistry within the context of climate change. t 
d biogeochemistry within the context of climate change. the cruises will also enable formal tra 
10663 6 structure and functioning of planktonic ecosystems in relation to physical and atmospheric proc 
fect, directly or indirectly, the ocean carbon cycle. a range of new technologies will be appli 
 that control the formation and fate of organic matter. the observations, together with those o 
al and longer term variability in ocean ecology and biogeochemistry within the context of clima 
r term variability in ocean ecology and biogeochemistry within the context of climate change. t 
d biogeochemistry within the context of climate change. the cruises will also enable formal tra 
10685 6 structure and functioning of planktonic ecosystems in relation to physical and atmospheric proc 
fect, directly or indirectly, the ocean carbon cycle. a range of new technologies will be appli 
 that control the formation and fate of organic matter. the observations, together with those o 
al and longer term variability in ocean ecology and biogeochemistry within the context of clima 
r term variability in ocean ecology and biogeochemistry within the context of climate change. t 
d biogeochemistry within the context of climate change. the cruises will also enable formal tra 
10914 6 structure and functioning of planktonic ecosystems in relation to physical and atmospheric proc 
fect, directly or indirectly, the ocean carbon cycle. a range of new technologies will be appli 
 that control the formation and fate of organic matter. the observations, together with those o 
al and longer term variability in ocean ecology and biogeochemistry within the context of clima 
r term variability in ocean ecology and biogeochemistry within the context of climate change. t 
d biogeochemistry within the context of climate change. the cruises will also enable formal tra 
11692 6 structure and functioning of planktonic ecosystems in relation to physical and atmospheric proc 
fect, directly or indirectly, the ocean carbon cycle. a range of new technologies will be appli 
 that control the formation and fate of organic matter. the observations, together with those o 
al and longer term variability in ocean ecology and biogeochemistry within the context of clima 
r term variability in ocean ecology and biogeochemistry within the context of climate change. t 
d biogeochemistry within the context of climate change. the cruises will also enable formal tra 
9897 6 structure and functioning of planktonic ecosystems in relation to physical and atmospheric proc 
fect, directly or indirectly, the ocean carbon cycle. a range of new technologies will be appli 
 that control the formation and fate of organic matter. the observations, together with those o 
al and longer term variability in ocean ecology and biogeochemistry within the context of clima 
r term variability in ocean ecology and biogeochemistry within the context of climate change. t 
d biogeochemistry within the context of climate change. the cruises will also enable formal tra 
223 18  individual to minimize or to intensify competition with other individuals depending on their i 
ts that plants can exhibit a variety of growth strategies in response to competition and show q 
ety of growth strategies in response to competition and show quite sophisticated behaviour. thi 
w level of understanding adaptations to competition in plants. the current understanding of pla 
nts. the current understanding of plant evolution states that the evolution of cooperative beha 
ding of plant evolution states that the evolution of cooperative behaviour in plants is improba 
 the expense of collective reproductive yield should increase in frequency and eventually displ 
splace strategies minimizing interplant competition. however, several clear examples of avoidan 
ral clear examples of avoidance of root competition among plants have been demonstrated, and le 
ave been demonstrated, and less intense competition has been observed between related than non- 
and cooperation has not been applied in modelling of plant behaviour, and no field studies have 
 of neighbours lead to the avoidance of competition between neighbours and how widespread such  
 whether the ability of plants to avoid competition is related to species/population life histo 
tition is related to species/population life history traits with the same phenotype. we will al 
ated to species/population life history traits with the same phenotype. we will also attempt to 
ronmental feedback through differential migration or mortality, and whether the alternative mec 
dback through differential migration or mortality, and whether the alternative mechanism of evo 
nd whether the alternative mechanism of evolution of cooperation via neighbour recognition is o 
10585 10 out the mechanisms underlying cognitive function and the evolution of social living. in fish, i 
s underlying cognitive function and the evolution of social living. in fish, individuals that c 
 and the evolution of social living. in fish, individuals that choose familiar schoolmates accr 
choose familiar schoolmates accrue anti-predator and foraging benefits. conferring these benefi 
 conferring these benefits on declining fish stocks has important economic and conservation imp 
 fish stocks has important economic and conservation implications, yet the factors influencing  
plications, yet the factors influencing decision-making are not understood. this project will i 
s affecting perception and cognition in fish. a strength of this work will be the use of a larg 
e the use of a large glass-sided indoor stream to examine both the mechanisms and functions und 
ciation and avoidance on a near-natural scale.  
14847 7  concerning the search for new farmable fish species, sturgeon deserves special attention. it i 
 and survive to the present.in terms of production, the only company in spain with strong commi 
erms of production, the only company in spain with strong commitment to this fish, working with 
in spain with strong commitment to this fish, working with the autochthonous species a. naccari 
utochthonous species a. naccarii is the fish farm sierra nevada, s.lof riofrio studies on respo 
o studies on responses to physiological stress, including load, nutrition/feeding, hypoxia, and 
ess, including load, nutrition/feeding, hypoxia, and exercise.  
14464 25 ve been planned: ● investigation of the species composition of the gobies which represent objec 
 angler fishery. ● investigation of the species composition of the gobies and conservation stat 
e species composition of the gobies and conservation status of the family gobiidae. ● investiga 
as, selected on the basis of geographic–landscape principle. ● collection of scientific data an 
e scientific team, information from the fisheries inspection agency, local fishermen and fish m 
 inspection agency, local fishermen and fish markets. measurement of the physical and chemical  
ection agency, local fishermen and fish markets. measurement of the physical and chemical envir 
osition, sex ratio, fecundity, feeding, growth, mortality, abundance etc. ● implementation of g 
 sex ratio, fecundity, feeding, growth, mortality, abundance etc. ● implementation of genetic-b 
 fecundity, feeding, growth, mortality, abundance etc. ● implementation of genetic-biochemical  
nce in the following fields: industrial fisheries and angling, nature protective and conservati 
elds: industrial fisheries and angling, nature protective and conservative significance, mappin 
otective and conservative significance, mapping of the established gobiid species; the threats  
ted preventive measures for control and monitoring of the effect of the invasive fish species,  
onitoring of the effect of the invasive fish species, direct application in the long-term natio 
tional program for assisting the stable development of the fish populations; establishment of c 
assisting the stable development of the fish populations; establishment of criteria for ecologi 
stablishment of criteria for ecological evaluation of the water basins, based on the indexes of 
iteria for ecological evaluation of the water basins, based on the indexes of fish populations  
e water basins, based on the indexes of fish populations condition according to the european wa 
ons condition according to the european water frame directive ; increasing of the scientific qu 
ology; supporting of the local national policy for protection and restoration of the environmen 
ocal national policy for protection and restoration of the environment and the water basins.  
y for protection and restoration of the environment and the water basins.  
 restoration of the environment and the water basins.  
9821 19 stand the importance of large meteorite impacts on the earth and other planets in the solar sys 
he solar system. not only are meteorite impacts implicated in mass extinctions, they form traps 
he same time as the chicxulub crater in mexico, though it has not been possible to determine wh 
 crater was quickly filled with a fresh water lake. over the next 15 million years the lake fil 
million years the lake filled with fine sediment and the organic remains of the flora and fauna 
lived in the lake, or were washed in by rivers. the fact that boltysh remained a hole in the gr 
is size will combined with this work to model crater lakes on early earth and mars. early life  
aim, which is to use pollen, spores and algae preserved in the sediments to uncover about the p 
the processes of devastation and biotic recovery after a significant meteorite impact event. we 
 the fossil plant spores and pollen and algae which tell us about the environments surrounding  
the variations in organic molecules and carbon isotopes which tell us more about the climate at 
n isotopes which tell us more about the climate at the time. we know very little about biotic r 
ly analogous because they are richer in nutrients. studying the boltysh crater will allow us to 
ter will allow us to produce a detailed model for ecosystem recovery following the impact event 
llow us to produce a detailed model for ecosystem recovery following the impact event, creating 
 produce a detailed model for ecosystem recovery following the impact event, creating a compara 
vide an almost continuous record of the climate in central europe and asia. in the future we an 
inuous record of the climate in central europe and asia. in the future we and other scientists  
 will be able to use it to discover how climate in continental areas relates to the oceanic sig 
15344 9 s an endangered bird of prey inhabiting mediterranean ecosystems. it is a long-lived species th 
d bird of prey inhabiting mediterranean ecosystems. it is a long-lived species that occupy the  
ecies that occupy the highest levels of food webs, integrating information from lower trophic l 
of their biological parameters could be indicators of environmental changes. during the last de 
l activity have increased environmental pollution and caused major changes in territories and h 
d by the species. at the same time, the abundance and distribution of its main prey to determin 
es. at the same time, the abundance and distribution of its main prey to determine whether biol 
gical parameters measured are useful as indicators of environmental quality in addressing conse 
 of environmental quality in addressing conservation measures for the species.  
11397 5 en individuals in their minimal rate of metabolism, generally termed basal or standard metaboli 
epends on the microhabitat in which the fish is living, so providing an explanation for the per 
nal tool for adjusting offspring to the environment, so linking endocrinology, ecophysiology, b 
ill have relevance for studies of local adaptation and population structure, but also fish welf 
tion and population structure, but also fish welfare and the design of husbandry regimes.  
10937 8 ct that the bioenergetic models used in fisheries science may overestimate the atp yield per mo 
heries science may overestimate the atp yield per mole of o2 consumed at rest . the proposed ex 
ficiencies might influence estimates of energy allocation in commercially important cephalopods 
copy, together with field studies using remote sensing technologies that estimate energy costs  
mote sensing technologies that estimate energy costs in free-ranging animals, will enable us to 
animals, will enable us to refine field energy budgets using cephalopod-specific oxycalorific e 
rific equivalents and aerobic/anaerobic energy yields that reflect as far as possible the true  
 possible the true costs of activity in nature.  
11556 13     this study is based on the highland water research catchment replica floodplain, also at 1: 
ghland water research catchment replica floodplain, also at 1:1 scale. the ptm can then be set  
tchment replica floodplain, also at 1:1 scale. the ptm can then be set in the flume subjected t 
ite. precise replication of the natural floodplain morphology and flood hydrology within the fl 
natural floodplain morphology and flood hydrology within the flume will enable us to acquire sp 
ntification of mechanisms of turbulence production dissipation, in all cases within different r 
rch represents the first study into the nature of turbulent flows over topographically complex  
ject will deliver an original empirical model of floodplain flow mechanics that will be used to 
 deliver an original empirical model of floodplain flow mechanics that will be used to inform t 
t computational simulations of forested floodplain flows, as well as to provide a benchmark mod 
lows, as well as to provide a benchmark model validation data set that will be made available t 
 set that will be made available to the community. as an ancillary product the project will als 
-proof a novel and transferable terrain modelling technique that enables precise replication of 
11466 5  chronology of the spatial and temporal distribution of aurignacian behaviour in central europe 
ion of aurignacian behaviour in central europe. these results will be used to test different mo 
to test different models of origins and dispersal of anatomically-modern humans in europe. the  
persal of anatomically-modern humans in europe. the models will be developed to take account of 
e developed to take account of climatic model simulations and to examine critically assumptions 
15121 12                     the majority of the forest landscape restoration and biodiversity conservat 
             the majority of the forest landscape restoration and biodiversity conservation act 
   the majority of the forest landscape restoration and biodiversity conservation actions are b 
of the forest landscape restoration and biodiversity conservation actions are based on two basi 
sed on two basic questions; how was the forest landscape composition and its structure before t 
two basic questions; how was the forest landscape composition and its structure before the huma 
uman wide-range alteration, and how the forest systems and their components responded to the va 
omponents responded to the variation of climate and other anthropogenic external forces. the st 
erdisciplinary knowledge about the past vegetation dynamics of the northwest iberian vegetation 
ation dynamics of the northwest iberian vegetation, and the responses of specific taxa to chang 
ronmental conditions. the effect on the vegetation of the natural climate change is distinguish 
effect on the vegetation of the natural climate change is distinguished from the effect of the  
13423 1 ter births, the datas will be taken for growth; for new borns : birth weight, weaning weight, s 
10636 5                  a number of species of marine phytoplankton produce natural biotoxins. filter  
          a number of species of marine phytoplankton produce natural biotoxins. filter feeding 
. filter feeding shellfish ingest these phytoplankton without any apparent negative effects. ho 
are grown in combination to study their competition. finally, we shall use our experimental res 
be used to simulate in situ data on the abundance of the different strains of a.tamarense we ar 
10793 10                           long distance migration in birds is one of the world s most astonishi 
             long distance migration in birds is one of the world s most astonishing wildlife s 
 is one of the world s most astonishing wildlife spectacles and has puzzled humans for since th 
behaviour influences the populations of birds that undertake these spectacular movements. for e 
lar movements. for example why can some birds migrate earlier than others, why do different pop 
 breed in different places, why do some birds manage to rear young while others do not these ar 
tions, particularly with respect to the conservation of migratory birds, but they remain unansw 
espect to the conservation of migratory birds, but they remain unanswered because of two proble 
r the resources it needs to fuel spring migration in time and so would arrive late on the breed 
ay be very important in determining the productivity and survival of migratory species. our stu 
10135 8 ittle doubt that human induced climatic warming is occurring leading to a succession of milder  
matic warming is occurring leading to a succession of milder winters. this winter, however, is  
ss rates in response to recent climatic warming. we will also investigate whether colder water  
we will also investigate whether colder water species, which have declined in abundance in the  
r water species, which have declined in abundance in the u.k., can exhibit signs of recovery du 
dance in the u.k., can exhibit signs of recovery during short term colder conditions. informati 
er periods, during a period of climatic warming. such information will then be incorporated int 
will respond in the event that the gulf stream increases to slow down or even stops as a result 
12448 7 ntic over an extended time frame. apply modelling techniques to explore relationships between c 
n continuous plankton recorder data and fisheries statistics. key customer purpose: to provide  
customer purpose: to provide details of phytoplankton variation over an extended time frame in  
 frame in order to monitor responses to climate change. investigate links between cpr data and  
tween cpr data and long-term changes in fish stocks and catch in order to develop new approache 
h in order to develop new approaches to fisheries management and conservation strategies.  
 approaches to fisheries management and conservation strategies.  
1986 13     animal groups exhibit a spectacular diversity in the scaling relationships among different  
tionships among different body parts or traits, and between these and overall body size; change 
r traits, and between these and overall body size; changes in such allometries among traits is  
size; changes in such allometries among traits is clearly a major pathway by which morphology e 
 with over a century of interest in the evolution of allometry, essentially nothing is known ab 
 functional scaling relationships among traits as well as in their evolution. to study both pro 
nships among traits as well as in their evolution. to study both process and pattern in evoluti 
n. to study both process and pattern in evolution we have initiated an integrative, broad evo-d 
tera for the particular combinations of traits as examined experimentally in previous artificia 
ses of observed patterns of bias in the evolution of the allometries in terms of how the indivi 
ometries in terms of how the individual traits contributed to changes in their scaling relation 
he roles of proximate mechanisms in the evolution of such complex phenotypes is needed to build 
d a predictive evo-devo theory of trait evolution that can then be generalized to other organis 
12509 10 the overall objective is to improve the management of difficult-to-control perennial weeds in o 
ement of difficult-to-control perennial weeds in organic farming systems. the project was initi 
difficult-to-control perennial weeds in organic farming systems. the project was initiated by d 
nts successful in controlling perennial weeds in the experiments would be modelled. data on cro 
318 and of0332, organic field vegetable production - baseline monitoring of systems with differ 
c field vegetable production - baseline monitoring of systems with different fertility building 
cate best practice as outlined from the review process, and to receive feedback, particularly f 
ction of the studies. we will offer the review and the results of field experiments, if suitabl 
s, publications and the outcomes of the review and experiments. the project will directly benef 
eading to improved control of perennial weeds in organic stockless and pasture systems. better  
10467 8 quent use of that facility to study the biological diversity and standing stock of benthos in a 
logical diversity and standing stock of benthos in arctic and antarctic regions. seabed photogr 
the megabenthos in three types of polar environment: 1. open water areas, 2. seasonal ice areas 
ree types of polar environment: 1. open water areas, 2. seasonal ice areas, and 3. permanent ic 
permanent ice areas. by contrasting the ecology of these three environment types the project wi 
 contrasting the ecology of these three environment types the project will address the question 
: what are the dominant controls on the diversity and standing stock of the benthos in polar re 
the diversity and standing stock of the benthos in polar regions  
12625 3  of strengthening the evidence base for policy development. brook lyndhurst has a wealth of exp 
engthening the evidence base for policy development. brook lyndhurst has a wealth of experience 
performance and the challenges faced by policy makers in helping them to do that.  
15204 1  of phenotypic plasticity of vegetative traits on the fitness of woody long-lived species.  
10882 2  small proportion of close kin. through modeling, we have generated testable predictions concer 
ill also test whether a common maternal environment, which influences the scents of inbred gene 
10535 4 one of the key areas for the range-wide recovery of tigers. tiger distributions across sumatra  
remaining natural landcover using large scale detection/non-detection surveys. these survey and 
non-detection surveys. these survey and monitoring methods are being developed under the tigers 
genetic samples, will inform changes in management practice for the longer-term persistence of  
10851 6                embryology, the study of development, plays a pivotal role in unravelling the ev 
 of two new konservat-lagerstatten that yield fossil eggs and embryos provides an opportunity t 
 test assumptions regarding the role of development in early animal evolution that are based ex 
the role of development in early animal evolution that are based exclusively upon studying livi 
e of this material to understanding the evolution of animal development.  
o understanding the evolution of animal development.  
11354 8                embryology, the study of development, is pivotal to unravelling the evolutionary 
animals, and how changes to patterns of development have produced the branching events in the t 
ew sites of exceptional preservation in china and north america, contemporaneous with the estab 
the establishment of animal phyla, that yield fossil eggs, embryos, larvae and associated adult 
 test hypotheses concerning the role of development in evolution. this is because the fossils a 
s concerning the role of development in evolution. this is because the fossils are geologically 
at variations in phylogenetic affinity, life history strategy and developmental stage have upon 
provide direct insight into the role of development in one of the most vexing questions of rece 
12238 5 horticultural crops and grass including biomass and biofuel crops. ii.provides supporting advic 
l crops and grass including biomass and biofuel crops. ii.provides supporting advice on nutrien 
.provides supporting advice on nutrient management. iii.provides supporting technical informati 
f a wide range of internal and external stakeholders, produce a series of technical papers and  
ical papers and a final report for peer review to ensure transparency of the recommendations. f 
10361 4 nd metapopulation levels to account for distribution patterns; these models bear on quite gener 
n quite general questions regarding the evolution and ecology of polyploidy and reproductive sy 
l questions regarding the evolution and ecology of polyploidy and reproductive systems in plant 
rom the range of the species in western europe.  
6982 7 ole of specific elaterid species in the soil food web in a correct way. furthermore this knowle 
f specific elaterid species in the soil food web in a correct way. furthermore this knowledge w 
 knowledge would be fundamental for the development of any technique to predict wireworm incide 
rather new and powerful method to study food webs and trophic relationships is the stable isoto 
red from different locations in central-europe, comprising a wide range of elaterid species and 
on/diet of the wireworms with humus and soil moisture content of the sites, conclusions can be  
 will also imply new approaches for the development of control strategies for wireworm damage.  
1957 1 ell as the contribution of the juvenile environment on future clutch size. this experiment was  
174 19 ittle is known about the actual role of forest wildfire in the maintenance and recruitment of s 
s known about the actual role of forest wildfire in the maintenance and recruitment of steppe o 
 forest wildfire in the maintenance and recruitment of steppe origin herbaceous species in bore 
ppe origin herbaceous species in boreal forests. in the past fire was the main factor causing l 
 species in boreal forests. in the past fire was the main factor causing large-scale disturbanc 
 fire was the main factor causing large-scale disturbances, responsible for variation in forest 
turbances, responsible for variation in forest age structure, soil environment and light climat 
 for variation in forest age structure, soil environment and light climate. due to the present- 
variation in forest age structure, soil environment and light climate. due to the present-day i 
e structure, soil environment and light climate. due to the present-day intensive forestry prac 
imate. due to the present-day intensive forestry practice forest fires are rare and this can be 
present-day intensive forestry practice forest fires are rare and this can be one of the reason 
hind the decline of several potentially fire related plant species, e.g. geranium bohemicum, ar 
the total impact of burning, direct and indirect effects of fire should be distinguished. the f 
burning, direct and indirect effects of fire should be distinguished. the former include those  
d with heat and chemical changes in the environment charcoal, and light availability will be ex 
riments will be established in estonian forest wildfire areas and in the prescribed burning exp 
 will be established in estonian forest wildfire areas and in the prescribed burning experiment 
nland. the results will provide optimal management instructions for the studied rare and protec 
14135 19 that are environmental or pathogenic to fish. members of this group are abundant in both marine 
bers of this group are abundant in both marine and freshwater environments and tolerate a wide  
s group are abundant in both marine and freshwater environments and tolerate a wide range in sa 
vironments and tolerate a wide range in salinity. successful immigration from freshwater to the 
n salinity. successful immigration from freshwater to the brackish northern baltic sea has been 
rom freshwater to the brackish northern baltic sea has been observed. the phylogenetic study of 
tudy of bacterioplankton in the central baltic sea revealed, that genus flavobacterium is the s 
 the phylum bacteroidetes. evidence for distribution patterns of distinct flavobacterial clades 
ter understanding of the physiology and diversity of both environmental and pathogenic represen 
ntatives of the genus flavobacterium in salinity and organic matter gradients. an integrated ph 
he genus flavobacterium in salinity and organic matter gradients. an integrated phylogenetic ap 
ic approach to assess and interpret the diversity will be used. the strategy relies on large-sc 
l be used. the strategy relies on large-scale screening and quantification for flavobacterium d 
ium dna as well as sequencing of target bacteria in baltic sea. experimental approach will reve 
ell as sequencing of target bacteria in baltic sea. experimental approach will reveal the compe 
hological flexibility of flavobacterium bacteria in different nutrient and labile carbon gradie 
cteria in different nutrient and labile carbon gradients and grazing pressure by zooplankton.  
utrient and labile carbon gradients and grazing pressure by zooplankton.  
arbon gradients and grazing pressure by zooplankton.  
11645 3 sation of protozoa may provide an ideal habitat for listeria during the part of their life cycl 
rate hosts but little is known of their ecology. the main objectives are to screen community dn 
logy. the main objectives are to screen community dnas from a range of habitats with listeria-s 
10600 10 ecently been detached at high levels in soil using molecular techniques, but no representative  
c activity and we are ignorant of their function in soil ecosystems. this project aims to deter 
nd we are ignorant of their function in soil ecosystems. this project aims to determine their a 
 are ignorant of their function in soil ecosystems. this project aims to determine their abunda 
s. this project aims to determine their abundance, species diversity and metabolic activity in  
ject aims to determine their abundance, species diversity and metabolic activity in a well-char 
abolic activity in a well-characterised soil site , to assess the effects of soil management pr 
ed soil site , to assess the effects of soil management practices on their community structure, 
s of soil management practices on their community structure, and to obtain non-thermophilic cre 
 new techniques to relate taxonomic and functional diversity that will be of broad relevance to 
10013 2                            the issue of ecosystem carbon , eriophorum sp. sphagnum sp. and othe 
                 the issue of ecosystem carbon , eriophorum sp. sphagnum sp. and other bryophyt 
11481 42 wherever you look there are patterns in nature. ecologists have long sought to explain these na 
ht to explain these natural patterns of distribution and abundance and two models have emerged  
se natural patterns of distribution and abundance and two models have emerged as explanations.  
py a niche . more recently, the neutral model describes a populations determined by birth, deat 
ulations determined by birth, death and migration rather than evolution per se, and that these  
 birth, death and migration rather than evolution per se, and that these processes, rather than 
 processes, rather than interaction and evolution determine the distributions we observe in nat 
termine the distributions we observe in nature. interactions between microbes and plants are a  
and plants are a very important part of ecosystems.. microbial diseases in particular have been 
 to change plant communities: dutch elm disease is a good example of this. the most common plan 
t microbe interaction however, is not a disease. the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi , and this sy 
eraction however, is not a disease. the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi , and this symbiosis is fo 
arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi , and this symbiosis is found in all land-based ecosystems except  
is symbiosis is found in all land-based ecosystems except antarctica. this is not a host-specif 
antarctica. this is not a host-specific symbiosis: most plant species capable of forming mycorr 
utionary theory. many surveys of the am symbiosis in field systems, however, have consistently  
wever, have consistently shown that the distribution of the amf among the host plants is not ra 
n-random association between plants and fungi is due to factors independent of the host/fungus  
nteraction, such as plant and/or fungal growth, soil factors or indeed chance. the formation of 
on, such as plant and/or fungal growth, soil factors or indeed chance. the formation of a mycor 
 chance. the formation of a mycorrhizal symbiosis depends therefore on the meeting of the two o 
. in this case we would expect external soil properties to have much less effect. to test this  
both in plant and fungal species and in soil properties. hetchell wood, near leeds uk, is an id 
e the limestone cap has eroded away the soil is much more acid, and a striking transition from  
 striking transition from acid to basic soil can occur over the space of a few metres. this res 
of a few metres. this results in a high diversity of soil and vegetation in a restricted area.  
es. this results in a high diversity of soil and vegetation in a restricted area. we need to kn 
results in a high diversity of soil and vegetation in a restricted area. we need to know the di 
 a restricted area. we need to know the distribution of the fungal and root populations, and th 
 populations, and the properties of the soil in which they are growing. the most effective way  
of identifying individual roots and the fungi colonising them is to use dna testing to generate 
 plant and a fingerprint profile of the fungi that are colonising it. we will use this techniqu 
transition so that a map of the plants, fungi and soil properties can be constructed. the testi 
 so that a map of the plants, fungi and soil properties can be constructed. the testing of the  
 host and fungus is more important than growth in response to soil environment in determining o 
re important than growth in response to soil environment in determining observed patterns of am 
portant than growth in response to soil environment in determining observed patterns of am dist 
 in determining observed patterns of am distribution and abundance. this is a novel approach to 
bserved patterns of am distribution and abundance. this is a novel approach to a fundamental qu 
l approach to a fundamental question in community ecology and also is directly relevant to the  
gy and also is directly relevant to the management of biodiversity.  
 directly relevant to the management of biodiversity.  
10503 18                                         agriculture began about 10,000 years ago in the fertile 
an to expand out of southwest asia into europe, first appearing in the balkans at about 6500 bc 
ring the next 3000 years spreading into europe by two principal routes, one following the danub 
anube and rhine valleys through central europe and into the north european plain, and the secon 
e through italy and iberia to northwest europe. there has been much debate about the factors un 
lying agricultural spread, not only the nature of the social contacts made between the pre-agri 
taining to the initial domestication of europe might be deduced. we will assemble a much larger 
barley and wheat, covering the whole of europe, and we will determine the extent to which the g 
stic evidence relating to the spread of agriculture. the project will promote nerc s mission in 
areas highlighted for encouragement and growth in the 2002-2007 science plan. by providing info 
vironmental factors have influenced the development, differentiation and sustentation of europe 
 in particular the effect of changes in land management scenarios and new farming systems on ag 
he effect of changes in land management scenarios and new farming systems on agricultural susta 
and new farming systems on agricultural sustainability. these environmental factors will includ 
hese environmental factors will include climate change, the project being particularly relevant 
on of how terrestrial species adjust to climate and environmental change, especially within the 
rrestrial species adjust to climate and environmental change, especially within the fragmented  
ally within the fragmented land uses of europe.  
10505 18                                         agriculture began about 10,000 years ago in the fertile 
an to expand out of southwest asia into europe, first appearing in the balkans at about 6500 bc 
ring the next 3000 years spreading into europe by two principal routes, one following the danub 
anube and rhine valleys through central europe and into the north european plain, and the secon 
e through italy and iberia to northwest europe. there has been much debate about the factors un 
lying agricultural spread, not only the nature of the social contacts made between the pre-agri 
taining to the initial domestication of europe might be deduced. we will assemble a much larger 
barley and wheat, covering the whole of europe, and we will determine the extent to which the g 
stic evidence relating to the spread of agriculture. the project will promote nerc s mission in 
areas highlighted for encouragement and growth in the 2002-2007 science plan. by providing info 
vironmental factors have influenced the development, differentiation and sustentation of europe 
 in particular the effect of changes in land management scenarios and new farming systems on ag 
he effect of changes in land management scenarios and new farming systems on agricultural susta 
and new farming systems on agricultural sustainability. these environmental factors will includ 
hese environmental factors will include climate change, the project being particularly relevant 
on of how terrestrial species adjust to climate and environmental change, especially within the 
rrestrial species adjust to climate and environmental change, especially within the fragmented  
ally within the fragmented land uses of europe.  
10691 18                                         agriculture began about 10,000 years ago in the fertile 
an to expand out of southwest asia into europe, first appearing in the balkans at about 6500 bc 
ring the next 3000 years spreading into europe by two principal routes, one following the danub 
anube and rhine valleys through central europe and into the north european plain, and the secon 
e through italy and iberia to northwest europe. there has been much debate about the factors un 
lying agricultural spread, not only the nature of the social contacts made between the pre-agri 
taining to the initial domestication of europe might be deduced. we will assemble a much larger 
barley and wheat, covering the whole of europe, and we will determine the extent to which the g 
stic evidence relating to the spread of agriculture. the project will promote nerc s mission in 
areas highlighted for encouragement and growth in the 2002-2007 science plan. by providing info 
vironmental factors have influenced the development, differentiation and sustentation of europe 
 in particular the effect of changes in land management scenarios and new farming systems on ag 
he effect of changes in land management scenarios and new farming systems on agricultural susta 
and new farming systems on agricultural sustainability. these environmental factors will includ 
hese environmental factors will include climate change, the project being particularly relevant 
on of how terrestrial species adjust to climate and environmental change, especially within the 
rrestrial species adjust to climate and environmental change, especially within the fragmented  
ally within the fragmented land uses of europe.  
11002 18                                         agriculture began about 10,000 years ago in the fertile 
an to expand out of southwest asia into europe, first appearing in the balkans at about 6500 bc 
ring the next 3000 years spreading into europe by two principal routes, one following the danub 
anube and rhine valleys through central europe and into the north european plain, and the secon 
e through italy and iberia to northwest europe. there has been much debate about the factors un 
lying agricultural spread, not only the nature of the social contacts made between the pre-agri 
taining to the initial domestication of europe might be deduced. we will assemble a much larger 
barley and wheat, covering the whole of europe, and we will determine the extent to which the g 
stic evidence relating to the spread of agriculture. the project will promote nerc s mission in 
areas highlighted for encouragement and growth in the 2002-2007 science plan. by providing info 
vironmental factors have influenced the development, differentiation and sustentation of europe 
 in particular the effect of changes in land management scenarios and new farming systems on ag 
he effect of changes in land management scenarios and new farming systems on agricultural susta 
and new farming systems on agricultural sustainability. these environmental factors will includ 
hese environmental factors will include climate change, the project being particularly relevant 
on of how terrestrial species adjust to climate and environmental change, especially within the 
rrestrial species adjust to climate and environmental change, especially within the fragmented  
ally within the fragmented land uses of europe.  
10975 27                                         fire in natural ecosystems is a major agent of biome st 
                        fire in natural ecosystems is a major agent of biome structure formatio 
ent of biome structure formation, biome degradation, atmospheric pollution and carbon emission. 
rmation, biome degradation, atmospheric pollution and carbon emission. in this proposal we will 
 degradation, atmospheric pollution and carbon emission. in this proposal we will focus attenti 
his proposal we will focus attention on fire dynamics on a potentially important but barely stu 
otentially important but barely studied ecosystem: the tropical montane cloud forests , where w 
d ecosystem: the tropical montane cloud forests , where we will determine the environmental con 
determine the environmental controls on fire ignition and spread, quantify the carbon emissions 
 fire ignition and spread, quantify the carbon emissions and recovery times associated with spe 
read, quantify the carbon emissions and recovery times associated with specific fires, and eval 
ic fires, and evaluate the potential of remote sensing data to scale up fire emissions to the w 
the potential of remote sensing data to scale up fire emissions to the wider andean region. our 
tial of remote sensing data to scale up fire emissions to the wider andean region. our project  
owing componets: 1. construction of the fire detailed fire history and fire map of a region of  
s: 1. construction of the fire detailed fire history and fire map of a region of the andean tre 
n of the fire detailed fire history and fire map of a region of the andean treeline, covering t 
1; 2. conducting intensive tracking and evaluation of all fires in our study region in the peri 
 the period 2009-2011. 3. measuring the biomass and carbon stocks in unburned and burned forest 
2009-2011. 3. measuring the biomass and carbon stocks in unburned and burned forests 4. install 
nd carbon stocks in unburned and burned forests 4. installing some carbon plots in forests prio 
d and burned forests 4. installing some carbon plots in forests prior to burn, and visiting the 
ests 4. installing some carbon plots in forests prior to burn, and visiting them afterwards 5.  
g and ignition experiments to determine thresholds of flammability at the treeline 6. using our 
calibrate satellite-based estimates for fire occurrence, extent and intensity 7. using calibrat 
g calibrated satellite data to estimate carbon emissions from fires across the tropical andes  
missions from fires across the tropical andes  
2034 8                 the scientific basis of fisheries management is often restricted to a biologica 
 biological analysis of the dynamics of fish stocks. this narrow focus has led to management st 
sh stocks. this narrow focus has led to management strategies that ignore the dynamic responses 
n to changes in stocks or in changes to management itself § economic factors § responses of fis 
rs § responses of fishermen to specific management regulations such as changes in the tacs, the 
in the tacs, the introduction of the co-management system and technical regulations such as the 
fort allocation, and hence dictates the scale of human exploitation, and to build a simulation  
exploitation, and to build a simulation model of the fleet.  
11129 7  functionally sterile worker depends on dominance interactions that are not dissimilar from tho 
eproductive hierarchy on a quantitative scale. ovary development will then be determined, and t 
ierarchy on a quantitative scale. ovary development will then be determined, and the expression 
ctively, worker division of labour, egg production and mature queen behaviour. comparison with  
tive division of labour at a much finer scale than has previously been obtained. experiments wi 
e behavioural data in a novel, powerful model organism to provide an entirely new level of unde 
tanding of the dynamics of reproductive dominance in primitively eusocial societies.  
6856 1 e territory east of river tisza between rivers körös and maros. one of the characteristic buria 
2142 2 ave been established. owing to profound temperature differences among tributaries, we expect to 
vel of reproductive isolation and local adaptation and to explore the genetics of these two pro 
2144 5  genetic variability both in phenotypic traits and putatively neutral markers. earlier work has 
e the role of seed banks in arabidopsis ecology and evolution, with a special emphasis on the r 
f seed banks in arabidopsis ecology and evolution, with a special emphasis on the role of seed  
seed bank characteristics influence the ecology and evolution of arabidopsis.  
aracteristics influence the ecology and evolution of arabidopsis.  
10171 4        in plants with crassulacean acid metabolism how metabolic outputs are linked to the cloc 
mechanisms that lead to acclimation and evolution of photosynthetic diversity in a changing env 
imation and evolution of photosynthetic diversity in a changing environment.  
 photosynthetic diversity in a changing environment.  
143 7 aptive trait that could explain species distribution pattern in the nature. the aim of this pro 
ain species distribution pattern in the nature. the aim of this project is to make the first at 
e plasticity of different morphological traits across a number of herbaceous plant species, and 
o light availability, but plasticity to soil fertility will also be considered. the project wil 
e of the fundamental questions in plant ecology - which traits of species, and to what degree,  
ntal questions in plant ecology - which traits of species, and to what degree, determine the di 
cies, and to what degree, determine the distribution of species on different abiotic and biotic 
14465 2                          seagrasses and macroalgae are biological quality elements of the water 
 are biological quality elements of the water framework directive .  
15324 10 ropose to study repeated cases of small-scale radiations in fish, focusing on understanding the 
ated cases of small-scale radiations in fish, focusing on understanding the ecological and geog 
l speciation events and learn about the nature of the candidate speciating genes. i propose to  
 distributed in small isolated lakes as model systems, since this group of tropical freshwater  
l systems, since this group of tropical freshwater fish seems to be prone to speciate. i will s 
since this group of tropical freshwater fish seems to be prone to speciate. i will specifically 
cally concentrate on repeated events of evolution of benthic-limnetic species pairs, a frequent 
etic species pairs, a frequent split in fish evolution, and follow the mode of natural selectio 
species pairs, a frequent split in fish evolution, and follow the mode of natural selection. in 
plain some general trends of vertebrate evolution.  
2024 20                         as individuals, bacteria are greatly underappreciated. by tradition, th 
the central concept of individual-based ecology , which states that individual variation actual 
ramework for explaining population- and ecosystem-level patterns in nature as a result of the i 
lation- and ecosystem-level patterns in nature as a result of the interactions of individuals w 
f individuals with each other and their environment. while microbial ecologists have yet to ful 
w an individual bacterium perceives its habitat and how this perception ultimately influences i 
is perception ultimately influences its behavior and fate in a bacterial community. i propose t 
es its behavior and fate in a bacterial community. i propose to address this concept of bacteri 
yllosphere, or plant leaf surface, as a model ecosystem. habitat to highly diverse microbial co 
here, or plant leaf surface, as a model ecosystem. habitat to highly diverse microbial communit 
ant leaf surface, as a model ecosystem. habitat to highly diverse microbial communities, the ph 
explanation, such as the aggregation of bacteria on the leaf surface and the leaf-to-leaf varia 
ols for the interrogation of individual bacteria as they colonize the leaf surface. in a parall 
y approach, i will use individual-based modeling, an essential tool in ibe, to simulate the col 
 essential tool in ibe, to simulate the colonization process, from immigration to aggregation.  
ion. by combining both experimental and modeling approaches, this work will expose key properti 
this work will expose key properties of bacteria and leaf surfaces that underlie the observed p 
rlie the observed patterns in bacterial behavior in the phyllosphere. moreover, it will reinfor 
ce the status of the phyllosphere as an ecosystem with great service to the testing of universa 
g of universal theories and concepts in ecology.  
10669 14 ave a good general understanding of how evolution operates, we have only limited insight into i 
reatly advance our understanding of how genetic diversity is maintained in natural populations  
kely to respond to predicted changes in climate. the characteristics of individuals in a popula 
n are a consequence of their genes, the environment in which they live and the evolution that h 
 environment in which they live and the evolution that has occurred up to that point. so much i 
but this simple statement conceals much complexity. specifically, the consequences of carrying  
ese various processes interact to shape evolution in natural populations. in this study we will 
is study: the weather, sheep population density, food availability and parasite abundance. we w 
density, food availability and parasite abundance. we will address the effect of the environmen 
ips between characters for example, are body size and parasite resistance freer to evolve separ 
for example, are body size and parasite resistance freer to evolve separately under good or bad 
 will allow us to predict the course of evolution under specific time series of environmental c 
tal conditions - for example systematic climate change. long-term studies of individually-recog 
ource of information on many aspects of ecology and evolutionary biology, and the proposed gran 
10886 14 ave a good general understanding of how evolution operates, we have only limited insight into i 
reatly advance our understanding of how genetic diversity is maintained in natural populations  
kely to respond to predicted changes in climate. the characteristics of individuals in a popula 
n are a consequence of their genes, the environment in which they live and the evolution that h 
 environment in which they live and the evolution that has occurred up to that point. so much i 
but this simple statement conceals much complexity. specifically, the consequences of carrying  
ese various processes interact to shape evolution in natural populations. in this study we will 
is study: the weather, sheep population density, food availability and parasite abundance. we w 
density, food availability and parasite abundance. we will address the effect of the environmen 
ips between characters for example, are body size and parasite resistance freer to evolve separ 
for example, are body size and parasite resistance freer to evolve separately under good or bad 
 will allow us to predict the course of evolution under specific time series of environmental c 
tal conditions - for example systematic climate change. long-term studies of individually-recog 
ource of information on many aspects of ecology and evolutionary biology, and the proposed gran 
10735 25        genetic variation is the fuel of evolution, and understanding its distribution and maint 
uel of evolution, and understanding its distribution and maintenance in wild populations is a c 
t to changing environmental conditions. genetic diversity is influenced by population size, and 
ion size, and this is a key concern for conservation biologists. however, other factors will in 
. however, other factors will influence genetic diversity in wild populations, and understandin 
 to be correlated with higher levels of genetic diversity. i will examine the role that recombi 
e mating system play in determining how genetic diversity is distributed and maintained in the  
hila melanogaster. d. melanogaster is a model species that is successfully used in many areas o 
ns, it is thought to have originated in africa, colonising the rest of the world relatively rec 
ively recently, and populations outside africa have low genetic diversity compared to those in  
and populations outside africa have low genetic diversity compared to those in africa due to sm 
 genetic diversity compared to those in africa due to small numbers of individuals founding new 
ies around the species range, including europe and north america as well as africa, because the 
ing europe and north america as well as africa, because the species is thought to have reached  
have reached america more recently than europe - several hundred rather than several thousand y 
he wild to date, by examining levels of genetic diversity in each population. this will allow m 
will allow me to look at the effects on genetic diversity of range expansion and adaptation to  
enetic diversity of range expansion and adaptation to new habitats, as well as the influence of 
 relationship between recombination and genetic diversity, and assess whether populations vary  
ook at how the mating system influences genetic diversity, from both the male and female perspe 
here the species is well adapted to its habitat and nutritional resources are abundant, females 
 are abundant, females will have enough energy to produce large numbers of eggs. when nutrition 
ere the species is newly established or competition for resources is high, some females may not 
 breeding by looking at patterns of egg development, to see how female reproductive status infl 
w female reproductive status influences genetic diversity in the wild.  
11865 22  the survival of human pathogens in the environment is an under studied area, and it is often a 
and it is often assumed that pathogenic bacteria die or become senescent outside mammalian or v 
ated to multicellular organisms than to bacteria. they play a key role in microbial food webs,  
eria. they play a key role in microbial food webs, grazing on bacteria and recycling nutrients. 
play a key role in microbial food webs, grazing on bacteria and recycling nutrients. protozoa a 
role in microbial food webs, grazing on bacteria and recycling nutrients. protozoa also interac 
webs, grazing on bacteria and recycling nutrients. protozoa also interact with bacteria and vir 
 nutrients. protozoa also interact with bacteria and viruses in more complex ways. species of t 
nly been isolated twice before. further soil and sediment isolates harboured novel chlamydia an 
isolated twice before. further soil and sediment isolates harboured novel chlamydia and legione 
seeks to investigate human pathogens in soil and aquatic sediments associated with protozoa, an 
ated with protozoa, and will assess the impacts of sewage sludge and waste water treatment effl 
 the impacts of sewage sludge and waste water treatment effluent on the ecology of amoeba assoc 
d waste water treatment effluent on the ecology of amoeba associated pathogens. culture depende 
ependent methods will be used to assess abundance and diversity of amoebae and associated bacte 
ds will be used to assess abundance and diversity of amoebae and associated bacterial and viral 
ghput sequencing will be used to assess diversity of associated mycobacterial pathogens and com 
ial pathogens and compare this to their diversity in bulk soil / sediment. previous work in thi 
compare this to their diversity in bulk soil / sediment. previous work in this area is highly f 
 this to their diversity in bulk soil / sediment. previous work in this area is highly fragment 
e of the first to try and elucidate the abundance and diversity of a range of amoeba associated 
 to try and elucidate the abundance and diversity of a range of amoeba associated pathogens in  
177 8 imary structure are responsible for the water and nutrient uptake of forest trees of the boreal 
le for the water and nutrient uptake of forest trees of the boreal and temperate zones. absorbi 
es. absorbing roots adapt to changes in soil conditions by differentiating their anatomical and 
ree species, site conditions, and stand productivity. this will enable the plasticity of the ad 
 this will enable the plasticity of the adaptation of short roots to different soil conditions  
 adaptation of short roots to different soil conditions to be assessed, and will, in addition i 
dge base, also be of practical value in forestry applications.the determination, in alder stand 
branches of science: mycology and plant ecology, in the field of mineral nutrition of woody pla 
12748 7  the european commission initiated ‘the economics of ecosystems and biodiversity. teeb runs to  
 commission initiated ‘the economics of ecosystems and biodiversity. teeb runs to 2010 will est 
tiated ‘the economics of ecosystems and biodiversity. teeb runs to 2010 will estimate the value 
runs to 2010 will estimate the value of ecosystem services and produce outputs in autumn 2009 a 
rt recommendations for uk international biodiversity policy and highlight areas where the uk ca 
tions for uk international biodiversity policy and highlight areas where the uk can contribute  
e the uk can contribute towards primary valuation of key biomes highlighted by teeb2.  
11683 34                                     the phytoplankton are a diverse group of single celled orga 
 the photosynthetic conversion of light energy to chemical energy in oceans. phytoplankton thus 
 conversion of light energy to chemical energy in oceans. phytoplankton thus form the basis of  
ht energy to chemical energy in oceans. phytoplankton thus form the basis of the marine food ch 
hytoplankton thus form the basis of the marine food chain and are ultimately responsible for ar 
d half the biologically mediated global production of oxygen and removal of carbon dioxide from 
logically mediated global production of oxygen and removal of carbon dioxide from the atmospher 
bal production of oxygen and removal of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere each year. due to th 
ortant that we understand what controls phytoplankton photosynthesis and ultimately how suscept 
 understand what controls phytoplankton photosynthesis and ultimately how susceptible these org 
ble these organisms might be to ongoing climate change. a necessary first step in understanding 
p in understanding the global impact of phytoplankton is an accurate measure of the amount of c 
is an accurate measure of the amount of carbon they take up. phytoplankton carbon fixation can  
e of the amount of carbon they take up. phytoplankton carbon fixation can be reasonably well ap 
t of carbon they take up. phytoplankton carbon fixation can be reasonably well approximated as  
an be reasonably well approximated as a function of the amount of light available for photosynt 
on of the amount of light available for photosynthesis and the amount of the pigment, chlorophy 
 a number of methods ranging from small scale ship based measurements to large scale year round 
 scale ship based measurements to large scale year round repeated measurements using earth obse 
tes. however, a simplistic treatment of phytoplankton carbon fixation simply as pigment multipl 
a simplistic treatment of phytoplankton carbon fixation simply as pigment multiplied by light i 
 light ignores important variability in phytoplankton physiology. indeed, the efficiency with w 
n phytoplankton physiology. indeed, the efficiency with which phytoplankton convert the light t 
logy. indeed, the efficiency with which phytoplankton convert the light they absorb into carbon 
kton convert the light they absorb into carbon varies hugely in the oceans. much of this variab 
nto our best estimates of the amount of carbon fixed each year. the current study aims to addre 
rent study aims to address some of this uncertainty by studying a specific aspect of unexplaine 
ic aspect of unexplained variability in phytoplankton photosynthesis in a range of environments 
nexplained variability in phytoplankton photosynthesis in a range of environments. during resea 
ous measurements of the overall rate of phytoplankton light absorption and the rate of carbon f 
ankton light absorption and the rate of carbon fixation. at the same time we will measure a num 
ty in the ratio of light absorption and carbon fixation. by performing this work we will not on 
curacy of our current best estimates of phytoplankton carbon fixation.  
current best estimates of phytoplankton carbon fixation.  
15141 41                                  earths biodiversity is at risk. species are disappearing at a  
              earths biodiversity is at risk. species are disappearing at a rate only rivalled  
 rate only rivalled by episodes of mass extinction recorded in the fossil record. the sixth ext 
ecorded in the fossil record. the sixth extinction, however, has been driven by human activity. 
 human activity. the sustainable use of biodiversity is fundamental to the future development o 
odiversity is fundamental to the future development of humanity and hence urgent measures are r 
measures are required to reverse todays biodiversity crises. because financial and human resour 
cause financial and human resources for nature conservation are limited, it is appropriate to f 
chest and most threatened reservoirs of biodiversity. sentinel organisms provide helpful guidel 
rganisms provide helpful guidelines for conservation and management. they can be used to assess 
helpful guidelines for conservation and management. they can be used to assess ecosystem or env 
 management. they can be used to assess ecosystem or environmental integrity and to identify an 
ntegrity and to identify and prioritize biodiversity hotspot regions. the spider infraorder myg 
orphae is exceptionally well-suited for monitoring conservation status of terrestrial ecosystem 
xceptionally well-suited for monitoring conservation status of terrestrial ecosystems in the me 
ring conservation status of terrestrial ecosystems in the meditteranean basin. they exhibit hig 
 meditteranean basin. they exhibit high habitat fidelity, limited potential for dispersal and r 
habitat fidelity, limited potential for dispersal and restricted distributional ranges. moreove 
er, they are abundantly present in most mediterranean habitats. biologists, however, have long  
wever, have long overlooked mygalomorph spiders due to their secretive habits and challenging t 
 their secretive habits and challenging taxonomy. the promising use of these spiders as bioindi 
ng taxonomy. the promising use of these spiders as bioindicators is therefore not fully develop 
ry research utilizing mygalomorphs as a model system to study the processes underpinning medite 
tem to study the processes underpinning mediterranean biodiversity. specifically, we will inves 
he processes underpinning mediterranean biodiversity. specifically, we will investigate populat 
t geographical and latitudinal range in europe, atypus affinis, and will characterize factors p 
moting speciation in the highly diverse mediterranean nemesiidae. gis and novel molecular tools 
ighly diverse mediterranean nemesiidae. gis and novel molecular tools will be further use to in 
 investigate niche segregation at local scale in sympatric species of nemesiidae. we will also  
es of nemesiidae. we will also identify endemism hotspots in the iberian peninsula and will use 
s in the iberian peninsula and will use phylogenetic diversity to prioritize areas for conserva 
netic diversity to prioritize areas for conservation, as inferred from the phylogenetic interre 
ionships and potential distributions of mediterranean nemesiidae. similarly, we will characteri 
acterize phylogenetic uniqueness of the mediterranean species ummidia and macrothele by inferri 
lomorphs are particularly vulnerable to extinction. we will combine population genetic tools wi 
opulation genetic tools with ecological modelling techniques to identify demographic history of 
nsis, and will predict future effect of global warming on the distribution and viability of the 
 future effect of global warming on the distribution and viability of these species. finally, w 
ts of our research will be relevant for conservation, management, and sustainable use of natura 
arch will be relevant for conservation, management, and sustainable use of natural landscapes i 
inable use of natural landscapes in the mediterranean basin. the interest manifested by the pub 
11188 1 vity to the photochemical oxidant ozone ecosystems from o3.  
13595 23                                         climate changes are exposing organisms to novel environ 
ncy of environmental events shaping the life history and demography of individuals. whether dra 
ls. whether drastic drops in population abundance is the result of fishing or climate change is 
n population abundance is the result of fishing or climate change is a never ending debate amon 
n abundance is the result of fishing or climate change is a never ending debate among fishery m 
 is to improve our understanding of how fishing mortality and climate change and variability af 
mprove our understanding of how fishing mortality and climate change and variability affect mar 
erstanding of how fishing mortality and climate change and variability affect marine fish popul 
d climate change and variability affect marine fish population dynamics. we will study the effe 
te change and variability affect marine fish population dynamics. we will study the effect of a 
ange and variability affect marine fish population dynamics. we will study the effect of averag 
effect of average level and variance in fishing mortality and environmental factors on fish dem 
f average level and variance in fishing mortality and environmental factors on fish demography  
 mortality and environmental factors on fish demography and population dynamics. the relative e 
onmental factors on fish demography and population dynamics. the relative effect of fishing and 
lation dynamics. the relative effect of fishing and climate driven long- and short-term variati 
ics. the relative effect of fishing and climate driven long- and short-term variation in enviro 
ystems including cod and vendace in the baltic sea and several fish species in skagerrak and ka 
d vendace in the baltic sea and several fish species in skagerrak and kattegat. by making use o 
 can acknowledge the full structure and complexity of natural populations when estimating param 
asticity patterns will be compared with risk analysis using simulations in terms of credibility 
 in terms of credibility as guidance to management. finally, the performance of alternative fis 
finally, the performance of alternative fishing strategies under different environmental condit 
15308 13                                         species interactions are considered a major force drivi 
iving evolutionary change and promoting biodiversity. knowledge on the range of ecological and  
lso need to assess the impact of global climate change on the variation of these factors and, c 
actors and, consequently, on the future distribution of specialized interacting species. this p 
r the ecological conditions in northern europe have favored coevolution between crossbills and  
and scots pine, and the implications of climate change on the phenology of scots pine seed disp 
e implications of climate change on the phenology of scots pine seed dispersal and the expected 
e change on the phenology of scots pine seed dispersal and the expected impact on the distribut 
ispersal and the expected impact on the distribution of crossbills specialized for feeding on s 
this research will be applicable to the conservation of this diversity and to anticipate the im 
 applicable to the conservation of this diversity and to anticipate the impact of global climat 
 and to anticipate the impact of global climate change on the interaction between these species 
 between these species and their future distribution.  
12453 5 y objective: investigate the effects of climate on the abundance and distribution of squid in b 
vestigate the effects of climate on the abundance and distribution of squid in british waters,  
effects of climate on the abundance and distribution of squid in british waters, using data fro 
e international bottom trawl survey and fisheries activity and discard database. key customer p 
sider the effects of cephalopods on the ecosystem structure.  
10364 13 te the effect of contrasting dewatering disturbance regimes on the magnitude and distribution o 
isturbance regimes on the magnitude and distribution of organic matter flow in food webs of rep 
es on the magnitude and distribution of organic matter flow in food webs of replicated experime 
 distribution of organic matter flow in food webs of replicated experimental stream channels. q 
in food webs of replicated experimental stream channels. quantitative food webs will be constru 
erimental stream channels. quantitative food webs will be constructed for each channel communit 
bs will be constructed for each channel community using samples that were collected monthly and 
ed monthly and at the end of a 21-month disturbance experiment. feeding links will be expressed 
ent. feeding links will be expressed as organic matter flow , and will be quantified by couplin 
 be quantified by coupling estimates of secondary production with gut contents analysis. our pr 
y will be the first attempt to quantify stream food webs in a controlled and replicated communi 
be the first attempt to quantify stream food webs in a controlled and replicated community expe 
ood webs in a controlled and replicated community experiment, and will be of broad interest to  
14167 36                                  global scenarios list the land-use change, habitat loss and fr 
              global scenarios list the land-use change, habitat loss and fragmentation as the  
bal scenarios list the land-use change, habitat loss and fragmentation as the major factors of  
t the land-use change, habitat loss and fragmentation as the major factors of changes in terres 
major factors of changes in terrestrial biodiversity. even if the loss of forest area and its f 
trial biodiversity. even if the loss of forest area and its forest fragmentation has been repor 
even if the loss of forest area and its forest fragmentation has been reported to occur in high 
riculturally intensively managed areas, forest land area has been increased during last decades 
e temperate zone, because of the active afforestation of agricultural areas. unfortunately, mos 
ural areas. unfortunately, most of this forest land and its fragments consist of secondary fore 
orest land and its fragments consist of secondary forest. latest studies have shown that the re 
tudies have shown that the realized for habitat demanding species. however, field observations  
radictory on the relative role of these landscape habitat elements. there are two approaches to 
on the relative role of these landscape habitat elements. there are two approaches to study the 
 two approaches to study the effects of habitat fragmentation and isolation on species dispersa 
 fragmentation and isolation on species dispersal. most of effort has been devoted to the analy 
evoted to the analysis of the effect of habitat loss, blurred by extinction delay debt. alterna 
 the effect of habitat loss, blurred by extinction delay debt. alternatively, exploring the col 
elay debt. alternatively, exploring the colonization success in newly formed habitats would rev 
itats would reveal processes of species dispersal and habitat isolation more convincingly. we w 
veal processes of species dispersal and habitat isolation more convincingly. we will study the  
al ecological interest like how species dispersal and landscape structure limit forest species  
interest like how species dispersal and landscape structure limit forest species distributions. 
dispersal and landscape structure limit forest species distributions. in particular, we aim to  
ular, we aim to quantify the effects of habitat isolation, possible dispersal corridors and ant 
 effects of habitat isolation, possible dispersal corridors and anthropogenic disturbance on di 
ation, possible dispersal corridors and anthropogenic disturbance on dispersal success of fores 
ridors and anthropogenic disturbance on dispersal success of forest species into various fragme 
nic disturbance on dispersal success of forest species into various fragments of old aged fores 
cies into various fragments of old aged forest-like habitats, targeting on manor parks, which a 
 on manor parks, which are scattered in agricultural landscape. woodland parts of these old man 
ey-type study to record the presence of forest species with different dispersal ability. we wil 
esence of forest species with different dispersal ability. we will study parks in agricultural  
spersal ability. we will study parks in agricultural landscapes and forest landscape around the 
dy parks in agricultural landscapes and forest landscape around them across the estonia, to pro 
s in agricultural landscapes and forest landscape around them across the estonia, to provide st 
1976 13            current theory predicts that intraguild predation, the killing and eating of species 
usion of species and destabilization of food webs. this is in contradiction with the observatio 
contradiction with the observation that intraguild predation occurs frequently in natural ecosy 
 predation occurs frequently in natural ecosystems. however, critical tests of the theory are l 
 reveal mechanisms for coexistence with intraguild predation. the most essential parameter for  
n. the most essential parameter for the model predictions is the productivity of the habitat: c 
ameter for the model predictions is the productivity of the habitat: coexistence of a system of 
 predictions is the productivity of the habitat: coexistence of a system of 3 species with intr 
existence of a system of 3 species with intraguild predation is only possible for intermediate  
ation is only possible for intermediate productivity. hence, experiments testing the theory sho 
uld measure the effects of manipulating productivity on coexistence and persistence of the spec 
he resource level , parallel to further development of models to include the effects of such, c 
 of such, commonly occurring reciprocal intraguild predation.  
14161 32                          in estonia the organic farming is expanding continuously. there are al 
1200 enterprises in the register of the organic farming. over half of them have plant- and anim 
ver half of them have plant- and animal production both. the nutrient cycling is not a problem  
 plant- and animal production both. the nutrient cycling is not a problem in these farms, becau 
wever, ca 40% of farms has solely plant production. in the ecological farming is essential clos 
ed nutrient cycle. the plant and animal production should be strongly tied. farm-produced feed  
l’s needs and manure helps preserve the soil fertility. generally in the mixed farms the closed 
ich are mostly orientated to selling of nutrients the plant feeding is managed by wearing of th 
is managed by wearing of the reserve of soil mineral usually. in crop rotation the leguminous t 
the reserve of soil mineral usually. in crop rotation the leguminous take care for the nitrogen 
tation the leguminous take care for the nitrogen need. the aim of the project is to find the an 
act does the organic tillage has to the soil fertility comparing with conventional tillage does 
ring with conventional tillage does the organic farming maintain or improve the soil fertility  
organic farming maintain or improve the soil fertility or is the decreasing of the soil fertili 
l fertility or is the decreasing of the soil fertility unavoidable •which are the soil agro-phy 
il fertility unavoidable •which are the soil agro-physical properties, microbiological activiti 
properties, microbiological activities, soil biota and other soil health indicators in the case 
ogical activities, soil biota and other soil health indicators in the case of different organic 
ities, soil biota and other soil health indicators in the case of different organic farming met 
lth indicators in the case of different organic farming methods compared to the conventional ti 
o the conventional tillage •what is the yield level on organic crop rotation . the amount and b 
age •what is the yield level on organic crop rotation . the amount and biochemical composition  
ount and biochemical composition of the yield in each variant is defined. to observe the change 
nt is defined. to observe the change of soil fertility, the soil ph, organic matter and the con 
serve the change of soil fertility, the soil ph, organic matter and the content of macro- and m 
 the change of soil fertility, the soil ph, organic matter and the content of macro- and micro  
 change of soil fertility, the soil ph, organic matter and the content of macro- and micro nutr 
ter and the content of macro- and micro nutrients are measured regularly. the soil microorganis 
o nutrients are measured regularly. the soil microorganisms and microbiological activity is mea 
cally to investigate the suitability of yield for human food and animal feed the project is qui 
nsive and handles the problems in plant production, tillage, agrochemistry, microbiology, agroe 
, tillage, agrochemistry, microbiology, agroecology, food and feed quality. the results of this 
10614 2 ite life-history strategies on parasite phylogeny and evolution rate to be assessed by comparat 
ry strategies on parasite phylogeny and evolution rate to be assessed by comparative and likeli 
10268 12                                         invasive species have been identified by the iucn as th 
 as the second biggest threat to global biodiversity and, arguably, the greatest threat to smal 
owever, the precise mechanisms by which invasive species impact native biodiversity are often p 
by which invasive species impact native biodiversity are often poorly characterised. for exampl 
ng at several trophic levels, but their impacts on anything other than high-profile vertebrates 
 from the flat holm and sound of harris food webs, as well as relevant data from the literature 
iterature, we will be able to develop a model predicting the effects of rat eradication at the  
g the effects of rat eradication at the community level. this will be of practical use in predi 
 from rat eradication, allowing limited conservation funding to be allocated most effectively.  
que. the results will be of interest to conservation managers with responsibility for uk island 
sponsibility for uk islands, and to the invasive species community, both within the wider uk an 
uk islands, and to the invasive species community, both within the wider uk and further afield. 
2062 20                                         grazing is an important factor for plant dynamics, but  
as proved difficult to generalise about grazing impact, partly because of a lack of a good mech 
 good mechanistic framework linking the grazing impacts on certain life stages to the dynamics  
chanistic framework linking the grazing impacts on certain life stages to the dynamics of the p 
namics of the populations. a functional classification of species has been central in order to  
tral in order to understand and predict vegetation response-to the effect of grazing, but few s 
ct vegetation response-to the effect of grazing, but few studies have explored the importance o 
studies have explored the importance of plant functional traits for plant dynamics in alpine/ar 
 will study relationships between sheep grazing and plant life history on three different level 
onships between sheep grazing and plant life history on three different levels. 1 plant communi 
tory on three different levels. 1 plant community dynamics and sheep grazing: can changes in pl 
s. 1 plant community dynamics and sheep grazing: can changes in plant community structure be re 
and sheep grazing: can changes in plant community structure be related to specific life history 
munity structure be related to specific life history traits within the resistance-tolerance mec 
ure be related to specific life history traits within the resistance-tolerance mechanistic sche 
specific life history traits within the resistance-tolerance mechanistic scheme 2 dynamics of h 
vore selected herb species in different grazing regimes: do sets of plant traits covary to an e 
erent grazing regimes: do sets of plant traits covary to an extent that general strategies can  
cture and expression of plant tolerance traits at different grazing levels  
 of plant tolerance traits at different grazing levels  
6951 12 nships between background variables and community ecological variables of different forest-dwel 
unity ecological variables of different forest-dwelling organism groups are investigated in the 
organism groups are investigated in the forests of õrség region by simple structural variables  
n by simple structural variables of the forest stands. these investigations form the ecological 
tions form the ecological basis for the nature based forest management and forest conservation  
e ecological basis for the nature based forest management and forest conservation management, a 
 the nature based forest management and forest conservation management, and establish long term 
rest management and forest conservation management, and establish long term dynamical studies.  
f stand structure, light conditions and landscape variables have been finished. from the biolog 
e field inventory of tree regeneration, forest herbs, bryophytes and birds have been carried ou 
eneration, forest herbs, bryophytes and birds have been carried out. in the framework of this p 
in the framework of this project we are planning to continue the field inventory of some import 
13451 3 que opportunity to directly assess what genetic diversity was removed. in so doing, we will pro 
significant for other groups working in marine conservation genetics. the international whaling 
cant for other groups working in marine conservation genetics. the international whaling commis 
12702 3 will predict the likely consequences of climate change on internationally important bird popula 
rt internationally important numbers of birds as climate changes.  
ationally important numbers of birds as climate changes.  
2082 17 tify under which conditions an expected climate change will most strongly affect vertebrate pop 
ge will most strongly affect vertebrate population dynamics. based on a newly developed theoret 
cal foundation in stochastic population ecology and data from birds, mammals and marine fishes  
hastic population ecology and data from birds, mammals and marine fishes the project will study 
cology and data from birds, mammals and marine fishes the project will study this by posing thr 
ra-specific variation in the effects of climate on vertebrate population dynamics be predicted  
in the effects of climate on vertebrate population dynamics be predicted from knowledge of basi 
on dynamical parameters 2. what are the life history characteristics of species that are likely 
ost strongly influenced by variation in climate 3. how does climate affect the spatial scale of 
ced by variation in climate 3. how does climate affect the spatial scale of synchrony in popula 
 climate 3. how does climate affect the spatial scale of synchrony in population fluctuations t 
ject can examine whether the effects or climate are stronger on the population dynamics in high 
 effects or climate are stronger on the population dynamics in highly productive than in poor e 
n poor environments, whether a stronger climate influence are found in species with a large clu 
h a large clutch size and high specific growth rate than in low reproductive species and whethe 
tive species and whether the effects of climate on the spatial scaling of the synchrony in popu 
pendent on interspecific differences in migration.  
13820 14 l subsidies may thus increase the local abundance or enhance the performance of natural enemies 
abundance or enhance the performance of natural enemies and improve biological control of pests 
formance of natural enemies and improve biological control of pests. however, no studies have t 
 parasitism, improve the fitness of the parasitoids own natural enemies, then this would impact 
rove the fitness of the parasitoids own natural enemies, then this would impact on the theory a 
ld impact on the theory and practise of conservation biological control – and challenge some ex 
l control – and challenge some existing community-ecology theories. the aim of the proposed pro 
– and challenge some existing community-ecology theories. the aim of the proposed project is to 
loral subsidies on the fitness of aphid parasitoids and hyperparasitoids and on insect communit 
oids and hyperparasitoids and on insect community structure and biological control at different 
s and on insect community structure and biological control at different spatial scales. in the  
re not available. in field experiments, insects will be marked with rubidium when feeding from  
ricultural fields. we will then capture parasitoids and hyperparasitoids within and at differen 
asitism rate of both aphids and primary parasitoids varies with distance from the nectar source 
13450 12  currently red-listed due to changes in land use, and their future persistence will depend on m 
their future persistence will depend on management. at present, the lack of data connecting the 
ycle limits our understanding of orchid population dynamics in general, and of the effects of m 
amics in general, and of the effects of management in particular. in this project i will combin 
l combine ongoing long-term demographic monitoring with new field experiments to gain a compreh 
e orchid species that differ in current conservation status; gymnadenia conopsea, nigritella ni 
ponica. the project will test for local adaptation at several spatial scales. the project repre 
 scales. the project represents a first assessment of the integrated effects of several process 
ts of several processes associated with land use changes in orchid populations, and will signif 
prove our basic understanding of orchid population dynamics. the results will be useful for dev 
ul for developing guidelines for orchid conservation in general, and will have direct applied v 
rect applied value in terms of targeted management for the studied species.  
12587 17 ll aim of this project is to critically review to what extent reduced tillage practices and org 
at extent reduced tillage practices and organic matter returns will increase the carbon content 
rganic matter returns will increase the carbon content of arable soils under english and welsh  
l increase the carbon content of arable soils under english and welsh conditions. the 2006 uk c 
glish and welsh conditions. the 2006 uk climate change programme includes a policy commitment t 
 uk climate change programme includes a policy commitment to examine the scope and feasibility  
ading of greenhouse gas reductions from agriculture, forestry and other land management sectors 
nhouse gas reductions from agriculture, forestry and other land management sectors. both reduce 
ns from agriculture, forestry and other land management sectors. both reduced tillage and the r 
een promoted as a means of sequestering carbon in agricultural soils. however, a defra-funded r 
 of sequestering carbon in agricultural soils. however, a defra-funded review of the potential  
cultural soils. however, a defra-funded review of the potential for carbon sequestration in agr 
efra-funded review of the potential for carbon sequestration in agricultural soils , including  
or carbon sequestration in agricultural soils , including new data from field experiments in en 
nd and wales. this will also include an evaluation of other environmental and economic implicat 
efra to develop a clear line on whether carbon sequestration by changed land management practic 
whether carbon sequestration by changed land management practice is both scientifically plausib 
10621 1 uppy, poecilia reticulata, is a classic model for studies on microevolution, and yet the impact 
2153 18 redicting how variations and changes in climate can affect key-processes that operate both on p 
perate both on population dynamical and ecosystem level. more specifically, we will use long-te 
ore specifically, we will use long-term monitoring data on population dynamics and population s 
e will use long-term monitoring data on population dynamics and population specific demography  
ic and stochastic factors, the size and scale of environmental noise, and the effects of trophi 
environmental noise, and the effects of trophic interactions. the effects of extreme weather/cl 
actions. the effects of extreme weather/climate events on population dynamics will be quantifie 
ts of extreme weather/climate events on population dynamics will be quantified with respect to  
and future impact. dynamical downscaled climate scenarios for svalbard will be used to examine  
re impact. dynamical downscaled climate scenarios for svalbard will be used to examine how futu 
bard will be used to examine how future population dynamics will be affected by climate change. 
population dynamics will be affected by climate change. finally, the project will quantify unce 
iate data sets which will facilitate an evaluation of the ongoing monitoring in arctic ecosyste 
facilitate an evaluation of the ongoing monitoring in arctic ecosystems. by using information f 
ion of the ongoing monitoring in arctic ecosystems. by using information from different trophic 
n from different trophic levels in both marine and terrestrial ecosystem components on svalbard 
c levels in both marine and terrestrial ecosystem components on svalbard and in the barents sea 
of the biological effects of a changing climate in arctic areas, and is thus strongly anchored  
12414 6 cessful defra funded workshop on a deep water observatory a decision was reached to launch a we 
ining up on-going and planned sustained monitoring and would also provide operational efficienc 
m a key element of an expanded european marine ecosystem observatory with noc, sahfos, pol, pml 
 element of an expanded european marine ecosystem observatory with noc, sahfos, pol, pml and po 
ntified including ea, sepa and academic institutions with marine interests such as the universi 
ea, sepa and academic institutions with marine interests such as the university of wales, bango 
11394 1 ny patterns in colouration, morphology, life history and behaviour within a particular species  
2043 14 hanisms that can be employed to enforce fisheries management measures at sea. traditionally, en 
ly has endangered the viability of many fisheries on the high seas, but also in the exclusive e 
ing on the high seas in many cases also impacts adversely on fisheries resources inside the eez 
in many cases also impacts adversely on fisheries resources inside the eez. moreover, fishing v 
ies resources inside the eez. moreover, fishing vessels may engage in illegal fishing in the ee 
, fishing vessels may engage in illegal fishing in the eez. especially developing countries lac 
the capabilities to effectively control fishing activities within their eezs. particularly sinc 
legal regime relating to enforcement of fisheries conservation and management measures by flag  
me relating to enforcement of fisheries conservation and management measures by flag and non-fl 
forcement of fisheries conservation and management measures by flag and non-flag states; · to c 
nd to develop proposals for the further development of the law in order that it may ultimately  
fective global system of enforcement of fisheries conservation and management measures.  
obal system of enforcement of fisheries conservation and management measures.  
forcement of fisheries conservation and management measures.  
10654 2 biotic record . we wish to document the nature of faunal change in the deep north atlantic acro 
cross this critical interval in earth s climate history, and link the record of faunal change t 
10346 3  by developing molecular tools to study taxonomy of malaria parasites, and applying these to sa 
ng these to samples collected from wild birds in combination with field experiments we will: es 
nt insights into the demography, and co-evolution, of malaria and its hosts.  
11407 13 rough the benefits they can derive from ecosystem services. we know from previous studies, that 
 from previous studies, that many vital ecosystem services who will work with the project to as 
 framework within their local contexts. forest ecosystems will be used to evaluate and developm 
ork within their local contexts. forest ecosystems will be used to evaluate and development the 
ecosystems will be used to evaluate and development the framework within each region. the proje 
 will contribute. this will lead to the production of a comparative analysis of the political e 
ve analysis of the political economy of ecosystem services for poverty alleviation, based on a  
tical economy of ecosystem services for poverty alleviation, based on a review of the current l 
ces for poverty alleviation, based on a review of the current literature. this will help to inf 
iterature. this will help to inform the development of the framework, as well as providing an e 
y valuable resource for other projects, policy makers and practitioners. the opportunity to bri 
tribute to build the international espa community of practice, further enhancing the opportunit 
cipate in the wider espa programme. the development of this approach at the start of the main e 
11025 2 pact on our understanding of titanosaur evolution, and will also have wider implications for st 
ons for studies of mesozoic terrestrial ecosystems and extinctions.  
13606 7 t fundamental process in generating new biodiversity but the mechanisms of speciation remains u 
if this is a consequence of the extreme environment of the baltic sea, and how this affect the  
uence of the extreme environment of the baltic sea, and how this affect the potential for the n 
bility under the forecast of a changing baltic sea environment. our results will be critical fo 
r the forecast of a changing baltic sea environment. our results will be critical for managemen 
nment. our results will be critical for management of the baltic sea.  
 will be critical for management of the baltic sea.  
14837 13 ch as darkness, high humidity, constant temperature and very limited food resources. in insects 
ure and very limited food resources. in insects typical morphological changes are the reduction 
ations are also known, such as high fat metabolism, extended lifetime, narrow temperature toler 
t metabolism, extended lifetime, narrow temperature tolerance or modified life cycles. in this  
e cycles. in this project we target the evolution of changes in life cycles of cave beetles, wh 
lts not only in adaptations to the cave environment but also to a change in the reproduction st 
cle. the first step will be a molecular phylogeny, to identify the origin of the shortened life 
independent origins. by calibrating the phylogeny with geological events it will be possible to 
rigin of the developmental changes. the phylogeny will then be used to identify closely related 
monal control mechanisms regulating the development. in holometabolous insects the hormones reg 
ting the development. in holometabolous insects the hormones regulating the embryonic, larval a 
s over the time of embryonic and larval development will be measured. since the profiling of th 
mones has been done for a wide range of insects, including beetles, such profiles of hormone le 
10717 9                       understanding the evolution of organismal complexity is fundamental to un 
derstanding the evolution of organismal complexity is fundamental to understanding the evolutio 
ity is fundamental to understanding the evolution of biodiversity. the hypothesis that vertebra 
ental to understanding the evolution of biodiversity. the hypothesis that vertebrate complexity 
versity. the hypothesis that vertebrate complexity has increased through time, with increases l 
ntal problems. the view that vertebrate complexity increased through time is a subjective impre 
tiny. consequently, the hypothesis that complexity is linked to gene duplications is speculativ 
by conducting the first analysis of the evolution of complexity in early vertebrates.  
 the first analysis of the evolution of complexity in early vertebrates.  
11718 3 he project will investigate the role of mutualism and kin selection in the evolution of special 
e of mutualism and kin selection in the evolution of specialised co-operative societies. using  
ions to co-operative activities and the distribution of cheating .  
10107 2 bdomen the platform for studying immune function in the context of reproductive ecology.  
function in the context of reproductive ecology.  
1989 4 ve males benefit either directly or via traits passed on to their offspring. one notable failin 
r display. we will combine mathematical modelling with laboratory experiments on zebra finches  
 resources between fixed, morphological traits and flexible, behavioural displays second, turni 
our as a rigid, pre-programmed suite of traits towards a more dynamic, state-dependent perspect 
10233 4 es from faunal and hominid samples from europe, the near east and africa. isotope measurements  
 samples from europe, the near east and africa. isotope measurements of these proteins will ena 
inid dietary adaptations in response to climate and environmental change.  
 adaptations in response to climate and environmental change.  
10733 4 es from faunal and hominid samples from europe, the near east and africa. isotope measurements  
 samples from europe, the near east and africa. isotope measurements of these proteins will ena 
inid dietary adaptations in response to climate and environmental change.  
 adaptations in response to climate and environmental change.  
11248 4 es from faunal and hominid samples from europe, the near east and africa. isotope measurements  
 samples from europe, the near east and africa. isotope measurements of these proteins will ena 
inid dietary adaptations in response to climate and environmental change.  
 adaptations in response to climate and environmental change.  
9934 4 es from faunal and hominid samples from europe, the near east and africa. isotope measurements  
 samples from europe, the near east and africa. isotope measurements of these proteins will ena 
inid dietary adaptations in response to climate and environmental change.  
 adaptations in response to climate and environmental change.  
15186 1 he coevolutionary process. transmission genetic diversity in detail in the blue tit population  
11666 6 to examine how female da influences the evolution of male sexual traits. theoretically, iges ca 
influences the evolution of male sexual traits. theoretically, iges can influence the rate and/ 
 influence the rate and/or direction of evolution and generate large time-lags in the response  
time-lags in the response of phenotypic traits to selection. despite the potential importance o 
test the importance of female da to the evolution of male sexual pheromones in the ovoviviparou 
volutionary trajectories of male sexual traits.  
10530 44                          currently, our marine ecosystems are threatened by a number of environ 
                  currently, our marine ecosystems are threatened by a number of environmental  
e parts of the ocean are running out of oxygen, creating so-called dead zones where no marine a 
 creating so-called dead zones where no marine animals can live. as these dead zones continue t 
ntinue to expand significant numbers of marine species may become extinct. although these envir 
ts today, it is not the first time that marine ecosystems have faced such threats. the fossil r 
y, it is not the first time that marine ecosystems have faced such threats. the fossil record s 
 ocean circulation has slowed down, and oxygen-starved dead zones have expanded throughout the  
t the world s oceans. understanding how marine ecosystems have been affected by past environmen 
orld s oceans. understanding how marine ecosystems have been affected by past environmental cha 
e ecosystems have been affected by past environmental change, and in particular trying to find  
 temperatures and decreasing amounts of oxygen, may help us predict how modern ecosystems will  
 oxygen, may help us predict how modern ecosystems will respond today and how best to manage th 
st to manage the present crisis. modern marine ecosystems took millions of years to evolve. the 
anage the present crisis. modern marine ecosystems took millions of years to evolve. the animal 
 oceans or living on the seafloor - the fish, shellfish, sea urchins, starfish, corals and plan 
ppeared in the aftermath of the biggest extinction event to have affected life on earth around  
ors of modern sea creatures. this major extinction event, which took place in the late permian  
s in ocean circulation and expansion of oxygen-poor dead zones - the very same threats facing m 
s - the very same threats facing modern ecosystems today. as early modern-style ecosystems appe 
ecosystems today. as early modern-style ecosystems appeared and evolved after the late permian  
ugh the mesozoic, they were struck by a succession of similar environmental catastrophes, with  
astrophes, with similar combinations of global warming and expanding dead zones. all of these e 
. all of these events caused widespread extinction. we will undertake the first study of the ef 
take the first study of the effect that global warming, changes in ocean circulation, and expan 
ocean circulation, and expansion of the oxygen-starved dead zones had on these early modern mar 
ed dead zones had on these early modern marine ecosystems. we will determine, for the first tim 
 zones had on these early modern marine ecosystems. we will determine, for the first time, how  
 first time, how the structure of these ecosystems changed through time, and in particular how  
hether there been an improvement in the resistance of marine ecosystems to extinction and colla 
een an improvement in the resistance of marine ecosystems to extinction and collapse brought on 
improvement in the resistance of marine ecosystems to extinction and collapse brought on by cha 
 the resistance of marine ecosystems to extinction and collapse brought on by changes in temper 
n and collapse brought on by changes in temperature, ocean circulation and available oxygen. we 
rature, ocean circulation and available oxygen. we will undertake these detailed studies to dis 
or the first time how the structure and function of marine ecosystems, from the seafloor to the 
 time how the structure and function of marine ecosystems, from the seafloor to the ocean surfa 
ow the structure and function of marine ecosystems, from the seafloor to the ocean surface, res 
g scales: that environmental changes in temperature, ocean circulation and levels of dissolved  
ean circulation and levels of dissolved oxygen had on the structure, function and early evoluti 
 dissolved oxygen had on the structure, function and early evolution of modern marine ecosystem 
ad on the structure, function and early evolution of modern marine ecosystems.  
 function and early evolution of modern marine ecosystems.  
on and early evolution of modern marine ecosystems.  
11228 4                               increased habitat exploitation and global travel mean that emergi 
them. i will develop models of parasite evolution to consider their interactions in a community 
ion to consider their interactions in a community consisting of multiple host and parasite spec 
to control them in the face of parasite evolution.  
11487 4                               increased habitat exploitation and global travel mean that emergi 
them. i will develop models of parasite evolution to consider their interactions in a community 
ion to consider their interactions in a community consisting of multiple host and parasite spec 
to control them in the face of parasite evolution.  
10121 4 stort host sex ratios are widespread in invertebrates. the effect of sex ratio distorters can h 
istorters can have a powerful effect on biodiversity; they can cause populations to become exti 
hange the composition of animals in the community. additionally as they can affect harmful as w 
terest in the use of such parasites for biological control. sex ratio distortion has evolved in 
11048 4 stort host sex ratios are widespread in invertebrates. the effect of sex ratio distorters can h 
istorters can have a powerful effect on biodiversity; they can cause populations to become exti 
hange the composition of animals in the community. additionally as they can affect harmful as w 
terest in the use of such parasites for biological control. sex ratio distortion has evolved in 
11567 4 stort host sex ratios are widespread in invertebrates. the effect of sex ratio distorters can h 
istorters can have a powerful effect on biodiversity; they can cause populations to become exti 
hange the composition of animals in the community. additionally as they can affect harmful as w 
terest in the use of such parasites for biological control. sex ratio distortion has evolved in 
14554 3 investigate the theories underlying the evolution of parental care, one of the most dynamic and 
 be the first case in which the role of parasitoids in favouring the evolution of parental care 
he role of parasitoids in favouring the evolution of parental care would be demonstrated, and i 
10645 10 ne how genetic variation influences the evolution of biparental care in the burying beetle, nic 
siderable background information on the ecology and behaviour of this beetle. in my laboratory, 
 similar. we will also use experimental evolution to examine how care changes in both males and 
 and females share a common genome, the evolution of traits that differ between the sexes, incl 
share a common genome, the evolution of traits that differ between the sexes, including behavio 
us with some insight into the limits to evolution of care. because we are using experimental ev 
care. because we are using experimental evolution, selecting on care, we will uncover unexpecte 
, we will uncover unexpected changes in traits that are linked with care and which may limit fu 
d with care and which may limit further evolution in natural populations. thus, our research wi 
 help to explain the patterns we see in nature.  
13930 16 project proposed here, i will study the evolution of virulence of borrelia burgdorferi s. l.; t 
feri s. l.; the causative agent of lyme disease. like many other vector-borne pathogens, the ab 
 many other vector-borne pathogens, the abundance of b. burgdorferi s. l. is increasing as a re 
 result of human-induced changes of the environment, for example global warming. the long-term  
changes of the environment, for example global warming. the long-term consequences for humans a 
e long-term consequences for humans and wildlife of an increased abundance of a pathogen will n 
for humans and wildlife of an increased abundance of a pathogen will not only depend on the inc 
evolves in response to this increase in abundance. an increased abundance of a pathogen is like 
his increase in abundance. an increased abundance of a pathogen is likely to result in that mor 
s have frequently been shown to lead to competition between co-infecting strains, and one of th 
dictions of current theory of virulence evolution is that competition selects for higher virule 
t theory of virulence evolution is that competition selects for higher virulence. thus, an incr 
or higher virulence. thus, an increased abundance of a pathogen can also be expected to lead to 
gen can also be expected to lead to the evolution of a more virulent pathogen. here, i will add 
ld help us predict and manage virulence evolution in response to environmental change.  
nage virulence evolution in response to environmental change.  
2020 11 gnored so far. first, plasticity in the traits under divergent selection has been thoroughly ne 
wn. second, the genetic architecture of traits under divergent selection is poorly known, but t 
 the emphasis has been on morphological traits, whereas life-history traits are known to be clo 
phological traits, whereas life-history traits are known to be closely related to reproduction  
rent research by studying divergence in temperature plasticity across habitats and its conseque 
hoose to study population divergence in temperature plasticity of juvenile growth rate, and its 
e in temperature plasticity of juvenile growth rate, and its genetic basis in the springtail or 
n subtractive hybridization and linkage mapping to study the genetic architecture of temperatur 
ng to study the genetic architecture of temperature plasticity; and 3 spatially explicit modell 
re plasticity; and 3 spatially explicit modelling to demonstrate the wider applicability of my  
 in the fast-moving fields of molecular ecology and ecological speciation.  
11179 1 aimed at investigating the genetics and evolution of the mating system of the uk s most famous  
14778 1 hat generates relatedness asymmetry the competition between neighbor colonies and their degree  
14925 8 very small areas is a major question in biogeography, ecology and evolutionary biology, with de 
as is a major question in biogeography, ecology and evolutionary biology, with deep implication 
plications in the more applied field of conservation biology. invasive species are nothing more 
 applied field of conservation biology. invasive species are nothing more than species that in  
y some species are able to expand their distribution and occupy geographical areas under differ 
atterns of range size distributions and modelling species ranges, there are few tested hypothes 
hylogenetically independent lineages of water beetles of at least three families , to test hypo 
estricted and the other with widespread distribution, to try to detect possible differences in  
11668 9 e importance of infectious diseases for agriculture in the developed world. ecologists are also 
ny natural populations and communities. disease, and in particular disease that is shared betwe 
communities. disease, and in particular disease that is shared between more than one host are a 
ingly implicated in the decline of many endangered species. we therefore need to understand why 
at they do. this project will develop a model system in which we can test many of the theories  
t many of the theories of host parasite evolution. infectious disease agents such as viruses ty 
 of host parasite evolution. infectious disease agents such as viruses typically have much shor 
e parasite reproduces in the host. high growth rate leads to high transmission but also causes  
oneybee-mite-viral interaction as a new model system to provide one of the first empirical test 
10337 1 ing on this character in uncontaminated soils. the mineral nutrition of this species and its cr 
10060 3 le for learning in determining foraging efficiency, and ultimately survival and reproductive su 
arning ability comes at a cost to other functional traits, for example competitive ability. thi 
nt and novel papers on the evolutionary ecology of a cognitive trait, and an additional technol 
11650 8 ugh the adaptive significance of social dominance is a central theme in behavioural ecology, ra 
nance is a central theme in behavioural ecology, rarely have the genetic bases of behavioural t 
y have the genetic bases of behavioural traits been studied in the wild. evolutionary theory pr 
wild. evolutionary theory predicts that traits related to social dominance may have relatively  
 predicts that traits related to social dominance may have relatively low heritability due to p 
 genetic analyses to test the idea that traits associated with social dominance are genetically 
idea that traits associated with social dominance are genetically variable yet less heritable t 
le yet less heritable than morphometric traits. these analyses will be based on the pedigree of 
11093 5 to changing environmental conditions in nature is largely unknown. this project aims to test wh 
t aims to test whether the responses to climate change observed in tamiasciurus hudsonicus over 
ection on the reaction norms of fitness traits. we will investigate the genetic mechanisms unde 
l conditions to alter the potential for evolution in the direction of expected climate change.  
 evolution in the direction of expected climate change. these analyses will be based on the rec 
10853 5 onships of the extinct giant raptors of new zealand; haasts eagle, nz harrier and chatham islan 
volutionary rate generated from the ams carbon-dated specimens, and related to known paleoecolo 
r rate will be applicable to studies of birds of prey elsewhere in the world. the research will 
 first detailed view of the extinct top predators of new zealand, and will be important in unde 
ed view of the extinct top predators of new zealand, and will be important in understanding and 
14476 12                                     the evolution of reptilian viviparity is thought to require 
ngly longer egg retention and embryonic development in utero, and phylogenetic reconstruction r 
mediates postulated by the gradualistic model, ideally suited to study the evolution of live-be 
stic model, ideally suited to study the evolution of live-bearing : two australian scincids and 
ns of these species, represent the best model in which to study the evolution of viviparity. fo 
nt the best model in which to study the evolution of viviparity. for this reason we planed the  
ors and selective forces that favor the evolution of viviparity in reptiles. the present projec 
esent project aims to investigate, in a model organism that represents an advanced transitional 
s an advanced transitional stage in the evolution of live-bearing, the within- and among-popula 
l characteristics and the developmental environment. we will experimentally test some of the pr 
ng part of the adaptive scenario in the evolution of viviparity, and specifically those that pr 
ose the advance in eggg retention as an adaptation to cold climates or to optimise early stages 
14894 12                                     the evolution of reptilian viviparity is thought to require 
ngly longer egg retention and embryonic development in utero; phylogenetic reconstructions reve 
l stages postulated by the gradualistic model, ideally suited to study the evolution of live-be 
stic model, ideally suited to study the evolution of live-bearing , are very scarce; in fact, o 
ns of these species, represent the best model in which to study the evolution of viviparity. we 
nt the best model in which to study the evolution of viviparity. we proposed the present projec 
ors and selective forces that favor the evolution of viviparity in reptiles. the present projec 
esent project aims to investigate, in a model organism that represents an advanced transitional 
s an advanced transitional stage in the evolution of live-bearing, the within- and among-popula 
l characteristics and the developmental environment. we will experimentally test some of the pr 
taking part of the adaptive scenario of evolution of viviparity, and specifically those that pr 
 those that propose egg retention as an adaptation to cold climates or to optimise early stages 
2508 11 ing in norway, as a consequence of over-fishing, eutrophication, coastal development and climat 
rway, as a consequence of over-fishing, eutrophication, coastal development and climate change, 
f over-fishing, eutrophication, coastal development and climate change, and often bring with th 
eutrophication, coastal development and climate change, and often bring with them substantial n 
antial negative ecological and economic impacts, which have been the focus of attention in nume 
llyfish detritus on benthic sedimentary ecosystem processes. through elucidating post-bloom pro 
ty, the project will facilitate ongoing management efforts of coastal waters specifically and o 
ance within existing administrative and management frameworks, both nationally and internationa 
 will also further our understanding of marine ecosystem processes, specifically benthic-pelagi 
lso further our understanding of marine ecosystem processes, specifically benthic-pelagic coupl 
ical and species-specific variation and climate change.  
11580 61                      the major cause of climate change is the atmospheric reintroduction via fo 
fossil fuel burning of large amounts of carbon that has been buried underground for millions of 
years. once back in the atmosphere, the carbon-containing compounds absorb infrared radiation,  
nfrared radiation, which contributes to global warming. an effective way to limit the effects o 
n effective way to limit the effects of global warming is through the removal of carbon contain 
lobal warming is through the removal of carbon containing compounds, such as carbon dioxide to  
of carbon containing compounds, such as carbon dioxide to a range of different soils. we will t 
 carbon dioxide to a range of different soils. we will then track the fate of the label in the  
then track the fate of the label in the soil, to calculate what proportion of the carbon from c 
il, to calculate what proportion of the carbon from ch4 is retained in the soil. we can also li 
 the carbon from ch4 is retained in the soil. we can also link the 13c-labelled ch4 to other so 
also link the 13c-labelled ch4 to other soil microorganisms that utilise the carbon from methan 
er soil microorganisms that utilise the carbon from methane as a source of food, and build up a 
oorganisms that utilise the carbon from methane as a source of food, and build up a picture of  
od, and build up a picture of the wider soil microbial food web. three different soil environme 
p a picture of the wider soil microbial food web. three different soil environments are going t 
oil microbial food web. three different soil environments are going to be studied in this work. 
to be studied in this work. the initial development work will study a landfill cover soil and f 
opment work will study a landfill cover soil and focus on establishing a range of new analytica 
range of new analytical techniques. the soil that overlays a landfill site contains extremely h 
ntains extremely high concentrations of methane because as the organic waste in the landfill si 
 degrades, it releases large amounts of methane. the methane permeates out to the atmosphere th 
 releases large amounts of methane. the methane permeates out to the atmosphere through the soi 
eates out to the atmosphere through the soil that covers the site. it is well known that bacter 
 covers the site. it is well known that bacteria in the landfill cover soils oxidise a large pr 
own that bacteria in the landfill cover soils oxidise a large proportion of this methane but th 
oils oxidise a large proportion of this methane but the ultimate fate of this carbon they consu 
s methane but the ultimate fate of this carbon they consume is unknown. the fate of methane car 
on they consume is unknown. the fate of methane carbon in natural wetlands will also be studied 
consume is unknown. the fate of methane carbon in natural wetlands will also be studied. natura 
. the fate of methane carbon in natural wetlands will also be studied. natural wetlands include 
 wetlands will also be studied. natural wetlands include environments such as peat bogs, fens,  
e environments such as peat bogs, fens, salt marshes and tropical swamps. natural wetlands have 
lt marshes and tropical swamps. natural wetlands have organic rich soils that release methane i 
mps. natural wetlands have organic rich soils that release methane in a similar way to landfill 
ds have organic rich soils that release methane in a similar way to landfill sites when the soi 
 similar way to landfill sites when the soil organic matter degrades. we are going to study the 
ades. we are going to study the fate of carbon from this methane following consumption by metha 
g to study the fate of carbon from this methane following consumption by methanotrophic bacteri 
following consumption by methanotrophic bacteria in the soil. the final type of soils that will 
ption by methanotrophic bacteria in the soil. the final type of soils that will be used to asse 
bacteria in the soil. the final type of soils that will be used to assess the fate of carbon fr 
that will be used to assess the fate of carbon from methane in soils are a range of soil chrono 
 used to assess the fate of carbon from methane in soils are a range of soil chronosequences. a 
sess the fate of carbon from methane in soils are a range of soil chronosequences. a soil chron 
on from methane in soils are a range of soil chronosequences. a soil chronosequence is a relate 
 are a range of soil chronosequences. a soil chronosequence is a related set of soils that form 
a range of soil chronosequences. a soil chronosequence is a related set of soils that formed un 
soil chronosequence is a related set of soils that formed under similar conditions of vegetatio 
that formed under similar conditions of vegetation, topography and climate. the length of time  
onditions of vegetation, topography and climate. the length of time over which the soils have d 
mate. the length of time over which the soils have developed is the only difference between the 
oped is the only difference between the soils in the chronosequence. this will allow us to asse 
nly difference between the soils in the chronosequence. this will allow us to assess the relati 
w us to assess the relationship between soil development and the soil processes involved in car 
to assess the relationship between soil development and the soil processes involved in carbon s 
onship between soil development and the soil processes involved in carbon sequestration. overal 
ment and the soil processes involved in carbon sequestration. overall, the research will add a  
ension our understanding of the fate of carbon from one of the major green house gases as it is 
 as it is utilised and dispersed by the soil microbial community.  
t is utilised and dispersed by the soil microbial community.  
11343 3  the enigmatic and gigantic pachycormid fish leedsichthys problematicus prove to be the anterio 
prove to be the anterior portion of the fish and include elements of the shoulder girdle, pecto 
n of this gigantic middle jurassic bony fish.  
10327 5                                         water flows in which turbulence is modulated by suspend 
 lack of understanding of the fluid and sediment dynamics of these transitional flows, and thei 
 earth surface studies, engineering and environmental management, and interpretation of the anc 
o quantify the influence of shear rate, yield stress, non-cohesive sand/silt particles and bed  
tify the influence of shear rate, yield stress, non-cohesive sand/silt particles and bed roughn 
6746 11  considerable part of the region became protected area some years ago but we have just a few of 
ave just a few of information about its vegetation and flora now. getting to know more about th 
 in hungary that almost avoided all the human impact. moreover some new water power plants are  
all the human impact. moreover some new water power plants are under planning in the near croat 
r some new water power plants are under planning in the near croatian which can change the whol 
ear croatian which can change the whole ecosystem in the region along the rivers. in addition t 
whole ecosystem in the region along the rivers. in addition to the classical vegetation and flo 
he rivers. in addition to the classical vegetation and flora surveys we are planning some long  
cal vegetation and flora surveys we are planning some long term monitoring studies to reveal th 
 surveys we are planning some long term monitoring studies to reveal the impact of these power  
he gallery plant communities in natural succession.  
15003 2                                     the function of nuptial coloration in lizards has been stud 
ocused on females. in this project, the function of nuptial coloration in female spiny-footed l 
15340 11  as purpose evaluate the changes in the biodiversity by means of the use of new and effective m 
ctive measures of quantification of the functional diversity. these measures are based on funct 
rs. we will evaluate the changes in the functional diversity along an ecological gradient hotsp 
along an ecological gradient hotspoc of mediterranean vegetation, which included two protected  
gical gradient hotspoc of mediterranean vegetation, which included two protected areas, the par 
erranean vegetation, which included two protected areas, the parque natural de cabo de gata nij 
 of great importance in the measures of conservation and management of ecosystems of protected  
nce in the measures of conservation and management of ecosystems of protected areas and in the  
sures of conservation and management of ecosystems of protected areas and in the valuation of h 
rvation and management of ecosystems of protected areas and in the valuation of his ecosistem s 
cosystems of protected areas and in the valuation of his ecosistem services.  
10247 13 most dramatic components of the earth s climate system. it provides around 80% of annual rainfa 
iming, intensity and duration vital for agriculture and industry, which is forming an increasin 
imescales events like el nino can cause drought. our understanding of these different variation 
 and the interactions between them in a warming climate has not been properly addressed. this f 
 interactions between them in a warming climate has not been properly addressed. this fellowshi 
 on changes to the mean monsoon and its distribution, changes to its different timescales of va 
ow errors in our computer models of the climate system can affect the simulation of the monsoon 
ng term, thus also enabling more useful adaptation to human-induced change. the fellowship will 
nowned for its expertise in weather and climate research in the tropics. advanced techniques wi 
 in weather and climate research in the tropics. advanced techniques will be used to compare ou 
rmed using the met office hadley centre model on high performance supercomputing facilities to  
from this work will feed into the joint climate research programme, and regular contact with sc 
 and regular contact with scientists in india will ensure that immediate benefits from this wor 
14215 12 unities i.e. predictive rules governing community structure. the concept of limiting similarity 
ecies/trait-based associations in small-scale plots. recent advances in functional ecology, and 
le plots. recent advances in functional ecology, and data availability on species traits and ph 
ional ecology, and data availability on species traits and phylogenetic relationships, has grea 
tructured in terms of species, taxa and functional groups is insufficient. i aim to examine if  
 deterministic assembly rules influence community structure of herbaceous communities. methodol 
e species, phylogenetic relatedness and functional traits level. i am using a macroecological a 
rns of association are due to increased competition between functionally similar and/or related 
the detection of assembly rules at this scale will have important implications for predicting r 
 responses of herbaceous communities to global change, understanding species invasions and comm 
ge, understanding species invasions and community restoration.  
tanding species invasions and community restoration.  
10672 9  spatial and temporal investigations of marine populations from a period when marine pollution, 
f marine populations from a period when marine pollution, exploitation and global anthropogenic 
e populations from a period when marine pollution, exploitation and global anthropogenic impact 
firstly study a long-term change in the zooplankton of the north sea and secondly to assess the 
g-term change in the zooplankton of the north sea and secondly to assess the utility of the cpr 
study of temporal and spatial change in fish populations. the results will be relevant to marin 
ations. the results will be relevant to marine conservation and resource management.  
 the results will be relevant to marine conservation and resource management.  
ant to marine conservation and resource management.  
6973 1 rch has not been successful in the fine-mapping of complex, interactional effects of several ge 
11400 1 is especially important as the planet s climate is changing, because this is exposing animals t 
10809 3 mothers provide the resources and early environment in which young develop and are thus the mos 
ining individual phenotypes. individual development is the result of own genotype on the level  
nal behaviours that modulate individual development can inform future research aiming to identi 
2487 8                             the natural environment of most natural plant and animal species is 
es include environmental threats due to global warming, habitat fragmentation, and introduction 
onmental threats due to global warming, habitat fragmentation, and introduction of alien specie 
itat fragmentation, and introduction of alien species. to cope with such threats and persist, p 
nmental conditions. although short term evolution has been observed to occur, the genetic mecha 
omoting evolutionary changes of complex traits are little understood, in particular in natural  
focus on the genetic basis for adaptive evolution of complex traits, and hence contribute to th 
basis for adaptive evolution of complex traits, and hence contribute to the advancement of our  
10607 1 ll seek principles influencing sequence evolution and determine roles of dna methylation and ge 
11575 14 ow much food there is available and the temperature. some of this variation may be predictable, 
s variation may be predictable, such as temperature because of seasons. other aspects are less  
 in such changing environments. for one soil-dwelling nematode worm we have investigated how it 
we have investigated how it arrests its development as an immature larva and how it alters its  
how it alters its reproduction when the environment changes. studying laboratory strains of thi 
larval arrest and reproduction when the environment changes. we think that these differences be 
ents. these responses to changes in the environment are controlled by genes and we have discove 
d adult reproduction can be affected by environmental change; that these changes differ between 
orm strains and that these responses to environmental change are controlled by relatively few r 
om the wild, respond in the same way to environmental change and whether these responses can be 
hink caenorhabditis elegans responds to environmental change in these ways are correct. this wo 
ow one well studied species responds to environmental change and the genes that control this. t 
ol this. this work is important because environmental change is a common feature of the life of 
nding this has some urgency because the environment of many organisms is changing, largely due  
10700 2 ans there is a developmental choice and mapping the quantitative trait loci. we will also inves 
 is central to understanding genotype x environment interactions and how selection acts on them 
10926 5                                         phytoplankton form the base of the food web in marine e 
     phytoplankton form the base of the food web in marine ecosystems and are responsible for m 
ankton form the base of the food web in marine ecosystems and are responsible for many of the b 
form the base of the food web in marine ecosystems and are responsible for many of the biogeoch 
of the biogeochemical fluxes that drive climate change. for such an important group of organism 
14132 1 ate the first nearly comprehensive high-density whole genome genetic variation data set of arct 
11373 6            since the time of darwin the diversity of reproductive modes and mating systems has  
mportant consequences for the genetics, ecology and future evolutionary potential of species. n 
declining species worldwide and is a uk biodiversity action plan species. understanding the bre 
 understanding the breeding biology and ecology of species is essential to their successful man 
pecies is essential to their successful management and so the results of this project will be u 
f this project will be useful in future conservation efforts aimed at protecting this species.  
11224 13 ld. two of the fundamental processes in evolution are extinction where species die out, and spe 
 fundamental processes in evolution are extinction where species die out, and speciation, where 
derstand these processes at present, as climate and environment change seem to be having a majo 
se processes at present, as climate and environment change seem to be having a major effect on  
imals and plants. one such place, where environmental change seems linked to both speciation an 
nge seems linked to both speciation and extinction is in the holarctic, a region from europe ac 
tion is in the holarctic, a region from europe across asia into north america, during the late  
, we see a complex series of changes in climate, plants, sea-levels and glaciers, as well as th 
e large animals and the complexities of environmental change that is the focus of this project. 
nes are not very informative about fine-scale differences between populations. modern dna data  
rent times i will also see how much dna diversity is present at different times, and compare th 
, and compare this to environmental and climate changes. using new mathematical techniques, it  
d for in order to deal with the animals environment. by comparing mammoths with living elephant 
10149 3 hnologies to study the genomic bases of adaptation and speciation in the plant genus senecio us 
on in the plant genus senecio use large-scale chip-sequencing in a plant species. this work wil 
anding of the role of genomic change in adaptation and speciation.  
11752 3 hnologies to study the genomic bases of adaptation and speciation in the plant genus senecio us 
on in the plant genus senecio use large-scale chip-sequencing in a plant species. this work wil 
anding of the role of genomic change in adaptation and speciation.  
10193 4 nging biotic and abiotic factors in the environment. pathogens are clearly a potentially import 
ature on pathogens evolving to overcome resistance alleles in crop plants, we know remarkably l 
netic variation of pathogens in natural ecosystems and whether their variation drives and is dr 
nvestigate the extent of plant-virus co-evolution in wild forms of 2 diploid brassica species,  
10449 4                          the history of colonization of the deep sea by irregular echinoids wil 
olecular data to determine how deep-sea diversity has changed over the past 165 ma. deep-sea di 
 changed over the past 165 ma. deep-sea diversity is predicted to be episodic over geological t 
ct they had on taxonomic and ecological diversity of deep-sea echinoids.  
160 13 e: 1. to evaluate the state of bog pine forests as a diverse living habitat complex in differen 
of bog pine forests as a diverse living habitat complex in different parts of estonia; 2. to sp 
l increment, and clarify the changes in growth trend; 3. to carry out the analysis of the bioma 
nd; 3. to carry out the analysis of the biomass formation of bog pines; 4. to estimate conditio 
mposition of trees in the system tree - growth substrate. we shoulde investigate the accumulati 
 help the interpretation of problems of growth and biomass formation of bog pines. the obtainab 
nterpretation of problems of growth and biomass formation of bog pines. the obtainable results  
g of comparatively rare bogecosystem in europe and the speciality of production of bog pine for 
osystem in europe and the speciality of production of bog pine forests; 2. to explane specialit 
he speciality of production of bog pine forests; 2. to explane speciality of nutrition conditio 
 and necessity of regulation of mineral nutrients, to guarantee the increment of trees and impo 
he increment of trees and importance in forestry; 3. to estimate the state and development of b 
 forestry; 3. to estimate the state and development of bog pines, being essential biome in euro 
195 9                it is very important for nature conservation managers to learn to recognize the  
nderstand the rules that animals use in habitat selection and in making reproductive decisions. 
monstrated the existence of maladaptive habitat selection and reproductive behaviour in great t 
 great tits breeding in a heterogeneous habitat system consisting of secondary deciduous woodla 
odland fragments and managed coniferous forests. such system is widespread in the northern temp 
bly an ecological trap in the preferred habitat are the reasons for this. the following investi 
r this idea and revealed the persistent habitat-specific patterns of breeding behaviour in this 
ogical investigations and environmental monitoring to obtain a better understanding of the exac 
esting passerines breeding in the above habitat system.  
14593 5 , and enter into aestivation during the drought periods. despite their phyletic position, and o 
ion includes a general reduction of the metabolism and the depression of the organic activity,  
e morphologic support of the functional adaptation. in addition, a number of genes will have to 
d during the periods of entry into, and recovery from, aestivation. the study will be performed 
f reduced vascular supply and decreased function.  
14216 10 n proposed. niche theory, that suggests diversity is mainly influenced by environmental heterog 
y is mainly influenced by environmental heterogeneity, and neutral theory, that suggests divers 
eity, and neutral theory, that suggests diversity is maintained by stochastic immigration, are  
f two main contrasting theories and the spatial scale at which these different growth-forms are 
 spatial scale at which these different growth-forms are affected by environmental heterogeneit 
wth-forms are affected by environmental heterogeneity. the project will be carried out in the m 
 the project will be carried out in the macroecology workgroup of the tartu university, where p 
tained will be useful to understand how scale influences seed dispersal, and thus species coexi 
eful to understand how scale influences seed dispersal, and thus species coexistence. this will 
nderstanding the factors that determine species diversity, and potentially create a novel conse 
9924 7 osal aims to investigate the millennial-scale variability of the climate of eastern newfoundlan 
the millennial-scale variability of the climate of eastern newfoundland using high resolution r 
tween the labrador current and the gulf stream and climate archives from this area are critical 
abrador current and the gulf stream and climate archives from this area are critical to the und 
ea are critical to the understanding of climate variability in the whole of the north atlantic  
land by producing the first multi-proxy climate archives from peat. the records will be compare 
the records will be compared with ocean sediment records and european terrestrial data sets to  
14759 13 oric factors and the human influence on ecosystems, we will: establish to what extent the natur 
l: establish to what extent the natural protected areas of spain and europe are contributing to 
t extent the natural protected areas of spain and europe are contributing to minimize these pot 
he natural protected areas of spain and europe are contributing to minimize these potential eff 
use an index combining human population density, the level of modification of the terrain, huma 
accessibility and the degree of use and development of electrification to estimate the extent o 
timate the extent of human influence on ecosystems. this index was mapped at the global scale i 
ms. this index was mapped at the global scale in 2002 with a resolution of 1km2. to define the  
we will take into account the number of habitat types in which each species is present and the  
 species is present and the size of its distribution range, respectively. the data will be anal 
ill be analyzed with generalized lineal modelling techniques specifically developed for spatial 
crease our knowledge of the latitudinal species richness gradient and contribute to strategies  
 initiatives aimed at conserving animal diversity.  
10205 17                   we will determine the nature of early rice agricultural systems in east and s 
 south asia, whether they were based on wetland paddy cultivation or dryland cultivation, and h 
ion or dryland cultivation, and how the ecology of early rice fields developed out of that of w 
asily applied method for detecting rice ecosystems, whether or wild type, wetland paddy type or 
 rice ecosystems, whether or wild type, wetland paddy type or dry, rainfed type using both arch 
seed assemablages and phytolith and the weeds associated with different agricultural practices  
ern but traditional contexts in eastern india, thailand, cambodia and china. we will apply thes 
n eastern india, thailand, cambodia and china. we will apply these methods to archaeological si 
 sites from the lower yangzte region of china dating from 5000 bc to 2000 bc and in central chi 
 from 5000 bc to 2000 bc and in central china from ca. 4000 bc to 1500 bc, and in northern and  
to 1500 bc, and in northern and eastern india dating from 2000 bc to 200 bc. we will then be ab 
bc. we will then be able to see how the ecology of rice plants changes when people domesticated 
e wet rice fields produce quantities of methane, a better understanding of h0ow much wet rice c 
uman activities in modifying the global environment in prehistory. since methane is a greenhous 
global environment in prehistory. since methane is a greenhouse gas, it has been proposed that  
ltivation from 3000 bc began to elevate methane levels and cause global warming. our new method 
gan to elevate methane levels and cause global warming. our new methods will allow us to test t 
10440 2 zone has been widely influential in the development of fundamental theory about reproductive is 
 understanding three diverse areas: the evolution of y-chromosomes, the extraordinary lability  
13521 10         human activities usually affect biodiversity adversely. because of this few biodiversit 
iversity adversely. because of this few biodiversity studies focus on factors that promote the  
n factors that promote the formation of biodiversity. species diversity increase through specia 
 promote the formation of biodiversity. species diversity increase through speciation, a slow p 
h isolation of populations, and through dispersal. however, speciation via hybridisation and al 
oid speciation may potentially increase biodiversity in our environments. recent methodological 
t evidence of an understudied aspect of biodiversity which will be of international scientific  
ll also influence our view of how plant biodiversity is formed and by extension the process of  
 formed and by extension the process of evolution: slow and gradual or through bursts of intens 
nd gradual or through bursts of intense evolution and speciation following hybridisation events 
12407 5 ary user of this research will be defra policy team, to provide evidence for setting targets fo 
s species are more susceptible to noise impacts. it will feed into the model being created unde 
to noise impacts. it will feed into the model being created under me5205. it may also aid in pr 
es of year, coinciding with spawning or migration of certain marine species.  
g with spawning or migration of certain marine species.  
10698 41 re strong signals that suggest that our climate is changing. the emission of greenhouse gases,  
ur climate is changing. the emission of greenhouse gases, like carbon dioxide and methane, are  
 the emission of greenhouse gases, like carbon dioxide and methane, are changing global tempera 
eenhouse gases, like carbon dioxide and methane, are changing global temperatures and weather p 
atterns. the strong rise in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations over the last 100 years i 
lobal storage reservoir for atmospheric carbon dioxide. however, the transfer of this gas from  
oscopic plants in the oceans, including phytoplankton and bacterioplankton, play an important r 
on, play an important role in taking up carbon dioxide. upon their death, a part of their popul 
aters and sediments, and hence transfer carbon dioxide from the atmosphere to deep ocean enviro 
ean environments. in the deep ocean the carbon will remain for a long period of time, and there 
ortant long term storage reservoir. the growth of the phytoplankton and bacterioplankton is ver 
rm storage reservoir. the growth of the phytoplankton and bacterioplankton is very slow, especi 
s and agricultural fields, they require nutrients to increase their growth rate. the nutrients  
hey require nutrients to increase their growth rate. the nutrients include nitrogen, phosphorus 
ents to increase their growth rate. the nutrients include nitrogen, phosphorus and trace metals 
heir growth rate. the nutrients include nitrogen, phosphorus and trace metals like iron and zin 
h rate. the nutrients include nitrogen, phosphorus and trace metals like iron and zinc. these e 
 surface waters that they limit optimal growth of photosynthesising organisms. an important tra 
sport route to the open ocean for these nutrients is the atmosphere. dust from the saharan dese 
al. the dust releases a small amount of nutrients after it is deposited in the surface ocean. t 
ed in the surface ocean. this supply of nutrients is essential for the growth of phytoplankton  
upply of nutrients is essential for the growth of phytoplankton and bacterioplankton as they re 
utrients is essential for the growth of phytoplankton and bacterioplankton as they receive only 
 falling into the ocean, the amounts of nutrients that come off the dust, and the effects that  
ff the dust, and the effects that these nutrients have on the growth of organisms in the ocean. 
ffects that these nutrients have on the growth of organisms in the ocean. in addition, strong t 
he microscopic organisms by undertaking growth experiments in bottles whereby we add a small am 
eshly collected seawater and follow the growth of the organisms in the bottles. we will also se 
s in the bottles. we will also set up a monitoring programme on cape verde, an island in the tr 
st. on the island we will determine the nutrients and metals which are delivered by the dust. w 
 measure the effect that the release of nutrients from the dust has on the marine ecosystem in  
e of nutrients from the dust has on the marine ecosystem in the sea, at a mooring site close to 
trients from the dust has on the marine ecosystem in the sea, at a mooring site close to the is 
ips between nutrient supply by dust and growth by phytoplankton and bacterioplankton. the study 
n nutrient supply by dust and growth by phytoplankton and bacterioplankton. the study will ther 
of the influence of saharan dust on the growth of oceanic plants and bacteria, and how the spor 
ust on the growth of oceanic plants and bacteria, and how the sporadic nature of the dust input 
ants and bacteria, and how the sporadic nature of the dust inputs affects the ecosystems. the o 
c nature of the dust inputs affects the ecosystems. the outcomes of this research study will co 
eanic organisms play in the exchange of carbon dioxide between the atmosphere and the ocean, an 
equently the way they can influence our climate.  
11316 18          most scientists agree that sea temperature increases due to global climate change have 
sea temperature increases due to global climate change have already caused mass mortality of co 
climate change have already caused mass mortality of corals throughout the tropics over the las 
mass mortality of corals throughout the tropics over the last 5-10 years. given the current cli 
 the last 5-10 years. given the current climate change predictions from organisations like the  
ll cause the complete collapse of these ecosystems within only a few decades. these estimates m 
s have proposed that these increases in disease are linked to climate change and we aim here to 
hese increases in disease are linked to climate change and we aim here to test whether temperat 
 change and we aim here to test whether temperature stress increases a corals susceptibility to 
we aim here to test whether temperature stress increases a corals susceptibility to disease by  
ss increases a corals susceptibility to disease by monitoring indicators of health, antimicrobi 
s a corals susceptibility to disease by monitoring indicators of health, antimicrobial defences 
susceptibility to disease by monitoring indicators of health, antimicrobial defences and bacter 
h, antimicrobial defences and bacterial community structure and function. there are other possi 
s and bacterial community structure and function. there are other possible causes of the record 
organisms via tourists or ships ballast water, for example. it is therfore vital that we unders 
s therfore vital that we understand the disease process so that appropriate and effective measu 
es can be used to improve the health of coral reefs.  
11689 18          this proposal falls within the ecology hydrology funding initiative. the lead ceh scie 
 this proposal falls within the ecology hydrology funding initiative. the lead ceh science prog 
tive. the lead ceh science programme is biodiversity, but the proposal links strongly to the en 
ronmental informatics programme and the climate change cross-cutting theme there is an emerging 
ity of animal species are responding to climate change, and that many species are at risk of ex 
te change, and that many species are at risk of extinction from climate warming. the main metri 
e, and that many species are at risk of extinction from climate warming. the main metrics of ch 
 species are at risk of extinction from climate warming. the main metrics of change reported in 
 are at risk of extinction from climate warming. the main metrics of change reported in the sci 
governmental reports are changes in the phenology will have shown decreases in the range of hab 
d data to examine relationships between habitat use and species survival in order to investigat 
stigate the factors influencing species habitat associations. the project will produce results  
open up a new avenue of research on the impacts of climate change on biodiversity. it will prov 
ew avenue of research on the impacts of climate change on biodiversity. it will provide specifi 
rch on the impacts of climate change on biodiversity. it will provide specific estimates of how 
s need to be protected, and whether the habitat management that is currently being applied is s 
tly being applied is still appropriate. conservation strategies must adapt to climate change, b 
. conservation strategies must adapt to climate change, but conservationists are uncertain abou 
11845 18          this proposal falls within the ecology hydrology funding initiative. the lead ceh scie 
 this proposal falls within the ecology hydrology funding initiative. the lead ceh science prog 
tive. the lead ceh science programme is biodiversity, but the proposal links strongly to the en 
ronmental informatics programme and the climate change cross-cutting theme there is an emerging 
ity of animal species are responding to climate change, and that many species are at risk of ex 
te change, and that many species are at risk of extinction from climate warming. the main metri 
e, and that many species are at risk of extinction from climate warming. the main metrics of ch 
 species are at risk of extinction from climate warming. the main metrics of change reported in 
 are at risk of extinction from climate warming. the main metrics of change reported in the sci 
governmental reports are changes in the phenology will have shown decreases in the range of hab 
d data to examine relationships between habitat use and species survival in order to investigat 
stigate the factors influencing species habitat associations. the project will produce results  
open up a new avenue of research on the impacts of climate change on biodiversity. it will prov 
ew avenue of research on the impacts of climate change on biodiversity. it will provide specifi 
rch on the impacts of climate change on biodiversity. it will provide specific estimates of how 
s need to be protected, and whether the habitat management that is currently being applied is s 
tly being applied is still appropriate. conservation strategies must adapt to climate change, b 
. conservation strategies must adapt to climate change, but conservationists are uncertain abou 
12618 4                                     the soil strategy for england, safeguarding our soils the l 
 strategy for england, safeguarding our soils the land use climate change report to the welsh a 
for england, safeguarding our soils the land use climate change report to the welsh assembly go 
nd, safeguarding our soils the land use climate change report to the welsh assembly government. 
10596 5               new techniques in isotope biogeochemistry will be applied to study archaeological 
n and settlement. the project continues development of new science, combined pb-. sr- and o-iso 
ect will advance archaeological isotope biogeochemistry in three principal areas: a by applicat 
selected early medieval case studies. b evaluation of lead exposure in pre-metallurgical societ 
inement of the current approach and the development of more advanced and robust techniques.  
10921 9                             the world s climate affects us all, and we depend upon accurate sci 
 measurements and models to predict how climate will change and how we might reduce or cope wit 
ope with the changes. changes in global temperature, light and weather patterns are due to incr 
ospheric constituents and gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and dimethylsulp 
uents and gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and dimethylsulphide. the concen 
tion of the research vessel in the same water body. this unique project will label upwelling wa 
his unique project will label upwelling water off the coast of northwest africa, allowing the e 
elling water off the coast of northwest africa, allowing the experienced chemical and biologica 
ict how they might change in a changing environment. results from the project will be made avai 
11054 9                             the world s climate affects us all, and we depend upon accurate sci 
 measurements and models to predict how climate will change and how we might reduce or cope wit 
ope with the changes. changes in global temperature, light and weather patterns are due to incr 
ospheric constituents and gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and dimethylsulp 
uents and gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and dimethylsulphide. the concen 
tion of the research vessel in the same water body. this unique project will label upwelling wa 
his unique project will label upwelling water off the coast of northwest africa, allowing the e 
elling water off the coast of northwest africa, allowing the experienced chemical and biologica 
ict how they might change in a changing environment. results from the project will be made avai 
11797 9                             the world s climate affects us all, and we depend upon accurate sci 
 measurements and models to predict how climate will change and how we might reduce or cope wit 
ope with the changes. changes in global temperature, light and weather patterns are due to incr 
ospheric constituents and gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and dimethylsulp 
uents and gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and dimethylsulphide. the concen 
tion of the research vessel in the same water body. this unique project will label upwelling wa 
his unique project will label upwelling water off the coast of northwest africa, allowing the e 
elling water off the coast of northwest africa, allowing the experienced chemical and biologica 
ict how they might change in a changing environment. results from the project will be made avai 
10321 5 ers to many fundamental questions about evolution: how do new groups originate, how are complex 
c hypotheses relating to the origin and evolution of major groups. more broadly, they will enab 
broadly, they will enable a fundamental assessment of the quality of the fossil record. by quan 
f the fossil record. by quantifying the scale and distribution of these problems, we can refine 
il record. by quantifying the scale and distribution of these problems, we can refine and radic 
12568 14 wn to adversely affect other diadromous fish species at sensitive stages in their lives. ices h 
he eu has therefore implemented the eel recovery regulation which requires members states to de 
 requires members states to develop eel recovery plans. these plans must take account of the fa 
of the factors that may be reducing eel production below the levels expected in the absence of  
w the levels expected in the absence of human impacts, including pollution. the research is the 
the absence of human impacts, including pollution. the research is therefore needed to provide  
diffuse pollutants that may be limiting production of eels populations and to support the devel 
 of eels populations and to support the development of management options and conservation meas 
tions and to support the development of management options and conservation measures. the resea 
e development of management options and conservation measures. the research will focus on the c 
h will focus on the contaminants within freshwater and coastal zones that are known to adversly 
own to adversly affect other diadromous fish species on the prioritisation of future management 
species on the prioritisation of future management decisions relating to the conservation and e 
re management decisions relating to the conservation and enhancement of eel populations.  
11293 7 verall impact of clouds and aerosols on carbon sequestration and evapotranspiration at the vege 
nd aerosols on carbon sequestration and evapotranspiration at the vegetated land-surface. never 
since the 1990s, on global and regional carbon, water and energy exchange. the feasibility stud 
e 1990s, on global and regional carbon, water and energy exchange. the feasibility study that w 
n global and regional carbon, water and energy exchange. the feasibility study that we conduct  
 study that we conduct for the siberian boreal forest suggests that, in magnitude, sw-dimming e 
mming exerts a comparable impact on the carbon cycle as that associated with human-induced foss 
11195 7 ms of their population and evolutionary ecology. for the most part, however, our understanding  
erstand the population and evolutionary ecology of host-parasite interactions in the natural wo 
al climatic changes and their impact on biodiversity. we use a combination of experimental and  
 with their population and evolutionary ecology. we focus on a well-studied laboratory system c 
its parasites, one a virus, the other a parasitoid wasp. the environment can be varied by chang 
virus, the other a parasitoid wasp. the environment can be varied by changing the quality of th 
lity of the moth s food and by changing temperature. since the virus and the wasp attack the ho 
2007 22                                     the marine environment is especially suitable to detect and 
                             the marine environment is especially suitable to detect and track  
able to detect and track the effects of global change on biodiversity. because of the systems h 
d track the effects of global change on biodiversity. because of the systems heat capacity, glo 
. because of the systems heat capacity, global change will affect the biota slowly, therefore t 
ct on a long term. it was expected that global warming would result in higher temperatures of t 
esult in higher temperatures of the sea water, but recent investigations reveal the opposite fo 
estigations reveal the opposite for the north sea area . the north sea geography enables the co 
e opposite for the north sea area . the north sea geography enables the colonisation of warmer  
south and north as a result of changing water temperatures. climate changes may also favour exo 
 result of changing water temperatures. climate changes may also favour exotic invading species 
 the regional biota. in the case of the north sea, which is one the world's richest fishing gro 
h sea, which is one the world's richest fishing grounds, changes in biological diversity and it 
d's richest fishing grounds, changes in biological diversity and its consequences for productiv 
ical diversity and its consequences for productivity may have considerable economic impact. the 
 composition of the macrobenthos in the north sea has been studied for over a 100 years. these  
ique archive to detect the influence of climate changes on biological diversity. however, diver 
ect the influence of climate changes on biological diversity. however, divergent nomenclature f 
 in order to study the relation between climate change and variations in biodiversity. in parti 
etween climate change and variations in biodiversity. in particular focus will be on the effect 
be on the effect of invading species on biodiversity and ecosystem functions.  
of invading species on biodiversity and ecosystem functions.  
10680 3 es attack the plant and their impact on growth, survival and reproduction has been quantified u 
s. our previous theoretical work on the evolution of flowering strategies has indicated several 
to quantify these effects. a variety of modelling approaches will be used, including simple ana 
10780 4  interactions between biotic factors on population dynamics. this is an important issue, as it  
ssue, as it will help us understand how climate change and management will interact to influenc 
lp us understand how climate change and management will interact to influence abundance and dyn 
d management will interact to influence abundance and dynamics. in britain, these studies are b 
11307 4  interactions between biotic factors on population dynamics. this is an important issue, as it  
ssue, as it will help us understand how climate change and management will interact to influenc 
lp us understand how climate change and management will interact to influence abundance and dyn 
d management will interact to influence abundance and dynamics. in britain, these studies are b 
12145 8 ive mollusk dreissena polymorpha on the ecosystem wide biogeochemical processes. the role and t 
economic effects caused by this mollusk invasion in the us amount to billions, while there are  
empts to grow this species to fight the eutrophication and improve the water quality in natural 
ight the eutrophication and improve the water quality in natural water reservoirs. there is nei 
nd improve the water quality in natural water reservoirs. there is neither an internationally r 
is mollusc dominated communities on the ecosystem provided goods and services. finally the proj 
to use the dresena farming to fight the eutrophication and improve the water quality.  
ight the eutrophication and improve the water quality.  
11822 4 re tiny . the resulting response of the community will then be monitored to detect a response o 
e monitored to detect a response of the phytoplankton to added iron, and to identify which if a 
he addition. the different responses of phytoplankton communities at the surface and dcm will d 
r two seasons will confirm the temporal development of these features.  
13985 12 dresses the occurrence of long-distance dispersal in ferns by studies at different temporal, sp 
erns are discernable, i.e., reconstruct dispersal patterns by analysing how populations are rel 
rd, i will test if ferns are limited by dispersal by conducting spore sowing experiments. i wil 
g experiments. i will use tree ferns as model organisms. the overwhelming majority of plant bio 
sms. the overwhelming majority of plant biogeography studies have hitherto focussed on seed pla 
standing of the impact of long-distance dispersal in ferns will have implications in a conserva 
al in ferns will have implications in a conservation perspective. in a fragmented landscape the 
nservation perspective. in a fragmented landscape the potential for successful recruitment afte 
 landscape the potential for successful recruitment after long-distance dispersal determine the 
cessful recruitment after long-distance dispersal determine the relative vulnerability of ferns 
stance dispersal determine the relative vulnerability of ferns to climate change.  
 the relative vulnerability of ferns to climate change.  
11612 9 ing of fossil fuel for the provision of energy and world energy demand is forecast to rise at a 
l for the provision of energy and world energy demand is forecast to rise at an average of 1.7% 
. this burning of fossil fuels produces carbon dioxide and the whole marine ecosystem. this pro 
s produces carbon dioxide and the whole marine ecosystem. this proposal aims to investigate the 
ces carbon dioxide and the whole marine ecosystem. this proposal aims to investigate the potent 
potential impact of decreasing seawater ph on the coastal sediment ecosystem; its processes, bi 
f decreasing seawater ph on the coastal sediment ecosystem; its processes, biodiversity and hea 
ing seawater ph on the coastal sediment ecosystem; its processes, biodiversity and health of ke 
stal sediment ecosystem; its processes, biodiversity and health of key organisms using a series 
11553 20  lead to increased levels of antibiotic resistance in environmental bacteria, carried on highly 
 antibiotic resistance in environmental bacteria, carried on highly mobile dna elements which c 
. the selective pressure was industrial pollution containing a group of compounds known as quat 
uaternary ammonium compounds. spread of resistance genes occurs by horizontal gene transfer, a  
 transfer, a non-darwinian mechanism of evolution, in that it allows transfer of genes from one 
er than parent to offspring. antibiotic resistance gene-transfer from environmental bacteria to 
stance gene-transfer from environmental bacteria to clinically important strains is proving to  
ns can produce selection for antibiotic resistance or the mobile elements which allow their dis 
s is a reservoir of emerging antibiotic resistance genes, to detect novel clinically significan 
ovel clinically significant beta-lactam resistance genes and the presence of resistant opportun 
s to study the contribution of man made pollution to the evolution of antibiotic resistance. re 
ntribution of man made pollution to the evolution of antibiotic resistance. research will utili 
ollution to the evolution of antibiotic resistance. research will utilise the molecular microbi 
ce. research will utilise the molecular microbial ecology skills developed in professor welling 
nical microbiology, specifically in the evolution of 3gc resistance of professor hawkey from th 
y, specifically in the evolution of 3gc resistance of professor hawkey from the university of b 
ed with certain types of pollutants and land management practices such as sewage sludge disposa 
discovery and characterisation of novel resistance genes in environmental reservoirs will provi 
e pharmaceutical industry to aid in the development of strategies to combat resistance in the f 
the development of strategies to combat resistance in the future.  
14643 3 tatic effects at all possible levels of complexity. the joint action of mutation, natural selec 
l be carried out to obtain an empirical evaluation of the impact of selection and drift on the  
bility and of its covariance with other traits.  
175 20 rojects explores to what extent natural disturbance regimes indicate the reaction of forest bio 
rbance regimes indicate the reaction of forest biota to stand-replacing disturbances, and wheth 
s relationship can be reliably used for planning ecologically sustainable forestry. clear-cuts  
d for planning ecologically sustainable forestry. clear-cuts with residual trees are treated as 
ts with residual trees are treated as a model system, enabling also direct practical implicatio 
a cross-sectional study to quantify the community differences between clear-cuts and old stands 
tween clear-cuts and old stands of four forest types, a survey of temporal changes in clear-cut 
dy in 2002-2004, and the compilation of review articles on the biodiversity effects of residual 
e compilation of review articles on the biodiversity effects of residual trees and cavity trees 
species groups are explored: saproxylic fungi and beetles, lichens, bryophytes, vascular plants 
explored: saproxylic fungi and beetles, lichens, bryophytes, vascular plants and birds. the mai 
ichens, bryophytes, vascular plants and birds. the main results will be published in internatio 
ternational peer-reviewed journals; one ph.d. thesis and one m.sc. thesis will be completed, an 
s will be completed, and one additional ph.d. thesis will be partly financed. the results can b 
s can be immediately applied to improve forestry legislature, certification standards and fores 
egislature, certification standards and forestry planning with the aspects of residual trees. t 
e, certification standards and forestry planning with the aspects of residual trees. the result 
ish more completely the role of managed forests in biodiversity conservation, and thus to plan  
mpletely the role of managed forests in biodiversity conservation, and thus to plan specific co 
conservation, and thus to plan specific conservation measures more efficiently.  
12686 5  parakeets are thought to have negative impacts on native hole-nesting bird species. this proje 
keets on populations of native woodland birds in the uk, either through direct interaction or t 
r through direct interaction or through competition for nest sites and resources. the results w 
he need for control of this potentially invasive species, in the context of the emerging policy 
species, in the context of the emerging policy framework for tackling invasive non-native speci 
12249 13 ernment has taken steps to increase the production and use of biofuels. the benefits of biofuel 
s to increase the production and use of biofuels. the benefits of biofuels include greenhouse g 
on and use of biofuels. the benefits of biofuels include greenhouse gas reductions, contributin 
ated plantings of osr seeds in the same soil. a time course will be used to determine the perio 
m this research could be used to inform production of other biofuel species, such as miscanthus 
d be used to inform production of other biofuel species, such as miscanthus, likely to be grown 
s. overall this project addresses defra policy on the effect of sustainable farming systems and 
fect of sustainable farming systems and land management on biodiversity and soil protection, an 
 farming systems and land management on biodiversity and soil protection, and policy on climate 
and land management on biodiversity and soil protection, and policy on climate change through s 
n biodiversity and soil protection, and policy on climate change through studies of alternative 
sity and soil protection, and policy on climate change through studies of alternative energy cr 
e change through studies of alternative energy crops.  
11222 6 here gene dynamics may critically shape evolution, is poorly understood. i will examine genetic 
es, which are co-distributed in ancient forest. this study design will ameliorate several probl 
een exceptionally buffered from radical habitat shifts. microsatellites will be used to analyse 
f group size, roosting habits and local distribution on genetic differentiation at the landscap 
ution on genetic differentiation at the landscape-level. this study will challenge current theo 
es of social structure, which underpins conservation and evolutionary biology.  
13489 13                       the structure and diversity of ecological communities depend on species i 
ity of ecological communities depend on species interactions and properties of the abiotic envi 
eractions and properties of the abiotic environment. previous research has shown that both top- 
processes are important determinants of ecosystem structures, but their relative impacts depend 
cosystem structures, but their relative impacts depend on ecosystem productivity. the main obje 
s, but their relative impacts depend on ecosystem productivity. the main objective of this proj 
ir relative impacts depend on ecosystem productivity. the main objective of this project is to  
s project is to investigate how swedish predator communities in different bioclimatic regions h 
tic regions have been affected by large-scale climate variation, using data from the official s 
gions have been affected by large-scale climate variation, using data from the official swedish 
cial swedish statistics for statistical modelling and time series analyses. this project will p 
esearch aimed at grasping the extent of ecosystem change caused by anthropogenic alterations of 
derstand how these changes may threaten biodiversity.  
12569 7 o investigate how the impact of diffuse pollution on salmonid populations may be modified by ch 
also be used to inform decisions on the development of water quality monitoring programmes that 
 inform decisions on the development of water quality monitoring programmes that will provide t 
ons on the development of water quality monitoring programmes that will provide the data requir 
 provide the data required to safeguard freshwater ecosystems in a changing environment. there  
e data required to safeguard freshwater ecosystems in a changing environment. there are no aspe 
ard freshwater ecosystems in a changing environment. there are no aspects that may be considere 
10050 56 rations depends on the availability and sustainability of ecosystem services. however, achievin 
 the availability and sustainability of ecosystem services. however, achieving social and econo 
services. however, achieving social and economic development goals often requires ecosystem use 
onomic development goals often requires ecosystem users and managers to make trade-offs between 
es ecosystem users and managers to make trade-offs between these services and to intervene in t 
hese services and to intervene in their management, impacting on services gained. in addition,  
acting on services gained. in addition, ecosystem changes and natural resource management decis 
ned. in addition, ecosystem changes and natural resource management decisions link to wider env 
t decisions link to wider environmental governance frameworks. such tradeoffs, impacts and link 
vironmental governance frameworks. such tradeoffs, impacts and linkages are evident along the p 
 governance frameworks. such tradeoffs, impacts and linkages are evident along the pongola rive 
ges are evident along the pongola river floodplain in northern kwazulu-natal, south africa. peo 
r floodplain in northern kwazulu-natal, south africa. people living on the floodplain have expe 
tal, south africa. people living on the floodplain have experienced a significant change to the 
experienced a significant change to the ecosystem services they receive due to the construction 
tream pongolapoort dam. the increase in water provision primarily for the irrigation of commerc 
se in water provision primarily for the irrigation of commercially grown sugar cane and cotton  
service provision and high incidence of disease. as a result the downstream communities are exc 
munities are exceedingly reliant on the floodplain and associated ecosystem services which in t 
eliant on the floodplain and associated ecosystem services which in turn are vulnerable to abus 
. the proposed study aims to assess the ecosystem services that contribute to human welfare on  
that contribute to human welfare on the floodplain and to deepen the understanding of decision- 
makers, empowering them to consider the impacts of their actions on both ecosystem functioning  
er the impacts of their actions on both ecosystem functioning and human wellbeing. to achieve t 
tudy will identify and categorise those ecosystem services produced by the system before and af 
e elements of wellbeing for the pongola community. indicators and measures to represent the sta 
of wellbeing for the pongola community. indicators and measures to represent the state of these 
easures to represent the state of these ecosystems and human wellbeing will then be selected. t 
selected. this will include an economic evaluation of the ecosystem services and water/land pro 
l include an economic evaluation of the ecosystem services and water/land productivity of the s 
valuation of the ecosystem services and water/land productivity of the system both before and a 
f the ecosystem services and water/land productivity of the system both before and after constr 
 of wellbeing supported and affected by ecosystem services and similarly human activities which 
the relationships between environmental governance, these services and human wellbeing. informa 
d human wellbeing. information from the indicators will be analysed to determine the current st 
 associated impact on society. finally, governance drivers which impact ecosystem services impo 
inally, governance drivers which impact ecosystem services important to wellbeing will be ident 
ited use and understanding of wellbeing-ecosystem service information by management authorities 
lbeing-ecosystem service information by management authorities is a major hindrance to the succ 
 is a major hindrance to the successful management of ecosystem services and the improvement of 
ndrance to the successful management of ecosystem services and the improvement of human wellbei 
t of human wellbeing in the region. key stakeholders include the department of water affairs an 
 stakeholders include the department of water affairs and forestry, who are currently responsib 
ude the department of water affairs and forestry, who are currently responsible for managing th 
ng the dam as well as the department of agriculture and environmental affairs and the departmen 
who are mandated to address many of the impacts of decreased ecosystem services such as reduced 
ddress many of the impacts of decreased ecosystem services such as reduced agricultural potenti 
ed agricultural potential and increased disease thereby influencing poverty. a key component of 
d increased disease thereby influencing poverty. a key component of the project will be to esta 
apacity to improve understanding of the impacts on ecosystem services and the complex links to  
improve understanding of the impacts on ecosystem services and the complex links to human wellb 
llbeing. by addressing natural resource governance, the project seeks to contribute to ecosyste 
nce, the project seeks to contribute to ecosystem conservation and improved human welfare, not  
roject seeks to contribute to ecosystem conservation and improved human welfare, not only on th 
 human welfare, not only on the pongola floodplain but in other river systems in south africa a 
loodplain but in other river systems in south africa and further afield.  
13791 14                                         forests play a critical role in the global carbon cycle 
ests play a critical role in the global carbon cycle, being considered an important carbon sink 
on cycle, being considered an important carbon sink. yet their net carbon exchange response to  
an important carbon sink. yet their net carbon exchange response to environmental change is a m 
t their net carbon exchange response to environmental change is a major uncertainty, with a par 
onse to environmental change is a major uncertainty, with a particularly poor understanding of  
 origins and environmental responses of soil co2 efflux. despite their large biomass, the contr 
of soil co2 efflux. despite their large biomass, the contribution of roots and extramatrical my 
ical mycelia will detect changes in the decomposition or storage of new and old c. sequential h 
and old c. sequential harvest of emm in-growth mesh-tubes together with ergosterol and fatty ac 
 and fatty acids analysis will give its production and turnover, for mycelia production. the re 
ts production and turnover, for mycelia production. the results from this project will be highl 
 will be highly relevant for global and ecosystem models of c cycling in forests.  
al and ecosystem models of c cycling in forests.  
11077 20                                         biodiversity encompasses many different levels , includ 
species and genotypes ecm intraspecific diversity helps maintain ecm species richness and vice  
raspecific diversity helps maintain ecm species richness and vice versa. these will be tested b 
 outdoor mesocosms containing miniature forests , in which a standard number of birch host tree 
o manipulate both species and genotypic diversity. further treatments will enable us to test th 
able us to test the effects of resource heterogeneity on the performance of the model ecosystem 
heterogeneity on the performance of the model ecosystems. we will combine molecular analyses of 
geneity on the performance of the model ecosystems. we will combine molecular analyses of the f 
 will combine molecular analyses of the fungi to determine how the populations change with time 
ine how the communities differ in plant productivity, soil co2 efflux, fungal biomass and nitro 
mmunities differ in plant productivity, soil co2 efflux, fungal biomass and nitrogen and carbon 
t productivity, soil co2 efflux, fungal biomass and nitrogen and carbon leaching. this project  
ty, soil co2 efflux, fungal biomass and nitrogen and carbon leaching. this project will establi 
efflux, fungal biomass and nitrogen and carbon leaching. this project will establish the extent 
higher organisms can be translated into soil fungi, and will increase our understanding of the  
r organisms can be translated into soil fungi, and will increase our understanding of the funct 
nding of the functional significance of soil biodiversity in boreal and northern temperate fore 
ersity in boreal and northern temperate forests. moreover, it will help conservationists and la 
effective policies to better manage the biodiversity of soil.  
es to better manage the biodiversity of soil.  
11772 12      in order to survive in the natural environment, microorganisms must be able to cope with s 
able to cope with stresses arising from environmental change and perturbation. sources of envir 
 perturbation. sources of environmental stress include both natural environmental pressures ste 
l environmental pressures stemming from climate fluctuations and occasional exposure to harmful 
 exposure to harmful elements, and also pollution arising from human activities with the releas 
hibit increased levels of non-genotypic heterogeneity compared to those from areas with low str 
y compared to those from areas with low stress. in particular, we plan to investigate the chara 
gate the characteristics of yeasts from urban and industrial sites exposed to some common man-m 
he possible importance of non-genotypic heterogeneity for the survival of species during enviro 
eity for the survival of species during environmental change. this will help greatly in our und 
w microorganisms survive in the natural environment, and how they may react to harmful changes  
rmful changes caused by mankind through pollution.  
11187 9 hanisms underpinning this non-genotypic heterogeneity. a major resultant hypothesis - yet to be 
at such variability provides a layer of diversity additional to that arising from genotypic var 
nd survival of organisms in the natural environment. our long-term goal is to examine whether n 
oal is to examine whether non-genotypic heterogeneity does indeed have a significant role in na 
 does indeed have a significant role in nature. the aim of this short project is to determine w 
t is to determine whether non-genotypic heterogeneity is important in cell survival in differen 
important in cell survival in different model laboratory systems subjected to a range of enviro 
eal environments. this will involve the development of a novel phenotype reversion test based o 
 heritable. success here will allow the development of a longer-term programme of research, wit 
13975 26 this project is to assess the impact of fish introduction on diversity and process rates in aqu 
sess the impact of fish introduction on diversity and process rates in aquatic ecosystems. most 
 diversity and process rates in aquatic ecosystems. most experimental evidence for biodiversity 
systems. most experimental evidence for biodiversity effects on ecosystem functioning has come  
al evidence for biodiversity effects on ecosystem functioning has come from terrestrial ecosyst 
m functioning has come from terrestrial ecosystems and has focused on single trophic level prim 
level primary producers. however, since predation is one of the major factors influencing prey  
e of the major factors influencing prey population dynamics evaluating impacts of biodiversity  
ing prey population dynamics evaluating impacts of biodiversity loss on ecosystem function requ 
pulation dynamics evaluating impacts of biodiversity loss on ecosystem function requires expand 
luating impacts of biodiversity loss on ecosystem function requires expanding the scope of curr 
cope of current research to multi level food webs. in this project i will specifically study if 
pted species, i.e. species with limited dispersal ability and thereby low geneflow, are more vu 
ow, are more vulnerable and at a higher risk of extinction due to inappropriate antipredator de 
more vulnerable and at a higher risk of extinction due to inappropriate antipredator defenses w 
priate antipredator defenses when a new predator is added to a foodweb. i will study consequenc 
b. i will study consequences of this on ecosystem process rates . i will also test non-lethal e 
 i will also test non-lethal effects of fish on decomposition processes. i will determine how m 
also test non-lethal effects of fish on decomposition processes. i will determine how many gene 
o evolve an adapted response to the new predator, which may lead to a possible co-existence. i  
ble co-existence. i will also determine species richness and process rates in multiple ponds th 
 rates in multiple ponds that differ in predator regimes. by providing a testable conceptual fr 
testable conceptual framework involving predator naive prey species, this project could potenti 
se our knowledge of the consequences of fish stocking and also species invasions on diversity a 
 stocking and also species invasions on diversity and ecosystem processes in aquatic systems.  
also species invasions on diversity and ecosystem processes in aquatic systems.  
1954 8                       for wide array of traits such as flower display, nectar production rates, 
f traits such as flower display, nectar production rates, sex allocation, sex ratio and defence 
tionary dynamics and the maintenance of genetic diversity. as an example we want to study selec 
le we want to study selection on nectar production rate for plants with high npr and that plant 
pr do not have the costs of high nectar production they will have a fitness advantage within pa 
n patches that offer a larger reward to pollinators. on the total population level, plants with 
f the large genetic variation in nectar production we found for e. vulgare. despite its importa 
e, we know as yet very little about how distribution patterns and evolutionary processes intera 
15516 5 phedra fragilis are pollinated by wind, insects and lizards, and dispersed by birds and lizards 
, insects and lizards, and dispersed by birds and lizards, with the contribution of these polli 
lizards, with the contribution of these pollination and seed-dispersal vectors varying greatly  
tribution of these pollination and seed-dispersal vectors varying greatly from mainland to isla 
ne-balearic populations of this ancient mediterranean shrub.  
189 11 ly commercial macroalgal species in the baltic sea. together with unattached coccotylus truncat 
cotylus truncatus it is forming a mixed community on the sea bottom of the bay. the ratio of do 
 c. truncatus in different parts of the community is different. since the begin of commercial h 
f. lumbricalis in 1966 the state of the community has been monitored regularly. these regular i 
re mostly connected with description of distribution and biomass of commercial stock. meanwhile 
ed with description of distribution and biomass of commercial stock. meanwhile almost no data c 
to explain differences in the share and distribution pattern between similarly adapted species  
fferent parts of this loose-lying algal community. main goal of this work will be the evaluatio 
ity. main goal of this work will be the evaluation of environmental factors on dominating speci 
nating species in loose-lying red algal community - f. lumbricalis and c. truncatus and to work 
c. truncatus and to work out ecological model of kassari bay. the work is planned for 3 years.  
13881 5 netic and environmental factors such as predation determine whether small and fragmented popula 
most threatened taxa show low levels of genetic diversity, suggesting reduced reproductive fitn 
 vital for preserving dunlins and other indicators of biodiversity in the agricultural landscap 
serving dunlins and other indicators of biodiversity in the agricultural landscape.  
other indicators of biodiversity in the agricultural landscape.  
10640 13  of the major factors influencing river ecosystems is disturbance, particularly that related to 
factors influencing river ecosystems is disturbance, particularly that related to flooding. flo 
at related to flooding. floods maintain ecosystem diversity and redistribute energy, nutrients, 
 to flooding. floods maintain ecosystem diversity and redistribute energy, nutrients, sediment  
in ecosystem diversity and redistribute energy, nutrients, sediment and biota in rivers. the bi 
stem diversity and redistribute energy, nutrients, sediment and biota in rivers. the biota of r 
ity and redistribute energy, nutrients, sediment and biota in rivers. the biota of rivers trait 
nergy, nutrients, sediment and biota in rivers. the biota of rivers traits of the taxa that con 
iment and biota in rivers. the biota of rivers traits of the taxa that confer resistance and re 
nd biota in rivers. the biota of rivers traits of the taxa that confer resistance and resilienc 
f rivers traits of the taxa that confer resistance and resilience and of habitat complexity pro 
 of the taxa that confer resistance and resilience and of habitat complexity providing the pote 
confer resistance and resilience and of habitat complexity providing the potential for more ref 
9982 13  of the major factors influencing river ecosystems is disturbance, particularly that related to 
factors influencing river ecosystems is disturbance, particularly that related to flooding. flo 
at related to flooding. floods maintain ecosystem diversity and redistribute energy, nutrients, 
 to flooding. floods maintain ecosystem diversity and redistribute energy, nutrients, sediment  
in ecosystem diversity and redistribute energy, nutrients, sediment and biota in rivers. the bi 
stem diversity and redistribute energy, nutrients, sediment and biota in rivers. the biota of r 
ity and redistribute energy, nutrients, sediment and biota in rivers. the biota of rivers trait 
nergy, nutrients, sediment and biota in rivers. the biota of rivers traits of the taxa that con 
iment and biota in rivers. the biota of rivers traits of the taxa that confer resistance and re 
nd biota in rivers. the biota of rivers traits of the taxa that confer resistance and resilienc 
f rivers traits of the taxa that confer resistance and resilience and of habitat complexity pro 
 of the taxa that confer resistance and resilience and of habitat complexity providing the pote 
confer resistance and resilience and of habitat complexity providing the potential for more ref 
9980 13  of the major factors influencing river ecosystems is disturbance, particularly that related to 
factors influencing river ecosystems is disturbance, particularly that related to flooding. flo 
at related to flooding. floods maintain ecosystem diversity and redistribute energy, nutrients, 
 to flooding. floods maintain ecosystem diversity and redistribute energy, nutrients, sediment  
in ecosystem diversity and redistribute energy, nutrients, sediment and biota in rivers. the bi 
stem diversity and redistribute energy, nutrients, sediment and biota in rivers. the biota of r 
ity and redistribute energy, nutrients, sediment and biota in rivers. the biota of rivers trait 
nergy, nutrients, sediment and biota in rivers. the biota of rivers traits of the taxa that con 
iment and biota in rivers. the biota of rivers traits of the taxa that confer resistance and re 
nd biota in rivers. the biota of rivers traits of the taxa that confer resistance and resilienc 
f rivers traits of the taxa that confer resistance and resilience and of habitat complexity pro 
 of the taxa that confer resistance and resilience and of habitat complexity providing the pote 
confer resistance and resilience and of habitat complexity providing the potential for more ref 
10772 5 gule banks contribute to demography and genetic diversity through a combined empirical and mode 
ersity through a combined empirical and modelling approach. the genetic structure of sediment b 
ling approach. the genetic structure of sediment bound propagules and of populations from diffe 
 from propagule banks. stage structured model simulations will identify key parameters that inf 
temporal gene flow in taxa ranging from zooplankton and plants to microbes, and a mechanistic b 
10997 5 gule banks contribute to demography and genetic diversity through a combined empirical and mode 
ersity through a combined empirical and modelling approach. the genetic structure of sediment b 
ling approach. the genetic structure of sediment bound propagules and of populations from diffe 
 from propagule banks. stage structured model simulations will identify key parameters that inf 
temporal gene flow in taxa ranging from zooplankton and plants to microbes, and a mechanistic b 
9969 5 gule banks contribute to demography and genetic diversity through a combined empirical and mode 
ersity through a combined empirical and modelling approach. the genetic structure of sediment b 
ling approach. the genetic structure of sediment bound propagules and of populations from diffe 
 from propagule banks. stage structured model simulations will identify key parameters that inf 
temporal gene flow in taxa ranging from zooplankton and plants to microbes, and a mechanistic b 
10180 8                                   ocean salinity is a key variable in the reconstruction of pas 
develop new proxies to reconstruct past salinity at greater precision than presently possible.  
is work will also test the influence of salinity on existing trace-metal proxies such as the mg 
meter. systematic relationships between salinity and trace-metals in inorganically grown carbon 
rown carbonates suggest that a biogenic salinity signal will also exist. this signal will be in 
stigated using planktic forams from the mediterranean and corals from the red sea, both spannin 
 red sea, both spanning a wide range of salinity. changes in fractionation of li, mg, and ca is 
sults will be made with observation and modelling techniques.  
10681 7                          uk acid waters monitoring network data show evidence of chemical and b 
anges in acid deposition. instead, lake water ph variations can be linked to changes in the nor 
in acid deposition. instead, lake water ph variations can be linked to changes in the north atl 
ds of lake acidification and post 1980s recovery can also be linked to nao variation. we aim to 
aim to compare high temporal resolution sediment diatom analysis and ph reconstruction with ins 
resolution sediment diatom analysis and ph reconstruction with instrumental nao records. our ap 
ake acidity, and may also offer a novel climate reconstruction tool.  
10208 7 s is a relatively small fraction of the land cover, the hydrological impact of this cover might 
ered. there are uncertainties about the impacts of this wooded area because of uncertainties ab 
de of the effects of woodland edges and forest structure on woodland water losses, and because  
 edges and forest structure on woodland water losses, and because knowledge about rates of evap 
rates of evaporation and its control in riparian woodland and hedgerows is very limited. transp 
made in woodland, at woodland edges, in riparian woodland and hedgerows using sap flow techniqu 
and estimated from canopy properties in riparian woodland. information from these evaporation m 
6949 6 the end-permian biotic catastrophe, the recovery of the marine ecosystems was a complex and lon 
biotic catastrophe, the recovery of the marine ecosystems was a complex and long-lasting proces 
catastrophe, the recovery of the marine ecosystems was a complex and long-lasting process durin 
 radiation. the project is aimed at the taxonomy, and complex evaluation of the middle triassic 
t is aimed at the taxonomy, and complex evaluation of the middle triassic radiolaria, ammonoide 
 to the well-known faunas of the alpine-mediterranean region. in order to reach a global may co 
13458 7 biorational alternatives to traditional pesticides for control of insect pests. tons of synthet 
ed sustainable chemistry, for pheromone production. lipid insect pheromone components and long- 
rom the yeast factory will be tested in monitoring baits and mating disruption dispensers and c 
oduced pheromones in collaboration with stakeholders. in addition to desaturases and reductases 
nvestigated and optimized for pheromone production by the production of engineered enzymes thro 
timized for pheromone production by the production of engineered enzymes through site-directed  
ongterm vision is to design tailor-made production of any moth pheromone component in yeast. th 
14193 23                              remarkable forest expansion to the boreal peatlands has been gaini 
recent decades. human induced drainage, climate change, fire events and isolation of peatlands  
human induced drainage, climate change, fire events and isolation of peatlands within an agricu 
sed hydrological shifts resulted in the disturbance of natural development of a bog ecosystem.  
 resulted in the disturbance of natural development of a bog ecosystem. water level is among th 
urbance of natural development of a bog ecosystem. water level is among the main factors affect 
natural development of a bog ecosystem. water level is among the main factors affecting physica 
ical and chemical properties of organic soils and thereby the growth of plant species in bog ec 
erties of organic soils and thereby the growth of plant species in bog ecosystems. scots pine t 
reby the growth of plant species in bog ecosystems. scots pine the relationships between scots  
transpiration, leaf morphology and root growth are dependent on bog prevailing bog wl depth. un 
f scots pine are limited mainly by root growth. if prevailing wl declines beyond this threshold 
. if prevailing wl declines beyond this threshold, leaf morphology sets limits to transpiration 
y sets limits to transpiration and root growth. the more thorough understanding about the relat 
tanding about the relationships between hydrology and tree morphology and physiological activit 
es valuable new information about plant stress tolerances and plant-organic soil interactions i 
ant stress tolerances and plant-organic soil interactions in specific habitat conditions. the r 
t-organic soil interactions in specific habitat conditions. the results are important for bog e 
ions. the results are important for bog ecosystems sustaining, restoring and for determining th 
r determining the possible responses to climate change, also for modeling water movement dynami 
e responses to climate change, also for modeling water movement dynamics on temperate bog ecosy 
es to climate change, also for modeling water movement dynamics on temperate bog ecosystems.  
ater movement dynamics on temperate bog ecosystems.  
7172 17 w to reconstruct the main stages of the invasion. located in the basin of aix -en- provence in  
èche and the hérault montpelliérais up. habitat x. derbentina was characterized more precisely  
ly open habitats such as wasteland, dry grasslands, pastures, dry crops and ruderal environment 
dividuals infantile. such opportunistic behavior, added to a demographic potential is likely to 
erbent to. . this is largely due to the behavior of x. derbentina during aestivation, that is t 
erching reflex. individuals that summer vegetation can be easily unhooked from the holder after 
 of this dispersion was tested across a landscape: a comparable habitat, populations x. derbent 
tested across a landscape: a comparable habitat, populations x. derbentina are not randomly dis 
d in two sites characterizing different mediterranean environments and colonized for more or le 
are no significant relationship between species richness and abundance of x. derbent to. specie 
lationship between species richness and abundance of x. derbent to. species diversity decreases 
ichness and abundance of x. derbent to. species diversity decreases significantly with more abu 
ationship that explains a small part of species diversity. again these are only very large popu 
montre survey x. derbentina, due to its abundance and behavior, is not"a snail like the others" 
x. derbentina, due to its abundance and behavior, is not"a snail like the others", and that its 
its presence is clearly perceived as an invasion often attributed to a"disruption of nature"  
ion often attributed to a"disruption of nature"  
14812 18                                         salinity is currently one of the most severe abiotic fa 
e abiotic factors limiting agricultural production. the high rates of population growth and glo 
roduction. the high rates of population growth and global warming are expected to further exace 
the high rates of population growth and global warming are expected to further exacerbate the t 
ted to further exacerbate the threat of salinity, especially in areas with a semi-arid climate  
y, especially in areas with a semi-arid climate as in the mediterranean region. salinity affect 
reas with a semi-arid climate as in the mediterranean region. salinity affects plant performanc 
climate as in the mediterranean region. salinity affects plant performance through the developm 
y affects plant performance through the development of osmotic stress and disruption of ion hom 
ance through the development of osmotic stress and disruption of ion homeostasis, which in turn 
 same specie vary in their tolerance to salinity. this tolerance are genetically determined and 
cids and polyamines. on the other hand, adaptation mechanisms are also important and include ma 
to obtain some basic information on the salinity tolerance. we will use three salinity tolerant 
e salinity tolerance. we will use three salinity tolerant glycophyte species . we will characte 
hyte species . we will characterize the growth and germination of this species in saline and no 
proline, polyamines and ethylene in the salinity tolerance in order to determine the relative i 
ines content, to discover whether these growth regulators are able to induce salinity tolerance 
se growth regulators are able to induce salinity tolerance.  
2191 6                                 swedish forests are effectively managed for timber and pulp, an 
 for timber and pulp, and remaining old-growth stands occur isolated in a matrix of managed for 
s occur isolated in a matrix of managed forests. a group of species . in addition, tree mortali 
 a group of species . in addition, tree mortality will be studied in a larger number of small o 
studied in a larger number of small old-growth plots in a particular landscape.  
 small old-growth plots in a particular landscape.  
14188 5 hat our results will be integral to the development of prescriptions for disease management, in 
to the development of prescriptions for disease management, including the development of a risk 
evelopment of prescriptions for disease management, including the development of a risk assessm 
s for disease management, including the development of a risk assessment and preliminary advice 
agement, including the development of a risk assessment and preliminary advice to the public wh 
10076 21 ian crisis marks the largest known mass extinction of life. about 50% of families of plants and 
 have been just as serious at the local scale: close study of the rock succession in china show 
he local scale: close study of the rock succession in china shows that more than 90% of species 
: close study of the rock succession in china shows that more than 90% of species died out. but 
mid triassic, a time span of 15-20 myr. ecosystems on land in the russian successions had not a 
 successions had not achieved their pre-extinction diversities by the end of the mid triassic,  
munities apparently recovered their pre-extinction diversity and complexity. it s important to  
parently recovered their pre-extinction diversity and complexity. it s important to understand  
ered their pre-extinction diversity and complexity. it s important to understand the ptb crisis 
e ptb crisis since many features of the climate crisis model are being repeated today: release  
nce many features of the climate crisis model are being repeated today: release of gases and ac 
 today: release of gases and acid rain, global warming over hundreds of years, stagnant waters, 
estions: how do timings and patterns of extinction on land match those in the sea can the cw an 
 the proposed massive plant killing and soil wash-off at the beginning of the triassic how did  
 the two crises what was the pattern of ecosystem collapse is there evidence for ecological or  
land, and how do these compare with the scale of the marine crisis what was the nature of the r 
 do these compare with the scale of the marine crisis what was the nature of the recovery throu 
scale of the marine crisis what was the nature of the recovery through the early and middle tri 
arine crisis what was the nature of the recovery through the early and middle triassic, in term 
 triassic, in terms of rebuilding total diversity and ecosystems  
terms of rebuilding total diversity and ecosystems  
6997 1             up to now, the knowledge of lichens of the tibetan region has been rather poor. man 
6963 6 of apricots known as hungaricum and its monitoring, assessment has been carried out for decades 
known as hungaricum and its monitoring, assessment has been carried out for decades in our inst 
llected data processing and analysis. b production of new rootstocks. the rootstock breeding pr 
 target for almond rootstocks to become drought and ecological tolerant. 487 hybrids are observ 
 which is maintained by the ministry of agriculture and rural development.  
ined by the ministry of agriculture and rural development.  
11142 6                                         streams and rivers are linked to the terrestrial habita 
                            streams and rivers are linked to the terrestrial habitats around th 
habitats around them by the exchange of nutrients, detritus and organisms. most investigations  
fluenced by inputs from the terrestrial environment, but more recent work has identified the po 
e of flows of material from the aquatic habitat to the adjacent terrestrial , and so affect the 
estrial , and so affect the terrestrial food web in different ways.  
12579 6                      the work addresses policy objectives of providing a sound scientific base  
sound scientific base for the continued development of policies on soil protection where heavy  
he continued development of policies on soil protection where heavy metals are applied to agric 
nt of policies on soil protection where heavy metals are applied to agricultural land, by evalu 
ects of heavy metal additions per se on soil fertility and agricultural productivity.  
r se on soil fertility and agricultural productivity.  
2192 8                                 current forest biodiversity is the result of ancient and modern 
                         current forest biodiversity is the result of ancient and modern land-u 
ity is the result of ancient and modern land-use histories, super-imposed on long-term natural  
 about this interaction between man and nature generates new interest in forest conservation am 
an and nature generates new interest in forest conservation among land-owners and the general p 
ser groups is needed. therefore special stress will be put upon research communication with sch 
ry projects connected to the historical forest and land use in the research areas.  
 connected to the historical forest and land use in the research areas.  
12578 5               the work addresses defras policy objectives of providing a sound scientific base  
sound scientific base for the continued development of policies on soil protection where sludge 
he continued development of policies on soil protection where sludge is being applied to agricu 
the effects of heavy metal additions on soil fertility and agricultural productivity.  
ions on soil fertility and agricultural productivity.  
11289 7 pread and play an important role in the evolution of many behaviours and traits. in birds, for  
in the evolution of many behaviours and traits. in birds, for example, sexual conflict, parent- 
ution of many behaviours and traits. in birds, for example, sexual conflict, parent-offspring c 
ches, we will experimentally manipulate competition within broods by creating synchronous and a 
important determinant in the outcome of competition for food delivered by parents and as hatchi 
ring conflict on variation in offspring growth strategies while controlling for genetic differe 
longer term effects of this conflict on traits that influence offspring fecundity. this will ad 
6903 1 ll by quantitative pcr and assess their function as surrogate markers for igvh mutation status  
10348 15       it is well-known that the earth s climate is currently in a time of fast change, which it 
idely accepted is due to the effects of pollution in the atmosphere. it is also well-known that 
osphere. it is also well-known that the distribution of at least some species is limited by the 
t they can only live in areas where the climate is suitable. temperature may be especially impo 
in areas where the climate is suitable. temperature may be especially important for ectotherms, 
not physiologically regulate their body temperature. it follows that changes in climate might l 
temperature. it follows that changes in climate might lead to changes in the distribution of sp 
in climate might lead to changes in the distribution of species as some areas become more suita 
 understand how species will respond to temperature changes. however, at the moment there are m 
re many aspects of species responses to temperature change that we don t understand. for exampl 
ons of a species respond differently to temperature changes depending on whether or not they ar 
hey are near the limits to that species distribution. these are the questions that this grant w 
s grant will address, using aphids as a model system. aphids are useful study organisms because 
ead crop diseases, so their response to climate change could have significant implications for  
could have significant implications for agriculture.  
10369 2 etermine the causes and consequences of genetic diversity in host-parasite interactions. genes  
unique rat-nematode system in which the genetic diversity of both the hosts and the parasites c 
1968 3 nd why is there such a strong effect of temperature. population number of the winter moth varie 
variation. we will develop a population model including the genetic population structure, varia 
st and egg hatching. the outcome of the model will be verified by estimating population numbers 
11229 1 ive genetic variation in preferred male traits , despite strong sexual selection.  
11386 1 ive genetic variation in preferred male traits , despite strong sexual selection.  
11279 6 tested for direct interactions with the environment. this studentship will address this gap in  
e have applied established experimental evolution protocols to the mediterranean fruit fly mati 
experimental evolution protocols to the mediterranean fruit fly mating systems, which serve as  
 excellent models for understanding how evolution works. this studentship will therefore apply  
ity areas for terrestrial research into evolution and the environment via the exploitation of g 
estrial research into evolution and the environment via the exploitation of genome and post-gen 
10888 55                            introduction mangroves are tropical forests that grow in salty water 
             introduction mangroves are tropical forests that grow in salty water, usually at t 
are tropical forests that grow in salty water, usually at the coast. they are valuable ecosyste 
usually at the coast. they are valuable ecosystems, providing wood for fuel and timber, habitat 
ms, providing wood for fuel and timber, habitat for fish, birds and invertebrates and physical  
g wood for fuel and timber, habitat for fish, birds and invertebrates and physical protection a 
 for fuel and timber, habitat for fish, birds and invertebrates and physical protection against 
and timber, habitat for fish, birds and invertebrates and physical protection against shore ero 
s and physical protection against shore erosion and storm surges. mangroves also trap carbon fr 
against shore erosion and storm surges. mangroves also trap carbon from the atmosphere in the f 
n and storm surges. mangroves also trap carbon from the atmosphere in the form of peat, which i 
and other uses. many nations, including kenya, are looking at better ways of managing their man 
ooking at better ways of managing their mangrove resources, such as allowing controlled cutting 
as allowing controlled cutting of these forests followed by re-planting. it is important that a 
planting. it is important that any such management maximises the ecological benefits of the for 
aximises the ecological benefits of the forests and minimises any ecological damage - for examp 
es any ecological damage - for example, management should ensure that below-ground carbon stock 
agement should ensure that below-ground carbon stocks are maintained and that the emission of g 
are maintained and that the emission of greenhouse gases is minimised. aims this research has t 
th focused on a better understanding of carbon cycling and greenhouse gas emissions in mangrove 
cycling and greenhouse gas emissions in mangroves: 1 to examine how controlled cutting, which r 
ed cutting, which reproduces on a small scale the commercial cutting that has started again in  
rcial cutting that has started again in kenya, affects carbon stored below the ground and green 
hat has started again in kenya, affects carbon stored below the ground and greenhouse gas emiss 
ther factors of importance to a healthy mangrove ecosystem such as the communities of fish and  
ors of importance to a healthy mangrove ecosystem such as the communities of fish and crabs tha 
ve ecosystem such as the communities of fish and crabs that live there. 2 to determine the sour 
ve there. 2 to determine the sources of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases that are lost 
the sources of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases that are lost from the soil in mangrov 
greenhouse gases that are lost from the soil in mangrove ecosystems - for example, whether this 
se gases that are lost from the soil in mangrove ecosystems - for example, whether this is comi 
that are lost from the soil in mangrove ecosystems - for example, whether this is coming mostly 
 whether this is coming mostly from the respiration of the roots or from decomposition of organ 
om the respiration of the roots or from decomposition of organic matter in the soil. we will al 
n of the roots or from decomposition of organic matter in the soil. we will also determine the  
 decomposition of organic matter in the soil. we will also determine the productivity of mangro 
in the soil. we will also determine the productivity of mangrove roots, allowing us to estimate 
will also determine the productivity of mangrove roots, allowing us to estimate how quickly suc 
ow quickly such roots can grow and trap carbon. in addition to these main aims, we will also be 
al women s group and school children in mangrove education and restoration events. field site t 
hool children in mangrove education and restoration events. field site this research will be co 
 some 60km from mombasa on the coast of kenya. the bay is fringed by a coral reef, and contains 
coast of kenya. the bay is fringed by a coral reef, and contains seagrass beds and mangrove for 
s fringed by a coral reef, and contains seagrass beds and mangrove forests. gazi village next t 
al reef, and contains seagrass beds and mangrove forests. gazi village next to the bay is home  
and contains seagrass beds and mangrove forests. gazi village next to the bay is home to 1000 p 
ay is home to 1000 people who use their mangroves for a wide range of products. methods using a 
ge of products. methods using a natural forest we will clear 5 small areas of trees and compare 
e the greenhouse gas emissions and root decomposition in these with control forested plots. by  
ith control forested plots. by studying stable isotopes, natural chemical markers in the gases, 
 the effects of the cutting on crab and fish communities, and on the ability of the mangrove fo 
 communities, and on the ability of the mangrove forests to trap sediment and to retain a stabl 
ies, and on the ability of the mangrove forests to trap sediment and to retain a stable height  
ability of the mangrove forests to trap sediment and to retain a stable height above sea level. 
and women s group will participate in a mangrove day of replanting and education.  
12416 1 chers to mccip, ukmmas and the wider eu community.  
7282 8 oject aims to define a project scope on incentives for forest biodiversity. this is to identify 
efine a project scope on incentives for forest biodiversity. this is to identify the scope of r 
 project scope on incentives for forest biodiversity. this is to identify the scope of research 
nship between monetary and non-monetary incentives that weigh on decisions about forest managem 
ncentives that weigh on decisions about forest management, the mechanisms in place to ensure th 
ms in place to ensure the protection of biodiversity, the institutions in which they fit and su 
ure the protection of biodiversity, the institutions in which they fit and suitability for indi 
they fit and suitability for individual behavior  
14209 6 ainly caused by the extensive inflow of organic matter from the catchment, which may enhance re 
r from the catchment, which may enhance respiration rate could prevail depending on the environ 
dom stimulate net heterotrophy, and the ecosystem metabolism is also sensitive to changes in fo 
abolism is also sensitive to changes in food webs. we hypothesise that in võrtsjärv the balance 
lance between gpp and r is sensitive to climate-mediated wl changes that largely controls exter 
t largely controls external loading and ecosystem processes.  
6999 24 as a major breakthrough in the field of microbial ecology, and together with the recognition of 
act of virus induced lysis on bacterial production and its consequences, it certainly contribut 
ter understanding of the functioning of marine and freshwater ecosystems. . however, most proce 
anding of the functioning of marine and freshwater ecosystems. . however, most processes descri 
he functioning of marine and freshwater ecosystems. . however, most processes describing the fu 
l loop were derived from studies on the water column of both oceanic and limnic systems. in con 
alidity in the adjacent shallow aerobic sediment systems, and there is a total lack of investig 
lack of investigations concerning virus-bacteria interactions in those sediments. this leads to 
such relationships do not exist for the community members in aquatic sediments and that a new c 
odels on the direction and magnitude of energy flow in sediment systems or b there is a general 
rection and magnitude of energy flow in sediment systems or b there is a general lack of data c 
 structure and rate measurements of the microbial community in sediment environments and that n 
surements of the microbial community in sediment environments and that no satisfying experiment 
not a comparable role to those from the water column with respect to the microbial loop hypothe 
op hypothesis and will concentrate on i predation of prototzoa on bacteria and protozoan driven 
centrate on i predation of prototzoa on bacteria and protozoan driven remineralization, or else 
t is the role of virus induced lysis of sediment bacteria and is the viral impact a controlling 
role of virus induced lysis of sediment bacteria and is the viral impact a controlling force fo 
mpact a controlling force for bacterial production, iii what is the fate of bacterial productio 
tion, iii what is the fate of bacterial production if the above mentioned compartments do not r 
ts do not remove significant amounts of bacteria, and iv what is the role of benthic meiofauna  
trolling bacterial, protozoan and viral production, or else, do we have to figure out a new car 
or else, do we have to figure out a new carbon pathway in the sediment system. the proposed stu 
 figure out a new carbon pathway in the sediment system. the proposed study represents a first  
11753 4 s but the molecular basis is unknown in marine animals, in stark contrast to model organisms. t 
in marine animals, in stark contrast to model organisms. to address this, rna from nereis viren 
eis virens brains, a well characterised marine lophotrochozoan, in multiple phases of circadian 
sation will be carried out and regional adaptation investigated.  
10830 4                         ectomycorrhizal fungi ensheath the roots of our major tree species and  
tree species and play a central role in nutrient cycling in forest ecosystems. this project aim 
y a central role in nutrient cycling in forest ecosystems. this project aim to elucidate the mo 
tral role in nutrient cycling in forest ecosystems. this project aim to elucidate the molecular 
11515 9 centrations of arsenic for drinking and irrigation is poisoning millions worldwide. for example 
h mg quantities of arsenic per litre of water, and this has led to what has been described as t 
 of arsenic release from sediments into water, the causes of this humanitarian disaster remain  
igorously. these include changes in the sediment minerals from the oxidation of arsenic-rich py 
 breakdown of arsenic-rich fe-respiring bacteria without the need to culture them. finally, so  
 will also study the mineral phases and groundwater composition using state of the art mineralo 
nd geochemical techniques, while we are monitoring changes in the microbial communities and the 
llow us to develop a detailed molecular-scale picture of the impact of microbial metabolism on  
cale picture of the impact of microbial metabolism on the aqueous and mineral-bound forms of ar 
9862 9 centrations of arsenic for drinking and irrigation is poisoning millions worldwide. for example 
h mg quantities of arsenic per litre of water, and this has led to what has been described as t 
 of arsenic release from sediments into water, the causes of this humanitarian disaster remain  
igorously. these include changes in the sediment minerals from the oxidation of arsenic-rich py 
 breakdown of arsenic-rich fe-respiring bacteria without the need to culture them. finally, so  
 will also study the mineral phases and groundwater composition using state of the art mineralo 
nd geochemical techniques, while we are monitoring changes in the microbial communities and the 
llow us to develop a detailed molecular-scale picture of the impact of microbial metabolism on  
cale picture of the impact of microbial metabolism on the aqueous and mineral-bound forms of ar 
6983 14                                    many ecosystems, and as a consequence their floral component 
ir floral components, are threatened by human impact. the biodiversity of such habitats is decr 
ts, are threatened by human impact. the biodiversity of such habitats is decreasing rapidly. ho 
ts is decreasing rapidly. however, high diversity environments show higher productivity and co  
high diversity environments show higher productivity and co 2 ; absorption capacity. an importa 
apacity. an important pre-requisite for plant diversity appears to be the diversity of vesicula 
e for plant diversity appears to be the diversity of vesicular-arbuscular and their infection i 
se are considered to be able to provide nutrients for the plant and therefore it is of major co 
of plants. several site parameters like soil ph, total and plant available p content, soil wate 
ants. several site parameters like soil ph, total and plant available p content, soil water con 
h, total and plant available p content, soil water content, bulk density and plant p content ar 
tal and plant available p content, soil water content, bulk density and plant p content are det 
ble p content, soil water content, bulk density and plant p content are determined as well in o 
der to provide an overall view over the environment and the p nutrition of the plants investiga 
9826 4 ides excellent proxies of oceanography, climate change, biodiversity and evolutionary processes 
roxies of oceanography, climate change, biodiversity and evolutionary processes. yet, recent mo 
lecular evidence for modes and rates of evolution and assess the dynamics of cryptic biodiversi 
tion and assess the dynamics of cryptic biodiversity in the past.  
2042 4 assically it has been assumed, that the dispersal ability and population genetics of marine inv 
rsal ability and population genetics of marine invertebrate species can be predicted from their 
tial if we are to use such data for the management of species. correspondingly, in the absence  
dge about the importance of post-larval dispersal for species, we are unable to evaluate what a 
2475 26                                     the life history strategies of individual fish determine th 
e life history strategies of individual fish determine their growth potential and reproductive  
gies of individual fish determine their growth potential and reproductive output. thus, the lif 
tial and reproductive output. thus, the life history strategy determines the stocks dynamics an 
s the stocks dynamics and the potential yield that it can sustain. life history traits directly 
he potential yield that it can sustain. life history traits directly affecting the schedules of 
yield that it can sustain. life history traits directly affecting the schedules of growth, surv 
its directly affecting the schedules of growth, survival, and reproduction, and are influenced  
eproduction, and are influenced both by fishing, which changes the populations demography, and  
mography, and external forcing from the environment. with exploitation over a longer period of  
non of skipped spawning, whereby mature fish skip one or more of their spawning opportunities,  
xert similar influences on dynamics and productivity of exploited fish stocks as caused by chan 
 dynamics and productivity of exploited fish stocks as caused by changes in age-at-maturity. qu 
tifying skipped spawning will allow the development of more realistic population dynamic models 
population dynamic models that underpin management. we will first establish phenotypic relation 
kipped spawning and age, condition, and environment in recently collected data, backed up by th 
ly collected data, backed up by theory, life history models, and otolith analyses. from the oto 
pping is solely related to insufficient energy reserves or if, as predicted by models, can also 
be caused by an increased investment in growth. second, we will document the historic occurrenc 
ts, we will evaluate the importance for management of skipped spawning and other life history c 
anagement of skipped spawning and other life history changes that affect stock reproductive pot 
ffect stock reproductive potential, egg production, and ultimately recruitment. recent life his 
tential, egg production, and ultimately recruitment. recent life history models indicate that h 
ion, and ultimately recruitment. recent life history models indicate that highly exploited fish 
y models indicate that highly exploited fish stocks have undergone evolutionary change due to t 
volutionary change due to the selective mortality.  
13863 7 ion behaviors of adult females directly impacts the overall ability of these insects to detect  
ly impacts the overall ability of these insects to detect both humans and animals. as such, an  
 olfactory signal transduction in these insects will provide additional and crucial insight int 
this proposal we aim to study olfactory function and host seeking behavior in culex pipiens, a  
udy olfactory function and host seeking behavior in culex pipiens, a common species in scandina 
rtant for inhabitants of large areas of sweden, but also proactive against future mosquito-born 
proactive against future mosquito-borne disease invasions.  
10055 10 age, a progression called ontogeny. for traits involved in defense against herbivores, these on 
tic patterns are key aspects of natural community dynamics, driving interactions between plants 
en plants and herbivores. plant defense traits include toxic chemicals and physical barriers, s 
that deter herbivores, as well as plant traits that reduce the negative impacts of herbivores,  
s plant traits that reduce the negative impacts of herbivores, such as the ability to regrow fo 
. ontogenetic patterns in plant defense traits are common and have been documented in over 60 p 
ifferences among plant species in their life history strategies , and dr. koricheva s expertise 
gies , and dr. koricheva s expertise in meta-analysis and graphical vector analysis. this resea 
ontribution to our understanding of the evolution of plant defense by elucidating the role of o 
ing the role of ontogeny in defense and herbivory.  
10835 4 y radiations and extinctions within the marine realm, largely attributed to dramatically fluctu 
 critical time of extreme morphological development within the clade. by the end of the ordovic 
on. by contrast the ordovician sees the development of widespread biomineralisation characteris 
d gondwana, mainly in extremely shallow marine facies. recent work has greatly expanded the ava 
6905 2 fauna of the characteristic, endangered habitat types of the carpathian basin elaboration of na 
 of the carpathian basin elaboration of nature conservation treatments and methods and action p 
14673 4 s during the last years have shown that mining is a || chr ||assessment and the management of p 
rs have shown that mining is a || chr ||assessment and the management of protected areas.  
mining is a || chr ||assessment and the management of protected areas.  
 chr ||assessment and the management of protected areas.  
14522 10 lations between plants and phitophagous insects allow us to realize an approach of different pa 
between plants, phitophagous and theirs parasitoids.the project deals with the study of the rel 
dy of the relations between agromyzides mining flies, their first and secondary parasitoids, ev 
mining flies, their first and secondary parasitoids, even a taxonomic point of view than biolog 
to reproductive organ, makes agromyzide-parasitoid complex a good pattern for the study of coev 
e study of coevolution.the study of the diversity of the parasitic interactions in different de 
en to be extrinsic to the environmental biodiversity, or to be the outcome of coevolutionary al 
owing objectives:1. to establish if the evolution of asymmetries is associated to coevolutionar 
different degrees of specialization. 2. monitoring the diversity of trofic systems in parasitis 
es of specialization. 2. monitoring the diversity of trofic systems in parasitism with abiotic  
12482 22 research partners led by the centre for environmental management to pilot area-wide sustainabil 
ronmental management to pilot area-wide sustainability assessment using a stakeholder-led delib 
ement to pilot area-wide sustainability assessment using a stakeholder-led deliberative process 
ve process based on the ‘five capitals’ model. this new work will considerably extend this init 
n the form of a set of environmental or ecosystem asset accounts that can be used as a framewor 
n be used as a framework for developing indicators of ecosystem health or integrity, and in the 
 framework for developing indicators of ecosystem health or integrity, and in the assessment of 
osystem health or integrity, and in the assessment of policy options. the key drivers of ecosys 
 or integrity, and in the assessment of policy options. the key drivers of ecosystem change in  
t of policy options. the key drivers of ecosystem change in england often lie beyond the remit  
ond the remit of those charged with the conservation and management of such resources. this mak 
those charged with the conservation and management of such resources. this makes it essential t 
dy will be: •the creation of a detailed gis database for the study area, developing cqc data by 
etailed local information for practical planning and land management applications; •locally tes 
 information for practical planning and land management applications; •locally tested and agree 
cies in ways that safeguard and enhance ecosystem goods and services across the catchment; and  
and •a report to defra and key national policy-makers recommending how the value of an ecosyste 
makers recommending how the value of an ecosystem approach to integrated decision making could  
 of an ecosystem approach to integrated decision making could be realized. to make to results a 
w in a wide range of local and regional stakeholders via facilitated workshops and focus groups 
 focus groups. communicating the studys development and key findings will be an ongoing activit 
n between all of the different kinds of stakeholders involved.  
10317 20 leased by anthropogenic fossil fuel and biomass burning. as a consequence the ph of seawater is 
d biomass burning. as a consequence the ph of seawater is dropping; a process called ocean acid 
 seawater is dropping; a process called ocean acidification. the concern is that these changes  
 changes will have a profound impact on marine biota by affecting both species range of habitat 
iota by affecting both species range of habitat and the calcification of their skeletons and sh 
f co2 uptake, the average surface ocean ph will be lower than that experienced by marine organi 
 will be lower than that experienced by marine organisms at any time over the last several mill 
eral million years. the most vulnerable ecosystems are in the polar regions and hence we will f 
 have selected representative groups of marine plankton that live at the surface in the top met 
sults will determine if the base of the marine food chain and the major contributors to the glo 
nd the major contributors to the global carbon cycle, have already altered their calcification  
eady altered their calcification due to ocean acidification. all this information is needed to  
o improve predictions of how vulnerable marine ecosystems are to ocean acidification, how likel 
ve predictions of how vulnerable marine ecosystems are to ocean acidification, how likely they  
how vulnerable marine ecosystems are to ocean acidification, how likely they are able to adapt  
o adapt and support effective advice to policy makers and managers of marine bioresources on th 
advice to policy makers and managers of marine bioresources on the possible size and timescale  
possible size and timescale of risks of ocean acidification to marine ecosystems.  
cale of risks of ocean acidification to marine ecosystems.  
 risks of ocean acidification to marine ecosystems.  
10069 3 m the other dimensions, typically using birds as model organisms. here we propose a unique proj 
er dimensions, typically using birds as model organisms. here we propose a unique project that  
 vespilloides. this species is an ideal model organism because it breeds readily under laborato 
10350 3 m the other dimensions, typically using birds as model organisms. here we propose a unique proj 
er dimensions, typically using birds as model organisms. here we propose a unique project that  
 vespilloides. this species is an ideal model organism because it breeds readily under laborato 
10446 6 the genus clusia have a wide ecological diversity and plasticity in co2 fixation, ranging from  
ticity in co2 fixation, ranging from c3 photosynthesis to crassulacean acid metabolism variatio 
 c3 photosynthesis to crassulacean acid metabolism variation in sequences flanking microsatelli 
mely opportunity to integrate molecular phylogeny, ecophysiology and molecular biology in a gen 
genus which has become established as a model for investigating ecological and mechanistic aspe 
ts of photosynthetic acclimation to the environment.  
14205 1 ences in the host-range; 5 to perform a monitoring for sobemoviruses in estonia.  
13782 12                 leptin has an important function in mammals, regulating appetite and energy bal 
ion in mammals, regulating appetite and energy balance. however, the physiological role of lept 
er, the physiological role of leptin in fish is virtually unknown, as the existence/structure o 
 unknown, as the existence/structure of fish leptin has until recently been unknown. we have ra 
esearch tools; including the first ever fish leptin ria. this allows for a three-way research a 
p establish hypotheses on physiological function, which will then be tested in comprehensive in 
hensive in vivo studies. if a conserved function is confirmed, the project may explain how key  
firmed, the project may explain how key life history transitions such as smoltification and pub 
ch decisions depends to large degree on energy reserves. if alternative physiological functions 
e physiological functions for leptin in fish are discovered, this is of fundamental importance  
undamental importance for understanding evolution and function of endocrine systems in vertebra 
ortance for understanding evolution and function of endocrine systems in vertebrates, particula 
2174 11 ese populations have been attributed to climate-change-induced regime shifts, concomitant shift 
en attributed to climate-change-induced regime shifts, concomitant shifts in predator-induced m 
ed regime shifts, concomitant shifts in predator-induced mortality on harbour seals, altered co 
 concomitant shifts in predator-induced mortality on harbour seals, altered competitive stresse 
ch programme will determine the current abundance and most probable population trend of this vu 
of spitsbergen. it will assess possible community changes taking place in the region due to cli 
anges taking place in the region due to climate change via determining what harbour seals are e 
ogrammes dealing with threats to arctic biodiversity as well as providing a vast, year-round oc 
a set for a region of key importance to climate modelling for the barents region. in collaborat 
r a region of key importance to climate modelling for the barents region. in collaboration with 
ck identities will be determined and an adaptive management plan with be created for this speci 
10611 5  the central issues of modem population ecology. the development of spatial theory - driven in  
issues of modem population ecology. the development of spatial theory - driven in large part by 
owever, been matched by a corresponding growth m replicated empirical studies. this proposal se 
pulation are altered and the effects on population dynamics examined. replicated host and host/ 
ictions of theory and used to guide the development of subsequent theory by the pi.  
11646 5  the central issues of modem population ecology. the development of spatial theory - driven in  
issues of modem population ecology. the development of spatial theory - driven in large part by 
owever, been matched by a corresponding growth m replicated empirical studies. this proposal se 
pulation are altered and the effects on population dynamics examined. replicated host and host/ 
ictions of theory and used to guide the development of subsequent theory by the pi.  
2033 11                                         biodiversity in terms of species richness and the role  
               biodiversity in terms of species richness and the role of diversity in marine ec 
rms of species richness and the role of diversity in marine ecosystems have been much discussed 
s richness and the role of diversity in marine ecosystems have been much discussed recently. ho 
ess and the role of diversity in marine ecosystems have been much discussed recently. however,  
 been much discussed recently. however, biodiversity below the species level . another aspect o 
nother aspect of our studies will be an evaluation of the health of the neritic ecosystem. if r 
evaluation of the health of the neritic ecosystem. if reduced heterozygosity is found in an une 
baseline data to evaluate environmental stress. also the infection parasite frequency and genet 
so the infection parasite frequency and genetic diversity of different populations will be comp 
would mean that population with reduced genetic diversity are more susceptible to parasites.  
2151 10 d barents seas, focusing on the role of zooplankton. zooplankton, constituting the food for e.g 
s, focusing on the role of zooplankton. zooplankton, constituting the food for e.g. herring, ca 
apelin and young cod, is central in the ecosystem; yet important questions remain unsolved. the 
the project is to investigate if or how zooplankton may modulate the effect of an oil spill on  
 modulate the effect of an oil spill on fish stocks. the core element of the project is to exte 
o extend the leo project by statistical modelling of norwegian and russian plankton data, using 
ological, oceanographic and statistical modelling expertise assembled for the leo project. whil 
le the leo project primarily focuses on fish, oil and climate, this new project extends the wor 
ject primarily focuses on fish, oil and climate, this new project extends the work to plankton  
properly understand the dynamics of the ecosystem.  
12674 2 nesco mechanisms to designate areas for management towards this end – world heritage site progr 
n the uk, so that their contribution to policy and practice within the uk may be assessed and i 
13463 20                                         forestry aims at maximizing production, while maintaini 
            forestry aims at maximizing production, while maintaining biodiversity, but these a 
aximizing production, while maintaining biodiversity, but these aims often conflict. evidence b 
ence based information about effects of conservation measures on diversity may guide policy dec 
out effects of conservation measures on diversity may guide policy decisions about how and when 
rvation measures on diversity may guide policy decisions about how and when different managemen 
 decisions about how and when different management regimes should be implemented. ectomycorrhiz 
mycorrhizal we have initiated two large-scale field experiments in contrasting forest types, wi 
-scale field experiments in contrasting forest types, with plots subjected to harvest at differ 
tor treatment effects on communities of soil fungi, using high throughput sequencing of marker  
reatment effects on communities of soil fungi, using high throughput sequencing of marker gene  
leads to complete or partial loss of em diversity at the local scale, and how mycorrhizal decli 
rtial loss of em diversity at the local scale, and how mycorrhizal decline in turn affects free 
zal decline in turn affects free-living fungi. furthermore, we will test if em diversity may be 
 fungi. furthermore, we will test if em diversity may be preserved by leaving trees at harvest, 
hips between the degree of thinning and diversity impact. by analysing em fungi on seedlings pl 
g and diversity impact. by analysing em fungi on seedlings planted in the experimental plots, w 
so investigate whether continuous cover forestry may enable a more efficient transfer of symbio 
e a more efficient transfer of symbiont diversity between forest generations.  
 transfer of symbiont diversity between forest generations.  
518 16  necessary to record responsibility for biodiversity into agricultural public action. this shou 
n, considering the decisive factors for evolution in agricultural systems of various scales. th 
o advance in the integration process of biodiversity in public action it is necessary to dispos 
rst type of forum is connected with the production of ideas completely integrated in the agricu 
ys a central role in the functioning of agro-ecosystems having a strong natural value due to it 
d into the agricultural integration and biodiversity, agricultural habitats rich in biodiversit 
iversity, agricultural habitats rich in biodiversity being both natural and human objects, prod 
 research has until now apprehended the biodiversity associated to agricultural systems which a 
mit the apprehension of certain crucial governance stakes, since the long-term evolution of agr 
 governance stakes, since the long-term evolution of agriculture is to a great extent determine 
takes, since the long-term evolution of agriculture is to a great extent determined by macro-ec 
 it is thus the issue of integration of biodiversity into the functioning of agricultural tradi 
e support of agricultural areas rich in biodiversity how do the debates of ideas surrounding th 
s smuggler concept between agronomy and ecology, which interfora alliances for idea conception  
oes it permit within the conception and evaluation of public policies the project aims to try o 
ined for present stakes that are public policy objectives in preparation. this approach might b 
15236 12                                         microbial diversity in natural environments is huge and 
 that minority are important in natural ecosystems. the study of the rare microorganisms is ess 
 communities in an spatial and temporal environment, as well as to comprehend why exist a so la 
l as to comprehend why exist a so large microbial diversity. the selection of microorganisms ad 
 environments is proposed. the selected environment is the sediment from the natural ponds at d 
oposed. the selected environment is the sediment from the natural ponds at doñana national park 
sms will be approached. microorganisms, bacteria and archaea, will be identified and their phys 
operties evaluated. also, their spatial distribution will be analyzed and will contribute to de 
ll contribute to decipher the potential function within their ecosystem. the possibility that t 
her the potential function within their ecosystem. the possibility that the analyzed conditions 
the analyzed processes will represent a model of the dynamic of microbial communities as a cons 
nd their potential response both in the ecosystem and global biogeochemical cycles.  
11039 14                                         bioenergy is a key component of the uk government s pla 
 the uk government s plans for tackling climate change. one of the major causes of increased at 
s the burning of fossil fuels releasing carbon that has been stored for centuries back into the 
e of fossil fuels we can grow crops for energy. bioenergy , is unknown. it is essential to dete 
sil fuels we can grow crops for energy. bioenergy , is unknown. it is essential to determine th 
ermine this in order to underpin future management of bioenergy cropping systems and to accurat 
 order to underpin future management of bioenergy cropping systems and to accurately project fu 
 techniques under a range of controlled environment and managment conditions, and using molecul 
ation will be used to develop the jules community model of ceh, parameterising water, energy, c 
 be used to develop the jules community model of ceh, parameterising water, energy, carbon and  
 community model of ceh, parameterising water, energy, carbon and greenhouse gas balances for t 
ity model of ceh, parameterising water, energy, carbon and greenhouse gas balances for these bi 
l of ceh, parameterising water, energy, carbon and greenhouse gas balances for these bioenergy  
n and greenhouse gas balances for these bioenergy crops, and to simulate greenhouse gas emissio 
10035 14                                         bioenergy is a key component of the uk government s pla 
 the uk government s plans for tackling climate change. one of the major causes of increased at 
s the burning of fossil fuels releasing carbon that has been stored for centuries back into the 
e of fossil fuels we can grow crops for energy. bioenergy , is unknown. it is essential to dete 
sil fuels we can grow crops for energy. bioenergy , is unknown. it is essential to determine th 
ermine this in order to underpin future management of bioenergy cropping systems and to accurat 
 order to underpin future management of bioenergy cropping systems and to accurately project fu 
 techniques under a range of controlled environment and managment conditions, and using molecul 
ation will be used to develop the jules community model of ceh, parameterising water, energy, c 
 be used to develop the jules community model of ceh, parameterising water, energy, carbon and  
 community model of ceh, parameterising water, energy, carbon and greenhouse gas balances for t 
ity model of ceh, parameterising water, energy, carbon and greenhouse gas balances for these bi 
l of ceh, parameterising water, energy, carbon and greenhouse gas balances for these bioenergy  
n and greenhouse gas balances for these bioenergy crops, and to simulate greenhouse gas emissio 
7171 16             the work on the biology and ecology of ludwigia allowed to provide stable grounds o 
imination of both species. geographical distribution data of the two taxa and regularly receive 
e been confirmed and the possibility of production of viable seedlings was checked in situ and  
in situ and in laboratory. . studies on colonization characteristics of ludwigia on different t 
f plants and their habitats for tenure. assessment of biomass produced shows high variability d 
heir habitats for tenure. assessment of biomass produced shows high variability depending on th 
e plants and regulatory requirements of colonization deemed too important. they showed the pers 
iations. these debates on the practical management of a plant have raised many questions about  
ons about the expectations of different stakeholders towards science called to solve such a pro 
ve such a problem. in terms of economic evaluation, the empirical approach brought together the 
inter- actions with the already ongoing management practices on these species; the investigatio 
 in the situations encountered, both in ecology of ludwigia quen regarding management needs. in 
h in ecology of ludwigia quen regarding management needs. in constant contact with the world of 
, on one hand, and between research and management actions to secondly: the perpetuation of thi 
rantee the necessary improvement of our environment management practices  
ecessary improvement of our environment management practices  
10794 4 ental to understanding our own place in evolution, and virtually every account of the history o 
the fossils from this critical phase in evolution. in the picture of vertebrate origins as we p 
nimals from this interval of vertebrate evolution. their correct placement in the tree of life  
ut in fossils this has been modified by decomposition, flattening, and transformation into mine 
203 21                                         biomass productivity and biodiversity of hybrid aspen a 
                                biomass productivity and biodiversity of hybrid aspen as part o 
               biomass productivity and biodiversity of hybrid aspen as part of a complex study 
rch teams from estonia and from abroad. environmental impacts of cultivating hybrid aspen will  
ng hybrid aspen will be assessed. plant-soil interactions will be studied in even-aged monocult 
ent demand of hybrid aspen on different soils will be clarified. the limiting factors for bioma 
 be clarified. the limiting factors for biomass production capacity during the different growth 
ified. the limiting factors for biomass production capacity during the different growth stages  
roduction capacity during the different growth stages will be studied. the dynamics of the stan 
he stand structure, differentiation and competition of the trees will be focused as well. the n 
ybrid aspen plantations allows to study biomass accumulation of the trees, to monitor changes i 
ion of the trees, to monitor changes in soil fertility and vegetation cover and to assess the p 
o monitor changes in soil fertility and vegetation cover and to assess the phytopathological st 
he best hybrid aspen clones in estonian soil and climate conditions. the results from the proje 
ybrid aspen clones in estonian soil and climate conditions. the results from the project will h 
e project will help to develop estonian nature use politics and to assess the suitability of ap 
 suitability of applying short rotation forestry and its impacts on estonian nature, landscape, 
pplying short rotation forestry and its impacts on estonian nature, landscape, land use, rural  
on forestry and its impacts on estonian nature, landscape, land use, rural economy and social a 
try and its impacts on estonian nature, landscape, land use, rural economy and social aspects.  
 impacts on estonian nature, landscape, land use, rural economy and social aspects. the practic 
10484 15                a major component of the marine-atmospheric carbon cycle is the precipitation an 
jor component of the marine-atmospheric carbon cycle is the precipitation and dissolution of ca 
 marine-atmospheric carbon cycle is the precipitation and dissolution of calcium carbonate in s 
tant to our understanding of the global carbon cycle, and to the earth system as a whole. this  
cted change to our understanding of the marine inorganic carbon budget. large amounts of calciu 
r understanding of the marine inorganic carbon budget. large amounts of calcium carbonate are p 
te are produced in the global oceans by marine plankton and, specifically, by microscopic organ 
ional contribution to oceanic carbonate production by marine bony fish. these all ingest seawat 
tion to oceanic carbonate production by marine bony fish. these all ingest seawater and are now 
nic carbonate production by marine bony fish. these all ingest seawater and are now known to al 
 this previously unrecognised source of marine carbonate is significant in its own right but, w 
n combined with new estimates of global fish biomass, it is clear that it makes a major contrib 
bined with new estimates of global fish biomass, it is clear that it makes a major contribution 
makes a major contribution to carbonate production in particular regions of the ocean, and a sm 
open oceans source for tropical shallow water carbonate sediments.  
13427 1 , the domestic animal genetic resources conservation project was implemented. thus, this projec 
11346 11           a fundamental concern of both ecology and evolution is the question of how diversity  
fundamental concern of both ecology and evolution is the question of how diversity is maintaine 
gy and evolution is the question of how diversity is maintained. one question that remains larg 
bility in life-history and reproductive traits are maintained in populations. the question is i 
lutionary process, but also because the life history and reproductive strategy of a species are 
f a species are key determinants of its ecology. evolutionary transitions between different str 
ns. this will be the first experimental evolution study of sex allocation for any plant or anim 
terize a demographic and sex allocation model for m. annua at a landscape level. these experime 
 sex allocation model for m. annua at a landscape level. these experiments will thus lead to th 
ocation and plant demography at a large spatial scale. the model will be interpreted in light o 
emography at a large spatial scale. the model will be interpreted in light of results from a lo 
15283 18  of plant groups between macaronesia-nw africa, e. africa and w. asia have been recognized for  
roups between macaronesia-nw africa, e. africa and w. asia have been recognized for nearly a ce 
ave been proposed to have this disjunct distribution on the basis of morphological similarities 
oposed for the origin of this enigmatic distribution: a fragmentation of a macrocontinental flo 
rigin of this enigmatic distribution: a fragmentation of a macrocontinental flora by vicariance 
a in the eastern and western margins of africa, b origin in western asia and later migration to 
ica, b origin in western asia and later migration towards e. and s. africa; c dispersion of sou 
a and later migration towards e. and s. africa; c dispersion of southafrican lineages to the no 
orth, with later diversification in the mediterranean region and western asia. despite increasi 
aims to reconstruct the spatio-temporal evolution of 4 plant genera exhibiting this disjunction 
 team and others, so we have an initial phylogeny that we aim to complete, whereas for others w 
as for others we plan to generate a new phylogeny , and the appearance of evolutionary innovati 
y, such as new reproductive strategies, dispersal mechanisms, or the appearance of a novel type 
s, or the appearance of a novel type of metabolism. the final aim of the coordinated project is 
roject will be integrated into a larger meta-analysis to test for the existence of this pattern 
ctors that have shaped it through time: fragmentation of a macrocontinental flora by vicariance 
inental flora by vicariance and gradual extinction, or dispersal and recent diversification bet 
y vicariance and gradual extinction, or dispersal and recent diversification between geographic 
15284 16  of plant groups between macaronesia-nw africa, e. africa and w. asia have been recognized for  
roups between macaronesia-nw africa, e. africa and w. asia have been recognized for nearly a ce 
ave been proposed to have this disjunct distribution on the basis of morphological similarities 
oposed for the origin of this enigmatic distribution: a fragmentation of a macrocontinental flo 
rigin of this enigmatic distribution: a fragmentation of a macrocontinental flora by vicariance 
a in the eastern and western margins of africa, b origin in western asia and later migration to 
ica, b origin in western asia and later migration towards e. and s. africa; c dispersion of sou 
a and later migration towards e. and s. africa; c dispersion of southafrican lineages to the no 
orth, with later diversification in the mediterranean region and western asia. despite increasi 
aims to reconstruct the spatio-temporal evolution of three plant genera exhibiting this disjunc 
y, such as new reproductive strategies, dispersal mechanisms, or the appearance of a novel type 
s, or the appearance of a novel type of metabolism. the final aim of the coordinated project is 
roject will be integrated into a larger meta-analysis to test for the existence of this pattern 
ctors that have shaped it through time: fragmentation of a macrocontinental flora by vicariance 
inental flora by vicariance and gradual extinction, or dispersal and recent diversification bet 
y vicariance and gradual extinction, or dispersal and recent diversification between geographic 
10397 6 rly strong, which is paradoxical - fast evolution, yet , and must therefore have evolved relati 
. the genital arch also influences male fertilization success in d. simulans and is easy to mea 
arent mismatch between rates of genital evolution and the strength of selection on them. we wil 
ns across the animal kingdom, the rapid evolution of male genitalia. furthermore, because genit 
e genital mismatches prevent successful fertilization, this work also has consequences for our  
 hence speciation and the generation of biodiversity.  
12218 1 ot always undertake research to deliver public goods. the justification for public research is  
9959 61                                         global warming due to increasing concentrations of gree 
ing due to increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the earth s atmosphere is a growing 
here is a growing threat to the world s environment, economies and societies. human activities  
own to play a significant factor in the production of ghg, including the generation of electric 
ing the generation of electricity using carbon-based fossil fuels such as oil and gas. in parti 
els such as oil and gas. in particular, carbon dioxide emissions from the deforestation of trop 
ular, carbon dioxide emissions from the deforestation of tropical forests account for up to a f 
ide emissions from the deforestation of tropical forests account for up to a fifth of annual gl 
a fifth of annual global ghg emissions. deforestation is a complex phenomenon, driven by a numb 
ge body of research has shown that much deforestation in the brazilian amazon, for example, is  
hat much deforestation in the brazilian amazon, for example, is caused by both small- and large 
ple, is caused by both small- and large-scale agricultural expansion. in recent international d 
ternational discussions to create a new policy framework for managing the potential threat from 
 for managing the potential threat from climate change, there has been a push by many governmen 
ude strategies to reduce emissions from deforestation and forest degradation in a future framew 
reduce emissions from deforestation and forest degradation in a future framework. known as redu 
emissions from deforestation and forest degradation in a future framework. known as reducing em 
ework. known as reducing emissions from deforestation and degradation or redd, this concept pro 
ducing emissions from deforestation and degradation or redd, this concept proposes to put in pl 
s from deforestation and degradation or redd, this concept proposes to put in place financial i 
cept proposes to put in place financial incentives to reduce deforestation rates thus preventin 
in place financial incentives to reduce deforestation rates thus preventing the emission of bio 
n rates thus preventing the emission of biomass-stored carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosp 
eventing the emission of biomass-stored carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere. these inc 
de emissions into the atmosphere. these incentives could be made at the international level, i. 
rds landowners or communities living in forest areas. however, many concerns have been raised a 
oncerns have been raised about how such incentives might be implemented on the ground. for exam 
und. for example, many people living in forest areas do not have title to the land upon which t 
heme that prevents people from clearing forest for agriculture would need to contend with the f 
revents people from clearing forest for agriculture would need to contend with the fact that su 
ivize people by paying cash to conserve forest would have to find a way, in the absence of clea 
 a valid claim to particular parcels of forest. complicating the situation is the absence of ef 
 of effective government in many remote forest areas. in principle, there are a number of diffe 
here are a number of different types of redd policy that might be set up. the choice of policy  
are a number of different types of redd policy that might be set up. the choice of policy will  
icy that might be set up. the choice of policy will depend on the conditions that exist in a pa 
e conditions that exist in a particular forest area, and the policy goals of the entity respons 
st in a particular forest area, and the policy goals of the entity responsible for implementing 
entity responsible for implementing the policy in the first place. for instance, some proponent 
place. for instance, some proponents of redd want to establish policies that target the poorest 
ablish policies that target the poorest forest users. others want to implement policies that mi 
lement policies that might also protect forest areas containing high levels of biodiversity. th 
 forest areas containing high levels of biodiversity. the problem is that, under the conditions 
ht not be possible to have an effective redd policy that reaches a number of different policy g 
t be possible to have an effective redd policy that reaches a number of different policy goals. 
licy that reaches a number of different policy goals. the question that follows is how might on 
s how might one go about choosing which redd policy to choose in a particular context in this p 
 might one go about choosing which redd policy to choose in a particular context in this projec 
d simulation tool, known as agent-based modelling that might assist in designing redd policy on 
odelling that might assist in designing redd policy on the ground. to be used by policy makers, 
ing that might assist in designing redd policy on the ground. to be used by policy makers, the  
edd policy on the ground. to be used by policy makers, the tool will combine data and informati 
simulate the conditions of a particular forest area. users can then run the software to simulat 
are to simulate what might happen, i.e. scenarios in terms of deforestation behaviour and pover 
ight happen, i.e. scenarios in terms of deforestation behaviour and poverty reduction, when dif 
in terms of deforestation behaviour and poverty reduction, when different types of redd policy  
erty reduction, when different types of redd policy are implemented. the general idea is that t 
reduction, when different types of redd policy are implemented. the general idea is that throug 
l idea is that through experimentation, policy makers can learn about what might or might not w 
out what might or might not work in the forest area of interest before actually implementing a  
fore actually implementing a particular policy on the ground.  
13456 24                 beavers are influential ecosystem engineers in aquatic ecosystems, but were ext 
luential ecosystem engineers in aquatic ecosystems, but were exterminated in sweden in the 1800 
ic ecosystems, but were exterminated in sweden in the 1800s. reintroduced in the 1920s, beavers 
1920s, beavers have recolonized most of sweden, with profound effects at local and landscape sc 
den, with profound effects at local and landscape scales. our project babi will investigate whe 
ts constitute new hotspots not only for biodiversity, ecosystem retentivity and ecosystem funct 
new hotspots not only for biodiversity, ecosystem retentivity and ecosystem functioning, but al 
biodiversity, ecosystem retentivity and ecosystem functioning, but also for methylation and bio 
ntal objectives, and with the reference classification schemes of the water framework directive 
reference classification schemes of the water framework directive. babi will be performed at tw 
med at two spatial scales. at the local scale, beaver effects on water and sediment chemistry,  
. at the local scale, beaver effects on water and sediment chemistry, community composition and 
ocal scale, beaver effects on water and sediment chemistry, community composition and diversity 
ffects on water and sediment chemistry, community composition and diversity, and ecosystem func 
nt chemistry, community composition and diversity, and ecosystem functioning will be quantified 
ommunity composition and diversity, and ecosystem functioning will be quantified in 14 beaver a 
 using state-of-the-art methods. at the landscape scale, babi evaluates the biogeochemical and  
te-of-the-art methods. at the landscape scale, babi evaluates the biogeochemical and ecological 
ers within historic, present and future scenarios of species distribution and population densit 
present and future scenarios of species distribution and population density, with gis-methods u 
 of species distribution and population density, with gis-methods used to upscale empirical dat 
stribution and population density, with gis-methods used to upscale empirical data. babi thus c 
ill provide scientific data crucial for management as beavers continue to expand in europe.  
gement as beavers continue to expand in europe.  
12657 14 rch is designed to assess the effect of urban development and number of visitors on the distrib 
 designed to assess the effect of urban development and number of visitors on the distribution  
velopment and number of visitors on the distribution and abundance of nightjar, woodlark and da 
ber of visitors on the distribution and abundance of nightjar, woodlark and dartford warbler on 
n of nightjar and woodlark numbers with urban development in dorset is replicated in the thames 
ightjar and woodlark numbers with urban development in dorset is replicated in the thames basin 
e how the two sites compare; assess how habitat and visitor pressure interact to influence the  
itor pressure interact to influence the distribution and abundance of the three annex 1 species 
eract to influence the distribution and abundance of the three annex 1 species in the two spas; 
spas; map visitor pressure and suitable habitat and identify areas where access and habitat man 
tat and identify areas where access and habitat management should be targeted to sustain the si 
op a method of predicting the effect of habitat and visitor management on the number and distri 
cting the effect of habitat and visitor management on the number and distribution of the three  
nd visitor management on the number and distribution of the three annex 1 species  
14170 24 ototrophy and heterotrophy enables some phytoplankton species to use organic nutrient pools, au 
 nutrient pools, augment photosynthetic energy, and function at multiple trophic levels and thu 
ols, augment photosynthetic energy, and function at multiple trophic levels and thus lend a com 
nd that they are important consumers of bacteria and small phytoplankton in the marine plankton 
portant consumers of bacteria and small phytoplankton in the marine plankton. the grazing by pr 
bacteria and small phytoplankton in the marine plankton. the grazing by protists provides subst 
ytoplankton in the marine plankton. the grazing by protists provides substrates for further gro 
rotists provides substrates for further growth of their prey, both heterotrophic bacteria and a 
rowth of their prey, both heterotrophic bacteria and autotrophic cells . the main goals are to  
n goals are to study the variability of phytoplankton and bacterioplankton community structure  
y of phytoplankton and bacterioplankton community structure and trophic status of phytoplankton 
mmunity structure and trophic status of phytoplankton in space and time, and to demonstrate in  
e and time, and to demonstrate in which scale the measured variability in biomass, species comp 
which scale the measured variability in biomass, species composition and nutritional strategy o 
le the measured variability in biomass, species composition and nutritional strategy of phytopl 
composition and nutritional strategy of phytoplankton can be connected with the available inorg 
ient concentration and prevailing light climate. we would also like to demonstrate the influenc 
uence of changes in nutritional mode of phytoplankton to the abundance of bacteria, picoplankto 
utritional mode of phytoplankton to the abundance of bacteria, picoplankton and nanoflagellates 
de of phytoplankton to the abundance of bacteria, picoplankton and nanoflagellates. we hypothes 
 mixotrophic feeding is increasing with nutrient limitation and increasing prey concentration,  
y concentration, there exist direct and indirect effects of mixotrophy on the food web and incr 
d indirect effects of mixotrophy on the food web and increased mixotrophic feeding mode is shap 
c feeding mode is shaping the bacterial community composition and cell morphology.  
1089 3 modify, and in which direction, the mhc genetic diversity. different populations will also be c 
 impact of selective regimes related to habitat degradation. again, the comparison with microsa 
of selective regimes related to habitat degradation. again, the comparison with microsatellite  
11458 3              gene flow, mediated by the dispersal of organisms followed by reproduction, counte 
 and the process of speciation. sessile marine animal species commonly have limited scope for r 
commonly have limited scope for regular dispersal in their life cycle. however, adults may occa 
2015 28                                    many floodplain plant species have declined in abundance ove 
oodplain plant species have declined in abundance over the past century due to habitat loss and 
 abundance over the past century due to habitat loss and reductions in dispersal via waterways. 
y due to habitat loss and reductions in dispersal via waterways. furthermore, climate change, t 
n dispersal via waterways. furthermore, climate change, through higher temperatures in the alps 
 temperatures in the alps and increased precipitation in winter, will continue to significantly 
 note, many plant species show signs of resilience, delaying local extinction for long but fini 
how signs of resilience, delaying local extinction for long but finite periods. plastic express 
 expression of e.g. flood tolerance and seed dispersal related plant traits is an important mec 
erance and seed dispersal related plant traits is an important mechanism of such resilience, bu 
raits is an important mechanism of such resilience, but the direct and indirect consequences of 
nsequences of phenotypic plasticity for population dynamics are poorly understood. i therefore  
 fluctuations and trends in their local environment through phenotypic plasticity, and to what  
d to what degree spatial escape through dispersal and colonization of new habitat can be a succ 
ee spatial escape through dispersal and colonization of new habitat can be a successful alterna 
rough dispersal and colonization of new habitat can be a successful alternative. insight into t 
rnative. insight into the potential for dispersal and for phenotypic plasticity in demographic  
henotypic plasticity in demographic and dispersal traits to buffer population abundances are fu 
plasticity in demographic and dispersal traits to buffer population abundances are fundamental, 
ces are fundamental, stretch beyond the floodplain case and are of great interest for conservat 
lain case and are of great interest for conservation and restoration efforts. i will study popu 
 of great interest for conservation and restoration efforts. i will study population dynamics u 
n and restoration efforts. i will study population dynamics under past, present and a range of  
der past, present and a range of future climate regimes and landscape use scenarios with both a 
d a range of future climate regimes and landscape use scenarios with both analytical and simula 
uture climate regimes and landscape use scenarios with both analytical and simulation models th 
tion models that explicitly incorporate environment-trait, trait-trait and trait-life history r 
nvironment-trait, trait-trait and trait-life history relationships.  
10884 5                            a widespread drought is affecting much of south-east england. since  
 below 1961-1990 average rainfall. this drought represents a major threat to the continued supp 
major threat to the continued supply of water for domestic, agricultural and industrial purpose 
it represents an infrequently occurring stress predicted by recent climate models.  
ly occurring stress predicted by recent climate models.  
11879 23                        in the space for nature a 120 page government report released in septemb 
gues ask how we can enhance the natural environment in england in the face of climate change an 
l environment in england in the face of climate change and other environmental insults. their r 
 report argues that the answer is large-scale habitat creation and restoration, under-pinned by 
t argues that the answer is large-scale habitat creation and restoration, under-pinned by the r 
wer is large-scale habitat creation and restoration, under-pinned by the re-establishment of ec 
tablishment of ecological processes and ecosystem services, these being for the benefits of bot 
ing for the benefits of both people and wildlife . in this nerc studentship proposal the univer 
 university of bristol and the somerset wildlife trust will work collaboratively on habitat res 
life trust will work collaboratively on habitat restoration and the restoration of two ecosyste 
st will work collaboratively on habitat restoration and the restoration of two ecosystem servic 
ratively on habitat restoration and the restoration of two ecosystem services, those of pollina 
 restoration and the restoration of two ecosystem services, those of pollination and pest contr 
ion of two ecosystem services, those of pollination and pest control. collaborations between ac 
stem services, those of pollination and pest control. collaborations between academics and prac 
re likely to lead to the most effective conservation and huge potential for environmental educa 
l for environmental education about the habitat in general. whether or not the swallowtail was  
rch fellows and a £1.3 million grant on urban pollinators led by memmott. at the somerset wildl 
llows and a £1.3 million grant on urban pollinators led by memmott. at the somerset wildlife tr 
inators led by memmott. at the somerset wildlife trust, the student will be a member of an acti 
t will be a member of an active team of conservation practitioners involved in agroecology, con 
 conservation practitioners involved in agroecology, conservation, public engagement and school 
 practitioners involved in agroecology, conservation, public engagement and school activities.  
15020 7                                         microbial diversity is a crucial element in our underst 
ial element in our understanding of the evolution and ecology of natural environments but also  
 our understanding of the evolution and ecology of natural environments but also an important r 
ches not only have pointed out the vast diversity within microbial communities, but also have r 
ly known. for a better understanding of function and speciation in microbial populations in the 
ciation in microbial populations in the environment more studies focusing on co-existing bacter 
 genomic microdiversity of two specific marine bacterial populations cannot be rigorously explo 
10771 15                                man-made climate change poses a grave threat to the survival of  
ticular preference or tolerance for the climate - an optimum climatic range suitable for surviv 
ey migrate to other locations where the environment is more suitable or by making plastic adjus 
e able to move quickly enough to escape climate change or will be trapped on islands of suitabl 
 will be trapped on islands of suitable habitat. in this case, the remaining option is in situ  
s case, the remaining option is in situ adaptation. this involves survival of the individuals i 
ies that have increased or decreased in abundance in response to the manipulations have also ad 
 of success or failure of species under climate change on other members of the community. final 
 climate change on other members of the community. finally, i will use high throughput sequenci 
ns of plant genomes that likely control adaptation. using this information i will investigate t 
imatic environmental variability on the distribution of adaptive climate-related genetic divers 
ability on the distribution of adaptive climate-related genetic diversity. the ultimate goal of 
istribution of adaptive climate-related genetic diversity. the ultimate goal of the project is  
istic understanding of the responses of grassland communities to environmental changes at the l 
ond, such that we can better plan their management before decline occurs.  
11472 4 genic sulphur may be cycled between the algae and bacteria and quantitatively affect the growth 
hur may be cycled between the algae and bacteria and quantitatively affect the growth rate of d 
 bacteria and quantitatively affect the growth rate of dmsp-producing phytoplankton.  
ffect the growth rate of dmsp-producing phytoplankton.  
14933 10 em of the modern biology is the lost of biodiversity. to confront this situation, the different 
ssfully used in this sense, in a global scale. nevertheless, they have been hardly used in medi 
rtheless, they have been hardly used in mediterranean ecosystems. in general, the main difficul 
 have been hardly used in mediterranean ecosystems. in general, the main difficulties for their 
d that allows to trustworthy define the community and in the taxonomic difficulty of these inse 
nd in the taxonomic difficulty of these insects.this project pretend to evaluate the real capac 
 to evaluate the real capacity of these invertebrates to respond to the changes that take place 
spond to the changes that take place in mediterranean ecosystems, in the space and temporary di 
hanges that take place in mediterranean ecosystems, in the space and temporary dimension, from  
omposition and morphology of cuticle of insects that, in advantage to other employed techniques 
10046 8  are concentrated at the surface of the water to form the air-sea microlayer relative to the un 
a microlayer relative to the underlying water. current methods of measuring biological properti 
e horizontally half immerged in surface water and sliced sideward through an intact asml before 
 selectively capturing co2 or tritiated water. because bn may influence physicochemical process 
 rates will be examined using tritiated water as a tracer. comparisons will be made with sample 
cells will be specifically stained with water-repellent dyes to separate them from planktonic c 
ese methods will be tested initially on marine bacterial cultures before using local seawater s 
interface processes which affect global climate change.  
13805 22                                         biodiversity is proposed to be important for ecosystem  
versity is proposed to be important for ecosystem functions. most biodiversity – ecosystem func 
important for ecosystem functions. most biodiversity – ecosystem function studies, however, con 
cosystem functions. most biodiversity – ecosystem function studies, however, consider only one  
s means that a very important aspect of biodiversity is lost on the way – the possibility for d 
ect aims at testing the significance of biodiversity in sustaining ecosystem functioning when m 
nificance of biodiversity in sustaining ecosystem functioning when multiple functions are consi 
 be achieved by a combination of theory development, meta-analysis of available data, and exper 
by a combination of theory development, meta-analysis of available data, and experimental tests 
ed to quantify the sensitivity of total ecosystem functioning when species are lost, and how th 
s are lost, and how this depends on the complementarity of ecosystem functions across species.  
 this depends on the complementarity of ecosystem functions across species. meta-analyses of av 
tion perspective. finally, we will test model predictions in a series of laboratory and field e 
y and field experiments where different extinction scenarios are generated. by shifting the foc 
 experiments where different extinction scenarios are generated. by shifting the focus to the d 
generated. by shifting the focus to the diversity of functions maintained by a richness of spec 
 diversity of functions maintained by a richness of species, we can start to uncover the full i 
start to uncover the full importance of biodiversity for the functioning of ecosystems. our res 
 of biodiversity for the functioning of ecosystems. our results are thus highly important for c 
r results are thus highly important for conservation and management of biota and ecosystem serv 
s highly important for conservation and management of biota and ecosystem services.  
onservation and management of biota and ecosystem services.  
2057 6 tant species in most terrestrial arctic ecosystems; they are both prey and predators model that 
ctic ecosystems; they are both prey and predators model that will allow one to investigate how  
stems; they are both prey and predators model that will allow one to investigate how the dynami 
he parasite, may change under different scenarios of winter climate variability. the data/analy 
nge under different scenarios of winter climate variability. the data/analysis can also be used 
lbard and other high arctic terrestrial ecosystems.  
13781 3 tifying conditions that may promote the evolution and maintenance in populations of two or more 
ions and reduce their susceptibility to environmental change. first i will conduct phylogeny-ba 
ironmental change. first i will conduct phylogeny-based comparative analyses in order to identi 
10143 6 ant animal species such as plant eating insects and many disease-causing parasites are so speci 
s such as plant eating insects and many disease-causing parasites are so specialised, however,  
 a key factor in its ability to survive environmental change. recently it has been suggested th 
ources. i recently published a computer modelling study that suggests the conditions in nature  
g study that suggests the conditions in nature in which this neural limitations hypothesis is a 
ests experience in a more complex field environment. by studying how animals become confused we 
10410 6 ant animal species such as plant eating insects and many disease-causing parasites are so speci 
s such as plant eating insects and many disease-causing parasites are so specialised, however,  
 a key factor in its ability to survive environmental change. recently it has been suggested th 
ources. i recently published a computer modelling study that suggests the conditions in nature  
g study that suggests the conditions in nature in which this neural limitations hypothesis is a 
ests experience in a more complex field environment. by studying how animals become confused we 
11178 29 nimal species are responding to current climate warming by shifting their distributions northwa 
ecies are responding to current climate warming by shifting their distributions northwards. how 
 northwards. however, in order to track climate, species must be able to disperse through lands 
ented and scattered across inhospitable urban and agricultural landscapes. because of this huma 
scattered across inhospitable urban and agricultural landscapes. because of this human-induced  
ndscapes. because of this human-induced habitat loss, many species with poor dispersal ability  
ed habitat loss, many species with poor dispersal ability are failing to shift their ranges and 
s can shift their ranges in response to climate change whilst others cannot, is crucial for imp 
ess this issue by investigating species dispersal behaviour and capability. even if greenhouse  
 were greatly reduced immediately, more warming would still occur due to inertia in the earth s 
ill occur due to inertia in the earth s climate system. thus, there is a commitment to future w 
. thus, there is a commitment to future warming regardless of any mitigation and, in this conte 
ent to future warming regardless of any mitigation and, in this context, adaptation measures ar 
of any mitigation and, in this context, adaptation measures are required urgently. one commonly 
quired urgently. one commonly suggested adaptation measure is the creation of more permeable la 
however, the effectiveness of improving habitat connectivity for promoting range shifts is esse 
 the effectiveness of improving habitat connectivity for promoting range shifts is essentially  
species flight behaviour in response to landscape features may affect their ability to disperse 
n will be crucial for understanding the impacts of climate change on the distribution of biodiv 
rucial for understanding the impacts of climate change on the distribution of biodiversity. the 
ng the impacts of climate change on the distribution of biodiversity. the proposed work will pr 
f climate change on the distribution of biodiversity. the proposed work will provide the first  
dscapes translates into longer-distance dispersal and colonisation success. we will focus on bu 
 addressing fundamental questions about dispersal limits to species ranges. it will open up a n 
rch on understanding and predicting the impacts of climate change on biodiversity. conservation 
rstanding and predicting the impacts of climate change on biodiversity. conservation strategies 
icting the impacts of climate change on biodiversity. conservation strategies must include adap 
acts of climate change on biodiversity. conservation strategies must include adaptation strateg 
y. conservation strategies must include adaptation strategies, but conservationists are uncerta 
11398 29 nimal species are responding to current climate warming by shifting their distributions northwa 
ecies are responding to current climate warming by shifting their distributions northwards. how 
 northwards. however, in order to track climate, species must be able to disperse through lands 
ented and scattered across inhospitable urban and agricultural landscapes. because of this huma 
scattered across inhospitable urban and agricultural landscapes. because of this human-induced  
ndscapes. because of this human-induced habitat loss, many species with poor dispersal ability  
ed habitat loss, many species with poor dispersal ability are failing to shift their ranges and 
s can shift their ranges in response to climate change whilst others cannot, is crucial for imp 
ess this issue by investigating species dispersal behaviour and capability. even if greenhouse  
 were greatly reduced immediately, more warming would still occur due to inertia in the earth s 
ill occur due to inertia in the earth s climate system. thus, there is a commitment to future w 
. thus, there is a commitment to future warming regardless of any mitigation and, in this conte 
ent to future warming regardless of any mitigation and, in this context, adaptation measures ar 
of any mitigation and, in this context, adaptation measures are required urgently. one commonly 
quired urgently. one commonly suggested adaptation measure is the creation of more permeable la 
however, the effectiveness of improving habitat connectivity for promoting range shifts is esse 
 the effectiveness of improving habitat connectivity for promoting range shifts is essentially  
species flight behaviour in response to landscape features may affect their ability to disperse 
n will be crucial for understanding the impacts of climate change on the distribution of biodiv 
rucial for understanding the impacts of climate change on the distribution of biodiversity. the 
ng the impacts of climate change on the distribution of biodiversity. the proposed work will pr 
f climate change on the distribution of biodiversity. the proposed work will provide the first  
dscapes translates into longer-distance dispersal and colonisation success. we will focus on bu 
 addressing fundamental questions about dispersal limits to species ranges. it will open up a n 
rch on understanding and predicting the impacts of climate change on biodiversity. conservation 
rstanding and predicting the impacts of climate change on biodiversity. conservation strategies 
icting the impacts of climate change on biodiversity. conservation strategies must include adap 
acts of climate change on biodiversity. conservation strategies must include adaptation strateg 
y. conservation strategies must include adaptation strategies, but conservationists are uncerta 
11196 3 olution spatial survey of bacterial and phytoplankton groups. these will be quantified by shipb 
s may lead to diel periodicity in their spatial variability. the celtic sea is chosen for the s 
trient remineralisation through protist predation and viral infections.  
14669 9 cal processes in semiarid areas and the vulnerability to drought phenomenon. the analysis will  
semiarid areas and the vulnerability to drought phenomenon. the analysis will be done using rem 
omenon. the analysis will be done using remote sensing with more than 20 years of duration. the 
lisation will be carried out. different vegetation parameters will be calculated from the satel 
 in detail the most vulnerable areas to drought occurrence and also to develop future scenarios 
t occurrence and also to develop future scenarios of vegetation cover degradation according to  
and also to develop future scenarios of vegetation cover degradation according to the present c 
op future scenarios of vegetation cover degradation according to the present climate models.  
er degradation according to the present climate models.  
14148 16            charophytes are an important ecosystem element in shallow sheltered soft bottom area 
llow sheltered soft bottom areas of the baltic sea. there are important lacunae in our current  
ae in our current information about the distribution and functioning of charophytes. using gene 
xperiments it will allow clarifying the distribution patterns and ascertaining the reproductive 
re: 1 to explain the reproduction mode, distribution pattern and connectivity of charophyte pop 
oduction mode, distribution pattern and connectivity of charophyte populations at different spa 
es us opportunity to predict changes in distribution caused by shifts in environmental conditio 
nditions. knowledge about the degree of genetic diversity allows evaluating the stability of po 
genetic diversity allows evaluating the stability of population with low genetic diversity refe 
ng the stability of population with low genetic diversity referring to higher vulnerability in  
w genetic diversity referring to higher vulnerability in changing environments. the results des 
ng environments. the results describing connectivity patterns among populations will provide a  
ill provide a knowledge base for better planning of habitat protection and a more accurate dete 
a knowledge base for better planning of habitat protection and a more accurate determination of 
on and a more accurate determination of protected areas and thereby support the overall effecti 
by support the overall effectiveness of environmental planning.  
10353 9  interact with variations in prey type, abundance and spatial distribution to determine the out 
ons in prey type, abundance and spatial distribution to determine the outcome of competition. f 
istribution to determine the outcome of competition. four experiments are planned. the first wi 
 first will examine the effects of prey density, type and depth on competition. the second plan 
ects of prey density, type and depth on competition. the second plans to determine how prior re 
how prior residency interacts with prey distribution and type to determine competitive outcomes 
eriment is planned to look at the way a predation threat changes competitive outcomes. the fina 
periment will use related and unrelated fish to examine the influence of genetic relatedness an 
t an individual based genetic algorithm model of foraging behaviour.  
14112 19 detailed research on bacterial load and diversity in wild animals and on the influence of bacte 
in wild animals and on the influence of bacteria on their hosts has long been hindered because  
nities have emerged thanks to the rapid development of molecular and microbiological techniques 
e investigation of interactions between bacteria and their hosts would enable us to better unde 
vailable evidence suggests that plumage bacteria may play an important role in shaping the life 
e in shaping the life histories of wild birds. several bacteria are capable of degrading feathe 
e life histories of wild birds. several bacteria are capable of degrading feather keratine and  
atine and causing damage to plumage, so birds have to put considerable effort into self-preenin 
eening. on the other hand, many feather bacteria are known to produce antimicrobial substances  
ng eggs from infections with pathogenic bacteria. however, knowledge about the factors determin 
ut the factors determining the load and species composition of bacteria on bird plumage, and ab 
ing the load and species composition of bacteria on bird plumage, and about the fitness consequ 
out the fitness consequences of feather bacteria on their hosts, is still extremely scarce. in  
mblages inhabiting the plumage of adult birds, and relationships with adult condition, provisio 
ive parameters, will be explored in two forest passerines. the relationships between various ba 
l parameters and the bird species, sex, habitat type, season, feather color and body part will  
e possible causal relationships between bacteria and variations in the reproductive parameters  
tions in the reproductive parameters of birds. the latest molecular and microbiological techniq 
be used to identify and count different bacteria species in samples.  
15232 6                                  in the mediterranean basin, the existence of reiterated forest 
nean basin, the existence of reiterated forest fires is an important factor in the evolution of 
est fires is an important factor in the evolution of plants and in the structure of plant commu 
to resprout can hardly be considered an adaptation to fire but rather an exaptacion; however, t 
n hardly be considered an adaptation to fire but rather an exaptacion; however, the characteris 
eristics related to germination in post-fire conditions .  
14217 10                                   plant-pollinator interactions are crucial in the functioning  
 in the functioning of most terrestrial ecosystems. nevertheless, it is poorly known how herbiv 
ct these interactions by altering plant traits important for pollinators, and consequently, how 
 by altering plant traits important for pollinators, and consequently, how these effects are tr 
mbining observational, experimental and modelling approaches, this project will examine the rel 
lative effects of floral herbivores and pollinators on individual plant fitness and quantify th 
ctive pressure by floral herbivores and pollinators on flower traits. based on simultaneous ana 
al herbivores and pollinators on flower traits. based on simultaneous analyses of the effects o 
ralised across taxons and used to build conservation strategies for rare plant and pollinator s 
servation strategies for rare plant and pollinator species.  
6862 1 n and aid expression play a role in the development of de novo diffuse large b-cell lymphomas a 
14686 3 rogeny. thus, it is thought that sexual traits are related in some extent with genetic quality  
, parental care patterns, and postnatal dispersal behaviour, which could affect in different wa 
age to the nest, and the study of these traits in relation to genetic quality is of interest in 
10419 4 ss males has considerable impact on the ecology and evolution of a population, regulating the e 
 considerable impact on the ecology and evolution of a population, regulating the effective pop 
astically influence the outcome of this competition through biased responses to the sperm of di 
success of their offspring. because the genetic diversity . the mhc is a complex of genes that  
9866 4 ss males has considerable impact on the ecology and evolution of a population, regulating the e 
 considerable impact on the ecology and evolution of a population, regulating the effective pop 
astically influence the outcome of this competition through biased responses to the sperm of di 
success of their offspring. because the genetic diversity . the mhc is a complex of genes that  
14616 9 and protects them from an ever-changing environment. considerable evidence has been accrued to  
te that when cells are stimulated by an environmental change, a complex network of specific pro 
ermine the presence of mapk cascades in intertidal macroalgae, and its role on the regulation o 
presence of mapk cascades in intertidal macroalgae, and its role on the regulation of environme 
role on the regulation of environmental stress response. the election of intertidal macroalgae  
mental stress response. the election of intertidal macroalgae to develop this project is not ba 
ss response. the election of intertidal macroalgae to develop this project is not banal, becaus 
r control and response to environmental stress must be well developed in these algae. we suppor 
 stress must be well developed in these algae. we support our hypothesis in our previous result 
14176 10  indirect mechanisms by which plant and soil microbial community interactions can influence the 
rect mechanisms by which plant and soil microbial community interactions can influence the inva 
aims describing the role of mycorrhizal symbiosis in plant invasions. we will study the regiona 
study the regional floras . also, plant growth responses to the changed am fungal communities w 
s, we would expect to find the roots of invasive plants to be preferentially colonized by gener 
ributed am fungal species. the enhanced mutualism hypothesis would predict that the roots of su 
t the roots of successfully established invasive plants should be colonized by non-generalist a 
accurate, we would expect the am fungal community colonizing invasive plants to be different fr 
pect the am fungal community colonizing invasive plants to be different from those associated w 
e alien host species do not support the growth of local host plants in the same way than am fun 
6782 1 fferent nos isoenzyms and the oxidative stress in i/r induced acute renal failure and chronic a 
10480 6 tlantic salmon to return to their natal stream to spawn after a long distance marine feeding mi 
l stream to spawn after a long distance marine feeding migration represents a tremendous feat o 
wn after a long distance marine feeding migration represents a tremendous feat of navigation an 
astal and riverine stages of the return migration. juvenile salmon appear to imprint upon the o 
he homestream, including those of other fish in the population, particularly during the period  
eriod immediately before commencing the migration to sea  
13923 11  we propose a hypothesis that the plant growth promoting rhizobacterium paenibacillus polymyxa  
ts, and thereby protects plants against drought and root pathogens. rhizobacteria, which have c 
zobacterial functioning will aid in the development of sustainable agro-ecosystems and develop  
l aid in the development of sustainable agro-ecosystems and develop solutions aiming at reducin 
ng at reducing agrochemicals and costly irrigation. isolating the bacteria from the rhizosphere 
ls and costly irrigation. isolating the bacteria from the rhizosphere of wild barley, grown und 
gation. isolating the bacteria from the rhizosphere of wild barley, grown under contrasting dro 
of wild barley, grown under contrasting drought stress conditions will bring an insight to plan 
barley, grown under contrasting drought stress conditions will bring an insight to plant-microb 
ll bring an insight to plant-microbe co-evolution, which could be of use to breeding programs.  
formation in general, as the collective behavior that leads to biofilm formation is common amon 
9883 16 te an important component of a region s biodiversity. because of their short generation times,  
pressures, but this depends on how much genetic diversity is maintained in their populations, a 
 is structured. a knowledge of the fine-scale structure of annual plant populations might seem  
rstanding the factors that regulate the genetic diversity of annual plant populations and thus  
t is this potentially important for the management of weed populations, the measurement and man 
f weed populations, the measurement and management of road-side biodiversity, and for predictin 
measurement and management of road-side biodiversity, and for predicting responses of annual pl 
redicting responses of annual plants to environmental change. previous work has focussed on two 
he one hand, studies have addressed how density affects the mating system and patterns of gene  
iting and structuring within-population genetic diversity. in other words, we hypothesise that  
s, we hypothesise that colonisation and extinction dynamics at scales of a few metres within a  
on play an important role in patterning genetic diversity. the definition of population and pat 
0 cm, patch-colonisation will depend on dispersal over several metres. we will test our hypothe 
st our hypothesis by using within-patch diversity and between-patch differentiation for patches 
t of patch colonisations on patterns of genetic diversity will be eroded by subsequent gene flo 
e flow amongst patches, we will compare diversity and differentiation for patches that differ i 
11023 29 me to tiny single celled plants, called phytoplankton, which form the base of the marine food c 
ytoplankton, which form the base of the marine food chain. despite their tiny size, the ocean s 
n. despite their tiny size, the ocean s phytoplankton perform as much photosynthesis in a year  
e ocean s phytoplankton perform as much photosynthesis in a year as all the plants on land. the 
e are thousands of different species of phytoplankton and each have unique characteristics, or  
nd each have unique characteristics, or traits, that mean they are particularly well suited to  
s important to understand why different phytoplankton species flourish in some parts of the oce 
e particularly important for sustaining fish stocks, and some are toxic to marine mammals and e 
ning fish stocks, and some are toxic to marine mammals and even humans. also, since each specie 
ave a different impact on the amount of carbon dioxide removed from the atmosphere and locked u 
ocean. an improved understanding of the distribution of phytoplankton species in the ocean will 
ed understanding of the distribution of phytoplankton species in the ocean will therefore enabl 
will therefore enable us to predict how marine ecosystems might change in the future, and ultim 
erefore enable us to predict how marine ecosystems might change in the future, and ultimately h 
hange in the future, and ultimately how phytoplankton may impact climate change. unlike land pl 
ultimately how phytoplankton may impact climate change. unlike land plants, phytoplankton are o 
act climate change. unlike land plants, phytoplankton are obviously never short of water, but t 
toplankton are obviously never short of water, but they often have to compete with one another  
en have to compete with one another for nutrients and light to survive. each species contains a 
ents, which absorb the light needed for photosynthesis. the pigments absorb different colours,  
lable light vary throughout the oceans, phytoplankton species may be particularly well-suited t 
. pigments also need to be built by the phytoplankton as they grow and each type of pigment req 
different amount of resources including carbon and nutrients . subsequently the kinds of pigmen 
mount of resources including carbon and nutrients . subsequently the kinds of pigments containe 
 of pigments contained within different phytoplankton species not only influence the amount of  
they can absorb, but also the amount of nutrients they need to grow. in this study, i will deve 
w the pigment combinations of different phytoplankton species affect where they grow in the oce 
nderstanding of the factors influencing phytoplankton distributions, the models will enable us  
 interactions between ocean biology and global change.  
11277 26 st ice age large amounts of atmospheric carbon dioxide have been slowly locked up in peat soils 
xide have been slowly locked up in peat soils in the cool, wet, northern regions of the world a 
lant remains. if this huge reservoir of carbon was to be released back in to the atmosphere it  
re it would cause a significant rise in carbon dioxide and release methane and result in furthe 
cant rise in carbon dioxide and release methane and result in further global warming. at the mo 
d release methane and result in further global warming. at the moment scientists are trying to  
ms that control the losses and gains of carbon from this large area of the earth s surface. pea 
large area of the earth s surface. peat soils, which can be up to 5 m or more in thickness, con 
ore in thickness, consist of about 90 % water and are important resources for the companies tha 
resources for the companies that supply water to homes in the uk. although it has been known th 
k. although it has been known that peat soils contain large numbers of pipes to streams. peat p 
soils contain large numbers of pipes to streams. peat pipes could provide an important route to 
route to connect the large reservoir of carbon stored in peats to peatland pools and streams, a 
n stored in peats to peatland pools and streams, and may act as pathways along which carbon can 
ms, and may act as pathways along which carbon can leak away. we aim to investigate how pipes c 
vestigate how pipes control the loss of water and carbon from peatlands. most of the research w 
how pipes control the loss of water and carbon from peatlands. most of the research work, which 
 a catchment that has been designated a carbon study catchment by the centre for ecology and hy 
arbon study catchment by the centre for ecology and hydrology. our work will involve measuring  
catchment by the centre for ecology and hydrology. our work will involve measuring the concentr 
uring the concentrations and amounts of carbon and water flowing in pipes and streams. we will  
oncentrations and amounts of carbon and water flowing in pipes and streams. we will use techniq 
f carbon and water flowing in pipes and streams. we will use techniques that allow us to determ 
at allow us to determine the age of the carbon being released and therefore where in the peat t 
sed and therefore where in the peat the carbon is coming from. the overall aim of our work is t 
h affect this important global store of carbon.  
11301 26 st ice age large amounts of atmospheric carbon dioxide have been slowly locked up in peat soils 
xide have been slowly locked up in peat soils in the cool, wet, northern regions of the world a 
lant remains. if this huge reservoir of carbon was to be released back in to the atmosphere it  
re it would cause a significant rise in carbon dioxide and release methane and result in furthe 
cant rise in carbon dioxide and release methane and result in further global warming. at the mo 
d release methane and result in further global warming. at the moment scientists are trying to  
ms that control the losses and gains of carbon from this large area of the earth s surface. pea 
large area of the earth s surface. peat soils, which can be up to 5 m or more in thickness, con 
ore in thickness, consist of about 90 % water and are important resources for the companies tha 
resources for the companies that supply water to homes in the uk. although it has been known th 
k. although it has been known that peat soils contain large numbers of pipes to streams. peat p 
soils contain large numbers of pipes to streams. peat pipes could provide an important route to 
route to connect the large reservoir of carbon stored in peats to peatland pools and streams, a 
n stored in peats to peatland pools and streams, and may act as pathways along which carbon can 
ms, and may act as pathways along which carbon can leak away. we aim to investigate how pipes c 
vestigate how pipes control the loss of water and carbon from peatlands. most of the research w 
how pipes control the loss of water and carbon from peatlands. most of the research work, which 
 a catchment that has been designated a carbon study catchment by the centre for ecology and hy 
arbon study catchment by the centre for ecology and hydrology. our work will involve measuring  
catchment by the centre for ecology and hydrology. our work will involve measuring the concentr 
uring the concentrations and amounts of carbon and water flowing in pipes and streams. we will  
oncentrations and amounts of carbon and water flowing in pipes and streams. we will use techniq 
f carbon and water flowing in pipes and streams. we will use techniques that allow us to determ 
at allow us to determine the age of the carbon being released and therefore where in the peat t 
sed and therefore where in the peat the carbon is coming from. the overall aim of our work is t 
h affect this important global store of carbon.  
11837 26 st ice age large amounts of atmospheric carbon dioxide have been slowly locked up in peat soils 
xide have been slowly locked up in peat soils in the cool, wet, northern regions of the world a 
lant remains. if this huge reservoir of carbon was to be released back in to the atmosphere it  
re it would cause a significant rise in carbon dioxide and release methane and result in furthe 
cant rise in carbon dioxide and release methane and result in further global warming. at the mo 
d release methane and result in further global warming. at the moment scientists are trying to  
ms that control the losses and gains of carbon from this large area of the earth s surface. pea 
large area of the earth s surface. peat soils, which can be up to 5 m or more in thickness, con 
ore in thickness, consist of about 90 % water and are important resources for the companies tha 
resources for the companies that supply water to homes in the uk. although it has been known th 
k. although it has been known that peat soils contain large numbers of pipes to streams. peat p 
soils contain large numbers of pipes to streams. peat pipes could provide an important route to 
route to connect the large reservoir of carbon stored in peats to peatland pools and streams, a 
n stored in peats to peatland pools and streams, and may act as pathways along which carbon can 
ms, and may act as pathways along which carbon can leak away. we aim to investigate how pipes c 
vestigate how pipes control the loss of water and carbon from peatlands. most of the research w 
how pipes control the loss of water and carbon from peatlands. most of the research work, which 
 a catchment that has been designated a carbon study catchment by the centre for ecology and hy 
arbon study catchment by the centre for ecology and hydrology. our work will involve measuring  
catchment by the centre for ecology and hydrology. our work will involve measuring the concentr 
uring the concentrations and amounts of carbon and water flowing in pipes and streams. we will  
oncentrations and amounts of carbon and water flowing in pipes and streams. we will use techniq 
f carbon and water flowing in pipes and streams. we will use techniques that allow us to determ 
at allow us to determine the age of the carbon being released and therefore where in the peat t 
sed and therefore where in the peat the carbon is coming from. the overall aim of our work is t 
h affect this important global store of carbon.  
15477 10                      the study of plant-soil feedbacks and their role as determinants of the st 
le as determinants of the structure and function of ecosystems constitutes an area of emerging  
inants of the structure and function of ecosystems constitutes an area of emerging research tha 
ramework of the response of terrestrial ecosystems to global change. the growing interest in th 
e response of terrestrial ecosystems to global change. the growing interest in the study of the 
of the interactions among the plant and soil community is largely due to the awareness that the 
e interactions among the plant and soil community is largely due to the awareness that the infl 
 to the awareness that the influence of global change phenomenon on ecosystem function of the f 
nfluence of global change phenomenon on ecosystem function of the feedback processes in the mix 
 of the feedback processes in the mixed forests of study.  
9801 17 w, plants use light to turn atmospheric carbon dioxide into sugars, in a process called photosy 
ioxide into sugars, in a process called photosynthesis. however, they require more than just su 
 they require more than just sugars for growth, and the additional nutrients they need are obta 
t sugars for growth, and the additional nutrients they need are obtained from the soil, being t 
trients they need are obtained from the soil, being taken up by the roots. to obtain these nutr 
 taken up by the roots. to obtain these nutrients efficiently, plants need to cooperate with th 
nts need to cooperate with the prolific community of bacteria and fungi that live in, on and ar 
ooperate with the prolific community of bacteria and fungi that live in, on and around their ro 
 the prolific community of bacteria and fungi that live in, on and around their roots. these or 
it from excess sugars produced by plant photosynthesis - the plant releases these from its root 
and they form the major food source for soil microbes. in return, the bacteria and fungi play a 
ource for soil microbes. in return, the bacteria and fungi play a crucial role in providing the 
l microbes. in return, the bacteria and fungi play a crucial role in providing the plants with  
ucial role in providing the plants with nutrients that are otherwise not available. this projec 
when the plant is starved for essential nutrients. we know that the plant secretes different ro 
stimulating them to deliver more of the nutrients that it needs / by examining the microbe resp 
these signals to solve agricultural and land management problems.  
14877 3  this project is to study the effect of pollinator shifts on morphological variations of flower 
hism is related with an increase of the efficiency of pollinators in pollen transfer between st 
d with an increase of the efficiency of pollinators in pollen transfer between stylar morphs.  
14878 3  this project is to study the effect of pollinator shifts on morphological variations of flower 
f the effect of differently specialized insects acting in different species, or even due to the 
ies, or even due to the virtual lack of pollinators.  
13981 21                      this proposal is a development of previous research funded by formas, aimi 
ing at providing basic knowledge of how recruitment processes influence species diversity of fr 
 of how recruitment processes influence species diversity of fragmented habitats with high cons 
ersity of fragmented habitats with high conservation values, semi-natural grasslands and specie 
 high conservation values, semi-natural grasslands and species-rich deciduous forests. in the p 
l grasslands and species-rich deciduous forests. in the present project, we intend to focus on  
 the propagule pressure that any target community surrounded by other vegetation types is subje 
ny target community surrounded by other vegetation types is subjected to. propagule pressure, t 
e inflow of diaspores from neighbouring vegetation, has the potential to cause shifts in commun 
n, has the potential to cause shifts in community composition. thus, knowledge of this process  
ess is relevant for considerations of a landscape perspective of conservation, but also for an  
derations of a landscape perspective of conservation, but also for an enhanced understanding of 
g term changes in conditions related to soil and climate may impact on these habitats. two basi 
anges in conditions related to soil and climate may impact on these habitats. two basic models  
 on these habitats. two basic models of community assembly will be examined: niche vs dispersal 
ity assembly will be examined: niche vs dispersal assembly. the approach is to use natural grad 
approach is to use natural gradients in community composition of grasslands and deciduous fores 
l gradients in community composition of grasslands and deciduous forest, and examine the niche  
composition of grasslands and deciduous forest, and examine the niche structure of these commun 
he structure of these communities using plant functional traits. propagule pressure will be exp 
mentally manipulated, and the resulting recruitment will be recorded during 3 years. the projec 
11238 21                                         climate change represents a challenge to conservation b 
limate change represents a challenge to conservation because the species, habitats and other be 
 species, habitats and other benefits - stakeholders - need to meet this challenge so as to ens 
hat the limited resources available for conservation are deployed most efficiently. this knowle 
mme will bring together researchers and stakeholders to identify the questions that stakeholder 
eholders to identify the questions that stakeholders most require answering to develop conserva 
lders most require answering to develop conservation strategies that are relevant under climate 
tion strategies that are relevant under climate change, and then to bring together appropriate  
wer the key questions identified by the stakeholders. the focus will be on the role of protecte 
lders. the focus will be on the role of protected areas within conservation strategies. the pro 
e on the role of protected areas within conservation strategies. the project will be achieved v 
ive further integration of science into policy development and conservation action. the network 
ther integration of science into policy development and conservation action. the network will i 
 of science into policy development and conservation action. the network will include researche 
 university of york and nerc centre for ecology hydrology, knowledge exchange specialists, and  
ity of york and nerc centre for ecology hydrology, knowledge exchange specialists, and a variet 
 exchange specialists, and a variety of stakeholders and policy makers from, e.g., the royal so 
ists, and a variety of stakeholders and policy makers from, e.g., the royal society for the pro 
the royal society for the protection of birds, the botanical society of the british isles, butt 
society of the british isles, butterfly conservation, from the joint nature conservation commit 
 butterfly conservation, from the joint nature conservation committee, countryside council for  
15111 5 sive about such a change in the trophic ecology of the species during the incubation period. to 
e pollutant inputs, both from the river water used to flood them and from the pesticide treatme 
r water used to flood them and from the pesticide treatments used in the rice culture. it is we 
y system promoting a correct embrionary development. therefore, this situation provides the opp 
ins gulls are feeding at the rice field ecosystem.  
2181 20 understand, and predict, the effects of climate change on the temporal and spatial scales relev 
y, we need approaches that enable us to scale up from detailed mechanistic studies of the effec 
ffects on local ecological processes to landscape-scale or even regional-scale consequences. th 
local ecological processes to landscape-scale or even regional-scale consequences. this project 
ses to landscape-scale or even regional-scale consequences. this project develops new methods t 
nd experimental approaches across broad-scale climate gradients to explore how climate, and cli 
erimental approaches across broad-scale climate gradients to explore how climate, and climate c 
-scale climate gradients to explore how climate, and climate change, affects the role of seed r 
e gradients to explore how climate, and climate change, affects the role of seed recruitment ac 
limate change, affects the role of seed recruitment across four levels of organization - from d 
demographic responses to population and community dynamics. we focus on the seed regeneration s 
herefore hypothesize that any impact of climate change on this life-history stage is likely to  
 expertise in the ecological effects of climate change on terrestrial ecosystems . this project 
ffects of climate change on terrestrial ecosystems . this project will provide a new methodolog 
l framework for integrating population, community, and landscape ecology in environmental chang 
 integrating population, community, and landscape ecology in environmental change research. the 
on, community, and landscape ecology in environmental change research. the results will have im 
 the results will have implications for habitat management and nature conservation strategies u 
implications for habitat management and nature conservation strategies under a changing climate 
onservation strategies under a changing climate.  
166 5 xtremely active and dynamic part of the marine systems. nevertheless, the factors that regulate 
spension feeders on other components of ecosystem are largely unknown. this project is the firs 
work. during the project we compare the succession and development of benthic communities with  
e project we compare the succession and development of benthic communities with and without sus 
sion feeding communities in the coastal ecosystems.  
10951 2 n air-sea gas exchange. determining the diversity, abundance and activity of the major groups o 
as exchange. determining the diversity, abundance and activity of the major groups of microorga 
11260 2 n air-sea gas exchange. determining the diversity, abundance and activity of the major groups o 
as exchange. determining the diversity, abundance and activity of the major groups of microorga 
6877 4 ological history, natural geography and climate is one of the most interesting regions of europ 
 one of the most interesting regions of europe, and consequently the origin of its fauna is hig 
transylvanian island mountains by ponto-mediterranean and moesic species. however there are sev 
enomenon characterizes first of all the soil fauna and it is the main subject of our researches 
14772 13 una which are usually underestimated in conservation management programs. many aquatic organism 
 usually underestimated in conservation management programs. many aquatic organisms require tem 
the structure of amphibians, micro- and macroinvertebrates and macrophytes in temporary ponds,  
ians, micro- and macroinvertebrates and macrophytes in temporary ponds, in relation to the temp 
ghts the importance of preserving these ecosystems for the conservation of fauna and flora enda 
 of preserving these ecosystems for the conservation of fauna and flora endangered species, stu 
for the conservation of fauna and flora endangered species, studying the temporary ponds system 
rying, with unpredictable duration. the abundance of animal and plant species in these habitats 
 spatial variation, as well as to their soil characterization and geomorphology. remote sensing 
l as to their soil characterization and geomorphology. remote sensing tools are used to increas 
oil characterization and geomorphology. remote sensing tools are used to increase information a 
ls which will contribute to explain the habitat requirements of the taxonomic groups considered 
nds in relation to global changes in sw europe.  
14975 4 ailed sandgrouse . - study the breeding ecology and demographic parameters of both species, and 
s and cons of red-legged partridge game management on these endangered species. additionally, w 
gged partridge game management on these endangered species. additionally, we will gather blood, 
age coloration patterns, which could be indicators of individual health status.  
15086 6 ailed sandgrouse . - study the breeding ecology and demographic parameters of both species, and 
s and cons of red-legged partridge game management and other land uses in central spain on thes 
nagement and other land uses in central spain on these species of conservation concern. additio 
es in central spain on these species of conservation concern. additionally, we will gather bloo 
age coloration patterns, which could be indicators of individual health status, and relate thes 
ividual health status, and relate these traits to survival and breeding performance.  
14762 3                         transposing the water framework directive to spain requires knowing the 
posing the water framework directive to spain requires knowing the wetlands in our country as c 
directive to spain requires knowing the wetlands in our country as comprehensively as possible. 
2145 14 f stored fats and protein and intake of energy through food consumption. we propose a study aim 
ions on juvenile atlantic salmon winter energy budgets and survival. the project involves a com 
 approach, using the large geographical distribution of the species as a natural experiment to  
study the relative importance of stored energy and energy from food consumption on winter survi 
elative importance of stored energy and energy from food consumption on winter survival under d 
spatial and temporal patterns in winter energy budgets and winter survival will be assessed fro 
data. the relative importance of stored energy and energy from food consumption for winter surv 
elative importance of stored energy and energy from food consumption for winter survival under  
ons will then be estimated by energetic modeling using a combination of field data and experime 
to address the sensitivity of different energy allocation strategies to changes in winter seaso 
strategies to changes in winter season, temperature and ice cover conditions. the project will  
oject will extend experimental work and yield model development from a number of previously fun 
will extend experimental work and yield model development from a number of previously funded da 
xtend experimental work and yield model development from a number of previously funded data sou 
11317 2                  northumberland and its rivers were hard hit by an intense precipitation event  
 its rivers were hard hit by an intense precipitation event on 6th-7th september 2008 which del 
11033 8                                         marine cyanobacteria . this will allow us to see if pha 
                                 marine cyanobacteria . this will allow us to see if phages in  
 in this system have contributed to the evolution and potentially to the functioning of photosy 
n and potentially to the functioning of photosynthesis in acaryochloris. the bacteriophages i a 
eveal genes which benefit the symbiotic nature of the cyanobacteria. as the cyanobacterium is a 
ich benefit the symbiotic nature of the cyanobacteria. as the cyanobacterium is also thought to 
veral fundamental aspects of cyanophage evolution and evolution in general.  
tal aspects of cyanophage evolution and evolution in general.  
11028 14    the green seaweed ulva reproduces by production of vast numbers of motile swimming zoospores 
develops. of great interest is the role bacteria play in the life cycle of ulva. we have shown  
ffusible signal molecules. in addition, bacteria are known to be important for the growth and m 
teria are known to be important for the growth and morphological development of ulva. plantlets 
ortant for the growth and morphological development of ulva. plantlets where bacteria have been 
al development of ulva. plantlets where bacteria have been removed do not exhibit normal morpho 
d do not exhibit normal morphology, and growth is often stunted. the aim of this project is to  
 is to examine the relationship between bacteria and ulva, focusing on the hypothesis that the  
he hypothesis that the signal-producing bacteria that are targeted during zoospore settlement a 
ttlement are those required for healthy growth into a mature plant. we will identify bacteria a 
h into a mature plant. we will identify bacteria and bacterially-derived cues used by ulva for  
d establish if these have any effect on growth and development. the effect of bacteria and thei 
 if these have any effect on growth and development. the effect of bacteria and their signal mo 
n growth and development. the effect of bacteria and their signal molecules on sporulation will 
15208 2                       in spite that the evolution of signalling has attracted a great deal of i 
o avian personalities and hence, to the evolution of strategies and signalling.  
407 4 chyspira spp. cause enteric diseases in birds. dogs can harbour several different variants of b 
 gene is very useful for studies of the biodiversity of brachyspiras, because in spite of the f 
ng other species, wild and domesticated birds to try to understand their significance for patho 
ect is to establish the significance of biodiversity for pathogenicity within the genus brachys 
10534 1 icaceous plants enzymes involved in the degradation of litter will be studied using ppo enzyme  
1925 44                            reduction of pesticide use and mitigation of nitrogen and other nutr 
         reduction of pesticide use and mitigation of nitrogen and other nutrient losses from s 
tion of pesticide use and mitigation of nitrogen and other nutrient losses from soil are import 
nitrogen and other nutrient losses from soil are important policy objectives. there are strong  
nutrient losses from soil are important policy objectives. there are strong indications that in 
 strong indications that in terrestrial ecosystems the occurrence of plant diseases and the los 
rence of plant diseases and the loss of nutrients are related to the diversity of vegetation. s 
he loss of nutrients are related to the diversity of vegetation. soil-borne diseases are rare i 
trients are related to the diversity of vegetation. soil-borne diseases are rare in natural eco 
related to the diversity of vegetation. soil-borne diseases are rare in natural ecosystems with 
soil-borne diseases are rare in natural ecosystems with a diverse vegetation and nutrient losse 
re in natural ecosystems with a diverse vegetation and nutrient losses from such systems are us 
ddress the general hypothesis that high biodiversity in terrestrial ecosystems confers high soi 
s that high biodiversity in terrestrial ecosystems confers high soil suppressive ness against d 
 in terrestrial ecosystems confers high soil suppressive ness against diseases and high nutrien 
diseases and high nutrient retention in soil. this follows from the working hypothesis that the 
poser subsystem, i.e. the heterotrophic soil community, is a key feature in terrestrial ecosyst 
 subsystem, i.e. the heterotrophic soil community, is a key feature in terrestrial ecosystem fu 
munity, is a key feature in terrestrial ecosystem functioning. permanent grassland and agricult 
strial ecosystem functioning. permanent grassland and agricultural fields, derived from the sam 
icultural fields, derived from the same grassland 20 years ago, will be compared in terms of ab 
red in terms of above- and below-ground biodiversity, production and chemical composition of pl 
f above- and below-ground biodiversity, production and chemical composition of plant biomass an 
ction and chemical composition of plant biomass and litter, in relation to soil suppressive nes 
lant biomass and litter, in relation to soil suppressive ness and nutrient fluxes. part of the  
e ness and nutrient fluxes. part of the grassland will be turned into agriculture. in addition  
rt of the grassland will be turned into agriculture. in addition to the current agricultural pr 
re foreseen that differ in above-ground biodiversity, in particular biodiversity of functional  
bove-ground biodiversity, in particular biodiversity of functional groups of plants. these trea 
iversity, in particular biodiversity of functional groups of plants. these treatments will allo 
llow to establish relationships between biodiversity and soil suppressive ness and nutrient ret 
 relationships between biodiversity and soil suppressive ness and nutrient retention and the ch 
implification or diversification of the ecosystem. the degree of soil suppressive ness will be  
ication of the ecosystem. the degree of soil suppressive ness will be experimentally tested by  
sitive test plants and the potential of soils to reduce the development of plant pathogen popul 
nd the potential of soils to reduce the development of plant pathogen populations. nitrogen tur 
elopment of plant pathogen populations. nitrogen turnover in the food web in the soil-plant sys 
n populations. nitrogen turnover in the food web in the soil-plant system will be measured and  
itrogen turnover in the food web in the soil-plant system will be measured and simulated in ord 
and to evaluate the possible effects of biodiversity beyond the range investigated in the field 
nge investigated in the field. existing food web models will be elaborated to include effects o 
phic relationships and a wider range of functional groups of biota than hitherto reported. micr 
on of the possible relationship between biodiversity and soil suppressive ness and nutrient ret 
e relationship between biodiversity and soil suppressive ness and nutrient retention will allow 
1924 44                            reduction of pesticide use and mitigation of nitrogen and other nutr 
         reduction of pesticide use and mitigation of nitrogen and other nutrient losses from s 
tion of pesticide use and mitigation of nitrogen and other nutrient losses from soil are import 
nitrogen and other nutrient losses from soil are important policy objectives. there are strong  
nutrient losses from soil are important policy objectives. there are strong indications that in 
 strong indications that in terrestrial ecosystems the occurrence of plant diseases and the los 
rence of plant diseases and the loss of nutrients are related to the diversity of vegetation. s 
he loss of nutrients are related to the diversity of vegetation. soil-borne diseases are rare i 
trients are related to the diversity of vegetation. soil-borne diseases are rare in natural eco 
related to the diversity of vegetation. soil-borne diseases are rare in natural ecosystems with 
soil-borne diseases are rare in natural ecosystems with a diverse vegetation and nutrient losse 
re in natural ecosystems with a diverse vegetation and nutrient losses from such systems are us 
ddress the general hypothesis that high biodiversity in terrestrial ecosystems confers high soi 
s that high biodiversity in terrestrial ecosystems confers high soil suppressive ness against d 
 in terrestrial ecosystems confers high soil suppressive ness against diseases and high nutrien 
diseases and high nutrient retention in soil. this follows from the working hypothesis that the 
poser subsystem, i.e. the heterotrophic soil community, is a key feature in terrestrial ecosyst 
 subsystem, i.e. the heterotrophic soil community, is a key feature in terrestrial ecosystem fu 
munity, is a key feature in terrestrial ecosystem functioning. permanent grassland and agricult 
strial ecosystem functioning. permanent grassland and agricultural fields, derived from the sam 
icultural fields, derived from the same grassland 20 years ago, will be compared in terms of ab 
red in terms of above- and below-ground biodiversity, production and chemical composition of pl 
f above- and below-ground biodiversity, production and chemical composition of plant biomass an 
ction and chemical composition of plant biomass and litter, in relation to soil suppressive nes 
lant biomass and litter, in relation to soil suppressive ness and nutrient fluxes. part of the  
e ness and nutrient fluxes. part of the grassland will be turned into agriculture. in addition  
rt of the grassland will be turned into agriculture. in addition to the current agricultural pr 
re foreseen that differ in above-ground biodiversity, in particular biodiversity of functional  
bove-ground biodiversity, in particular biodiversity of functional groups of plants. these trea 
iversity, in particular biodiversity of functional groups of plants. these treatments will allo 
llow to establish relationships between biodiversity and soil suppressive ness and nutrient ret 
 relationships between biodiversity and soil suppressive ness and nutrient retention and the ch 
implification or diversification of the ecosystem. the degree of soil suppressive ness will be  
ication of the ecosystem. the degree of soil suppressive ness will be experimentally tested by  
sitive test plants and the potential of soils to reduce the development of plant pathogen popul 
nd the potential of soils to reduce the development of plant pathogen populations. nitrogen tur 
elopment of plant pathogen populations. nitrogen turnover in the food web in the soil-plant sys 
n populations. nitrogen turnover in the food web in the soil-plant system will be measured and  
itrogen turnover in the food web in the soil-plant system will be measured and simulated in ord 
and to evaluate the possible effects of biodiversity beyond the range investigated in the field 
nge investigated in the field. existing food web models will be elaborated to include effects o 
phic relationships and a wider range of functional groups of biota than hitherto reported. micr 
on of the possible relationship between biodiversity and soil suppressive ness and nutrient ret 
e relationship between biodiversity and soil suppressive ness and nutrient retention will allow 
6759 1                                     the growth factors that activate receptor tyrosin kinases a 
10631 11  diverse group of organisms forming the phytoplankton represents just 2% of global photosynthet 
esents just 2% of global photosynthetic biomass, but due to their high growth rates they contri 
ynthetic biomass, but due to their high growth rates they contribute almost a half of annual gl 
ntribute almost a half of annual global carbon fixation. the phytoplankton can be divided into  
f of annual global carbon fixation. the phytoplankton can be divided into different functional  
oplankton can be divided into different functional groups according to their size, taxonomic co 
e is an important parameter in terms of carbon turnover, nutrient uptake and efficiency of trop 
of carbon turnover, nutrient uptake and efficiency of trophic transfer in the marine food web.  
d efficiency of trophic transfer in the marine food web. three main size categories have been a 
iency of trophic transfer in the marine food web. three main size categories have been adopted  
ze categories have been adopted for the phytoplankton: picoplankton maintained by cefas.  
10538 5  from the early cretaceous of liaoning, china has stunned the world in recent years, mostly for 
recent years, mostly for the remarkable birds and dinosaurs with feathers. the biota occurs in  
ediments, and organisms include plants, invertebrates, fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds and  
tebrates, fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals. the nature and causes of the excepti 
bians, reptiles, birds and mammals. the nature and causes of the exceptional preservation of so 
11530 4 nce of possibly the largest prokaryotic biomass on earth being in the deep subsurface is both a 
wide interest and a string of papers in nature and science, as well as wide press and public in 
diments. as they do not show detectable metabolism, the presence of large number of spores coul 
e deep biosphere while only very little energy is available. thus this research will have the s 
1978 8                             the spatial distribution of animals is one of the main themes of ec 
of animals is one of the main themes of ecology since its early days. the first theory that att 
actions lead to spatial patterns in the distribution of the predators and prey. we propose a sy 
ial patterns in the distribution of the predators and prey. we propose a systematic investigati 
tematic investigation of the effects of competition and predation of these size structured popu 
ation of the effects of competition and predation of these size structured populations on the d 
hese size structured populations on the distribution of various stages of predator and prey.  
n the distribution of various stages of predator and prey.  
11637 4 ncept has been extremely influential in ecology and conservation biology. however, its importan 
en extremely influential in ecology and conservation biology. however, its importance in plants 
 of demographic studies at the regional scale and to poor knowledge of seed-bank dynamics. over 
years, we will survey the occupancy and abundance, and study the seed bank, of populations of t 
14142 1 gations of the state of main commercial fish spawning grounds and elaboration of proposals for  
15491 4 d abiotic processes that maintain them. climate is the most obvious abiotic factor that may dir 
in a wide geographic region of northern spain, and use montane and alpine birds as study models 
thern spain, and use montane and alpine birds as study models. this project, by linking spatial 
 responses of ecological communities to climate change.  
10606 14                        the influence of habitat modification and resource productivity on polli 
ce of habitat modification and resource productivity on pollinator-parasite community structure 
dification and resource productivity on pollinator-parasite community structure will be studied 
rce productivity on pollinator-parasite community structure will be studied. bumblebee and para 
will be studied. bumblebee and parasite abundance and diversity will be determined using standa 
d. bumblebee and parasite abundance and diversity will be determined using standard techniques  
tandard techniques and fully quantified food webs of flowering plants, bumblebee pollinators an 
ood webs of flowering plants, bumblebee pollinators and their parasites will be constructed for 
parasites will be constructed for three habitat types representing different levels of resource 
y and persistence. patterns in resource productivity will be determined by measuring diversity, 
ctivity will be determined by measuring diversity, abundance and nectar production of flowering 
l be determined by measuring diversity, abundance and nectar production of flowering plant spec 
asuring diversity, abundance and nectar production of flowering plant species. this data will d 
ct and indirect interactions within the food webs.  
14932 9 eans that inhabit exclusively temporary wetlands. many temporary wetlands are threatened by ant 
vely temporary wetlands. many temporary wetlands are threatened by anthropogenic pressure assoc 
 anthropogenic pressure associated with global change, and consequently also many of resident o 
at number of them with a high degree of endemism - are threatened as well. this could result in 
f ecologically hardly studied temporary wetland species. they survive in diapausing resting sta 
stages during dry periods, and once the wetlands fill after precipitation events, they grow ver 
riods, and once the wetlands fill after precipitation events, they grow very fast reaching vari 
otic compartments will be studied using ecological stoichiometry. this tool has been successful 
 study of other terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, and proved fruitful in determining underlyi 
12138 6 t genetic changes took place during the invasion. in order to gain an insight into the nature o 
n. in order to gain an insight into the nature of mechanisms of invasiveness we will examine ge 
contrasting conditions of environmental stress using differential display technique. the role o 
mpact of these seed reserves on damaged ecosystems will be provided. we hope that parallel inve 
that parallel investigations of several alien species could identify certain mechanisms and evo 
s could identify certain mechanisms and evolution patterns of invasiveness that can be overlook 
12539 3 develop a better understanding of virus taxonomy and its subsequent impact on biology. it is al 
ure years and especially in areas where taxonomy which underpins diagnostic capabilities. this  
atched funding for the eu q-bol project development of a new diagnostic tool using dna barcodin 
12529 4                                         bees make an essential contribution to agriculture and  
 bees make an essential contribution to agriculture and the environment through pollination: th 
ial contribution to agriculture and the environment through pollination: they also produce hone 
agriculture and the environment through pollination: they also produce honey and wax and also p 
11157 6 e are times when this constant churn of extinction and evolutionary replacement is interrupted  
e end of the permian, the greatest mass extinction of them all. there are 5 of these big mass e 
e arid zone. this direct record of land climate shows times of severe aridity when the spores b 
these spores we can compare this direct climate record to the borehole from russia together wit 
 borehole from russia together with the marine extinctions to try and prove that cool aridity w 
ool aridity was a cause of the f/f mass extinction.  
11388 3  and convection determines the size and stability of thermal upwellings in the mantle, with imp 
ere made at room pressure and a maximum temperature of 340 k. the pressures and temperatures of 
o this for all appropriate pressure and temperature conditions and appropriate chemical composi 
10874 11 . the importance of bumblebees for crop pollination means their declines are of economic as wel 
eir declines are of economic as well as conservation significance. britians already vulnerable  
are imported to the uk from continental europe each year for the pollination of greenhouse crop 
om continental europe each year for the pollination of greenhouse crops, and these potentially  
hem exotic parasites. as the introduced bees frequently interact with native bumblebee populati 
e which has caused substantial honeybee mortality. the threat of pathogen spillover from honeyb 
ly very little data on which to base an assessment of these threats. this project aims to addre 
l use molecular methods to identify the diversity of parasites infecting introduced bumblebees  
 are able to infect bumblebees and what impacts they have on their new hosts. experiments will  
dd to our understanding of the level of risk posed by pathogen spillover to the uk s ecological 
ll provide the evidence for appropriate management strategies.  
11239 7 chers seeking to understand the earth s climate. sea level is a proxy for the amount of water l 
 sea level is a proxy for the amount of water locked up on the land as ice sheets. the study of 
can tell us about the past state of the climate - low sea levels reflect colder, glacial, perio 
ce sheets will respond to anthropogenic warming is not yet comprehensive. one of the most impor 
nation of collapse rates in response to warming, which will influence future rates of sea level 
g, which will influence future rates of sea level rise. one way to approach this question is to 
is question is to examine past rates of sea level rise associated with known periods of ice she 
12636 12                      the role played by soils in providing wellbeing to society has been clearl 
 been clearly articulated in the recent soil strategy for england. the continued provision of b 
ontinued provision of benefits from the soil to society is dependent on the physical, chemical, 
mical, and biological properties of the soil being maintained. however, much evidence suggests  
d. however, much evidence suggests that soil degradation, associated with the loss of integrity 
wever, much evidence suggests that soil degradation, associated with the loss of integrity in t 
ted with the loss of integrity in these soil properties, results in significant costs, not only 
t costs, not only to immediate users of soils but also to society as a whole, now and into the  
 according to the thematic strategy for soil protection . we will explore options for stratifyi 
d wales into a small number of distinct soil/ ecosystem types and adopt one of these typologies 
s into a small number of distinct soil/ ecosystem types and adopt one of these typologies to al 
llow a spatially explicit estimation of degradation costs in different landscapes and regions a 
11740 25  about the respective importance of the marine realms in governing atmospheric methane concentr 
 marine realms in governing atmospheric methane concentrations both in the past and in the futu 
f critical importance to scientists and policy makers at national and international levels. ant 
rnational levels. anthropogenic-induced warming could result in elevated bottom-water temperatu 
warming could result in elevated bottom-water temperatures in continental margin settings, resu 
y a significant increase in atmospheric methane concentrations. similarly, global warming will  
eric methane concentrations. similarly, global warming will likely cause increased precipitatio 
bal warming will likely cause increased precipitation and bacterial activity, such that wetland 
ation and bacterial activity, such that wetlands could expand and associated methane emissions  
at wetlands could expand and associated methane emissions increase. our best insight into the s 
e, the dramatic increase in atmospheric methane concentrations during the last deglaciation is  
 of greatest relevance to understanding methane biogeochemistry in the modern climate mode. the 
test relevance to understanding methane biogeochemistry in the modern climate mode. the propose 
g methane biogeochemistry in the modern climate mode. the proposed research will use the abunda 
c biomarkers for bacterial processes in wetlands to provide a better understanding of the contr 
standing of the controls on atmospheric methane variation since the last glacial maximum. speci 
 of these compounds in sediments of the amazon and congo river fans. as the catchment areas of  
r fans. as the catchment areas of these rivers cover vast portions of south america and africa, 
over vast portions of south america and africa, these records will represent a spatially averag 
epresent a spatially averaged signal of wetland extent. from the biomarker abundance records, w 
l of wetland extent. from the biomarker abundance records, we can ascertain whether or not a si 
not a significant expansion of tropical wetlands occurred coincidentally with the increase in m 
red coincidentally with the increase in methane concentrations. this will provide crucial insig 
rovide crucial insight into the role of wetlands - and by comparison, that of clathrates - as a 
es - as a positive feedback on holocene climate.  
15313 3                            biochar is a carbon-rich product obtained by thermal decomposition o 
carbon-rich product obtained by thermal decomposition of biomass at relatively low temperatures 
ct obtained by thermal decomposition of biomass at relatively low temperatures  
12730 13 ntified as a barrier to the delivery of conservation targets for uk priority species. tenderers 
: 1.address priorities identified by uk biodiversity action plan working groups http://www.ukba 
of these topics: a.status and trends in abundance and distribution b.taxonomy c.autecology 3.in 
s: a.status and trends in abundance and distribution b.taxonomy c.autecology 3.involve collabor 
 trends in abundance and distribution b.taxonomy c.autecology 3.involve collaboration with rele 
es are likely to be favoured. 4.support conservation action for uk priority species through the 
ion for uk priority species through the production and dissemination of guidance for conservati 
ction and dissemination of guidance for conservation practitioners or taxonomists, or through t 
rough the wide dissemination of data on abundance and distribution. the proposal should clearly 
 dissemination of data on abundance and distribution. the proposal should clearly explain how t 
esearch findings will contribute to the conservation of the relevant organisms. it can be diffi 
cientific basis and the relatively high transaction costs. the aim of this competition is to de 
high transaction costs. the aim of this competition is to develop a mechanism which allows esta 
11201 3 reeding success and learn about leopard dispersal patterns. due to their cryptic nature, snow l 
ispersal patterns. due to their cryptic nature, snow leopards are rarely seen, hence, populatio 
e study area. these data are crucial to conservation efforts.  
2531 25  develop key elements of an operational ecosystem model framework. the model system includes oc 
ey elements of an operational ecosystem model framework. the model system includes ocean physic 
rational ecosystem model framework. the model system includes ocean physics, the timing of the  
sverdrup assumptions, and predicted egg-production of zooplankton. this culminates in a spatio- 
ptions, and predicted egg-production of zooplankton. this culminates in a spatio-temporal map o 
 of an egg in terms of early life-stage growth and survival, which is combined with optimal lif 
imal life-history models and population modelling to predict spawning site use in nea cod and n 
 is a new version of the regional ocean model system developed by the imr. the domain included  
by the imr. the domain included in this model allows a fine-scaled resolution of the coastal cu 
nother new and novel advancement is the development of trait-based phytoplankton model of the s 
ement is the development of trait-based phytoplankton model of the spring bloom. the approach t 
evelopment of trait-based phytoplankton model of the spring bloom. the approach taken is inspir 
e operational framework is to apply the model of calanus finmarchicus, the main food item for l 
archicus, the main food item for larval fish, developed by geir huse and colleagues at imr. the 
colleagues at imr. the output from this modelling is a spatial, annual and seasonal map of suit 
f suitable food availability for larval fish along the coast. we then bring these pieces togeth 
 we then bring these pieces together to model the fate of an egg spawned at different times and 
of eggs can be thought of as the payoff-function of the migration cost in a life-history energy 
hought of as the payoff-function of the migration cost in a life-history energy trade-off in bo 
of the migration cost in a life-history energy trade-off in both cod and herring. the egg-fitne 
ess will be fed into existing models of energy usage in parental fish, yielding an optimal stat 
ting models of energy usage in parental fish, yielding an optimal state-dependent migration inv 
sh, yielding an optimal state-dependent migration investment which can be placed in a populatio 
ion investment which can be placed in a population dynamics context interacting with fisheries  
ation dynamics context interacting with fisheries practices.  
471 15                                         conservation strategies focus on ecological networks th 
 the target organisms, which depends on landscape features and the target organism ecological a 
l attributes. there is a clear need for conservation instruments that allow translating landsca 
w translating landscapes or networks of protected areas into functional connectivity. tenlamas  
orks of protected areas into functional connectivity. tenlamas will evaluate alternative models 
aluate alternative models for assessing connectivity of particular ecological networks and for  
al networks and for comparing different scenarios of landscape management. the project will del 
nd for comparing different scenarios of landscape management. the project will deliver recommen 
etailed simulation models of individual behavior generating most probable paths. concurrent con 
erating most probable paths. concurrent connectivity estimates will be evaluated on selected mo 
estimates will be evaluated on selected model species in test landscapes with respect to the re 
t to the required level of precision in landscape and organism information. this will be perfor 
on. this will be performed by supplying dispersal matrices generated by each approach and corre 
ch approach and corrected for effective dispersal by assessing gene flow to a simple model, usi 
rsal by assessing gene flow to a simple model, using metapopulation viability as dependent vari 
13801 16 eveloping knowledge about how secondary grassland habitats, grazed forests and grazed former ar 
ow secondary grassland habitats, grazed forests and grazed former arable fields, influence the  
zed former arable fields, influence the species diversity associated with semi-natural grasslan 
 diversity associated with semi-natural grasslands of high conservation value, under conditions 
ed with semi-natural grasslands of high conservation value, under conditions where the secondar 
e, under conditions where the secondary grasslands are located close, or adjacent, to the semi- 
close, or adjacent, to the semi-natural grasslands. the main objectives of the programme are to 
se how the impact depends on aspects of habitat configuration, i.e. size of target sites vs siz 
programme goals are highly relevant for development of conservation programmes at a landscape s 
 are highly relevant for development of conservation programmes at a landscape scale, in relati 
lopment of conservation programmes at a landscape scale, in relation to economically sustainabl 
 conservation programmes at a landscape scale, in relation to economically sustainable livestoc 
in relation to economically sustainable livestock farming, and development of regional landscap 
ally sustainable livestock farming, and development of regional landscape strategies for biodiv 
ck farming, and development of regional landscape strategies for biodiversity.  
nt of regional landscape strategies for biodiversity.  
15066 6 he former one cgl2005-02306/bos artemia biodiversity in the western mediterranean.presence of a 
bos artemia biodiversity in the western mediterranean.presence of a.franciscana as invasive spe 
iterranean.presence of a.franciscana as invasive species. implications, supported by mec for th 
008. the previous project evidenced the biodiversity loss for autochthonous species of the genu 
 the genus artemia due to a the loss of ecosystems arisen among the introduced populations of t 
re their disparition by the threatening invasion.  
12263 14 he uk government is committed to a more sustainable agriculture. wheat is grown on a larger are 
te pre-breeding material carrying novel traits to the uk breeding companies and to deliver acce 
ific resources and tools will include - production of near isogenic lines xxx - characterisatio 
echanisms underlying genotype variation drought tolerance and crop water use efficiency - ident 
pe variation drought tolerance and crop water use efficiency - identification of wheat germplas 
on drought tolerance and crop water use efficiency - identification of wheat germplasm which co 
plasm which confers either tissue based resistance to take-all disease and / or ability to rest 
her tissue based resistance to take-all disease and / or ability to restrict soil inoculum buil 
ll disease and / or ability to restrict soil inoculum build up in 1st wheat situations - introg 
t situations - introgression of extreme resistance to septoria leaf blotch from triticum monoco 
 the interconnections between the three soil based traits - archiving of grain at low temperatu 
onnections between the three soil based traits - archiving of grain at low temperature from the 
ased traits - archiving of grain at low temperature from the main trait experiments over the 5  
ars to permit others to investigate key traits the procurement of one or more sub-contactor pro 
13707 1 o, more worrying, that it runs a severe risk of inbreeding problems. the wolf is a film that te 
11097 2 m is to develop a general framework for modelling speciation. this will be based on a new techn 
ed on a new technique for analysing the evolution of multiple genetic loci, which leads to simp 
14827 8                seed banks allow ex situ conservation of the biodiversity of wild plant species  
banks allow ex situ conservation of the biodiversity of wild plant species with orthodox seeds  
and simple way. seeds are stored at low temperature and with low water content. nowadays there  
 stored at low temperature and with low water content. nowadays there is controversy about whic 
 is the best way for the long-term seed conservation. the present project is based on two impor 
 germination behaviour under controlled temperature and light regimens; to study ways to break  
us matrix characteristics and determine water sorption isotherms in seeds from wild species; to 
tablish seed ageing patterns related to temperature and equilibrium relative humidity; to estab 
10320 33                                         biodiversity is declining worldwide at a frightening ra 
g rate; never before have the issues of conservation been more prominent in society. humans are 
ses that normally generate and maintain biodiversity. i will focus on two systems: remote group 
d out in partnership with project safe: stability of altered forest ecosystems . safe has negot 
with project safe: stability of altered forest ecosystems . safe has negotiated that, when a la 
oject safe: stability of altered forest ecosystems . safe has negotiated that, when a large reg 
uring 2011, carefully chosen patches of forest will be left untouched within the plantation. th 
lly about the future. to predict future biodiversity loss in partly cleared natural habitat, a  
iversity loss in partly cleared natural habitat, a simple mathematical formula is most commonly 
he number of species in the region as a function of area. however, we are also interested in ho 
l palm so this is not the same as total habitat destruction. to account for these additional fa 
evelop a simulation approach capable of modelling a large area of forest by sampling individual 
ch capable of modelling a large area of forest by sampling individuals from the computer-genera 
individuals from the computer-generated forest in much the same way as they would be sampled fr 
ay as they would be sampled from a real forest. i will make general predictions about how biodi 
will make general predictions about how biodiversity will respond to the habitat modification o 
ut how biodiversity will respond to the habitat modification over time and will compare these t 
re these to data collected by safe. for modelling biodiversity on islands i will face other cha 
o data collected by safe. for modelling biodiversity on islands i will face other challenges: t 
d and the loss of species through local extinction. this classic theory does not cover more dis 
lex balance exists between immigration, extinction and the evolution of new species. islands ar 
between immigration, extinction and the evolution of new species. islands are often in groups,  
ng further models for islands and their biodiversity, a particularly interesting area of resear 
ing area of research that links to both ecology and evolution. these models will follow the pro 
research that links to both ecology and evolution. these models will follow the progress of imm 
to the archipelago as they change their abundance and possibly form different species on each i 
this to study the effects on islands of habitat modification and increased immigration from the 
pelagos contribute in important ways to biodiversity and are threatened by similar factors; esp 
reatened by similar factors; especially habitat destruction. islands support many endemic speci 
milar technical methods can be used for modelling both systems and comparisons can be made betw 
e able to make informed decisions about conservation based on theory that can predict the conse 
 important role in future research into ecology and conservation; i am thrilled at having the c 
ole in future research into ecology and conservation; i am thrilled at having the chance to pla 
2170 21                                         fungi that live hidden inside plant tissues without cau 
and appear to be ubiquitous. endophytic fungi are sources of biologically active secondary meta 
 pilot study indicate a remarkably high diversity of endophytic fungi in boreal forest bryophyt 
remarkably high diversity of endophytic fungi in boreal forest bryophytes. nothing of this imme 
y high diversity of endophytic fungi in boreal forest bryophytes. nothing of this immense diver 
est bryophytes. nothing of this immense diversity is visible by eye, but it is hypothesized tha 
 host plant play a pivotal role for the function of boreal forest ecosystems because bryophytes 
play a pivotal role for the function of boreal forest ecosystems because bryophytes make up a l 
 role for the function of boreal forest ecosystems because bryophytes make up a large part of t 
 bryophytes make up a large part of the biomass in boreal forests. the project is motivated for 
p a large part of the biomass in boreal forests. the project is motivated for four main reasons 
irst, we need information on the hidden biological diversity and its functional role in order t 
ts functional role in order to maintain ecosystem function, robustness and biodiversity. second 
tain ecosystem function, robustness and biodiversity. second, it is likely that effects of anth 
fects of anthropogenic impact on boreal forests are mediated via the relationship between funga 
ophytes. third, we hypothesize that the production of secondary metabolites by the endophytic f 
secondary metabolites by the endophytic fungi protect the bryophytes from being consumed by her 
dary metabolites produced by endophytic fungi are proven to be commercially important in pharma 
ves, and species-specific endophytes in boreal forest bryophytes have an unknown, but potential 
ibute positively to human well fare and development. here it is of particular interest that bry 
hich are not produced by plants, but by fungi.  
11315 4 hange than the vast majority of natural environmental change either observed or predicted. in a 
 to bridge the gap studies in antarctic marine species have been carried out at markedly varyin 
arried out at markedly varying rates of temperature rise from acute to evaluate f1 adaptation e 
perature rise from acute to evaluate f1 adaptation effects.  
2050 5 hern species is expected as a result of global warming. paradoxically, however, the svalbard po 
ure longterm survival under the present climate. the project investigates the svalbard populati 
e populations from other areas of three model species , morphology, and taxonomic relationships 
n international collaboration on arctic biodiversity and conservation.  
ollaboration on arctic biodiversity and conservation.  
15164 3 he study includes genetic support, with genetic diversity and parentage analyses, usefull in fu 
 wild populations will be provided. the development of a feasible rearing procedure would be us 
g procedure would be usefull in further conservation programms for the species.  
9915 6               evidence for high species extinction rates emphasises the need to identify priori 
 identify priority areas and taxa where conservation action will be most efficient. most studie 
mple counts of species and threats, but extinction is complex and results from interactions bet 
ng new compilations of phylogenetic and conservation data we will address the following: 1 what 
gical characteristics in explaining the distribution of threat among mammals, 2 do correlates o 
e are the global hotspots of threatened phylogenetic diversity  
13858 21                              scaling up agroforestry is crucial to increase food production and 
groforestry is crucial to increase food production and reduce poverty in sub-saharan africa. an 
 to increase food production and reduce poverty in sub-saharan africa. an excellent agroforestr 
ction and reduce poverty in sub-saharan africa. an excellent agroforestry tree grevillea robust 
rty in sub-saharan africa. an excellent agroforestry tree grevillea robusta, tree grown intense 
villea robusta, tree grown intensely in kenya and uganda, is threatened by a new disease. our r 
enya and uganda, is threatened by a new disease. our recent results show that it is serious, wi 
gal genus. during the research phase of agroforestry technologies, diseases are kept under cont 
ol, but when spread to a lot of farmers disease problems are becoming more evident. scaling up  
re becoming more evident. scaling up of agroforestry results in more trees on the farms and an  
ore trees on the farms and an increased risk for spread of tree pests, like this disease, forci 
isk for spread of tree pests, like this disease, forcing farmers to uproot their trees and hamp 
on of tree plantation. therfore to make agroforestry technologies more robust disease managemen 
e agroforestry technologies more robust disease management needs to be developed. the increased 
restry technologies more robust disease management needs to be developed. the increased acreage 
types. to meet the overall objective of disease control, research will be directed to the follo 
ill be directed to the following areas: disease and pathogen distribution, on local and regiona 
e following areas: disease and pathogen distribution, on local and regional scales; mode of spr 
 host range, including threats to other agroforestry trees. the research also intends to intens 
 tree pathology in ethiopia, uganda and kenya as well as with icraf, an important capacity buil 
raf, an important capacity building for development of sustainable research in the region.  
10445 1 cation of: the interaction between fine sediment suspension and the morphology of low-angled du 
11729 1 cation of: the interaction between fine sediment suspension and the morphology of low-angled du 
10846 4  to monitor natural variability so that impacts on deep-sea bed biodiversity from industrialisa 
ability so that impacts on deep-sea bed biodiversity from industrialisation of this physically  
his physically dynamic and unusual deep-water area by oil/gas activities and deep trawling can  
ve of the work, with support from other stakeholders including museums and other academics, is  
15589 3 low lakes have played a key role in the development of theory on regime shifts in ecosystems ha 
ey role in the development of theory on regime shifts in ecosystems have expressed strong inter 
velopment of theory on regime shifts in ecosystems have expressed strong interest in our planne 
15590 6                                         forests are a major reservoir of biodiversity and trees 
       forests are a major reservoir of biodiversity and trees, as keystone organisms, directly 
keystone organisms, directly impact the diversity and functioning of forest communities. predic 
impact the diversity and functioning of forest communities. predicting the response of trees to 
icting the response of trees to ongoing global change and decision support for management.  
 global change and decision support for management.  
6720 5 tic house, as well as open field staked production with high marketable yield and long shelf li 
 staked production with high marketable yield and long shelf life. variety protection, the poss 
ection, the possibility of accumulation resistance genes, increased early and total yield, as w 
stance genes, increased early and total yield, as well as higher quality parameters motivate hy 
ding.in hybrid tomato breeding and seed production quick hybrid rate identification is an incre 
13711 3 gate how top-down how future changes in climate and top predators may impact ecosystem structur 
n how future changes in climate and top predators may impact ecosystem structures.  
in climate and top predators may impact ecosystem structures.  
13888 14                                 pelagic food web ecology has long been the major paradigm in th 
                       pelagic food web ecology has long been the major paradigm in the study o 
jor paradigm in the study of whole lake ecosystem dynamics. however, pelagic food webs might be 
ke ecosystem dynamics. however, pelagic food webs might be highly influenced by benthic subsidi 
ed by benthic subsidies in which mobile fish may play a key role. the aim with this proposal is 
this proposal is to examine the role of fish for coupling food web dynamics across habitats by  
o examine the role of fish for coupling food web dynamics across habitats by focusing on the in 
 by focusing on the interaction between habitat productivity of resources and top-down control  
sing on the interaction between habitat productivity of resources and top-down control by pisci 
n habitat productivity of resources and top-down control by piscivorous predators. we will do t 
ces and top-down control by piscivorous predators. we will do this using two different environm 
ecting two types of disturbances in the environment: anthropogenic . the results will be import 
 environmental disturbances will affect food web dynamics in lake ecosystems.  
s will affect food web dynamics in lake ecosystems.  
6755 11                     the problems we are planning to study are related both in their subjects an 
y can be grouped into two major fields: evolution biological problems: 1 mating type evolution, 
tion biological problems: 1 mating type evolution, 2 problems in prebiotic evolution and 3 the  
type evolution, 2 problems in prebiotic evolution and 3 the evolution of dispersal. theoretical 
oblems in prebiotic evolution and 3 the evolution of dispersal. theoretical ecological problems 
biotic evolution and 3 the evolution of dispersal. theoretical ecological problems: 4 metapopul 
nvironments, 5 the role of interference competition in maintaining microbial community diversit 
interference competition in maintaining microbial community diversity, and 6 the structure and  
tion in maintaining microbial community diversity, and 6 the structure and the stability of foo 
 diversity, and 6 the structure and the stability of food webs. the common point in these six t 
nd 6 the structure and the stability of food webs. the common point in these six topics is the  
10786 6 ; indeed for the first 2 billion years, bacteria were the only living things on the planet. the 
tivity changed the planet, changing the environment to allow other life forms to develop. today 
low other life forms to develop. today, bacteria continue to be very important for the health o 
 important for the health of the global ecosystem since they are involved in and control all bi 
aps surprising how little we know about bacteria and archaea so that they can be manipulated. w 
cies interact, either through supplying nutrients to each other or controlling the activity of  
11848 6 ; indeed for the first 2 billion years, bacteria were the only living things on the planet. the 
tivity changed the planet, changing the environment to allow other life forms to develop. today 
low other life forms to develop. today, bacteria continue to be very important for the health o 
 important for the health of the global ecosystem since they are involved in and control all bi 
aps surprising how little we know about bacteria and archaea so that they can be manipulated. w 
cies interact, either through supplying nutrients to each other or controlling the activity of  
2157 13                         blooms of toxic cyanobacteria are a main consequence of freshwater eutr 
cyanobacteria are a main consequence of freshwater eutrophication. despite considerable researc 
ia are a main consequence of freshwater eutrophication. despite considerable research efforts,  
 efforts, the bloom forming capacity of cyanobacteria, their high competitive strength, and the 
 regulation of cyanobacterial toxins in nature are still weakly understood. this causes uncerta 
nderstood. this causes uncertainties in planning lake restoration and prevents prediction of he 
s causes uncertainties in planning lake restoration and prevents prediction of health and ecolo 
bstacle in meeting the demand of the eu water framework directive to reduce the level of eutrop 
mework directive to reduce the level of eutrophication until 2015, which in many lakes will req 
ch in many lakes will require effective management of toxic cyanobacteria. the present project  
l require effective management of toxic cyanobacteria. the present project embarks on a new str 
d and used to illuminate the effects of eutrophication, lake restoration and natural environmen 
ate the effects of eutrophication, lake restoration and natural environmental fluctuations. uti 
12432 10 ding framework to tackle the dangers of climate change. the climate change act received royal a 
ckle the dangers of climate change. the climate change act received royal assent on 26 november 
ernment meets its commitments to tackle climate change, and this includes the establishment of  
 establishment of a legal framework for adaptation policy in the uk. specifically, the climate  
ent of a legal framework for adaptation policy in the uk. specifically, the climate change act  
ion policy in the uk. specifically, the climate change act requires that a national adaptation  
ate change act requires that a national adaptation programme in devising possible adaptation op 
aptation programme in devising possible adaptation options for marine industries and maritime p 
evising possible adaptation options for marine industries and maritime policy. through the outl 
ions for marine industries and maritime policy. through the outlined summary objectives of the  
10637 3 reasing recognition that the scientific community at large would benefit from the development o 
mmunity at large would benefit from the development of a new standard to capture a richer set o 
sting genomemine database to serve as a community archive of contributed datasets of curated an 
1966 3                                         climate changes is expected to have a major influence o 
cies distributions that possibly hamper climate tracking and imply meta-populations that are al 
 which species and communities react to climate change.  
10903 25 samira national reserve in the peruvian amazon, turtle farming is a successful survival strateg 
 yasuni national park in the ecuadorian amazon, bush meat hunting regions are threatened by enc 
g regions are threatened by encroaching deforestation. at the same time in the andean headwater 
e same time in the andean headwaters of ecuador, peru and bolivia, the availability and quality 
me in the andean headwaters of ecuador, peru and bolivia, the availability and quality of irrig 
 andean headwaters of ecuador, peru and bolivia, the availability and quality of irrigation wat 
olivia, the availability and quality of irrigation water depends strongly on mountain wetland m 
 availability and quality of irrigation water depends strongly on mountain wetland management,  
tion water depends strongly on mountain wetland management, and is potentially threatened by gl 
er depends strongly on mountain wetland management, and is potentially threatened by global cli 
and is potentially threatened by global climate change. these are striking examples of many sit 
g examples of many situations where the livelihoods of local communities depend on crucial ecos 
 of local communities depend on crucial ecosystem services. however, a sustainable management o 
system services. however, a sustainable management of these services is only possible using an  
ting in very large uncertainties in the model predictions. in the andean highlands, local polit 
managers have difficulties interpreting model simulations and design proper land management sch 
ing model simulations and design proper land management schemes. finally, both systems can bene 
ion of local expert knowledge to reduce model uncertainties. recently, many methodologies for d 
ocal managers knowledge and practice in modelling systems. this module deals with the developme 
ing systems. this module deals with the development of a user interface to evaluate models, ide 
 interface to evaluate models, identify model failures and reject models. heavily relying on pu 
cted case studies, thus enabling direct poverty alleviation action benefiting an estimated 1500 
bitants. close collaboration with local stakeholders and integration in existing initiatives en 
l generate novel scientific insights in model simulation, communication and improvement in a de 
he pi in the global virtual observatory community will ensure that the research results will op 
11801 25 samira national reserve in the peruvian amazon, turtle farming is a successful survival strateg 
 yasuni national park in the ecuadorian amazon, bush meat hunting regions are threatened by enc 
g regions are threatened by encroaching deforestation. at the same time in the andean headwater 
e same time in the andean headwaters of ecuador, peru and bolivia, the availability and quality 
me in the andean headwaters of ecuador, peru and bolivia, the availability and quality of irrig 
 andean headwaters of ecuador, peru and bolivia, the availability and quality of irrigation wat 
olivia, the availability and quality of irrigation water depends strongly on mountain wetland m 
 availability and quality of irrigation water depends strongly on mountain wetland management,  
tion water depends strongly on mountain wetland management, and is potentially threatened by gl 
er depends strongly on mountain wetland management, and is potentially threatened by global cli 
and is potentially threatened by global climate change. these are striking examples of many sit 
g examples of many situations where the livelihoods of local communities depend on crucial ecos 
 of local communities depend on crucial ecosystem services. however, a sustainable management o 
system services. however, a sustainable management of these services is only possible using an  
ting in very large uncertainties in the model predictions. in the andean highlands, local polit 
managers have difficulties interpreting model simulations and design proper land management sch 
ing model simulations and design proper land management schemes. finally, both systems can bene 
ion of local expert knowledge to reduce model uncertainties. recently, many methodologies for d 
ocal managers knowledge and practice in modelling systems. this module deals with the developme 
ing systems. this module deals with the development of a user interface to evaluate models, ide 
 interface to evaluate models, identify model failures and reject models. heavily relying on pu 
cted case studies, thus enabling direct poverty alleviation action benefiting an estimated 1500 
bitants. close collaboration with local stakeholders and integration in existing initiatives en 
l generate novel scientific insights in model simulation, communication and improvement in a de 
he pi in the global virtual observatory community will ensure that the research results will op 
10757 24 decades, ecologists have documented the distribution and abundance of organisms that are attrib 
ts have documented the distribution and abundance of organisms that are attributed to variation 
sms that are attributed to variation in mortality, fecundity and migration. such basic understa 
o variation in mortality, fecundity and migration. such basic understanding of the abundance an 
ration. such basic understanding of the abundance and distribution of organisms in nature . in  
asic understanding of the abundance and distribution of organisms in nature . in the pelagic pl 
ndance and distribution of organisms in nature . in the pelagic planktonic environment a whole  
s in nature . in the pelagic planktonic environment a whole range of environmental factors may  
he quality of larvae. sub-optimal food, salinity, temperature or sub-lethal pollution exposure, 
 of larvae. sub-optimal food, salinity, temperature or sub-lethal pollution exposure, experienc 
od, salinity, temperature or sub-lethal pollution exposure, experienced during the larval phase 
r of larval settlers and juvenile/adult abundance is not known. the present project addresses t 
sent project addresses this issue using intertidal barnacles as model species. the project will 
his issue using intertidal barnacles as model species. the project will investigate natural var 
otland in areas of high and low coastal productivity. this observational programme will determi 
duce more accurate models to understand population dynamics. in the face of global change a gen 
and population dynamics. in the face of global change a general theory of mechanisms affecting  
 general theory of mechanisms affecting recruitment of marine organisms to adult populations is 
 of mechanisms affecting recruitment of marine organisms to adult populations is required to en 
tions is required to enable appropriate management of natural resources. the fact that failures 
red to enable appropriate management of natural resources. the fact that failures of recruitmen 
al resources. the fact that failures of recruitment in exploited populations are usually follow 
ing two separate fields of study to aid management of marine populations.  
te fields of study to aid management of marine populations.  
11265 24 decades, ecologists have documented the distribution and abundance of organisms that are attrib 
ts have documented the distribution and abundance of organisms that are attributed to variation 
sms that are attributed to variation in mortality, fecundity and migration. such basic understa 
o variation in mortality, fecundity and migration. such basic understanding of the abundance an 
ration. such basic understanding of the abundance and distribution of organisms in nature . in  
asic understanding of the abundance and distribution of organisms in nature . in the pelagic pl 
ndance and distribution of organisms in nature . in the pelagic planktonic environment a whole  
s in nature . in the pelagic planktonic environment a whole range of environmental factors may  
he quality of larvae. sub-optimal food, salinity, temperature or sub-lethal pollution exposure, 
 of larvae. sub-optimal food, salinity, temperature or sub-lethal pollution exposure, experienc 
od, salinity, temperature or sub-lethal pollution exposure, experienced during the larval phase 
r of larval settlers and juvenile/adult abundance is not known. the present project addresses t 
sent project addresses this issue using intertidal barnacles as model species. the project will 
his issue using intertidal barnacles as model species. the project will investigate natural var 
otland in areas of high and low coastal productivity. this observational programme will determi 
duce more accurate models to understand population dynamics. in the face of global change a gen 
and population dynamics. in the face of global change a general theory of mechanisms affecting  
 general theory of mechanisms affecting recruitment of marine organisms to adult populations is 
 of mechanisms affecting recruitment of marine organisms to adult populations is required to en 
tions is required to enable appropriate management of natural resources. the fact that failures 
red to enable appropriate management of natural resources. the fact that failures of recruitmen 
al resources. the fact that failures of recruitment in exploited populations are usually follow 
ing two separate fields of study to aid management of marine populations.  
te fields of study to aid management of marine populations.  
13534 21 ablished during the past two decades in europe, both on former arable fields and on former coni 
s and on former conifer sites. a warmer climate may also lead to suitable conditions for broadl 
day. a central question for broadleaved forest restoration as a response to changed land use an 
st restoration as a response to changed land use and/or climate change is whether the forest fl 
s a response to changed land use and/or climate change is whether the forest flora is able to c 
se and/or climate change is whether the forest flora is able to colonize new sites in the moder 
ites in the modern, fragmented cultural landscape if so, how long will it take, and what factor 
 take, and what factors influence plant colonization recent research has pointed at the discrep 
at the discrepancy between low realized migration rates at local scale during secondary success 
n low realized migration rates at local scale during secondary succession and regional/continen 
d migration rates at local scale during secondary succession and regional/continental scale aft 
ary succession and regional/continental scale after the latest glaciation. a combination of sma 
gh recent woodland age implied that the migration front of many species already had passed the  
now offer a unique opportunity to study migration rates for a considerably higher number of for 
tes for a considerably higher number of forest plants than previously. the main purpose of this 
main purpose of this project is to rank forest plants according to their colonizing ability in  
ng ability in contiguous and fragmented forest landscapes and to analyse the factors that contr 
 analyse the factors that control early forest plant colonization. the project also aims to est 
factors that control early forest plant colonization. the project also aims to establish a base 
tablish a baseline for future long-term monitoring of the colonization process.  
 for future long-term monitoring of the colonization process.  
12266 9 genetic resources unit , result in fine scale mapping of the genes and gene identification. a s 
c resources unit , result in fine scale mapping of the genes and gene identification. a similar 
ilar resource is being developed in the model plant species arabidopsis. brassicas are closely  
nps within the brassicas for use in the development of high throughput genotype screening assay 
rm the basis for the identification and mapping of loci underlying traits of interest, particul 
fication and mapping of loci underlying traits of interest, particularly the quantitative trait 
interest, particularly the quantitative traits which impact upon sustainable production etc. cu 
ve traits which impact upon sustainable production etc. currently there are very few public snp 
project we propose to carry out a pilot scale experiment of brassica oleracea snp discovery whi 
11298 17                                     the climate is warming. the arctic regions of the world hav 
                         the climate is warming. the arctic regions of the world have been show 
ions of the world have been shown to be warming at a rate faster than any other region on earth 
critical role in determining the global impacts of climatic change because they cover a signifi 
northern hermisphere and act as a major carbon sink, currently storing some 11% of the earth s  
rrently storing some 11% of the earth s carbon, locked away in the organic soils and peat of ar 
th s carbon, locked away in the organic soils and peat of arctic tundra and extensive mire syte 
 determine the balance, and exchange of carbon between land surface and atmosphere so as to bet 
ct the likely consequences of continued warming of the arctic. however, these high latitude reg 
is is particularly the case in terms of carbon in the form of methane. methane is a powerful gr 
 case in terms of carbon in the form of methane. methane is a powerful greenhouse gas that acco 
terms of carbon in the form of methane. methane is a powerful greenhouse gas that accounts for  
e forcing since the pre-industrial era. wetlands play an important dual role in the global carb 
ay an important dual role in the global carbon cycle, being both the largest natural methane so 
n cycle, being both the largest natural methane source and a large net carbon sink . key streng 
 natural methane source and a large net carbon sink . key strengths of the current proposal are 
equipment for extended periods to allow methane flux measurements to be made without the unwant 
13977 24                         ectomycorrhizal fungi are essential for the uptake of nutrients by bore 
l fungi are essential for the uptake of nutrients by boreal forest trees. the fungi also form a 
ssential for the uptake of nutrients by boreal forest trees. the fungi also form a major compon 
f nutrients by boreal forest trees. the fungi also form a major component of the biodiversity w 
ungi also form a major component of the biodiversity within forests, with 1100 species recorded 
or component of the biodiversity within forests, with 1100 species recorded from sweden. the fu 
orests, with 1100 species recorded from sweden. the fungi are very sensitive to changes in the  
 1100 species recorded from sweden. the fungi are very sensitive to changes in the soil environ 
gi are very sensitive to changes in the soil environment and most are negatively affected by th 
e very sensitive to changes in the soil environment and most are negatively affected by the inc 
ely affected by the increased levels of soil n resulting from forest fertilisation. we are slow 
creased levels of soil n resulting from forest fertilisation. we are slowly gaining a deeper un 
ining a deeper understanding of why the fungi react so strongly to n fertilisation and the over 
se our knowledge of the consequences of nitrogen fertilisation to the biodiversity and function 
uences of nitrogen fertilisation to the biodiversity and functioning of ectomycorrhizal fungi w 
sity and functioning of ectomycorrhizal fungi with a view to minimising negative impacts. the p 
ungi with a view to minimising negative impacts. the project will help verify that the long ter 
within the trees. the potential for the fungi to acidify the soil during nitrate uptake was rec 
 potential for the fungi to acidify the soil during nitrate uptake was recently highlighted and 
or the fungi to acidify the soil during nitrate uptake was recently highlighted and this will b 
on upon the population structure of ecm fungi have been overlooked and this will be examined by 
 in negatively- and positively-affected fungi. the final part of the project will synthesise cu 
edge and new results into a mechanistic model describing how ecm fungal communities react to fo 
ing how ecm fungal communities react to forest fertilisation.  
12769 12 solution of conflicts between human and wildlife interests has often involved lethal control to 
volved lethal control to reduce problem wildlife populations. however, lethal control has alway 
pronounced and this approach has direct impacts on the conservation of the species concerned. f 
this approach has direct impacts on the conservation of the species concerned. fertility contro 
ation, thus potentially contributing to density-dependent feedback that constrains recruitment  
sity-dependent feedback that constrains recruitment and survival hence slowing population recov 
t and survival hence slowing population recovery. fertility control could be very effective at  
ween individuals resulting in increased risk of disease transmission. fertility control would,  
ividuals resulting in increased risk of disease transmission. fertility control would, in princ 
ing and thus be less likely to increase disease transmission. 3. fertility control could reduce 
ility control might encourage long-term dispersal and divorce arising from reproductive failure 
ntially reduce vertical transmission of disease . 2. proof of concept of a potentially orally a 
2509 8                                   toxic algae; taxonomy, quantification and early warning. toxa 
                           toxic algae; taxonomy, quantification and early warning. toxalgaehar 
 blooms and use them to map the spatial distribution of harmful algae in norwegian waters, incl 
map the spatial distribution of harmful algae in norwegian waters, including the norwegian and  
that are new to our waters and science. monitoring of harmful algae in coastal waters is import 
ters and science. monitoring of harmful algae in coastal waters is important in assessing the p 
 assessing the potential for blooms and monitoring programs have been set up in several countri 
p in several countries. at present most monitoring programs rely on light microscopy cell count 
14471 3 e major processes organizing the earths biodiversity. its demonstration, however, has been prov 
 a comprehensive knowledge of the basic ecology of this interaction. this objective includes an 
leterious effects on mice body mass and water balance do mice eliminate detoxification by-produ 
15307 13 s is required allowing a more extensive monitoring. bioassays are being extensively used due to 
 that is closely connected to toxicity. cyanobacteria, ubiquitous primary producers, are emergi 
o be used in the field of environmental monitoring due to their easy growth and maintenance and 
ironmental monitoring due to their easy growth and maintenance and to their ability to respond  
espond to a great number of pollutants. cyanobacteria, as primary producers with a key role in  
 c and n cycles, are at the base of the food webs and any detrimental effect on this group may  
strains of self-luminescent recombinant cyanobacteria derived from the filamentous, nitrogen- f 
obacteria derived from the filamentous, nitrogen- fixing and freshwater cyanobacterium anabaena 
m the filamentous, nitrogen- fixing and freshwater cyanobacterium anabaena sp. pcc7120. our gro 
lex mixtures of pollutants to study the nature of the interactions between them to better under 
tein that allows continuous and in vivo monitoring of the intracellular free calcium concentrat 
lutants singly and in combination. 3. - evaluation of the performance of the cyanobacterial bio 
ns with real environmental samples from freshwater environments  
15048 7                           environmental risk assessment requires the use of efficient and sensi 
e impact of contaminants on the studied ecosystems. the aim of this project is to use a toxicog 
ed set of tools that can be used to aid management-decision making by improving the predictive  
ools that can be used to aid management-decision making by improving the predictive capability  
ctive capability to gauge environmental stress of contaminants within freshwater ecosystems.  
ronmental stress of contaminants within freshwater ecosystems.  
tress of contaminants within freshwater ecosystems.  
11598 7 on of the annual rainfall that supplies water to 500,000 consumers in the river exe catchment.  
the 19th and 20th centuries. south west water plc manage the water resources of the exe catchme 
turies. south west water plc manage the water resources of the exe catchment and are investing  
exe catchment and are investing in mire restoration for the purpose of improving the quality an 
f improving the quality and quantity of water supplies. amongst the numerous benefits of mire r 
 atmosphere to cause a net reduction in global warming potential . the motivation is to establi 
n is to establish a long-term system of incentives that will encourage more landowners to allow 
10574 26 ssures at present. driven by economical growth in the region, deforestation is ongoing, which l 
ven by economical growth in the region, deforestation is ongoing, which leads to conversion of  
g, which leads to conversion of primary forest for agriculture and large fires affecting the ch 
ads to conversion of primary forest for agriculture and large fires affecting the chemical comp 
 affecting the chemical composition and pollution in the region. at the same time, the most rec 
ame time, the most recent generation of climate models suggest that climate change will have dr 
neration of climate models suggest that climate change will have dramatic consequences in the r 
rest is threatened by drying out as the water balance in the region changes. this not only has  
through so-called teleconnection in the climate system, changes in the functioning of the amazo 
stem, changes in the functioning of the amazon rainforest is linked to changes in climate elsew 
azon rainforest is linked to changes in climate elsewhere on the planet. the amazon rainforest  
in climate elsewhere on the planet. the amazon rainforest does not just transport large amounts 
oes not just transport large amounts of water and energy back into the atmosphere, which affect 
st transport large amounts of water and energy back into the atmosphere, which affect the clima 
k into the atmosphere, which affect the climate, it also emits large quantities of volatile org 
react in the atmosphere, leading to the production of oxidants and particles. these particles p 
 cloud droplet formation which regulate precipitation patterns in the region, change the weathe 
eeded to parametrise these processes in climate models to improve the rebustness of future clim 
els to improve the rebustness of future climate predictions. previous measurements with the res 
ments with the research programme large-scale biosphere-atmosphere experiment in amazonia have  
 air chemistry in remote regions of the amazon is one of the least disturbed on the planet, if  
sturbed on the planet, if influences of biomass burning can be avoided. thus we still have the  
 aerosols, their effect on the regional climate and their responses to climatic drivers in a fa 
limatic drivers in a fairly undisturbed environment. this proposed project aims to add uk measu 
 to 15 partner institutes in the remote amazon rainforest to quantify the emissions of trace ga 
hasis on the quantification of particle production. the measurements will be used to improve ou 
11876 26 ssures at present. driven by economical growth in the region, deforestation is ongoing, which l 
ven by economical growth in the region, deforestation is ongoing, which leads to conversion of  
g, which leads to conversion of primary forest for agriculture and large fires affecting the ch 
ads to conversion of primary forest for agriculture and large fires affecting the chemical comp 
 affecting the chemical composition and pollution in the region. at the same time, the most rec 
ame time, the most recent generation of climate models suggest that climate change will have dr 
neration of climate models suggest that climate change will have dramatic consequences in the r 
rest is threatened by drying out as the water balance in the region changes. this not only has  
through so-called teleconnection in the climate system, changes in the functioning of the amazo 
stem, changes in the functioning of the amazon rainforest is linked to changes in climate elsew 
azon rainforest is linked to changes in climate elsewhere on the planet. the amazon rainforest  
in climate elsewhere on the planet. the amazon rainforest does not just transport large amounts 
oes not just transport large amounts of water and energy back into the atmosphere, which affect 
st transport large amounts of water and energy back into the atmosphere, which affect the clima 
k into the atmosphere, which affect the climate, it also emits large quantities of volatile org 
react in the atmosphere, leading to the production of oxidants and particles. these particles p 
 cloud droplet formation which regulate precipitation patterns in the region, change the weathe 
eeded to parametrise these processes in climate models to improve the rebustness of future clim 
els to improve the rebustness of future climate predictions. previous measurements with the res 
ments with the research programme large-scale biosphere-atmosphere experiment in amazonia have  
 air chemistry in remote regions of the amazon is one of the least disturbed on the planet, if  
sturbed on the planet, if influences of biomass burning can be avoided. thus we still have the  
 aerosols, their effect on the regional climate and their responses to climatic drivers in a fa 
limatic drivers in a fairly undisturbed environment. this proposed project aims to add uk measu 
 to 15 partner institutes in the remote amazon rainforest to quantify the emissions of trace ga 
hasis on the quantification of particle production. the measurements will be used to improve ou 
11437 5 ility for herbivores and the latter for parasitoids may be influenced by the availability of tr 
t three trophic levels for several host parasitoid systems. i will test the hypothesis that zn  
 to be most limiting for both hosts and parasitoids because they are required above physiologic 
nges and host utilisation strategies of parasitoids. comparison of parasitised and non-parasiti 
r host metal budgets are manipulated by parasitoids.  
10991 6                               burial of organic matter . the two sites also have strongly contr 
ds, carbohydrates and lipids. the ythan estuary experiment will be conducted in situ, using mes 
riment will be conducted in situ, using mesocosm technology available at the university of aber 
 1850m, and with dramatically different sediment om content, bottom-water oxygen levels and ben 
y different sediment om content, bottom-water oxygen levels and benthic communities. state-of-t 
erent sediment om content, bottom-water oxygen levels and benthic communities. state-of-the-art 
9870 6                               burial of organic matter . the two sites also have strongly contr 
ds, carbohydrates and lipids. the ythan estuary experiment will be conducted in situ, using mes 
riment will be conducted in situ, using mesocosm technology available at the university of aber 
 1850m, and with dramatically different sediment om content, bottom-water oxygen levels and ben 
y different sediment om content, bottom-water oxygen levels and benthic communities. state-of-t 
erent sediment om content, bottom-water oxygen levels and benthic communities. state-of-the-art 
11112 6 nic anoxic events in forming the global distribution of black shales has become a topic of inte 
result of an increase in global oceanic productivity and/or organic carbon preservation potenti 
bal oceanic productivity and/or organic carbon preservation potential oaes are hence important  
 in regulating the short- and long-term carbon cycle, and subsequently co2 levels in the oceans 
tudy will provide a unique insight into productivity and/or preservation changes in the mid-cre 
and their subsequent role in the global carbon cycle.  
6792 3 r polled cattle is important for modern management of cattle. polled cattle reduce the risk of  
ent of cattle. polled cattle reduce the risk of injury by horns to animal breeders and prevent  
d time for dehorning and eliminates the stress to animals.since the inheritance of the mutation 
2506 10 at genomic and phenotypic scales during colonization from the ocean to freshwater. four lateral 
s during colonization from the ocean to freshwater. four lateral plate morphs are found, where  
n, a partially plated morph in brackish water, and a low plated morph in freshwater. in a few l 
ackish water, and a low plated morph in freshwater. in a few lakes, a fourth morph lacking late 
cking lateral plates can be found. this salinity gradient is viewed as an evolutionary temporal 
into phenotypes and morphs. finally, we model the fitness of morphs and alleles in contrasting  
ds of divergence, implying hotspots for evolution, and model the build-up of genomic and reprod 
e, implying hotspots for evolution, and model the build-up of genomic and reproductive isolatio 
ic and reproductive isolation along the colonization/adaptation trajectory of sticklebacks.  
uctive isolation along the colonization/adaptation trajectory of sticklebacks.  
15434 3 st innovative research in the fields of conservation and applied evolutionary biology by using  
nary and ecological aspects at a global scale. the project has an emphasis on amphibian populat 
abitats as well as denser and continued monitoring of natural populations and environmental cha 
11852 20                                         biodiversity conservation and poverty alleviation are t 
          biodiversity conservation and poverty alleviation are two of humanity s most signific 
ked and need to be dealt with together. human well-being depends not only on the provision of f 
s not only on the provision of food and water, but also on the preservation of other ecosystem  
, but also on the preservation of other ecosystem services, including the conservation of speci 
other ecosystem services, including the conservation of species and ecosystems and the many ben 
cluding the conservation of species and ecosystems and the many benefits we derive from them. n 
solutions will allow me to quantify the trade-offs between immediate human needs and nature con 
-offs between immediate human needs and nature conservation. a range of outcomes are possible:  
of outcomes are possible: some forms of land-use may incur limited ecological losses but allow  
nt economic gains, while other forms of intensification may be less compatible with conservatio 
nsification may be less compatible with conservation goals. the results of this project will pr 
ddressing the call by the international community, articulated in the rio convention on biologi 
ional community, articulated in the rio convention on biological diversity, for a unified appro 
r a unified approach to managing entire ecosystems. specifically i will develop a tool for guid 
ll develop a tool for guiding strategic land-use planning that is able to identify both ineffic 
p a tool for guiding strategic land-use planning that is able to identify both inefficiencies i 
eration that require minimal additional deforestation or habitat degradation.  
ire minimal additional deforestation or habitat degradation.  
mal additional deforestation or habitat degradation.  
14218 9 ates major selective forces driving the evolution of organisms. the study of life-history trade 
of organisms. the study of life-history trade-offs is of special interest in this context as th 
estions in the field of defense-related trade-offs, from the methods of detecting trade-offs to 
ade-offs, from the methods of detecting trade-offs to the specific factors that affect these tr 
 the specific factors that affect these trade-offs. the magnitude of negative genotypic correla 
 reliable evidence for the existence of trade-offs. however, this approach does not prevent the 
positive genotypic correlations between traits, regardless of the existence or absence of trade 
gardless of the existence or absence of trade-offs. moreover, some plant traits , as well as he 
nce of trade-offs. moreover, some plant traits , as well as herbivore host specificity will be  
2482 24 sing need to develop predictive aquatic ecosystem models to better understand and mitigate effe 
tter understand and mitigate effects of global warming, eutrophication and fisheries. contempor 
and mitigate effects of global warming, eutrophication and fisheries. contemporary models a lim 
s of global warming, eutrophication and fisheries. contemporary models a limited number of bulk 
mporary models a limited number of bulk-biomass functional groups; typically two phytoplankton  
models a limited number of bulk-biomass functional groups; typically two phytoplankton , or alt 
iomass functional groups; typically two phytoplankton , or alternatively, structured models of  
ies. however, the structure, states and function of natural systems are more dynamic, with a br 
more dynamic, with a broad continuum of functional groups competing for limited resources throu 
ed interactions. the dominant forms and biodiversity of marine ecosystems are variables, not ri 
 the dominant forms and biodiversity of marine ecosystems are variables, not rigid parameters a 
minant forms and biodiversity of marine ecosystems are variables, not rigid parameters as in pr 
erefore, the next generation of aquatic community and ecosystem models must allow functional gr 
ext generation of aquatic community and ecosystem models must allow functional groups to be pre 
mmunity and ecosystem models must allow functional groups to be predictions from and not input  
 develop models where the structure and diversity of the microbial and the mesozooplankton comm 
oplankton communities emerge from basic traits at the level of individuals. because these model 
 parameters such as empirically derived growth and mortality rates. in modelling parlance, the  
 such as empirically derived growth and mortality rates. in modelling parlance, the theories of 
 derived growth and mortality rates. in modelling parlance, the theories of adaptive behaviour  
iour provide a closure where individual scale processes and their consequences can be modelled  
g to fundamental rules. the traditional functional group approach will be replaced by a trait-b 
. the project takes a novel approach to biodiversity and biogeochemistry, and will adress the i 
es a novel approach to biodiversity and biogeochemistry, and will adress the important question 
6929 5   the aim of the project is to study of community assembly within a trait-based theoretical fra 
framework. two theories are considered: habitat filtering and limiting similarity. habitat filt 
itat filtering and limiting similarity. habitat filtering means that the species traits are fil 
arity. habitat filtering means that the species traits are filtered by habitat conditions will  
that the species traits are filtered by habitat conditions will be compatible and may join to l 
12031 12                          trans-specific biodiversity : quantification on model organisms source 
ecific biodiversity : quantification on model organisms sources of neutral and functional trans 
transpecific biodiversitytrans-specific biodiversity : quantification on model organisms source 
ecific biodiversity : quantification on model organisms sources of neutral and functional trans 
 of neutral and functional transpecific biodiversity closely related species show both genetic  
arities and differences. trans-specific biodiversity . adaptive traits include auto-incompatibi 
 trans-specific biodiversity . adaptive traits include auto-incompatibility system, adaptation  
ts include auto-incompatibility system, adaptation to toxic resources and biotic or abiotic str 
o toxic resources and biotic or abiotic stress, or plant developmental traits. main results : w 
 abiotic stress, or plant developmental traits. main results : we developed statistics allowing 
scrimination among different speciation scenarios, using simulated data. such methods evidenced 
tems studied and identified patterns of adaptation on candidate loci. scientific outcome : the  
15168 12                                  chiles mediterranean area is one of the places on the planet w 
tic plants, most of which came from the mediterranean basin. many of these herbaceous species a 
mental importance, know as espinal, the landscape and management structures of which are simila 
nce, know as espinal, the landscape and management structures of which are similar to spanish d 
imilar to spanish ones, and most of the invasive species are associated with this cultural scen 
ation in communities of plants from the mediterranean basin in chiles mediterranean region. as  
 from the mediterranean basin in chiles mediterranean region. as a general hypothesis, we propo 
general hypothesis, we propose that the environment and land uses have acted differentially in  
e of the morphofunctional attributes of mediterranean plants from spain and central chile to tw 
attributes of mediterranean plants from spain and central chile to two environmental gradients  
 of ecological relevance in both areas: geomorphology and secondary succession. the study is ba 
evance in both areas: geomorphology and secondary succession. the study is based on a systemic, 
1991 3                                         conservation genetics focuses on the consequences of lo 
tential and the genomic architecture of evolution. the project will assess the variability in i 
nbreeding depression in various fitness traits, among and within populations of varying size, w 
10043 15                                     the agro-ecosystems of the semi-arid west africa provide th 
e agro-ecosystems of the semi-arid west africa provide the livelihoods for some of the most poo 
f the semi-arid west africa provide the livelihoods for some of the most poor and vulnerable pe 
le people in the world. within this low-productivity area islands of successful land management 
productivity area islands of successful land management has shown there are untapped opportunit 
e untapped opportunities to upgrade the livelihoods of people in these enviroenments and out-sc 
f people in these enviroenments and out-scale these farming systems. however, little is underst 
such improvements in the farming system productivity will effect on-and off-farm ecosystem reso 
roductivity will effect on-and off-farm ecosystem resources. this proposal aims to begin develo 
 in these regions will effect the wider environment. in this proposed project a research partne 
l be established between the centre for ecology, law and policy the development of a 3-year res 
between the centre for ecology, law and policy the development of a 3-year research proposal al 
 centre for ecology, law and policy the development of a 3-year research proposal allowing the  
ot areas of niger and/or burkina faso - development of a full 3 year research partnership propo 
d around the potential of participatory gis for assessing livelihood dependancies in agro-eco s 
15226 3 elationship between mhc composition and diversity of birds and their survival. the global objec 
etween mhc composition and diversity of birds and their survival. the global objective of this  
n in wild populations and the potential impacts they may have on the genetic and phenotypic com 
13872 9                               migratory birds wintering in tropical africa are each year bringi 
  migratory birds wintering in tropical africa are each year bringing a large number of species 
alaria parasites to breeding areas in n europe. most of these parasites do not have transmissio 
ng in the blood of the tropical migrant birds and abundance of presumably suitable vectors. the 
blood of the tropical migrant birds and abundance of presumably suitable vectors. the reason fo 
ssion is believed to be our cool summer climate, preventing the parasite to successfully develo 
has changed repeatedly in the course of evolution. hence, with the large number of tropical avi 
t regularly, will establish in northern europe. with increasing summer temperatures due to ongo 
m of the present study is to assess the risk and to evaluate the consequences of transmission o 
13591 7                                         conservation strategies of today are largely based on i 
y based on inventories of local species abundance. however, the pay-off of such inventory based 
er, the pay-off of such inventory based conservation actions is often poor as shown for agri-en 
tion actions is often poor as shown for agri-environment schemes. one possibility is that many  
t schemes. one possibility is that many conservation actions have failed because of erroneous c 
ctions have failed because of erroneous conservation strategies due to ecological traps. ecolog 
se this may have consequences for which habitat to protect.  
15091 3  project. first the synthesis study and modeling to predict effects of global change on ecosyst 
tudy and modeling to predict effects of global change on ecosystem functioning.  
 to predict effects of global change on ecosystem functioning.  
12176 7 d highly visible feature of the british landscape. however, the trends in their abundance and d 
landscape. however, the trends in their abundance and distribution suggested by various surveys 
ever, the trends in their abundance and distribution suggested by various surveys during the pa 
ation. taken together, the analysis and modelling of trends in numbers and required replacement 
ell as analysis of their ecological and landscape values, will provide advice to inform future  
rm future strategies by defra and other stakeholders to secure this valuable visual and ecologi 
ure this valuable visual and ecological habitat component.  
209 31 ject is to give scientifically grounded evaluation on the influence of ecological conditions an 
nditions and human activity rate to the diversity of bryophyte and vascular plant vegetation of 
versity of bryophyte and vascular plant vegetation of wetland communities. study communities ar 
ophyte and vascular plant vegetation of wetland communities. study communities are fens, floodp 
ommunities. study communities are fens, floodplain and coastal grasslands. the prolonged inunda 
nities are fens, floodplain and coastal grasslands. the prolonged inundation periods have forme 
tion periods have formed specific plant community structure on meadows, which is sensitive to t 
ive to the drainage and to cessation of management. results of the project give answers to the  
e answers to the questions what kind of management mode is most efficient in preserving vascula 
preserving vascular plant and bryophyte species diversity in wetland communities and what is th 
lant and bryophyte species diversity in wetland communities and what is the role of bryophytes  
 is the role of bryophytes in restoring species richness of wetlands. study sites are located i 
phytes in restoring species richness of wetlands. study sites are located in floodplain grassla 
of wetlands. study sites are located in floodplain grasslands at alam-pedja and endla nature re 
. study sites are located in floodplain grasslands at alam-pedja and endla nature reserves, and 
lain grasslands at alam-pedja and endla nature reserves, and coastal meadows of west-estonia an 
ws of west-estonia and saaremaa island. vegetation and hydrological analyses will be done in fi 
in field. detailed studies of bryophyte ecology will be performed in laboratory. following hypo 
e tested during the project: 1 specific hydrology of wetlands has different influence on vascul 
ng the project: 1 specific hydrology of wetlands has different influence on vascular plants and 
bryophyte rich than others; 2 different management modes have different effects to the diversit 
ent modes have different effects to the diversity of the communities as well as on the diversit 
ty of the communities as well as on the diversity of different plants groups; 3 heavy managemen 
ity of different plants groups; 3 heavy management as well as management cessation in semi-natu 
s groups; 3 heavy management as well as management cessation in semi-natural wetland communitie 
as management cessation in semi-natural wetland communities has long-term influence on species  
 communities has long-term influence on species diversity and richness; 4 rare bryophytes with  
term influence on species diversity and richness; 4 rare bryophytes with strict ecological dema 
rict ecological demands can be found in wetlands due to their specific ecological conditions, 5 
their specific ecological conditions, 5 wetland communities have long-lived bryophyte diaspore  
yte diaspore bank, which is affected by management mode and rate.  
12450 14  objective assess trends in species and community indicators and evaluate the effects of enviro 
 assess trends in species and community indicators and evaluate the effects of environmental pa 
arameters and human activities on those indicators using data on the abundance and distribution 
s on those indicators using data on the abundance and distribution of young fish, shellfish and 
icators using data on the abundance and distribution of young fish, shellfish and epibenthos in 
the abundance and distribution of young fish, shellfish and epibenthos in inshore habitats, col 
as since the 1970s as part of the young fish survey. key customer purpose assess how the status 
ted by anthropogenic changes, including climate change, to the coastal environment. provide ins 
ncluding climate change, to the coastal environment. provide insights into changes in the abund 
t. provide insights into changes in the abundance and distribution of commercial and non-commer 
ights into changes in the abundance and distribution of commercial and non-commercial species t 
-commercial species that can be used as indicators of ecosystem health. this is important for t 
ecies that can be used as indicators of ecosystem health. this is important for the management  
ystem health. this is important for the management of the relevant species, and can also inform 
7266 5  mutual interactions between plants and ants. taking into account a third partner, a fungus tha 
 account a third partner, a fungus that ants handle to construct a trap, we want to verify the  
existence of a specific fongiculture by ants and quantify trophic roles that this fungus could  
 with two partners to redefine the very nature of these ant mutualism plants-  
o redefine the very nature of these ant mutualism plants-  
11548 9                              topic: 10. oxygen isotope measurements to enhance production/respi 
 oxygen isotope measurements to enhance production/respiration comparisons and bio-optical mode 
tope measurements to enhance production/respiration comparisons and bio-optical models * compar 
thodological and instrument advances in oxygen stable isotopes, phytoplankton photo-physiology  
gical and instrument advances in oxygen stable isotopes, phytoplankton photo-physiology and ana 
ent advances in oxygen stable isotopes, phytoplankton photo-physiology and analytical chemistry 
in membrane inlet mass spectrometry and oxygen isotope analysis to pml s primary production and 
ry and oxygen isotope analysis to pml s primary production and optics groups in order to contri 
rder to contribute to the comparison of primary production methodologies outlined in theme 2 an 
15112 3                 insights on the trophic ecology of a population based on the integrative signal 
oject is to develop an individual-based model on the consumer signatures using resources distri 
the consumer signatures using resources distribution mixtures. the probabilistic approaches bas 
15523 12  facets, basic research in the field of herbivory under conditions of insularity, and an applie 
ity, and an applied side focused on the conservation of endemic species. it assumes that, in so 
demic species. it assumes that, in some mediterranean islands, quaternary vegetation evolved wi 
 some mediterranean islands, quaternary vegetation evolved with herbivorous mammals that had a  
als that had a major regulatory role on vegetation. thus current vegetation could absorb the im 
latory role on vegetation. thus current vegetation could absorb the impact of the introduction  
 the consequences that this type of bio-invasion has had on other islands devoid of large herbi 
this research is to analyze the feeding ecology of two endemic herbivorous of the balearic isla 
 threatening its survival by increasing herbivory pressure on vegetation. in particular we will 
val by increasing herbivory pressure on vegetation. in particular we will study the diet of myo 
so be meant to detect possible signs of climate change. also, we will carry out a comparative s 
. another aspect to address will be the habitat use by the two goat species, in order to determ 
13720 16   the northern pike is an important top predator in lakes. its predation may cause trophic casc 
an important top predator in lakes. its predation may cause trophic cascades, propagating throu 
dator in lakes. its predation may cause trophic cascades, propagating throughout the food web.  
ic cascades, propagating throughout the food web. it may thereby affect lake ecosystem composit 
he food web. it may thereby affect lake ecosystem composition, and ultimately e.g. water qualit 
system composition, and ultimately e.g. water quality, fisheries productivity and biological ri 
ion, and ultimately e.g. water quality, fisheries productivity and biological richness. pike ar 
ltimately e.g. water quality, fisheries productivity and biological richness. pike are also can 
, fisheries productivity and biological richness. pike are also cannibalistic and kleptoparasit 
hey should thus be avoided. interaction risk should increase with increasing size and decreased 
would all structure the pike population distribution. these factors would affect the top-down c 
ent combinations increase pike foraging efficiency or create refuges for prey. this proposal fo 
 the complex interactions found in lake ecosystems, that may determine e.g. shallow lake water  
s, that may determine e.g. shallow lake water quality, productivity and species composition.  
ermine e.g. shallow lake water quality, productivity and species composition.  
ow lake water quality, productivity and species composition.  
13440 20 inuation of work during 2008-2009 where food web structure among soil fauna, mainly collembola, 
008-2009 where food web structure among soil fauna, mainly collembola, acari and other small ar 
all arthorpods was studied in different land-use systems in kenya. now we plan to extend the st 
tudied in different land-use systems in kenya. now we plan to extend the studies to other soil  
 we plan to extend the studies to other soil fauna groups and to microorganisms to get a holist 
icture. we ask the questions: - how are soil organism communities in tropical agriculture influ 
e soil organism communities in tropical agriculture influenced by different amounts and qualiti 
d by different amounts and qualities of organic matter and different crops and cultivation inte 
rops and cultivation intensity - is the soil organism food web more stable and resilient in agr 
vation intensity - is the soil organism food web more stable and resilient in agricultural soil 
re stable and resilient in agricultural soils with high levels of organic matter than in deplet 
 agricultural soils with high levels of organic matter than in depleted soil - which species an 
vels of organic matter than in depleted soil - which species and groups get their nourishment d 
h species and groups live from the dead organic matter the composition of the soil fauna will b 
d organic matter the composition of the soil fauna will be analyzed by sampling of soil, extrac 
l fauna will be analyzed by sampling of soil, extraction and determination. microorganisms will 
will be analyzed by fatty acid analysis plfa. trophic relations will be analyzed with mass spec 
sotope ration of 13c/12c and 15n/14n in soil animals and in fatty acids that are markers of dif 
s of organic fertilizer application and soil cultivation the crop will be labeled with 13c and  
 of the isotope be followed through the food web.  
11757 7                                 natural abundance isotope ratio signatures will be determined f 
ill be determined for components of the zooplankton food chain collected during phase 2 marine  
ton food chain collected during phase 2 marine productivity cruises in the n.atlantic. this wil 
d chain collected during phase 2 marine productivity cruises in the n.atlantic. this will enabl 
n different species inhabiting the same water column. we shall also attempt to determine correc 
ination of nair signatures in preserved zooplankton enabling a future interpretation of cpr rec 
eses concerning the trophic activity of zooplankton and the only method covering meaningful per 
11288 33  oceans. it is also characterised by an oxygen minimum zone ; omz s are areas of water that hav 
xygen minimum zone ; omz s are areas of water that have very low oxygen concentrations. our stu 
s are areas of water that have very low oxygen concentrations. our study area is the oman conti 
al margin, here the omz impinges on the sediment community. this has implications for the fauna 
, here the omz impinges on the sediment community. this has implications for the fauna living h 
ations for the fauna living here. where oxygen concentrations are low, the faunal community wil 
ygen concentrations are low, the faunal community will be characterised by soft bodied animals  
on seasons; these lead to mixing of the water column which brings nutrients to the surface wate 
mixing of the water column which brings nutrients to the surface waters feeding microscopic pla 
sink and die form a food source for the sediment faunal community. additionally under condition 
m a food source for the sediment faunal community. additionally under conditions of low oxygen  
y. additionally under conditions of low oxygen concentrations, bacteria can use sulphur to fix  
onditions of low oxygen concentrations, bacteria can use sulphur to fix carbon for energy. this 
ations, bacteria can use sulphur to fix carbon for energy. this is known as chemosynthesis and  
teria can use sulphur to fix carbon for energy. this is known as chemosynthesis and these bacte 
is is known as chemosynthesis and these bacteria also provide a potential food source for the s 
provide a potential food source for the sediment community. the bacteria can be free living, or 
 potential food source for the sediment community. the bacteria can be free living, or can form 
 source for the sediment community. the bacteria can be free living, or can form mats on the se 
be free living, or can form mats on the sediment surface for the fauna to graze on. the balance 
n. the balance between food sources and oxygen concentrations is likely to be critical to the b 
rations is likely to be critical to the benthos and any perturbation may lead to a shift in com 
any perturbation may lead to a shift in community structure. we intend to investigate the food  
igate the food sources available to the sediment community and to understand the trophic linkag 
 food sources available to the sediment community and to understand the trophic linkages that e 
 trophic linkages that exist within the sediment community. we believe that where oxygen concen 
linkages that exist within the sediment community. we believe that where oxygen concentrations  
diment community. we believe that where oxygen concentrations are low, bacterial food sources m 
tant role in trophic dynamics and where oxygen is high the dominant food source will be the mic 
rtunity to study the impact of enhanced hypoxia on sedimentary communities, as the result of a  
thin and below the omz which led to the development of chemosynthesis and a potential food sour 
ic animals. we will compare the benthic community structure with that at the pakistan margin, w 
ime, but where there was falls of jelly fish were absent.  
14517 32                                         streams and their riparian vegetation are ecotones of i 
                      streams and their riparian vegetation are ecotones of intense interaction 
raction between aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. riparian vegetation, among other aspects, c 
een aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. riparian vegetation, among other aspects, contribute to 
pects, contribute to maintain secondary productivity of the stream. several studies have shown  
 maintain secondary productivity of the stream. several studies have shown a dominance of the h 
he stream. several studies have shown a dominance of the heterotrophic pathway of energy flow i 
minance of the heterotrophic pathway of energy flow in the benthic trophic web of forested head 
nthic trophic web of forested headwater streams. here, experiments consisting in leaf litter ad 
treams. here, experiments consisting in leaf litter addition to the stream, have demonstrated a 
nsisting in leaf litter addition to the stream, have demonstrated a clear trophic limitation of 
d a clear trophic limitation of benthic macroinvertebrates, particularly over periods of lower  
of this resource. on the other hand, in streams lacking riparian canopy, e.g. located in semi-a 
. on the other hand, in streams lacking riparian canopy, e.g. located in semi-arid regions, inp 
located in semi-arid regions, inputs of leaf litter from the riparian vegetation are scarce and 
regions, inputs of leaf litter from the riparian vegetation are scarce and of low quality for d 
, some data suggest that the autotrofic energy flow to macroinvertebrates might be limited by s 
gest that the autotrofic energy flow to macroinvertebrates might be limited by several constrai 
oncerning the benthic biofilms in these streams. the aims of this study are to contribute, with 
itative trophic limitation of deciduous leaf litter on benthic macroinvertebrates, comparing fo 
ion of deciduous leaf litter on benthic macroinvertebrates, comparing forested headwater stream 
rtebrates, comparing forested headwater streams vs. deforested semiarid streams; contribute wit 
adwater streams vs. deforested semiarid streams; contribute with experimental data to the knowl 
the potential qualitative limitation of leaf litter inputs to macroinvertebrates, comparing the 
ive limitation of leaf litter inputs to macroinvertebrates, comparing the two types of streams; 
vertebrates, comparing the two types of streams; contribute with experimental data to the knowl 
ualitative limitation of the biofilm to macroinvertebrates in the semi-arid headwater streams.  
nvertebrates in the semi-arid headwater streams. from the results obtained, we hope to reach so 
limitation imposed by base resources to macroinvertebrates in the two types of headwater stream 
rtebrates in the two types of headwater streams under study, aiming to orientate the management 
ms under study, aiming to orientate the management of riparian vegetation.  
, aiming to orientate the management of riparian vegetation.  
14467 14                                     the water framework directive puts the accent on the connec 
ion between the ecological state of the water bodies and the anthropogenic pressures. this pres 
to assess the trophic state of selected water bodies from the different lake types of the ecore 
he project are: characterization of the distribution of biological quality elements – phytoplan 
bution of biological quality elements – phytoplankton and aquatic macrophytes along the trophic 
ty elements – phytoplankton and aquatic macrophytes along the trophic gradient in selected wate 
 along the trophic gradient in selected water bodies; establishment and verification of relatio 
he biological quality elements, and for assessment of the ecological state of the water bodies. 
sessment of the ecological state of the water bodies. under the project, we expect to identify  
nder the project, we expect to identify indicator groups among the species from the biological  
 put into a manual on methods for rapid assessment of the trophic state of lakes and reservoirs 
ty of sofia and to attract students for development of their msc theses. the compiled manual is 
ontribute to the implementation of good management practice and control of the water quality in 
 management practice and control of the water quality in bulgaria.  
13579 7 al approach to study the constraints on secondary production in aquatic food webs with autotrop 
ints on secondary production in aquatic food webs with autotrophic and detrital resource bases. 
ent of food affect the trophic transfer efficiency across the plant-consumer interface these st 
t and understanding of patterns in pufa distribution in aquatic habitats and their importance f 
rophic transfer, which is a fundamental ecosystem process. the project contributes to our capac 
 basis that is required for sustainable management of aquatic ecosystems.  
d for sustainable management of aquatic ecosystems.  
10157 39                          rainforest and savanna constitute the dominant two biomes of the tropi 
latent and sensible heat exchange, rain forest and savanna also exert large, yet different, eff 
sensible heat exchange, rain forest and savanna also exert large, yet different, effects on the 
e, yet different, effects on the global climate. we have a limited understanding of their conte 
ir contemporary and future responses to global change. tropical rainforests are a major terrest 
cal rainforests are a major terrestrial carbon store and are currently estimated to account for 
r around half of the global terrestrial carbon sink. although rainfall is a key determinant aff 
ve distributions, other factors such as soil conditions, fire and disturbances such as grazing  
 other factors such as soil conditions, fire and disturbances such as grazing and human influen 
nditions, fire and disturbances such as grazing and human influence are also involved. our know 
rs and how they interact in influencing vegetation type is still poor - all global vegetation m 
etation type is still poor - all global vegetation models currently misspecify the distribution 
 and predicting transitions in tropical vegetation at local, regional and global scales. a dryi 
onal and global scales. a drying of the amazon basin in coming decades could lead to the irrepl 
ead to the irreplaceable replacement of tropical forest with savanna, this then feeding back on 
ble replacement of tropical forest with savanna, this then feeding back on the climate system a 
 savanna, this then feeding back on the climate system as a consequence of changes in surface e 
 as a consequence of changes in surface energy and mass balances - thereby accelerating global  
nd mass balances - thereby accelerating global warming and tropical drying. significant transit 
ons centered around the gain or loss of savanna vegetation are not restricted to south america  
ered around the gain or loss of savanna vegetation are not restricted to south america improved 
f the factors causing a transition from forest to savanna are fundamental to understanding this 
ors causing a transition from forest to savanna are fundamental to understanding this, and will 
nmental and edaphic determinants of the distribution of tropical vegetation at a global scale.  
minants of the distribution of tropical vegetation at a global scale. our main objective is to  
tion of tropical vegetation at a global scale. our main objective is to thus obtain a new knowl 
and the basis of differences in surface energy and co2 exchange differences between forest and  
gy and co2 exchange differences between forest and savanna, and to integrate this information f 
exchange differences between forest and savanna, and to integrate this information for a much m 
esentation of these processes in global vegetation models than is currently possible. this will 
ly possible. this will be achieved by a model-data development program involving field campaign 
. this will be achieved by a model-data development program involving field campaigns with loca 
gns with local collaborators to examine climate/soil/disturbance associations in key hot spot r 
 local collaborators to examine climate/soil/disturbance associations in key hot spot rainfores 
l collaborators to examine climate/soil/disturbance associations in key hot spot rainforest/sav 
associations in key hot spot rainforest/savanna transition zones. comprehensive measurements wi 
de new insights into impending tropical vegetation change, associated climatic feedbacks and th 
limatic feedbacks and the future global climate. we anticipate this will lead to a fundamental  
nt in our ability to predict the global climate of the 21st century.  
10174 39                          rainforest and savanna constitute the dominant two biomes of the tropi 
latent and sensible heat exchange, rain forest and savanna also exert large, yet different, eff 
sensible heat exchange, rain forest and savanna also exert large, yet different, effects on the 
e, yet different, effects on the global climate. we have a limited understanding of their conte 
ir contemporary and future responses to global change. tropical rainforests are a major terrest 
cal rainforests are a major terrestrial carbon store and are currently estimated to account for 
r around half of the global terrestrial carbon sink. although rainfall is a key determinant aff 
ve distributions, other factors such as soil conditions, fire and disturbances such as grazing  
 other factors such as soil conditions, fire and disturbances such as grazing and human influen 
nditions, fire and disturbances such as grazing and human influence are also involved. our know 
rs and how they interact in influencing vegetation type is still poor - all global vegetation m 
etation type is still poor - all global vegetation models currently misspecify the distribution 
 and predicting transitions in tropical vegetation at local, regional and global scales. a dryi 
onal and global scales. a drying of the amazon basin in coming decades could lead to the irrepl 
ead to the irreplaceable replacement of tropical forest with savanna, this then feeding back on 
ble replacement of tropical forest with savanna, this then feeding back on the climate system a 
 savanna, this then feeding back on the climate system as a consequence of changes in surface e 
 as a consequence of changes in surface energy and mass balances - thereby accelerating global  
nd mass balances - thereby accelerating global warming and tropical drying. significant transit 
ons centered around the gain or loss of savanna vegetation are not restricted to south america  
ered around the gain or loss of savanna vegetation are not restricted to south america improved 
f the factors causing a transition from forest to savanna are fundamental to understanding this 
ors causing a transition from forest to savanna are fundamental to understanding this, and will 
nmental and edaphic determinants of the distribution of tropical vegetation at a global scale.  
minants of the distribution of tropical vegetation at a global scale. our main objective is to  
tion of tropical vegetation at a global scale. our main objective is to thus obtain a new knowl 
and the basis of differences in surface energy and co2 exchange differences between forest and  
gy and co2 exchange differences between forest and savanna, and to integrate this information f 
exchange differences between forest and savanna, and to integrate this information for a much m 
esentation of these processes in global vegetation models than is currently possible. this will 
ly possible. this will be achieved by a model-data development program involving field campaign 
. this will be achieved by a model-data development program involving field campaigns with loca 
gns with local collaborators to examine climate/soil/disturbance associations in key hot spot r 
 local collaborators to examine climate/soil/disturbance associations in key hot spot rainfores 
l collaborators to examine climate/soil/disturbance associations in key hot spot rainforest/sav 
associations in key hot spot rainforest/savanna transition zones. comprehensive measurements wi 
de new insights into impending tropical vegetation change, associated climatic feedbacks and th 
limatic feedbacks and the future global climate. we anticipate this will lead to a fundamental  
nt in our ability to predict the global climate of the 21st century.  
10426 39                          rainforest and savanna constitute the dominant two biomes of the tropi 
latent and sensible heat exchange, rain forest and savanna also exert large, yet different, eff 
sensible heat exchange, rain forest and savanna also exert large, yet different, effects on the 
e, yet different, effects on the global climate. we have a limited understanding of their conte 
ir contemporary and future responses to global change. tropical rainforests are a major terrest 
cal rainforests are a major terrestrial carbon store and are currently estimated to account for 
r around half of the global terrestrial carbon sink. although rainfall is a key determinant aff 
ve distributions, other factors such as soil conditions, fire and disturbances such as grazing  
 other factors such as soil conditions, fire and disturbances such as grazing and human influen 
nditions, fire and disturbances such as grazing and human influence are also involved. our know 
rs and how they interact in influencing vegetation type is still poor - all global vegetation m 
etation type is still poor - all global vegetation models currently misspecify the distribution 
 and predicting transitions in tropical vegetation at local, regional and global scales. a dryi 
onal and global scales. a drying of the amazon basin in coming decades could lead to the irrepl 
ead to the irreplaceable replacement of tropical forest with savanna, this then feeding back on 
ble replacement of tropical forest with savanna, this then feeding back on the climate system a 
 savanna, this then feeding back on the climate system as a consequence of changes in surface e 
 as a consequence of changes in surface energy and mass balances - thereby accelerating global  
nd mass balances - thereby accelerating global warming and tropical drying. significant transit 
ons centered around the gain or loss of savanna vegetation are not restricted to south america  
ered around the gain or loss of savanna vegetation are not restricted to south america improved 
f the factors causing a transition from forest to savanna are fundamental to understanding this 
ors causing a transition from forest to savanna are fundamental to understanding this, and will 
nmental and edaphic determinants of the distribution of tropical vegetation at a global scale.  
minants of the distribution of tropical vegetation at a global scale. our main objective is to  
tion of tropical vegetation at a global scale. our main objective is to thus obtain a new knowl 
and the basis of differences in surface energy and co2 exchange differences between forest and  
gy and co2 exchange differences between forest and savanna, and to integrate this information f 
exchange differences between forest and savanna, and to integrate this information for a much m 
esentation of these processes in global vegetation models than is currently possible. this will 
ly possible. this will be achieved by a model-data development program involving field campaign 
. this will be achieved by a model-data development program involving field campaigns with loca 
gns with local collaborators to examine climate/soil/disturbance associations in key hot spot r 
 local collaborators to examine climate/soil/disturbance associations in key hot spot rainfores 
l collaborators to examine climate/soil/disturbance associations in key hot spot rainforest/sav 
associations in key hot spot rainforest/savanna transition zones. comprehensive measurements wi 
de new insights into impending tropical vegetation change, associated climatic feedbacks and th 
limatic feedbacks and the future global climate. we anticipate this will lead to a fundamental  
nt in our ability to predict the global climate of the 21st century.  
11426 39                          rainforest and savanna constitute the dominant two biomes of the tropi 
latent and sensible heat exchange, rain forest and savanna also exert large, yet different, eff 
sensible heat exchange, rain forest and savanna also exert large, yet different, effects on the 
e, yet different, effects on the global climate. we have a limited understanding of their conte 
ir contemporary and future responses to global change. tropical rainforests are a major terrest 
cal rainforests are a major terrestrial carbon store and are currently estimated to account for 
r around half of the global terrestrial carbon sink. although rainfall is a key determinant aff 
ve distributions, other factors such as soil conditions, fire and disturbances such as grazing  
 other factors such as soil conditions, fire and disturbances such as grazing and human influen 
nditions, fire and disturbances such as grazing and human influence are also involved. our know 
rs and how they interact in influencing vegetation type is still poor - all global vegetation m 
etation type is still poor - all global vegetation models currently misspecify the distribution 
 and predicting transitions in tropical vegetation at local, regional and global scales. a dryi 
onal and global scales. a drying of the amazon basin in coming decades could lead to the irrepl 
ead to the irreplaceable replacement of tropical forest with savanna, this then feeding back on 
ble replacement of tropical forest with savanna, this then feeding back on the climate system a 
 savanna, this then feeding back on the climate system as a consequence of changes in surface e 
 as a consequence of changes in surface energy and mass balances - thereby accelerating global  
nd mass balances - thereby accelerating global warming and tropical drying. significant transit 
ons centered around the gain or loss of savanna vegetation are not restricted to south america  
ered around the gain or loss of savanna vegetation are not restricted to south america improved 
f the factors causing a transition from forest to savanna are fundamental to understanding this 
ors causing a transition from forest to savanna are fundamental to understanding this, and will 
nmental and edaphic determinants of the distribution of tropical vegetation at a global scale.  
minants of the distribution of tropical vegetation at a global scale. our main objective is to  
tion of tropical vegetation at a global scale. our main objective is to thus obtain a new knowl 
and the basis of differences in surface energy and co2 exchange differences between forest and  
gy and co2 exchange differences between forest and savanna, and to integrate this information f 
exchange differences between forest and savanna, and to integrate this information for a much m 
esentation of these processes in global vegetation models than is currently possible. this will 
ly possible. this will be achieved by a model-data development program involving field campaign 
. this will be achieved by a model-data development program involving field campaigns with loca 
gns with local collaborators to examine climate/soil/disturbance associations in key hot spot r 
 local collaborators to examine climate/soil/disturbance associations in key hot spot rainfores 
l collaborators to examine climate/soil/disturbance associations in key hot spot rainforest/sav 
associations in key hot spot rainforest/savanna transition zones. comprehensive measurements wi 
de new insights into impending tropical vegetation change, associated climatic feedbacks and th 
limatic feedbacks and the future global climate. we anticipate this will lead to a fundamental  
nt in our ability to predict the global climate of the 21st century.  
11711 39                          rainforest and savanna constitute the dominant two biomes of the tropi 
latent and sensible heat exchange, rain forest and savanna also exert large, yet different, eff 
sensible heat exchange, rain forest and savanna also exert large, yet different, effects on the 
e, yet different, effects on the global climate. we have a limited understanding of their conte 
ir contemporary and future responses to global change. tropical rainforests are a major terrest 
cal rainforests are a major terrestrial carbon store and are currently estimated to account for 
r around half of the global terrestrial carbon sink. although rainfall is a key determinant aff 
ve distributions, other factors such as soil conditions, fire and disturbances such as grazing  
 other factors such as soil conditions, fire and disturbances such as grazing and human influen 
nditions, fire and disturbances such as grazing and human influence are also involved. our know 
rs and how they interact in influencing vegetation type is still poor - all global vegetation m 
etation type is still poor - all global vegetation models currently misspecify the distribution 
 and predicting transitions in tropical vegetation at local, regional and global scales. a dryi 
onal and global scales. a drying of the amazon basin in coming decades could lead to the irrepl 
ead to the irreplaceable replacement of tropical forest with savanna, this then feeding back on 
ble replacement of tropical forest with savanna, this then feeding back on the climate system a 
 savanna, this then feeding back on the climate system as a consequence of changes in surface e 
 as a consequence of changes in surface energy and mass balances - thereby accelerating global  
nd mass balances - thereby accelerating global warming and tropical drying. significant transit 
ons centered around the gain or loss of savanna vegetation are not restricted to south america  
ered around the gain or loss of savanna vegetation are not restricted to south america improved 
f the factors causing a transition from forest to savanna are fundamental to understanding this 
ors causing a transition from forest to savanna are fundamental to understanding this, and will 
nmental and edaphic determinants of the distribution of tropical vegetation at a global scale.  
minants of the distribution of tropical vegetation at a global scale. our main objective is to  
tion of tropical vegetation at a global scale. our main objective is to thus obtain a new knowl 
and the basis of differences in surface energy and co2 exchange differences between forest and  
gy and co2 exchange differences between forest and savanna, and to integrate this information f 
exchange differences between forest and savanna, and to integrate this information for a much m 
esentation of these processes in global vegetation models than is currently possible. this will 
ly possible. this will be achieved by a model-data development program involving field campaign 
. this will be achieved by a model-data development program involving field campaigns with loca 
gns with local collaborators to examine climate/soil/disturbance associations in key hot spot r 
 local collaborators to examine climate/soil/disturbance associations in key hot spot rainfores 
l collaborators to examine climate/soil/disturbance associations in key hot spot rainforest/sav 
associations in key hot spot rainforest/savanna transition zones. comprehensive measurements wi 
de new insights into impending tropical vegetation change, associated climatic feedbacks and th 
limatic feedbacks and the future global climate. we anticipate this will lead to a fundamental  
nt in our ability to predict the global climate of the 21st century.  
11712 39                          rainforest and savanna constitute the dominant two biomes of the tropi 
latent and sensible heat exchange, rain forest and savanna also exert large, yet different, eff 
sensible heat exchange, rain forest and savanna also exert large, yet different, effects on the 
e, yet different, effects on the global climate. we have a limited understanding of their conte 
ir contemporary and future responses to global change. tropical rainforests are a major terrest 
cal rainforests are a major terrestrial carbon store and are currently estimated to account for 
r around half of the global terrestrial carbon sink. although rainfall is a key determinant aff 
ve distributions, other factors such as soil conditions, fire and disturbances such as grazing  
 other factors such as soil conditions, fire and disturbances such as grazing and human influen 
nditions, fire and disturbances such as grazing and human influence are also involved. our know 
rs and how they interact in influencing vegetation type is still poor - all global vegetation m 
etation type is still poor - all global vegetation models currently misspecify the distribution 
 and predicting transitions in tropical vegetation at local, regional and global scales. a dryi 
onal and global scales. a drying of the amazon basin in coming decades could lead to the irrepl 
ead to the irreplaceable replacement of tropical forest with savanna, this then feeding back on 
ble replacement of tropical forest with savanna, this then feeding back on the climate system a 
 savanna, this then feeding back on the climate system as a consequence of changes in surface e 
 as a consequence of changes in surface energy and mass balances - thereby accelerating global  
nd mass balances - thereby accelerating global warming and tropical drying. significant transit 
ons centered around the gain or loss of savanna vegetation are not restricted to south america  
ered around the gain or loss of savanna vegetation are not restricted to south america improved 
f the factors causing a transition from forest to savanna are fundamental to understanding this 
ors causing a transition from forest to savanna are fundamental to understanding this, and will 
nmental and edaphic determinants of the distribution of tropical vegetation at a global scale.  
minants of the distribution of tropical vegetation at a global scale. our main objective is to  
tion of tropical vegetation at a global scale. our main objective is to thus obtain a new knowl 
and the basis of differences in surface energy and co2 exchange differences between forest and  
gy and co2 exchange differences between forest and savanna, and to integrate this information f 
exchange differences between forest and savanna, and to integrate this information for a much m 
esentation of these processes in global vegetation models than is currently possible. this will 
ly possible. this will be achieved by a model-data development program involving field campaign 
. this will be achieved by a model-data development program involving field campaigns with loca 
gns with local collaborators to examine climate/soil/disturbance associations in key hot spot r 
 local collaborators to examine climate/soil/disturbance associations in key hot spot rainfores 
l collaborators to examine climate/soil/disturbance associations in key hot spot rainforest/sav 
associations in key hot spot rainforest/savanna transition zones. comprehensive measurements wi 
de new insights into impending tropical vegetation change, associated climatic feedbacks and th 
limatic feedbacks and the future global climate. we anticipate this will lead to a fundamental  
nt in our ability to predict the global climate of the 21st century.  
7287 6 he response of tropical tree species to climate change remains unclear. one approach is to expl 
tional features vary along contemporary climate gradients. we propose to evaluate the potential 
e propose to evaluate the potential for climate change adaptation of plant lineages building on 
we will contact the concerted change of functional traits and phylogenetic similarity along two 
wo climatic gradients in south america: bolivia and southeastern brazil  
south america: bolivia and southeastern brazil  
10242 4    ground-level concentrations of ozone vegetation. as such, findings will improve both nationa 
 european assessments of risks posed to vegetation by o3 and will contribute to the development 
tation by o3 and will contribute to the development of appropriate legislation and mitigation o 
elopment of appropriate legislation and mitigation of this ubiquitous and damaging air pollutan 
11257 4    ground-level concentrations of ozone vegetation. as such, findings will improve both nationa 
 european assessments of risks posed to vegetation by o3 and will contribute to the development 
tation by o3 and will contribute to the development of appropriate legislation and mitigation o 
elopment of appropriate legislation and mitigation of this ubiquitous and damaging air pollutan 
11736 4    ground-level concentrations of ozone vegetation. as such, findings will improve both nationa 
 european assessments of risks posed to vegetation by o3 and will contribute to the development 
tation by o3 and will contribute to the development of appropriate legislation and mitigation o 
elopment of appropriate legislation and mitigation of this ubiquitous and damaging air pollutan 
9966 4    ground-level concentrations of ozone vegetation. as such, findings will improve both nationa 
 european assessments of risks posed to vegetation by o3 and will contribute to the development 
tation by o3 and will contribute to the development of appropriate legislation and mitigation o 
elopment of appropriate legislation and mitigation of this ubiquitous and damaging air pollutan 
9822 1 choughs. this work will be of immediate conservation value in scotland and elsewhere, and we wi 
2489 18                             sustainable management of ecosystems requires understanding about d 
              sustainable management of ecosystems requires understanding about drivers that ca 
ng about drivers that causes changes in ecosystems and services. surprisingly little is known a 
isingly little is known about effective management strategies under different socioeconomic con 
 different socioeconomic conditions and governance regime. one reason may be that managerial ap 
es fail to see the social causes behind ecosystem changes that would have been better understoo 
hysical drivers. the circumpolar tundra ecosystem is a good model system for integration analys 
 circumpolar tundra ecosystem is a good model system for integration analyses of drivers, becau 
nthropogenic drivers, whereas the basic ecosystem properties on ecosystems and services. we foc 
ereas the basic ecosystem properties on ecosystems and services. we focus on endogenous drivers 
ich could be managed by the circumpolar governance regimes, but interactions with exogenous dri 
ractions with exogenous drivers such as climate and the global economy need to be controlled fo 
introduce substantial changes in tundra ecosystems. the project is divided in three stages. fir 
lored. how the use of regulations/nepi, property rights and civil participation, as well as the 
lations/nepi, property rights and civil participation, as well as the economic and human develo 
tion, as well as the economic and human development is related to direct drivers is investigate 
vers, allows analyses of the effects on ecosystem transitions/states and on services. we concen 
on local resource dependency to measure ecosystem services. third, we integrate all analyses to 
10545 9                          photosynthetic primary production is the basis of much of the oceanic  
 of much of the oceanic food chain. the energy fixed by phytoplankton is transferred to grazers 
oceanic food chain. the energy fixed by phytoplankton is transferred to grazers and to higher c 
to grazers and to higher consumers. the efficiency of the energy transfer between producer and  
higher consumers. the efficiency of the energy transfer between producer and consumer reflects  
 and consumer reflects the state of the ecosystem, for example nutrient replete vs nutrient def 
deficient. through sinking, particulate organic matter , the biochemistry of the zooplankton an 
rganic matter , the biochemistry of the zooplankton and larger animals living in the deep sea a 
o assess how micro-organisms break down organic matter in the twilight zone and how and whether 
13815 2                            to implement biodiversity conservation policies a tool-box has been  
fennoscandia that includes subsidies in sweden and finland.  
10710 4     we seek better understanding of the nature and scale of biodiversity at the microbial level 
 better understanding of the nature and scale of biodiversity at the microbial level. are the s 
nderstanding of the nature and scale of biodiversity at the microbial level. are the smaller mi 
the norm, what are the consequences for ecosystem functions being everywhere .  
10749 4     we seek better understanding of the nature and scale of biodiversity at the microbial level 
 better understanding of the nature and scale of biodiversity at the microbial level. are the s 
nderstanding of the nature and scale of biodiversity at the microbial level. are the smaller mi 
the norm, what are the consequences for ecosystem functions being everywhere .  
12374 2 o and paris treaty and to advise on the development of the uk strategy for tbt monitoring in fu 
 development of the uk strategy for tbt monitoring in future.  
12678 6          the contractor will develop an indicator of genetic diversity in farm animals at uk an 
contractor will develop an indicator of genetic diversity in farm animals at uk and country lev 
ey will then consult the scientific and policy making community, refine as required and finalis 
onsult the scientific and policy making community, refine as required and finalise the indicato 
ty, refine as required and finalise the indicator and associated assessment of change over time 
d finalise the indicator and associated assessment of change over time.  
12257 7                                     the environmental change network is to protect and improve  
e network is to protect and improve the environment, and to integrate the environment with othe 
e the environment, and to integrate the environment with other policies across government and i 
es on agricultural systems and farmland biodiversity. defra has funded adas at drayton in warwi 
rove the understanding of the causes of environmental change. there are currently 57 ecn sites, 
cated throughout the uk. most are fresh-water sites but drayton is important among the 12 terre 
sh midlands and the only lowland, mixed-agriculture farm. data collection will continue at dray 
12389 1 gy, agree a draft suite of contributory marine objectives, produce a final draft for sign off o 
12384 19 o draw together experts in the field of marine biodiversity, to develop a programme, timetable, 
together experts in the field of marine biodiversity, to develop a programme, timetable, terms  
 terms of reference and membership of a biodiversity group, which will identify its requirement 
requirements in order to deliver the uk marine monitoring strategy. key customer purpose defra  
ments in order to deliver the uk marine monitoring strategy. key customer purpose defra and the 
istration are currently developing a uk marine monitoring and assessment strategy to integrate  
on are currently developing a uk marine monitoring and assessment strategy to integrate both cu 
y developing a uk marine monitoring and assessment strategy to integrate both current and new g 
tegrate both current and new government marine monitoring programmes. to date working groups fo 
 both current and new government marine monitoring programmes. to date working groups for fish, 
 programmes. to date working groups for fish, ocean function and human activities have been est 
 to date working groups for fish, ocean function and human activities have been established, ho 
tablished, however a gap exists for the development of a biodiversity technical group. final re 
r a gap exists for the development of a biodiversity technical group. final report: please note 
p. final report: please note that since production of the final report the ukmmas has refined i 
ngs please see: http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/water/marine/uk/science/monitoring.htm  
ee: http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/water/marine/uk/science/monitoring.htm  
tp://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/water/marine/uk/science/monitoring.htm  
.uk/environment/water/marine/uk/science/monitoring.htm  
12052 9                                         biodiversity and adaptative strategies of plant and mic 
terisation of plants and microorganisms biodiversity and adaptative strategies in new caledonia 
strategies in new caledonian ultramafic ecosystems. a multidisciplinary approach: botany, ecolo 
. a multidisciplinary approach: botany, ecology, soil science, geochemistry, genetic, molecular 
disciplinary approach: botany, ecology, soil science, geochemistry, genetic, molecular biology  
developed to evaluate the importance of soil constraints associated to ultramafism possible in  
popular new caledonian plant and fungus diversity notably through two 52 documentary films: l’i 
d to develop the use of microorganisms, bacteria and fungi in degraded sites reclamation, notab 
the use of microorganisms, bacteria and fungi in degraded sites reclamation, notably in the fra 
205 5  the ultrasculpture on their scales the function of the ultrasculpture. the studies can affirm  
reparatory project for the study of the development of fish fauna at different evolutionary sta 
ect for the study of the development of fish fauna at different evolutionary stages of the balt 
at different evolutionary stages of the baltic sea in the future. in the course of that project 
 course of that project the fragmentary fish material collected from postglacial sediments from 
10959 1                              in certain marine calanoid copepods, winter dormancy .  
10194 3 tistical challenges posed by estimating uncertainty and predictive reliability of environmental 
will also better inform the statistical community of the issues raised by such models, challeng 
 informal and constructive intellectual environment around the scheduled workshop events to max 
11627 13 o develop and apply novel techniques of uncertainty estimation based on extensions to the glue  
ncerned with developing methods for the evaluation of models in the face of data limitations an 
els in the face of data limitations and model structure limitations. it will also consider how  
 it will also consider how we might use uncertainty estimation to evaluate scenarios of change  
 use uncertainty estimation to evaluate scenarios of change and to learn about improved process 
y reflect the dominant processes at the scale of application. a further component of the projec 
oject will be to demonstrate the use of uncertainty estimation in environmental policy and deci 
te the use of uncertainty estimation in environmental policy and decision making. the applicati 
 estimation in environmental policy and decision making. the application areas will range from  
, rainfall forecasting, atmospheric and groundwater transport, and the impacts of land use and  
eric and groundwater transport, and the impacts of land use and climate change. the project wil 
oundwater transport, and the impacts of land use and climate change. the project will have a ma 
nsport, and the impacts of land use and climate change. the project will have a major training  
12275 5 an play an important role in developing livestock systems that will be sustainable in the futur 
ly manner. also, genetic improvement of livestock is a particularly cost-effective technology,  
 animal and plant genetics research and development in helping to deliver on likely future poli 
 in helping to deliver on likely future policy priorities can be made with the aim of providing 
elations between measured variables and methane output.  
443 12     in this project we have studied the evolution of the distribution of major tree taxa over e 
ct we have studied the evolution of the distribution of major tree taxa over europe from the la 
he distribution of major tree taxa over europe from the last glacial maximum , and also of some 
 in this project. the validation of the model caraib with past and present pollen assembles all 
ture distributions of bags using arpege climate projections for scenario a2. simulated future d 
ee species, showing a shift of the bags distribution northward with mediterranean bags present  
of the bags distribution northward with mediterranean bags present in northern france and centr 
 present in northern france and central europe during the xxist century. finally we showed, usi 
ween the amplitude of change in species distribution during the holocene and the amplitude of c 
 and the amplitude of change in species phenology during the last decades. this result has to b 
athered by the gdr sip-gecc and also by modelling using the process-based model phenofit.  
so by modelling using the process-based model phenofit.  
7159 21                     . global changes in temperature and precipitation affect the distribution o 
    . global changes in temperature and precipitation affect the distribution of species and he 
emperature and precipitation affect the distribution of species and hence community composition 
t the distribution of species and hence community composition. . several studies have shown tha 
ies have shown that the consequences of global warming are already perceptible, particularly in 
, particularly in terms of geographical distribution of animal and plant species and their phen 
n of animal and plant species and their phenology. travel to areas to higher latitudes or altit 
ble in some species, and quun advancing development cycles. study the impact of climate change  
development cycles. study the impact of climate change on biodiversity necessarily involves a s 
. study the impact of climate change on biodiversity necessarily involves a synthesis phase dat 
ynthesis phase data on the geographical distribution of species, and what is more at different  
s. all of the findings of the impact of climate change comes into effect substantial database r 
d fauna, pollen and phenological. . the biogeography models predict, and for some to understand 
some to understand how the geographical distribution is affected by the abiotic environment. in 
distribution is affected by the abiotic environment. in this project we propose to establish a  
ce. these databases used to analyze the evolution of biodiversity in france since the holocene  
abases used to analyze the evolution of biodiversity in france since the holocene and to study  
use, related to the results provided by phenology and pollen data, allow an identification of t 
sitive species and groups of species to climate change and quune more complete analysis of the  
validation predictions obtained by each model for climatic change scenarios  
ained by each model for climatic change scenarios  
12705 1 itain. the project will investigate bat mortality and activity at a range of wind turbine insta 
10351 6                 the unstable isotope of carbon, 14c or radiocarbon, is produced via the interac 
action between cosmic ray particles and nitrogen in the upper atmosphere. it is subsequently di 
sphere and ocean, a dynamic terrestrial carbon cycle, and a detailed representation of the ocea 
 a detailed representation of the ocean carbon cycle, and is capable of multi-millennial simula 
itative understanding of the changes in climate and carbon cycling.  
rstanding of the changes in climate and carbon cycling.  
12262 18 t greenhouse gas emissions, and diffuse pollution of waterways have strengthened the need for f 
nmentally and economically sustainable. grassland represents more than 70% of the uk`s agricult 
% of the uk`s agricultural land and the development of systems of land use and livestock produc 
 land and the development of systems of land use and livestock production with reduced environm 
 development of systems of land use and livestock production with reduced environmental footpri 
nt of systems of land use and livestock production with reduced environmental footprints is ess 
his need is to be met. there are strong policy drivers for this including the eu water framewor 
olicy drivers for this including the eu water framework directive, the nitrates directive, the  
ates directive, the current revision of nitrate vulnerable zones . our developing understanding 
he genetic control of key environmental sustainability traits and their incorporation into new  
rol of key environmental sustainability traits and their incorporation into new varieties forms 
rch will assist uk farming in combating climate change and the uk in developing the appropriate 
s major areas of concern for defra, the environment agency, the uk water industry and other sta 
r defra, the environment agency, the uk water industry and other stakeholders responsible for s 
agency, the uk water industry and other stakeholders responsible for safeguarding, maintaining, 
s from the more extreme consequences of climate change and the need for environmentally sustain 
he need for environmentally sustainable grassland agriculture.  
r environmentally sustainable grassland agriculture.  
10223 23  major challenges in meeting demand for water among different sectors, while making water avail 
r among different sectors, while making water available for low-income groups and conservation  
ter available for low-income groups and conservation needs. in peru, ecuador, colombia and boli 
ncome groups and conservation needs. in peru, ecuador, colombia and bolivia, the recognition, m 
groups and conservation needs. in peru, ecuador, colombia and bolivia, the recognition, managem 
n needs. in peru, ecuador, colombia and bolivia, the recognition, management and valuation of t 
 colombia and bolivia, the recognition, management and valuation of the watershed services that 
olivia, the recognition, management and valuation of the watershed services that support ecosys 
nition, management and valuation of the watershed services that support ecosystems and people h 
 of the watershed services that support ecosystems and people has been weak. yet, assuring the  
 been weak. yet, assuring the supply of water for these demands by improving watershed manageme 
of water for these demands by improving watershed management has become increasingly important, 
important, especially in the context of climate variability and the growth of agribusiness and  
 context of climate variability and the growth of agribusiness and mining. payment for environm 
lity and the growth of agribusiness and mining. payment for environmental services by asking th 
 the growth of agribusiness and mining. payment for environmental services by asking this quest 
of agribusiness and mining. payment for environmental services by asking this question, we seek 
stion, we seek to better understand how watershed processes function in landscapes that are sha 
tter understand how watershed processes function in landscapes that are shaped by both ecologic 
nto the ways in which understandings of watershed processes - both scientific and local - influ 
tific and local - influence traditional management and pes schemes; and to analyse how these pe 
 - influence traditional management and pes schemes; and to analyse how these perspectives and  
practices could contribute to equitable watershed management in andean countries.  
11694 23  major challenges in meeting demand for water among different sectors, while making water avail 
r among different sectors, while making water available for low-income groups and conservation  
ter available for low-income groups and conservation needs. in peru, ecuador, colombia and boli 
ncome groups and conservation needs. in peru, ecuador, colombia and bolivia, the recognition, m 
groups and conservation needs. in peru, ecuador, colombia and bolivia, the recognition, managem 
n needs. in peru, ecuador, colombia and bolivia, the recognition, management and valuation of t 
 colombia and bolivia, the recognition, management and valuation of the watershed services that 
olivia, the recognition, management and valuation of the watershed services that support ecosys 
nition, management and valuation of the watershed services that support ecosystems and people h 
 of the watershed services that support ecosystems and people has been weak. yet, assuring the  
 been weak. yet, assuring the supply of water for these demands by improving watershed manageme 
of water for these demands by improving watershed management has become increasingly important, 
important, especially in the context of climate variability and the growth of agribusiness and  
 context of climate variability and the growth of agribusiness and mining. payment for environm 
lity and the growth of agribusiness and mining. payment for environmental services by asking th 
 the growth of agribusiness and mining. payment for environmental services by asking this quest 
of agribusiness and mining. payment for environmental services by asking this question, we seek 
stion, we seek to better understand how watershed processes function in landscapes that are sha 
tter understand how watershed processes function in landscapes that are shaped by both ecologic 
nto the ways in which understandings of watershed processes - both scientific and local - influ 
tific and local - influence traditional management and pes schemes; and to analyse how these pe 
 - influence traditional management and pes schemes; and to analyse how these perspectives and  
practices could contribute to equitable watershed management in andean countries.  
10831 24 gest uncertainties in predicting future climate includes the response from o3 in the tropospher 
 response from o3 in the troposphere to climate change. tropospheric o3 is a greenhouse gas tha 
an-made hydrocarbons in the presence of nitrogen oxides. it is also an air pollutant that at el 
tanding of tropospheric o3 is the large uncertainty associated with current emission estimates  
estimates of hydrocarbons from tropical ecosystems. emissions from tropical ecosystems represen 
cal ecosystems. emissions from tropical ecosystems represent more than 75% of global emissions  
 more than 75% of global emissions from vegetation and are therefore particularly important to  
and perhaps minimize its role in future climate. tropical ecosystems emit large quantities of a 
ze its role in future climate. tropical ecosystems emit large quantities of a wide range of rea 
 they respond to changes in weather and climate . the spatial and temporal variability of these 
 satellite data over different tropical ecosystems and during different seasons can be explaine 
 be explained by changes in weather and climate. we will use these data to develop a more accur 
ata to develop a more accurate emission model of tropical ecosystems that describes how large-s 
ore accurate emission model of tropical ecosystems that describes how large-scale vegetation on 
cal ecosystems that describes how large-scale vegetation on different continents during differe 
osystems that describes how large-scale vegetation on different continents during different sea 
fferent seasons responds to weather and climate. implementing the emission model into a larger  
 and climate. implementing the emission model into a larger computer model of the atmosphere, w 
e emission model into a larger computer model of the atmosphere, which includes chemical reacti 
y lead to a more accurate simulation of climate. tropical ecosystems represent an important wea 
ccurate simulation of climate. tropical ecosystems represent an important weakness in our curre 
ess in our current understanding of the evolution of earth s climate. my proposed research will 
derstanding of the evolution of earth s climate. my proposed research will provide us with a mo 
g implications for our understanding of climate.  
15533 14                                         riparian and stream ecosystems are tightly coupled thro 
                           riparian and stream ecosystems are tightly coupled through the excha 
                    riparian and stream ecosystems are tightly coupled through the exchange of  
tightly coupled through the exchange of water and nutrients, conforming a functional landscape  
upled through the exchange of water and nutrients, conforming a functional landscape unit that  
 and nutrients, conforming a functional landscape unit that is especially significant as a biog 
biogeochemical hot spot. in particular, riparian forests alter nitrogen cycling in the riparian 
mical hot spot. in particular, riparian forests alter nitrogen cycling in the riparian soil, an 
. in particular, riparian forests alter nitrogen cycling in the riparian soil, and nitrogen exc 
n forests alter nitrogen cycling in the riparian soil, and nitrogen exchanges with the stream,  
 alter nitrogen cycling in the riparian soil, and nitrogen exchanges with the stream, through p 
rogen cycling in the riparian soil, and nitrogen exchanges with the stream, through processes s 
n soil, and nitrogen exchanges with the stream, through processes such as nitrogen fixation .  
h the stream, through processes such as nitrogen fixation .  
15534 14                                         riparian and stream ecosystems are tightly coupled thro 
                           riparian and stream ecosystems are tightly coupled through the excha 
                    riparian and stream ecosystems are tightly coupled through the exchange of  
tightly coupled through the exchange of water and nutrients, conforming a functional landscape  
upled through the exchange of water and nutrients, conforming a functional landscape unit that  
 and nutrients, conforming a functional landscape unit that is especially significant as a biog 
biogeochemical hot spot. in particular, riparian forests alter nitrogen cycling in the riparian 
mical hot spot. in particular, riparian forests alter nitrogen cycling in the riparian soil, an 
. in particular, riparian forests alter nitrogen cycling in the riparian soil, and nitrogen exc 
n forests alter nitrogen cycling in the riparian soil, and nitrogen exchanges with the stream,  
 alter nitrogen cycling in the riparian soil, and nitrogen exchanges with the stream, through p 
rogen cycling in the riparian soil, and nitrogen exchanges with the stream, through processes s 
n soil, and nitrogen exchanges with the stream, through processes such as nitrogen fixation .  
h the stream, through processes such as nitrogen fixation .  
10400 10 oups, such as increased protection from predators and greater opportunities for finding food an 
 a number of costs. one of these is the risk of becoming infected by a parasite or pathogen fro 
re transmitted between individuals in a density-dependent manner: the more individuals there ar 
ve evolved a strategy to cope with this density-related increase in the risk of becoming infect 
th this density-related increase in the risk of becoming infected. this strategy is known as de 
ing infected. this strategy is known as density-dependent prophylaxis , as well as the role of  
n mediating key aspects of immunity and disease resistance in insects. longer-term, we hope to  
ing key aspects of immunity and disease resistance in insects. longer-term, we hope to gain a m 
s of immunity and disease resistance in insects. longer-term, we hope to gain a more complete u 
in generating variation in immunity and resistance to a wide range of parasites and pathogens.  
10133 21 use of its impact on puffins, a popular conservation icon. hence, we have chosen to present the 
 start affecting other coastal breeding birds such as cormorant, eider duck, herring gull and f 
e mallow, lavatera arborea, an atlantic-mediterranean plant native to coasts, is believed to ha 
nly become invasive, taking over island ecosystems and thereby suppressing ground breeding bird 
and thereby suppressing ground breeding birds and native vegetation. the reasons for this rapid 
essing ground breeding birds and native vegetation. the reasons for this rapid expansion are mi 
 of breeding seabirds who fertilise the soil and disturb the vegetation through burrowing and t 
 who fertilise the soil and disturb the vegetation through burrowing and trampling. manure-rich 
from which they gradually invade island ecosystems. the problem occurs not only in scotland, bu 
rs not only in scotland, but islands in australia and new zealand are also having their seabird 
 scotland, but islands in australia and new zealand are also having their seabirds squeezed out 
ce established, the negative effects of invasive plants on native plants and animals, and the a 
o a better strategy is to identify high risk species and take measures to prevent this from hap 
e mallow are being mimicked: guano from birds will be added, and the vegetation disturbed just  
guano from birds will be added, and the vegetation disturbed just like seabirds do in their bre 
its and sheep as their appetite for the grazing-intolerant tree mallow seems also to play a cri 
ay a critical role. in both places, the growth of tree mallow plants from scotland and cornwall 
t will actually turn invasive and cause biodiversity loss. invasive plants are a major threat t 
n invasive and cause biodiversity loss. invasive plants are a major threat to global biodiversi 
ive plants are a major threat to global biodiversity, and their economic costs are estimated to 
nvasives, to the benefit of our natural environment.  
14189 10                                         growth rate of an organism is increasingly being treate 
nism is increasingly being treated as a life history trait of its own right. there is evidence  
s evidence accumulating that individual growth rate is not maximised within the limits set by p 
ral selection at some optimal value. in insects, the benefits of high growth rate are easy to s 
value. in insects, the benefits of high growth rate are easy to see. in contrast, despite of th 
 decades, the evidence of costs of high growth rate has remained fragmentary. we are currently  
gueness of the definition of individual growth rate. here we propose - in order to shed light o 
in order to shed light on costs of high growth rate - to systematically study growth rates of l 
h growth rate - to systematically study growth rates of lepidopteran larvae by means of both wi 
in- and among-population comparisons of growth rate in a number of insect species. we will appl 
14895 8 rks of interactions. an example of such complexity involves pelagic birds, which act as privile 
ple of such complexity involves pelagic birds, which act as privileged indicators of marine hab 
 pelagic birds, which act as privileged indicators of marine habitats conservation. specificall 
, which act as privileged indicators of marine habitats conservation. specifically, procellarif 
rivileged indicators of marine habitats conservation. specifically, procellariform development  
servation. specifically, procellariform development and implementation of the non-parametric st 
versity that provides a raw database of birds observations over oceans from 1999 to the present 
and methods from very disparate fields: remote sensing, dynamic databases, animal tracking, and 
7668 27                                 coastal ecosystems host high human population densities and are 
tsunami of 2004 has shown that wherever ecosystems are undermined, the ability to adapt and reg 
 is curtailed. throughout coastal asia, deforestation of mangrove for intensive shrimp farming  
roughout coastal asia, deforestation of mangrove for intensive shrimp farming has had ecologica 
as had ecological as well as livelihood impacts. while lucrative, it has led to the loss of bio 
le lucrative, it has led to the loss of biodiversity, in turn restricting the options for local 
ties and having a detrimental impact on fisheries. how can coastal zones be transformed into sy 
ing incidence of large disturbances the mangrove ecosystems in indonesia represent one fourth o 
ence of large disturbances the mangrove ecosystems in indonesia represent one fourth of the wor 
sia represent one fourth of the world’s mangroves. on both sides of the malacca strait, two con 
ide, more than 100 years of sustainable management of the mangroves has resulted in a resilient 
 years of sustainable management of the mangroves has resulted in a resilient socio-ecosystem.  
roves has resulted in a resilient socio-ecosystem. across the strait, the mangroves in north su 
socio-ecosystem. across the strait, the mangroves in north sumatra have been transformed for aq 
north sumatra have been transformed for aquaculture, reclaimed for agriculture or used for char 
nsformed for aquaculture, reclaimed for agriculture or used for charcoal production. in this co 
ed for agriculture or used for charcoal production. in this coupled human-ecological system, ou 
jective is to create spatially explicit biodiversity scenarios linking ecological processes, lo 
 create spatially explicit biodiversity scenarios linking ecological processes, local practices 
policies with the active involvement of stakeholders and policy makers using participatory mode 
 active involvement of stakeholders and policy makers using participatory modeling as a common  
s and policy makers using participatory modeling as a common platform. this will allow us to un 
 trends and drivers and explore extreme scenarios. the interdisciplinary, integrative platform  
 integrative platform will be of use to policy makers and practitioners on the field to engage  
nities in devising medium and long term management plans aiming at improving their resilience a 
agement plans aiming at improving their resilience and adaptive capacity.  
iming at improving their resilience and adaptive capacity.  
13770 24 ial scales. a major part of the swedish plant diversity is associated to the agricultural lands 
sh plant diversity is associated to the agricultural landscape, especially traditionally manage 
ally traditionally managed semi-natural grasslands. the most common way of studying landscapes  
studying landscapes is to have a binary landscape approach, i.e. define suitable and non-suitab 
 in contrast, this project examines the landscape matrix, including semi-natural grasslands as  
andscape matrix, including semi-natural grasslands as well as secondary grasslands and new past 
natural grasslands as well as secondary grasslands and new pastures . by examining different pa 
s . by examining different parts of the landscape matrix it may be possible to identify critica 
tify critical processes associated with fragmentation, isolation and habitat quality at a lands 
iated with fragmentation, isolation and habitat quality at a landscape scale. the project also  
ion, isolation and habitat quality at a landscape scale. the project also examines historical l 
tion and habitat quality at a landscape scale. the project also examines historical land use an 
e. the project also examines historical land use and its effect on current and future plant div 
se and its effect on current and future plant diversity. compared to spatial issues, temporal p 
o spatial issues, temporal processes of habitat fragmentation are poorly understood although th 
lenges associated with species decline, land use scenarios will be modelled to predict risk of  
sociated with species decline, land use scenarios will be modelled to predict risk of species e 
e scenarios will be modelled to predict risk of species extinction and to detect extinction deb 
 be modelled to predict risk of species extinction and to detect extinction debt. these models  
isk of species extinction and to detect extinction debt. these models may also enable sustainab 
hese models may also enable sustainable management and the identification of policy options to  
le management and the identification of policy options to minimize and mitigate biodiversity lo 
policy options to minimize and mitigate biodiversity loss resulting from future land use change 
biodiversity loss resulting from future land use changes.  
10624 16   in recent years the potential for ecm fungi to influence forest carbon cycles has become clea 
he potential for ecm fungi to influence forest carbon cycles has become clear. they play a fund 
ntial for ecm fungi to influence forest carbon cycles has become clear. they play a fundamental 
cing both sequestration and emission of carbon from soil. ecm species are likely to respond dif 
questration and emission of carbon from soil. ecm species are likely to respond differently to  
in the way they partition plant-derived carbon between biomass and respiration. changes in ecm  
 partition plant-derived carbon between biomass and respiration. changes in ecm community struc 
lant-derived carbon between biomass and respiration. changes in ecm community structure, and/or 
biomass and respiration. changes in ecm community structure, and/or in the amount of external m 
al mycelium produced, may influence the carbon balance of forest ecosystems and have important  
ed, may influence the carbon balance of forest ecosystems and have important feedbacks on nutri 
 influence the carbon balance of forest ecosystems and have important feedbacks on nutrient cap 
acks on nutrient capture. we will study carbon partitioning of ecm fungi with contrasting ecolo 
e will study carbon partitioning of ecm fungi with contrasting ecology in pure culture over a r 
titioning of ecm fungi with contrasting ecology in pure culture over a range of c:n ratios, and 
her observed patterns are maintained in symbiosis under elevated co2.  
12680 13           the project will compare bird abundance data with land cover data, from habitat inven 
t will compare bird abundance data with land cover data, from habitat inventories and from the  
undance data with land cover data, from habitat inventories and from the land cover map. it wil 
, from habitat inventories and from the land cover map. it will assess the importance of differ 
will assess the importance of different habitat types and their availability within the landsca 
types and their availability within the landscape in determining the distribution and abundance 
within the landscape in determining the distribution and abundance of farmland, woodland and wa 
ape in determining the distribution and abundance of farmland, woodland and water birds. it wil 
and abundance of farmland, woodland and water birds. it will make recommendations for land use  
undance of farmland, woodland and water birds. it will make recommendations for land use policy 
birds. it will make recommendations for land use policy and practices required to increase the  
 will make recommendations for land use policy and practices required to increase the range and 
 range and population seize of breeding birds.  
11292 13                                         ocean acidification represents one of the most signific 
ng in response to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide from the burning of fossil fuels. such r 
the burning of fossil fuels. such rapid environmental change is likely to have far-reaching imp 
l change is likely to have far-reaching impacts on the ecology and chemistry of the oceans. cer 
ely to have far-reaching impacts on the ecology and chemistry of the oceans. certain processes, 
of carbonate, bicarbonate and dissolved carbon dioxide and ph in the surface ocean, which is ch 
bonate and dissolved carbon dioxide and ph in the surface ocean, which is changing as a consequ 
quence of rapid increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide. organisms which produce external calciu 
era and corals are affected directly by ocean acidification because it lowers the critical conc 
ay offset the impact of decreased ocean ph on the calcification process. overall, these studies 
e the interpretation of coccolithophore distribution patterns in relation to ocean inorganic ca 
patterns in relation to ocean inorganic carbon chemistry and will allow us to construct better  
 to increased ocean acidity on a global scale.  
11281 18 l lakes have been designated a priority habitat within the eu habitats directive for their nutr 
their nutrient-poor waters with benthic vegetation of charophytes transition from macrophyte to 
arophytes transition from macrophyte to phytoplankton dominance. a decline in charophyte specie 
sition from macrophyte to phytoplankton dominance. a decline in charophyte species richness lea 
kton dominance. a decline in charophyte species richness leads to an encroachment of elodeid ma 
ess leads to an encroachment of elodeid macrophytes, characterised by sub-decadal oscillations  
llations between charophyte and elodeid dominance. these changes occur in conjunction with a re 
in conjunction with a reduction in marl precipitation. finally, submerged macrophytes are displ 
 marl precipitation. finally, submerged macrophytes are displaced by phytoplankton populations  
 submerged macrophytes are displaced by phytoplankton populations concomitant with the total ce 
t with the total cessation of carbonate precipitation. 3. on a shorter timescale, reductions in 
 shorter timescale, reductions in plant species richness result in a progressive decrease in th 
nt cover with associated alterations in zooplankton, invertebrate and fish populations. it is e 
ations in zooplankton, invertebrate and fish populations. it is expected that the main findings 
s of the work will be incorporated into management plans for the three study lakes, specificall 
ly assisting natural england in setting conservation objectives for marl lakes as required by t 
ctive, and providing information to the environment agency on reference conditions and ecologic 
d ecological data as required by the eu water framework directive.  
11485 10                                     for evolution to occur, individuals must vary genetically s 
y differ from one another in measurable traits. a simplistic model of evolution is that if some 
ther in measurable traits. a simplistic model of evolution is that if some genes build individu 
easurable traits. a simplistic model of evolution is that if some genes build individuals that  
uantitative genetic theory in which the traits are described according to how they vary in rela 
g to how they vary in relation to other traits. so for instance, tall people typically tend to  
proven success in predicting phenotypic evolution across a single generation, its success over  
 these populations. we will examine the evolution of g for male call structure across these 6 p 
ause it is central to understanding how evolution proceeds. for instance, if we are wondering w 
to understand how observed variation in temperature tolerance is likely to translate into an ev 
11586 20 re amongst the rarest of all plants yet conservation efforts are made more difficult by a funda 
chids is facilitated by their vast seed production, a single plant typically releasing over 25, 
ority of these cases the plant supplies carbon, which it has fixed through photosynthesis, to t 
lies carbon, which it has fixed through photosynthesis, to the fungus in return for mineral nut 
is, to the fungus in return for mineral nutrients taken up from soil. this is a mutualistic sym 
urn for mineral nutrients taken up from soil. this is a mutualistic symbiosis where both partne 
ken up from soil. this is a mutualistic symbiosis where both partners derive a benefit the rela 
what is unusual about the orchid-fungal symbiosis is that the fungus supplies both nutrients an 
biosis is that the fungus supplies both nutrients and carbon to the young plants without any ob 
 the fungus supplies both nutrients and carbon to the young plants without any obvious benefit  
ctions between orchid and fungus. using carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus sources enriched with s 
etween orchid and fungus. using carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus sources enriched with specific  
 and fungus. using carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus sources enriched with specific isotopes of t 
 the mysteries surrounding this unusual symbiosis, answering two key questions for the first ti 
 can, in one species, benefit from this symbiosis and that the adult orchid continues to benefi 
t orchid continues to benefit from this symbiosis. despite this major breakthrough with one spe 
een orchids behave in this way, how the carbon and nutrients are transferred between plant and  
 behave in this way, how the carbon and nutrients are transferred between plant and fungus and  
ungus and whether being able to acquire carbon from a fungus has enabled some adult orchids to  
ons where they are unable to fix enough carbon into sugars to meet their needs and effectively  
11503 2  examples illustrate how high levels of biological diversity can arise from very little genetic 
al diversity can arise from very little genetic diversity. to understand how this occurs, biolo 
10065 1     the rate of increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide programmes.  
11599 31 m and dry weather that led to flammable vegetation, dry peat soils and the potential for severe 
t led to flammable vegetation, dry peat soils and the potential for severe ecological impacts.  
and the potential for severe ecological impacts. wildfires can cause significant damage to ecos 
ldfires can cause significant damage to ecosystem function, particularly in areas of high sever 
 releases significant amounts of fossil carbon and can have a profound effect on total uk emmis 
uk emmissions. smoulering and extensive soil heating also destroys belowground plant structures 
stroys belowground plant structures and soil seedbanks leading to fundamental changes in patter 
mental changes in patterns of plant and wildlife biodiversity, the loss of moorland habitats an 
anges in patterns of plant and wildlife biodiversity, the loss of moorland habitats and a poten 
s and a potential imbalance between the carbon lost from burnt vegetation and that which can be 
ance between the carbon lost from burnt vegetation and that which can be sequesterd by regenera 
e also associated with a range of other environmental impacts such as increased soil erosion. d 
environmental impacts such as increased soil erosion. despite the serious environmental consequ 
ious environmental consequences of such impacts, almost all of the scientific knowledge of the  
 all of the scientific knowledge of the impacts of moorland wildfires comes from a single event 
ncern about potential feedbacks between climate, fire frequency, fire severity and carbon fluxe 
ut potential feedbacks between climate, fire frequency, fire severity and carbon fluxes from pe 
dbacks between climate, fire frequency, fire severity and carbon fluxes from peatlands. for thi 
mate, fire frequency, fire severity and carbon fluxes from peatlands. for this reason there is  
t need to ensure we develop sustainable management practices with regards to moorland biodivers 
ment practices with regards to moorland biodiversity and carbon stores. this research will play 
th regards to moorland biodiversity and carbon stores. this research will play an important rol 
l this fundamental knowledge gap on the impacts of wildfires on uk moorlands. we will visit and 
everities on the above and below ground carbon balance and ecosystem functioning of moorlands.  
ove and below ground carbon balance and ecosystem functioning of moorlands. we will map the per 
e perimeter of recent wildfires and the distribution of broad classes of fire severity. in area 
nd the distribution of broad classes of fire severity. in areas of differing severity we will m 
l make estimates of the total amount of carbon lost from the system due to combustion and asses 
to combustion and assess differences in vegetation regeneration and carbon fluxes from peat in  
ferences in vegetation regeneration and carbon fluxes from peat in burnt and unburnt plots. by  
ic resource that will allow us to track ecosystem change over time and provide a focus for futu 
12647 6  is a need to understand the extent and distribution of annex i habitats occurring in uk marine 
ion of annex i habitats occurring in uk marine waters. this research contract was established t 
 i habitats in uk offshore to: •map the distribution and extent of seabed habitats; •to assess  
to further develop understanding of the diversity of seabed habitats found in uk offshore water 
ple uses and will also assist in better planning for the use of our marine resources.  
t in better planning for the use of our marine resources.  
15330 19                                         drought-induced tree mortality is emerging as a global  
                   drought-induced tree mortality is emerging as a global phenomenon, and it is 
o increase in the future as a result of climate change, particularly in water-limited regions s 
sult of climate change, particularly in water-limited regions such as the mediterranean. tree m 
ly in water-limited regions such as the mediterranean. tree mortality episodes linked to extrem 
regions such as the mediterranean. tree mortality episodes linked to extreme climatic events ha 
ome cases, will result in shifts in the distribution of forest species in relatively short peri 
result in shifts in the distribution of forest species in relatively short periods of time. as  
ges in the structure and functioning of ecosystems, as well as in the services they provide to  
heir feedbacks to the drivers of global environmental change, we need to understand the factors 
derstand the factors that determine the vulnerability of different species to changes in enviro 
echanisms have been proposed to explain drought-induced mortality in trees: hydraulic failure u 
een proposed to explain drought-induced mortality in trees: hydraulic failure underlying drough 
 in trees: hydraulic failure underlying drought-induced tree mortality in relation to the main  
failure underlying drought-induced tree mortality in relation to the main strategies to cope wi 
ion to the main strategies to cope with drought that have been identified in plants, an improve 
lants, an improved understanding of the carbon balance of plants and of phloem transport and th 
nsport and the way they are affected by drought, and the development of more realistic models o 
y they are affected by drought, and the development of more realistic models of long distance t 
12726 13 ntified as a barrier to the delivery of conservation targets for uk priority species. tenderers 
: 1.address priorities identified by uk biodiversity action plan working groups http://www.ukba 
of these topics: a.status and trends in abundance and distribution b.taxonomy c.autecology 3.in 
s: a.status and trends in abundance and distribution b.taxonomy c.autecology 3.involve collabor 
 trends in abundance and distribution b.taxonomy c.autecology 3.involve collaboration with rele 
es are likely to be favoured. 4.support conservation action for uk priority species through the 
ion for uk priority species through the production and dissemination of guidance for conservati 
ction and dissemination of guidance for conservation practitioners or taxonomists, or through t 
rough the wide dissemination of data on abundance and distribution. the proposal should clearly 
 dissemination of data on abundance and distribution. the proposal should clearly explain how t 
esearch findings will contribute to the conservation of the relevant organisms. it can be diffi 
cientific basis and the relatively high transaction costs. the aim of this competition is to de 
high transaction costs. the aim of this competition is to develop a mechanism which allows esta 
12731 13 ntified as a barrier to the delivery of conservation targets for uk priority species. tenderers 
: 1.address priorities identified by uk biodiversity action plan working groups http://www.ukba 
of these topics: a.status and trends in abundance and distribution b.taxonomy c.autecology 3.in 
s: a.status and trends in abundance and distribution b.taxonomy c.autecology 3.involve collabor 
 trends in abundance and distribution b.taxonomy c.autecology 3.involve collaboration with rele 
es are likely to be favoured. 4.support conservation action for uk priority species through the 
ion for uk priority species through the production and dissemination of guidance for conservati 
ction and dissemination of guidance for conservation practitioners or taxonomists, or through t 
rough the wide dissemination of data on abundance and distribution. the proposal should clearly 
 dissemination of data on abundance and distribution. the proposal should clearly explain how t 
esearch findings will contribute to the conservation of the relevant organisms. it can be diffi 
cientific basis and the relatively high transaction costs. the aim of this competition is to de 
high transaction costs. the aim of this competition is to develop a mechanism which allows esta 
12701 1 ’ needs is hampering progress under the biodiversity action plan, with emphasis on the less wel 
12724 1 ’ needs is hampering progress under the biodiversity action plan, with emphasis on the less wel 
14361 7 ritage committee regarding the state of conservation and status of endangered sites. the unesco 
blems or threat. similarly, the regular production of thematic maps validation of the results.  
ing chain from orthorectified images to land cover change data. the main challenge of this proc 
handle the large amount of data and the diversity of image types that are necessary to perform  
pes that are necessary to perform large scale wall-to-wall monitoring in tropical regions. this 
ary to perform large scale wall-to-wall monitoring in tropical regions. this processing chain i 
he wold heritage sites containing humid tropical forests. ------------------------------------- 
13927 17                  unicellular planktonic cyanobacteria have in the last decade been discovered a 
vered as highly important actors in the marine environments and as some are able to fix atmosph 
and as some are able to fix atmospheric nitrogen they also contribute significantly to the nitr 
ey also contribute significantly to the nitrogen economy in these vast ecosystems. recent data  
y to the nitrogen economy in these vast ecosystems. recent data indicates that unicellular, pic 
t unicellular, pico- and nanoplanktonic cyanobacteria, may be abundant during summer months in  
be abundant during summer months in the baltic sea, co-developed with larger bloom forming cyan 
 co-developed with larger bloom forming cyanobacteria such as nodularia, and may be responsible 
s nodularia, and may be responsible for nitrogen fixation rates observed in the dark in the sou 
ylogenetic identification and study the ecological function that marine unicellular cyanobacter 
 and study the ecological function that marine unicellular cyanobacteria play in biogeochemical 
ogical function that marine unicellular cyanobacteria play in biogeochemical cycles in the balt 
ia play in biogeochemical cycles in the baltic sea. because special attention will be focused o 
se special attention will be focused on nitrogen fixers, gas chromatography/acetylene reduction 
r assays will also be used to determine nitrogen fixation activities. all these data will enabl 
and the way these microbial communities function, allowing for the resolution of their differen 
s in the environmental conditions, as a function of time, space, and abiotic and biotic variati 
1964 14              it is well recognized that microbial diversity is enormous, and that only less tha 
mous, and that only less than 1% of all bacteria in nature have been isolated in pure cultures. 
at only less than 1% of all bacteria in nature have been isolated in pure cultures. however, th 
re cultures. however, the value of this biodiversity for ecosystem functioning is still enigmat 
ver, the value of this biodiversity for ecosystem functioning is still enigmatic. so far only a 
ed one of the most burning questions in microbial ecology: how does nature permit the coexisten 
uestions in microbial ecology: how does nature permit the coexistence and survival in one and t 
stence and survival in one and the same environment of so many species with the same or nearly  
th the same or nearly identical type of metabolism the proposed research will try to obtain ins 
 the sulfur cycle, the sulfate reducing bacteria. for this purpose we will apply a polyphasic a 
rom microbiology, molecular biology and ecology to investigate the diversity, activity and dyna 
 biology and ecology to investigate the diversity, activity and dynamics of sulfate reducers in 
fate reducers in natural and engineered ecosystems. in addition, we expect to be able to define 
ferentiation, and develop a theoretical model that can be tested in practice.  
14222 20          knowledge about the historical development of plant communities is highly important fo 
derstanding the present-day patterns in community structure and in species diversity. understan 
 patterns in community structure and in species diversity. understanding the long-term communit 
 diversity. understanding the long-term community development is also a key issue for planning  
. understanding the long-term community development is also a key issue for planning the protec 
ity development is also a key issue for planning the protection of natural and semi-natural com 
s can be used to reconstruct changes in vegetation composition and in plant species diversity a 
 in vegetation composition and in plant species diversity and to evaluate the extent and type o 
 and to evaluate the extent and type of land-use over several thousands of years. increasing nu 
ological datasets. analyzing changes in vegetation structure and in richness patterns across se 
 changes in vegetation structure and in richness patterns across several pollen sites for subse 
struct different pathways of historical vegetation development and to relate the historical and 
erent pathways of historical vegetation development and to relate the historical and present-da 
 historical and present-day patterns in vegetation and species diversity. because estonia has m 
 present-day patterns in vegetation and species diversity. because estonia has many suitable mi 
ollen diagrams available from different landscape regions today. the aim of the present post-do 
hips between historical and present-day vegetation. the objectives are: to evaluate existing bi 
he objectives are: to evaluate existing biodiversity conservation policies in the light of know 
s in the light of knowledge about plant community development.  
ight of knowledge about plant community development.  
10313 9 ome as the blueprint for organisms, the environment plays an active and crucial role in individ 
n active and crucial role in individual development. consequently, variation in environmental c 
ncrease in cardiovascular and metabolic disease in adulthood, sometimes 50 years after they exp 
organisms to cope with changes in their environment and, hence, are adaptive. to answer those q 
ng-term studies of great tits show that stress to embryos or nestlings has similar effects as n 
ings has similar effects as nutritional stress have on human and laboratory animals. this means 
 means that great tits can be used as a model system for understanding the importance of epigen 
udy of epigenetic regulation of in wild birds - i.e., showing whether results from laboratory s 
uals and populations experiencing rapid environmental change.  
9877 2 is method we will identify which of the fungi in ericaceous hair roots are potentially mycorrhi 
 depth analyses of their physiology and ecology.  
12603 7   background defra require a literature review to collate published evidence on a the causes of 
evidence on a the causes of c loss from soils and b the fate of the lost c. the purpose of this 
fate of the lost c. the purpose of this review is to inform a policy workshop which will be: i  
e purpose of this review is to inform a policy workshop which will be: i assessing the signific 
the significance of the work to date in policy terms; and ii defining the next steps for eviden 
 the next steps for evidence gathering, policy development and stakeholder engagement ; and the 
xt steps for evidence gathering, policy development and stakeholder engagement ; and the certai 
10579 4 educing the reproductive health of many wildlife populations, and possibly human populations to 
ble to cause disruption of reproductive development and function in fish.  
ruption of reproductive development and function in fish.  
eproductive development and function in fish.  
11555 13 world s upper ocean supersaturated with methane we know that it is, but do not understand why.  
y. evidence shows that a portion of the methane comes from in situ production in oxygenated wat 
rtion of the methane comes from in situ production in oxygenated waters, however that seems to  
 phenomenon has been termed the oceanic methane paradox . if, however, there were anaerobic mic 
ld occur within them. we now think that marine zooplankton, their excreted faecal material and  
r within them. we now think that marine zooplankton, their excreted faecal material and other s 
ied the presence of methanogens oceanic methane production is, in part, associated with particu 
presence of methanogens oceanic methane production is, in part, associated with particulate mat 
ch using different approaches including phytoplankton culture studies, zooplankton grazing expe 
ncluding phytoplankton culture studies, zooplankton grazing experiments, sediment trap studies, 
toplankton culture studies, zooplankton grazing experiments, sediment trap studies, and these w 
udies, zooplankton grazing experiments, sediment trap studies, and these will be coupled with m 
gy we hope to finally unravel the ocean methane paradox.  
11571 2                                     the evolution of sociality is one of the major transitions  
l result will be the most comprehensive evaluation of the basis of helping in a primitively eus 
12476 2 mates of the costs of delivering the uk biodiversity action plan, and the current levels of fun 
nal estimates were made in 2005/06. the review will update these to reflect changes in targets  
15277 1 nformation system on ibero-macaronesian vegetation in the iberian peninsula.  
15278 1 nformation system on ibero-macaronesian vegetation in the iberian peninsula.  
15279 1 nformation system on ibero-macaronesian vegetation in the iberian peninsula.  
14221 1         updating equipment, methods for fisheries field and laboratory studies  
14335 3 itute of natural sciences, institute of nature and forest research, royal museum of central afr 
tural sciences, institute of nature and forest research, royal museum of central africa, and am 
orest research, royal museum of central africa, and amateurs whose intensive collaboration resu 
12696 1 ficant relationship between mean spring temperature and the spring index.  
12697 1 de data to update the uk bat population indicator using the latest figures up to and including  
6809 8 the fossil assemblage, - describing the environment through the associated plant and vertebrate 
 vertebrate remains, - study the fossil soils for paleoclimate and water budget, - sedimentolog 
y the fossil soils for paleoclimate and water budget, - sedimentology to determine the hydrolog 
mine the hydrological conditions of the streams which transported the fossils, - examine minera 
 the fossils, - examine minerals of the sediment to learn about the relief and weathering of th 
 about the relief and weathering of the landscape, - draw a 3d relief model to illustrate the d 
ng of the landscape, - draw a 3d relief model to illustrate the depositional environment. - pal 
ef model to illustrate the depositional environment. - palaeogeography based on paleocontinenta 
6855 3  the project is to give a comprehensive evaluation on the upper jurassic ammonite biostratigrap 
sic ammonite biostratigraphy and facies succession of the north-eastern part of the transdanubi 
emblages as well as the paleogeographic development of the region.  
15526 40                                   river ecosystems are amongst the most seriously imperiled wor 
ng human intervention in those systems. mediterranean rivers in general and iberian ones in par 
vention in those systems. mediterranean rivers in general and iberian ones in particular are es 
edictability and frequent scarceness of water resources. at the same time, iberian freshwater f 
er resources. at the same time, iberian freshwater fish form a highly imperiled group, with man 
s. at the same time, iberian freshwater fish form a highly imperiled group, with many endemic s 
most frequently cited pressures driving fish to imperilment in the iberian peninsula, due to di 
in the iberian peninsula, due to direct impacts on fish and their habitat and to their facilita 
ian peninsula, due to direct impacts on fish and their habitat and to their facilitating role f 
due to direct impacts on fish and their habitat and to their facilitating role for the establis 
 role for the establishment of invasive fish. there is an urgent need to integrate human demand 
rgent need to integrate human demand of water resources, especially dam construction and operat 
 functionality of river systems and the conservation of their biodiversity. the general aims of 
r systems and the conservation of their biodiversity. the general aims of this proposal are: i  
e description and quantification of the impacts of river damming on river ecosystems, focusing  
f the impacts of river damming on river ecosystems, focusing on river fish communities; and ii  
 on river ecosystems, focusing on river fish communities; and ii the development of useful tool 
g on river fish communities; and ii the development of useful tools to design sustainable strat 
o design sustainable strategies for the management of water resources. to these aims, we will a 
inable strategies for the management of water resources. to these aims, we will analyze reservo 
o these aims, we will analyze reservoir impacts at different scales, from the microhabitat and  
 the microhabitat and reach levels to a landscape approach, and separating upstream and downstr 
 and separating upstream and downstream impacts. upstream impacts will be assessed through the  
stream and downstream impacts. upstream impacts will be assessed through the establishment of n 
am reservoirs in the characteristics of stream fish communities, their temporal dynamics and th 
rvoirs in the characteristics of stream fish communities, their temporal dynamics and the popul 
parameters. most of the research on the impacts of different pressures on freshwater fish has u 
n the impacts of different pressures on freshwater fish has used correlative approaches. with t 
ts of different pressures on freshwater fish has used correlative approaches. with this proposa 
ach specifically designed to assess the impacts of reservoirs and that aims to be maintained at 
d at the mid- and long-term. downstream impacts will be studied through the analysis of current 
w characteristics that are relevant for fish ecology in a mediterranean context, especially the 
racteristics that are relevant for fish ecology in a mediterranean context, especially the magn 
that are relevant for fish ecology in a mediterranean context, especially the magnitude and tim 
regimes to different characteristics of freshwater fish communities, including the dominance of 
different characteristics of freshwater fish communities, including the dominance of invasive s 
shwater fish communities, including the dominance of invasive species and their biotic integrit 
communities, including the dominance of invasive species and their biotic integrity. the findin 
ould serve to advise adjustments in the planning and operation of reservoirs aimed at developin 
more environmentally sustainable use of water resources.  
11725 26                                         urban areas are often regarded as being of little impor 
arded as being of little importance for biodiversity, conservation effort instead being directe 
 of little importance for biodiversity, conservation effort instead being directed at rural hab 
ng directed at rural habitats. however, urban habitats are occupied by many species, some of wh 
y species, some of which live at higher density than in their traditional rural habitat. despit 
density than in their traditional rural habitat. despite the potential importance of the urban  
despite the potential importance of the urban environment for wildlife, our knowledge of urban  
e the potential importance of the urban environment for wildlife, our knowledge of urban ecolog 
importance of the urban environment for wildlife, our knowledge of urban ecology is surprisingl 
ironment for wildlife, our knowledge of urban ecology is surprisingly poor; furthermore, we kno 
sition from being a rural species to an urban one. the aim of this project is to investigate ho 
project is to investigate how a typical urban bird, the blackbird, has become such a familiar s 
cies in towns and cities across much of europe. the first objective will be to use historical r 
 detail the blackbird s colonisation of urban areas across europe since the earliest records in 
rd s colonisation of urban areas across europe since the earliest records in germany in 1820 to 
he present day, when cities in ne and e europe are still in the process of being colonised. the 
n dna samples from blackbirds in paired urban and rural samples along a transect from the earli 
st areas of colonisation to areas where urban occupation is currently occurring; we will then t 
 similarity of blackbird populations in urban and rural habitats. results of these analyses wil 
ses will enable us to determine whether urban blackbirds: have a single origin, with subsequent 
igin, with subsequent spread into other urban areas by the dispersal of urban-adapted blackbird 
nt spread into other urban areas by the dispersal of urban-adapted blackbirds from one city to  
o other urban areas by the dispersal of urban-adapted blackbirds from one city to another acros 
ckbirds from one city to another across europe. the third objective is to investigate whether u 
ird objective is to investigate whether urban blackbirds differ from rural ones in either their 
nd blood parasites. differences between urban and rural populations will be assessed in order t 
13744 21                                         urban nature is often severely fragmented and only smal 
                                  urban nature is often severely fragmented and only small isol 
nswer questions about factors affecting urban biodiversity. birds will be surveyed from may to  
questions about factors affecting urban biodiversity. birds will be surveyed from may to august 
t factors affecting urban biodiversity. birds will be surveyed from may to august in >500 urban 
 be surveyed from may to august in >500 urban parks distributed over 36 cities. these data will 
will be used to answer whether critical thresholds exist, at a city level, in the proportional  
city level, in the proportional area of urban forest fragments. we will also examine species ri 
 forest fragments. we will also examine species richness and community structure in relation to 
 will also examine species richness and community structure in relation to local habitat qualit 
ommunity structure in relation to local habitat quality and matrix quality at multiple scales . 
relative influence of factors affecting biodiversity at local and landscape scales. using an ex 
ors affecting biodiversity at local and landscape scales. using an experimental approach, we wi 
ess movement rates of butterflies along habitat corridors. which species and habitat corridor c 
ng habitat corridors. which species and habitat corridor characteristics, respectively, promote 
 characteristics, respectively, promote dispersal furthermore, reproductive success of hole-nes 
e, reproductive success of hole-nesting birds will be investigated along an urban to rural grad 
ing birds will be investigated along an urban to rural gradient, and across forest ecotones, to 
 an urban to rural gradient, and across forest ecotones, to test if reproductive rates are asso 
e rates are associated with patterns of density. this experimental approach will allow us to me 
 reproductive rates in explaining local extinction.  
15581 78 on lives in cities and more than 75% in europe.the understanding of how urban ecosystems work,  
 75% in europe.the understanding of how urban ecosystems work, how they change, and what limits 
n europe.the understanding of how urban ecosystems work, how they change, and what limits their 
rmance, can add to the understanding of ecosystem change and governance in general in an ever m 
e understanding of ecosystem change and governance in general in an ever more human-dominated w 
are facing enormous challenges, such as climate change and transformation to a future beyond fo 
mation to a future beyond fossil fuels. ecosystems may play an important role in facilitating t 
le in facilitating this transformation. ecosystems provide flexibility in urban landscapes and  
tion. ecosystems provide flexibility in urban landscapes and help build adaptive capacity to co 
lity in urban landscapes and help build adaptive capacity to cope with problems such as increas 
to cope with problems such as increased risk of heat waves and flooding. to address these chall 
 flooding. to address these challenges, urban social-ecological systems analyses represent an e 
ing. to address these challenges, urban social-ecological systems analyses represent an emergin 
bridged rapidly to increase the pace of development towards a sustainable planet that is increa 
sustainable planet that is increasingly urban. recent literature indicate that urban biodiversi 
 urban. recent literature indicate that urban biodiversity contributes to multiple es of very l 
. recent literature indicate that urban biodiversity contributes to multiple es of very large i 
rtance for the citizens’ well-being and urban biodiversity may also be part of decreasing the e 
 for the citizens’ well-being and urban biodiversity may also be part of decreasing the ecologi 
sity may also be part of decreasing the ecological footprint. research challenges and questions 
 questions the consortium will focus on functional diversity, urban ecosystem services, institu 
ium will focus on functional diversity, urban ecosystem services, institutions, economics and r 
ll focus on functional diversity, urban ecosystem services, institutions, economics and resilie 
al diversity, urban ecosystem services, institutions, economics and resilience science and stri 
urban ecosystem services, institutions, economics and resilience science and strive to translat 
m services, institutions, economics and resilience science and strive to translate research ins 
late research insights into principles, landscape designs and applications. we will develop a t 
ool box intended to promote sustainable management of urban biodiversity and ecosystem service  
ed to promote sustainable management of urban biodiversity and ecosystem service generation and 
promote sustainable management of urban biodiversity and ecosystem service generation and commu 
le management of urban biodiversity and ecosystem service generation and communicate this to im 
ation and communicate this to important stakeholders. cluster i: urban biodiversity and ecosyst 
s to important stakeholders. cluster i: urban biodiversity and ecosystem services what are the  
mportant stakeholders. cluster i: urban biodiversity and ecosystem services what are the driver 
ders. cluster i: urban biodiversity and ecosystem services what are the drivers behind loss/enh 
 the drivers behind loss/enhancement of urban ecosystem services and how do they interact acros 
rivers behind loss/enhancement of urban ecosystem services and how do they interact across scal 
hey interact across scales what are the impacts of climate and other environmental changes vers 
t across scales what are the impacts of climate and other environmental changes versus impact o 
 environmental changes versus impact of growth and/or decline-driven land use change on ecosyst 
 impact of growth and/or decline-driven land use change on ecosystem functioning and urban ecos 
nd/or decline-driven land use change on ecosystem functioning and urban ecosystem services what 
use change on ecosystem functioning and urban ecosystem services what are the roles of species  
ange on ecosystem functioning and urban ecosystem services what are the roles of species intera 
cosystem services what are the roles of species interactions and functional diversity for gener 
e the roles of species interactions and functional diversity for generation of urban ecosystem  
 functional diversity for generation of urban ecosystem services cluster ii. valuation of biodi 
ional diversity for generation of urban ecosystem services cluster ii. valuation of biodiversit 
of urban ecosystem services cluster ii. valuation of biodiversity and ecosystem services what a 
ystem services cluster ii. valuation of biodiversity and ecosystem services what are the method 
uster ii. valuation of biodiversity and ecosystem services what are the methods suitable for mo 
 suitable for monetary and non-monetary valuation of biodiversity and ecosystem services in the 
 monetary and non-monetary valuation of biodiversity and ecosystem services in the urban landsc 
-monetary valuation of biodiversity and ecosystem services in the urban landscape how can monet 
diversity and ecosystem services in the urban landscape how can monetary and non-monetary ecosy 
ity and ecosystem services in the urban landscape how can monetary and non-monetary ecosystems  
scape how can monetary and non-monetary ecosystems service values be integrated for decision-ma 
ystems service values be integrated for decision-making support cluster iii. governance and man 
or decision-making support cluster iii. governance and management of ecosystems and ecosystem s 
ing support cluster iii. governance and management of ecosystems and ecosystem service what are 
uster iii. governance and management of ecosystems and ecosystem service what are the most effe 
rnance and management of ecosystems and ecosystem service what are the most effective mechanism 
e the most effective mechanisms for the governance of non-marketed ecosystem services what is t 
isms for the governance of non-marketed ecosystem services what is the role of formal versus in 
t is the role of formal versus informal institutions for ensuring effective governance of ecosy 
mal institutions for ensuring effective governance of ecosystem services and facilitating neede 
ns for ensuring effective governance of ecosystem services and facilitating needed urban transf 
system services and facilitating needed urban transformations cluster iv communication and trai 
s cluster iv communication and training urban europe has entered a critical development stage w 
ter iv communication and training urban europe has entered a critical development stage where t 
ing urban europe has entered a critical development stage where the ability of cities to sustai 
evels of quality of life is questioned. climate change, natural resource shortage and patterns  
tural resource shortage and patterns of urban growth and decline linked to demographic and econ 
resource shortage and patterns of urban growth and decline linked to demographic and economic s 
ed the narrow limits of the established development model and imply substantial risks for the e 
w limits of the established development model and imply substantial risks for the environmental 
nmental, social and economic balance of urban societies already in the near future. therefore,  
e the local, regional and international policy arenas through a communication and training prog 
10542 43                                         floodplain meadows are important repositories of biodiv 
n meadows are important repositories of biodiversity. their plant community can contain up to 4 
positories of biodiversity. their plant community can contain up to 40 species per square metre 
to 40 species per square metre and such species richness underpins diverse fungal and invertebr 
ungal and invertebrate communities. the habitat supports birds of conservation interest and is  
brate communities. the habitat supports birds of conservation interest and is of high landscape 
munities. the habitat supports birds of conservation interest and is of high landscape and cult 
of conservation interest and is of high landscape and cultural value. grassland species richnes 
s of high landscape and cultural value. grassland species richness declines where the soils are 
landscape and cultural value. grassland species richness declines where the soils are enriched  
and species richness declines where the soils are enriched in phosphorus. a balanced phosphorus 
eclines where the soils are enriched in phosphorus. a balanced phosphorus budget is therefore i 
 are enriched in phosphorus. a balanced phosphorus budget is therefore important in maintaining 
 therefore important in maintaining the nature-conservation interest of these sites. such budge 
ore important in maintaining the nature-conservation interest of these sites. such budgets have 
and. this was achieved by analysing the phosphorus status of their soils, trapping flood sedime 
nalysing the phosphorus status of their soils, trapping flood sediments for phosphorus analysis 
eir soils, trapping flood sediments for phosphorus analysis and calculating hay yields and the  
lculating hay yields and the associated phosphorus off-take. to date, sediment trapping on thes 
ssociated phosphorus off-take. to date, sediment trapping on these meadows has been confined to 
e winter and spring periods, when flood risk is greatest. no data are currently available to co 
ng results in a significantly different sediment deposit either in terms of quantity or quality 
rtunity to measure the actual amount of phosphorus deposited. this information will be of parti 
ormation will be of particular value if climate-change scenarios suggest the frequency of such  
e of particular value if climate-change scenarios suggest the frequency of such summer floods m 
in summer 2007 was such that many waste-water treatment systems were overwhelmed and thus may a 
were overwhelmed and thus may alter the phosphorus content of sediments immediately downstream  
 of sediments immediately downstream of urban areas compared to previously collected winter sam 
ks to sample sediments deposited at ten floodplain grassland sites . the samples will be analys 
e sediments deposited at ten floodplain grassland sites . the samples will be analysed for thei 
 the samples will be analysed for their phosphorus content and the mass of sediment deposited p 
heir phosphorus content and the mass of sediment deposited per unit area will be estimated. the 
t budgets at the other 5. the amount of phosphorus deposited will be compared to that calulated 
sly sampled winter floods and to annual phosphorus off-take in hay to assess whether the phosph 
s off-take in hay to assess whether the phosphorus input from summer sediment is likely to be i 
hether the phosphorus input from summer sediment is likely to be important in the overall budge 
. flood-return periods likely to impact floodplain ecology willbe estimate dand compared to cli 
urn periods likely to impact floodplain ecology willbe estimate dand compared to climate-change 
cology willbe estimate dand compared to climate-change scenarios. if the analysis suggests summ 
stimate dand compared to climate-change scenarios. if the analysis suggests summer flooding may 
 may play a future role in changing the species composition of the vegetation in floodplain mea 
changing the species composition of the vegetation in floodplain meadows, then the implications 
pecies composition of the vegetation in floodplain meadows, then the implications for other tax 
11770 23                                         fishing for marine fish and shellfish can damage the se 
                            fishing for marine fish and shellfish can damage the sea-bottom and 
                     fishing for marine fish and shellfish can damage the sea-bottom and the an 
 that live there and it also lowers the abundance of the harvested species. for the use of thes 
harvested species. for the use of these marine resources to be sustainable, it is necessary to  
sustainable, it is necessary to control fishing activity so that harvested species can breed su 
damage to fragile species and habitats. marine reserves, or marine protected areas and other fr 
ecies and habitats. marine reserves, or marine protected areas and other fragile bottom animals 
le for the fishers, as mpas may promote recovery of the scallop stocks within the reserves. onc 
art, and this may occurs as a result of fishing. for such species protection in marine reserves 
fishing. for such species protection in marine reserves, which will maintain populations at a h 
ich will maintain populations at a high density, may be the most successful method to protect t 
ted mpas. at this moment, only very few marine reserves exist in britain and around the world.  
e world. therefore the creation of four marine reserves represents a unique opportunity to stud 
ique opportunity to study the effect of marine reserves on the abundance and recovery of bottom 
dy the effect of marine reserves on the abundance and recovery of bottom animals inside and out 
of marine reserves on the abundance and recovery of bottom animals inside and outside the reser 
 created. we will follow changes of the abundance and reproduction of four species of bottom an 
 animals over several years to quantify recovery from scallop dredging damage. we will also det 
scallops. our research will indicate if marine reserves are indeed an effective way to protect  
nimals and if they are are positive for fisheries. it will clarify how fast these animals recov 
ify how fast these animals recover from fishing and how many marine reserves are necessary to p 
imals recover from fishing and how many marine reserves are necessary to protect animals with d 
9958 30                                         climate change is predicted to result in warmer, drier  
t in major changes in the structure and function of terrestrial ecosystems. human activities ar 
e structure and function of terrestrial ecosystems. human activities are also responsible for d 
o responsible for disturbing the global nitrogen cycle; this has resulted in a diverse range of 
range of effects, from altered rates of nutrient cycling and carbon storage to changes in plant 
m altered rates of nutrient cycling and carbon storage to changes in plant community compositio 
 and carbon storage to changes in plant community composition. fire and nitrogen deposition are 
changes in plant community composition. fire and nitrogen deposition are major drivers of ecosy 
n plant community composition. fire and nitrogen deposition are major drivers of ecosystem chan 
itrogen deposition are major drivers of ecosystem change and may result in the loss of biodiver 
em change and may result in the loss of biodiversity and compromise the provision of essential  
d compromise the provision of essential ecosystem services. a recent, severe heathland fire at  
em services. a recent, severe heathland fire at our long term nitrogen manipulation study site  
 severe heathland fire at our long term nitrogen manipulation study site presents a unique oppo 
nteractions between these two important global change phenomena. nitrogen additions over the pa 
 two important global change phenomena. nitrogen additions over the past 7 years have resulted  
 in the activity and composition of the soil microbial community, and storage of additional nut 
he activity and composition of the soil microbial community, and storage of additional nutrient 
al community, and storage of additional nutrients both above- and below-ground. these pre-exist 
pected to influence the response of the microbial community to a major fire, with knock on effe 
e of the microbial community to a major fire, with knock on effects on nutrient cycling and nut 
 a major fire, with knock on effects on nutrient cycling and nutrient economy. results will pro 
ill provide important insight into post-fire microbial community dynamics in soils of contrasti 
rovide important insight into post-fire microbial community dynamics in soils of contrasting co 
st-fire microbial community dynamics in soils of contrasting composition, and its link with soi 
trasting composition, and its link with soil nutrients. in addition, we will obtain extremely v 
ing composition, and its link with soil nutrients. in addition, we will obtain extremely valuab 
itigate observed changes in belowground diversity and ecosystem function associated with elevat 
ed changes in belowground diversity and ecosystem function associated with elevated nitrogen de 
ystem function associated with elevated nitrogen deposition.  
9941 12               recently, huge numbers of bacteria kilometres deep in the earth have been discove 
n the earth have been discovered. these bacteria may represent over 50% of all life on earth. b 
 but we know almost nothing about these bacteria as we can only grow a tiny fraction of them in 
ts contain most of these deep biosphere bacteria and here pressures are enormous over 300 times 
e have developed a system which enables bacteria to be consistently grown and studied under hig 
sure coring and handling system so that bacteria are never depressurised which should allow dee 
r depressurised which should allow deep bacteria not previously seen to be studied. this projec 
hat we can subsequently investigate the bacteria we enrich to find out what type they are, how  
 are, how they survive in their extreme environment and how they might influence processes in d 
ns of years old and may contain ancient bacteria. they may even be an environment where life on 
n ancient bacteria. they may even be an environment where life on earth might have started. so  
ht have started. so understanding these bacteria will not only tell us about life on earth it m 
12055 20                         anticipation of climate change effects on the environmental and sanitar 
fects on the environmental and sanitary impacts associated with the expansion of pine processio 
onary moth because of its winter larval development sensitive to limited variations in temperat 
ment sensitive to limited variations in temperature, pine processionary moth is a good model fo 
ture, pine processionary moth is a good model for the study of the consequences of climate chan 
el for the study of the consequences of climate change. its colonies, made up of irritant larva 
 both altitude and altitude with winter warming up. thus, this pine forest pest is turning to a 
with winter warming up. thus, this pine forest pest is turning to an urban sanitary threat. bre 
 this pine forest pest is turning to an urban sanitary threat. breaking with a traditionally ap 
ans, involving 12 teams of which 2 from spain and 1 from italy. the aims were i to characterize 
predict, by experimental approaches and modelling, the risks for specific biodiversity as well  
s and modelling, the risks for specific biodiversity as well as for human and animal population 
imal populations under various climatic scenarios, and iii, to propose short- and long- term ma 
d iii, to propose short- and long- term management methods in urban areas, including the mappin 
t- and long- term management methods in urban areas, including the mapping of the areas at sani 
t methods in urban areas, including the mapping of the areas at sanitary risk. a set of complem 
ng the mapping of the areas at sanitary risk. a set of complementary methods for an integrated  
cular biology techniques, including the development of adapted genetic markers, were used to re 
on through a coupling with mathematical modeling. the cooperation between entomologists, medica 
y populations, of their competitors and natural enemies, as well as the susceptibility of human 
15133 8                               among the fungi belonging to the group of the basidiomycetes and  
ich resists the chemical and biological degradation. when talking about basidiomicetes, the so  
basidiomicetes, the so called white rot-fungi of wood, have developed an enzymatic system which 
range of recalcitrant compounds for the environment with a similar chemical structure to the on 
ructure to the ones produced during the degradation of lignin. among such compounds, it is nece 
compounds, it is necessary to emphasize pesticides and insecticides, aromatic polycyclic hydroc 
they represent new alternatives for the degradation of aggressive compounds for the environment 
adation of aggressive compounds for the environment.  
7248 9                       the objectives of soil organic matter and is interested in the evolution  
organic matter and is interested in the evolution of these lipid markers with depth, the deeper 
epth, the deeper horizons are richer in carbon stable. more test closeaux involving a change of 
ore test closeaux involving a change of vegetation, we can follow by the isotopic composition o 
the impact of this change in culture. * development stages of the methodology for extracting an 
compartments tetraethers on a reference soil. quantitative and qualitative comparison between t 
on of previously developed at different soil horizons method of ore"meadow"and the site of clos 
of ore"meadow"and the site of closeaux. evolution of qualitative and quantitative tetraethers w 
sition of individual tetraethers in the soil closeaux. demonstration of the influence of the ch 
7043 1 lied to establish trends/changes in the vegetation and how they were triggered  
7405 3           we propose to verify that the genetic diversity contained in the wild and primary com 
 areas subject or not to the selection. modeling will also be undertaken to develop methods for 
to develop methods for the creation and management of introgression populations  
2097 4     maturation in male parr is a common life history in atlantic salmon, of importance for the  
ation structure. the project performs a model study, in which both mature males and large adult 
rned adults. the goal is to compare the development of the offspring of precocious mature males 
r population structure, maintenance and restoration.  
7252 19   scientific objectives and problematic europe has set demanding targets for reduction of green 
tted to an emission reduction schedule. carbon dioxide is particularly referred. its main produ 
ssions. beyond, in the rights of market development perspective to pollute, many researches are 
llular organisms using the principle of photosynthesis. . in the oceans, they are the starting  
he food chain. some are also developing freshwater. limits their use for the removal of co2 whi 
ting the high concentrations of co2 and algae, and conversely the low concentrations of co2 and 
rsely the low concentrations of co2 and algae, through traffic against -current. the use of a c 
 process must also allow high yields in biomass. however, although it is not intended to treat  
t intended to treat the entire co2, the development of such processes requires carefully consid 
carefully consider the opportunities of biomass produced. certainly, one can envisage the produ 
oduced. certainly, one can envisage the production of high added-value molecules, but this may  
but this may lead to relatively limited production volumes. other routes should be considered p 
ld be considered priority: animal feed, fish, food, soil improvement, crop protection,.... by s 
ered priority: animal feed, fish, food, soil improvement, crop protection,.... by selected appl 
nfluence of the operating conditions of production on the quality and quantity of protein in al 
 the quality and quantity of protein in algae. according to the ways of development of biomass, 
tein in algae. according to the ways of development of biomass, separation processes, purificat 
according to the ways of development of biomass, separation processes, purification and formatt 
 the tools necessary to extrapolate the scale process industrial  
10825 2 vasive, but still mysterious effects of temperature on body size in ectotherms.  
ll mysterious effects of temperature on body size in ectotherms.  
14786 14 ation include industrial manufacturing, energy and fuel production, gas exhaust and also excess 
dustrial manufacturing, energy and fuel production, gas exhaust and also excessive fertilizer u 
most metals cannot be eliminated of the environment by chemical or biological transformation ma 
nsformation making heavy metal polluted soils a major environmental concern and a health hazard 
hat can be used to clean metal polluted soils are complex and expensive processes both from an  
r the remediation of metal contaminated ecosystems and are emerging as an important area of res 
ed as a system to clean up contaminated soils and to immobilise toxic elements. mycorrhiza are  
mobilise toxic elements. mycorrhiza are soil organisms that provide a unique link between the s 
 that provide a unique link between the soil system and the plant, and can therefore be of impo 
bilisation strategies will be assessed. fungi from heavy metal rich natural soils or contaminat 
ed. fungi from heavy metal rich natural soils or contaminated soils will be isolated and charac 
etal rich natural soils or contaminated soils will be isolated and characterised. the effects o 
and characterised. the effects of these fungi on the growth and heavy metal uptake of plants, c 
ised. the effects of these fungi on the growth and heavy metal uptake of plants, chosen for the 
14483 4 s; reproduction is further modulated by environment and ecological factors. the determination o 
especially appropriate for the study of endangered species. it enables animal populations to be 
eces in the field without environmental degradation significantly affecting hormone level and t 
ind a pattern of hormone excretion as a function of sex, age and reproductive status in the moh 
10696 5                               satellite remote sensing will be used to provide support for the  
ort for the north atlantic study in the marine productivity programme, in particular for the se 
 the north atlantic study in the marine productivity programme, in particular for the seagoing  
y in use in this laboratory to estimate primary production from seawifs images. satellite-based 
mates will be verified and validated by participation in the april / may 2002 cruise planned as 
15250 13 d resource for vertebrate scavengers in mediterranean habitats. during the last decades, the po 
ates have increased both in numbers and distribution range. this trend has been assessed by mea 
been assessed by means of hunting bags, distribution maps and through the revision of published 
papers and reports on wild ungulates in spain. this means that wild herbivore carcasses have in 
 many vertebrate scavengers, generalist predators as well as insects, bacteria and fungi. the a 
engers, generalist predators as well as insects, bacteria and fungi. the amount of carcasses av 
eneralist predators as well as insects, bacteria and fungi. the amount of carcasses available f 
dators as well as insects, bacteria and fungi. the amount of carcasses available for scavengers 
rs may depend upon different sources of mortality and so the spatio-temporal distribution of th 
of mortality and so the spatio-temporal distribution of this resource may become and important  
brate scavengers and its effects on the distribution, abundance and community structure of scav 
rs and its effects on the distribution, abundance and community structure of scavengers.  
ects on the distribution, abundance and community structure of scavengers.  
13827 9  is a new and exciting way to answer if fish regulate their nutritional intake of energy by sel 
sh regulate their nutritional intake of energy by selecting a specific combination of macronutr 
feeding behaviour and self-selection by fish diet, with recent development of a geometrical fra 
elf-selection by fish diet, with recent development of a geometrical frame work that provides a 
e used for testing new diets for farmed fish. the present project aim to test the nutritional w 
sdom in arctic charr by challenging the fish with different diets. by experimentally testing th 
do they balance unbalanced diets of the fish. the experiments are done on individual fish where 
 the experiments are done on individual fish where individual performance is considered and the 
bility is expected to have an effect of energy need and learning ability. the set-up and experi 
10548 27 esrc espa research programme recognises climate change as a key driver of change in ecosystems, 
ate change as a key driver of change in ecosystems, ecosystems services and their links with th 
s a key driver of change in ecosystems, ecosystems services and their links with the causes and 
inks with the causes and alleviation of poverty. however, many of the potential participants in 
ll not have the skills and tools to use climate change information in espa research. through a  
 groups - potential espa researchers in china and poor communities living in ecosystems vulnera 
in china and poor communities living in ecosystems vulnerable to climate change. there will be  
ties living in ecosystems vulnerable to climate change. there will be three activities. first,  
ience researchers to understand and use climate information in their research through the devel 
formation in their research through the development and delivery of focused workshops. second,  
nities dependant on natural and managed ecosystems for their livelihoods and raise awareness of 
atural and managed ecosystems for their livelihoods and raise awareness of climate change impac 
heir livelihoods and raise awareness of climate change impacts in these communities using surve 
s and raise awareness of climate change impacts in these communities using surveys, communicati 
ommunities using surveys, communication mapping techniques and participatory learning. last, we 
 will communicate our findings to other stakeholders and a wider audience through the use of vi 
n agenda-setting document on the use of climate information in espa research. the continued eng 
ting up a dual language, web-based espa climate network. this project brings together for the f 
er for the first time a unique group of climate and climate impacts researchers from world-lead 
irst time a unique group of climate and climate impacts researchers from world-leading institut 
e a unique group of climate and climate impacts researchers from world-leading institutions con 
 impacts researchers from world-leading institutions concerned with climate in the uk and china 
rld-leading institutions concerned with climate in the uk and china, each with international re 
ns concerned with climate in the uk and china, each with international reputations for excellen 
ng, in order to build capacity in using climate information within the expanding espa community 
e information within the expanding espa community in china.  
 within the expanding espa community in china.  
11324 27 esrc espa research programme recognises climate change as a key driver of change in ecosystems, 
ate change as a key driver of change in ecosystems, ecosystems services and their links with th 
s a key driver of change in ecosystems, ecosystems services and their links with the causes and 
inks with the causes and alleviation of poverty. however, many of the potential participants in 
ll not have the skills and tools to use climate change information in espa research. through a  
 groups - potential espa researchers in china and poor communities living in ecosystems vulnera 
in china and poor communities living in ecosystems vulnerable to climate change. there will be  
ties living in ecosystems vulnerable to climate change. there will be three activities. first,  
ience researchers to understand and use climate information in their research through the devel 
formation in their research through the development and delivery of focused workshops. second,  
nities dependant on natural and managed ecosystems for their livelihoods and raise awareness of 
atural and managed ecosystems for their livelihoods and raise awareness of climate change impac 
heir livelihoods and raise awareness of climate change impacts in these communities using surve 
s and raise awareness of climate change impacts in these communities using surveys, communicati 
ommunities using surveys, communication mapping techniques and participatory learning. last, we 
 will communicate our findings to other stakeholders and a wider audience through the use of vi 
n agenda-setting document on the use of climate information in espa research. the continued eng 
ting up a dual language, web-based espa climate network. this project brings together for the f 
er for the first time a unique group of climate and climate impacts researchers from world-lead 
irst time a unique group of climate and climate impacts researchers from world-leading institut 
e a unique group of climate and climate impacts researchers from world-leading institutions con 
 impacts researchers from world-leading institutions concerned with climate in the uk and china 
rld-leading institutions concerned with climate in the uk and china, each with international re 
ns concerned with climate in the uk and china, each with international reputations for excellen 
ng, in order to build capacity in using climate information within the expanding espa community 
e information within the expanding espa community in china.  
 within the expanding espa community in china.  
11854 12                                     the life history of a species is the set of traits that des 
life history of a species is the set of traits that describe real life histories are often much 
 that have given us our current view of life history evolution. i use datasets in which individ 
ven us our current view of life history evolution. i use datasets in which individuals have bee 
quantitative rather than qualitative in nature, i can use them to pick apart the selective forc 
egies. this is achieved by treating the model as a tool, rather than an end in itself, in order 
to perform simulated experiments on the model system. for example, we can ask how changing the  
ng the amount inter-annual variation in mortality might affect the optimal reproductive strateg 
n biology to bring new insight into the evolution of some of the very best studied animal and p 
in other systems. understanding how the environment ultimately shapes the evolution of a specie 
w the environment ultimately shapes the evolution of a species is essential if we hope to predi 
ps mitigate the effect of human induced environmental change.  
10878 2                       a bleeding canker disease epidemic is afflicting the circa 470,000 ecolog 
uropean horse chestnut to determine the efficiency of phage as a prophylactic as well as a ther 
12462 3 lternative approaches to managing mixed fisheries using highly detailed data on fishing activit 
fisheries using highly detailed data on fishing activity collected by cefas observers. key cust 
erver data, consider a suite of fishery management measures and identify the conditions that wo 
15101 12                                  global climate change represents a major threat to biodiversit 
ate change represents a major threat to biodiversity, particularly in regions where a large num 
xpected to suffer pronounced changes in distribution in the foreseeable future as a result of i 
ecies and communities, and to establish adaptive management strategies for conservation in the  
lish adaptive management strategies for conservation in the face of climate change. habitat mod 
ategies for conservation in the face of climate change. habitat models, mathematical equations  
ervation in the face of climate change. habitat models, mathematical equations that allow the e 
ns that allow the estimation of species abundance or probability of presence based on environme 
gh such models have been used widely in ecology and conservation, few models have directly incl 
ls have been used widely in ecology and conservation, few models have directly included the eff 
species distributions. in this project, habitat models will be developed for two species of but 
e responses of species distributions to climate change.  
13812 28                            semi-natural grasslands have the highest species-richness in the rur 
ral grasslands have the highest species-richness in the rural landscape. today they are managed 
e highest species-richness in the rural landscape. today they are managed as isolated entities, 
with no consideration of the functional connectivity for exchange of seeds and pollen. however, 
ds and pollen. however, without a broad-scale perspective there is a risk of depletion of biodi 
ut a broad-scale perspective there is a risk of depletion of biodiversity in the future. as man 
pective there is a risk of depletion of biodiversity in the future. as many typical grasslands  
iversity in the future. as many typical grasslands species are dispersal-limited the present ma 
 as many typical grasslands species are dispersal-limited the present management is not sustain 
ecies are dispersal-limited the present management is not sustainble, despite management intens 
t management is not sustainble, despite management intensity. despite that past land use has be 
management intensity. despite that past land use has been identified as being important for bio 
s little research on where and how past land use have influence plant dispersal. the aim is to  
 how past land use have influence plant dispersal. the aim is to analyse land use in the landsc 
 plant dispersal. the aim is to analyse land use in the landscape and how this have, and will a 
. the aim is to analyse land use in the landscape and how this have, and will affect dispersal  
cape and how this have, and will affect dispersal of grassland species. the results will lead t 
this have, and will affect dispersal of grassland species. the results will lead to recommendat 
ad to recommendation for managing rural landscape not only grasslands. methods are: 1. historic 
n for managing rural landscape not only grasslands. methods are: 1. historical sources will be  
torical sources will be used to analyse landscape and diversity data. these results will then b 
s will be used to analyse landscape and diversity data. these results will then be used in a di 
then be used in a digital simulation to model species dispersal in the past and present landsca 
n a digital simulation to model species dispersal in the past and present landscape. finally, s 
ecies dispersal in the past and present landscape. finally, scenarios will be used to explore p 
he past and present landscape. finally, scenarios will be used to explore plant dispersal using 
scenarios will be used to explore plant dispersal using different management strategies.  
explore plant dispersal using different management strategies.  
11078 7                                         global warming is occurring at an unprecedented rate in 
 history, causing marked changes in the distribution and abundance of many species. most resear 
 marked changes in the distribution and abundance of many species. most research to date has fo 
ost research to date has focused on the impacts at the simpler levels of biological organisatio 
els of biological organisation test our model predictions using manipulative experiments that s 
xperiments that simulate the effects of climate warming.  
ts that simulate the effects of climate warming.  
10098 4                    since 2000, the nerc marine freshwater microbial biodiversity programme has  
            since 2000, the nerc marine freshwater microbial biodiversity programme has support 
0, the nerc marine freshwater microbial biodiversity programme has supported more than 30 resea 
projects to investigate the variety and function of aquatic micro-organisms the identification  
10513 4                    since 2000, the nerc marine freshwater microbial biodiversity programme has  
            since 2000, the nerc marine freshwater microbial biodiversity programme has support 
0, the nerc marine freshwater microbial biodiversity programme has supported more than 30 resea 
projects to investigate the variety and function of aquatic micro-organisms the identification  
11008 4                    since 2000, the nerc marine freshwater microbial biodiversity programme has  
            since 2000, the nerc marine freshwater microbial biodiversity programme has support 
0, the nerc marine freshwater microbial biodiversity programme has supported more than 30 resea 
projects to investigate the variety and function of aquatic micro-organisms the identification  
11519 4                    since 2000, the nerc marine freshwater microbial biodiversity programme has  
            since 2000, the nerc marine freshwater microbial biodiversity programme has support 
0, the nerc marine freshwater microbial biodiversity programme has supported more than 30 resea 
projects to investigate the variety and function of aquatic micro-organisms the identification  
11522 4                    since 2000, the nerc marine freshwater microbial biodiversity programme has  
            since 2000, the nerc marine freshwater microbial biodiversity programme has support 
0, the nerc marine freshwater microbial biodiversity programme has supported more than 30 resea 
projects to investigate the variety and function of aquatic micro-organisms the identification  
9987 4                    since 2000, the nerc marine freshwater microbial biodiversity programme has  
            since 2000, the nerc marine freshwater microbial biodiversity programme has support 
0, the nerc marine freshwater microbial biodiversity programme has supported more than 30 resea 
projects to investigate the variety and function of aquatic micro-organisms the identification  
11357 5 c record contains the effects of global climate change, human invasion, and the megafaunal mass 
effects of global climate change, human invasion, and the megafaunal mass-extinction. the curre 
human invasion, and the megafaunal mass-extinction. the current application seeks to use these  
nge in the biogeographical and temporal distribution of bison, caribou, brown bear and lion pop 
this data will be used to determine the distribution and significance of genetic effects due to 
11730 10                                         dispersal lays the template on which other biological p 
stent with a tradeoff between propagule dispersal ability and adult fecundity, allowing coexist 
undity, allowing coexistence when patch density varies. poor dispersal can also produce populat 
istence when patch density varies. poor dispersal can also produce population viscosity, local  
ce population viscosity, local resource competition and skewed sex ratios. we propose to isolat 
al colonies, allowing reconstruction of dispersal kernels and quantification of the level of lo 
fication of the level of local resource competition. the results of this work will connect disp 
. the results of this work will connect dispersal biology with the study of spatial ecology, se 
ersal biology with the study of spatial ecology, sex ratio evolution and the maintenance of coo 
the study of spatial ecology, sex ratio evolution and the maintenance of cooperation in mutuali 
11609 4                            the biota of new zealand represents a unique evolutionary experiment 
ionary history that led to a remarkable ecology dominated by insect, reptile, and bird taxa. to 
f vicariant speciation, and evidence of recovery after major extinction events.  
n, and evidence of recovery after major extinction events.  
10775 6                             the world s biodiversity is dominated by complex communities of ani 
of animals are found far to the east of europe, but the conservation value of eastern regions i 
ound far to the east of europe, but the conservation value of eastern regions is not usually co 
diversified there before spreading into europe. we will look at the predators in oak galls to s 
eading into europe. we will look at the predators in oak galls to see if this out of the east p 
t pattern is in fact true for the whole community.  
12409 8 een developed over a number of years in the netherlands and has more recently been developed as 
machs of northern fulmars as a means of monitoring plastics in the environment. fulmars are pur 
s a means of monitoring plastics in the environment. fulmars are purely oceanic foragers, they  
provide an integrated picture of litter abundance at the sea surface. the netherlands have a lo 
of litter abundance at the sea surface. the netherlands have a long term data set from 1979-200 
roup provided the uk with data on their birds between 2002-2006. the extra funding will provide 
e useful in determining the presence of marine litter in the environment, any trends over time  
ng the presence of marine litter in the environment, any trends over time and will also give a  
15022 6 e sahara, the main arid region in north africa, is by far the biggest desert in the world, cove 
res, and extending 5500 km across north africa from the atlantic ocean to the red sea. the arab 
n eighth in size. in spite of the harsh environment, endemic floras and faunas of deserts are o 
and 4.- to test and improve the current taxonomy of the groups concerned. this project will pro 
 firm basis for improvements in reptile taxonomy and conservation. it will also make an excelle 
or improvements in reptile taxonomy and conservation. it will also make an excellent historical 
9836 8 mpts to interpret the effects of global climate change hinge on the analysis of ice and sedimen 
change hinge on the analysis of ice and sediment cores from places such as greenland, antarctic 
y are effectively a proxy record of the temperature of the sea surface in surrounding areas. co 
latively intact state. by examining the vegetation records and comparing them to the animal pop 
ive. we will then relate the changes in vegetation and animal populations to the physical ice a 
mal populations to the physical ice and sediment records, to try and identify how signals in th 
ns known as heinrich events, when fresh water sheets on the atlantic appear to alter current fl 
uture effects of current trends such as global warming.  
11063 20 here is a lack of knowledge dialogue in environmental management at the interface between scien 
terface between scientific research and policy/practice. this project develops an existing part 
ntists at the centre for evidence-based conservation , university of wales, bangor and decision 
ales, bangor and decision-makers at the environment agency with the key aim of developing and i 
ey aim of developing and implementing a model for knowledge transfer in environmental managemen 
nting a model for knowledge transfer in environmental management through an evidence-based fram 
develop an evidence-based framework for biodiversity conservation. the success of this programm 
ore the broadening of the approach from biodiversity management to wider environmental manageme 
ening of the approach from biodiversity management to wider environmental management issues. th 
h from biodiversity management to wider environmental management issues. the centre for evidenc 
t issues. the centre for evidence-based conservation will undertake systematic reviews and diss 
isseminate research evidence to support decision-making using the methodology established throu 
mation using an explicit and repeatable review protocol so as to avoid bias, interpret the find 
ormat suitable for decision-makers. the environment agency wales has identified subject areas f 
 wales has identified subject areas for review from its climate change strategy implementation  
ified subject areas for review from its climate change strategy implementation plan. the agency 
tation plan. the agency will assess the review evidence produced in this project and feedback i 
evidence to decision-makers to underpin environmental policy and practice. to date decision-mak 
y heavily on their own experience, i.e. decision-making is largely experience-based rather than 
ffectiveness of public services and the sustainability of human wellbeing.  
10852 8 hanges in the prevalence of intra guild predation in relation to prey abundance and to start ex 
tra guild predation in relation to prey abundance and to start exploring its dynamic implicatio 
in dietary reconstruction in a guild of predators in an ecosystem dominated by the cyclic fluct 
struction in a guild of predators in an ecosystem dominated by the cyclic fluctuations of field 
 between most vertebrate members of the forest ecosystem and start testing specific hypotheses  
n most vertebrate members of the forest ecosystem and start testing specific hypotheses on the  
igp to modify the amplitude and delayed nature of the numerical responses of vole predators , w 
ture of the numerical responses of vole predators , which are likely to influence vole dynamics 
10765 10  it. if wear does differ, as it does in fish teeth, this will provide a new way of increasing t 
or understanding the context of current climate change. for example, investigations of the oxyg 
nge. for example, investigations of the oxygen isotopes in conodont teeth are providing new ins 
hts into glaciations, sea level and sea temperature hundreds of millions of years ago. conodont 
r, requires that we can constrain their ecology and mode of life. differentiating between benth 
tterns of tooth wear in benthic feeding fish differ from those of pelagic feeding fish and can  
sh differ from those of pelagic feeding fish and can be used to study changes in feeding in fos 
d to study changes in feeding in fossil fish. does the same apply to conodonts in order to find 
ill provide independent data concerning temperature/depth habitat.  
ndent data concerning temperature/depth habitat.  
10230 3 to test whether selection causing local adaptation can explain the puzzling observation that y  
ermediate frequencies, and whether such adaptation contributes to lower diversity of y-linked v 
er such adaptation contributes to lower diversity of y-linked variants, compared with variants  
10589 3 to test whether selection causing local adaptation can explain the puzzling observation that y  
ermediate frequencies, and whether such adaptation contributes to lower diversity of y-linked v 
er such adaptation contributes to lower diversity of y-linked variants, compared with variants  
11857 3 to test whether selection causing local adaptation can explain the puzzling observation that y  
ermediate frequencies, and whether such adaptation contributes to lower diversity of y-linked v 
er such adaptation contributes to lower diversity of y-linked variants, compared with variants  
10738 1 w temperatures in conditions of limited oxygen supply; it is possible to identify which morphol 
11348 1 w temperatures in conditions of limited oxygen supply; it is possible to identify which morphol 
10248 15                                    many freshwater fishes utilise different habitats during the 
nvironmental conditions. maintenance of habitat diversity and access to habitats is strongly in 
ntal conditions. maintenance of habitat diversity and access to habitats is strongly influenced 
is strongly influenced by the degree of connectivity within lowland river catchments. lateral c 
ithin lowland river catchments. lateral connectivity to floodplain habitats is increasingly at  
ver catchments. lateral connectivity to floodplain habitats is increasingly at risk from change 
 floodplain habitats is increasingly at risk from changes in land management and hydrology. our 
is increasingly at risk from changes in land management and hydrology. our proposal will collec 
isk from changes in land management and hydrology. our proposal will collect data and develop m 
will collect data and develop models of fish utilisation of lateral habitats in relation to hab 
tion of lateral habitats in relation to habitat characteristics, including those associated wit 
ith changes to the hydraulic regime and land-use in lowland catchments. this information will p 
e information integral to the sensitive management of floodplain systems as regards fish commun 
integral to the sensitive management of floodplain systems as regards fish communities.  
gement of floodplain systems as regards fish communities.  
10453 15                                    many freshwater fishes utilise different habitats during the 
nvironmental conditions. maintenance of habitat diversity and access to habitats is strongly in 
ntal conditions. maintenance of habitat diversity and access to habitats is strongly influenced 
is strongly influenced by the degree of connectivity within lowland river catchments. lateral c 
ithin lowland river catchments. lateral connectivity to floodplain habitats is increasingly at  
ver catchments. lateral connectivity to floodplain habitats is increasingly at risk from change 
 floodplain habitats is increasingly at risk from changes in land management and hydrology. our 
is increasingly at risk from changes in land management and hydrology. our proposal will collec 
isk from changes in land management and hydrology. our proposal will collect data and develop m 
will collect data and develop models of fish utilisation of lateral habitats in relation to hab 
tion of lateral habitats in relation to habitat characteristics, including those associated wit 
ith changes to the hydraulic regime and land-use in lowland catchments. this information will p 
e information integral to the sensitive management of floodplain systems as regards fish commun 
integral to the sensitive management of floodplain systems as regards fish communities.  
gement of floodplain systems as regards fish communities.  
9989 15                                    many freshwater fishes utilise different habitats during the 
nvironmental conditions. maintenance of habitat diversity and access to habitats is strongly in 
ntal conditions. maintenance of habitat diversity and access to habitats is strongly influenced 
is strongly influenced by the degree of connectivity within lowland river catchments. lateral c 
ithin lowland river catchments. lateral connectivity to floodplain habitats is increasingly at  
ver catchments. lateral connectivity to floodplain habitats is increasingly at risk from change 
 floodplain habitats is increasingly at risk from changes in land management and hydrology. our 
is increasingly at risk from changes in land management and hydrology. our proposal will collec 
isk from changes in land management and hydrology. our proposal will collect data and develop m 
will collect data and develop models of fish utilisation of lateral habitats in relation to hab 
tion of lateral habitats in relation to habitat characteristics, including those associated wit 
ith changes to the hydraulic regime and land-use in lowland catchments. this information will p 
e information integral to the sensitive management of floodplain systems as regards fish commun 
integral to the sensitive management of floodplain systems as regards fish communities.  
gement of floodplain systems as regards fish communities.  
12197 6 s to develop and test reduced intensity grazing options for agricultural grassland that aim to  
ensity grazing options for agricultural grassland that aim to deliver substantial benefits for  
aim to deliver substantial benefits for biodiversity that are simple, practical and low cost fo 
success of a range of priority farmland birds in britain. the study will test two lenient cattl 
 the study will test two lenient cattle grazing treatments both of which should be widely appli 
of which should be widely applicable to livestock farmers across the uk.  
14647 2 increase in uv-b radiation in a type of ecosystems particularly delicate in this respect, such  
icate in this respect, such as mountain streams.the most relevant aspects of our project are: t 
153 35                            the value of rivers can be estimated by the extent of natural condit 
s of the river valley, the state of the riparian communities, the human impact and the land use 
 state of the riparian communities, the human impact and the land use of the riparian communiti 
n communities, the human impact and the land use of the riparian communities, the extent of rip 
he human impact and the land use of the riparian communities, the extent of riparian buffer zon 
the riparian communities, the extent of riparian buffer zones. in case of cultural landscapes,  
 parts in needed extent and with needed density that could be habitats for many different speci 
ojects is to investigate: 1. how is the biodiversity dependent on the nature of riparian plant  
ow is the biodiversity dependent on the nature of riparian plant communities and landuse. the o 
biodiversity dependent on the nature of riparian plant communities and landuse. the objective i 
 the objective is to find relations how diversity of plants and insects are related to the ripa 
d relations how diversity of plants and insects are related to the riparian landscape diversity 
f plants and insects are related to the riparian landscape diversity and land use, and to find  
and insects are related to the riparian landscape diversity and land use, and to find best solu 
s are related to the riparian landscape diversity and land use, and to find best solutions for  
to the riparian landscape diversity and land use, and to find best solutions for creating and m 
 solutions for creating and maintaining riparian communities. 2. which is the role of buffer zo 
uffer zones as connecting corridors for migration of different species from one core area or ha 
different species from one core area or habitat to another. the objective is to investigate the 
tigate the relations between the insect migration and riparian plant communities. 3. how does t 
ations between the insect migration and riparian plant communities. 3. how does the presens of  
 depend on the state and composition of riparian plant communities. the objective is to investi 
rements of these insect species for the habitat. 4. what are the relations between pollinators  
itat. 4. what are the relations between pollinators and the composition of plant communities an 
he composition of plant communities and landscape structure. the objective is to find relations 
tween the environmental requirements of pollinators and landscape structure. as the result of t 
nmental requirements of pollinators and landscape structure. as the result of the study, it is  
nd plant communities, the dependence of biodiversity on the riparian habitat types and their la 
, the dependence of biodiversity on the riparian habitat types and their land use. the relation 
endence of biodiversity on the riparian habitat types and their land use. the relations between 
on the riparian habitat types and their land use. the relations between biodiversity, landuse a 
d their land use. the relations between biodiversity, landuse and landscape indexes, the role o 
tions between biodiversity, landuse and landscape indexes, the role of rivers as ecological cor 
duse and landscape indexes, the role of rivers as ecological corridors and the impact of landus 
ridors and the impact of landuse to the fragmentation of species populations will be found.  
10893 9                            the loss and degradation of tropical forest ecosystems and the assoc 
            the loss and degradation of tropical forest ecosystems and the associated impact on 
loss and degradation of tropical forest ecosystems and the associated impact on ecosystem servi 
ecosystems and the associated impact on ecosystem services and biodiversity at a range of scale 
ciated impact on ecosystem services and biodiversity at a range of scales . our application for 
plication for a partnership and project development grant is designed to address these needs at 
dress these needs at a workshop in west africa that will set the research, capacity building an 
nda for the proposed project; establish management structures and develop an impact plan. this  
n form the basis of subsequent proposal development.  
10768 2  novel mechanism to pay communities for ecosystem services provided by the amazon. pi: john gra 
 for ecosystem services provided by the amazon. pi: john grace. ref: h779305  
10900 36                          summary 1. the amazon basin is the largest fresh water and tropical fo 
. the amazon basin is the largest fresh water and tropical forest ecosystem in the world, repre 
on basin is the largest fresh water and tropical forest ecosystem in the world, representing ov 
largest fresh water and tropical forest ecosystem in the world, representing over half of all t 
he known species. it provides important ecosystem services threaten its continued functioning.  
ace diminishing access to resources and degradation of es provision. the large commercial inter 
 the large commercial interests driving deforestation also depend on forest services for their  
ts driving deforestation also depend on forest services for their continued profits. 3. there i 
ce farmers for the loss of services and livelihoods, although potentially they are the stewards 
otentially they are the stewards of the forest. this state of affairs exacerbates the high leve 
f economic inequality that characterize brazil. the proposed project valuing forests as eco-uti 
ze brazil. the proposed project valuing forests as eco-utilities therefore intends to establish 
h can effectively articulate a coherent model for a large-scale pes system. 4. this knowledge c 
articulate a coherent model for a large-scale pes system. 4. this knowledge capacity will be em 
late a coherent model for a large-scale pes system. 4. this knowledge capacity will be embedded 
 at the grass roots level in order that forest communities can claim their rights with respect  
ights with respect to the es that their natural resources provide, as well as reinforcing commu 
sources provide, as well as reinforcing community land tenure claims in line with state and fed 
h state and federal laws. 5. whilst the urban and peri-urban poor might not be affected directl 
eral laws. 5. whilst the urban and peri-urban poor might not be affected directly by deforestat 
 poor might not be affected directly by deforestation, a large-scale reduction in es provision  
cted directly by deforestation, a large-scale reduction in es provision would be likely to impa 
be likely to impact them through rising energy prices, since more than 70% of electricity in br 
, since more than 70% of electricity in brazil comes from hydo-electric power, and through othe 
ndwork necessary for a functional large scale pes system with the potential to contribute to pr 
 necessary for a functional large scale pes system with the potential to contribute to pro-poor 
the potential to contribute to pro-poor policy development, and act as a model for government d 
ential to contribute to pro-poor policy development, and act as a model for government driven w 
o-poor policy development, and act as a model for government driven wealth redistribution in th 
yse over the last three years, that the water cycle of the amazon represents a major opportunit 
hree years, that the water cycle of the amazon represents a major opportunity for future pes sy 
presents a major opportunity for future pes systems. in order to design an effective project we 
f scientists, economists and experts in community development. the funding will be mostly used  
ts, economists and experts in community development. the funding will be mostly used to finance 
sts aided by the international research community, and where there is a high level of scientifi 
 can be applied to the rest of the rain forest biome creating significant potential for subsequ 
2162 5  specialized parasite on north american freshwater crayfish. accidental introduction of a. asta 
accidental introduction of a. astaci to europe resulted in the lethal crayfish plague declare w 
urther explore the persistence of cp in freshwater habitats and target mechanisms for prolonged 
sms for prolonged survival. methods for monitoring high- and low virulent cp-genotypes will be  
with reputed national and international institutions that will ensure needed competence, provid 
2496 4 ight lead salmon populations into local extinction by positive density-dependent processes coll 
tions into local extinction by positive density-dependent processes collectively known as allee 
sts and parasites in long-term affected rivers. the project will be carried out by an internati 
internationally strong research team of fish population ecologists and geneticists, parasitolog 
2497 22  theoretical results indicate that high biodiversity increases the adaptability to change, the  
bility to change, the predictability of ecosystem services, and the resistance to biological in 
tability of ecosystem services, and the resistance to biological invasions. lakes are ideal sys 
osystem services, and the resistance to biological invasions. lakes are ideal systems for testi 
ng predictions and responses related to biodiversity since they are units with well-defined bou 
nd. a strong east-west gradient in both phytoplankton and zooplankton species richness makes a  
west gradient in both phytoplankton and zooplankton species richness makes a longitudinal trans 
t in both phytoplankton and zooplankton species richness makes a longitudinal transect across n 
longitudinal transect across norway and sweden a natural laboratory for investigating effects o 
laboratory for investigating effects of biodiversity on natural lake ecosystem functioning. we  
effects of biodiversity on natural lake ecosystem functioning. we will approach the relationshi 
nships between species pool saturation, ecosystem functioning, and vulnerability to bioinvasion 
 saturation, ecosystem functioning, and vulnerability to bioinvasions by field sampling of natu 
oinvasions by field sampling of natural biodiversity gradients, classical and molecular measure 
al and molecular measures of phyto- and zooplankton biodiversity, and up-scaling by predictive  
ular measures of phyto- and zooplankton biodiversity, and up-scaling by predictive modeling too 
diversity, and up-scaling by predictive modeling tools. statistical modeling will also be used  
 predictive modeling tools. statistical modeling will also be used to disentangle effects of mu 
 also be used to disentangle effects of multiple stressors like eutrophication, climate change, 
ngle effects of multiple stressors like eutrophication, climate change, and invading species on 
multiple stressors like eutrophication, climate change, and invading species on the ecosystem s 
ate change, and invading species on the ecosystem services of lakes.  
2163 5 tic salmon catches for c. 250 norwegian rivers variables. the use of the combined national catc 
nerate insights required to predict the impacts of current climate change scenarios on atlantic 
uired to predict the impacts of current climate change scenarios on atlantic salmon populations 
t the impacts of current climate change scenarios on atlantic salmon populations. prediction wi 
ions. prediction will facilitate future management of the resource.  
2498 7 ommon garden laboratory conditions. the environment in which parasites are maintained will be m 
ll be modified to examine the effect of environment on parasite population growth and sexuality 
t of environment on parasite population growth and sexuality. the environmental factors which w 
l factors which will be modified are a. water ph/aluminium concentration will be compared, and  
ors which will be modified are a. water ph/aluminium concentration will be compared, and the po 
ty of strain hybridisation leading to a development of parasite strains with novel host specifi 
roles of host and parasite genotype and environment in determining the pathogenicity of the g.  
2161 20                                         exotic species represent an increasing global threat re 
g global threat resulting in ecological disturbance and biodiversity loss in natural ecosystems 
resulting in ecological disturbance and biodiversity loss in natural ecosystems. in spite of re 
rbance and biodiversity loss in natural ecosystems. in spite of recent emphasis on these proble 
present project relates to a non-native fish species . investigations cover the developments of 
s of both the invader and the receiving community, including studies of ecological, evolutionar 
ocioeconomic effects as well as a large-scale field experiment addressing the possibility of bi 
xperiment addressing the possibility of biocontrol by predator enhancement. ecological impacts  
essing the possibility of biocontrol by predator enhancement. ecological impacts of the invasio 
rol by predator enhancement. ecological impacts of the invasion involve large changes in popula 
 enhancement. ecological impacts of the invasion involve large changes in population dynamics o 
f the invasion involve large changes in population dynamics of the invading species, dramatic p 
of native species, and major changes in food web structure and dynamics of the receiving ecosys 
structure and dynamics of the receiving ecosystem. the time-series facilitates an unparalleled  
time-series facilitates an unparalleled model study of invader success and adaptations, acute a 
cess and adaptations, acute and chronic invasion impacts, cost-benefit analyses of management i 
adaptations, acute and chronic invasion impacts, cost-benefit analyses of management implicatio 
asion impacts, cost-benefit analyses of management implications, and exploration of potential a 
 of potential alleviation means after a biological invasion in a northern ecosystem.  
ter a biological invasion in a northern ecosystem.  
2166 14 els. artificial selection for increased growth performance in farmed salmon has led to changes  
o in other morphological and behavioral traits and a reduction in relative fitness of farmed fi 
reduction in relative fitness of farmed fish in the wild. to understand how natural selection i 
nced by continual immigration of farmed fish into wild populations, the effects of selection an 
pulations, the effects of selection and migration in several traits simultaneously will be mode 
s of selection and migration in several traits simultaneously will be modeled. previous models  
 modeled. previous models for selection-migration balance suggest that wild salmon populations  
g on the history of intrusion of farmed fish. the project aims at highlighting how the evolutio 
ternative equilibria depends on current management actions. unknown quantities in the model wil 
ment actions. unknown quantities in the model will be estimated from tests of genetic change in 
ntrasting levels of intrusion of farmed fish and from existing published data. using stochastic 
out the underlying genetic basis of the traits under selection and can thus be used to check th 
previous work suggest that pure one-way migration of farmed fish into the wild makes this stron 
t that pure one-way migration of farmed fish into the wild makes this strongly dependent on the 
2158 15                                    when monitoring freshwater communities, we usually encounter 
                        when monitoring freshwater communities, we usually encounter problems d 
 of natural variation, sampling induced uncertainty and human impact. the aim of this study is  
ation, sampling induced uncertainty and human impact. the aim of this study is to test species  
for changes in vital parameters such as biodiversity within a 20 years time period. the effects 
re considered through a general dynamic model for changes in community structure, enabling us t 
 a general dynamic model for changes in community structure, enabling us to test for additional 
rning abiotic factors are available for modeling. the test method development described in dise 
available for modeling. the test method development described in diserud & aagaard will be cont 
ill be developed for analyzing shift in phenology. the atna river system is one of the best doc 
em is one of the best documented nordic freshwater eco-systems with respect both to abiotic and 
pling each year since 1986, while large scale investigations based on samples of imagines were  
sl. and test for significant changes in community structure, species composition and phenology. 
ificant changes in community structure, species composition and phenology.  
nity structure, species composition and phenology.  
14180 3 how these are connected with changes on environment, will be observed. also different canges in 
l be observed. also different canges in growth will be compared with different cahnges on envir 
l be compared with different cahnges on environment like sea-level changes, climatic changes, i 
7366 5                          exploration of diversity to meet new requirements or new demands. biod 
o meet new requirements or new demands. biodiversity is threatened macromycetes. the preservati 
tened macromycetes. the preservation of biodiversity through collections and understanding of i 
gh collections and understanding of its evolution through phylogenetic analyzes of genetic dive 
lution through phylogenetic analyzes of genetic diversity, provide new avenues of investigation 
10974 6 in areas such as public health, vaccine development, agro-ecology and conservation biology. com 
ublic health, vaccine development, agro-ecology and conservation biology. combining two major c 
, vaccine development, agro-ecology and conservation biology. combining two major concepts of e 
ning two major concepts of evolutionary ecology i will study how host-parasite coevolution and  
e costs of immune defence influence the evolution of immune defence levels. using sympatric and 
 levels. using sympatric and allopatric freshwater gammarids and their acanthocephalan parasite 
10324 7 ent approaches suggest that an animal s environment and ecology underlie such variation. the pr 
uggest that an animal s environment and ecology underlie such variation. the proposed research  
d research will determine the impact of predation and other ecological variables on cognitive a 
ty in brachyraphis episopali a tropical fish. cognitive ability will be quantified and compared 
living in a series of natural replicate streams with waterfalls separating high and low predati 
with waterfalls separating high and low predation sites. the relative roles of the environment  
dation sites. the relative roles of the environment and heritability will be determined by meas 
15136 1 a is a tropical country located in west africa. the insular region includes bioko island .  
2198 6 tive ranking of attributes decisive for dispersal, fecundity, tolerance of extreme ranges of ab 
 ranges of abiotic variables and grazer resistance. an overview of the characteristics of intro 
. an overview of the characteristics of introduced species, linked to aquatic habitats in swede 
 species, linked to aquatic habitats in sweden . patterns of site characters are suitable for m 
ts and other analyses. 4. processes and ecosystem impact ecosystem impact will be documented fo 
yses. 4. processes and ecosystem impact ecosystem impact will be documented for  
14735 1 a is a tropical country located in west africa. the insular region includes bioko island - to p 
1106 13 ortant impact of climatic change on the mediterranean marine environment and the role of this b 
of climatic change on the mediterranean marine environment and the role of this basin in the co 
atic change on the mediterranean marine environment and the role of this basin in the co2 plane 
face; - to improve the understanding of carbon cycle processes, that are affected by global cha 
garding the behaviour of the ocean like carbon sink; - to provide data on the role of national  
he role of national seas in relation to carbon stocks usable for international negotiations. ne 
nternational negotiations. new climatic scenarios of italian coasts due to different effects of 
lian coasts due to different effects of climate change will be predicted in six selected areas: 
ill be predicted in six selected areas: ecosystems. the developed scenarios will be used to eva 
lected areas: ecosystems. the developed scenarios will be used to evaluate the effects of the c 
 be used to evaluate the effects of the climate changes on coastal areas and the economic reper 
onomic repercussions they impose to the tourism industry, agriculture, fishery and animal farmi 
ns they impose to the tourism industry, agriculture, fishery and animal farming.  
7224 1 s on the identification and analysis of biodiversity in two bloodsucking diptera insect groups  
465 3 es on the inventory and analysis of the biodiversity in two groups of dipteral bloodsucking ins 
 in two groups of dipteral bloodsucking insects reputed as dreadful vectors of human and animal 
as dreadful vectors of human and animal disease agents. these are sand flies for sand flies and 
13363 1 this project, collection, regeneration, conservation and characterization of vegetable local po 
12273 1 l and market demands, thus promoting uk food security.  
13487 12 nated by dwarf-shrub species. parasitic fungi play a key role in these communities affecting sp 
key role in these communities affecting species composition, community structure, and vegetatio 
munities affecting species composition, community structure, and vegetation change. how these o 
s composition, community structure, and vegetation change. how these organisms respond to abiot 
anding how these communities respond to global change. it is predicted that increased nitrogen  
 change. it is predicted that increased nitrogen deposition will result in increased disease se 
gen deposition will result in increased disease severity triggering vegetation change, while bo 
n increased disease severity triggering vegetation change, while both increased temperature and 
vegetation change, while both increased temperature and decreased snow depth will have the oppo 
 individualistic responses to increased nitrogen deposition. the long-term consequences of that 
ear. another issue is whether increased nitrogen deposition will result in increased incidence  
om long-term effects. in addition small-scale experiments will be used to address responses of  
7007 11 atively reproducing crustose lichenized fungi of neotropical lowland rain forests with the aim  
nized fungi of neotropical lowland rain forests with the aim to circumscribe for the first time 
ble contribution to the knowledge about biodiversity of tropical lichenized fungi, as detailed  
out biodiversity of tropical lichenized fungi, as detailed data on sterile crustose epiphytic l 
iled data on sterile crustose epiphytic lichens will become available for the first time for ca 
he first time for calculations of alpha-diversity of tropical lowland rain forests. project des 
lpha-diversity of tropical lowland rain forests. project description: crustose corticolous vege 
se corticolous vegetatively reproducing lichens of tropical lowland rain forests are among the  
ducing lichens of tropical lowland rain forests are among the most badly known lichens on the w 
 forests are among the most badly known lichens on the world, although they are very common and 
 from selected neotropical lowland rain forest sites .  
7594 3                               aeromonas bacteria that colonize kind of water habitats are divid 
eromonas bacteria that colonize kind of water habitats are divided into 27 species, which are t 
as. it is proposed in this program as a model for the phylogenetic study of all kind aeromonas  
15237 12 s on the foraging behaviour and trophic ecology in primarily insectivorous bats shiftting towar 
us bats shiftting towards carnivory and fishing behaviour. our research will be centred on two  
 be centred on two temperate bats whose distribution range include south europe: the long-finge 
 whose distribution range include south europe: the long-fingered bat myotis capaccinii and the 
tivorous trawling bat, which feeds upon fish to varying degrees, at least in some areas and/or  
es, but seasonally they prey largely on birds, as revealed in several studies published in the  
. our research will focus mainly on the predator-prey relationships, ecomorphological processes 
nges, and the potential implications in conservation. to accomplish that, firstly we want to as 
ning the species they prey upon and the phenology of those trophic behaviours, and studying par 
g particularly the consequences for the conservation of any of the species involved. secondly,  
. capaccinii use echolocation to detect fish, or they rely on other senses as vision or touch.  
ow a specific flying pattern adapted to fish. and thirdly, from an ecological point of view we  
144 8 nathans of the vertebrate phylum. their diversity and abundance grew from the silurian to the d 
 vertebrate phylum. their diversity and abundance grew from the silurian to the devonian. by no 
e silurian to the devonian. by now, the taxonomy of silurian thelodonts and anaspids, and of de 
 fishes, and give their spatio-temporal distribution. for that the morphology, sculpture and mi 
ed specimens of agnathans, and selected fish groups will be studied and a large number of chara 
ta help to optimize the topology of the phylogeny tree. detailed sedimentological analyses of b 
 project will be used in the vertebrate classification, biostratigraphical studies, mapping geo 
sification, biostratigraphical studies, mapping geology, and palaeogeographical reconstructions 
10584 3 ow, including long-term survival in the environment, reservoir hosts and vertical transmission. 
ting low-level infections. however, the development of the highly sensitive polymerase chain re 
possibilities for the study of pathogen ecology. in this proposal we develop and test pcr-based 
12293 17 tuation and potentially how serious the disease will be under our conditions. this project sets 
vide tools for efficiently studying the disease and to start laying the ground for sustainable  
ther infection has been introduced from europe or whether these particular hybrid isolates aros 
d identifying osr-infecting isolates in soil and in planta. identification of infection can be  
to rapidly quantitate the fungus in the soil will enable us to study risk factors and predict d 
gus in the soil will enable us to study risk factors and predict disease levels. moreover, rapi 
le us to study risk factors and predict disease levels. moreover, rapid and cost effective diag 
tive diagnostics will potentially allow soil-testing services which will allow growers to ident 
s. we need to study many aspects of the disease and its behaviour under uk conditions; how wide 
ead is it; how long does it last in the soil; how serious is yield loss in our wetter climate 4 
oes it last in the soil; how serious is yield loss in our wetter climate 4. to screen parents a 
how serious is yield loss in our wetter climate 4. to screen parents and progeny from mapped po 
 from mapped populations for sources of resistance. in the long term the most sustainable contr 
this objective will look for sources of resistance that can be used in breeding programmes. ver 
 aims to provide the tools to study the disease and to begin to begin broadening our knowledge  
 of providing sustainable approaches to disease management.  
iding sustainable approaches to disease management.  
14299 1                            context7602, south africa  
9888 3 decade mean it is now feasible to study insects and other small animals in their natural habita 
tomate individual recognition of tagged invertebrates and other small animals in the wild. the  
researchers for testing and for further development - i.e. at trl level 4.  
14733 1 ille university has participated in the production and edition of around 20% of the published t 
15154 1 ille university has participated in the production and edition of around 20% of the published t 
7267 4 ses represent an enormous reservoir for biodiversity and arguably the compartment of the most a 
biosphere. we want to explore the viral diversity associated with extreme environments such as  
nts such as hydrothermal vents and deep marine sediments. indeed, our knowledge about the archa 
re very different eukaryotic viruses or bacteria morphologically and genomics  
2463 20                                         phytoplankton, accounting for less than 1% of the earth 
ounting for less than 1% of the earth´s biomass but almost 50% of annual marine net primary pro 
arth´s biomass but almost 50% of annual marine net primary production, plays a critical role in 
ass but almost 50% of annual marine net primary production, plays a critical role in global car 
uction, plays a critical role in global carbon cycling. mechanisms that control their mortality 
 cycling. mechanisms that control their mortality are, however, still poorly understood, and th 
edge of two such mechanisms: 1 lysis of marine phytoplankton caused by viral infection and 2 pr 
 two such mechanisms: 1 lysis of marine phytoplankton caused by viral infection and 2 programme 
n situ to increase our understanding of mortality mechanisms in different phytoplankton species 
ng of mortality mechanisms in different phytoplankton species and thereby gain a better underst 
gain a better understanding of why some phytoplankton species form extensive blooms whereas oth 
anisms in the lower part of the pelagic food web is necessary to correctly assess a wide range  
o-economically important aspects of the marine ecosystem such as biodiversity and plankton dyna 
mically important aspects of the marine ecosystem such as biodiversity and plankton dynamics, h 
aspects of the marine ecosystem such as biodiversity and plankton dynamics, harmful algal bloom 
kton dynamics, harmful algal blooms and global change research. moreover, the methodology devel 
ped may prove useful for other areas of marine research such as ballast water treatment, detect 
reas of marine research such as ballast water treatment, detection of and understanding harmful 
and understanding harmful algal blooms, fish-and shellfish farming, e.g. detection of fish- and 
nd shellfish farming, e.g. detection of fish- and/or shellfish pathogenic agents.  
11720 16                                         photosynthesis in the oceans leads to the production of 
otosynthesis in the oceans leads to the production of just under half of the oxygen in the atmo 
he production of just under half of the oxygen in the atmosphere. in the nutrient-poor central  
poor central regions of the oceans this production of oxygen is dominated by very small, single 
egions of the oceans this production of oxygen is dominated by very small, single celled cyanob 
 dominated by very small, single celled cyanobacteria, which are referred to as the photosynthe 
 viruses that can infect and kill these cyanobacteria and as a result control the abundance and 
anobacteria and as a result control the abundance and genetic biodiversity of these important o 
esult control the abundance and genetic biodiversity of these important organisms. recently, th 
icoplankton. all organisms that produce oxygen by photosynthesis have two proteins, called dl a 
n. all organisms that produce oxygen by photosynthesis have two proteins, called dl and d2, tha 
alled dl and d2, that are essential for photosynthesis. the dl protein, in particular, is conti 
o be replaced by undamaged dl otherwise photosynthesis would stop. the genome sequence of the v 
that when it infects a cell it can keep photosynthesis going so that the virus has the energy t 
nthesis going so that the virus has the energy to reproduce itself. we wish to find out how the 
hese genes and how it uses them to keep photosynthesis going in infected cells.  
1983 20              the scientific research on phytoplankton diversity has gained much interest the la 
he scientific research on phytoplankton diversity has gained much interest the last years, for  
rest the last years, for one due to the development of techniques that allowed picophytoplankto 
y even dominating the picophytoplankton community. it is, however, unclear how wide-spread this 
, however, unclear how wide-spread this dominance of m. pusilla is. furthermore, knowledge of r 
 role of virus infection for m. pusilla population dynamics, production and diversity is lackin 
ion for m. pusilla population dynamics, production and diversity is lacking. a study on the pre 
lla population dynamics, production and diversity is lacking. a study on the presence, signific 
ated study assessing the occurrence and abundance of mpv, as well as the genetic diversity and  
ce and abundance of mpv, as well as the genetic diversity and clonal variation of mpv, and the  
and the impact of viruses on m. pusilla mortality and population dynamics. different geographic 
 of viruses on m. pusilla mortality and population dynamics. different geographical locations w 
locations will be studied on a temporal scale in order to allow unique and optimal insight into 
ic viruses to c-flux within the pelagic food web. it will be for the first time that a detailed 
such a spatially as well as temporarily scale. newly developed techniques will be used to detec 
 and viral control of picophytoplankton population dynamics. the results are expected to provid 
ing of the functioning and structure of marine pelagic food webs and geochemical cycling. the o 
tioning and structure of marine pelagic food webs and geochemical cycling. the obtained data wi 
rmore, be essential for a more accurate evaluation of mathematical ecosystem models.  
ore accurate evaluation of mathematical ecosystem models.  
10601 12                                         marine phytoplankton are central players in global carb 
                                 marine phytoplankton are central players in global carbon fixa 
oplankton are central players in global carbon fixation, nutrient cycling and energy transfer.  
tral players in global carbon fixation, nutrient cycling and energy transfer. consequently, the 
l carbon fixation, nutrient cycling and energy transfer. consequently, the causes of phytoplank 
y transfer. consequently, the causes of phytoplankton mortality have important biogeochemical a 
nsequently, the causes of phytoplankton mortality have important biogeochemical and ecological  
 the main non-predatory loss routes for primary production by marine phytoplankton are release  
y loss routes for primary production by marine phytoplankton are release of dissolved organic m 
routes for primary production by marine phytoplankton are release of dissolved organic matter . 
 phytoplankton are release of dissolved organic matter . the ultimate aim will be to generate a 
 the ultimate aim will be to generate a model of lysis driven nutrient regeneration based on th 
11004 5 ses structure planktonic communities in freshwater systems using a range of molecular tools. th 
 will be generated from a natural virus community to characterise unculturable viruses and asse 
 compared with data obtained in similar marine projects already being conducted by whw. the ove 
larities in the role of viruses between freshwater and marine environments.  
 role of viruses between freshwater and marine environments.  
9935 5 ses structure planktonic communities in freshwater systems using a range of molecular tools. th 
 will be generated from a natural virus community to characterise unculturable viruses and asse 
 compared with data obtained in similar marine projects already being conducted by whw. the ove 
larities in the role of viruses between freshwater and marine environments.  
 role of viruses between freshwater and marine environments.  
11607 5 suit-dive foraging performance in these birds. knowledge of these factors will be combined with 
ar study sites and with measures of the water characteristics in which cormorants forage in var 
ases of the perceived conflicts between fish eating birds and human economic interests and info 
perceived conflicts between fish eating birds and human economic interests and inform their man 
man economic interests and inform their management.  
15574 49 ng political and public concern for the environment, and resulting changes in legislation , whi 
hanges in legislation , which represent management trends spanning the full gradient of fertili 
spanning the full gradient of fertility-biodiversity interactions. vital includes six work pack 
d to follow the steps prescribed by the millennium ecosystem assessment for regional assessment 
 assessment for regional assessments of biodiversity and ecosystem services. wp1 will use stake 
egional assessments of biodiversity and ecosystem services. wp1 will use stakeholder semi-direc 
 meetings at each site to identify with stakeholders key ecosystem services associated with the 
 site to identify with stakeholders key ecosystem services associated with the maintenance of f 
he maintenance of fertility in mountain grasslands, how these are perceived to be affected by m 
w these are perceived to be affected by management, and linkages among services, as well as ind 
and linkages among services, as well as indicators they use for these services. wp2-4 will anal 
analyse current trends and condition of biodiversity and ecosystem services and their underlyin 
rends and condition of biodiversity and ecosystem services and their underlying mechanisms. thi 
 link them with easily measurable plant traits that respond to management and affect carbon and 
measurable plant traits that respond to management and affect carbon and nitrogen turnover. wp3 
s that respond to management and affect carbon and nitrogen turnover. wp3 will then build multi 
ond to management and affect carbon and nitrogen turnover. wp3 will then build multispecies ass 
species assemblages by manipulating the dominance of plant species with different traits on soi 
minance of plant species with different traits on soils from intensively / extensively managed  
 plant species with different traits on soils from intensively / extensively managed grasslands 
 from intensively / extensively managed grasslands. analyses of realised plant and microbial fu 
nalyses of realised plant and microbial functional diversity, and of c- and n-cycling processes 
cycling processes, will provide a first model linking plant functional responses to management, 
l linking plant functional responses to management, their impacts on microbial functional diver 
nctional responses to management, their impacts on microbial functional diversity, and their co 
 management, their impacts on microbial functional diversity, and their coupled effects on mult 
, and their coupled effects on multiple ecosystem services. wp4 will test the robustness of thi 
s. wp4 will test the robustness of this model across management intensity gradients at the thre 
est the robustness of this model across management intensity gradients at the three field sites 
wp5 will generate projections of future ecosystem service delivery according to alternative man 
rvice delivery according to alternative management scenarios constructed by downscaling with lo 
ery according to alternative management scenarios constructed by downscaling with local stakeho 
s constructed by downscaling with local stakeholders a range of scenarios of global change, inc 
ling with local stakeholders a range of scenarios of global change, including extreme changes.  
al stakeholders a range of scenarios of global change, including extreme changes. their impacts 
hange, including extreme changes. their impacts on ecosystem services will be modelled using bo 
uding extreme changes. their impacts on ecosystem services will be modelled using both a statis 
 based on results from wp4, and dynamic ecosystem models. nonlinear situations, with changes ac 
nlinear situations, with changes across scenarios in association patterns among services will b 
ified, and their relationships to plant-microbial diversity linkages analysed. wp6 will use a s 
per site to identify the needs of local stakeholders, land managers and policy makers, to meet  
f local stakeholders, land managers and policy makers, to meet these needs by transferring the  
them, and thereby to raise awareness of biodiversity and ecological processes underlying ecosys 
ity and ecological processes underlying ecosystem services delivery, and of impacts of manageme 
ing ecosystem services delivery, and of impacts of management change. their feedbacks and perce 
em services delivery, and of impacts of management change. their feedbacks and perception of ac 
 be taken in the future for sustainable rural development will be delivered to policy makers. o 
 rural development will be delivered to policy makers. outreach to managers and the public will 
public will be strengthened through the development of a training toolkit.  
11372 2  also use this data to explore the fine scale questions of coda usage. secondly, i will initiat 
boration a study of sperm whales in the mediterranean to compare vocal variation with the pacif 
7247 10 oals it is to study the reaction of the soil-water -plant system as a result of diffuse metal p 
it is to study the reaction of the soil-water -plant system as a result of diffuse metal pollut 
ant system as a result of diffuse metal pollution occurring over several decades and appreciate 
ncy for the appearance and resorption ' pollution of the forest ecosystem. it is hoped to relat 
rance and resorption ' pollution of the forest ecosystem. it is hoped to relate the state of th 
nd resorption ' pollution of the forest ecosystem. it is hoped to relate the state of the plant 
 hoped to relate the state of the plant ecosystem with major steps in the evolution of anthropo 
plant ecosystem with major steps in the evolution of anthropogenic pollution. based on analytic 
steps in the evolution of anthropogenic pollution. based on analytical data and technical prese 
on with the results of other studies on biodiversity  
12583 23 scribe the potential threats to organic soils in england & wales, estimate their likely magnitu 
currence and impact and to indicate the policy and management implications of these future thre 
d impact and to indicate the policy and management implications of these future threats and imp 
mplications of these future threats and impacts. work will be done using internationally-renown 
enting the national trust and yorkshire water. additional networks of existing stakeholders and 
 water. additional networks of existing stakeholders and projects that have collected data from 
cts that have collected data from these stakeholders have been developed by the project investi 
 value to the project. the project will review existing research and management practice in ord 
oject will review existing research and management practice in order to assess the state of org 
in order to assess the state of organic soils and their potential vulnerability to future manag 
te of organic soils and their potential vulnerability to future management of climate change th 
their potential vulnerability to future management of climate change threats. the causes and ty 
l vulnerability to future management of climate change threats. the causes and types of organic 
hreats. the causes and types of organic soil degradation will be identified and prioritised for 
s. the causes and types of organic soil degradation will be identified and prioritised for engl 
and and wales. the functions of organic soils will be reviewed of the potential carbon that cou 
soils will be reviewed of the potential carbon that could be removed from the atmosphere and st 
d from the atmosphere and stored by the soil and the reduction in carbon losses that could be p 
stored by the soil and the reduction in carbon losses that could be possible through mitigation 
n losses that could be possible through mitigation strategies. the project will also describe a 
mining the economic benefits of organic soil conservation and prioritise future research needs  
g the economic benefits of organic soil conservation and prioritise future research needs in th 
 provide guidance on the most promising soil protection schemes in the uk.  
15118 15          the intergovernmental panel on climate change predicts an increase of global warming a 
 climate change predicts an increase of global warming and changing patterns of rainfall freque 
ging patterns of rainfall frequency and distribution. in rivers and streams, the predicted chan 
rainfall frequency and distribution. in rivers and streams, the predicted changes in the discha 
equency and distribution. in rivers and streams, the predicted changes in the discharge pattern 
ge in quantity and quality of available organic matter. at the same time, temperature is one of 
lable organic matter. at the same time, temperature is one of the major factor affecting differ 
nt key physiological mechanisms such as respiration, growth, metabolic rate, feeding, therefore 
logical mechanisms such as respiration, growth, metabolic rate, feeding, therefore not only aff 
tors might interact in a perspective of climate change where rising temperature will be combine 
spective of climate change where rising temperature will be combined with changes in discharge  
 the interactive effect of rising river water temperature and intensifying the frequency of dro 
nteractive effect of rising river water temperature and intensifying the frequency of drought e 
ature and intensifying the frequency of drought episodes will have an additive effect when decr 
atural system by artificially heating a stream reach naturally submitted to discharge fluctuati 
15119 17          the intergovernmental panel on climate change predicts an increase of global warming a 
 climate change predicts an increase of global warming and changing patterns of rainfall freque 
ging patterns of rainfall frequency and distribution. in rivers and streams, the predicted chan 
rainfall frequency and distribution. in rivers and streams, the predicted changes in the discha 
equency and distribution. in rivers and streams, the predicted changes in the discharge pattern 
ge in quantity and quality of available organic matter. at the same time, temperature is one of 
lable organic matter. at the same time, temperature is one of the major factor affecting differ 
nt key physiological mechanisms such as respiration, growth, metabolic rate, feeding, therefore 
logical mechanisms such as respiration, growth, metabolic rate, feeding, therefore not only aff 
tors might interact in a perspective of climate change where rising temperature will be combine 
spective of climate change where rising temperature will be combined with changes in discharge  
s in discharge pattern. in intermittent streams, naturally subjected to drought and flood event 
mittent streams, naturally subjected to drought and flood events, the benthic organisms usually 
es, from a well developed biofilm algal community and grazing macroinvertebrates feeding on in  
l developed biofilm algal community and grazing macroinvertebrates feeding on in drough periods 
ped biofilm algal community and grazing macroinvertebrates feeding on in drough periods to defi 
atural system by artificially heating a stream reach naturally submitted to discharge fluctuati 
10479 14 ost serious challenges in the future of agriculture in the face of an increasing global populat 
 of an increasing global population and climate change is water availability. however, we are n 
global population and climate change is water availability. however, we are not the first to fa 
pecifically well adapted to their local environment. in effect, such landraces represent the ef 
ions of southern ancient nubia faced an environment in which water stress was a way of life. in 
ent nubia faced an environment in which water stress was a way of life. interestingly, archaeob 
bia faced an environment in which water stress was a way of life. interestingly, archaeobotanic 
shows some evidence of being adapted to drought conditions in a way that is not seen in the mod 
 further north up the nile valley where water was not so scarce. we think this is because the n 
n barley was better suited to the harsh environment of the southern nile valley than outside va 
ey genome most likely to be affected by drought stress in archaeobotanical samples from nubian  
e most likely to be affected by drought stress in archaeobotanical samples from nubian sites sp 
landraces became better suited to their environment. we will determine whether adapted alleles  
populations of nubia solved problems of water shortage genetically in ways that will help us fa 
2510 6 le. dek1 is an essential gene for plant development that specify epidermal cell fate in all org 
 mechanism. its essential role in plant development is supported by the fact that dek1 is a sin 
gated so far, as well as its remarkable conservation between modern angiosperms, e.g. maize and 
tens, separated by 500 million years of evolution on the other. mounting evidence support a rol 
lineage, including bryophytes and green algae. identification of calapin and dek1 function in k 
gae. identification of calapin and dek1 function in key species will be carried out using rnai  
10145 41                river basins provide the livelihoods and means of support for millions of people 
ople world-wide. they draw on the river water provides further contribution to their livelihood 
 provides further contribution to their livelihoods, through its support to vegetation, tree co 
eir livelihoods, through its support to vegetation, tree cover and biodiversity. these in turn  
s support to vegetation, tree cover and biodiversity. these in turn form a source of other serv 
ices such as food, medicinal plants and forest products. the physical setting of river basins h 
ral identity. in common with many other ecosystems, river basins are now subject to increasing  
 provided by river basins, and economic growth exacerbates these pressures by increasing indivi 
new services from river basins, such as water for industrial processes. climate variability and 
such as water for industrial processes. climate variability and climate change have significant 
rial processes. climate variability and climate change have significant impacts on river basin  
ity and climate change have significant impacts on river basin landscapes, through changes to r 
pes, through changes to river flows and soil moisture levels which radically change patterns of 
vels which radically change patterns of vegetation. alternating drought and flood are constant  
nge patterns of vegetation. alternating drought and flood are constant features in many river b 
n three key aspects: *understanding the water, land and biodiversity resources of river basins, 
cts: *understanding the water, land and biodiversity resources of river basins, with a particul 
es to fashion mechanisms for access and management through different forms of water governance, 
d management through different forms of water governance, *exploring the outcomes of water gove 
gement through different forms of water governance, *exploring the outcomes of water governance 
 governance, *exploring the outcomes of water governance, both for people through their livelih 
nance, *exploring the outcomes of water governance, both for people through their livelihoods a 
vernance, both for people through their livelihoods and wellbeing, and for ecosystems. througho 
heir livelihoods and wellbeing, and for ecosystems. throughout the research, the emphasis will  
n studying new ways in which people and ecosystems can increase resilience and adapt to change. 
hich people and ecosystems can increase resilience and adapt to change. in particular it will a 
tanding of how decision-makers can link ecosystem services in river basins to poverty alleviati 
k ecosystem services in river basins to poverty alleviation and sustainable growth. the researc 
 to poverty alleviation and sustainable growth. the research will be located in two important r 
o important river basins in sub-saharan africa, the komadugu-yobe basin in ne nigeria and the g 
nigeria and the great ruaha basin in sw tanzania. these basins have many similarities and some  
t they both contain large and important wetlands, which thus provide the opportunity to study t 
unity to study the linkages between the water cycle and other ecosystem services of the wetland 
kages between the water cycle and other ecosystem services of the wetlands. both basins are imp 
cle and other ecosystem services of the wetlands. both basins are important geographic and poli 
ave been subject to intensive study and development over past decades, meaning that there is a  
rnment agencies with responsibility for water management in the two locations. during this phas 
 two locations. during this phase these institutions will work together to identity the main re 
approaches and methodologies which will yield rigorous and coherent findings.the long-term goal 
goal of the programme is to support the livelihoods and increase the well-being of the people,  
 draw on the river basin and its linked ecosystems.  
10979 41                river basins provide the livelihoods and means of support for millions of people 
ople world-wide. they draw on the river water provides further contribution to their livelihood 
 provides further contribution to their livelihoods, through its support to vegetation, tree co 
eir livelihoods, through its support to vegetation, tree cover and biodiversity. these in turn  
s support to vegetation, tree cover and biodiversity. these in turn form a source of other serv 
ices such as food, medicinal plants and forest products. the physical setting of river basins h 
ral identity. in common with many other ecosystems, river basins are now subject to increasing  
 provided by river basins, and economic growth exacerbates these pressures by increasing indivi 
new services from river basins, such as water for industrial processes. climate variability and 
such as water for industrial processes. climate variability and climate change have significant 
rial processes. climate variability and climate change have significant impacts on river basin  
ity and climate change have significant impacts on river basin landscapes, through changes to r 
pes, through changes to river flows and soil moisture levels which radically change patterns of 
vels which radically change patterns of vegetation. alternating drought and flood are constant  
nge patterns of vegetation. alternating drought and flood are constant features in many river b 
 three key aspects: - understanding the water, land and biodiversity resources of river basins, 
ts: - understanding the water, land and biodiversity resources of river basins, with a particul 
es to fashion mechanisms for access and management through different forms of water governance  
d management through different forms of water governance - exploring the outcomes of water gove 
gement through different forms of water governance - exploring the outcomes of water governance 
 governance - exploring the outcomes of water governance, both for people through their livelih 
nance - exploring the outcomes of water governance, both for people through their livelihoods a 
vernance, both for people through their livelihoods and wellbeing, and for ecosystems. througho 
heir livelihoods and wellbeing, and for ecosystems. throughout the research, the emphasis will  
n studying new ways in which people and ecosystems can increase resilience and adapt to change. 
hich people and ecosystems can increase resilience and adapt to change. in particular it will a 
tanding of how decision-makers can link ecosystem services in river basins to poverty alleviati 
k ecosystem services in river basins to poverty alleviation and sustainable growth. the researc 
 to poverty alleviation and sustainable growth. the research will be located in two important r 
o important river basins in sub-saharan africa, the komadugu-yobe basin in ne nigeria and the g 
nigeria and the great ruaha basin in sw tanzania. these basins have many similarities and some  
t they both contain large and important wetlands, which thus provide the opportunity to study t 
unity to study the linkages between the water cycle and other ecosystem services of the wetland 
kages between the water cycle and other ecosystem services of the wetlands. both basins are imp 
cle and other ecosystem services of the wetlands. both basins are important geographic and poli 
ave been subject to intensive study and development over past decades, meaning that there is a  
rnment agencies with responsibility for water management in the two locations. during this phas 
 two locations. during this phase these institutions will work together to identity the main re 
approaches and methodologies which will yield rigorous and coherent findings.the long-term goal 
goal of the programme is to support the livelihoods and increase the well-being of the people,  
 draw on the river basin and its linked ecosystems.  
10870 5                              the msc in water management aims to provide;the most up to date ap 
e science technology training to manage water effectively and efficiently in natural, semi-natu 
y skills and knowledge to integrate the management of water quality and quantity in the environ 
nowledge to integrate the management of water quality and quantity in the environment. this gra 
nt of water quality and quantity in the environment. this grant supports five full studentships 
13854 22 ntation in the international conference conservation in an urbanising world, arranged by the so 
sing world, arranged by the society for conservation biology in new york 30/7-2/8 2004. for the 
half of the world´s population lives in urban areas. the urbanization process poses significant 
´s population lives in urban areas. the urbanization process poses significant conservation cha 
 urbanization process poses significant conservation challenges, and therefore, the conference  
the project fauna in urbanising areas - wetlands and small waters , the conference is a good op 
op knowledge, useful for integration of biodiversity objectives in planning and environmental a 
tegration of biodiversity objectives in planning and environmental assessment in urbanising are 
bjectives in planning and environmental assessment in urbanising areas. the two species groups, 
gated in 64 ponds and small lakes in an urban-rural gradient in and around stockholm. as explan 
stockholm. as explanatory variables for species richness, we used habitat variables from field  
variables for species richness, we used habitat variables from field surveys, gis-derived lands 
d habitat variables from field surveys, gis-derived landscape variables and spatially explicit, 
riables from field surveys, gis-derived landscape variables and spatially explicit, quantified  
bles and spatially explicit, quantified urban disturbances like density of human population, re 
cit, quantified urban disturbances like density of human population, recreation pressure, road  
ances like density of human population, recreation pressure, road density and traffic intensity 
n population, recreation pressure, road density and traffic intensity. the results showed that  
intensity. the results showed that high species richness of waterfowl was not correlated with t 
s groups were improved by incorporating landscape and urban disturbance variables.  
improved by incorporating landscape and urban disturbance variables.  
ed by incorporating landscape and urban disturbance variables.  
14859 19    this project aims at evaluating weed biodiversity as well as studying the consequences of we 
g the consequences of weed invasions on biodiversity in mediterranean dryland extensive agroeco 
es of weed invasions on biodiversity in mediterranean dryland extensive agroecosystems. the pro 
sity in mediterranean dryland extensive agroecosystems. the project compares two contrasted mod 
oject compares two contrasted models of management . the data gathered in the project will allo 
in the project will allow us to develop indicators of biodiversity specific to the mediterranea 
 will allow us to develop indicators of biodiversity specific to the mediterranean extensive dr 
icators of biodiversity specific to the mediterranean extensive dryland crops. the results of t 
ults of the project will facilitate the conservation of the biodiversity in these ecosystems in 
will facilitate the conservation of the biodiversity in these ecosystems in concordance with ag 
nservation of the biodiversity in these ecosystems in concordance with agricultural production  
ystems in concordance with agricultural production and the development of field management tech 
ce with agricultural production and the development of field management techniques to facilitat 
production and the development of field management techniques to facilitate the harmonisation o 
e the harmonisation of the agricultural production with the conservation of natural resources.  
of the agricultural production with the conservation of natural resources. these techniques wil 
ral production with the conservation of natural resources. these techniques will aim at managin 
echniques will aim at managing invasive weeds such as canadian thistle, one of the most invasiv 
ch as canadian thistle, one of the most invasive species in dryland crops.  
12566 2 est greenland salmon fishery for use in modelling and assessment activities undertaken by natio 
salmon fishery for use in modelling and assessment activities undertaken by national scientists 
14306 1                              vliz: data management, valorsiation and exploitation of results  
12719 3 xamine the current and potential future disease and nuisance threats to humans and livestock fr 
ease and nuisance threats to humans and livestock from existing and potential wetlands, conside 
d livestock from existing and potential wetlands, consider whether there are any common themes  
14268 1 and in processing the data. the project management, sampling and analyses co-ordination for the 
12155 6 line in recent decades of u.k. farmland birds is well documented and has led to a public servic 
naged ditches. there was no evidence of yield impact on adjacent crops, and costs were limited  
a for paired ponds, assesses ecological impacts of maintenance,*** and makes new assessment of  
mpacts of maintenance,*** and makes new assessment of the costs/benefits to farmers in the ligh 
m farmers at the demonstration site. an evaluation will be made of the suitability of each feat 
r entry level and higher tier type agri-environment scheme options. results will be disseminate 
7424 4                                    many incentives agri-environmental measures aimed at improvi 
nmental measures aimed at improving the production biodiversity in agricultural landscapes. are 
sures aimed at improving the production biodiversity in agricultural landscapes. are they effec 
mproving the production biodiversity in agricultural landscapes. are they effective they cost t 
13851 6 rowth of the polycormous mountain birch forest has been described after a severe outbreak that  
his summer. previous analyses show that parasitoids is an important mortality factor contributi 
s show that parasitoids is an important mortality factor contributing to drive the cyclic fluct 
cyclic fluctuation pattern by a delayed density dependent parasitism suppressing declining dens 
 it seems to be important to follow the development of the populations of moths and parasitoids 
lopment of the populations of moths and parasitoids over the current population peak.  
11136 8 in this project, i will examine whether phytoplankton use volatile chemical cues in analogous t 
s in analogous tritrophic interactions. marine algae produce several classes of biogenic gases  
alogous tritrophic interactions. marine algae produce several classes of biogenic gases such as 
l classes of biogenic gases such as non-methane hydrocarbons, organohalogens, and dimethyl sulp 
and dimethyl sulphide and in some cases production of these increased when they are grazed by m 
ct and locate their preferred prey. the grazing-induced release of volatiles is poorly understo 
erstood, and its effect on the chemical ecology of plankton and the foraging behaviour of preda 
 plankton and the foraging behaviour of predators is essentially unknown.  
11732 9 recently established that the fluxes of carbon and water from tropical rain forests exhibit str 
tablished that the fluxes of carbon and water from tropical rain forests exhibit strong seasona 
 of carbon and water from tropical rain forests exhibit strong seasonal and interannual variati 
ot known how much each component of the soil-plant continuum contributes to this seasonality. w 
oil-plant continuum contributes to this seasonality. we propose to isolate and quantify the com 
ese physiological responses at our rain forest field site in eastern amazonia. field data will  
easurements will be used to calibrate a soil-plant-atmosphere model, which will be used to scal 
ed to calibrate a soil-plant-atmosphere model, which will be used to scale and explore the rela 
atmosphere model, which will be used to scale and explore the relative importance of the variou 
10935 1 ortant link between pelagic and benthic food webs. it has generally been assumed that chironomi 
11860 24 hores are a unique group of microscopic marine algae that produce small scales of caco3 needed  
re a unique group of microscopic marine algae that produce small scales of caco3 needed for gro 
roduce small scales of caco3 needed for growth. however, it is not fully understood how ocean c 
mistry or the availability of light and nutrients effects coccolithophore growth in the present 
t and nutrients effects coccolithophore growth in the present-day ocean, and until this gap is  
edict how coccolithophores may react to climate change. due to the inclusion of both calcite an 
ue to the inclusion of both calcite and organic matter within coccolithophore cells, both need  
nsidered when examining coccolithophore growth: understanding how coccolithophores balance cell 
es balance cellular levels and rates of production of these two materials is key to understandi 
materials is key to understanding their growth and role in the marine carbon cycle. the aim of  
erstanding their growth and role in the marine carbon cycle. the aim of this project is to addr 
ing their growth and role in the marine carbon cycle. the aim of this project is to address the 
 examine cellular levels of calcite and organic matter, photosynthesis and calcification, and g 
r levels of calcite and organic matter, photosynthesis and calcification, and growth rates it w 
, photosynthesis and calcification, and growth rates it will be necessary to look closely at th 
he principals governing coccolithophore growth. the end goal of this project will be to use thi 
his overview to generate a mathematical model that describes coccolithophore growth in relation 
al model that describes coccolithophore growth in relation to the coccosphere/cell structure an 
cture and the availability of light and nutrients. such a model can then be used to address glo 
lability of light and nutrients. such a model can then be used to address global questions abou 
 global questions about coccolithophore ecology, their role in the marine carbon cycle and thei 
colithophore ecology, their role in the marine carbon cycle and their future in a changing clim 
phore ecology, their role in the marine carbon cycle and their future in a changing climate.  
on cycle and their future in a changing climate.  
13937 35 ere is growing evidence that changes in zooplankton population abundance and biodiversity are r 
 that changes in zooplankton population abundance and biodiversity are responsible for the decr 
in zooplankton population abundance and biodiversity are responsible for the decreasing fish st 
sity are responsible for the decreasing fish stocks in the baltic sea. zooplankton abundance an 
e for the decreasing fish stocks in the baltic sea. zooplankton abundance and growth rates are  
creasing fish stocks in the baltic sea. zooplankton abundance and growth rates are directly lin 
h stocks in the baltic sea. zooplankton abundance and growth rates are directly linked to the v 
e baltic sea. zooplankton abundance and growth rates are directly linked to the variability in  
e directly linked to the variability in fish recruitment, and consequently in fish population a 
ectly linked to the variability in fish recruitment, and consequently in fish population abunda 
n fish recruitment, and consequently in fish population abundance and condition. despite this,  
nt, and consequently in fish population abundance and condition. despite this, zooplankton stud 
 abundance and condition. despite this, zooplankton studies have been largely neglected in swed 
rgely neglected in swedish research and monitoring of eutrophication and fisheries, and there i 
d in swedish research and monitoring of eutrophication and fisheries, and there is no on-going  
ch and monitoring of eutrophication and fisheries, and there is no on-going research programme  
les collected during past 30 years at 3 monitoring stations; the analysis of these samples has  
 the period of most dramatic changes in fish stocks. we will complete and summarize zooplankton 
 stocks. we will complete and summarize zooplankton data focusing on 3 interrelated questions:  
ocusing on 3 interrelated questions: is zooplankton decline, if any, influenced by fish predati 
plankton decline, if any, influenced by fish predation. to answer these questions, we will exam 
ton decline, if any, influenced by fish predation. to answer these questions, we will examine z 
answer these questions, we will examine zooplankton stocks, biodiversity and growth rates in si 
ns, we will examine zooplankton stocks, biodiversity and growth rates in situ applying a recent 
ne zooplankton stocks, biodiversity and growth rates in situ applying a recently developed bioc 
cently developed biochemical method for zooplankton growth assessment. relating zooplankton dyn 
oped biochemical method for zooplankton growth assessment. relating zooplankton dynamics to fis 
ochemical method for zooplankton growth assessment. relating zooplankton dynamics to fish stock 
zooplankton growth assessment. relating zooplankton dynamics to fish stocks will provide unders 
sment. relating zooplankton dynamics to fish stocks will provide understanding of zooplankton-f 
sh stocks will provide understanding of zooplankton-fish linkage in western baltic, a prerequis 
ll provide understanding of zooplankton-fish linkage in western baltic, a prerequisite for ecos 
e in western baltic, a prerequisite for ecosystem approach to fish management.  
 prerequisite for ecosystem approach to fish management.  
equisite for ecosystem approach to fish management.  
10382 10 anding of the mechanisms underlying the impacts of climatic change on biodiversity is rudimenta 
lying the impacts of climatic change on biodiversity is rudimentary, hindering the development  
diversity is rudimentary, hindering the development of accurate predictions of these impacts, a 
opment of accurate predictions of these impacts, and appropriate adaptation and mitigation. the 
tions of these impacts, and appropriate adaptation and mitigation. the aim of this project is t 
impacts, and appropriate adaptation and mitigation. the aim of this project is to determine the 
 scheme, will provide data on a uk-wide scale. the bto case partner is globally recognised as a 
 leader in assessing avian responses to environmental change, with regard to both population tr 
ning provided by the bto in statistical modelling of demographic parameters and population tren 
ganisation with close links to both the conservation and political communities the bto case par 
10014 3 t will determine the influence of plant carbon flow on the location of production of nitrous ox 
of plant carbon flow on the location of production of nitrous oxide at the incremental distance 
aberdeen, as well as in a wide range of soil physical and chemical analyses.  
413 12                      the wolf debate in sweden is not new. but this time the debate emerges tog 
so affect sustainable administration of biodiversity in relation to other social values – e.g.  
cial values – e.g. the conflict between forest preserved under nature conservation and forest p 
conflict between forest preserved under nature conservation and forest primary produce in the n 
preserved under nature conservation and forest primary produce in the north of sweden, or the d 
 forest primary produce in the north of sweden, or the debate as to whether the legal right of  
ation, along the renewed cleavage lines urban-rural and centre-periphery does empirical support 
ned increased political significance in sweden in the 21st century an increased politicisation  
politicisation along the cleavage lines urban – rural and centre – periphery may be of importan 
or the centrality of issues such as the distribution of the wolf strain, the economical importa 
and the utilisation of resources of the forestry in national politics. in that respect he value 
n have about the cleavage lines rural – urban and centre – periphery. this is a multidisciplina 
11154 1 xplain their ecological role in oceanic ecosystems.  
10139 10 t will look at the relationship between governance, power and knowledge structures and how thes 
ons and decision taking for sustainable ecosystems. it will link several social science techniq 
teria of success will be by means of an assessment of post-workshop feedback, but we shall also 
e that the conceptual framework linking ecosystem and livelihoods domains, knowledge networks a 
ceptual framework linking ecosystem and livelihoods domains, knowledge networks and decision-ma 
lihoods domains, knowledge networks and decision-making structures will be developed and improv 
oped and improved. in developing such a model, we would expect that it could be applied to a ra 
plied to a range of settings such as by policy-making institutions and international developmen 
ge of settings such as by policy-making institutions and international development organization 
y-making institutions and international development organizations as well as by more local user 
10146 10 t will look at the relationship between governance, power and knowledge structures and how thes 
ons and decision taking for sustainable ecosystems. it will link several social science techniq 
teria of success will be by means of an assessment of post-workshop feedback, but we shall also 
e that the conceptual framework linking ecosystem and livelihoods domains, knowledge networks a 
ceptual framework linking ecosystem and livelihoods domains, knowledge networks and decision-ma 
lihoods domains, knowledge networks and decision-making structures will be developed and improv 
oped and improved. in developing such a model, we would expect that it could be applied to a ra 
plied to a range of settings such as by policy-making institutions and international developmen 
ge of settings such as by policy-making institutions and international development organization 
y-making institutions and international development organizations as well as by more local user 
10658 35                                    lake ecosystems face multiple stresses including nutrient en 
stresses including nutrient enrichment, climate change and invasion of nonindigenous species. t 
nutrient enrichment, climate change and invasion of nonindigenous species. this latter stress i 
n of nonindigenous species. this latter stress is widely recognised as having a major impact on 
 recognised as having a major impact on biodiversity and the functioning of ecosystems worldwid 
 on biodiversity and the functioning of ecosystems worldwide and its effects are increasing bec 
se human activity has enhanced rates of dispersal and climate change is opening new niches at h 
ity has enhanced rates of dispersal and climate change is opening new niches at high latitudes. 
 to 70 years. a marked deterioration in water quality has been observed in the last 10 to 15 ye 
te continued removal of a key nutrient, phosphorus, at the wastewater treatment works. for exam 
ms have increased and concentrations of oxygen at depth have decreased. the numbers of the rare 
. the numbers of the rare and protected fish, the arctic charr, have also declined dramatically 
the population increase has triggered a trophic cascade leading to greater predation on the zoo 
ed a trophic cascade leading to greater predation on the zooplankton, which in turn has reduced 
ade leading to greater predation on the zooplankton, which in turn has reduced the algae from c 
plankton, which in turn has reduced the algae from control by their grazer. we will also test w 
ne in arctic charr numbers results from competition with roach, since both feed on the zooplank 
tion with roach, since both feed on the zooplankton. we are in a unique position to assess the  
o assess the long term ramifications of multiple stressors because of the wealth ecological and 
ta, analysis of the historical archived fish and zooplankton samples, identification of food so 
sis of the historical archived fish and zooplankton samples, identification of food sources of  
cation of food sources of the different fish populations and food-web structure using stable is 
 stable isotope analysis and studies of fish gut contents, hydroacoustic analysis to estimate f 
nts, hydroacoustic analysis to estimate fish density and location and modelling to estimate roa 
hydroacoustic analysis to estimate fish density and location and modelling to estimate roach ec 
 estimate fish density and location and modelling to estimate roach ecological niche, zooplankt 
ing to estimate roach ecological niche, zooplankton grazing and algal growth. the project is re 
ate roach ecological niche, zooplankton grazing and algal growth. the project is relevant to cu 
al niche, zooplankton grazing and algal growth. the project is relevant to current general ecol 
nce of top-down-control, the effects of multiple stressors and possible species extinction caus 
multiple stressors and possible species extinction caused by species invasion. the results will 
le species extinction caused by species invasion. the results will also be highly relevant to t 
lts will also be highly relevant to the management of lakes since if our hypotheses are correct 
o be even more stringent in the face of climate change and disruption of food-chains caused by  
and disruption of food-chains caused by invasion of nonindigenous species.  
9901 35                                    lake ecosystems face multiple stresses including nutrient en 
stresses including nutrient enrichment, climate change and invasion of nonindigenous species. t 
nutrient enrichment, climate change and invasion of nonindigenous species. this latter stress i 
n of nonindigenous species. this latter stress is widely recognised as having a major impact on 
 recognised as having a major impact on biodiversity and the functioning of ecosystems worldwid 
 on biodiversity and the functioning of ecosystems worldwide and its effects are increasing bec 
se human activity has enhanced rates of dispersal and climate change is opening new niches at h 
ity has enhanced rates of dispersal and climate change is opening new niches at high latitudes. 
 to 70 years. a marked deterioration in water quality has been observed in the last 10 to 15 ye 
te continued removal of a key nutrient, phosphorus, at the wastewater treatment works. for exam 
ms have increased and concentrations of oxygen at depth have decreased. the numbers of the rare 
. the numbers of the rare and protected fish, the arctic charr, have also declined dramatically 
the population increase has triggered a trophic cascade leading to greater predation on the zoo 
ed a trophic cascade leading to greater predation on the zooplankton, which in turn has reduced 
ade leading to greater predation on the zooplankton, which in turn has reduced the algae from c 
plankton, which in turn has reduced the algae from control by their grazer. we will also test w 
ne in arctic charr numbers results from competition with roach, since both feed on the zooplank 
tion with roach, since both feed on the zooplankton. we are in a unique position to assess the  
o assess the long term ramifications of multiple stressors because of the wealth ecological and 
ta, analysis of the historical archived fish and zooplankton samples, identification of food so 
sis of the historical archived fish and zooplankton samples, identification of food sources of  
cation of food sources of the different fish populations and food-web structure using stable is 
 stable isotope analysis and studies of fish gut contents, hydroacoustic analysis to estimate f 
nts, hydroacoustic analysis to estimate fish density and location and modelling to estimate roa 
hydroacoustic analysis to estimate fish density and location and modelling to estimate roach ec 
 estimate fish density and location and modelling to estimate roach ecological niche, zooplankt 
ing to estimate roach ecological niche, zooplankton grazing and algal growth. the project is re 
ate roach ecological niche, zooplankton grazing and algal growth. the project is relevant to cu 
al niche, zooplankton grazing and algal growth. the project is relevant to current general ecol 
nce of top-down-control, the effects of multiple stressors and possible species extinction caus 
multiple stressors and possible species extinction caused by species invasion. the results will 
le species extinction caused by species invasion. the results will also be highly relevant to t 
lts will also be highly relevant to the management of lakes since if our hypotheses are correct 
o be even more stringent in the face of climate change and disruption of food-chains caused by  
and disruption of food-chains caused by invasion of nonindigenous species.  
11367 2  significant evolutionary, economic and conservation significance, but we still have only a poo 
d warbler population at lake kvismaren, sweden. previous work suggests that a few key loci sign 
10122 13 ight into the mechanisms and biological function of calcification and into the environmental fa 
gulate this process. through a detailed assessment of primary metabolism in different coccolith 
hrough a detailed assessment of primary metabolism in different coccolithophore strains, we wil 
coccolithophore strains, we will assess diversity in the response of calcifying and non-calcify 
-calcifying strains to changes in their environment and the interactions between calcification  
ween calcification and the processes of photosynthesis, osmoregulation and phosphate acquisitio 
phores plays a major role in the global carbon cycle and climate change may have a significant  
jor role in the global carbon cycle and climate change may have a significant impact on this pr 
n this process. however, the biological function of calcification in coccolithophores remains u 
c roles such as enhanced acquisition of nutrients and as a source of carbon for photosynthesis, 
isition of nutrients and as a source of carbon for photosynthesis, but definitive evidence for  
nutrients and as a source of carbon for photosynthesis, but definitive evidence for these roles 
calcifying coccolithophores. haptophyte algae accumulate two principal compatible solutes, the  
10355 22                     what determines the growth rate of a tropical forest answering this fairly  
   what determines the growth rate of a tropical forest answering this fairly obvious question  
tion would give important insights into tropical forest ecology, as well as greater understandi 
important insights into tropical forest ecology, as well as greater understanding into the pote 
tanding into the potential responses of tropical forests to atmospheric change and their potent 
 change and their potential as sinks of carbon dioxide. we have recently discovered that mature 
we have recently discovered that mature tropical forests in the western amazon grow twice as fa 
 mature tropical forests in the western amazon grow twice as fast as forests in the eastern ama 
he western amazon grow twice as fast as forests in the eastern amazon, and that the rate of gro 
twice as fast as forests in the eastern amazon, and that the rate of growth seems driven by soi 
he eastern amazon, and that the rate of growth seems driven by soil fertility, and, surprisingl 
that the rate of growth seems driven by soil fertility, and, surprisingly, not by climate. this 
il fertility, and, surprisingly, not by climate. this work has opened up several questions: do  
ed up several questions: do the western forests grow faster because they photosynthesise at hig 
es, but have to spend higher amounts of carbon on respiration, or allocate more to fine roots,  
ve to spend higher amounts of carbon on respiration, or allocate more to fine roots, leaving le 
leaving less available for above-ground growth we propose to directly answer these questions by 
and below-ground measurements on paired forest plots on fertile and infertile soils, with exper 
d forest plots on fertile and infertile soils, with experiment design duplicated in two regions 
design duplicated in two regions of the amazon. at one site, we will also attempt to measure nu 
t to measure nutrient demand within the soil, to explore which soil nutrient may be limiting.  
emand within the soil, to explore which soil nutrient may be limiting.  
10747 22                     what determines the growth rate of a tropical forest answering this fairly  
   what determines the growth rate of a tropical forest answering this fairly obvious question  
tion would give important insights into tropical forest ecology, as well as greater understandi 
important insights into tropical forest ecology, as well as greater understanding into the pote 
tanding into the potential responses of tropical forests to atmospheric change and their potent 
 change and their potential as sinks of carbon dioxide. we have recently discovered that mature 
we have recently discovered that mature tropical forests in the western amazon grow twice as fa 
 mature tropical forests in the western amazon grow twice as fast as forests in the eastern ama 
he western amazon grow twice as fast as forests in the eastern amazon, and that the rate of gro 
twice as fast as forests in the eastern amazon, and that the rate of growth seems driven by soi 
he eastern amazon, and that the rate of growth seems driven by soil fertility, and, surprisingl 
that the rate of growth seems driven by soil fertility, and, surprisingly, not by climate. this 
il fertility, and, surprisingly, not by climate. this work has opened up several questions: do  
ed up several questions: do the western forests grow faster because they photosynthesise at hig 
es, but have to spend higher amounts of carbon on respiration, or allocate more to fine roots,  
ve to spend higher amounts of carbon on respiration, or allocate more to fine roots, leaving le 
leaving less available for above-ground growth we propose to directly answer these questions by 
and below-ground measurements on paired forest plots on fertile and infertile soils, with exper 
d forest plots on fertile and infertile soils, with experiment design duplicated in two regions 
design duplicated in two regions of the amazon. at one site, we will also attempt to measure nu 
t to measure nutrient demand within the soil, to explore which soil nutrient may be limiting.  
emand within the soil, to explore which soil nutrient may be limiting.  
9976 22                     what determines the growth rate of a tropical forest answering this fairly  
   what determines the growth rate of a tropical forest answering this fairly obvious question  
tion would give important insights into tropical forest ecology, as well as greater understandi 
important insights into tropical forest ecology, as well as greater understanding into the pote 
tanding into the potential responses of tropical forests to atmospheric change and their potent 
 change and their potential as sinks of carbon dioxide. we have recently discovered that mature 
we have recently discovered that mature tropical forests in the western amazon grow twice as fa 
 mature tropical forests in the western amazon grow twice as fast as forests in the eastern ama 
he western amazon grow twice as fast as forests in the eastern amazon, and that the rate of gro 
twice as fast as forests in the eastern amazon, and that the rate of growth seems driven by soi 
he eastern amazon, and that the rate of growth seems driven by soil fertility, and, surprisingl 
that the rate of growth seems driven by soil fertility, and, surprisingly, not by climate. this 
il fertility, and, surprisingly, not by climate. this work has opened up several questions: do  
ed up several questions: do the western forests grow faster because they photosynthesise at hig 
es, but have to spend higher amounts of carbon on respiration, or allocate more to fine roots,  
ve to spend higher amounts of carbon on respiration, or allocate more to fine roots, leaving le 
leaving less available for above-ground growth we propose to directly answer these questions by 
and below-ground measurements on paired forest plots on fertile and infertile soils, with exper 
d forest plots on fertile and infertile soils, with experiment design duplicated in two regions 
design duplicated in two regions of the amazon. at one site, we will also attempt to measure nu 
t to measure nutrient demand within the soil, to explore which soil nutrient may be limiting.  
emand within the soil, to explore which soil nutrient may be limiting.  
15440 10 n contexts that suggest a communicative function. the aim of this project is to study the distr 
the aim of this project is to study the distribution, intra- and interspecific variation, evolu 
on, intra- and interspecific variation, evolution, and function of the foot-shaking displays of 
interspecific variation, evolution, and function of the foot-shaking displays of lizards belong 
f lacertid lizards, to outline possible scenarios for the evolution of foot-shakes and to deter 
, to outline possible scenarios for the evolution of foot-shakes and to determine if the inters 
tory or if they are better explained by adaptation to current selective pressures. specifically 
c methods to test the potential role of habitat structure, intrasexual selection, species recog 
we will conduct a detailed study of the function of foot-shaking displays in two lacertid speci 
otheses and general predictions for the evolution of visual signals.  
11814 3 ionary pressure on males has caused the evolution of male traits that reduce female remating ra 
 males has caused the evolution of male traits that reduce female remating rates. the establish 
les. females in turn have often evolved traits that allow them to avoid control by males, and r 
13560 7                                         nitrogen levels of soil moisture. during succession hum 
                     nitrogen levels of soil moisture. during succession humus depth increases  
itrogen levels of soil moisture. during succession humus depth increases and this increases soi 
umus depth increases and this increases soil moisture retention; we will determine the response 
determine the response of n fixation to soil moisture status. by investigating these three fact 
n fixation is promoted during long-term succession, and thus develop an improved knowledge on w 
n availability and limitation in boreal forests.  
11121 1  role of sexual selection in generating biodiversity in g. galloti.  
12162 10                                         grassland is the predominant habitat in the agri-enviro 
           grassland is the predominant habitat in the agri-environment schemes associated with 
sland is the predominant habitat in the agri-environment schemes associated with entry level st 
ion such as the integrity and health of soil resource. there is therefore a need to identify op 
ts. there is evidence that increases in plant diversity can deliver a range of benefits includi 
n deliver a range of benefits including grassland faunal diversity and abundance enhancement, s 
 of benefits including grassland faunal diversity and abundance enhancement, soil structural am 
ncluding grassland faunal diversity and abundance enhancement, soil structural amelioration and 
al diversity and abundance enhancement, soil structural amelioration and nutrient retention and 
de evidence that a moderate increase in plant diversity has the potential to deliver these mult 
14468 9 for biotechnological, phytopathological evaluation, metabolic profile, dna analysis, microbiolo 
 the basis of vegetative and generative indicators. the phytopathological status will be determ 
pcr analysis. genotype behaviors to the distribution plant pathogens - fusarium, phytophthora a 
 resistant to these pathogens. study of genetic diversity in wild small fruit species through d 
ith a view to limiting the reduction of biodiversity. by microbiological analyses will be deter 
nd fungicide effect on different groups fungi. the determination of the metabolite profiles of  
ermine their vital to human health. the development of technology for processing and storage of 
y important. as a result of the complex assessment of wild small fruit species will be created  
acteristics to be used as a resource in agriculture, pharmacy, medicine, and cosmetics.  
2213 11 e the precisions and costs of different monitoring methods and how this is related the life his 
ing methods and how this is related the life history traits of different species. monitoring is 
nd how this is related the life history traits of different species. monitoring is one of the f 
fe history traits of different species. monitoring is one of the fundamental in adaptive manage 
monitoring is one of the fundamental in adaptive management actions as well as dynamics of the  
ment actions as well as dynamics of the ecosystem. the goals are to: • examine the idea of dyna 
s are to: • examine the idea of dynamic monitoring systems, i.e. the optimal monitoring method  
ic monitoring systems, i.e. the optimal monitoring method canchange depending on the status and 
 species. • evaluate the willingness by stakeholders to perform different monitoring methods. • 
ss by stakeholders to perform different monitoring methods. • test the precision of catch-per-u 
st and impact. • develop guidelines for wildlife manager  
10066 15                by 2020, 15% of the uk s energy is to be generated from renewable sources, accor 
 sources, according to the government s energy strategy. this is necessary to reduce the uk s r 
on investigates conflicts between green energy production and wildlife conservation, and will d 
stigates conflicts between green energy production and wildlife conservation, and will develop  
cts between green energy production and wildlife conservation, and will develop guidance and mi 
en green energy production and wildlife conservation, and will develop guidance and mitigation  
ervation, and will develop guidance and mitigation strategies. it falls within nerc studentship 
 that deficiency. effective guidance on mitigation and siting of turbines, and on pre-and post- 
bines, and on pre-and post-construction monitoring protocols will be produced. this may allow c 
mercial wind farms and bats to evaluate mortality rates and bat activity levels. in addition, w 
urbine and control sites using acoustic monitoring. deliverables determination of whether mid-s 
ether mid-sized wind turbines cause bat mortality estimation of effect size, with confidence in 
onfidence intervals indicating level of uncertainty estimation of effect of wind turbines on ba 
ding wind turbines and bats guidance on mitigation and and protocols for pre-/post-construction 
nd protocols for pre-/post-construction monitoring  
11679 3 le support to a whole-mantle convection model. some very rare inclusions seem to provide direct 
ions along with mineral phase relations yield important information about their mantle protolit 
e of diamonds from a kimberlite pipe in brazil, many of which contain mineral inclusions. our p 
11122 1 ruled out. a researcher will bring back water samples for extensive and appropriate analyses he 
13483 11                   winter performance in fish is of major importance for geographical distributi 
ortance for geographical distributions, species interactions and recruitment variation. variati 
distributions, species interactions and recruitment variation. variations in winter/ice-cover c 
large impact on individuals and aquatic ecosystems by changing important habitat factors such a 
quatic ecosystems by changing important habitat factors such as light, temperature and resource 
mportant habitat factors such as light, temperature and resource production. this project has t 
such as light, temperature and resource production. this project has the objective to quantify  
 in winter conditions on top consumers –fish in laboratory, estimating foraging abilities, diet 
changing winter conditions and resource production on fish population dynamics is analysed usin 
r conditions and resource production on fish population dynamics is analysed using models param 
ditions and resource production on fish population dynamics is analysed using models parameteri 
13834 3 brings back important processes in this ecosystem. the primary effects of predation on the main 
 this ecosystem. the primary effects of predation on the main prey populations is currently und 
avian wolf research project measure the diversity and extent of scavenging by other species on  
2060 21                                         predators are important keystone species in the structu 
timately of the integrity and health of ecosystems. by accelerating the rate and expanding the  
ing the rate and expanding the scope of disturbance and habitat change, man has undermined the  
 expanding the scope of disturbance and habitat change, man has undermined the resilience and v 
 habitat change, man has undermined the resilience and viability of large carnivore populations 
e, but with distinct populations at the risk of extinction. investigating the role wolverines h 
ith distinct populations at the risk of extinction. investigating the role wolverines have in e 
vestigating the role wolverines have in ecosystem dynamics and their adaptation to ecosystem ch 
es have in ecosystem dynamics and their adaptation to ecosystem changes are important to ensure 
system dynamics and their adaptation to ecosystem changes are important to ensure effective wol 
important to ensure effective wolverine conservation and maintaining a healthy ecosystem divers 
 conservation and maintaining a healthy ecosystem diversity. focussing on the possibly isolated 
ion and maintaining a healthy ecosystem diversity. focussing on the possibly isolated south nor 
bility of the impact wolverines have on ecosystem dynamics, including human conflicts. studies  
ntra-guild interactions to evaluate the competition and possible commensalism effects among lar 
carnivore species are also included. if conservation and management is to be successful, knowle 
 are also included. if conservation and management is to be successful, knowledge of habitat re 
ement is to be successful, knowledge of habitat requirements and population dynamics are equall 
, knowledge of habitat requirements and population dynamics are equally important in determinin 
environments will be studied along with habitat requirements, to predict the availability of su 
 the availability of suitable wolverine habitat.  
12025 4    tropical rainforests contains a huge diversity of woody plants, from various life-form from  
m from climbers to trees, and different functional groups and to the understanding of the cruci 
rstanding of the crucial aspects of the resilience/sensitivity of the threathened rain forests. 
nce/sensitivity of the threathened rain forests.  
11590 6  of offsetting to reduce the ecological impacts of development in the uk is under detailed eval 
ing to reduce the ecological impacts of development in the uk is under detailed evaluation by d 
development in the uk is under detailed evaluation by defra, natural england, conservationists, 
eh, together with other partners in the natural capital initiative, is organising three worksho 
ting challenges for the potential large scale implementation of biodiversity offsetting in the  
potential large scale implementation of biodiversity offsetting in the uk. 22nd june - practica 
6883 3 t parts of the world. to understand the evolution of the palaearctic fauna necessary the intens 
sive studies in other regions, too. the distribution of species in different genera shows also  
includes description of new species and development of new methods.  
12284 20                                         livestock production systems have a dual role not only  
                              livestock production systems have a dual role not only in food pr 
stems have a dual role not only in food production, but also in the provision of public good ob 
on of public good objectives including, biodiversity and landscape value. however, agriculture  
 objectives including, biodiversity and landscape value. however, agriculture also generates ex 
diversity and landscape value. however, agriculture also generates external costs or negative p 
so generates external costs or negative public goods; specifically, diffuse pollution to air an 
ive public goods; specifically, diffuse pollution to air and water. mitigating greenhouse gas . 
cifically, diffuse pollution to air and water. mitigating greenhouse gas . on average, there wa 
here was a 1% per year reduction in ghg production per unit food produced that could be attribu 
at this reduction could be increased if livestock breeding goals changed to consider environmen 
goals changed to consider environmental efficiency rather than economic efficiency. this projec 
nmental efficiency rather than economic efficiency. this project will examine the impact of pas 
current and future breeding goals in uk livestock populations on ghg emissions, quantifying and 
missions, quantifying and comparing the mitigation potential of each and their impact on system 
the breeding goal shifted from economic efficiency to environmental efficiency, and the subsequ 
om economic efficiency to environmental efficiency, and the subsequent environmental and econom 
roject will examine how and what market incentives/policy drivers would be required to encourag 
 examine how and what market incentives/policy drivers would be required to encourage livestock 
 drivers would be required to encourage livestock breeders to change their breeding goal.  
13842 3 e last years, the study of y chromosome diversity has greatly contributed to the understanding  
acilite the use of these markers on non-model organisms. in this project we propose the use of  
dence to compare with the mitochondrial phylogeny. we will develop snp markers to study the rel 
14815 3 search project pretends to evaluate the yield and nutritional value of some of the wild plants  
itionally more used for food purpose in spain. those quantitative observations on the wild popu 
 to know, on one hand, the quantity and sustainability of this resource available to local peop 
12170 9 f different types of set-aside land for birds, both in terms of providing food resources in win 
at set-aside loss will have detrimental impacts on bird populations at the local and the nation 
d the national level. understanding the scale and nature of measures required to mitigate again 
onal level. understanding the scale and nature of measures required to mitigate against this lo 
els. this study will use information on density of birds in different farmland habitats to esti 
tudy will use information on density of birds in different farmland habitats to estimate the re 
d farmland habitats and land under agri-environment scheme options in both summer and winter. t 
be used to provide an indication of the scale of uptake of key els options required to mitigate 
 key species, the skylark, a population modelling approach will be used to estimate the additio 
15075 4                                         dispersal and colonization patterns of zooplankton in s 
                          dispersal and colonization patterns of zooplankton in shallow lagoons 
 dispersal and colonization patterns of zooplankton in shallow lagoons on a local scale  
oplankton in shallow lagoons on a local scale  
2072 13 ually are flooded and set under shallow water, is among the most diverse ecosystems on earth. c 
hallow water, is among the most diverse ecosystems on earth. crucial for the exceptional biodiv 
s on earth. crucial for the exceptional biodiversity are the complex land-water interactions, w 
ional biodiversity are the complex land-water interactions, where terrestrial and aquatic ecosy 
ractions, where terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems interact during different seasons. most of t 
ties represent potential threats to the ecosystems involved, and make intensified research an u 
ons between the terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, and their synergisms, as reflected in the s 
gisms, as reflected in the semi-aquatic food web, and plankton diversity and dynamics in partic 
the semi-aquatic food web, and plankton diversity and dynamics in particular. this zone makes u 
ular. this zone makes up a crossroad of energy transfer between the terrestrial and aquatic com 
restrial and aquatic compartments. as a ecosystem level research project, it will improve our u 
nderstanding of highly diverse tropical ecosystem interactions, with special regards to a susta 
pecial regards to a sustainable use and management in the future. the study is a co-project of  
190 24 ntermediate and upper trophic levels of marine ecosystems. first data on zooplankton in the gul 
iate and upper trophic levels of marine ecosystems. first data on zooplankton in the gulf of ri 
els of marine ecosystems. first data on zooplankton in the gulf of riga date back to early 1900 
w ii. one of the most recent aspects in zooplankton studies has been its long-term dynamics and 
e observed changes. the spatio-temporal development as well as the species composition of mesoz 
tio-temporal development as well as the species composition of mesozooplankton in the brackish  
tion of mesozooplankton in the brackish baltic sea is to a great extent influenced by abiotic c 
nced by abiotic conditions - especially salinity and temperature, largely influenced by climate 
ic conditions - especially salinity and temperature, largely influenced by climate in the north 
 and temperature, largely influenced by climate in the north-atlantic region. although plankton 
. although plankton may not be the best indicator for tracking the effects of eutrophication/po 
t indicator for tracking the effects of eutrophication/pollution, changes in chemical compositi 
 tracking the effects of eutrophication/pollution, changes in chemical composition of the sea w 
nges in chemical composition of the sea water have been found to be mirrored in the mesozooplan 
ecent factors affecting mesozooplankton community structure and dynamics is the human-mediated  
ture and dynamics is the human-mediated invasion of alien species. zooplankton plays an essenti 
amics is the human-mediated invasion of alien species. zooplankton plays an essential role in p 
man-mediated invasion of alien species. zooplankton plays an essential role in performance of t 
planktivores: changes in the individual growth rate of the major zooplanktivores in the blatic  
tification of the long-term dynamics in phenology, diversity and abundance/biomass of the coast 
of the long-term dynamics in phenology, diversity and abundance/biomass of the coastal mesozoop 
rm dynamics in phenology, diversity and abundance/biomass of the coastal mesozooplankton commun 
s in phenology, diversity and abundance/biomass of the coastal mesozooplankton community in rel 
/biomass of the coastal mesozooplankton community in relation to several natural and human-medi