Id	Number of occurences	Forms
12058	3	the lands farmed. in response to global change, the imas project focuses on the definition and   f farmer, commercial, and institutional seed systems. the project works in the field on two con  u collections. the proposed methodology is based on the joint construction of innovative tools
13377	3	sub-project 2:research project on conservation and evaluati  anatolia region: almond which pruducted seed propogation that showed rich variations since cent  on is suitable for growing almond there is a genetical variation in southeast anatolia region.
14564	1	the subproject is a part of the fauna iberica viii proyect. the aim is
2160	3	ld atlantic salmon stock fishing sector are included. next, the various values and costs involv  and it will be studied how these values are affected by escaped farmed salmon. both collected d  through stated preferences analysis and market data for fishing permits will be applied.
7114	1	this project. types or traits must also be a centerpiece new diagnostic tools available
7115	7	, the great limestone plateaus where it is slowed down by the persistence of a dynamic agricult   subméditerranéennes limestone barrens, is a laboratory where we can draw general lessons in te  stone barrens, is a laboratory where we can draw general lessons in terms of agriculture / biod   interactions. in this territory, there are many operating systems and many mid closing stages.  d closing stages. moreover, lawns there are colonized by a small number of woody species with r  r, lawns there are colonized by a small number of woody species with rather contrasting ecologi  sting ecological behavior; therefore it is possible to have a process centered on a few species
7119	3	y in agricultural activity. for this we have two complementary sub-objectives: 1 - locally and   cussion. 2 - on the scale of farming we assess the economic, agronomic and social consequences   ity management objectives. we will also discuss the influence of social representations of biod
7122	2	aphids form at the french and european level a very diverse group characterized by substantial  ausible scenarios of climate change and use of space for the coming years to develop hypotheses
7127	10	potential ecological impacts of global change, its consequences for the functioning of species  to changes individually, global changes can lead to the decoupling of the different actors in a  , in the specific and mandatory mutual, lack of ecological redundancy implies a greater risk of  ecological redundancy implies a greater risk of rupture of the interaction and consequently the  ently the loss of biodiversity. we will study the impact of global change on three specific and  ity. we will study the impact of global change on three specific and mandatory mutual insect pl  lative and experimental approaches, and is based on the comparison of three contrasting systems  ypervariable molecular markers, we will study phylogeography to identify the history of each sy  ons to global changes. the experimental approach, focused on plant response to partners increas  e specific mutualisms mandatory, global change
7142	5	terest in studying the impact of global change on ecosystems: it is firstly an important compon  pact of global change on ecosystems: it is firstly an important component of biodiversity, but   rtant component of biodiversity, but it is also an effective bio- indicator of the changes. we   ctive bio- indicator of the changes. we propose to study the impact of climate change on vegeta   the high altitudinal thermal gradient, are the perfect place to detect early effects of global
7186	6	n of phytoplankton species, and pelagic drift system was the main objective of the experimental   experimental mesocosm. all experiments were carried out successfully and provided us a unique   ded us a unique data set, but when this is done, the effects on the ecosystem does not perceive  , the effects on the ecosystem does not perceive quickly. This study provides information on th  vasive phenomena, if Caulerpa taxifolia was erected in an interesting fact the whole society, i  irits throughout the coast of Brittany, is crepidula fornicata the particular case of scientist
7197	3	se spaces, for which three case studies were selected. it is through a combination of case stud  ch three case studies were selected. it is through a combination of case studies, that it will   mbination of case studies, that it will be possible to understand a very different variety of s
7245	6	is, or population viability analysis. * test the predictive ability of stochastic models of pop   the end of the thesis project, we will test the predictive ability of pva models used by conse  in collaboration with david claessen. * use knowledge acquired in the framework of a conservati   a result of these fundamental work, we use the results of a study of biodiversity in seine and  of a study of biodiversity in seine and marl to establish a mapping of the risk of extinction r  k of extinction reptile populations and propose sustainable protective measures.
7264	3	research on phylogenetic structure of biodiversity experiencing unprecedented gr  ng question: at the scale of geological time, how changing the phylogenetic structure of animal  cal time, how changing the phylogenetic structure of animal communities from selected fossil re
7274	3	allee s- effect due to the limitation compatible partners in sel  . its evaluation in natural populations is hampered by the technological barrier formed by the    locus genotyping of difficulty in non- model species. the project aims to test the application
7279	2	ole of papuan karsts on groundwater and surface ichtyodiversité. dip integrates the study of ph  l models through new collaborations and propose a nav in 2011
7285	3	we build a robust phylogeny of the genus leucadendron, fro  rticular species,. . pubescens, we will identify the genetic divergence between populations and  ions will be characterized. finally, we model the evolution of life history traits under differ
7297	7	Electroactive biofilms are the subject of a recent and very active internation  ery active international research. they constitute, in effect, a rough track for producing inex  ugh track for producing inexpensive and stable electricity in time by achieving the microbial f  city in time by achieving the microbial fuel cells. these are systems providing for the direct   ed as a "hot spot" for biodiversity. it is possible to imagine such biodiversity quune in a mac  uch biodiversity quune in a macroscopic sense strongly relies on microscopic communities adapte  ot accessible by conventional crops and create a unique collection of electroactive microorgani
7299	2	plants, for their sessile nature, exhibit great plasticity to adapt to environmental stre  tic stress, the generation of oxidative stress in vivo. this project seeks to highlight, in wil
7312	4	ean project brings together 14 european research institutions. it was designed to investigate t  r 14 european research institutions. it was designed to investigate the ability of different ty   to this end, quantitative methods have been developed to assess the effects of amp. at the end   end of the project, a set of proposals were provided to the eu to develop the amp as fisheries
7363	1	arsénié will be explored by a proteomic approach
7367	1	n each of these registers. in situ part is developed in the current research, ex situ been part
7387	1	tolerate trypanosomiasis. qtl analysis was performed and transcriptomic studies are underway t
7425	1	innovative tool will identify, map and analyze the biodiversity of this territory phytovirale.
7428	8	cereal crops. the use of molluscicides is the most used control technology. however, these pro  ol technology. however, these products, even when used at low doses, are extremely toxic to the   products, even when used at low doses, are extremely toxic to the whole animal. also cases of   l. also cases of direct mortality, they concentrate in food chains and directly affect natural   concentrate in food chains and directly affect natural predators of slugs such as ground beetle   prevent the damage caused by slugs and limit the use of molluscicides. the project is located   t the use of molluscicides. the project is located in the heart of beauce, on a site designated   birds, classified otherwise vulnerable zone under the nitrates directive
7500	5	some soils, said disease resistant, limit their particular microflora by the ability of pat  enic microorganisms to survive and / or infect the plant. the objective is to analyze the genet  ematically included, and they will also be studied by quantitative pcr dna on total soil to val  will for the first time comprehensively characterize genetic resources resistant floors, and id  genetic resources resistant floors, and identify biological indicators to manage the pest soil
7502	2	better understand and characterize the genetic diversity is a key objective t  rsity is a key objective to improve and develop new sires that best meet the needs of the curre
7551	2	and the different insulating sequences are studied on the genomic region. we hope to obtain qu  s are studied on the genomic region. we hope to obtain quantized data to a hierarchy of factors
7552	4	cocotier est une plante pérenne qui ne dispose que d’un seul mode de conservation assuré par l  e d’un seul mode de conservation assuré par le maintien de collection en champ. il est caractér  collection en champ. il est caractérisé par une graine de type « récalcitrant », non dormante,   ucteurs et les prospections. la mise au point d’une technique de cryoconservation du méristème
7558	4	many molecular biology methods have been developed that allow the genetic characterization   enetic variability and its dynamics. we propose to develop a general approach for the character  e of this method in theory to guide and speed up the process at the experimental level, ii and   peed up the process at the experimental level, ii and to have a means to generalize this method
7560	5	varied ecological features both trophic level as their life history traits, they are especially  evel as their life history traits, they are especially important in the soil ecosystem. the str   out to be a relevant indicator for bio-study of environmental change. we propose to couple mol  r bio-study of environmental change. we propose to couple molecular characterization to classic  t of a bio-indicator based on molecular tool for comparative analysis of soil samples nématofau
7566	4	the observed variability in saffron. we study the genetic variability between different geograp  rigins using molecular markers. we also plan to characterize derivatives of saffron and variabi  lel to this project, cultural practices are studied in order to assess the fit between them and  ristics of cultivated material if there is a genetic variability in saffron. otherwise, the div
7576	5	d ways of production and processing. we propose to study in us pushing the network of producers  he network, objectives that each farmer is fixed individually or collectively through conservat  selection of people on the farm we will assess the relevance and effectiveness of this method o  rop biodiversity. the project will also characterize the specific qualities sought by these far  es sought by these farmers and how they are expressed in the manner of cultures
7584	5	es frozen donkey does very occasionally fertilize the anesses despite a satisfactory mobility a   as cryoprotectant. in this project, it is proposed to study other cryoprotectants as glycerol   en added costs of these cryoprotectants is measured. then, after thawing, the mobility and intr   this phenomenon of "toxicity" glycerol may exist, to a much lesser extent in horses. we will t  a much lesser extent in horses. we will try to highlight this phenomenon
7586	4	ce of the National cichorium collection are made by the national network, led by GEVES forefoot  nder the brg. To date, 168 descriptions were performed on 236 accessions. a comparison of pheno  tion. the use of STMS markers will also evaluate the degree of heterozygosity of individuals, t   heterozygosity of individuals, thereby refine the description of the genetic diversity of popu
7609	6	horizontal gene transfer is recognized as a fundamental mechanism of bacterial e   labeled with this dna. this technology is applied specifically to recover the bacteria from th  cules dna marked for identification and even, thanks to new technologies, fully sequenced their  objectives of the project"nanogénomique"are to develop and validate protocols grafting and cell  roject"nanogénomique"are to develop and validate protocols grafting and cell manipulation, firs  in order to increase the efficiency and speed of remediation treatments
7612	6	of these heavy metals. in france there are many sites and soils polluted by metals, mostly due  quantities of sludge polluted by metals are generated annually by the dredging of waterways and  th of france, the volume of sediment to be dredged is thus estimated at three million cubic met  hus have negative aspects, because that can help the spread of contaminants or bioaccumulation.  . further oxygenation dredged sediments may alter the speciation of the metals present. at pres  under the generic term phytoremediation may provide an alternative solution to this problem. th
7614	4	the purifying capacity of the mangrove was supported as part of the tender ie2007, so this is    renewal application for the year 2009, demand in 2008 nayant not retained. the project goal is  communities. an experimental pilot site was equipped to mayotte, other species such as crabs, b  e still little studied. at the societal level, this new mode of treatment requires information
7718	2	motion the project is focused by researchers at inra, cirad and the cemagr  to generate knowledge to understand and report on the conditions of the possible forms and impl
11864	7	ell known as nutrients from fertilisers can enter the water from agricultural land causing plan  of terrestrial material entering a lake can be affected by climate change and land management p  e can be affected by climate change and land management practices. the consumption of terrestri   carbon by species in the lake can also be affected by invasive species such as the zebra musse  ussel which voraciously consumes within-lake carbon and is rapidly spreading through irish and   ciously consumes within-lake carbon and is rapidly spreading through irish and u.k. lakes, caus  ast will investigate this important new field of research to shed light on the complicated food
14269	2	ontinuously increasing socio-economical interest in marine resources urges the need for a decis  ecision making framework to objectively allocate the different user functions at the belgian co
10966	26	speleothems in particular can be related to climatic conditions such as sources o  as sources of moisture, temperature and amount of rainfall above each cave. these oxygen isotop   responds to, and whether the recording is biased or altered during the process of speleothem g  of climate - vegetation - groundwater - cave - speleothem. thus climate reconstruction from spe  ng d18o to other aspects of climate. we aim to accomplish both steps and develop a fully-calibr  te. we aim to accomplish both steps and develop a fully-calibrated climate record from gibralta  s of the last 200,000 years. our recent work in new st michaels cave, located high up in the ro  ars. our recent work in new st michaels cave, located high up in the rock of gibraltar, focused   isotopic composition. from all this we can deduce the causes of the seasonal isotopic and chem  in a recently deposited stalagmite, and relate relevant parts of the seasonal signal to the iso  d relate relevant parts of the seasonal signal to the isotopic composition of rainfall during t  nter months. a key result is that there are specific conditions when speleothems record climate  re specific conditions when speleothems record climate most accurately, and if these are met th  d climate most accurately, and if these are met the isotopic composition of rainfall can be rec  et the isotopic composition of rainfall can be reconstructed. in our new work we shall examine   infall can be reconstructed. in our new work we shall examine the second step - how the modern    of gibraltar s historic climate record can be used to derive a calibrated transfer function re  r function relating d18o to climate. we intend to test this calibration using stalagmite formed  lifted by geological forces, caves have been elevated as speleothem grew. we shall investigate   how the calibration from modern records may have to be adapted for application in more ancient   bration from modern records may have to be adapted for application in more ancient times. to ac  imes. to achieve this last objective we must compare the microclimate, air and water chemistry    must compare the microclimate, air and water chemistry of low and high level caves to understa  ferent altitude. we shall then date and analyse stalagmites formed since the last interglacial    interglacial for their isotope ratios, trace elements and water trapped within the mineral, wh  mates in the western mediterranean, and can be compared directly with computer climate models.
10847	8	sahfos will produce a cd and web-based gridded database of 10 key plankton taxa for   cd and web-based gridded database of 10 key plankton taxa for the north atlantic using continuo   and other variables using state-of-the-art spatial interpolation methods that have been develo  spatial interpolation methods that have been developed at sahfos . the project will also includ  loped at sahfos . the project will also include an update of the north sea database to include   948-2002. plots of annual, seasonal and long-term means can also be easily produced. statistica  , seasonal and long-term means can also be easily produced. statistical tests on the reliabilit  us of a sahfos contribution to the 2004 summer exhibition at the royal society.
10093	6	ys an important role in landscapes that are shaped by wind-driven is limited to descriptive obs  ndscapes that are shaped by wind-driven is limited to descriptive observations and reasoning. t  tions and reasoning. this is especially true for vegetated dune fields on a landscape scale, an  egetation in each cell. these movements are controlled by a set of simple rules that dictate in  tive understanding of vegetated aeolian landscape development to ensure that the model generate  he model is then used to systematically investigate exactly how and why various kinds of plant
14360	5	our environment. remote sensing methods can be utilized to this end but existing data and class  g remote sensing methodologies have not been tested vigorously for operational purposes. the ob  ata. for this, an enhanced state-of-the-art classification framework will be designed and model  ing. the vegetation condition will also be assessed using model inversion. results expected - 6  ng - integrated processing chain for sr image reconstruction including classification framework
12585	12	projects will be presented and we will give recommendations for future set up, management and   ts as well as their long term goals and analyse adaptive management towrads these over the life  se over the lifetime of the project. it is evident that many restoration projects started with   nd as a vehicle to fulfill psa targets, while in recent years the emphasis has shifted to soil   rs the emphasis has shifted to soil and water conservation, enhancement of carbon sequestration  ation for climate change mitigation and flood protection goals. these changing objectives and a  se to new understanding. at a technical level, this project will identify the difficulties that   identify the difficulties that need to be overcome in the use of identified restoration and ma  h project, and on how the projects have been funded. to understand the importance of public fun  refore collate existing information and expertise from existing and planned peat restoration ma  d peat restoration management projects, identify avenues for success as well as problem areas a  or success as well as problem areas and provide guidance for future peat restoration and manage
7633	8	teria directly from the environment and clone the banks to form so-called metagenomic dna. our   eam coordinated a nav ground. "genefish"is indeed based on the concept of inoculation in the so   inoculation in the soil of a bacterial strain specifically constructed to trap genes indigenou  f dna. the principle of this technology is recalled in the following sections and its developme   following sections and its development was made possible, at least partially, due to support o  evelopment, we seek help to exploit and demonstrate that this technology can complement traditi  it and demonstrate that this technology can complement traditional approaches and help to achie  n complement traditional approaches and help to achieve the ultimate goal of"terragenome"which
12716	1	plexity of freshwater alveolates: a new threat to frogs 2. laying the taxonomic foundations for
1973	6	ies to explore processes that expand or reduce reproductive isolation. hybridization between in  pecies has been recently documented and may have significant evolutionary consequences for one   ral species of rocky intertidal shores, are commercially exploited for a variety of products, a  ted for a variety of products, and have been implicated as biodiversity indicators. until now,   ives of the proposed research are to: 1 analyze the structure and dynamics of hybrid zones invo  f hybrid zones involving fucus serratus x f. evanescens, using nuclear and organellar dna polym
11767	5	ms. in terms of ecosystem science, they combine some of the attributes of temperate forests qua  uantify the the effects of temperature, litter quality and rainfall on the decay rates of leaf   itter, woody debris, humic material and soil organic matter, by conducting a translocation expe   where samples of litter, dead wood and soil with be swapped between different elevations along  ples of litter, dead wood and soil with be swapped between different elevations along the trans
11791	4	ms. in terms of ecosystem science, they combine some of the attributes of temperate forests qua  ts quantify the effects of temperature, litter quality and rainfall on organic matter decay rat   where samples of litter, dead wood and soil with be swapped between different elevations along  ples of litter, dead wood and soil with be swapped between different elevations along the trans
9983	5	ms. in terms of ecosystem science, they combine some of the attributes of temperate forests qua  uantify the the effects of temperature, litter quality and rainfall on the decay rates of leaf   itter, woody debris, humic material and soil organic matter, by conducting a translocation expe   where samples of litter, dead wood and soil with be swapped between different elevations along  ples of litter, dead wood and soil with be swapped between different elevations along the trans
11446	4	we propose a study of the structure of the core-mantle bou  se a study of the structure of the core-mantle boundary beneath an active hotspot to test the i  at the thermal buoyancy flux of a plume is fed by a catchment area under the plume centre. this  urce is deep in the mantle, at the core-mantle boundary. the work will involve analysis of diff
10169	6	to the c.214 ma. manicouagan event and is the first such record in world stratigraphy. it is i  t such record in world stratigraphy. it is intended to refine the geochronology, establish the   s intended to refine the geochronology, establish the chronostratigraphy and use a range of ind  y, establish the chronostratigraphy and use a range of indicators to gauge the nature, scale an  t of the environmental catastrophe that can be attributed to one of the planets largest impact   . a highly qualified international team is focused on maximising the information yield, with an
13583	3	all species can be identified by unique dna sequences. dna barcodin   by unique dna sequences. dna barcoding is a global initiative that aims to produce a catalogue  ill allow non-specialists to accurately identify species, and since barcodes work on all life s
10022	15	line for some 20 years, only the recent advance in sequencing technology and bioinformatics has  ormatics tools. in this project we will tackle these issues in one major portion of the tree-of  -of-life, the holometabolan insects. we have already developed a set of bioinformatic scripts f   this here to the analysis of the large number of available data for insects. we will also prov   provide scripts to enable an iterative process to update this database regularly for an ever e  of concatenated data matrices will also be available for download so that members of the resear   that members of the research community may combine them with their data for their own studies.   species and sequences, a pool of large-scale phylogenetic trees representing each individual g  ionally to this the collection of trees can be used to investigate and explore the partially un  of trees can be used to investigate and explore the partially unresolved relationships of the i   systematics by compiling all available sequence information for commonly used genes. finally,   monly used genes. finally, an important function of the database is its use in identifying unkn  ize the increasing amounts of taxonomic sequence data that are now ready for a general synthesi  of taxonomic sequence data that are now ready for a general synthesis and broad scale phylogene  ans and in a short time period, we will be able to make great progress towards building the uni
12421	2	mary objectives: to deliver a flexible, fit-for-purpose monitoring strategy for key parts of uk  it requires comprehensive judgements to be made on a wide range of ecosystem components.
7386	2	n content, major character of the wood, is closely linked to the expression of the gene ccr. th  omic, genetic, statistical modeling and wood chemistry
15023	11	rodents, a group which displays a large size variability, ranging from the smallest species of    100 g of body mass, to capybara, which can attain 60 kg. hystricomorph rodents also shows a ve  ch a way that the mandibular structures are used in important roles others that feeding, and in   feeding, and in some cases those roles are associated to locomotor specializations. for exampl  or example, although in the group there are several families where diggers are present, only in  e present, only in some cases incisives are used for burrowing, while in other cases digging ad  cases incisives are used for burrowing, while in other cases digging adaptation depends only on  ze and function factors. methodology to be used would include classical bivariant and multivari  g of mandibular measurements, oclussive surface, and myological parameters extracted from disse  n the species where in vivo experiments could be done, bite forces would be registered by means  cers. both kind of forces would have to be related. in the cases where the phylogenetic signal
7643	7	nd theories. but so far no research has been undertaken to analyzed how these relationships var  g coral fish communities as a model, we propose to investigate how these relationships may vary  factors ranging from local to regional, panel life traits, this over spatial scales and accordi  ndreds of functional groups. the global decline of coral, a major problem for the future of the  jor problem for the future of the reefs is linked to global change: the proposed modeling shoul  future of the reefs is linked to global change: the proposed modeling should bring answers to t   decline of coral. this work could also draw attention to the enormous potential of data on cor
10029	13	he impacts of global climate change, it is important that we monitor the health of ecosystems o  climate change, it is important that we monitor the health of ecosystems over large areas. remo  empts to improve the resolution of what can be resolved on the ground. this is a complex task,   bed features. research projects usually focus on a specific ecosystem and issue / for example,   aweeds on a reef in bermuda although we may conclude the answer is no , we cannot extrapolate t  h we may conclude the answer is no , we cannot extrapolate that answer elsewhere. this is becau  r elsewhere. this is because we usually do not understand the precise cause of the result. in t  cise cause of the result. in this case, are the colours of bermudian corals and seaweeds too si  r to view the seabed properly to really understand our results / and compare them to others / w   to really understand our results / and compare them to others / we need a generic model of how  sults / and compare them to others / we need a generic model of how remote sensing works in an   as most seabeds are - has only recently been modelled. we achieved this modelling using radiosi  and ecological data. taken together, we can identify the value of acquiring accurate data at ea
11058	13	he impacts of global climate change, it is important that we monitor the health of ecosystems o  climate change, it is important that we monitor the health of ecosystems over large areas. remo  empts to improve the resolution of what can be resolved on the ground. this is a complex task,   bed features. research projects usually focus on a specific ecosystem and issue / for example,   aweeds on a reef in bermuda although we may conclude the answer is no , we cannot extrapolate t  h we may conclude the answer is no , we cannot extrapolate that answer elsewhere. this is becau  r elsewhere. this is because we usually do not understand the precise cause of the result. in t  cise cause of the result. in this case, are the colours of bermudian corals and seaweeds too si  r to view the seabed properly to really understand our results / and compare them to others / w   to really understand our results / and compare them to others / we need a generic model of how  sults / and compare them to others / we need a generic model of how remote sensing works in an   as most seabeds are - has only recently been modelled. we achieved this modelling using radiosi  and ecological data. taken together, we can identify the value of acquiring accurate data at ea
11205	4	viral lysis of marine phytoplankton is recognised as playing a key role in global biogeoche  ith a new toolbox of techniques that we propose to use to investigate the unique life histories  he largest virus genomes known. we will develop an emiliania huxleyi virus microarray and use t   emiliania huxleyi virus microarray and use transcriptomics to determine function of an estimat
10674	2	at the tr/j boundary. in particular, we aim to test the accuracy and utility of vertebrate-base  rtebrate-based biostratigraphies, as it is likely that the widespread, uncritical adoption of s
10807	20	careful observation of fishes will also highlight that each species is more abundant in some pl   like any species, the number of fishes is dictated by rates of births, deaths, immigrations, a  neously. for example, death rates might be affected by the number of fishes being eaten by othe  ght be affected by the number of fishes being eaten by other fishes, the amount of fishing, and  ion with other species or because there is not enough food. furthermore, birth rates are diffic  ate because most fish larvae are small, develop away from reefs, and are hard to count when the  are small, develop away from reefs, and are hard to count when they do arrive at a particular s  efs, and are hard to count when they do arrive at a particular site. despite these problems, if  lar site. despite these problems, if we could make a realistic model of the processes controlli   problems, if we could make a realistic model of the processes controlling the number of fishes  portant insights into reef ecology, and aid conservation work. there have been lots of studies   ing fish populations, and this means it is possible to link them together to construct an overa  rall theoretical model. for example, we know that predation by carnivorous fishes significantly  r of juvenile fishes on a reef. we also know that habitats with more coral will support more fi   will support more fishes because there are more places for fishes to hide and avoid predators.   are more places for fishes to hide and avoid predators. i have developed a theoretical model t  edators. i have developed a theoretical model that summarises all these interactions. structura  effective marine reserves. for example, is it better to place a marine reserve where lots of fi  ive marine reserves. for example, is it better to place a marine reserve where lots of fish lar  s of fish larvae arrive, or where there are large areas of nursery habitat
11001	5	trial, freshwater and marine vertebrate is parasitized by nematodes to examine the origins and   ion of infection. the key challenges to be addressed now are to identify regions of vertebrate    the key challenges to be addressed now are to identify regions of vertebrate and nematode geno  ematode genomes where genetic diversity is maintained through the continued interaction between  ctive processes by which this diversity is maintained.
11003	5	trial, freshwater and marine vertebrate is parasitized by nematodes to examine the origins and   ion of infection. the key challenges to be addressed now are to identify regions of vertebrate    the key challenges to be addressed now are to identify regions of vertebrate and nematode geno  ematode genomes where genetic diversity is maintained through the continued interaction between  ctive processes by which this diversity is maintained.
11199	5	trial, freshwater and marine vertebrate is parasitized by nematodes to examine the origins and   ion of infection. the key challenges to be addressed now are to identify regions of vertebrate    the key challenges to be addressed now are to identify regions of vertebrate and nematode geno  ematode genomes where genetic diversity is maintained through the continued interaction between  ctive processes by which this diversity is maintained.
11517	5	trial, freshwater and marine vertebrate is parasitized by nematodes to examine the origins and   ion of infection. the key challenges to be addressed now are to identify regions of vertebrate    the key challenges to be addressed now are to identify regions of vertebrate and nematode geno  ematode genomes where genetic diversity is maintained through the continued interaction between  ctive processes by which this diversity is maintained.
11790	5	trial, freshwater and marine vertebrate is parasitized by nematodes to examine the origins and   ion of infection. the key challenges to be addressed now are to identify regions of vertebrate    the key challenges to be addressed now are to identify regions of vertebrate and nematode geno  ematode genomes where genetic diversity is maintained through the continued interaction between  ctive processes by which this diversity is maintained.
12596	10	griculture or used for peat extraction, release large quantities of greenhouse gases, particula   restoration of these damaged peatlands is promoted as a means of restarting their carbon sink   their carbon sink function so that they take up or sequester more carbon from the atmosphere in  n sink function so that they take up or sequester more carbon from the atmosphere in the form o  in the form of carbon dioxide than they release to it; that is, so that they act as a brake on   ey release to it; that is, so that they act as a brake on global warming. however, restoration   ioxide, methane is a carbon gas, but it is much more potent as a greenhouse gas. therefore, alt  nhouse gas. therefore, although methane is emitted from peatlands in relatively small quantitie  elatively small quantities, its effects must be considered when judging the success of peatland  thane emissions from restored peatlands compare with those from undamaged peatlands. the study
10072	26	he marine environment, forming the very base of almost all marine food webs. this diverse group  most all marine food webs. this diverse group of organisms are frequently referred to as being   zooplankton are protozooplankton, which are singled celled organisms, mainly consisting of flag  these minute grazers form a key trophic link between organisms at the base of the marine food w  b and larger planktonic predators. they are also critically important as nutrient recyclers wit  rogen. many species of protozooplankton can be considered fussy feeders, preferring certain pre  ve feeding activities, protozooplankton play a highly significant role in shaping the compositi  ant role in shaping the composition and structure of bacterial and phytoplankton communities. b   elements, such as carbon and nitrogen, are cycled within aquatic environments. there is now mu  cled within aquatic environments. there is now much evidence to suggest that protozooplankton c  aquatic environments. there is now much evidence to suggest that protozooplankton can discrimin  idence to suggest that protozooplankton can discriminate between similar-sized prey items based  prey items based on differences in cell-surface chemical composition of their prey. within our   tion of their prey. within our previous grant, we were able to identify a receptor used by one   entify a receptor used by one predatory flagellate species to recognise specific chemicals pres   the receptor resulted in a significant drop in feeding rate of the flagellate predator. intere  od cells within our circulation system, use the same type of receptor in order to recognise and  in our circulation system, use the same type of receptor in order to recognise and destroy pote  e of receptor in order to recognise and destroy potentially harmful micro-organisms which enter  mune system. within this grant, we will develop markers specific to the protozoan feeding recep  protozoan feeding receptor. we can then apply these markers in order to determine how commonly    flagellates and ciliates. we will also use these markers in feeding experiments. through block   through blocking the receptor, we will be able to determine to what extent different species o  t different species of protozooplankton use the lectin in order to recognise their prey. we wil  r to recognise their prey. we will also determine whether expression of the receptor changes, d  through conducting these experiments we aim to progress our understanding of aquatic ecosystems
13819	3	great concern has been expressed in several european countries over drama  ty following fertilisation. the project is divided into sets of field and lab experiments desig   are particularly sensitive to nitrogen may make it possible to suggest ways of balancing optim
15372	9	evolutionary biology. a range boundary may be determined by environmental stress, species inte  dary may be determined by environmental stress, species interactions and dispersal limitations.   to climate change. in this project, we aim to investigate abiotic and biotic causes determinin   these two species differ in their life-cycle traits and in the pattern of geographical distrib  istribution in nw iberian peninsula. we are considering two initial hypotheses: i the geographi   to test our general hypothesis we will develop mechanistic models -mms for these two species a  ogy and will provide a ecophysiological process-based view of the fundamental niche of the spec   our initial hypotheses are correct, we predict that the output of mm for h. elongata will conc  elled for f.serratus will cover a wider range of habitats and areas than the actual species occ
13457	6	and biofuels. an intensified production may impair the carbon sequestration in the soil and inc  wn importance of soil microorganisms we lack knowledge of the mechanisms involved and the genet  arbon cycling in agricultural soils. we propose here a way to develop and use cost efficient me  produced by soil microorganism. we will adopt the sequence capture technique coupled with next   xt generation sequencing to efficiently enrich for genes involved in the degradation of complex  r than conventional technology. we will apply the methods on soils from 25 farms in europe and
11431	1	limate sensitivity to either natural or man-made changes continues to be clouds .
12549	3	bemisia tabaci is a serious threat to the uk horticultural industry, w              bemisia tabaci is a serious threat to the uk horticultural industry, with the most   orted on ornamentals such as poinsettia can infect tomatoes with tomato yellow leaf curl virus
10165	10	e, and commonly occurs as a polymorphic character in birds, i.e. melanic and non-melanic indivi   melanic and non-melanic individuals co-exist in the same population. there are also many cases   co-exist in the same population. there are also many cases where closely related species diffe  ne, the melanocortin-1 receptor we will be able to tell whether the mc1r gene is responsible fo  cases of melanism in birds, and whether dark plumage evolution through species formation has th   through species formation has the same cause as in melanic polymorphisms. other aspects of the   of the project involve seeking genetic evidence for an adaptive benefit of melanism, and looki  eeking genetic evidence for an adaptive benefit of melanism, and looking in detail at the role   ution, such as a switch between red and black plumage. the results will be of broad interest to  ehensible by the broader community, and have the potential to become a classic example of the g
2028	12	zed genotypes and phenotypic plasticity can be exploited to study the effect of individual plan  s the topic of this proposal. food webs are overlaid with infochemical webs that mediate direct  te direct and indirect interactions. it is increasingly clear that indirect interactions can ha  direct interactions. it is increasingly clear that indirect interactions can have important eff  singly clear that indirect interactions can have important effects on community dynamics. infoc   is an active and specific process that is induced by herbivory. the infochemicals attract carn  induced by herbivory. the infochemicals attract carnivores that affect the herbivore population  n. additionally, the infochemicals also affect herbivore behaviour and characteristics of neigh  the effect of the infochemicals on food-web interactions. we will take this ecogenomic approach  icals on food-web interactions. we will take this ecogenomic approach in field and laboratory s  eractions. we will take this ecogenomic approach in field and laboratory studies for a system o  pulate plant infochemical phenotype and investigate its effects on individual interactions in a
2104	10	ceae. in the northern hemisphere, there is a vast number of brown-spored agarics, adapted to a   enetic relationships between the large, brown-spored genera cortinarius, inocybe, hebeloma, gal  nocybe, hebeloma, galerina and pholiota are largely unexplored. the main objective is to accumu  cies and infrageneric units in galerina have hitherto been based on morphological and to a less  generic units in galerina have hitherto been based on morphological and to a less extent ecolog  s extent ecological characters. we will infer the molecular phylogeny and test species boundari   will infer the molecular phylogeny and test species boundaries and character evolution of the   ylogeny and test species boundaries and character evolution of the brown-spored agarics and the  he genus galerina. the project is a dna-sequence-based multi-locus phylogenetic approach. in ad  species complexes in galerina will also be accomplished. the genetic variation will be analyzed
15083	5	and litter are the reservoir of a huge number of microscopic fungi including the hyphomycetes.  mal pathogenic fungi belong to them. it can be estimated that the rich vegetation and the clima  f the spanish microscopic fungi we will develop a study of the soil and litter hyphomycetes div  we will develop a study of the soil and litter hyphomycetes diversity. different geographic are  imately six mycological forays. we will try to isolate a representative number of the fungi gro
14715	5	and litter are the reservoir of a huge number of microscopic fungi including the hyphomycetes.  mal pathogenic fungi belong to them. it can be estimated that the rich vegetation and the clima  f the spanish microscopic fungi we will develop a study of the soil and litter hyphomycetes div  we will develop a study of the soil and litter hyphomycetes diversity. different geographic are  imately six mycological forays. we will try to isolate a representative number of the fungi gro
10883	15	g how our ecosystems and their services are formed, and how natural and anthropogenic factors e   advanced for most fields of animal and plant ecology, the microscopic nature of bacteria means  microscopic nature of bacteria means we have virtually no understanding of what the major group  ps of bacteria, or their distributions, are within great britain. critically, bacteria perform   and biogeochemical nutrient cycling. it is imperative that we understand which major groups are  rient cycling. it is imperative that we understand which major groups are present, what control  em assessments. in this application, we propose to address this shortfall by assessing the occu  survey of 2007. in this globally unique approach, we will detect bacterial groups by high throu   this globally unique approach, we will detect bacterial groups by high throughput molecular bi  e key soil chemistry parameters, and co-analyse these data rich variables to address several ke  everal key hypotheses. further, we will produce high resolution maps of bacterial group distrib  oduce high resolution maps of bacterial group distribution across great britain and couple thes  p distribution across great britain and couple these data to existing publicly available data,   of this investigation, we will form and archive a nationally accessible genome bank for use by    other investigators in order that they may address their own specific hypotheses in relation t
9873	4	ith independent geological evidence. we want to take this now further and apply this method to   e. we want to take this now further and apply this method to key areas of the austrian eastern   ere multiple brittle deformation events are recorded and relatively well-dated via sedimentary   bres on brittle fault planes, start and end of faulting episodes may be datable.
2168	1	rophic food chain with cyanobacteria or green alga d. magna zebrafish danio rerio.
527	1	indigos major objectives are : make the connection between the different spatial scale
15064	6	iability and different patterns that we observe in biological systems and processes. this is no  iological model generally, a good model is considered to be one that is easy to observe and exp  t is easy to observe and experimentally manipulate, and that permits rapid publication of resul  e same species or groups of species. we cannot hope to deeply understand and explain natural di  we cannot hope to deeply understand and explain natural diversity using a narrow range of biolo  r likelihood of extinction. in previous work, we showed how the survival of the reproductive po
10277	10	ces where fossils of megafaunal species are found directly associated with plant remains, notab  ermafrost in which the stomach contents are preserved. we will use these data to construct mode  stomach contents are preserved. we will use these data to construct models relating the megafau   components of their diet. we will then use these models to simulate the changing potential ran  l encompass all of northern eurasia and north america, enabling us to include the complete geog   carnivores and omnivores, we will also examine a comparable range of species that survive to t  ores, we will also examine a comparable range of species that survive to the present day. in th  resent day. in these cases we will also use data recording the species current geographical dis  h extinct and surviving species we will be able to make critical comparisons that will provide    of environmental, especially climatic, change, of the ecological characteristics of the specie
10288	10	ces where fossils of megafaunal species are found directly associated with plant remains, notab  ermafrost in which the stomach contents are preserved. we will use these data to construct mode  stomach contents are preserved. we will use these data to construct models relating the megafau   components of their diet. we will then use these models to simulate the changing potential ran  l encompass all of northern eurasia and north america, enabling us to include the complete geog   carnivores and omnivores, we will also examine a comparable range of species that survive to t  ores, we will also examine a comparable range of species that survive to the present day. in th  resent day. in these cases we will also use data recording the species current geographical dis  h extinct and surviving species we will be able to make critical comparisons that will provide    of environmental, especially climatic, change, of the ecological characteristics of the specie
10531	10	ces where fossils of megafaunal species are found directly associated with plant remains, notab  ermafrost in which the stomach contents are preserved. we will use these data to construct mode  stomach contents are preserved. we will use these data to construct models relating the megafau   components of their diet. we will then use these models to simulate the changing potential ran  l encompass all of northern eurasia and north america, enabling us to include the complete geog   carnivores and omnivores, we will also examine a comparable range of species that survive to t  ores, we will also examine a comparable range of species that survive to the present day. in th  resent day. in these cases we will also use data recording the species current geographical dis  h extinct and surviving species we will be able to make critical comparisons that will provide    of environmental, especially climatic, change, of the ecological characteristics of the specie
2546	13	ers in the world oceans, and seasonally constitute the majority of total pelagic biomass at hig  t productivity of higher trophic levels is limited and contradictory. recent results suggests t  mates, methodological difficulties, and lack of knowledge about the influence of chemical signa  phaeocystis in situ. based on these, we propose to investigate feeding by the dominating micro-  e simultaneously analyzed using cutting-edge metabolomic approaches. the project is based on a   dge metabolomic approaches. the project is based on a close cooperation by an established group  tive fields, and will develop norwegian research skills and expertise through focus on training  l develop norwegian research skills and expertise through focus on training of young scientists  ing of young scientists in state-of-the-art methodology. to achieve a lasting effort towards ge   effort towards gender equality we will promote female candidates combined with national and in   and international network building. we have ambitious publication plans and anticipate conside  we have ambitious publication plans and anticipate considerable national and international inte  the global cycling of climate gases and transfer of energy to higher trophic levels, such as fi
13779	5	boreal stream ecosystems have large intrinsic values but our u  rong climate change effects with likely negative consequences for stream communities and their   owledge seems to suffer especially from being dated and from misconceptions, e.g. that streams    from misconceptions, e.g. that streams are fuelled by detritus generally. the functional feedi  ional feeding group concept . the study is expected to generate useful results for stream manag
14225	2	evolution in insects in a phylogenetic framework, comparing geographically disparate groups, a  rate groups, and therefore an important step towards understanding life history evolution in in
11462	8	molecular systematics has been used to study deep relationships of the tree-of-li  o-called universal markers because they can be sequenced with the same tools across a wide rang  ever, these universal gene markers have been proven to be insufficient for many applications, a  pplications, and hence novel approaches are needed in molecular systematics. here we explore a   eeded in molecular systematics. here we explore a novel strategy, based on the possibility of s  he transcriptome , i.e., the genes that are expressed . hence, a relatively small effort is nee  ssed . hence, a relatively small effort is needed to resolve one of the classical phylogenetic   enetic questions with great confidence, while also testing some critical parameters of implemen
15314	6	phenomena taking place along relatively short periods of time, because once the action of the p  esulting pattern. along this project we propose a new line of work that possibilities the ident  rn. along this project we propose a new line of work that possibilities the identification of p  e processes of evolutionary change . we believe that results of this project are not limited to  to pure scientific conclusions but they could be used as a basic tool in scientific policies si   tool in scientific policies since they intend to promote from the inside the necessary revalor
10340	14	e chemicals in their environment . they use this information for detecting food, avoiding preda  es are unlike other senses in that they require specific receptors for each compound or class o  specific receptors for each compound or class of compounds to which they respond. recently, in    which they respond. recently, in large part through genome sequencing projects, classes of gen  or odorant and gustatory receptors have been identified and their characterisation is now proce  s now proceeding rapidly. they may well be the key to understanding the recognition and process  ugh their functions in both habitat and mate choice, arguably the two primary forms of prematin  citing opportunity to take a systematic approach to the genetic basis of this key component of   ation process. in this project, we will use genomic information and species of the drosophila m  apidly under natural selection. we will test for associations between odorant and gustatory rec  odorant and gustatory receptor loci and key behavioural traits, such as mate and habitat choice   in critical behavioural steps. we will examine gene expression in the same set of strains to t  nctions. this will provide a systematic answer to the longstanding question of the relative rol  a systematic answer to the longstanding question of the relative roles of structural and expres
10994	14	e chemicals in their environment . they use this information for detecting food, avoiding preda  es are unlike other senses in that they require specific receptors for each compound or class o  specific receptors for each compound or class of compounds to which they respond. recently, in    which they respond. recently, in large part through genome sequencing projects, classes of gen  or odorant and gustatory receptors have been identified and their characterisation is now proce  s now proceeding rapidly. they may well be the key to understanding the recognition and process  ugh their functions in both habitat and mate choice, arguably the two primary forms of prematin  citing opportunity to take a systematic approach to the genetic basis of this key component of   ation process. in this project, we will use genomic information and species of the drosophila m  apidly under natural selection. we will test for associations between odorant and gustatory rec  odorant and gustatory receptor loci and key behavioural traits, such as mate and habitat choice   in critical behavioural steps. we will examine gene expression in the same set of strains to t  nctions. this will provide a systematic answer to the longstanding question of the relative rol  a systematic answer to the longstanding question of the relative roles of structural and expres
9967	14	e chemicals in their environment . they use this information for detecting food, avoiding preda  es are unlike other senses in that they require specific receptors for each compound or class o  specific receptors for each compound or class of compounds to which they respond. recently, in    which they respond. recently, in large part through genome sequencing projects, classes of gen  or odorant and gustatory receptors have been identified and their characterisation is now proce  s now proceeding rapidly. they may well be the key to understanding the recognition and process  ugh their functions in both habitat and mate choice, arguably the two primary forms of prematin  citing opportunity to take a systematic approach to the genetic basis of this key component of   ation process. in this project, we will use genomic information and species of the drosophila m  apidly under natural selection. we will test for associations between odorant and gustatory rec  odorant and gustatory receptor loci and key behavioural traits, such as mate and habitat choice   in critical behavioural steps. we will examine gene expression in the same set of strains to t  nctions. this will provide a systematic answer to the longstanding question of the relative rol  a systematic answer to the longstanding question of the relative roles of structural and expres
13742	5	s, and its reintroduction may therefore benefit many other species, too. in the proposed projec   predictions on available stork habitat can be made for this range. thus, it will be possible t  n be made for this range. thus, it will be possible to estimate the total sustainable breeding   tat identified with the model will also be valuable for many other wetland organisms, and hence   wetland organisms, and hence the model can be used to direct conservation and restoration effo
12267	4	udies discount biogenic carbon as there is no net emission between its sequestration and re-rel  discount biogenic carbon as there is no net emission between its sequestration and re-release t  ission between its sequestration and re-release to the atmosphere. both approaches have been re  to the atmosphere. both approaches have been reported here. as with all defra-funded research p
6816	4	during the last decade long-term survival of patients and grafts among renal and li  ncreasing. also considering the age and gender of these patients there is a well recognized inc   age and gender of these patients there is a well recognized increase in the incidence of malig   case special immunosuppressive therapy must be applied.
10575	3	diverse animal taxa. in particular, it is now well established that male investment in the spe  erm competition. however, sperm usually make up only a tiny fraction of total ejaculate volume   jaculate investment strategies, we will determine reproductive success for males mating under c
13712	9	w decades ago, to supplement and partly decrease the need for protected areas. it is today appl  crease the need for protected areas. it is today applied in production forests around the world  and social aspects is still lacking. we are a multidisciplinary team . a professional communica  ll be applicable to the 240 000 swedish forest owners and on the hundreds of thousands of hecta   hundreds of thousands of hectares that are harvested each year. the results will also be of st  vested each year. the results will also be of strategic interest to policy-making since they wi  . the results will also be of strategic interest to policy-making since they will either reject  making since they will either reject or sustain the current swedish forest conservation policy   r reject or sustain the current swedish forest conservation policy with conservation actions ta
12712	2	and distribution data, which will then be used to further support, outside this contract, the    of a targeted review of the current uk network of terrestrial and coastal special protection a
12751	1	n forests under the international redd+ scheme - some of which will be spent on helping reduce
12704	2	ra policy divisions namely sponsorship, landscape, and recreation. the purpose of this review i  monitoring and execution of policy, and make recommendations on the future composition and mana
12455	5	summary objective: review international best practice and appropriate know   review international best practice and appropriate knowledge base and implement appropriate to  anisations , etc. key customer purpose: develop a risk analysis framework for the identificatio  ase our capacity to both understand and incorporate uncertainty and risk when making fisheries   erstand and incorporate uncertainty and risk when making fisheries management decisions.
11313	24	species can differ from one another in many ways but the most i   interesting differences are those that are involved in keeping species apart by preventing gen  . closely related species can sometimes succeed in breeding together, but further genetic mixin  ng together, but further genetic mixing is prevented because hybrid offspring are inviable or s  standing hybrid sterility can therefore explain how species are kept apart, and how they formed  ility can therefore explain how species are kept apart, and how they formed in the first place.  w they formed in the first place. there are several theories about the causes of reproductive i  ristics of larger living things, yet it is much easier to understand and manipulate genetically  yet it is much easier to understand and manipulate genetically. it can mate with closely relate  derstand and manipulate genetically. it can mate with closely related yeast species, but produc  enes from another. this incompatibility could occur when the genes are mixed up by the hybrid t  ompatibility could occur when the genes are mixed up by the hybrid to make its gametes . it cou   by the hybrid to make its gametes . it could make the gametes die, or it could affect the abil   . it could make the gametes die, or it could affect the ability of the gametes to fertilise or  ility of the gametes to fertilise or it could affect the viability or fertility of the resultin   affect hybrid gametes, a genetic trick is used to transfer individual chromosomes one by one f  r. some of the chromosomes have already been transferred, but this proposal aims to transfer al  r all of them. then all the chromosomes can be tested for the presence of genetic incompatibili  sence of genetic incompatibilities that could kill a gamete or the offspring resulting when a g  r the offspring resulting when a gamete is fertilised. if incompatibilities are discovered then  ete is fertilised. if incompatibilities are discovered then the genes responsible can be isolat  e discovered then the genes responsible can be isolated. if no incompatibilities are found then  an be isolated. if no incompatibilities are found then this will give support to alternative ex  nations for reproductive isolation that do not depend on genetics.
10179	6	s act as important drivers of bacterial host evolution, both in terms of predator-prey relation  st evolution, both in terms of predator-prey relationships and in terms of phage conversion. re   remarkable spectrum of bacterial genes can be carried by a small group of phages of mycobacter  cterial genes can be carried by a small group of phages of mycobacteria. in this project we wil  f mycobacteria. in this project we will test the hypothesis that converting phages of gram-nega  pothesis that converting phages of gram-negative bacteria are far more widespread in the enviro
10284	1	we aim to construct a spatial multi-species ecosystem mode
13980	5	animal-breeding perspective since they are likely to be determinants of desirable traits. unti   of data becoming available, we can now take a much more powerful genomic approach to search fo  n now take a much more powerful genomic approach to search for positively selected genes. i pro  onary history of populations from large-scale genotype information. i will focus on locating se  hat deviate from the genome average and use these methods to search for selected genes in the h
12456	4	ry objective: run exisiting species and size-based models in parallel, using common input data,  tudy-specific management scenarios, and evaluate the relative strengths and weakness of each ap  y customer purpose: test and critically evaluate the usefulness of different modelling approach  of uncertainty in fisheries models, and help to predict knock-on, ecosystem implications of fut
14751	2	nursery conditions. in this project it is postulated that optimization of the mycorrhizal stat  ing factors. therefore, ad hoc research is proposed to demonstrate such a hypothesis. mycorrhiz
9828	3	tnt is highly toxic, widespread and persistent and is on th  ly toxic, widespread and persistent and is on the epa priority pollutant list. the aim of this   bations. as part of the process we will develop methodologies for studying the degradative capa
12689	2	venile tortoises which are too small to be fitted with a microchip transponder and contribute s  fitted with a microchip transponder and contribute significantly to the implementation of cites
2088	2	enough material suitable for molecular work most probably will not be available, only morpholo  r molecular work most probably will not be available, only morphological characters will be uti
1979	5	there is an urgent need for tools to predict the effects of h  ity as a useful concept, scientists now agree that in the case of migratory birds the carrying   food density . as the proposed research can build on laborious and time-consuming measurements   sed research can build on laborious and time-consuming measurements and model developments, thi  ous and time-consuming measurements and model developments, this provides a unique opportunity
14509	1	sely related clades populations genetic structure for the neutral markers will follow a pattern
11671	14	is a challenging problem of widespread interest among ecologists, and also of vital importance  veniles and terrestrial adults. we will concentrate on the recruitment of eggs from the terrest  ely that either or both of these stages may act as populations bottlenecks . simply finding a s  finding a suitable location to lay eggs may limit population size. many stream insects lay thei  nt from the water s surface and we will test whether the supply of emergent rocks might limit e  s might limit egg recruitment. further, egg-laying females may be influenced by the spatial arr  ecruitment. further, egg-laying females may be influenced by the spatial arrangement of emergen  rangement of emergent rocks and we will test also how this influences recruitment. once the egg   by measuring neonate movement, we will identify the spatial scale relevant to studies about po   movement, we will identify the spatial scale relevant to studies about population dynamics. al  ly, effects of emergent rock limitation may be overwhelmed by high mortality of eggs or neonate  es, would suggest that populations size is set by different life stages and subsequent research  by different life stages and subsequent research efforts can be directed at those stages. thus,   stages and subsequent research efforts can be directed at those stages. thus, our research wil
10280	6	temperate shelf seas acts as a critical interface in the shelf sea system. it is a physical bar  l interface in the shelf sea system. it is a physical barrier to vertical exchange, controlling  ithin the thermocline . this phenomenon is estimated to account for about half of the annual ca  et the controlling physics is only just being unravelled. the identification and parameterisati  ll be achieved through an observational campaign closely integrated with numerical model predic  paign closely integrated with numerical model predictions using both 1d and 3d numerical models
10553	6	temperate shelf seas acts as a critical interface in the shelf sea system. it is a physical bar  l interface in the shelf sea system. it is a physical barrier to vertical exchange, controlling  ithin the thermocline . this phenomenon is estimated to account for about half of the annual ca  et the controlling physics is only just being unravelled. the identification and parameterisati  ll be achieved through an observational campaign closely integrated with numerical model predic  paign closely integrated with numerical model predictions using both 1d and 3d numerical models
9929	13	the copepod calanus finmarchicus is a key component of the north atlantic ecosystem, for  rth atlantic ecosystem, forming a vital link between primary production and fisheries. calanus   roduces in the surface waters in spring/summer but spends the winter in a dormant state in deep  mmer but spends the winter in a dormant state in deep waters. individuals emerging from diapaus   and temporal variability in the spring/summer abundance of calanus, it is vital to understand    spring/summer abundance of calanus, it is vital to understand factors influencing its survival  much of the north atlantic but does not overwinter at the same depth in all locations. the driv  predators may be one of the factors. we have previously made an extensive study of calanus pred  s. we have previously made an extensive study of calanus predator-prey interactions in the irmi   an extensive study of calanus predator-prey interactions in the irminger basin in the western   during the winter, and have found there is a mismatch between the overwintering depth of the ca   in overwintering depth. ultimately, it may enable us to predict how the north atlantic populat  nus, and its dependent fishery species, may respond to ongoing changes in ocean climate.
10812	20	dartford warblers are rare because they are not suited to the british climate . these are actua  rstand both types of variation but have been forced to consider each in isolation. in my resear  ls that allow both types of question to be addressed within a single framework. for the first t  single framework. for the first time it is possible to model in the same analysis the variation   of multiple species in many places. it is now possible to compare the importance of evolution   h butterflies. mammals are an excellent group on which to conduct studies of this type, because  type, because they are well known, they cover the entire globe, they include both small and lar  nown, they cover the entire globe, they include both small and large animals and they display a  e both small and large animals and they display a great variety of diets and ways of life. butt  hat date back over 20 years. these data were collected by a large volunteer network and have be  types of questions at the same time. we can ask whether large-bodied species always less common  nary factors are important. at the same time, we can ask whether there more animals are found i  ors are important. at the same time, we can ask whether there more animals are found in warm pl  , we can ask whether there more animals are found in warm places compared with cold ones. also,  laces compared with cold ones. also, we can tackle more complicated issues, like why some speci  l to human intervention, whereas others respond poorly. evolutionary and ecological questions l  ogical questions like these have rarely been addressed together. finally, the new approach allo  tions about spatial scale. for example, are species that are locally sensitive to humans more l   of global extinction relatively little is known about whether processes operating at small sca  her processes operating at small scales can account for patterns at larger scales, so the resul
9961	20	dartford warblers are rare because they are not suited to the british climate . these are actua  rstand both types of variation but have been forced to consider each in isolation. in my resear  ls that allow both types of question to be addressed within a single framework. for the first t  single framework. for the first time it is possible to model in the same analysis the variation   of multiple species in many places. it is now possible to compare the importance of evolution   h butterflies. mammals are an excellent group on which to conduct studies of this type, because  type, because they are well known, they cover the entire globe, they include both small and lar  nown, they cover the entire globe, they include both small and large animals and they display a  e both small and large animals and they display a great variety of diets and ways of life. butt  hat date back over 20 years. these data were collected by a large volunteer network and have be  types of questions at the same time. we can ask whether large-bodied species always less common  nary factors are important. at the same time, we can ask whether there more animals are found i  ors are important. at the same time, we can ask whether there more animals are found in warm pl  , we can ask whether there more animals are found in warm places compared with cold ones. also,  laces compared with cold ones. also, we can tackle more complicated issues, like why some speci  l to human intervention, whereas others respond poorly. evolutionary and ecological questions l  ogical questions like these have rarely been addressed together. finally, the new approach allo  tions about spatial scale. for example, are species that are locally sensitive to humans more l   of global extinction relatively little is known about whether processes operating at small sca  her processes operating at small scales can account for patterns at larger scales, so the resul
10522	23	e stability of these ecosystem services can be undermined by the increased demands society make   against such loss of functioning there is in place legally-binding national and european direc  f at best weekly-fortnightly intervals, is sufficient to record seasonal change but cannot reso  ufficient to record seasonal change but cannot resolve the processes driving many aspects of la  function. to resolve these processes we need to hear every note in the full symphony of lake fu   key reflectors of lake functioning. we are fortunate that deployed in eleven lakes across the   altitude, latitude and nutrient status, are basic systems automated to make such measurements,   ations . however at present, most buoys are restricted to a meteorological station and temperat  t these are subject to biofouling which could compromise the data. at present, the data are mai  nly downloaded by telemetry to the host-site via a range of procedures. thus we are not utilisi  site via a range of procedures. thus we are not utilising advances in data-logger-, computer- a  ure automatically at high frequency and hear the full symphony . we propose to change this by i  equency and hear the full symphony . we propose to change this by installing stable, state-of-t  se to change this by installing stable, state-of-the-art sensor technology, with mechanical dev  this by installing stable, state-of-the-art sensor technology, with mechanical devices to minim  o minimise biofouling. further, we will maximise the value of generating this high frequency da  nt from science-driven agendas. we will demonstrate such a network supports these agendas throu   forecasting of lake behaviour: we will incorporate the real-time data available from the senso  behaviour: we will incorporate the real-time data available from the sensor network into a fore  on within lakes: we will track pool and flux variability of dissolved carbon dioxide over daily  asurements to meteorological and within-lake physico-chemical measurements within and between s  rence in sub-seasonal timescales: lakes can show a regionally coherent response e.g. strong lin  north wall of the gulf stream have also been shown to influence directly the regional coherence
10752	23	e stability of these ecosystem services can be undermined by the increased demands society make   against such loss of functioning there is in place legally-binding national and european direc  f at best weekly-fortnightly intervals, is sufficient to record seasonal change but cannot reso  ufficient to record seasonal change but cannot resolve the processes driving many aspects of la  function. to resolve these processes we need to hear every note in the full symphony of lake fu   key reflectors of lake functioning. we are fortunate that deployed in eleven lakes across the   altitude, latitude and nutrient status, are basic systems automated to make such measurements,   ations . however at present, most buoys are restricted to a meteorological station and temperat  t these are subject to biofouling which could compromise the data. at present, the data are mai  nly downloaded by telemetry to the host-site via a range of procedures. thus we are not utilisi  site via a range of procedures. thus we are not utilising advances in data-logger-, computer- a  ure automatically at high frequency and hear the full symphony . we propose to change this by i  equency and hear the full symphony . we propose to change this by installing stable, state-of-t  se to change this by installing stable, state-of-the-art sensor technology, with mechanical dev  this by installing stable, state-of-the-art sensor technology, with mechanical devices to minim  o minimise biofouling. further, we will maximise the value of generating this high frequency da  nt from science-driven agendas. we will demonstrate such a network supports these agendas throu   forecasting of lake behaviour: we will incorporate the real-time data available from the senso  behaviour: we will incorporate the real-time data available from the sensor network into a fore  on within lakes: we will track pool and flux variability of dissolved carbon dioxide over daily  asurements to meteorological and within-lake physico-chemical measurements within and between s  rence in sub-seasonal timescales: lakes can show a regionally coherent response e.g. strong lin  north wall of the gulf stream have also been shown to influence directly the regional coherence
10756	23	e stability of these ecosystem services can be undermined by the increased demands society make   against such loss of functioning there is in place legally-binding national and european direc  f at best weekly-fortnightly intervals, is sufficient to record seasonal change but cannot reso  ufficient to record seasonal change but cannot resolve the processes driving many aspects of la  function. to resolve these processes we need to hear every note in the full symphony of lake fu   key reflectors of lake functioning. we are fortunate that deployed in eleven lakes across the   altitude, latitude and nutrient status, are basic systems automated to make such measurements,   ations . however at present, most buoys are restricted to a meteorological station and temperat  t these are subject to biofouling which could compromise the data. at present, the data are mai  nly downloaded by telemetry to the host-site via a range of procedures. thus we are not utilisi  site via a range of procedures. thus we are not utilising advances in data-logger-, computer- a  ure automatically at high frequency and hear the full symphony . we propose to change this by i  equency and hear the full symphony . we propose to change this by installing stable, state-of-t  se to change this by installing stable, state-of-the-art sensor technology, with mechanical dev  this by installing stable, state-of-the-art sensor technology, with mechanical devices to minim  o minimise biofouling. further, we will maximise the value of generating this high frequency da  nt from science-driven agendas. we will demonstrate such a network supports these agendas throu   forecasting of lake behaviour: we will incorporate the real-time data available from the senso  behaviour: we will incorporate the real-time data available from the sensor network into a fore  on within lakes: we will track pool and flux variability of dissolved carbon dioxide over daily  asurements to meteorological and within-lake physico-chemical measurements within and between s  rence in sub-seasonal timescales: lakes can show a regionally coherent response e.g. strong lin  north wall of the gulf stream have also been shown to influence directly the regional coherence
11807	23	e stability of these ecosystem services can be undermined by the increased demands society make   against such loss of functioning there is in place legally-binding national and european direc  f at best weekly-fortnightly intervals, is sufficient to record seasonal change but cannot reso  ufficient to record seasonal change but cannot resolve the processes driving many aspects of la  function. to resolve these processes we need to hear every note in the full symphony of lake fu   key reflectors of lake functioning. we are fortunate that deployed in eleven lakes across the   altitude, latitude and nutrient status, are basic systems automated to make such measurements,   ations . however at present, most buoys are restricted to a meteorological station and temperat  t these are subject to biofouling which could compromise the data. at present, the data are mai  nly downloaded by telemetry to the host-site via a range of procedures. thus we are not utilisi  site via a range of procedures. thus we are not utilising advances in data-logger-, computer- a  ure automatically at high frequency and hear the full symphony . we propose to change this by i  equency and hear the full symphony . we propose to change this by installing stable, state-of-t  se to change this by installing stable, state-of-the-art sensor technology, with mechanical dev  this by installing stable, state-of-the-art sensor technology, with mechanical devices to minim  o minimise biofouling. further, we will maximise the value of generating this high frequency da  nt from science-driven agendas. we will demonstrate such a network supports these agendas throu   forecasting of lake behaviour: we will incorporate the real-time data available from the senso  behaviour: we will incorporate the real-time data available from the sensor network into a fore  on within lakes: we will track pool and flux variability of dissolved carbon dioxide over daily  asurements to meteorological and within-lake physico-chemical measurements within and between s  rence in sub-seasonal timescales: lakes can show a regionally coherent response e.g. strong lin  north wall of the gulf stream have also been shown to influence directly the regional coherence
7685	7	eveloping countries where a significant proportion of the population relies on marine resources   and for analysis of the short-term and long-term consequences. to anticipate those changes, we  for analysis of the short-term and long-term consequences. to anticipate those changes, we prop  uences. to anticipate those changes, we propose to develop a web-based decision-support tool to  ions and to facilitate negociations and experience-sharing among stakeholders and scientists. t  on tool will be implemented at regional scale in the western indian ocean , ecological niche an  cision-makers to identify, simulate and assess the prospective scenarios. the project outcomes
12027	6	biological diversity is currently being rapidly and dramatically modified by human activi  the spatial heterogeneity, dynamics and decline of biodiversity. in the mediterranean region, a   destroyed and continues to destroy and fragment natural habitat, the abandonment of traditiona  s the context for our interdisciplinary program in association with the norms, values and repre  nstrates the need to further scientific research on the ecological mechanisms underlying biodiv  ool in implementation of scientifically sound policy.
10264	11	dioxide in the atmosphere. because co2 is an acidic gas, and a high proportion of the human em  he atmosphere. because co2 is an acidic gas, and a high proportion of the human emissions event  o limit emissions by setting targets it is vital to predict what effect such acidification will  ocene event. crucially the foraminifera are excellently preserved. in 2008 this site was redril  xcellently preserved. in 2008 this site was redrilled using superior drilling technology and th   to define the rate and magnitude of ph change as well as study the effects on the extraordinar  cation and the ecological responses, we can calibrate the effects. the task is not easy however   calibrate the effects. the task is not easy however; factors other than acidity were involved,  asy however; factors other than acidity were involved, and the background level of acidity befo  of this study with ongoing experimental work by other groups can we aim to provide more accurat  xperimental work by other groups can we aim to provide more accurate predictions of what might
11369	4	abundance in response to environmental change on an ecological time-scale, and to explore the   o environmental change on an ecological time-scale, and to explore the use of relationships bet  ironmental change on an ecological time-scale, and to explore the use of relationships between    between local abundance, occupancy and total population size in assessing population status.
10075	5	already there are reports of ecological change in mature forests, with increasing biomass, grow  g biomass, growth, and dynamics, but it is unclear what factor is accelerating tree growth and   ill contribute the accumulated data and experience of 25 years of monitoring forest plots acros  ing forest plots across the amazon, and access to unique sources of amazon plant ecology in our  nt ecology in our quest to discover and explain biodiversity changes.
11513	5	already there are reports of ecological change in mature forests, with increasing biomass, grow  g biomass, growth, and dynamics, but it is unclear what factor is accelerating tree growth and   ill contribute the accumulated data and experience of 25 years of monitoring forest plots acros  ing forest plots across the amazon, and access to unique sources of amazon plant ecology in our  nt ecology in our quest to discover and explain biodiversity changes.
10451	5	ponses of leaf photosynthesis but often acclimate to longer-term changes in t. acclimation redu  nges in t. acclimation reduces the long-term t sensitivity of p and r. our research will establ  contrasting plant species. it will also establish the underlying mechanisms responsible for tha  wledge gained will enable more accurate process-driven models of p and r to be incorporated int  ate process-driven models of p and r to be incorporated into models of global co2 exchange.
7189	6	ues better and better objectified. they must produce differently, balancing use and preservatio  d preservation of natural resources: it is on this plane that is this project. this trajectory   ons of natural systems is underway, but must continue in particular in situations of severe env  ere environmental constraints. research is requested: 1 to provide relevant modeling methods to  senting transfers in landscape mosaics; assess the environmental impacts of production methods   ental impacts of production methods and landscape management
11330	17	y two thirds of the earth s surface. it is generated at mid-ocean ridges by the solidification   d in the upwelling mantle. these magmas are stored in magma chambers below the ridge axis, wher  ambers below the ridge axis, where they crystallise to yield the lower oceanic crust. the heat   h lithosphere-hydrosphere exchange, and provide energy for chemosynthetic ecosystems. reconstru  to severely limited accessibility. only lower crustal sections from dismembered crust have been  al sections from dismembered crust have been studied to date, and it remains uncertain to which   to understand the formation of a large part of the earth s crust, the recovery of intact lower  e earth s crust, the recovery of intact lower oceanic crust would be a major step forward. scie  wer crust boundary. iodp expedition 335 is set to deepen the hole, recovering the first section   recovering the first section of intact lower oceanic crust. this section will yield an unprece  his section will yield an unprecedented view of lower crustal evolution, from magma chamber pro  i to join expedition 335, where he will serve as igneous petrologist. he will describe and inte  neous petrologist. he will describe and interpret the plutonic rocks, which represent the build   composition and textures to make first-order observations about the magma chamber processes du  crustal accretion. in addition, he will define hypotheses to test during post-cruise research,   o test during post-cruise research, and take the necessary samples to achieve the postcruise re  ssary samples to achieve the postcruise research objectives.
15029	3	derstanding of how ecological processes are affected by global changes is limited by the paucit  rocesses are affected by global changes is limited by the paucity of theory , that could contri  limited by the paucity of theory , that could contribute substantially to generate potential sc
11647	6	be different for another. we will then test the potential of our developed identification syst  rom hickling broad, a shallow, medieval lake in norfolk, uk. hickling broad, a famous stonewort  present at different levels in hickling core it will be possible to directly compare our recons  fferent levels in hickling core it will be possible to directly compare our reconstructed seque  ng core it will be possible to directly compare our reconstructed sequence of change in the sto  which is historically documented and so make a test of our system. if successful the project wi
10031	2	er organic soils provide a major global store of carbon could provide an enhanced sink for atmo   provide a major global store of carbon could provide an enhanced sink for atmospheric co2 sequ
11825	2	er organic soils provide a major global store of carbon could provide an enhanced sink for atmo   provide a major global store of carbon could provide an enhanced sink for atmospheric co2 sequ
15165	5	ell as patterns of scatter-hoarding and cache retrieval, and that these changes in seed shadows  attern of holm oak recruitment. we will test predictions from this main hypothesis by means of   ain hypothesis by means of experimental control of keys of predations risk in field conditions,  g until seedling establishment. we will follow an integrative approach aimed at analysing the j   to current rapid changes in animal and plant communities induced by man-made global changes in
1992	24	al impact and conservation. at the same time it provides a natural laboratory with an ongoing e  pecies thrive in urban settings, others perish, but we often have no clue how or why. the great  n settings, others perish, but we often have no clue how or why. the great tit is an urban surv  ustic signals for territory defence and mate attraction. we have previously shown they have adj  rritory defence and mate attraction. we have previously shown they have adjusted their songs in  ely correlated to the presence of loud, low-pitched traffic noise. this is true at the individu  l across europe in ten independent city-forest comparisons. knowledge about the underlying beha   behavioural mechanism for this species may lead to insight into why others are less successful  ies may lead to insight into why others are less successful breeders in a noisy environment. in  nment. in the proposed project, we will take an experimental approach to test whether adult bir  d project, we will take an experimental approach to test whether adult birds have indeed a shor  whether adult birds have indeed a short-term acoustic flexibility to adjust to local noise cond  to adjust to local noise conditions. we plan to test the impact of masking noise on the acousti  y using playbacks. the results may also generate new insights with respect to the song learning   of unavoidable, masking noise. we will collaborate with established research groups with long-  h established research groups with long-term data on reproduction and survival of two great tit  at tit study populations. again we will take an experimental approach to avoid typical confound  ons. again we will take an experimental approach to avoid typical confounding factors in natura  at in cities or along highways. we will measure the impact of experimentally increased noise le  ng and other territorial behaviour, and assess reproductive success, extra-pair paternity, and    and assess reproductive success, extra-pair paternity, and survival or territory tenure length  ger song playback in the laboratory. we have extensive experience with several species in this   ck in the laboratory. we have extensive experience with several species in this set-up, and, al  s set-up, and, although great tits have been used in operant conditioning experiments, this wou
7460	8	ative methods to the argo system, which cannot be used in ice-covered seas, based on platforms   obal ocean observing system and thereby support the development of geoss. acobar will implement  ature, transports and heat fluxes. long-range acoustic navigation commands will be tested to op  be disseminated to users with near real-time capability, including assimilation in ocean models  in ocean models. acobar will extend and improve methods for underwater data collection that are  ip. the acoustic technologies in acobar aim to be used for transmission of multidisciplinary da   acoustic technologies in acobar aim to be used for transmission of multidisciplinary data from   esonet noe. transfer of technology and know-how from usa to europe will take place, with excha
12747	1	ollation of information arising from on-line consultations.
539	6	, for which we have shown a significant shift of about 30 km for some european and north americ  ft of about 30 km for some european and north american species. among those lepidoptera, genus   s. among those lepidoptera, genus colia is taken as a model to study adaptation to climate vari  eneral evolution of the lepidoptera. we think that a multi-disciplinary and mechanistic approac  at a multi-disciplinary and mechanistic approach of the lepidopteras adaptation to environmenta  epidopteras adaptation to environmental change, particularly to stochasticity and warming, will
211	4	ctly adapted to „natural conditions and may both inhabit and evolve further in human-modified e  daptations of the original community or target species. the main aim is to explore the variatio  ch habitat constraints and at least 2–3 master theses; the main results will be published in in  nal peer-reviewed journals and they can be immediately applied to improve conservation practice
6823	5	gene manipulation techniques and these are grown on even greater areas. as the number of genes  creases, these techniques are likely to be applied on a wider and wider scale. genetic transfor  ansformation allows the desired gene to be introduced directly into the recipient variety. a nu  ransformation, among which the gene gun is used most frequently for the development of transgen  hybridization has the advantage that it can be used to determine the exact location of the intr
11554	11	sts and other animal constructions have been described as extended phenotypic traits / extra-bo  d as extended phenotypic traits / extra-body characteristics that nonetheless reflect the genot  a-body characteristics that nonetheless reflect the genotype of the builder. hence, we might ex  enotype of the builder. hence, we might expect populations of a species living in different env  o the design of animal built structures is shaped by external factors. the ability of individua  ly when faced with environmental change is described as phenotypic plasticity . in this project  c plasticity . in this project, we will investigate adaptive divergence and phenotypic plastici  e sticklebacks because in the kidney to be quantified. our study will be among the first to exa  y in animal construction behaviour, and is unique in incorporating both a behavioural and molec  ent the nest building behaviour of fish is adapted to their local environment, and to what exte  important because, for example, it will help us predict how species introductions and global cl
15015	2	because of global change due to human activities is altering biosphere-le  nd water ecosystems, more investigation is needed to make sound predictions about the future. t
10709	10	there is an emerging consensus that many animal species are r  ing behind climate changes because they are unable to reach new sites beyond the range margin.   species that are lagging behind climate are endangered species of high conservation concern. ev   the earth s climate system. thus there is a commitment to future warming regardless of any mit   mitigation, and so adaptation measures are required urgently. one commonly suggested adaptatio  unsuitable landscapes, and to help them colonise new sites. however, this notion of habitat cre  tion is essentially untested, and there is no comprehensive study of whether such adaptation me   might be successful, or how they might be implemented. the proposed work will provide the firs  about limits to species ranges. it will open up a new avenue of research on the impacts of clim  n biodiversity. conservation strategies must include adaptation strategies, but conservationist
10053	22	the observation that organisms are adapted to their environment is obvious, yet we can  environment is obvious, yet we can only explain how this occurs in extreme scenarios such as th  opulation in an environment to which it is poorly adapted. this stressful environment is usuall   to provoke an observable response, and is also usually static. for example, a plant population  static. for example, a plant population may be transferred from a nutrient-rich environment to   on adapts over time, how many mutations are involved in a typical round of adaptation, and how   ion, and how many different outcomes we expect if the same population adapts to the same stress  e sudden transition from one relatively stable environment to a second, drastically different,   ent to a second, drastically different, stable environment. instead, environments tend to chang  fferent from that of a recent ancestor, even though it may differ substantially from a more dis  at of a recent ancestor, even though it may differ substantially from a more distant ancestor.   e, populations are adapting to a subtle shift in environment, but the environment does not hold  ironment does not hold still while they do it. this suggests that studies of adaptation should   ould incorporate both the magnitude and rate of environmental change. a second consideration is  econd consideration is that populations do not adapt in isolation, but must compete with other   ulations do not adapt in isolation, but must compete with other populations while they are doin  pulations in a changing environment, it is possible that one population excludes the other, but  e population excludes the other, but it is also possible that the populations adapt during this  ond to different rates of environmental change, either alone or in communities. using a microbi  ne or in communities. using a microbial model system allows me to do experiments using very lar  iments using very large populations and span hundreds of generations, which allows the fixation  ion. one of these environmental changes is elevated co2. because laboratory systems are necessa
12738	2	conservation projects that have already been completed or are under way. it would seek to answe  cts that have already been completed or are under way. it would seek to answer a range of quest
14956	1	epletion. although emissions of cfcs it is possible to use the uvb radiation to improve the suc
15053	4	ing the ecology of extreme environments may provide insight into the limits of life and its pos  crobial ecology of extreme environments may provide new information regarding limits of life an  tosynthetic activity of algae, and they are also responsible of the greatest part of biomass. h  groups in ambient less extreme. we also analyse the possible biotechnological and bioremediatio
12148	5	organism to the ecosystem level, which could help to predict invasion outcome. our tasks inclu  ess; and 2 how ecosystem properties and compare it with native noble crayfish. hypothesis propo  cators of good environmental status and serve as fundamental knowledge while building methodolo  knowledge while building methodological background for sustainable environmental management. we  esponsible for new enzyme activities-it could be used for the development of modern technologie
14629	4	s in inland waters system are a serious risk for planktonic photosynthetic microorganisms popul  sms populations, due to their toxicity, even at a micromolar level. this projet is a continuati  continuation of previous . we will also study their adaptative capacity to changes in the physi  ion of these microorganisms. applicated research objectives: 3. build up of sensitive microalga
11353	19	ppered moth, biston betularia, has long been used as a defining, textbook example of a rapid ev   evolutionary response to environmental change, which has served to educate generations of stud  ion. sadly, this classic case study has been neglected by modern advances in genetics. this res  stand what happens to genomes when they undergo rapid evolution, and also to find out whether t  red, speckled form of the peppered moth was known, but in 1848 a black form of the moth was fir  y common, largely replacing the typical form by the late 19th century in industrial parts of br  century in industrial parts of britain; while in rural, pollution free, areas typica remained c  els of atmospheric pollution carbonaria is relatively harder to find than typica and therefore   lanation, as does the parallel rise and fall of a black form of the peppered moth in north amer   other insect groups such as ladybirds, are known to have become darker during the industrial p  e industrial period. in this project we are specifically interested in the molecular genetic id  lution could not have occurred. do they represent ancestral polymorphisms maintained at low fre  prior to industrialization, or did they arise through mutation during the 19th century biston r  bition is to integrate this traditional approach with the modern tools of molecular genetics to  d homology of melanic morphs; molecular evidence of strong selection and its impact on the geno  equences of anthropogenic environmental change on the genetic composition of populations. in pa  anism, which allow organisms to rapidly adapt to environmental change. last, but not least, the  is research will add a revitalising new dimension to the paradigmatic account of evolution in a  ising new dimension to the paradigmatic account of evolution in action , which has recently com
13789	8	f organisms and ecosystems to adapt and evolve rapidly is critical to our future reliance on es   ecosystems to adapt and evolve rapidly is critical to our future reliance on essential ecosyst  unexplored marine environments. we here propose an interdisciplinary research programme that wi  ll integrate, in a novel constellation, expertise from diverse fields within biology to advance  bal change. this programme will greatly expand our knowledge and understanding of mechanisms of  environmental changes. finally, we will produce new models with which the effects of large-scal   models with which the effects of large-scale environmental transitions on distribution and sur  tion and survival of marine populations can be evaluated and predicted.
13737	7	ion rate of leaf litter were indeed not lower in acid than circumneutral sites in the province   sterbotten. these relationships are now being tested at a nationwide scale in streams. response  ps are now being tested at a nationwide scale in streams. responses in streams which are natura  inium content, and in streams which are being limed, are studied in a similar way. we also plan  , and in streams which are being limed, are studied in a similar way. we also plan to investiga  , are studied in a similar way. we also plan to investigate common properties of tolerant speci  mon properties of tolerant species that may explain their prevalence in acid environments in se
12067	4	t more than 90% of the biodiversity and are rapidly loosing forest habitats. landscape modifica  ants to crops constitutes an economical risk that will be taken into consideration. in addition  ct vectors constitutes an epidemiologic risk of the emergence of endemic disease via a domicili  ies on drosophila, which are unequalled model insect species in genetics and evolutionary biolo
2031	5	elation to environmental conditions and compare these rates of adaptation with the predicted ra   in the environment. from this, we will calculate the maximal rate of environmental change that  rom this, we will calculate the maximal rate of environmental change that species can cope with  ulate the maximal rate of environmental change that species can cope with. more severe climatic  te of environmental change that species can cope with. more severe climatic change will have ma
2491	11	ata and de lege ferenda studies it will address the following two general questions which are i  e following two general questions which are interlinked: - what are the legal obligations and p  extreme weather and climate change, and are the rules adequate to effectively meet the challeng  d are the rules adequate to effectively meet the challenges - what are the legal rights and obl  d possibly preventive restrictions, and are the rules adequate and generally fair in analyses o  nd are the rules adequate and generally fair in analyses of possible reforms several theoretica  eral theoretical approaches and methods may be applied. one approach may be to analyse various   ght of economic efficiency theories and apply methods of law-and-economics. approaches inherent  sance doctrine are also relevant. there is considerable international interest and activities i   the project will follow these. it will look into the legal situation and solutions in some oth  ngoing discussions in usa and australia are also relevant. to ensure contact with other discipl
12399	6	ange in the marine environment. it will investigate the extent to which forthcoming and existin  t to future climate change, and it will explore decadal-scale variations in climate change that  ate change, and it will explore decadal-scale variations in climate change that might mask the   tutory instruments and targets that are being introduced under the uk ‘marine & coastal access   her indicators and reference points of ‘good environmental status’ under the forthcoming eu mar  water framework directive might need to be revised in the future.
6875	12	the proposed work is based on a concept which attempts to generalise and   oncept which attempts to generalise and prove the classical picture of competition theory in a   s to generalise and prove the classical picture of competition theory in a well-defined sense:   a of distribution and for the long time-scale, instead of locally in space and time. on this sp  time. on this spatio-temporal scales we ask - which species have a place in the non-equilibrium  um word - what kind of selection regime is generated by the non-equilibrium ecology studied on    the general concept of coexistence, we reinvestigate the mathematical basis of adaptive dynami  ematical basis of adaptive dynamics. it is a direct consequence of this ecological word-view th  a direct consequence of this ecological word-view that selection pressure for speciation emerge  ect consequence of this ecological word-view that selection pressure for speciation emerges und  gically interpretable circumstances. it is debated whether this effect is strong enough to real   this effect is strong enough to really generate a new, properly isolated, species.
13839	6	the definition of neutral markers, they are not exposed to natural - or sexual selection. hence  r sexual selection. hence, such markers can not be used to verify if a population has certain u  ulation has certain unique traits, i.e. being adapted to its local environment. such knowledge   al in fisheries management. however, it is difficult to study local adaptation in nature. in or   whether local populations of sea trout are adapted to their environments, we launched the pres   evolved mainly a neutral manner. there is tendency for home/away effects, i.e. the populations
13780	4	oject behavioural and field experiments are integrated with analyses of oxidative stress and bi   biological ageing, and telomere length is evaluated as a molecular fitness indicator in fish.   cular fitness indicator in fish. we use brown trout and coho salmon as model species to address  centre of aquaculture and environmental research in vancouver, canada.
15364	4	t events related to climate change have been associated to important changes in composition, st  and ecosystem services stability, teher are no reliable projections on the near future of fores  forest ecosystems under probable global change scenarios, due to scientific uncertainties about  , the effect of managing irradiance and water availability, in the field and in incubation cham
2206	2	we aim to develop tools for the management of stream fish   agement of stream fish populations, and study the performance of an adaptive management of stre
15332	1	results of the project might throw new light on the assessment of morphogenetic processes that
13817	6	because: 1 amphibians are declining and are protected by law in sweden, 2 the coast along the b  mine the relationship between molecular are much more relevant. hence we need knowledge about t  ecular are much more relevant. hence we need knowledge about the relationship between fst and q  ill provide such estimates. i will also examine the genetics of phenotypic plasticity in life h  the frog population by testing a recent model on the evolution of phenotypic plasticity. phenot  us how well individuals and populations can respond to environmental changes.
14668	8	capromid rodents. all these structures are linked to special functional demands, which could a  ed to special functional demands, which could act as selective pressures. although the baculum   although the baculum is not a locomotor structure, it must support important bending loads and,  aculum is not a locomotor structure, it must support important bending loads and, consequently,  bending loads and, consequently, it can be a useful element of comparison with bones properly i  spring behaviour during flight that has been observed by cineradiography. it is known that the   as been observed by cineradiography. it is known that the fatigue tests originate an important   ssue, with the presence of an important proportion of secondary osteons .
10435	3	ductive concessions to ensure that they remain in the group and assist in rearing their offspri  nsure that they remain in the group and assist in rearing their offspring or that subordinates   evicting subordinates to dominants that can be used to predict the frequency of subordinate rep
9952	8	ing. however, in most animal societies, subordinate females sometimes breed and, in a few speci  skew has been the focus of considerable research in behavioural ecology for more than twenty ye   more than twenty years, it has not yet been possible to account for the distribution of subord  ductive concessions to ensure that they remain in the group and assist in rearing their offspri  nsure that they remain in the group and assist in rearing their offspring or that subordinates   s received relatively little attention, is that suppressing or evicting subordinate females has  lop generalised game-theory models that can be used to predict the extent to which dominants to  e of reproductive skew and the size and structure of groups in other social vertebrates.
15461	1	sured in a parallel project by the ucla team the first year. the research proposed is completel
15514	11	environmental change across a wide range of temporal and spatial scal  nses to predicted environmental changes are embedded in demographic and evolutionary processes    and interactions between environmental change, demography and evolution taking place in the pa  ting highly heterogeneous environments, are particularly at risk because of the predicted incre  redicted increase in aridity and recent land-use change in this area. it is thus of great inter  recent land-use change in this area. it is thus of great interest to assess the adaptive potent  iterranean species. in this project, we focus more specifically on forest trees as they are eco  re specifically on forest trees as they are ecologically dominant in many ecosystems and, at th  ant in many ecosystems and, at the same time, many of them are also economically important. new  ems and, at the same time, many of them are also economically important. newly developed sequen  s underlying adaptation in an important group of forest trees.
15515	11	environmental change across a wide range of temporal and spatial scal  nses to predicted environmental changes are embedded in demographic and evolutionary processes    and interactions between environmental change, demography and evolution taking place in the pa  ting highly heterogeneous environments, are particularly at risk because of the predicted incre  redicted increase in aridity and recent land-use change in this area. it is thus of great inter  recent land-use change in this area. it is thus of great interest to assess the adaptive potent  iterranean species. in this project, we focus more specifically on forest trees as they are eco  re specifically on forest trees as they are ecologically dominant in many ecosystems and, at th  ant in many ecosystems and, at the same time, many of them are also economically important. new  ems and, at the same time, many of them are also economically important. newly developed sequen  s underlying adaptation in an important group of forest trees.
11615	2	local adaptation to headwaters. here we plan to examine how microevolutionary forces in natural  titative traits. specifically, we will: examine the role of deterministic processes by comparin
10753	12	er ocean supersaturated with methane we know that it is, but do not understand why. evidence sh  rsaturated with methane we know that it is, but do not understand why. evidence shows that a po  ed with methane we know that it is, but do not understand why. evidence shows that a portion of  however that seems to contradict all we know about methanogenesis; a strictly anaerobic process   anaerobic process. this phenomenon has been termed the oceanic methane paradox . if, however,    microsites in the upper ocean, then it is entirely possible that methanogenesis could occur wi  s entirely possible that methanogenesis could occur within them. we now think that marine zoopl  genesis could occur within them. we now think that marine zooplankton, their excreted faecal ma  aterial and other sedimenting particles may provide these anaerobic microsites in pelagic water  up at sams supports this hypothesis. we have now clearly identified the presence of methanogens  ough the work of a tied studentship, we hope to add exciting new aspects to this work including  eas of research with new methodology we hope to start to unravel the ocean methane paradox.
9871	12	er ocean supersaturated with methane we know that it is, but do not understand why. evidence sh  rsaturated with methane we know that it is, but do not understand why. evidence shows that a po  ed with methane we know that it is, but do not understand why. evidence shows that a portion of  however that seems to contradict all we know about methanogenesis; a strictly anaerobic process   anaerobic process. this phenomenon has been termed the oceanic methane paradox . if, however,    microsites in the upper ocean, then it is entirely possible that methanogenesis could occur wi  s entirely possible that methanogenesis could occur within them. we now think that marine zoopl  genesis could occur within them. we now think that marine zooplankton, their excreted faecal ma  aterial and other sedimenting particles may provide these anaerobic microsites in pelagic water  up at sams supports this hypothesis. we have now clearly identified the presence of methanogens  ough the work of a tied studentship, we hope to add exciting new aspects to this work including  eas of research with new methodology we hope to start to unravel the ocean methane paradox.
11737	7	at, contrary to prevailing views, there are pathways for near surface currents around the penin  ence. the adelie project will deploy 20 surface drifters and 4 argo floats near the antarctic p  tarctic peninsula. the surface drifters are designed to follow the ocean current and will telem  te several times a day. the argo floats are designed to float deep in the ocean, at about 1000   suring temperature and salinity as they go, and telemeter their location and the profile data b  emperature and salinity as they go, and telemeter their location and the profile data back via   flows will indicate their locations and quantify their strength. their pathways will be mapped
12063	1	ity and their services and, at the same time, the maintenance of economic activities .
1944	8	inary social- scientific knowledge that may play a role in developing a national policy strateg  y on agro- biodiversity. from the chain/network perspective this programme delivers a multidisc  sition of agro-biodiversity in the food-supply-chain. on the basis of that knowledge the progra   aims to deliver an input to an optimal mix of policy instruments in a national policy strategy  ro- biodiversity. this research project is directed towards the administrative and juridical im  -biodiversity. in this project two oios work together on one integrated dissertation, although   ernance as far as institutional aspects are involved. those opportunities are placed in an ever  pects are involved. those opportunities are placed in an ever changing societal context. this o
14367	5	the hyperforest project – a consortium of k.u.leuven, ugent, vito, gli,  orest vitality, species composition and stand diversity based on airborne hyperspectral and lid  nal effects caused by the heterogeneous character of terrestrial targets, such as forests which  rest vitality, species composition, and stand diversity from remote sensing data. - a successfu  nput data. - the evaluation of the cost-benefit of combining airborne hyperspectral with laser
13608	10	caused by exudates from bacteria-fungi-tree interactions, on macro-scale processes, such as nu  as nutrient cycling in forest soils and tree growth. bacteria that enhance mycorrhiza formation  a that enhance mycorrhiza formation and protect the mycorrhiza from phytopathogen attacks are c  t nutrients from solution and minerals, promote mycorrhizae formation and plant growth, and pro  rals, promote mycorrhizae formation and plant growth, and produce extraordinarily strong comple  rrhizae formation and plant growth, and produce extraordinarily strong complex formers that can  aordinarily strong complex formers that can promote mineral dissolution as part of bacteria-fun  l dissolution as part of bacteria-fungi-tree symbiosis. an increased knowledge regarding the pr  ion of important ligands from mhb-fungi-tree interactions, as well as this interactions effect   his often overlooked triple-interaction could benefit sustainable, environmentally-friendly for
15303	15	f house mouse, mus musculus domesticus, are an excellent scenario to study speciation processes  ario to study speciation processes that are associated with the occurrence of robertsonian fusi  niofacial development, at intraspecific level, which may generate a different morphology, and t  elopment, at intraspecific level, which may generate a different morphology, and to find out ho  and to find out how these modifications can be altered by the effects of rb translocations. sin  tory strain mice with rb fusions it has been found suppression of genetic recombination near th  ion near the centromere in heterozygous state, we aim to perform a comparative analysis of the   he centromere in heterozygous state, we aim to perform a comparative analysis of the maps of ge  ne to three or more rb fusions. we will determine which alterations in genetic recombination re   homozygous and heterozygous rb fusions is associated with a reduced number of germinal cells.   escribed in the preceding paragraph, we intend to detect, describe, and quantify possible alter  eceding paragraph, we intend to detect, describe, and quantify possible alterations of the diff  aph, we intend to detect, describe, and quantify possible alterations of the different cells in   in spermatic maturation. also, we will perform a comparative cytological analysis of the ultra  th the karyotype. additionally, we will create, for the first time from a wild rb population of
15152	2	of these strandings are multiple, among are included fishing nets, military exercises, ship col  luded fishing nets, military exercises, ship collisions and infectious diseases. of the infecti
13979	7	d the economic costs of management, and have thus risked wasting management resources. recent a  r, a highly specialised forest species, is critically endangered in sweden. as part of a broad   r action plans objectives. we will also examine the vulnerability of these recommendations to u  roach and its application will generate/produce an exemplary case-study for application to regi  tion will generate/produce an exemplary case-study for application to regional endangered speci  will generate/produce an exemplary case-study for application to regional endangered species ma  ement, with potentially great strategic impact on biodiversity conservation in general.
7451	9	t of the salmons range, wild salmon now face extinction. this is in spite of unprecedented mana  insight into the spatial and ecological use of the marine environment by different regional and  ferent regional and river stocks, which are known to show variation in marine growth, condition  own to show variation in marine growth, condition, and survival. salmon populations may migrate  ition, and survival. salmon populations may migrate to different marine zones, whose environmen  te it has been impossible to sample and identify the origin of sufficient numbers of wild salmo  wild salmon at sea to enable this vital question to be addressed. salsea-merge will provide the  at sea to enable this vital question to be addressed. salsea-merge will provide the basis for a   advancing our understanding of oceanic-scale, ecological and ecosystem processes. such knowled
6843	8	iguing facet of global biodiversity. it is a really possibility that in the nearby future the w   the importance of the afforestation it is that the biodiversity in the forest–soil is always h  such as productions, nutrient recycling are controlled by the rates at which nutrients are rele  trolled by the rates at which nutrients are released by decomposition in the soil and litter ho  leased by decomposition in the soil and litter horizont. the decomposition process drives compl  od webs with the soil fauna. collembola are ubiquitous members of the soil fauna, often reachin  ity. site description: the study fields are situated in nw–hungary and in the hungarian–plain.   t each site an 5 cm internal diametered steel corer will be used. the soil cores will be wrappe
10708	1	large igneous provinces we propose to apply high-precision ar-ar dating to assess
10688	6	the pattern of senescence in birds. we plan to experimentally uncouple chronological age and r  nce in birds. we plan to experimentally uncouple chronological age and reproductive effort and   logical age and reproductive effort and examine their effects on reproductive performance and l  ctive performance and lifespan. we also plan to examine experimentally how these relationships    experimentally how these relationships are influenced by nutritional conditions during early d  tions during early development. we will combine the organismal fitness measures of lifespan and
10443	5	ng that enable age-specific patterns to be described at the population-level we currently have   terns to be described at the population-level we currently have a very limited idea about the r  ed at the population-level we currently have a very limited idea about the relationship between  life histories respond to environmental change, and a theoretical framework for linking individ  environmental change, and a theoretical framework for linking individual life histories to popu
10177	6	spectacular botanical preservation and long occupation of qasr ibrim make this site archaeobot  ation and long occupation of qasr ibrim make this site archaeobotanically matchless. 600 sample  botanically matchless. 600 samples have been collected over 20 years by the pi and the rr cover  ral new summer crops including sorghum, cotton, lablab and sesame first appear. they are probab  n, lablab and sesame first appear. they are probably associated with new irrigation technology.  e been possible to examine this crucial change archaeologically. this project will allow us to
7051	8	l of pests. the effects of agricultural change on this ecosystem service, however, are not univ  nge on this ecosystem service, however, are not universal and the mechanisms affecting it remai  iversal and the mechanisms affecting it remain to be understood. as biological control is effec  d the mechanisms affecting it remain to be understood. as biological control is effectively the   food web analysis provides a versatile tool to address this gap of knowledge. the proposed pro  ilize a molecular food web approach and examine, for the first time, how changes in plant ferti   how changes in plant fertilisation and landscape complexity affect quantitative aphid-parasito  id control one step further, as it will provide a clearer understanding of how plant fertilizat
13726	1	dscape perspective when such strategies are outlined.
11821	25	agriculture is thought to have begun about 10 000 years ago in the   ost important events in the human past, being the first occasion on which humans broke free fro  ical greece and rome. much research has been devoted to understanding the origin of agriculture  s a rapid or a gradual process. when we consider this question it is important that we make a d  cess. when we consider this question it is important that we make a distinction between cultiva  r this question it is important that we make a distinction between cultivation, which is the de   so that harvesting is easier, can only arise as a result of genetic selection, which requires   hown that if rigorous farming practices are followed, domestication can occur soon after the in  g practices are followed, domestication can occur soon after the initial cultivation, perhaps w  tices are not followed then cultivation can continue for hundreds of years before domestication  riculture, with the transition possibly being driven by a small group of enlightened people. a   sition possibly being driven by a small group of enlightened people. a more gradual transition,  ened people. a more gradual transition, while not precluding an active role for our ancestors,   f the first and most important crops to be domesticated in southwest asia. we discovered that a  ast turkey , the cultivated plants also have genetic features more commonly found in wild popul   from north iraq and northwest iran. we believe that these results can be explained if einkorn   est iran. we believe that these results can be explained if einkorn was cultivated in the ferti  ese results can be explained if einkorn was cultivated in the fertile crescent for a lengthy pe   in the mixed genetic signature that we see today. we now wish to carry out a more sophisticate  tic signature that we see today. we now wish to carry out a more sophisticated project to test   his initial finding. to do this we will study a part of chromosome number 1 of the wheat genome  enome called the 5s-dna-a1 locus, which is made up of a sequence of dna, 360 nucleotides in len  of dna, 360 nucleotides in length, that is repeated approximately 500 times in a head to tail f  es and the ones in wild plants, we will be able to work out exactly which wild populations are   work out exactly which wild populations are related to the cultivated plants, and what the natu
7436	4	ing the vipera berus. these two species were chosen because they are typical of the limestone h  se two species were chosen because they are typical of the limestone hills or alternative envir  e hills or alternative environments and have the potential for different dispersion. the vipera  the establishment of a monitoring long- term population. the project has co-financed by interre
10639	3	ategy. the project will show if biochar soil treatment of uk soils is likely to lead to success   will meet an aim of the nerc strategic plan to enable society to respond urgently to global cl  obal climate change by providing timely evidence-based recommendations to policy makers charged
7430	5	ological awareness has led us to always use innovative agricultural practices and invest oursel  e innovative agricultural practices and invest ourselves in environmental procedures and qualit  ooperative, integrated protection... we are also investing in a biogas plant in aim to capture   in a biogas plant in aim to capture and develop organic fertilizers on our plot. for 2010, we p  c fertilizers on our plot. for 2010, we plan to continue our actions in favor of biodiversity w
7190	6	ue has become part of the environmental dimension of french agriculture. agriculture will have   uickly to ensure its sustainability, ie enhance the functionality of agro-ecosystems while main  omic, organizational, environmental. we can highlight the potential antagonisms between issues,  e potential antagonisms between issues, identify the best compromise between criteria and ident  he best compromise between criteria and identify the characteristics of the most efficient syst   project produce scientific results and may contribute to the current debate on the evolution t
7417	11	bination of trees and crops on the same plot - appears in agricultural policies as an innovativ   agricultural policies as an innovative tool for the preservation of biodiversity and reintegra  f biodiversity and reintegration. it is part of a productive and sustainable agriculture. cerea  riculture. cereals, particularly wheat, are ideal for agroforestry systems. the overall product  s. the overall productivity of land and grain quality are improved. plant diversity introduced    productivity of land and grain quality are improved. plant diversity introduced into the cultu  rees and vegetation of the uncultivated strip, is it purveyor of resources and interests habita  d vegetation of the uncultivated strip, is it purveyor of resources and interests habitats for   s cover on the shaft line. this project is done in partnership with three agroforestry grain of   in partnership with three agroforestry grain of the hérault. research and development partners  nsure a participatory and collaborative approach, innovative and scientifically leading to prop
7111	7	the project is based on two assumptions: 1 / there are interactions   is based on two assumptions: 1 / there are interactions between landscape structure and produc  o manage biodiversity depends, in large part, to their type of production system and the config   second site. the theoretical framework is constructed from our earlier work on the grove, ecol  amework is constructed from our earlier work on the grove, ecological system whose dynamics is   grove, ecological system whose dynamics is controlled by both the landscape structures and dyna  nt of field margins. in perspective, we consider the development of diagnostic methods for envi
7413	5	ent, to regain biodiversity champenoise plain cereal. it is based on the establishment of a net  odiversity champenoise plain cereal. it is based on the establishment of a network of grass str  holders, environmentalists associations are associated with agricultural technical organization  nical organizations and inra scientific partner as recognized by the 2 parts. the civam of the   ilize the necessary resources to global expertise of these developments for concrete recommenda
7703	8	raction between nitrogen metabolism and plant defense mechanisms, choosing the model plant for   , choosing the model plant for cereals, rice, wheat base with the green revolution, and model f  eat base with the green revolution, and model fungus magnaporthe grisea agent most important di   conditions. in the laboratory, it will be possible to identify candidate genes for expression   ed in the defense mechanisms, those who have a major role in this interaction. in the field, mo   cultivars studied cropping systems and provide useful markers for the further development of v   ecological intensification systems. we propose to measure the effects of ecological intensific  ion of resistance to rice m. grisea and identify the mechanisms involved in order to acquire th
523	6	the project is based on two hypotheses : 1/ there are interactions   t is based on two hypotheses : 1/ there are interactions between the structure of landscapes an   the second area. the theoretical frame is based on our previous work on the grove: ecological   oretical frame is based on our previous work on the grove: ecological system in which the growt  : ecological system in which the growth is controlled both by landscape structures and by the d  management of field borders. as a futur prospect, we consider establishing methods for ecologic
13310	6	stem functioning alarm will develop and test methods and protocols for the assessment of large-  d protocols for the assessment of large-scale environmental risks in order to minimise negative  anges in biodiversity and in structure, function, and dynamics of ecosystems. this relates to e  nd use patterns will be assessed. there is an increasing number of case studies on the environm  tems. whereas the knowledge on how they act in concert is poor and alarm will be the first rese  ments in alarm will be hierarchical and examine a range of organisational . alarm encompasses 7
15187	12	bitats along the atlantic and cantabric coast of iberian peninsula. it will establish a florist  ric coast of iberian peninsula. it will establish a floristic, taxonomic and ecologic baseline   has been almost neglected although they make up a considerable portion of the coastline; and th  ed although they make up a considerable portion of the coastline; and they have not been previu  able portion of the coastline; and they have not been previusly studied in the atlantic coast o  ion of the coastline; and they have not been previusly studied in the atlantic coast of iberian   been previusly studied in the atlantic coast of iberian peninsula. algal turfs from sand-rocky  e biodiversity conservation, since they have a high species richness, contain several endemic s  ince they have a high species richness, contain several endemic species and other ones of bioge  ical interest. furthermore, algal turfs can be considered as bioindicators of the increases of   rization of algal turfs from intertidal sand-rocky habitats along the atlantic and cantabric co  bitats along the atlantic and cantabric coast of iberian peninsula, including a taxonomic revis
13593	7	c communities. in this project, we will explore the trophic interactions between three introduc  n ecosystem processes. firstly, we will test the hypothesis that plants from invading populatio  on-garden experiment. secondly, we will use mesocosm experiments and coupled field experiments   mportant ecosystem processes: community-level primary production and the transfer of energy to   xt trophic level. since invasions often result in an increase in local biodiversity, the experi   in local biodiversity, the experiments are constructed to test also the more general hypothesi   affects production and consumption. we expect that the project will contribute to the developm
11101	1	ts of alien of otoliths of pikeperch we aim to obtain a picture of the frequency and extent of
2522	2	introductions of alien species been recognized globally as a major threat to biologica  and introduction pathway of the pacific oyster through genetic studies.this project will provid
14416	3	orestry and human health. nowadays they are recognized as one of the leading threats to biodive  bulgaria published in internet. it will allow modernization of scientific equipment of partners  n of bulgarian scientists into european research area.
12016	7	ocesses. france, although with a unique position in the world – having islands in all oceans –   he biodiversity and the threats upon it are not even well defined in most of these islands. for  amme also participated to establish and consolidate an important network of collaborations and    establish and consolidate an important network of collaborations and partnerships within the w  ies, bringing together scientist, ngos, land managers and various stakeholders involved in isla  nd applied programmes have begun or are being planned, involving the different partners of the   ns project. the programme has therefore been very successful, both in terms of achievements of
13743	5	y. studies have shown that alien plants can replace natives by competition for space and nutrie  ect will investigate how a native flora is affected by the mutualisms established between alien  pped in a habitat that harbours a large amount of alien plant species. this will allow us to in  ator visitation, seed set and seed size is affected in a native target species when it grows in  tions whole pollination networks has to be studied.
7574	2	istance to rice yellow mottle virus and evaluate relations with the resistance to well-characte  the adaptability of the virus will then be tested by serial inoculations on virtually isogenic
176	1	es , which ends in 2004. our hypothesis are based on numerous preliminary experiments and ideas
10823	2	l air-breathing marine animals. we will investigate how size-related differences in the ability  their depth utilisation both while they are in coastal foraging sites and also in the deep sea.
14103	4	rthern europe only in the south-eastern part of sweden; therefore they must be interpreted and   -eastern part of sweden; therefore they must be interpreted and treated in estonia as the respo  ponsibility communities in all-european scale, having a great importance for preserving biodive  e for preserving biodiversity. the same is valid about boreo-nemoral deciduous forests growing
13311	3	and the research it supports, will also facilitate the long-term institutional changes that wil  supports, will also facilitate the long-term institutional changes that will be necessary to ac  ll be necessary to accomplish the alter-net objectives for durable integration.
14510	6	heterogeneous seeds. this heterogeneity can affect not only colour, size, and shape of the seed   this heterogeneity can affect not only colour, size, and shape of the seeds produced by the sa  terogeneity can affect not only colour, size, and shape of the seeds produced by the same indiv  y can affect not only colour, size, and shape of the seeds produced by the same individual, but  study the physiology of the seed, as it can provide us different lots of seeds from the same in  e cause physiology of the gene-r, which was studied in cereals, and which would be of great imp
12355	6	ples for analysis provided to cefas who provide a scientific assessment of the license applicat  ssment of the license application. mceu wish to establish whether there are other commercial la  n. mceu wish to establish whether there are other commercial laboratories who could carry out t  ine samples for the required chemicals, provide satisfactory quality and turnaround times, and   ctory quality and turnaround times, and do this for an acceptable cost per sample. summary obje  naround times, and cost per sample, and identify commercial laboratories potentially capable of
12709	4	ing schemes, which are by their nature, short-term and dispersed. larger, longer-term restorati  hort-term and dispersed. larger, longer-term restoration is more secure in the face of the chan  ng climate. studies of re-wilding, for, have generally identified limited opportunities in the   s of high nature value, such as the new forest or norfolk broads generate significant business
11067	8	climate has often been identified as the main determinant of species rang  nt of species ranges, so climate change is expected to cause changes in species distributions.   pes of distributional shifts has rarely been studied. elevation shifts may have the capacity to  s rarely been studied. elevation shifts may have the capacity to mask latitudinal shifts by del  ve mountain regions along a latitudinal transect in europe, where previous data are available f  h area has increased since the previous survey, whether these changes are as great as would be    taken place, and whether these changes are related to the latitudinal position of the mountain   changes are related to the latitudinal position of the mountain range. finally, i will explore
9965	8	climate has often been identified as the main determinant of species rang  nt of species ranges, so climate change is expected to cause changes in species distributions.   pes of distributional shifts has rarely been studied. elevation shifts may have the capacity to  s rarely been studied. elevation shifts may have the capacity to mask latitudinal shifts by del  ve mountain regions along a latitudinal transect in europe, where previous data are available f  h area has increased since the previous survey, whether these changes are as great as would be    taken place, and whether these changes are related to the latitudinal position of the mountain   changes are related to the latitudinal position of the mountain range. finally, i will explore
12037	14	em goods and services. in the amazonian arc of deforestation, carefully designed legislation to  orestation is inefficient. furthermore, people who live on the mining exploitation of one of th  is inefficient. furthermore, people who live on the mining exploitation of one of the richest n   on earth, especially familiar farmers, are generally poor and with limited access to public he  health, education, formation, energy or transport facilities. the amaz project aimed at identif  ignificant links would appear, we might identify the socioeconomic and/or landscape conditions   ns that would make a most eco efficient use of the land and identify policies to promote them.    most eco efficient use of the land and identify policies to promote them. five disciplinary fi  s among social and economic conditions, landscape composition and structure, biodiversity, agro  c conditions, landscape composition and structure, biodiversity, agrosylvopastoral productions    and ecosystem services, no attempt had been made so far to test this basic hypothesis. to achi   plants and 7 groups of terrestrial and soil animals. covariation among the 14 different tables  bles of data was highly significant. we describe how the socioeconomic types identified manage   est, as a way to halt deforestation and allow local development.
10527	7	ver the largest forested area globally, constitute the largest reservoir of above-ground organi  voir of above-ground organic carbon and are exceptionally species rich. they are under strong h  nd are exceptionally species rich. they are under strong human pressure through logging, forest   strong human pressure through logging, forest to pasture conversion and exploitation of natura  exploitation of natural resources. they face a warming climate and a changing atmospheric envir  er the four-year measurement period. we expect to obtain much better quantification of a major   rge-scale effect. the project will also provide much improved predictions of the response of th
10774	7	ver the largest forested area globally, constitute the largest reservoir of above-ground organi  voir of above-ground organic carbon and are exceptionally species rich. they are under strong h  nd are exceptionally species rich. they are under strong human pressure through logging, forest   strong human pressure through logging, forest to pasture conversion and exploitation of natura  exploitation of natural resources. they face a warming climate and a changing atmospheric envir  er the four-year measurement period. we expect to obtain much better quantification of a major   rge-scale effect. the project will also provide much improved predictions of the response of th
11051	7	ver the largest forested area globally, constitute the largest reservoir of above-ground organi  voir of above-ground organic carbon and are exceptionally species rich. they are under strong h  nd are exceptionally species rich. they are under strong human pressure through logging, forest   strong human pressure through logging, forest to pasture conversion and exploitation of natura  exploitation of natural resources. they face a warming climate and a changing atmospheric envir  er the four-year measurement period. we expect to obtain much better quantification of a major   rge-scale effect. the project will also provide much improved predictions of the response of th
11574	7	ver the largest forested area globally, constitute the largest reservoir of above-ground organi  voir of above-ground organic carbon and are exceptionally species rich. they are under strong h  nd are exceptionally species rich. they are under strong human pressure through logging, forest   strong human pressure through logging, forest to pasture conversion and exploitation of natura  exploitation of natural resources. they face a warming climate and a changing atmospheric envir  er the four-year measurement period. we expect to obtain much better quantification of a major   rge-scale effect. the project will also provide much improved predictions of the response of th
11816	7	ver the largest forested area globally, constitute the largest reservoir of above-ground organi  voir of above-ground organic carbon and are exceptionally species rich. they are under strong h  nd are exceptionally species rich. they are under strong human pressure through logging, forest   strong human pressure through logging, forest to pasture conversion and exploitation of natura  exploitation of natural resources. they face a warming climate and a changing atmospheric envir  er the four-year measurement period. we expect to obtain much better quantification of a major   rge-scale effect. the project will also provide much improved predictions of the response of th
11817	7	ver the largest forested area globally, constitute the largest reservoir of above-ground organi  voir of above-ground organic carbon and are exceptionally species rich. they are under strong h  nd are exceptionally species rich. they are under strong human pressure through logging, forest   strong human pressure through logging, forest to pasture conversion and exploitation of natura  exploitation of natural resources. they face a warming climate and a changing atmospheric envir  er the four-year measurement period. we expect to obtain much better quantification of a major   rge-scale effect. the project will also provide much improved predictions of the response of th
11820	7	ver the largest forested area globally, constitute the largest reservoir of above-ground organi  voir of above-ground organic carbon and are exceptionally species rich. they are under strong h  nd are exceptionally species rich. they are under strong human pressure through logging, forest   strong human pressure through logging, forest to pasture conversion and exploitation of natura  exploitation of natural resources. they face a warming climate and a changing atmospheric envir  er the four-year measurement period. we expect to obtain much better quantification of a major   rge-scale effect. the project will also provide much improved predictions of the response of th
11235	27	oposal is for a 6 month partnership and project development catalyst project to build an interd  build an interdisciplinary research and partner consortium that will involve and support some o  artner consortium that will involve and support some of the most marginalised peoples in their   tant ecosystems of the planet. amazonia is one of earth s most precious ecosystems. as the amaz  he yungas have provided health and well-being for these indigenous peoples via food, medicines,  indigenous peoples via food, medicines, home, culture, and natural resources. these forest bios  nous peoples via food, medicines, home, culture, and natural resources. these forest biospheres  resources. these forest biospheres also provide the world with some of its most important ecosy  bal carbon sink. internationally, there is an urgent need to improve understanding of the impor   biodiversity for human health and well-being particularly for communities directly dependent o  rgent in this fragile and vital region, home to such interdependent biological and cultural div  rant to develop a major partnership and research consortium to lead and manage an amazonia-yung  hip and research consortium to lead and manage an amazonia-yungas observatory on biodiversity a   such an observatory will provide vital evidence on the links of biodiversity and indigenous he  iversity and indigenous health and well-being in the region and internationally, and will be a   ental stakeholder groups. this proposal is led by international and regional scientists from ar  na, peru, brazil, the uk and canada who form an initial interdisciplinary team of biologists, s  a who form an initial interdisciplinary team of biologists, social and environmental epidemiolo  ocial scientists working with a diverse group of local, regional and international actors inclu   international agencies. if awarded, we place a major emphasis on development of partners who w  opment of partners who will support and guide the observatory and who will be major users of th  iversity and indigenous health and well-being 2. to develop a multi-stakeholder network of part  ner organisations committed to develop, support, promote and use findings of the yungas-amazoni  mitted to develop, support, promote and use findings of the yungas-amazonia observatory on biod  iversity and indigenous health and well-being specific objectives: a. to review existing eviden  osed research consortium to discuss and develop a major interdisciplinary proposal for a 5 year  ry including research team and methods; partner organisations; impact plan; environmental offse
10573	8	tropical peatlands are spatially extensive and biogeochemically dynamic en  e biosphere and atmosphere. however, we have relatively few ground-based measurements of greenh  . this makes it difficult to accurately assess the relative contribution of amazonian peatlands  lobal atmospheric budgets. we will also explore the relationships between trace gas fluxes and   ationships between trace gas fluxes and key biophysical drivers , which will help us to better   nd how methane and nitrous oxide fluxes are influenced by ecological processes and environmenta   likely outcome of future environmental change or human disturbance, and will be useful for fut  s and habitat degradation, all of which may act as a positive feedback to climate change.
2204	10	this workpackage is a case study of an introduced alien aquatic organism  n close connection to wp 7 and wp 8 and supply them with data needed for the ecological and the  ng risk and economy already at an early stage of the programme. the experiences derived from th  riences derived from this work can then be utilised when modelling the effects on the organism   t has been intensively studied since it is now quite widespread and has been introduced into ma  ince it is now quite widespread and has been introduced into many european countries and the sp   literature. the main vectors have also been identified and human activities, connected to the   the great economic and social interest, is probably the most important vector. there are, howev  obably the most important vector. there are, however, no ecological models describing the epide  idemiology of the plague. an ecological model that also incorporates human activities and behav
11186	12	tropical climate, in particular as they appear to act as a bell-weather for global warming. in   ticular as they appear to act as a bell-weather for global warming. in 1998, an estimated 16% o  mated 16% of the world s tropical coral were killed in the most destructive and global bleachin  bleaching event documented. at the same time, tropical sea surface temperatures were the highes  modern instrumental record. anomalously warm sea surface temperatures again caused widespread b   2002. the annual growth bands in coral can be used to reconstructed temperature, salinity, oce  fetime. in massive corals these records may span many centuries, and by overlapping these, long  ny centuries, and by overlapping these, long, high resolution chronologies can be constructed.   ese, long, high resolution chronologies can be constructed. intra-crystalline amino acids have    intra-crystalline amino acids have not been investigated before, but pilot data indicate remar  atial behaviour of high-frequency short-term climate fluctuations such as el niño. even more in   is that variation in other amino acids may provide a marked for and a clue to the process of c
10869	5	d on television wildlife programmes. it is seldom evident from such documentaries that these si  sed during decomposition of excreta and use the measurements to produce a map of ammonia concen   this size emits and the area likely to be affected. we will also measure how much ammonia lich  rea likely to be affected. we will also measure how much ammonia lichens have taken up and disc   much ammonia lichens have taken up and discover to what extent this might affect their growth.
14782	1	ion. to attain these objectives we will undertake morphological, ecological and molecular studi
12051	2	ion and growth of juvenile stages. they are determinant for biodiversity conservation purposes.  alysis of reserves of variable size and age, located in france, mauritania and senegal.
15445	11	l the species are subterranean and they are distributed in a wide range of body mass, from 100   aphical distribution, different species can be found from the bolivian plateau to tierra del fu   species can be found from the bolivian plateau to tierra del fuego. given this large distribut  bution, the representative of the genus must dig in very different soil conditions. it is known  g in very different soil conditions. it is known that although limbs are used, jaws are the mai  itions. it is known that although limbs are used, jaws are the main digging tool. it seems that  ng mandible morphology and neurocranium suture complexity, using geometrics morphometrics and f  be due to variations in animal size and soil compactness, but also to phylogenetic reasons, sin  ic reasons, since the different species are grouped in subclades of special cladogenetic affini   structural and behavioural differences were found, in order to explain the possible evolutiona  parting from the epigeous plesiomorphic condition of the group .
12479	21	people, including goods like timber and fish, and services such as purifying water, pollinating   in plantations. other natural services can be valued by considering how much it would cost to    a coastal dune system. ecosystems also contain biodiversity discussed the role of ecosystems a  el. the current study will specifically concentrate on terrestrial ecosystems in england and wi  hich will enable the delivery of defras vision for the natural environment. this vision is of a   to the point where any valuations have been carried out, and there has been limited progress i  ns have been carried out, and there has been limited progress in applying this theory to the ac  gland’s terrestrial ecosystems. it will employ a consultative approach, involving an interdisci  osystems. it will employ a consultative approach, involving an interdisciplinary team, to clari  pproach, involving an interdisciplinary team, to clarify which values are most important and wh  o place values on each service. it will be possible to value some services using the benefits t  efits transfer approach. in addition it is likely that it will not be possible or appropriate t   addition it is likely that it will not be possible or appropriate to quantify some other servi   likely that it will not be possible or appropriate to quantify some other services. however in  es primary data collection and analysis may prove very valuable. a flexible approach will be re  required regarding the precise tools to be used and a decision on this will be made during the    course of stage 1. the study will also provide a methodology for combining and aggregating val   estimates and marginal values. a small number of case studies will be employed to investigate   t any ecosystem services that could not be valued and will identify the most significant uncert  e recommendations for further work that can help us to better understand the value of ecosystem  systems and the goods and services they provide us with.
11861	7	ovel issues. for example the ecological research on gm herbicide tolerant crops were carried ou  research on gm herbicide tolerant crops were carried out after the product had been on the mark   identify issues that could potentially affect uk biodiversity.we have planned a collaboration   rsity in the next 50 years but have not been of importance in the past. we expect this horizon    not been of importance in the past. we expect this horizon scanning exercise to be published i  xpect this horizon scanning exercise to be published in a leading ecological journal. this work  with environmental change programme. it is also likely to be influential in determining the res
11591	7	identify those areas where new policies are needed or where existing policies are not achieving   required results. we will collectively publish the results of the analysis. some of these gaps  need for new policies while others will be a result of gaps in knowledge. we expect that this w  ll be a result of gaps in knowledge. we expect that this work will be influential in identifyin  in identifying areas where new policies are required and areas where there are gaps in knowledg  here are gaps in knowledge that need to be filled by additional science. this will be run joint   andy clements, director of the british trust for ornithology.
12241	22	the last 40 years many experiments have been performed by warwick hri and its collaborators, to  lisers. the data from these experiments was collected at considerable expense in projects funde  periments was collected at considerable expense in projects funded primarily by maff. data from  op new hypotheses, and to calibrate and validate fertiliser-response models, such as those bein  rtiliser-response models, such as those being developed in projects currently being funded by d  e being developed in projects currently being funded by defra . with current constraints on fun   with current constraints on funding it is unlikely that another large-scale experimental progr  nding it is unlikely that another large-scale experimental program could be financed, so it is   nother large-scale experimental program could be financed, so it is essential to preserve the h  mental program could be financed, so it is essential to preserve the historical data in an acce  ve the historical data in an accessible form for the future. when the historical data were coll  or the future. when the historical data were collected, only rudimentary systems of data storag  orage were available, and most datasets were recorded in free format as paper records, on micro  lt to interpret. this situation has not been eased by the decommissioning of the vax computer,   om magnetic tapes. if these data are to be preserved and used in the future it is essential tha   be preserved and used in the future it is essential that they become more accessible. the wide  ecommendation systems, including rb209, could be developed and evaluated, and would be an inval  d evaluated, and would be an invaluable source of information for answering a range of question  rops. such a database system could also be used to collate new data from ongoing research. in s  luence plant growth and development and crop quality, and will ensure better targeting of such   rgeting of such nutrients. it will also assist with developing best practice guidelines for sus   the database on the internet will also be explored to encourage its widespread use.
12672	1	ng on less than $2 a day. to critically evaluate these techniques to ensure information reveale
10444	4	iour of foxes in urban bristol. we will compare gps- and vhf-tracking data in terms of percenta   terms of percentage of fixes obtained, size of location error polygons, size of resultant home  ained, size of location error polygons, size of resultant home range estimates, efficacy of det   philopatry and dispersal. we will then use these data to model the benefits of group living in
11576	13	n from the land surface is an important focus for research into the effects of climate change o   of climate change on weather, climate, water resources, agriculture and ecosystem function. th  and ecosystem function. the evaporative water loss from canopies is comprised of both wet evapo  he evaporative water loss from canopies is comprised of both wet evaporation from the canopy an   covariance observations of evaporative water loss made above plant canopies into their wet eva  canopies into their wet evaporation and plant transpiration components. the methodology turns o  g events cause the observed evaporative water loss to change between these two conditions. this  if the degree of wetness of the surface can be specified. using a simple modelling approach thi   simple modelling approach this wetness is determined by the difference between rainfall inputs   covariance observations of evaporative water loss combined with satellite microwave data which  face wetness. the methodology will then be applied to a wide range of biomes for which eddy cov  s for which eddy covariance evaporative water loss data are held on a central database called f   covariance evaporative water loss data are held on a central database called fluxnet. in doing
10650	14	ns store as much as one-third of global soil carbon and represent a highly important global car   as one-third of global soil carbon and represent a highly important global carbon dioxide sink  tential future response. it has already been shown that changes in the rate of carbon accumulat  carbon accumulation during the medieval warm period and little ice age in raised peat bogs was   position of the peat forming plants. it is therefore vital to reconstruct the local peat formin  n accumulation, but this, unfortunately is not always possible, as plant macrofossils do not pr   peatland ecosystems. given this, there is a pressing need to develop alternative techniques to  sils preserved in peat profiles from uk blanket peat profiles and their timely availability rep  tanical composition. data on the modern/sub-fossil plant wax biochemical markers from known pla  kers from known plant species will then be used in the final proof of concept stage to reconstr  on sequestration rate changes, and also provide proxy-climate data and long-term ecological rec  and also provide proxy-climate data and long-term ecological records to inform conservation pol  lso provide proxy-climate data and long-term ecological records to inform conservation policies  nce themes on biodiversity, sustainable use of natural resources, and knowledge exchange to sta
10342	5	there are at least ten cladistic biogeographic techniques des  estionable, however, because they often produce different results when applied to the same data  e distributional histories of organisms are known . predicted outcomes include: the development  cation of ways in which current methods can be improved; and more rigorous testing of hypothese  ting of hypotheses of global change and earth-life co-evolution.
10079	7	tion ecology in now able to explain and predict pollinator-mediated gene flow. the comprehensiv  ss that strongly influences the genetic structure of many plant species. the model can be appli  ucture of many plant species. the model can be applied to insect-pollinated crops and so yield   plied to insect-pollinated crops and so yield predictions about the level of escape of genetica   transgenes. a preliminary experimental test of the model yielded only partial success, however  y partial success, however. i therefore propose a programme of experiments to evaluate both the  ly unstudied pollination processes that may affect the accuracy of its predictions. the evaluat
10041	17	depend on the presence of bright red or yellow carotenoid pigments in feathers and bills, and t  loration is the major example of honest condition-dependent coloration that functions either as  ither as a signal of attractiveness and mate quality to potential mates or dominance and fighti  oids are not synthesized by birds , but are obtained from their diet, although they may be chem  ined from their diet, although they may be chemically modified. in addition to coloration, they  dified. in addition to coloration, they have important functions as antioxidants, and in the im  oloration have been well-studied, there is almost no information about the genetic factors invo  enetic factors involved, although these must have several important roles in carotenoid convers  eleas, which have many advantages: they show great diversity in the carotenoid patterning and t   carotenoid content and metabolism have been studied in many species; and a robust phylogenetic  sponsible for the enzymatic conversion, transport, and deposition of carotenoids in the feather  . having isolated the relevant genefrom target species, we will then go on to determine the rel  t genefrom target species, we will then go on to determine the relevant roles they play in the   on to determine the relevant roles they play in the coloration of the two sexes, and between du  more distantly related species, we will aim to address a number of important evolutionary quest  rotenoid metabolism and deposition, and are the mechanisms the same for different categories of  tionary geneticists. the work will also provide the basis for future studies on physiological c
152	1	included in the information system and test them on data sets. 6. testing and evaluation of th
13799	2	ze the role of different forms of urban green areas for biodiversity conservation and ecosystem  unty. the study area includes a cicular zone of a radius of 20 km, centered in the national urb
7689	21	implemented across the region provence french riviera. take the role of irrigation canals in e  gical, economic and social agricultural water in the mediterranean: which issues for which serv  l dynamics of the territories that they pass through more knowledge on the contribution of irri  f irrigation channels to ecological and landscape dynamics of this territory. conducting an ana  s between social dynamics, economic and landscape that can support the development of interdisc  l dynamics, economic and landscape that can support the development of interdisciplinary resear  then looks at how the new environmental value of these developments today brings the government  ata collected and generated mapping, we show how the irrigation canals can foster connectivity   ping, we show how the irrigation canals can foster connectivity between farmland and ecological  ctivity between farmland and ecological value areas, on the one hand, and how this recognition   nition of the ecological role that they play in the production of environmentally and socially    charge. requalification of canals role is translated into public action by a double movement:   d management schemes at the territorial level, considering them as a structural element of the   ructural element of the green frame and blue, and secondly by the emergence of new players who   y the emergence of new players who will take over the ecological value of these facilities. the  ayers who will take over the ecological value of these facilities. the central assumption we ma  e facilities. the central assumption we make in this research project is that the irrigation ca  oject is that the irrigation canals now form an aquatic soustrame, in the sense understood by t   the operational committee of green and blue, characteristic of biodiversity in the mediterrane  tion canals, such as the role that they play in the production of landscapes raises questions a  onality and new ways in which they will can be integrated into management decisions implemented
14848	5	uatic ecosystems of the central plateau are included in one of the worlds most disturbed and im  ervation, due to the high anthropogenic pressure, as well as the high level of endemism present  r basins in this megadiverse region. it is needed to propose projects and actions with and inte  rated perspective which reach a broader study of the complexity of these situations. to do it,   lopment and application of the accurate index of biotic integrity to integrate the results in o
11726	7	we have recently begun the first study of fluxes of energy  but lacks the detailed ecophysiological study that is required to understand the system. we pro  he detailed ecophysiological study that is required to understand the system. we propose two sh  s required to understand the system. we propose two short field campaigns at this site, at the    and dry seasons. canopy- and component-scale measurements will be integrated within a state-of  derstanding of the fluxes of energy and mass in a mangrove ecosystem. this is an opportunity to  est, harbours very few tree species and is strongly affected by lunar and tidal cycles.
15017	7	our those signals exhibiting an optimal balance between these two properties. hitherto, studies  dominantly focused on their informative content, and have therefore neglected their efficacy. e  cused on their informative content, and have therefore neglected their efficacy. efficacy of an  al signal in their communities and that may cue on plumage coloration for locating their preys   eir preys and hosts. in this project we aim to study the efficacy of the design of plumage colo  f visual signals in terms of intra- and inter-sexual interactions will be experimentally studie   in one species will for the first time be investigated. finally, while adopting a comparative
10052	15	i-bacterial properties will persist. we have already shown that tio2 nps are toxic to fish, and  st. we have already shown that tio2 nps are toxic to fish, and in this one-year project we are   o fish, and in this one-year project we are concerned about the microbial communities in marine  portant roles in aquatic food webs, and are vital to the integrity and normal nutrient cycling,  istry of sediments. in this proposal we test the hypothesis that engineered nps with known anti  ps with known anti-bacterial properties could alter bacterial communities in aquatic sediments   e field-collected natural sediments and water from coastal marine and freshwater sites, and exp  oastal marine and freshwater sites, and expose these to either nano silver or tio2 np in the la   sites, and expose these to either nano silver or tio2 np in the laboratory. bacterial diversit  ity will be assessed using state-of-the-art molecular techniques involving dna extractions from   monitored. the project brings together expertise on bacteria, sediment/metal chemistry, and th  ogether expertise on bacteria, sediment/metal chemistry, and the ecotoxicology of nanoparticles  iversity during controlled sediment and water exposures to silver and tio2 nps in separate expe  ents. this will provide the first vital proof of principle as to whether or not nps with anti-b  th anti-bacterial properties could also be harmful to microorganisms in the environment.
12703	6	estigations to inform policy making and land management decisions concerning climate change and  of the effects of climate change. there is also a project that is assessing the impacts of clim  cts of climate change on ornithological interest of uk special protection areas. contact detail  l protection areas. contact details and further information will be available from the defra pr  om the defra project officer. tenderers are invited to indicate how they will ensure collaborat  s are invited to indicate how they will ensure collaboration with these projects.
1085	6	sing rapidly. in fact, this problem has been discussed in more than thirty international conven  is a crucially important methodological approach for elucidation of the determinants of invasiv  influence the invasion of mediterranean sand dune ecosystems by alien plants. the current proje   to analyse the diversity of native and alien species in the different plant community types gr  sis of biodiversity could be eventually apply to propose models which can predict the diffusion  ventually apply to propose models which can predict the diffusion of alien species and to analy
14569	2	the ectomycorrhizal fungus pisolithus is the most popular inoculant in forestry. effects of p  ithus inoculation vary wiyh strains and depend on the host plant and soil features. studies on
10232	5	ies at species northern boundaries, and evidence that southern boundaries are also sensitive to  nge margins in relation to climate, and analyse the effects of climate variability on populatio  ility on population dynamics. using new field data, we will model relationships between current  dynamics. using new field data, we will model relationships between current distribution, habit   climate and distribution data. we will attempt to relate species thermal ecology to recent dis
10498	5	ies at species northern boundaries, and evidence that southern boundaries are also sensitive to  nge margins in relation to climate, and analyse the effects of climate variability on populatio  ility on population dynamics. using new field data, we will model relationships between current  dynamics. using new field data, we will model relationships between current distribution, habit   climate and distribution data. we will attempt to relate species thermal ecology to recent dis
11512	5	ies at species northern boundaries, and evidence that southern boundaries are also sensitive to  nge margins in relation to climate, and analyse the effects of climate variability on populatio  ility on population dynamics. using new field data, we will model relationships between current  dynamics. using new field data, we will model relationships between current distribution, habit   climate and distribution data. we will attempt to relate species thermal ecology to recent dis
11613	5	ies at species northern boundaries, and evidence that southern boundaries are also sensitive to  nge margins in relation to climate, and analyse the effects of climate variability on populatio  ility on population dynamics. using new field data, we will model relationships between current  dynamics. using new field data, we will model relationships between current distribution, habit   climate and distribution data. we will attempt to relate species thermal ecology to recent dis
15172	1	le. objetives 1 and 2 will additionally allow to understand the relationships between phylogene
10721	22	evolutionary biologists have long been fascinated by the differences between the sexes. m  es between the sexes. males and females can differ profoundly in appearance and behaviour, in t  ale reproductive roles. females usually produce large and energetically costly eggs. their repr   reproductive performance, or fitness , is therefore limited by their ability to acquire resour  ources and survive. males, in contrast, produce large amounts of tiny and cheap sperm. accordin  y their ability to attract mates, which can involve bright colouration and extravagant displays  d a territory of high quality. while it is understood why the sexes differ, the question of how  f how males and females diverge has not been resolved. the underlying problem is that males and  lying problem is that males and females cannot evolve independently because the sexes generally  dependently because the sexes generally share almost all of their genes. thus, any difference b  r relies on a different subset of genes being used in males and females. however, recent result  that improve performance in males often tend to decrease performance in females and vice versa.  e versa. this data indicates that there are genes that affect male and female performance in op  d sexually antagonistic genes have only been indirectly inferred by comparing the performance o  re members of the same family . nothing is known about the identity of the genes that cause ant  fill this gap in our knowledge. we will identify the genomic regions that have opposite effects  ects on male and female performance and determine where they are located and which genes they c  le performance and determine where they are located and which genes they contain. further, we w  ch genes they contain. further, we will investigate to what extent sexual antagonism can preven  tigate to what extent sexual antagonism can prevent genes that code for high performance in one  fect on the other sex. finally, we will study the patterns of dna evolution of loci involved in   differentially expressed. thus we will deepen our general understanding of how differences bet
7389	2	ced and data used to know the taxonomic position of the initial organization to determine the n  zed by the cloned channel compounds and determine the impact had quont gene transfer to shape t
7380	2	c. . we simulate real situations and mobilizes deducted indicat   evaluations for certain characters. we generate recommendations for the establishment of the c
7596	4	he genome region containing the gene i, head of sustainable resistance to nematodes, has been c  ustainable resistance to nematodes, has been cloned and sequenced from prunus cerasifera. it co  versity within the euprunus section and compare it to the neutral range being analyzed   ion and compare it to the neutral range being analyzed
10960	1	nuous plankton recorder , a more robust picture of the distribution of the key taxa and the pla
6923	10	crown gall caused by agrobacterium is one of the most serious grapevine diseases which sti   the bacterium to the host cell nucleus is determined by bacterial virulence genes, while its i  etermined by bacterial virulence genes, while its integration into the plant genome is coded by  e its integration into the plant genome is coded by host genes. during the last decade several   tumefaciens-induced transformation have been identified in arabidopsis thaliana and nicotiana s  tiana spp. using insertion mutagenesis, yeast-two hybrid system or virus induced gene silencing   aim of this work is to identify in and isolate these genes from vitis genome. than we design s  he rootstock cultivar vitis berlandieri x vitis rupestris richter 110. next the susceptibility   rtant for molecular breeding since they may increase the efficiency grapevine transformation. o  ion. on the other hand, these new tools may help us in engineering new, crown gall resistant li
14536	5	recommendation to aeromonas, because it is a genus with a great ecological diversity and it is   ith a great ecological diversity and it is not well-defined taxonomically. in our opinion, this  he species within it. we will partially sequence ten genes in a representative collection of st   aeromonas species. five of these genes are involved in essential cellular functions . finally,  lular functions . finally, we will also try to apply the biological species concept obtained wi
7529	4	st relevant markers to characterize and develop genetic resources. . macrophylla, a relatively   ion equipment is well characterized. it is also to understand how from wild clones little color  orful, introduced from asia, new colors were obtained. finally, the question is whether intersp  alculation of the coordinates in cielab scale, chromosomal enumeration clones, interspecific hy
15001	2	the project being requested is focused on scrophularia .               the project being requested is focused on scrophularia .
14173	6	ast saccharomyces cerevisiae has widely been used for isolation of genes required for mitochond   maintenance, however relatively little is known about the mechanism of replication and about t  itochondrial dna intermediates. we will perform extensive characterization of mitochondrial dna  romyces cerevisiae using brewer-fangman type 2-dimensional agarose gel electrophoresis. we woul   and if the initiation of dna synthesis is associated with specific structures or sequence elem   associated with specific structures or sequence elements. the pattern of complex dna intermedi
15173	4	picalis due to its advantages, since it is a diploid amphibian model for which a lot of methodo  hich a lot of methodological tools have been developed. regarding to the species b. bufo, as al  n the one hand, in both species we will clone ortholog genes to those with differential express   in this process. on the other, we will search for new genes with differential expression durin
12461	1	t for purpose in the future, and it set out options for improving its operation. it contributed
15038	18	asions are important elements of global change, representing the second threaten for earth biod  th biodiversity in terms of importance, being responsible of the decline and even collapse of s  risk for marine ecosystems, as seaweeds may function as ecosystem engineers, being able to chan  ds may function as ecosystem engineers, being able to change their structure and function, mono  eing able to change their structure and function, monopolizing the space and altering trophic n  present knowledge of seaweeds invasions may be divided in four main questions, which allow reco  recognizing the lacks and endeavours to be faced. this four questions concern the species intro  duction, the mechanisms of the invasive process, the consequences of the invasions and the huma  is to confirm. some of these hypothesis are related to the factors involved in the invasibility  in the invasibility of a taxon, if they are intrinsic factors or factors related to the receive  spect not deeply studied is the genetic base of the invasions, related with the temporal and sp  tic processes related with this genetic base, such as hybridization processes. these latter wou  ionary consequences for the ecosystems, further than the direct impacts by the invasive species  e communities, which until now has only been studied in a reduced number of species and geograp  , for which, recently a useful tool has been proposed: prediction based in biological distribut  ies. until now this methodology has not been applied for seaweeds invasions. with this project   nvasive character. despite this species is considered one of the 100 worst invasive species in   is species is considered one of the 100 worst invasive species in europe and in the mediterrane
14705	8	the histories of grapevine and wine are linked with the history of human cultures throughou  om those eastern populations would have been cloned and spread along the mediterranean area fro   of the actual grapevine cultivars that are grown today. to verify this theory, actually we can  day. to verify this theory, actually we can combine the morphological characterization and the    process of grapevine domestication and compare with the archaeological and paleobotanical find  anical findings that they have done. it is possible to think that again the current theory of g  nteresting for our grapes varieties and vine that it is a deferential components in our winemak  r our grapes varieties and vine that it is a deferential components in our winemaker production
7532	6	to scrapie, a collection of dna rams 29 french sheep breeds was incorporated. it allowed to sho  tion of dna rams 29 french sheep breeds was incorporated. it allowed to show a wide variability  races have similar genetic profiles. we propose to analyze the genetic diversity of 15 of these  se breeds of livestock information, and study genetic distances between them. the distances bet   nei, cavalli - sforza and reynolds and tree representations. analyzes alternatives for simulta  entation of races and alleles will also be used
15143	6	omplexity, at different spatial scales, is also a critical process, accounting for a major decr  rent spatial scales, is also a critical process, accounting for a major decrease of biological   s. a great amount of european diversity is maintained in these landscapes, so it will become ur  imating the effect that small fragments could have on the biological success of particular spec  of particular species. additionally, we pretend to analyze the importance that small fragments   stration agencies with information that could contribute to establish policies related with lan
7371	1	nd enhancement of genetic resources. we intend to invite such work by analyzing the nucleotide
158	1	measuring equipment analysis of the co-influence of different processes by switching them on a
14862	7	gochaetes are frequently and abundantly present in practically every permanent fresh water body  resh water body of this planet and they exert in many cases crucial ecological functions as pri  s and by the little information that we have on some very basic aspects of their biology. the w  c aspects of their biology. the work to be carried out in this project consists in detailed ana  l of the galician oligochaete fauna. we intend to make a qualitative leap forward in the follow  overy of new anatomical structures that can serve as diagnostic characters in the taxonomy of t  ology, ultrastructure, distribution and function of various external ciliated sensory organs pr
10068	2	of different lineages of louse, we will be able to test whether these lineages have responded t   seabird . evolutionary trees will also be used to test whether all the species of louse on the
15424	13	the odonata are a group of 30 families with about 6000 species, ori  e changed slightly since then, but they are not primitive, and for this reason we have selected   new challenges. in this application we use a multidisciplinary perspective to study the evolut  ernative mating tactics. further on, we build on the results of grant cg2008-02799 to propose a  re, despite its numerous costs. here we propose to use ischnura hastata, the only known parthen  ly the red queen hypothesis. i. hastata is also an excellent model to study the nature and sign  thesis. i. hastata is also an excellent model to study the nature and significance of selfish g  l debated, and has generated a fruitful body of research in the last two decades. we will conti  search in the last two decades. we will continue the study of the maintenance of colour morphs   esentative of the polythoridae. we will compare survivorship and resighting rates in polymorphi  n polymorphic species using modern mark-recapture methods. the third goal of this application r  lleagues from around the world, we will be able to obtain at least one representative of each f  pulatory sexual selection processes and map them in the phylogeny.
14166	3	des additional data on stand growth and state which is not available looking directly down. alt  he respective ground truth measurements are needed. at present, such kind of data are sparse, a  rement platform will be a robinson r-22 helicopter or an unmanned aerial vehicle and measuremen
9963	20	rds of zebra, and flocks of birds. much is known about the benefits and costs of living in grou   an animal chooses to join. however, we know very little about the way in which these groups fo  ctions that take place between animals, influence the patterns we see at the group level. for e  ween animals, influence the patterns we see at the group level. for example, although animals a  ear to coordinate their behaviour, they cannot have information on the positions and movement o   other individuals in the group. we now know that the way fish shoals or flocks of birds move t  shoals or flocks of birds move together can be explained by looking at the behaviour of the ind  oal or flock. the movement of the group is coordinated by individuals only paying attention to   heir near neighbours. when many animals are frightened, perhaps because they detect a predator,  ls are frightened, perhaps because they detect a predator, they tend to bunch together tightly.  ps because they detect a predator, they tend to bunch together tightly. this has been called th  end to bunch together tightly. this has been called the selfish herd because each animal tries   ghtly. this has been called the selfish herd because each animal tries to reduce its chance of   ch animal tries to reduce its chance of being captured by the predator by moving in between oth  best place to be is in the middle , and match their behaviour to the predictions of the models.  re ideal for this sort of work, as they live in social groups in the wild, and also swim freely   in social groups in the wild, and also swim freely in open water without seeking protection fr  ction from the walls of an aquarium. it is important for biologists to understand the rules tha   the rules that animals use, so that we can understand how animals aggregate, and how grouping   ing behaviour might evolve. we can then make predictions which may be important in understandin
6918	7	timation, breeding value estimation and mate selection are topics of this project. in order to   y. the genetic improvement of dairy and beef cattle, of sport horses as well as of pig and shee  rses as well as of pig and sheep breeds is aimed during the project including the animal breedi  enetic challenges increases the genetic value of domestic animal populations in the future. the  animal populations in the future. there are, however, some short time effects of this activity   nsequences in high level of the project can be drawn only by the planned scientific and practic  plied research and practical usefulness are amalgamated. the hungarian breeders' associations,
1987	10	reeding grounds via a number of distant stop-over sites. why birds use a particular route and f  s. why birds use a particular route and follow a particular migration schedule and what the imp  ironmental changes along their flyways, have rarely been addressed. however, new theoretical ad  hanges along their flyways, have rarely been addressed. however, new theoretical advances have   and conservation issues. in particular, state-dependent models have proved useful in elucidatin  atory patterns. these models explicitly take into account the state of individuals as a result   cs and the environment. therefore, they can assist in analysing the fitness consequences of ani  uences of animal movements in space and time, integrating existing empirical knowledge and gene  ng animal distributions and numbers. we aim to develop an annual routine model and to obtain ge   general insights into what shapes long-distance migration in birds, to estimate consequences o
13600	5	s question both from a basic ecological point of view as well as in a need-driven approach by o  m to answer the more general ecological question about rain forest ecocsystem response to canop  e to canopy disturbance. the field site is subjected to four different canopy-thinning intensit  ommunity structure of arboreal ants and combine this with spatially explicit epiphyte abundance  lants and shade trees. i will primarily be located at dr. stacy m. philpott´s lab in university
14417	14	it has been reported by nasa experts for considerable reductio  t-b ray,s impact on plants and animals, is a matter of topical significance and is considered t  is a matter of topical significance and is considered to be a wide field for biodiversity and e  investigations. the resistance of algae is connected with the efficiency of their repair system  he fact that man and environment plants are forced to live under deteriorating anthropogenic co  ell defense system changes that have to be predicted. much more significant are the growing que   to be predicted. much more significant are the growing questions concerning the elucidation of  erature stress. some algae remain vital even at highest uv levels, and for that fact their adap  els, and for that fact their adaptation is expected to adjust easily to higher radiations that   adjust easily to higher radiations that may occur in the future. in this aspect, the use of ant  g in various ecological niches and thus being extremely resistible to severe ecological factors  rategies to assess algal resistance. we expect to determine uv stress markers which are to be u  l resistance. we expect to determine uv stress markers which are to be used when screening and   etermine uv stress markers which are to be used when screening and monitoring the environment,
10344	12	n a 50 scientist team to conduct a rare experiment, tied up to a large drifting ice floe in the   the weddell sea, antarctica. they will conduct 50 days of sampling and experimental work to in  ct 50 days of sampling and experimental work to investigate a unique microbial assemblage that   bon to the bacteria and algae, how this is affected by the temperature and saltiness of the bri  ive. the work will, for the first time, try to link the seasonal dynamics of nutrients, photosy  otosynthetic organisms and bacteria and look for specific chemical signatures of the organisms   emical signatures of the organisms that can relate to the chemical environment in which they ha  o bangor. the work is central to global interest in polar systems and in particular microbial d  esses within the oceans. the expedition is organised by the alfred wegener institute, germany,   tion is organised by the alfred wegener institute, germany, but will involve researchers from o   the grant is £327k, however additional support of £23k has been given from other sources and t   however additional support of £23k has been given from other sources and the german hosts are
14366	11	cal analyses: the objecvtive of this wp is to generate 3d-models from a variety of rs sources a  river systems: the major aim of this wp is to automatically extract natural and anthropogenic m  ajor aim of this wp is to automatically extract natural and anthropogenic morphological feature  es in a fluvial landscape. it will also be investigated whether spectral and/or backscatter ima  patial distribution of specific fluvial land morphologies through changes in land cover and und  temporal rs images: the goal of this wp is to assess dune migration rates and directions in the   the coming decades. wp4 archaeological feature detection: the main objective of this wp is to   etection: the main objective of this wp is to test the potential of different data sources for   rent data sources for making a regional inventory of above- and below-ground archaeological rem  ns for the different study areas, which are characterised by variations in the density of archa  n development: the objective of this wp is to study the differential expansion of cities and vi
14708	6	association with a species of bacteria is maintained inside the gland. such bacteria produce b  ances with antimicrobial activity which could provide the bird with defenses against parasites   sites and pathogens. in this project we propose to study the characteristics of the relationshi  ylogeny. finally, since all upupiformes coincide in producing dark secretions during breeding,   ark secretions during breeding, we will check whether all of them host bacteria, and how much v  ding, we will check whether all of them host bacteria, and how much variation exists in the bac
13786	7	in insect immunity little is known about anti-viral immune responses. viral disea  hat hemolin binds to virus, however, it is unknown which part of the protein that could be invo   unknown which part of the protein that could be involved in binding. this will be investigated  from studies of noctuid moths and there are circumstantial evidences for hemolin involvement in  g hemolin from noctuid species, it will be possible to directly investigate if and how hemolin   pecies, it will be possible to directly investigate if and how hemolin interacts with different  ency in biological control. it can also give insights into anti-viral defense mechanisms in ver
14106	3	ess and whether and how these processes are modulated by exogenous and endogenous antioxidants   ndividual infection status. in the same model, the potential of carotenoid-based ornaments in a  cal costs of reproduction and dominance are caused by immune suppression and oxidative stress w
7630	8	357 ha of abandoned industrial orchard were acquired and rehabilitated partly by biodiversity   logical restoration operations are also part of the compensation devices. is meant by ecologica   also part of the compensation devices. is meant by ecological compensation compensation "in ki   the natural environment is statutorily subject to restrictions of use. this principle implies   plies exchanges between nature objects, be substituted for them, must meet equivalence criteria  ature objects, be substituted for them, must meet equivalence criteria. These equivalence crite  erned, the institutions that define and control , terms and expected environmental devices, art   including the different configurations can have strong impacts on the functioning and effectiv
15333	9	any ecosystems, the loss of native ants can have important indirect effects. these include effe  equent recruitment, on pollination, and even on vertebrate fauna. ants are considered to be a c  ion, and even on vertebrate fauna. ants are considered to be a centre of ecological interaction   centre of ecological interactions, and are particularly interesting bioindicators which reflec  dicators which reflect the dynamics and state of ecosystems. indeed, they are widely distribute  s and state of ecosystems. indeed, they are widely distributed, abundant and diverse and relati  ed, abundant and diverse and relatively easy to sample, classify and identify. they play an imp   to sample, classify and identify. they play an important role in nearly all the ecosystems to   ups and individual species. at the same time, will be investigated the impacts of the argentine
14604	3	hat are the most vulnerable to climatic change, considering 1 the temperature effect on locomot  se of amphibian populations to climatic change, and the comparative study between species will   cs of the most vulnerable taxa and thus contribute to the definition of priorities of conservat
10465	16	t temperate terrestrial ecosystems, and include some of the most significant agricultural and f  ultural and forestry pests. it has long been known that nearly all aphids carry a symbiotic bac   depauperate diet. more recently it has been discovered that most aphids also harbour one or mo  s been discovered that most aphids also harbour one or more of a series of other bacteria that   ormance. because these bacteria are not present in every aphid they are called secondary symbio  ria are not present in every aphid they are called secondary symbionts. recent research has sho  dary symbionts can, among other things, increase aphid resistance to parasitic wasps and pathog  o parasitic wasps and pathogenic fungi, help the aphid withstand heat shock, and influence host  mbionts constitute a pool of genes that can help the aphid cope with different environmental ch  challenges. because secondary symbionts can move between aphid clones and species they can be c  e between aphid clones and species they can be called a horizontal gene pool, a term we borrow   alled a horizontal gene pool, a term we borrow from bacterial genetics where plasmids is far le  ow the community of secondary symbionts is structured: what determines the diversity and popula  mathematical model to synthesise all we know about secondary symbiont dynamics and to identify   symbiont interaction where we currently have large gaps in our knowledge. this is the effect of  ity and to test hypotheses about how it is structured.
9887	16	t temperate terrestrial ecosystems, and include some of the most significant agricultural and f  ultural and forestry pests. it has long been known that nearly all aphids carry a symbiotic bac   depauperate diet. more recently it has been discovered that most aphids also harbour one or mo  s been discovered that most aphids also harbour one or more of a series of other bacteria that   ormance. because these bacteria are not present in every aphid they are called secondary symbio  ria are not present in every aphid they are called secondary symbionts. recent research has sho  dary symbionts can, among other things, increase aphid resistance to parasitic wasps and pathog  o parasitic wasps and pathogenic fungi, help the aphid withstand heat shock, and influence host  mbionts constitute a pool of genes that can help the aphid cope with different environmental ch  challenges. because secondary symbionts can move between aphid clones and species they can be c  e between aphid clones and species they can be called a horizontal gene pool, a term we borrow   alled a horizontal gene pool, a term we borrow from bacterial genetics where plasmids is far le  ow the community of secondary symbionts is structured: what determines the diversity and popula  mathematical model to synthesise all we know about secondary symbiont dynamics and to identify   symbiont interaction where we currently have large gaps in our knowledge. this is the effect of  ity and to test hypotheses about how it is structured.
10922	4	nderstand the role of space and spatial structure on the persistence and dynamics of a multi-ho  the persistence and dynamics of a multi-host-parasitoid system. specifically, apparent competit  will be investigated from both long and short-term laboratory studies and complemented by a ran  e investigated from both long and short-term laboratory studies and complemented by a range of
15575	20	plication. agricultural intensification is considered a major driver of global biodiversity los  , but predictive models that explicitly address how land-use affects ecosystem services mediate  d natural enemy attack rates have often been found to be lower in landscapes dominated by agric  , such results are not universal and we know little about the mechanisms behind such landscape-  fects on prey suppression. we also dont know to what extent natural enemy biodiversity can prov   what extent natural enemy biodiversity can provide insurance against fluctuating environmental  ral enemies, pests and alternative prey are determined, can lead to a mechanistic understanding  ts and alternative prey are determined, can lead to a mechanistic understanding of how land-use  sity affects biological control. it has been shown that the structure of host-parasitoid food w   and their alternative prey/hosts as it is difficult to measure these trophic links. in this pr  odiversity, as mediated by agricultural land-use at different scales, and the structure, divers  rsity, as mediated by agricultural land-use at different scales, and the structure, diversity a  a already collected by our team we will analyse how local land use and landscape composition af   we will analyse how local land use and landscape composition affects natural enemy community c   affect biological control. using up-to-date molecular techniques food web interactions will be  etwork analyses to investigate how land-use at different scales affects trophic linking and bio  iological control of cereal aphids, and facilitate valuations of biological control through mon   non-monetary methods. finally, we will map biological control across landscapes in europe and   control across landscapes in europe and test how different future land-use scenarios of changed  rope and test how different future land-use scenarios of changed agricultural intensity and lan
10603	13	teria kilometres deep in the earth have been discovered. these bacteria may represent over 50%   th have been discovered. these bacteria may represent over 50% of all life on earth. but we kno  t over 50% of all life on earth. but we know almost nothing about these bacteria as we can only  ing about these bacteria as we can only grow a tiny fraction of them in the laboratory for stud  n and studied under high pressure. this can be used with a new pressure coring and handling sys  ow deep bacteria not previously seen to be studied. we will investigate these bacteria to find    previously seen to be studied. we will investigate these bacteria to find out what type they a  ese bacteria to find out what type they are, how they survive in their extreme environment and   o find out what type they are, how they survive in their extreme environment and how they might  an be tens of millions of years old and may contain ancient bacteria. they may even be an envir  contain ancient bacteria. they may even be an environment where life on earth might have starte  erstanding these bacteria will not only tell us about life on earth it might also tell us more   ll us about life on earth it might also tell us more about how life began.
10103	13	ceae which, with around 20,000 species, is the largest in the plant kingdom. orchids hold a par   fungi infect the germinating seeds and supply the young plants with carbon and nutrients. this   with carbon and nutrients. this unique form of nutrition continues throughout the lives of ove  s that never develop green pigments and are parasitic upon fungi. whilst this mode of nutrition  ungi. whilst this mode of nutrition has been known for over a century, the details of the chemi  compounds that are characteristic of it are unknown. this project plans to apply a recently dev  veloped technique in which a laser beam is used to vaporise compounds contained in the surface   on and nitrogen containing compounds to be identified and their concentrations determined. by r  arbon and nitrogen-containing compounds can be made in the orchid cells. this approach allows d  n amounts and types of key compounds to be mapped in cells containing the fungal partner, in ad  e mapped in cells containing the fungal partner, in adjacent cells in which carbon is stored by  tner, in adjacent cells in which carbon is stored by the plant and the fungus excluded, and in    fungus excluded, and in plant vascular tissue through which nutrients and carbon pass up into
11558	4	jellyfish . if we are able to reveal an historic link between jellyfish a   . if we are able to reveal an historic link between jellyfish abundance and fish abundance thi  ic link between jellyfish abundance and fish abundance this will be a very useful advance for m  cosystem context. the project will also demonstrate to a wide ecologist audience the power of i
12631	3	best and most versatile /bmv datasets; review of local development framework and planning supp   work, the project team will ultimately develop a technical report which details the current av  current availability and changes in bmv land in england over the past decade, and will summaris
7034	4	terrestrial ecosystem models are designed to assess the flux of energy, water, carbo   designed to assess the flux of energy, water, carbon and nitrogen corresponding to a given veg  valid. if the model behaves unstable it may indicate either a reduced predictability or a reduc  tem. outputs from this research project may have fundamental practical implications allowing us
14695	3	in this proyect, we will develop a set of appropriate microsatellite markers to   ogrammes of the species. first, we will analyze gene diversity in natural populations to evalua  horse in atlantic area. second, we will study family structure, as well as the proper design of
6744	9	only economical, but also environmental point of view. in grape breading near the conventional   ication of molecular markers, the grape can be selected in seedling state, therefore reduce the  e selected in seedling state, therefore reduce the number of plants in the multi-year evaluatio  after the selection and the cross, only long after the juvenil state can be selected. this is t  ross, only long after the juvenil state can be selected. this is time and cost execting. in thi   founded of the research dna, that they are independent by environmental effects. there is a sm  pendent by environmental effects. there is a small percentage of are high resistence followers    most efficient. such a method could it make possible, that the seedling plants can be selected  make possible, that the seedling plants can be selected with small cost and rapidly.
14484	3	the dogs and swine, respectively, have been cited parasitizing human host, suggesting the poss  project are: 1.to clarify the taxonomic position of t. vulpis, t. suis and t. trichiura by usin   in the future, to the epidemiology and control of the trichuriosis affecting to millions of pe
15219	6	eral developmental stages which clearly differ morphologically from those finally reached by th  w species that show direct development, pass through a planktonic larval period with two stages  riptions are only available for a small amount of known brachyuran species, most of them based    is in turn responsible by an important amount of problems encountered by researchers when stud  ng of planktonic trophic webs and hence confirm the phylogeographic interest of the iberian pen  s and hence confirm the phylogeographic interest of the iberian peninsula.
14663	3	een species of the mediterranean forest are subjected to stress periods with high irradiance co  igh irradiance combined with drought or low temperatures. the imbalance between light energy ab  mpare antioxidant systems in winter and summer during holm-oak regeneration by resprouting afte
14203	3	spective horizontal variation and small-scale variation in surface sediments will be estimated.  diments will be estimated. a hypothesis is proposed claiming that the changes of the pore water   ratio of catchment area to lake volume can be attributed to the changes in the autochtonous mi
10821	2	proxy records of past environments they contain to understand better the patterns of environmen  nd better the patterns of environmental change in a major mountain belt.
10862	1	nmental problems. this grant supports 3 full studentships for three years.
11022	24	bones. morganucodon and kuehneotherium are tiny ancestral mammals from these fissures and this  ously quantified modelling approach. we know a lot about certain aspects of the mammalian trans  rstanding of this transition. there are still many things that we do not understand about these  on. there are still many things that we do not understand about these earliest mammals though.   e mother provide milk for the babies we can get some answers to these questions by a study of t  sets of teeth. this keeps the upper and lower teeth in position to process the food efficiently  technological applications to help them interpret fossils. detailed high resolution scans can b  fossils. detailed high resolution scans can be produced using synchrotron radiation. the small    using synchrotron radiation. the small size of morganucodon and kuehneotherium, with teeth bet  rium, with teeth between 1-2mm in size, is here an advantage as they can be accommodated in the  m in size, is here an advantage as they can be accommodated in the high resolution facilities a  facilities at the swiss light source to be tested. the analysis calculates strain and stress wi  ted. the analysis calculates strain and stress within the structure in response to these loadin  iques such as computed tomography scans can be used to generate accurate three-dimensional imag  ages of structures, such as jaws, which are required to form the basis of an accurate finite el  inite element model. tiny early mammals are assumed to be insectivores but this covers a very w  jaws of morganucodon and kuehneotherium are adapted for biting beetles or snapping at passing m  s or snapping at passing moths. it will estimate the force of their bite / e.g. could they pene  e force of their bite / e.g. could they penetrate insect cuticles this is important, as it will   cuticles this is important, as it will inform on feeding specialization and ecological niches.  o the mammalian jaw joint which has not been previously investigated is whether there is a chan  reviously investigated is whether there is a change in priority of the two joints during the gr  f the different jaw bones if so it will help us to understand the mechanism of the transition.   t pattern in these basal mammals and so tell us more about how the transition to a mammalian de
12490	12	management and fertiliser use. ammonia can have a range of impacts on the environment and huma  ia concentrations near point sources; - decrease of species diversity of semi-natural areas due  ling due to ammonium sulphate aerosols; air quality management for ecosystem protection has pri  exceedance of these thresholds have not been fully evaluated. furthermore, the nature of ammoni  losses of nitrogen compounds to air and water from terrestrial systems - so called pollution sw   from the soil to air could potentially lead to the nitrogen emerging as nitrates in water cour  nge. in the uk to date, most effort has been placed in quantifying ammonia emission fluxes and   protocol of the united nations economic commission for europe and the eu national emissions cei  re comprehensively in terms of impacts, value of ecosytem services and links to human well-bein  llution swapping. the project will also identify potential barriers, and their causes, to the i  to evaluate the implications of the new approach, to identify possible solutions to the barrier   to identify how an ecosystems approach could be implemented within current and future policy f
12516	10	low input apple orchards. an ecological approach to orchard floor vegetation management will de  ation management will determine if this can lead to reductions in pest populations. research to  g vegetation, but they may colonise and remain in crops only as a response to high pest numbers  ne to harvest to improve fruit quality, reduce the risk of physiological disorders and prolong   the risk of physiological disorders and prolong storage life. calcium applied to fruit crops in   resistance to fungal rots. more recent research in tropical fruits, and to a lesser extent app  e pathogen. thus calcium, if effective, could be used as part of an integrated approach to cont  f rotting in fruit crops. much work has been published on the effects of calcium on rotting in   search into practical applications that can be integrated into strategies for sustainable manag  rategies for sustainable management and control of rotting in fruit crops will be outlined.
12046	6	there seems to be an unreasonably large number of species, thousands in a single liter: the par  the plankton. protists of the plankton, single-celled organisms, are typical as species richnes   the plankton, single-celled organisms, are typical as species richness is high and each specie  e very widely distributed. arguably, we need to know what exists in the plankton to understand    we established that parasitic protists can persist in the cysts of their host to re-infect the  ersist in the cysts of their host to re-infect the next generation.
12057	2	still missing. the following objectives are proposed for contrasting environments : 1/ experime  tudies on the co-variation of phage and host diversity to test the model. the findings will be
11045	8	shwater . these chemicals are extremely long-lived in the environment and are know to be accumu  that relatively low levels of some bfrs can act as endocrine disruptors by functioning as hormo  l functions of the thyroid hormones and sex steroids. as part of this project we will investiga  eroids. as part of this project we will investigate the potential effects of bfrs on the hormon  on the hormonal regulation of aquaporin function in the european eel as it is possible that del  orin function in the european eel as it is possible that deleterious effects of these toxins on  hese toxins on these water transporters may compromise the successful migration of fish from fw   fish from fw to sw environments and/or reduce the reproductive fecundity of fish returning to
11057	8	shwater . these chemicals are extremely long-lived in the environment and are know to be accumu  that relatively low levels of some bfrs can act as endocrine disruptors by functioning as hormo  l functions of the thyroid hormones and sex steroids. as part of this project we will investiga  eroids. as part of this project we will investigate the potential effects of bfrs on the hormon  on the hormonal regulation of aquaporin function in the european eel as it is possible that del  orin function in the european eel as it is possible that deleterious effects of these toxins on  hese toxins on these water transporters may compromise the successful migration of fish from fw   fish from fw to sw environments and/or reduce the reproductive fecundity of fish returning to
14892	9	macroecology is a relatively new contemporary field in ecology that   ated incorporating a nested taxonomical level in order to assess if community-population richne  ss taxonomical levels. finally, we will explore how neutral and non-neutral processes contribut   and population richness and abundance, site occupancy, niche breadth, spatio-temporal connecti  richness and abundance, site occupancy, niche breadth, spatio-temporal connectivity, and disper   dispersion capabilities. thus, we will bring population genetics to community genetics and how  netics to community genetics and how it is linked to patterns of community composition generall  the objectives proposed in the richabun project, we will have a complete understanding of biodi  oposed in the richabun project, we will have a complete understanding of biodiversity patterns
10238	7	marine biogeochemical cycles are driven by microbes. it is essential to know which o  mical cycles are driven by microbes. it is essential to know which organisms are present and to   are present and to understand how they interact to form a functional community. molecular biol  revolutionised microbial ecology and it is now possible to investigate organisms and processes   enge is to exploit that information and apply the knowledge to environmentally important questi  environmentally important questions. we believe that priority should be given to identifying an  g described functional biodiversity, we aim to develop microarrays that will be the tools for e
10697	7	marine biogeochemical cycles are driven by microbes. it is essential to know which o  mical cycles are driven by microbes. it is essential to know which organisms are present and to   are present and to understand how they interact to form a functional community. molecular biol  revolutionised microbial ecology and it is now possible to investigate organisms and processes   enge is to exploit that information and apply the knowledge to environmentally important questi  environmentally important questions. we believe that priority should be given to identifying an  g described functional biodiversity, we aim to develop microarrays that will be the tools for e
11252	7	marine biogeochemical cycles are driven by microbes. it is essential to know which o  mical cycles are driven by microbes. it is essential to know which organisms are present and to   are present and to understand how they interact to form a functional community. molecular biol  revolutionised microbial ecology and it is now possible to investigate organisms and processes   enge is to exploit that information and apply the knowledge to environmentally important questi  environmentally important questions. we believe that priority should be given to identifying an  g described functional biodiversity, we aim to develop microarrays that will be the tools for e
11262	7	marine biogeochemical cycles are driven by microbes. it is essential to know which o  mical cycles are driven by microbes. it is essential to know which organisms are present and to   are present and to understand how they interact to form a functional community. molecular biol  revolutionised microbial ecology and it is now possible to investigate organisms and processes   enge is to exploit that information and apply the knowledge to environmentally important questi  environmentally important questions. we believe that priority should be given to identifying an  g described functional biodiversity, we aim to develop microarrays that will be the tools for e
11793	7	marine biogeochemical cycles are driven by microbes. it is essential to know which o  mical cycles are driven by microbes. it is essential to know which organisms are present and to   are present and to understand how they interact to form a functional community. molecular biol  revolutionised microbial ecology and it is now possible to investigate organisms and processes   enge is to exploit that information and apply the knowledge to environmentally important questi  environmentally important questions. we believe that priority should be given to identifying an  g described functional biodiversity, we aim to develop microarrays that will be the tools for e
11800	7	marine biogeochemical cycles are driven by microbes. it is essential to know which o  mical cycles are driven by microbes. it is essential to know which organisms are present and to   are present and to understand how they interact to form a functional community. molecular biol  revolutionised microbial ecology and it is now possible to investigate organisms and processes   enge is to exploit that information and apply the knowledge to environmentally important questi  environmentally important questions. we believe that priority should be given to identifying an  g described functional biodiversity, we aim to develop microarrays that will be the tools for e
11803	7	marine biogeochemical cycles are driven by microbes. it is essential to know which o  mical cycles are driven by microbes. it is essential to know which organisms are present and to   are present and to understand how they interact to form a functional community. molecular biol  revolutionised microbial ecology and it is now possible to investigate organisms and processes   enge is to exploit that information and apply the knowledge to environmentally important questi  environmentally important questions. we believe that priority should be given to identifying an  g described functional biodiversity, we aim to develop microarrays that will be the tools for e
9971	7	marine biogeochemical cycles are driven by microbes. it is essential to know which o  mical cycles are driven by microbes. it is essential to know which organisms are present and to   are present and to understand how they interact to form a functional community. molecular biol  revolutionised microbial ecology and it is now possible to investigate organisms and processes   enge is to exploit that information and apply the knowledge to environmentally important questi  environmentally important questions. we believe that priority should be given to identifying an  g described functional biodiversity, we aim to develop microarrays that will be the tools for e
9977	7	marine biogeochemical cycles are driven by microbes. it is essential to know which o  mical cycles are driven by microbes. it is essential to know which organisms are present and to   are present and to understand how they interact to form a functional community. molecular biol  revolutionised microbial ecology and it is now possible to investigate organisms and processes   enge is to exploit that information and apply the knowledge to environmentally important questi  environmentally important questions. we believe that priority should be given to identifying an  g described functional biodiversity, we aim to develop microarrays that will be the tools for e
9986	7	marine biogeochemical cycles are driven by microbes. it is essential to know which o  mical cycles are driven by microbes. it is essential to know which organisms are present and to   are present and to understand how they interact to form a functional community. molecular biol  revolutionised microbial ecology and it is now possible to investigate organisms and processes   enge is to exploit that information and apply the knowledge to environmentally important questi  environmentally important questions. we believe that priority should be given to identifying an  g described functional biodiversity, we aim to develop microarrays that will be the tools for e
9988	7	marine biogeochemical cycles are driven by microbes. it is essential to know which o  mical cycles are driven by microbes. it is essential to know which organisms are present and to   are present and to understand how they interact to form a functional community. molecular biol  revolutionised microbial ecology and it is now possible to investigate organisms and processes   enge is to exploit that information and apply the knowledge to environmentally important questi  environmentally important questions. we believe that priority should be given to identifying an  g described functional biodiversity, we aim to develop microarrays that will be the tools for e
12247	2	eighty percent of our land is farmed and farmland biodiversity has declined signif  ive contributors to the environment and reduce the environmental footprint of food production s
207	1	zal on forest am fungal communities. we aim to conduct the first study of the diversity and com
11863	30	arley and maize have evolved since they were domesticated, including the way in which these pla  the new environments to which they have been taken by humans. ancient dna analysis is relativel  ans. ancient dna analysis is relatively easy with plants that have been preserved by desiccatio  s relatively easy with plants that have been preserved by desiccation, as under these condition  under these conditions the dna does not break down too much. unfortunately, desiccated material  ately, desiccated material is uncommon, being found only in dry environments such as deserts or  lants that became burnt while they were being cooked, or were present in stores that caught fir  chaeological sites, and these sometimes contain ancient dna. the problem is that the dna is onl  ncient dna. the problem is that the dna is only poorly preserved, because the high temperatures  emperatures to which the molecules have been exposed have resulted in them becoming broken down  t fragments. to obtain dna sequences it is first necessary to make copies of the dna molecules   olymerase chain reaction . pcr does not work particularly well with short dna fragments, and at  ancient dna in charred remains have not been very successful. this is frustrating because ancie  ancient dna analysis of charred remains could tell us a great deal about prehistoric agricultur  f charred remains could tell us a great deal about prehistoric agriculture, especially in europ  , especially in europe. for example, we know that barley is nowadays adapted to the cold climat  old climates of northern europe, but we do not know if the genetic changes that resulted in thi  s adaptation occurred as the crops were being moved to these regions by the first farmers, or i  occurred later. we could find out if we could study ancient dna in preserved remains of some of  e of the earliest barley varieties that were grown in northern europe. there might, however, be   northern europe. there might, however, be a solution to the problems that have plagued attempt  ars new methods for dna sequencing have been developed. these next generation methods are ideal   study of short dna molecules, and have been used successfully with ancient dna from neandertha  oolly mammoths. in this project we will test whether these new methods will also work with char  est whether these new methods will also work with charred plant remains. we will try them out w  ork with charred plant remains. we will try them out with wheat grains from a granary at assiro  charred plant remains. we will try them out with wheat grains from a granary at assiros in gree  ng large amounts of charred seeds which were recovered when archaeologists excavated the site i  sts excavated the site in the 1980s. we hope that by using next generation methods we will be a  y using next generation methods we will be able to obtain sequences of wheat genes from the ass
7035	11	streams and rivers have long been considered as pipelines in the landscape that tran  reams and rivers despite the relatively short residence time in these ecosystems. this project   ential question in an interdisciplinary approach that combines novel methods such as metabolomi  treams and large rivers. first, we will study the architecture and composition of these communi  nd composition of these communities and relate them to the geophysical setting in fluvial netwo  al setting in fluvial networks. we will test our hypothesis that biofilms and aggregates are an  sing experimental metagenomics, we will identify populations involved in the metabolism of key   nds of terrestrial origin. we will also test the effect of algal priming and photooxidation by   works. the carbon cycle in these biomes is predicted to be particularly prone to global warming  prone to global warming. this ecosystem-level information, coupled with our mechanistic fine-sc  formation, coupled with our mechanistic fine-scale understanding of processes, will serve to te
10518	12	ulf stream system conveys warm atlantic water into the arctic ocean, hundreds of plumes of bubb  eds of plumes of bubbles of methane gas were discovered in 2008, rising from the seabed at a de  t a depth close to that of the landward limit of the methane hydrate stability zone. methane hy   of release of methane is generally too slow to overcome dissolution and oxidation in the ocean  owever, catastrophic gas venting, which is known to occur elsewhere, could release large amount  ing, which is known to occur elsewhere, could release large amounts of methane over a short per  h venting depends upon the how much gas is stored locally beneath the seabed and the kinds of p   seabed. higher-than-normal resistivity is caused by both gas and hydrate, whereas the presence  l resistivity is caused by both gas and hydrate, whereas the presence of gas reduces seismic ve   it. in combination, the two techniques can distinguish the separate amounts of hydrate and gas   very-high-resolution images and deeper sub-seabed penetration than similar systems mounted on   ill be supplemented by the use of ocean-bottom seismometers to provide precise measurements of
11727	2	s found on coalified upper silurian and lower devonian mesofossils including spores, cuticles a  of techniques to determine whether they are biological and, if so, the timing of the colonisati
10183	4	of most of the marine bacterioplankton is unknown. the study of obligate intracellular bacteri  osal will determine if bacterioplankton comprise bacteria that form important endocellular symb  e foodwebs, the global carbon cycle and represent a key life-stage of many benthic species the   l carbon cycle and represent a key life-stage of many benthic species the determination of bact
11453	2	the genera cephalanihera and epipactis is dependent upon colonisation by ectomycorrhizal rathe  ectomycorrhizal rather than rhizoctonia-type fungi and that the symbionts of these helleborine
11663	5	background the u.k. is faced with an ever-increasing number of emerging pat  disease is spreading and if that spread is mediated by human activities is a fundamental compon   dispersal mediated by human activities can proceed in a disorganized and irregular pattern, in   leaps followed by expansion from a new focus of introduction, rather than a wave-like pattern.  , and ran at queen mary. they currently have two joint phd students who have developed the tech
11785	10	the number of taxa that have currently been assigned as species is approximately 1.5 million,    million, although the total number has been estimated at between 10 and 100 million. thus, a h  e of species diversity, but also, there is an extreme negative correlation between taxon body s  larger and popular fauna and flora have been described, other important groups such as nematode  important groups such as nematodes have been neglected. nematodes are the most abundant multice  lticellular organisms on earth and they are found in all habitats, but notably in marine sedime   notably in marine sediments where they can make up between 50-90% of the multicellular fauna.   marine sediment ecosystem processes and comprise the majority of the productive and saprophytic   the productive and saprophytic trophic base upon which macroorganisms rely. despite their pivo  ittoral communities of uk nematodes and extrapolate this information to estimates of regional a
11636	21	of microorganisms. these microorganisms are required for soil formation and for the many biolog   past decade, molecular techniques have been used to characterise soil microbial communities. t   amplification of 16s rrna genes, which are cloned and sequenced sequences are used for phyloge  hich are cloned and sequenced sequences are used for phylogenetic analysis to determine identit  ntative. non-thermophilic crenarchaeota exemplify this situation. they belong to the archaea, o  rchaeota exemplify this situation. they belong to the archaea, one of the three major lineages   ree major lineages of life, but archaea are traditionally associated with extreme environments,  rature. non-thermophilic crenarachaeota are abundant and ubiquitous in temperate soils but, bec  perate soils but, because none has ever been cultivated, we have no information on their physio  cause none has ever been cultivated, we have no information on their physiological characterist  their physiological characteristics. it is therefore not possible to determine their role in so   of non-thermophilic crenarchaeota have been found on sections of environmental dna that also c  sections of environmental dna that also contain genes isotope c or with labelled organic compou  ith labelled organic compounds known to be converted by ammonia monooxygenase. nucleic acids in  nd 12c-labelled nucleic acids will then be separated by density gradient centrifugation. the di  ine whether the crenarchaeal amoa genes were expressed when ammonia was added and not expressed   amoa genes were expressed when ammonia was added and not expressed in the presence of nitrific  s. the project therefore will therefore determine whether this abundant group of microorganisms  erefore determine whether this abundant group of microorganisms contributes to an important soi  roorganisms contributes to an important soil ecosystem process, soil nitrification.   to an important soil ecosystem process, soil nitrification.
10070	14	ss to plant organic carbon. however, we know surprisingly little about how the availability of   ngs in natural environments. heathlands are unique ecosystems that are threatened worldwide by   . heathlands are unique ecosystems that are threatened worldwide by ectomycorrhizal tree invasi  threatened worldwide by ectomycorrhizal tree invasion. the trees shade out native heath shrubs   dland. in the british isles, heathlands are a cherished component of the landscape and they are  hed component of the landscape and they are high-profile habitats for biodiversity and conserva  nent of the landscape and they are high-profile habitats for biodiversity and conservation. low  ands have experienced the most dramatic decline in the last century, largely due to birch and p   last century, largely due to birch and pine invasion, both of which are obligately ectomycorrh  mycorrhizal fungi in lowland heaths and unravel the initial symbiotic events involved with tree  volved with tree establishment. we will rely heavily on molecular ecology approaches because ec  asons at different locations, they will be amenable to comparison with other heathland systems,  for performing ecologically-significant work in the future aimed at addressing ectomycorrhizal   ure aimed at addressing ectomycorrhizal tree invasion of heathlands.
10429	4	es . the proposed research will greatly advance our understanding of ch4 and n2o emissions for   from upland andean ecosystems will also help us evaluate whether other tropical uplands are lik  ikely to be sources of ch4 and n2o, and assess their potential contributions to the global atmo   of mathematical models that accurately simulate tropical ch4 and n2o fluxes will allow us to p
10967	4	es . the proposed research will greatly advance our understanding of ch4 and n2o emissions for   from upland andean ecosystems will also help us evaluate whether other tropical uplands are lik  ikely to be sources of ch4 and n2o, and assess their potential contributions to the global atmo   of mathematical models that accurately simulate tropical ch4 and n2o fluxes will allow us to p
11699	4	es . the proposed research will greatly advance our understanding of ch4 and n2o emissions for   from upland andean ecosystems will also help us evaluate whether other tropical uplands are lik  ikely to be sources of ch4 and n2o, and assess their potential contributions to the global atmo   of mathematical models that accurately simulate tropical ch4 and n2o fluxes will allow us to p
11362	2	we propose to develop a behavioural bioassay using ethovis  s, and/or the adult-associated biofilm, release a cue into the water column that primes the cyp
14952	4	of the global environmental change and are viewed as one of the most important determinants of  s of change in biodiversity at a global scale, usually with harmful ecological and economic eff  by being ever-present and by their huge number, have established a wide array of relationships   ent types of soil use, recent fires and land-uses, models for the expansion process will be pro
14540	1	thonous strains of brine shrimp artemia strain artemia franciscana, original from america, whic
14638	1	p artemia and their consequences, which are involved in the persistence of the brine shrimp pop
7151	13	f. excelsior is classified by forest as valuable hardwood and has a   luable hardwood and has a high economic value because of its rapid growth, the light color and   properties of the wood. f. angustifolia is a second shaft so very magnitude smaller dimensions    common ash. in france, f. angustifolia is not considered an essence of good quality and there   ed an essence of good quality and there is no known economic uses of its wood. both species, fr  h wood because if the wood f. excelsior is wanted for numerous mechanical and aesthetic qualiti   mechanical and aesthetic qualities, it is not so nen to f. angustifolia which presents some in  d in loire valley and saone valley quen be there in a few years this prediction is a real threa  pure common ash. issues that concern us are related to the process of colonization, local adapt  asurements in sympatric populations and pure for both species. for the experimental part will r  ip between sympatric one mixed zone and pure websites. a theoretical study accompanies the expe  mpanies the experimental section. it is clear that understanding the dynamic of the hybridizati  al aspect of this study is that it will allow to better understand the dynamics of post- coloni
13875	8	rosa rugosa from ne asia is an invasive exotic species in n europe and ne north   asive exotic species in n europe and ne north america. it constitutes a major concern for natur  osa become invasive two kinds of causes may be distinguished, evolution and ecology. a genetic   nge since the introduction and may have been caused by altered selective pressure in the new en  ies , which limit population growth and plant vigour in its native range. circumstantial eviden  cological factors, but rigorous testing is needed. we need to know the relative merits of these  ors, but rigorous testing is needed. we need to know the relative merits of these factors, in t   of r. rugosa and in general, should we be able to prevent further spread of this particular sp
14583	3	thic marine communities. concretely, we propose a method of restoration of the main vegetal spe  some of the fleshy species that usually live in it belonging to the orders halimedales, rhodyme  laces where due to the human activities is damaged or it is disappearing, and b to promote its
12590	14	n which evidence-based policy decisions can be made. recent evidence suggests that carbon is be  recent evidence suggests that carbon is being lost from soils in england and wales, but the cau   of this loss is unclear. therefore, it is likely that the impacts of any specific mitigation m  ic mitigation measures cannot currently be quantified. it is the belief of both policymakers an  ures cannot currently be quantified. it is the belief of both policymakers and uk soil scientis   the belief of both policymakers and uk soil scientists that sufficient information already exi  ng government policies on soc losses to be examined. however, it also widely recognised that in  m a broad representative base of the uk soil community, was convened, through the auspices of p  entative base of the uk soil community, was convened, through the auspices of previous defra pr   auspices of previous defra project . • use of this decision tool to provide an understanding o  an understanding of the effects of land/use management on processes driving the spatial and tem  tep should be readily interpretable and provide robust evidence to policymakers through which a  eadily interpretable and provide robust evidence to policymakers through which an understanding  of the impact of policies on soc losses can be gained.
14480	2	n intraguild predation and mesopredator release, it could be predicted that lynx presence would   predation and mesopredator release, it could be predicted that lynx presence would act positiv
10163	6	dwide from a combination of natural and man-made causes. in the caribbean, for example, we foun  hanges, combined with fishing pressure, are expected to have had a considerable impact on reef   are expected to have had a considerable impact on reef fish communities. the aim of this projec  of change in abundance of reef fish and relate these to changes in habitat and fishing pressure  xamined. this study will yield a unique picture of the large-scale ecological changes that have  ill yield a unique picture of the large-scale ecological changes that have occurred on caribbea
10190	1	anges in growth rate, and thus fitness, may be discriminated using competition analysis in chem
10998	1	anges in growth rate, and thus fitness, may be discriminated using competition analysis in chem
12342	3	catch, have increased the incidence and level of discarding. a proportion of discarded skates w  lth and potential. in addition, it will benefit the development of any proposed recovery plans   arch would highlight where improvements could be made to fishing practices to reduce discard mo
14373	3	g countries in particular. it will also incorporate data collected in the field using modern de  using modern devices that would greatly enhance the data collection capacity, its interactivity  apacity, its interactivity and ease and speed of transfer. ------------------------------------
12291	15	30 years, agricultural weed control has been dominated by the use of herbicides. herbicides are  se of the most hazardous herbicides. it is envisaged that recent further changes in eu legislat  ntly registered pesticides. at the same time as herbicide regulations are tightening, there is   ready prevalent in weed populations, it is likely that new regulations will remove some importa  ategies will need to integrate a larger number of practices, that do not rely solely on herbici  rate a larger number of practices, that do not rely solely on herbicides, in order to deliver s  icides, in order to deliver sustainable control of weeds. a key objective of this research is t  able cropping rotations. as it will not be possible to consider all weeds, we have chosen to fo  d species in the uk. once the model has been used to demonstrate the impacts of changing pestic  rformed to consider how weed management can change in the future to compensate for herbicide lo  eed management strategies are likely to be required in future, the project will help to direct   iology of weeds, so that this knowledge can be used to inform their control. the second element  ive and introduced ranges in europe and north america are increasing their incidence and distri  he uk and will consider how this spread may be exacerbated by climate and environmental change.  de for further research to quantify and mitigate future risks of invasion.
10840	5	, exhibiting a range of trophic states, have already been cored and the sediments analysed phys  a range of trophic states, have already been cored and the sediments analysed physically, geoch   no biological analyses have previously been undertaken on the sediments. chironomid communitie   depending upon lake typology and hence can be used to reconstruct phosphorus, dissolved oxygen   of response in different lake types to be elucidated.
11610	2	tion will be undertaken in the tropical north atlantic as part of meteor cruise 55 are limited   th atlantic as part of meteor cruise 55 are limited by different nutrients.
15438	2	onse to global change. therefore, there are a high demand of investigations aimed to extent our  ion between global . this working-group is composed of very young researchers and international
10973	3	ill design sequence-specific probes and immobilize them on dna arrays . dna extracted from prev  om previously unsampled sites will then be used to probe the phylochips. the methodology, once   e optimised, will allow rapid and large-scale biodiversity and ecological studies of planktonic
13794	5	nued support to extend my post doctoral fellowship at mcgill university, montreal, canada, for   ndscape analyze of ecosystem services , trade-offs between bundles of services, multifunctional  e. the capacity to deal with change and continue to develop. i have also through collaborations  l. to be able to finalize this work and participate in the development of a regional model of t  cipate in the development of a regional model of the agricultural peri-urban region in southern
7485	19	the escape of fish from sea-cage aquaculture is perceived as a serious threat to na  scape of fish from sea-cage aquaculture is perceived as a serious threat to natural biodiversit  e aquaculture is perceived as a serious threat to natural biodiversity in europes marine waters   in europes marine waters. escaped fish may cause undesirable genetic effects in native populat  s. cages break down in storms, wear and tear of the netting causes holes, and operational accid  l accidents lead to spills of fish. sea-cage equipment is marketed and used across europe, thus  d to spills of fish. sea-cage equipment is marketed and used across europe, thus knowledge rele  umerous species in diverse environments is required to produce robust equipment and implement r  prevent escape project will conduct and integrate biological and technological research on a pa   integrate biological and technological research on a pan-european scale to improve recommendat  echnological research on a pan-european scale to improve recommendations and guidelines for aqu   and their immediate surrounds, we will assess technical and operational causes of escape incid  operational causes of escape incidents, assess the extent of escapes of reproductive gametes an   of escapes of reproductive gametes and fish, determine the inherent behaviours that pre-dispos  capes of reproductive gametes and fish, determine the inherent behaviours that pre-dispose cert  ermine the inherent behaviours that pre-dispose certain species of fish towards a higher probab  s a higher probability of escaping, and document the dispersal of escapees to develop and test   ndards for the design, construction and use of aquaculture equipment. these key pieces of infor  entable measures to prevent escapes and mitigate the effects of escapees. if prevention and mit
11635	3	ss from female to son and daughter, and kill the sons during embryogenesis. in this project, we  embryogenesis. in this project, we will establish whether this biodiverse set of insect pathoge  ence mechanisms. in particular, we will establish the relative roles of apoptosis induction and
12469	1	uk fishing industry as part of a defra impact assessment on european legislation. key customer
14109	7	fts, which decrease species fitness and increase species vulnerability to environmental changes  n contemporary agricultural landscapes, field boundaries and other semi-natural elements are ex  ndaries and other semi-natural elements are expected to counteract the negative effects of frag  s a common tool in habitat restoration, while the genetic consequences of this measure on the n  enting the group of species, which have been shown to be most vulnerable to fragmentation, and   ture on the gene flow. using artificial dye to mimic pollen, i will study how effective is gene  e is gene flow by pollen and whether it is influenced by habitat connectivity. i will set up an
12168	1	populations, the extent to which these are influenced by landscape context and some indication
12550	6	produce honey and wax. the honey bee , are known to assist colony recovery. alternatively in c  ases of higher disease levels, the only course of action is to destroy the colony by burning. a  own as the shook swarm. shook swarm has been developed as an alternative to the use of antibiot  visional results have shown shook swarm can offer higher levels of success with lower levels of  d disease, within colonies prior to and post the shook swarm treatment. lightly and heavily inf  nitored over one year. sampling pre and post treatment during the active season followed by a f
10865	7	tudent will be trained by a supervisory team that is world-leading in ecosystem based ocean aci  alcified algae, foraminifera and corals can adapt their mineralogy depending on the amounts of   n in bijma s bioacid group using atomic force- and raman-microscopy to study the impact on the   study the impact on the fine- and ultra-structure of calcified organisms that grew at high co2.   oa effects. the range of hypotheses to be tested are not too ambitions for doctoral research,   octoral research, given our supervisory track-record, preliminary surveys of vulcano and pantel  l research, given our supervisory track-record, preliminary surveys of vulcano and pantelleria
14816	6	oration of a quantitative biogeographic study within the framework of a programme that joins to  e dependent on the environment, we will build predictive models of future distributions in a cl  a climate change scenario. we will also extract the pertinent conclusions for the conservation   bution types, depending on whether they are more conditioned by historical or by ecological fac  factors. the present moment is probably appropriate to carry out this kind of analysis, as the   s of all vertebrate groups on the utm 10x10-km grid.
11012	9	n interactions are dynamic systems that are influenced by factors that act on both interacting   ple, changes in temperature or habitats can alter distributions of hosts and pathogens and thus  butions of hosts and pathogens and thus bring new combinations of organisms into contact but ca   of organisms into contact but can also change the virulence of pathogens or the responses of h  have focused on how direct interactions are altered by respective changes in immune recognition  ompetition environments so we will also question whether exposure to pathogens hosted by other   her species, such as a. thaliana, might be involved in limiting their distributions and whether  ure to the albugo pathogen. finally, we hope to uncover the genes responsible for regulating in  ctions between a. lyrata and albugo and establish whether the same resistance mechanisms operat
11524	9	n interactions are dynamic systems that are influenced by factors that act on both interacting   ple, changes in temperature or habitats can alter distributions of hosts and pathogens and thus  butions of hosts and pathogens and thus bring new combinations of organisms into contact but ca   of organisms into contact but can also change the virulence of pathogens or the responses of h  have focused on how direct interactions are altered by respective changes in immune recognition  ompetition environments so we will also question whether exposure to pathogens hosted by other   her species, such as a. thaliana, might be involved in limiting their distributions and whether  ure to the albugo pathogen. finally, we hope to uncover the genes responsible for regulating in  ctions between a. lyrata and albugo and establish whether the same resistance mechanisms operat
12171	8	rsity, particularly birds, for which it can provide valuable foraging habitat in summer and win  valuable foraging habitat in summer and winter, as well as breeding habitat for some ground-nes  es suggests that, on average, set-aside can support 6-8 times higher densities of key declining  racterise valuable foraging habitat and inform the sorts of habitat features that could potenti  habitat features that could potentially be promoted as field-edge mitigation measures for the l   could potentially be promoted as field-edge mitigation measures for the loss of set-aside. the  rends of farmland birds. they will also provide a basis for the development of possible options  f field edge management approaches that may be implemented alongide other agri-environment meas
10311	7	f global climate change. whether or not long-term climate change is already involved the curren  bal climate change. whether or not long-term climate change is already involved the current eve  e is already involved the current event can help us evaluate how humid forest, deciduous forest  nt event can help us evaluate how humid forest, deciduous forests and savanna ecosystems and sp  zon climate dries. our team has a large network of on-the-ground sample plots in the region, an   plots in the region, and because these are standardised they represent an excellent opportunit  and because these are standardised they represent an excellent opportunity to measure the actua
9953	4	been extreme drought in amazonia. this may be related to warming of the north atlantic and gul  ed to warming of the north atlantic and gulf of mexico, the same feature that helped generate u  h atlantic and gulf of mexico, the same feature that helped generate unusually violent hurrican  l year following the drought so that we can understand in more detail how amazon forests recove
9985	4	been extreme drought in amazonia. this may be related to warming of the north atlantic and gul  ed to warming of the north atlantic and gulf of mexico, the same feature that helped generate u  h atlantic and gulf of mexico, the same feature that helped generate unusually violent hurrican  l year following the drought so that we can understand in more detail how amazon forests recove
2182	2	ecent version of the norwegian red list was published in 2006. jan mayen and its adjacent water   of the fish stock around jan mayen and enhance the information of the norwegian marine fish di
10858	3	ulations of leatherback turtle may soon be extinct due to man s activities and so time is runni  mation that may be vital for their long-term survival. this proposal will investigate whether s  investigate whether satellite telemetry can be used to quantify two important components of the
10067	2	e kidney disease and will significantly contribute to fundamental knowledge of the evolutionary  nditions promote the development of pkd is poorly understood but such understanding is crucial
10156	23	tion within each host, indeed there may be a vast network of interactions between them. these i  ctions between them. these interactions may arise through direct competition between parasites   rasites within each host. however, they may also be indirect, possibly through competition for   ithin each host. however, they may also be indirect, possibly through competition for shared re  es raised against one parasite may also affect other co-infecting parasite species. alternative   host is combating one parasite type it may not be able to mount an effective response against    combating one parasite type it may not be able to mount an effective response against another.  se against another. therefore there may be a complex network of subtle, and difficult to detect  ly, understanding how these communities are shaped is vital for the design of truly effective a  ol programs. if control approaches only consider one parasite species there may be unpredictabl  consider one parasite species there may be unpredictable consequences for disease caused by oth  n about their strength or existence. we propose to adopt a new, direct way of measuring interac  r existence. we propose to adopt a new, direct way of measuring interactions using classical co  he remaining parasite species - if they increase after the target parasites have been removed t  ncrease after the target parasites have been removed then this suggests that the target species  in parasite groups in the wood mice, we can build a more complete picture of how these parasite  cture of how these parasite communities are shaped by the interactions between species. putting  en these within host network approaches may provide a vital tool for developing long-term disea   network approaches may provide a vital tool for developing long-term disease control strategie  rovide a vital tool for developing long-term disease control strategies in other host species,   o extinction by infectious diseases. it is gradually being realised that parasite co-infections  by infectious diseases. it is gradually being realised that parasite co-infections play an impo  diseases around the globe, it has never been more pressing to develop a genuine understanding o
11676	23	tion within each host, indeed there may be a vast network of interactions between them. these i  ctions between them. these interactions may arise through direct competition between parasites   rasites within each host. however, they may also be indirect, possibly through competition for   ithin each host. however, they may also be indirect, possibly through competition for shared re  es raised against one parasite may also affect other co-infecting parasite species. alternative   host is combating one parasite type it may not be able to mount an effective response against    combating one parasite type it may not be able to mount an effective response against another.  se against another. therefore there may be a complex network of subtle, and difficult to detect  ly, understanding how these communities are shaped is vital for the design of truly effective a  ol programs. if control approaches only consider one parasite species there may be unpredictabl  consider one parasite species there may be unpredictable consequences for disease caused by oth  n about their strength or existence. we propose to adopt a new, direct way of measuring interac  r existence. we propose to adopt a new, direct way of measuring interactions using classical co  he remaining parasite species - if they increase after the target parasites have been removed t  ncrease after the target parasites have been removed then this suggests that the target species  in parasite groups in the wood mice, we can build a more complete picture of how these parasite  cture of how these parasite communities are shaped by the interactions between species. putting  en these within host network approaches may provide a vital tool for developing long-term disea   network approaches may provide a vital tool for developing long-term disease control strategie  rovide a vital tool for developing long-term disease control strategies in other host species,   o extinction by infectious diseases. it is gradually being realised that parasite co-infections  by infectious diseases. it is gradually being realised that parasite co-infections play an impo  diseases around the globe, it has never been more pressing to develop a genuine understanding o
12341	17	tlantic stocks of porbeagle and spurdog are listed as critically endangered under the iucn red    iucn red list. currently, these sharks are caught in target fisheries and as a bycatch in long  d gillnet fisheries. reduced quotas and size restrictions will be introduced in 2009, and there  l be introduced in 2009, and there have been discussions at a european level on setting a zero   ere have been discussions at a european level on setting a zero tac. further mitigation measure  ures, or technical measures to limit by-catch, are also possible. however, limited knowledge of  r technical measures to limit by-catch, are also possible. however, limited knowledge of the mo   other potential management measures it is necessary to collect evidence on the risk of capture  agle and spurdog. to do so, information is required on the geographic and seasonal overlap of p  required on the geographic and seasonal overlap of porbeagle and spurdog and the fisheries that  ies that exploit them. this information can be used to identify the times of year or particular  capture. this understanding should then be combined with assessments of the survivorship of por  ivorship of porbeagle and spurdog after being discarded to develop a qualitative assessment of   ontrol on by-catch. the data could also be used in discussions we fishermen to provide informat  nal commitments to shark management are being met, and the potential risks to those commitments  information will enable negotiations to be conducted with greater confidence and to ensure that  fidence and to ensure that new policies are founded on a good understanding of the resource and
12615	16	y designed to prevent new contamination is centred on a risk based framework, recognising that    policy is clear that the risks need to be addressed on a site-by-site basis, due to the differ  risks need to be addressed on a site-by-site basis, due to the different circumstances and risk   due to the different circumstances and risk scenarios at each site. it is therefore the case t  ces and risk scenarios at each site. it is therefore the case that the extent of remediation wi  ociated use of land. the information to be gathered through this project is not readily availab  rom local planning authorities as there is not currently a statutory requirement to specificall  a statutory requirement to specifically collect such information. it may be that some local aut  ically collect such information. it may be that some local authority contaminated land officers  hrough the planning regime. however, it is likely that any such information would be stored in   e consuming to retrieve and collate. it is also possible that there are issues related to data   the various methods used to collect and record it. in view of these difficulties and to avoid t  re and extent of the main survey. there is also the option of holding regional workshops to get  l aspects of the project as well as to ‘test the initial findings from the quantitative portion   initial findings from the quantitative portion of the main survey. the research will gather da  research will gather data which has not been collated in this way before and will present a pic
10992	12	e, this project aims to provide a small-scale microsampling technique for the thorough identifi  n of fragmented vertebrate remains that could be applied to all future archaeological and palae   on a single archaeologically-important site, pin hole cave, creswell crags, derbyshire spannin   has had a recent from the recent small-scale excavations at pin hole cave. the sampling will b  s information obtained from the earlier full-scale excavation to evaluate the potential of smal  ormation obtained from the earlier full-scale excavation to evaluate the potential of small-sca  tion to evaluate the potential of small-scale excavations that are comprehensively analysed. re  ly analysed. reducing the need for full-scale excavation would minimise site destruction and al  ion would minimise site destruction and allow for better preservation of cave assemblages for f  future research. such a project has not been possible until the recent introduction of mass spe  can be routinely extracted from british middle pleistocene bone analysis of selected specimens   tracted from british middle pleistocene bone analysis of selected specimens from various britis
11214	14	rtant zooplankton in the north atlantic is calanus finmarchicus, a primarily herbivorous crusta  ood resource for commercially important fish such as haddock, herring and mackerel. however, th  teadily over the last 40 years - and we need to understand why. potential reasons for this incl  tion of their food; primarily the small single-celled and free-floating microscopic plants, the  ; primarily the small single-celled and free-floating microscopic plants, the phytoplankton. fr  uises to the ne atlantic during winter, spring, summer and autumn of 2001/2 we gathered informa  t amounts of phytoplankton are actually present in the water column. to do this, we will need t  n the water column. to do this, we will need to measure various indices of phytoplankton abunda  abundance and activity in the water and relate this to satellite observations. from this we can  bservations. from this we can initially calculate phytoplankton biomass and then use measured r   estimated from space will then need to be validated with phytoplankton productivity measured i  tablished reliable year-round and basin-scale phytoplankton production, this will provide an es  the available food for calanus. we will use this information to assess whether the abundance of  assess whether the abundance of calanus is controlled by the available food or by other mechani
11754	6	e will be available for fish stocks, we need to understand the population dynamics and producti  n which they feed. calanus finmarchicus is a dominant large copepod species and source of food   is a dominant large copepod species and source of food for fish in the north atlantic. the stud  lt and time consuming. however, we will measure the activity of enzymes related to growth and p  tivity of enzymes related to growth and perform growth experiments combined with enzyme activit   activity assays on board. we will also examine these relationships using animals in laboratory
419	8	the potential impacts of these changes could have tragic consequences on the preservation of m  f many ecosystems and species. a strong research effort to determine the past and coming effect  e the past and coming effects of global change over the mediterranean must be supported to eval  of global change over the mediterranean must be supported to evaluate the risks incurred by the  ents: epizootic diseases and mortality, change in the geographical and/or bathymetric distribut   species. by using a multi-disciplinary approach, the project also seeks to study the mechanism  , jointly with some economists, we will conduct a reflection on the patrimonial value of the st  conduct a reflection on the patrimonial value of the studied communities.
7136	5	e. the potential impacts of this change could have dramatic consequences for the conservation o  earch past and future effects of global change in the mediterranean should be supported to asse  sciplinary approach the mechanisms that can lead to changes in the coastal marine biodiversity,  ependent human activities. it will then be possible to propose a mediterranean marine biodivers  nally, together with economists we will lead a reflection on the heritage of the communities st
12272	14	diseases and pests in winter wheat and winter oilseed rape and cabbage stem weevil. a final as   pod ripening to measure stem, root and pod disease levels. as for the wheat survey, a question  e to climate and agronomic practice and provide data to assist in risk analyses for mycotoxin c  generated from these annual surveys now provide defra with statistically sound data sources tha  ys now provide defra with statistically sound data sources that have the resolution and flexibi   now and for the future. the historical reference datasets identified are used and quoted widel  istorical reference datasets identified are used and quoted widely across government, academia   s government, academia and industry and form a reliable evidence base to inform defra initiativ   defra initiatives. in line with defras need, this evidence base is dynamic, changing as resear  only impartial and statistically robust source of evidence for policy making which aims to miti  cator species. most recently these data were used to examine the impacts of revisions to direct  rietal resistance, pathogen resistance, land management and economics on wheat and oilseed rape  e production. samples or data will also be provided to support monitoring for food safety, deve  sting and identification of sustainable crop management strategies for the industry.
7457	9	ed to project the influence of climatic change on the major determinants of river discharge at   ipitation and temperature patterns, and snow, ice, and biosphere models will feed into hydrolog  ion and temperature patterns, and snow, ice, and biosphere models will feed into hydrological m  r to assess the changes in seasonality, amount, and incidence of extreme events in various catc  ging water quality. attention will also be devoted to the interactions between land use/land co  mic conditions and political structures may compromise capacities to respond and adapt, such as  ay compromise capacities to respond and adapt, such as the andes and central asia where complex  plex problems resulting from asymmetric power relations and less robust institutions arise. met  works will identify vulnerabilities and be used to evaluate a range of policy options.
12295	11	dentify gaps in data coverage, depth or detail, including technical barriers to synthesis of co   one map. 6. recommend future work that could aid in the development of a land use framework. s  e framework. such suggested future work could include the creation of a synthesised land use ty  nd patterns of land use at a meaningful level for policy making. during the project a desk-base   data. where the resolution of the data is deemed insufficient, or the detail of the data is re  insufficient, or the detail of the data is recognised as not sufficiently useful to decision ma  seful to decision makers this will also be recorded. additionally, perceived gaps in the domain  ture/ urban greenspaces; • agricultural land – arable/horticultural/grassland; • land with desi  and – arable/horticultural/grassland; • land with designated status – aonbs/national parks/natu  priateness of defra taking each dataset forward in a land use framework. recommendations will b  mmendations will be made for additional work that would aid the development of such a framework
14981	2	abiotic, of river ecosystems, but less is known about the effects on the river function, and m  o disturbances affecting rivers. so, it is a functional indicator of changes in ecological rive
14979	2	abiotic, of river ecosystems, but less is known about the effects on the river function, and m  o disturbances affecting rivers. so, it is a functional indicator of changes in ecological rive
14980	2	abiotic, of river ecosystems, but less is known about the effects on the river function, and m  o disturbances affecting rivers. so, it is a functional indicator of changes in ecological rive
14978	2	abiotic, of river ecosystems, but less is known about the effects on the river function, and m  o disturbances affecting rivers. so, it is a functional indicator of changes in ecological rive
7370	4	t and conservation collections, we will develop an approach for evaluating the diversity of lan  quantify the evolution of diversity and evaluate the effectiveness of active management to pres  ctive management to preserve diversity, maintain the adaptive potential and preserve wild biodi  ty, maintain the adaptive potential and preserve wild biodiversity associated
7191	7	mpas review of marine reserves governance implications of la  serves governance implications of large scale in national and international waters. we will app  ional and international waters. we will apply these methods in three different systems, the gul  dian ocean, which contain high economic value species and / or species suffering from bycatch t  e three regions have expressed a strong interest in pursuing a scientific review of the potenti  trong interest in pursuing a scientific review of the potential effects of amp. through this co  p. through this comprehensive study, we aim to provide the information management authorities n
14649	1	cial value to society since they supply water for human consumption and other services with bio
12252	20	tprint concept provides us with a stark example of this concern, where it has been calculated t  k example of this concern, where it has been calculated that if everyone lived as we do in the   calculated that if everyone lived as we do in the uk we would need three planets, clearly somet  ex. agricultural activities consume and utilise materials and energy like any other production   oduction processes, but this production is carried out in the environment itself causing point   ronment itself causing point source and diffuse pollution and impacting on habitats and biodive  environmental burdens and to devise and develop an innovative environmental management system t  the following overview describes how we propose to undertake this work: a comprehensive review   e this work: a comprehensive review and critique of the whole farm and targeted systems current  echanisms by which different approaches can influence environmental outcomes will be identified  using a scoring and ranking approach to be developed specifically for this purpose. this will,   ally for this purpose. this will, thus, allow the relative/likely effectiveness of targeted ver  argeted versus whole farm approaches to be evaluated. whole farm systems will be compared to su  out positive environmental outcomes. it is envisaged that whatever system is developed, it will  s. it is envisaged that whatever system is developed, it will not duplicate what is already in   atever system is developed, it will not duplicate what is already in existence and will integra  mmediate benefits for those farmers who access the tool. it would aim to provide the industry w  ely and relevant guidance / tools which are needed to help the industry develop and evolve in a  needed to help the industry develop and evolve in a more sustainable direction. the combination  on of valuable information to defra and support to the farming industry will also help meet spe
7666	2	global change is expected to progressively drive crop genetic resourc  -banks to mal-adaptation, and therefore impair their value for breeding programs. in-situ manag
14674	3	enefit biodiversity. these schemes have been applied in europe throughout the last decade, yet   ing of their effectiveness. in a recent review, kleijn & sutherland , of demographic parameters  havioural parameters habitat selection, diet- of great bustards, with complementary data from o
12153	15	mmunal grazing. initially, sheep had to be kept in an unfenced area of land by constant shepher  ge of where optimal grazing and shelter can be found throughout the year. on many tenanted farm   the year. on many tenanted farms there is a ‘landlord’s flock, which goes with the farm whenev  which goes with the farm whenever there is a change of tenant. this ensures that the land conti  ticularly well known for hefting but it is also practised on common grazings in other areas of   the snowdonia mountains of wales. there are regional differences in the way hefting is carried   regional differences in the way hefting is carried out and the times when stock may be removed   is carried out and the times when stock may be removed from the heft are important consideratio  e management tool self contained flocks are required. anecdotal evidence suggests that hefting   necdotal evidence suggests that hefting can increase biodiversity with sheep, having an improve  n of sheep relative to seasons can also be greatly beneficial to both sheep welfare and shepher  his will include scientific literature, grey literature, personal technical and practical exper  basic costings which could subsequently be used as a bench mark for the practise. the resulting  t will identify regional variations and quantify any positive and negative effects of hefting o   livestock performance, animal welfare, farm economics, environmental impact and landscape. the
12646	2	to review and assess the level of compliance, and hence the effective   improve compliance if current practice is shown to be insufficient to meet the aims and object
15465	9	tion, unquestionable from an ecological point of view, will have important implications for the   for cetaceans of the gulf of cadiz has been limited by methodological questions, and was based  imited by methodological questions, and was based mainly on the analysis of stomach contents fr   studies provide crucial data, but they produce only a snapshot of prey preferences and trophic  napshot of prey preferences and trophic niche of each species. our main goal with this project   late these two parameters for blood and skin of a group of bottlenose dolphins kept in captivit  ent of information that will allow us a correct interpretation of the results obtained. the gen  ies that evaluate the effects of glogal change or intend to use these species as indicators of   valuate the effects of glogal change or intend to use these species as indicators of changes oc
7667	2	or several decades, research teams have been interested in the impacts of human activities on f  ontries. among the works on this field, is distinguished team of nowak .
13778	4	tained is generally applicable. we will sample the fjord to cover seasonal dynamics, and jellyf  uring blooms. in the laboratory we will combine traditional approaches with novel isotope trace  sured in relation to prey abundance and prey species. the project will contribute considerable   edators in general. most likely it will change our current view of the effect of gelatinous pre
7619	2	a european level appears to be a strong challenge, allowing one hand to bring the french experi  es, the other to pool the knowledge and know-how various countries to a more universal use of p
7426	2	f wheat, varietal resistances available are partial and often circumvented. chemical control is   dispersion of the parasite by rain and level of culture components resistance
13941	15	we will study the coordinated expression of genes causing assor  sing assortative mating in the european corn borer ostrinia nubilalis , an important insect pes  ork of contemporary speciation. the ecb is polyphagous and thrives on a large number of host pl  b is polyphagous and thrives on a large number of host plants. at the same time its sex pheromo  arge number of host plants. at the same time its sex pheromone system is polymorphic. in spite   is polymorphic. in spite of significant cross attraction and the formation of fertile hybrids u  the different host races display almost complete reproductive isolation in the field. we hypoth  reproductive isolation in the field. we hypothesize that male-produced courtship pheromones pla  e acceptance of courting males and thus limit gene flow between the races. we will identify the  it gene flow between the races. we will identify these male pheromones, determine their role in  we will identify these male pheromones, determine their role in mate choice, reconstruct the bi  s, determine their role in mate choice, reconstruct the biosynthetic pathways leading to their   athways leading to their production and dissect the genetics of pheromone differences between t  y, an attempt will be made to sequence, clone, and functionally express the fatty acid reductas  de to sequence, clone, and functionally express the fatty acid reductase gene previously demons
14699	3	ate and public ones. those reasons also make species to be commonly mentioned in faunistic stud  ion of burnets species distribution has been made within the spanish territory to date. the obj  t group and also phenology, ecology and establish the basics for their preservation.
6757	7	al gene expression. they simultaneously regulate the expression of several bacterial phenotypic  investigations on the global regulatory function of leux, rfah, reca and rpos loci of extra int   the appearance of virulence properties may reveal if regulatory mutants could serve as the mea  erties may reveal if regulatory mutants could serve as the means for specific prevention. namel  amely, whether these regulatory mutants may provide a new approach for developing stable vaccin  se regulatory mutants may provide a new approach for developing stable vaccine candidate strain   stable vaccine candidate strains which are attenuated in virulence but still capable to evoke
10191	14	species and are mating compatible they respond antagonistically with the production of extrace  sted as bright pigments in mycelium and culture substratum. many invertebrates are highly attra   zones. for example, mycetophilid flies are attracted to, and lay eggs in, the interaction regi  lia of wood decay fungi, and collembola are attracted to, and preferentially feed in, interacti  ble on these interactions means that we do not even know what the chemical attractants are, or    interactions means that we do not even know what the chemical attractants are, or why inverteb  l attractants are, or why invertebrates are attracted. we assume that the invertebrates are pro   or why invertebrates are attracted. we assume that the invertebrates are provided with a highl  acted. we assume that the invertebrates are provided with a highly nutritious food source. what  us food source. whatever the reasons it is obvious that the ecology of both organisms is dramat  st step in attempting to understand and explain interaction-zone interactions. as well as provi  g to understand and explain interaction-zone interactions. as well as providing us with a basic  interaction, our observations will also aid the understanding of fungal community development a  ing of fungal community development and soil invertebrate population biology. such knowledge pr
12652	2	l responsibility for non-native species is spread across various departments and agencies. with  ernmental organisations to identify and describe their responsibilities relating to this subjec
11040	4	cannot be directly diagnosed by a human may be dealt with in some way. as instrumentation and e  osis, and the facilities to support it, grow greater. in this work we will develop and integrat  will develop and integrate state of the art automated fault detection and diagnosis techniques   e reliability of this platform and thus make it more effective in playing its role in helping u
10002	5	hat even larger animals in the deep sea can vary in density by orders of magnitude, with concur  these variations are widely believed to be linked to climate-driven variation in the food suppl  or more, the abundance of deep-sea life is related to surface productivity in the waters above.  ility to understand these links further is thought to be limited by sampling error from undetec  stand these links further is thought to be limited by sampling error from undetected habitat he
13501	2	he relative importance of bottom-up and top-down forces in food-web ecology.   f bottom-up and top-down forces in food-web ecology.
12608	4	rship project which aims to protect and enhance peat soils by reducing the volume of peat used   ver and growing media market to be peat-free by 2010 and is also considering future measures /   edia market to be peat-free by 2010 and is also considering future measures / targets that will   media manufacturers in the uk and also key suppliers / importers of peat alternative materials
15370	4	general, and hole nests in particular, constitute also an ideal microecosystem for the develop  f potentially pathogenic organisms . we expect with these studies to obtain a better understand   our group. this improved understanding may have wide theoretical and practical ramifications w  tical and practical ramifications which can be applied to the conservation of threatened specie
14507	4	t has been recently proposed that avian egg coloration is a post-mating sexually selected signa  on to colour intensity. this hypothesis is based on the fact that pigments used by females to c  s. by testing these hypotheses, we will be able to know the importance of egg coloration in pos  ting sexual selection, and we will also explore sexual selection processes in females, which ar
2121	8	global change is expected to result in changes in the mean, and incre  ations will respond to such changes, it is crucial to first understand the responses of these s  lly occurring fluctuations. predictions can be derived from general life-history theory as to w  two approaches, analysis of demographic time series, and interspecific comparisons of manipulat  utilise exhaustive data bases that have been assembled in pre-projects. the first dataset conta  es of seabirds, which are comparatively long-lived species. the second dataset contains the res  ns of life-history characters that have been performed on birds. both approaches are carried ou  een performed on birds. both approaches are carried out in a phylogenetic-comparative framework
10285	3	l peace prize winning intergovernmental panel on climate change. it will be accompanied by a 2-  ers of the ukcip08 user group will also be consulted. information will be disseminated also via  minated also via journal papers, unfccc side-events, and 2 stakeholder workshops.
14784	4	ll as of the soil biochemical activity, is essential to understand the influence of the agricul  f soil, and the relation with short and long-term productivity functions in the agroecosystem 4  l, and the relation with short and long-term productivity functions in the agroecosystem 4. con  erent agricultural managements, able to be used as indicator of agricultural sustainability in
11743	1	aring the same host plant or parasitoid is predicted to be more similar than expected by chance
12463	8	of total catch in terms of species and size composition 2. the development of indicators of di  . key customer purpose: in the eu there is intensive data collection of bycatch and discard onb  ntensive data collection of bycatch and discard onboard commercial vessels but until now there   ercial vessels but until now there have been few attempts to describe the general patterns in t  the general patterns in these data, and still less to understand the factors that determine wha  actors that determine what and how much is discarded. this is key if we are to develop operatio  ow much is discarded. this is key if we are to develop operational indicators and propose mitig  e to develop operational indicators and propose mitigation tools for fisheries management.
15153	8	sitive interactions between plants have been incorporated to the mainstream of plant community   id and semi-arid climates. considerable advance in this topic is being achieved by combining ob  . considerable advance in this topic is being achieved by combining observations on actual rege  stable communities and the phylogenetic structure of local and regional species pool. in this c  nditions for seedling regeneration, has been proposed as a fundamental mechanism of community a   of desert, arid or harsh mediterranean type climates, the regeneration niche of old plant lian  he vast biodiversity of the region and, second, facilitation seems to operate as fundamental me  under harsh abiotic conditions. we will investigate communities under different constraining me
400	11	has thus far mostly focused on species-level biodiversity, but new research suggests genetic b  ch populations of key ecosystem species are known to be genetically unique in many cases. the b   the baltgene project will identify and map baltic sea genetic biodiversity and experimentally   genetic biodiversity and experimentally test its importance to the functioning and the resilien  ce of the ecosystem. baltgene will also assess the potential threats to the unique diversity fr  fisheriesinduced selection is a serious threat that might lead to lower fish production if mana   fish production if management does not take the demographic and genetic structure of fish popu  es not take the demographic and genetic structure of fish populations into account. genetic bio  the capacity of organisms to evolve and adapt to new environmental conditions, and critical iss  ed oceanic currents. baltgene will also assess how current governance structure, policies and l  netic biodiversity, and following this, investigate possible new ways to incorporate genetic bi
15214	2	this project is aimed at the study of the barcoding of different ins   this new conceptual and methodological framework, setting the foundations for a new objective
7572	4	rticulture. in the pyrenees, has. majus is represented by two morphologically distinct subspeci  ng a genetic map and a qtl analysis, we propose to look for genomic regions under selection and  for genomic regions under selection and determine if genes explain the phenotypic differences b  the phenotypic differences between taxa are selected. this project provides an excellent opport
14482	1	l and paleontological data. finally, it is expected to calibrate a molecular clock and to date
6872	11	lant of great traditions in hungary. it is known world-wide as an hungaricum which was supporte  known world-wide as an hungaricum which was supported by the intensive scientific activities ca  ungary. the results of these activities were summarised in camomile volume as a part of the ser  ion of camomile no considerable results were achieved in hungary. in contrast, many new interna  t, many new international projects have been started recently, to discover new chemical compoun  lations of camomile became a limitative factor for firms and individual persons being intereste  factor for firms and individual persons being interested in collection of plant. based on the n  ntensive selection work on camomile has been started in many countries, including germany, aust   austria, slovakia and poland. projects were oriented to get new chemotypes, isolate compounds   m of plants. by this present project we want to widen our knowledge on this species again. our   on and reservation of hungarian genetic background of camomile.
12595	19	aterials by 2010. it follows an earlier target of 40% by 2005, that was successfully reached. i  2005, that was successfully reached. it is important for our biodiversity because slightly less  ss than half of the peat used in the uk is taken from our own lowland raised bogs. while the ta  aised bogs. while the target might also have potential benefits for a range of ecosystem servic  es under the eus landfill directive, it is important to be clear about the consequences reachin  bog biodiversity. the project will also consider what other consequences might arise in countri  c of ireland from which peat is already being sourced for uk horticultural use. the peat reduct  . the conditions needed for these to re-establish on cessation are precise and it is important   tablish on cessation are precise and it is important to understand the relationship between the  e relationship between the way the peat is taken out and the subsequent suitability of the post  -extractive surface for restoration. it is also important to understand that each peat bog is p   on world and continental scales, so it is important to consider the effect displaced' peat ext  r the effect displaced' peat extraction may have on the world's biodiversity. the project looks  e project looks in detail at where peat is sourced in the uk and abroad, describing the effect   consents for extraction, as far as they are known. the part played by working and after-use pla  ernative scenarios. peat extraction has been curtailed on a number of key sites in the uk at co   of key sites in the uk at considerable expense to the uk taxpayer. the project will document t  ising from these examples. it will also look at initiatives around the country adopting a lands  peat, and how any effects on employment can be mitigated through the development of peat altern
10461	7	he survival rates of wild animals, data are collected from previously marked individuals. coupl  with appropriate probability models and appropriate statistical methods, it is possible to use   and appropriate statistical methods, it is possible to use the data to estimate the desired sur   methods used are classical , and there is a need for the approaches to be updated, to include   d there is a need for the approaches to be updated, to include modern bayesian procedures. in t  esian methods for such data. there will be several practical sessions, where the workshop parti  ng the new techniques. by this means we hope to improve the statistical methods used in this ve
10281	4	vels combined with increased storminess is expected to enhance coastal erosion. in england alon  ts £600 million per year, a figure that is expected to increase significantly over the next dec  m of protection against erosion as they form a natural buffer against incoming wave energy, hen  eaches will ensure significant advances are made in our ability to predict beach erosion and ac
6753	2	time specialized dairy and beef breeds were imported. the number of beef cattle increased, att  attle breeding methods research have to be continued for more theoretical and practical knowled
15563	5	the european beech has the crucial task of synthesising and inter- and transdisciplinarily  as the crucial task of synthesising and inter- and transdisciplinarily evaluating the results o  tific stakeholders, which will produce, inter alia, a comprehensive policy paper as well as int  project is to incite the policy-science-interface by involving politics and policy related inst  der changing climatic conditions, multi-level governance of beech forests in europe, and valuat
13482	11	n pelagic food webs and to the downward flux of organic matter. behavior and sensory functions   d sensory functions of zooplankton thus play fundamental roles for structuring and functioning   r growth and predation risk and that it can be altered instantaneously and continuously, there   instantaneously and continuously, there are few quantitative data on zooplankton behavioral pla  ticity, and the optimality and adaptive value of plastic behavior is rarely considered in model  ly considered in model studies. here we aim at quantifying the degree of flexibility in the beh  cked in models and experiments. we will quantify behavior and behavioral plasticity in response  -models and dynamic programming we will explore optimal behavioral strategies, including flexib  ased understanding of zooplankton small scale behavioral processes is needed for a comprehensiv  ankton small scale behavioral processes is needed for a comprehensive understanding of pelagic   their biodiversity, and necessary if we are to manage marine resources wisely while confronted
15487	3	nest predation and inter-specific brood parasitism are mayor selective for  story traits in birds. recently, it has been suggested that, apart from lethal effects of preda  o quantify the effects of predation and brood parasitism risk on reproductive success and survi
10599	21	er species to rearing their brood. they are found in a wide range of animals including fish, bi  ich is often similar in size, shape and colour to the host s eggs to fool the host parents. aft  en reared by the host adults despite it been very different. as in all parasitic relationships   cuckoo, benefits since the host parents are prevented from rearing any of their own offspring.    where the host is trying to detect and destroy any cuckoo eggs, while the cuckoo is trying to    to detect and destroy any cuckoo eggs, while the cuckoo is trying to lay eggs which are not de  o lay eggs which are not detected. they can do this either by making their eggs look like eggs   ten thousands of individual workers. it is now know that at least in some species of ants, soci  usands of individual workers. it is now know that at least in some species of ants, social wasp  social wasps and social bees the adults can detect chemical differences between the types of eg   however, which chemicals are important is not yet known, since there are a wide range of chemi  important is not yet known, since there are a wide range of chemicals on the eggs surface of wh  mportant. understanding which chemicals are used by insects to communicate information is an im  communicate information is an important field of study, just as understanding the various langu   understanding the various languages we use to communicate to each other. using the ability of   g the ability of the cuckoos to copy or interfere with this communication system gives us a uni  k point by either copying the important egg recognition chemicals so their eggs look, chemicall  se of the host, or choosing hosts which cannot detect large chemical differences between eggs i  p use to start to understand the oldest form of language, that of chemical communication. this   cal communication. this will ultimately help us control, conserve and utilise the insects, one   ltimately help us control, conserve and utilise the insects, one of the most successful groups
9972	21	er species to rearing their brood. they are found in a wide range of animals including fish, bi  ich is often similar in size, shape and colour to the host s eggs to fool the host parents. aft  en reared by the host adults despite it been very different. as in all parasitic relationships   cuckoo, benefits since the host parents are prevented from rearing any of their own offspring.    where the host is trying to detect and destroy any cuckoo eggs, while the cuckoo is trying to    to detect and destroy any cuckoo eggs, while the cuckoo is trying to lay eggs which are not de  o lay eggs which are not detected. they can do this either by making their eggs look like eggs   ten thousands of individual workers. it is now know that at least in some species of ants, soci  usands of individual workers. it is now know that at least in some species of ants, social wasp  social wasps and social bees the adults can detect chemical differences between the types of eg   however, which chemicals are important is not yet known, since there are a wide range of chemi  important is not yet known, since there are a wide range of chemicals on the eggs surface of wh  mportant. understanding which chemicals are used by insects to communicate information is an im  communicate information is an important field of study, just as understanding the various langu   understanding the various languages we use to communicate to each other. using the ability of   g the ability of the cuckoos to copy or interfere with this communication system gives us a uni  k point by either copying the important egg recognition chemicals so their eggs look, chemicall  se of the host, or choosing hosts which cannot detect large chemical differences between eggs i  p use to start to understand the oldest form of language, that of chemical communication. this   cal communication. this will ultimately help us control, conserve and utilise the insects, one   ltimately help us control, conserve and utilise the insects, one of the most successful groups
2053	10	most birds are classified as socially monogamous, yet they frequen  ocially monogamous, yet they frequently engage in extrapair copulations. in the bluethroat, fem  the result that around 30% of offspring are sired extrapair. the bluethroat is one of the few b  species in the world in which a genetic benefit to female extra-pair copulation has been identi  which a genetic benefit to female extra-pair copulation has been identified, viz. an enhanced c  fit to female extra-pair copulation has been identified, viz. an enhanced cellular immunocompet  ales seek fertilizations with malesthat have a genotype compatible to their own, rather than wi  s and the extent to which female choice is influenced by male advertisement behaviour. the simi  ll be performed to reveal whether there is a behavioral or a postcopulatory mechanism, which al  extrapair sires . the project will also manipulate male advertisement behaviour to assess its i
14152	9	nes in response to variety of stressors may have profound impact on individual fitness. however  ual fitness. however, relatively little is known about the development of physiological and beh  opment of physiological and behavioural stress responses in developing young of wild birds. thu   their effects on offspring quality, it is important to understand the sources of variation in    variation in them. in this project, we plan to investigate the development of behavioural and   pment of behavioural and adrenocortical stress responses, its environment-dependent variability  mental and correlative methods, we will test the following hypotheses: repeated stress influenc   nestlings’ immune function, growth and post-fledging mortality. the results of the project can  bsequent fitness. this project can also provide practical implications to conservation biologis
13503	6	hin and between populations of eurasian perch, perca fluviatilis l. furthermore, connections be  a common environment, and physiological stress response, will be studied. the perch has lately   or fish farming. performance in culture is assumed to be connected with innate traits in indivi  g. performance in culture is assumed to be connected with innate traits in individual fish, whi  te traits in individual fish, which has been found in salmonid fishes. the knowledge about the   already found between individual perch, are inherited or due to previous experience are crucial
11602	3	we propose to use novel data loggers, already designed and  the southern ocean. the study will also supply valuable information on many physiological aspec   foraging behaviour of marine birds and contribute to our understanding on how these birds are
14717	14	behavioral flexibility has long been hypothesized to be an important driver of evolutio  s to novel environmental conditions and may thus favour selection on morphological, physiologic  l environmental conditions and may thus favour selection on morphological, physiological and be  avioral characters. however, there have been few empirical tests of this hypothesis and the mec  ology and ecology within a phylogenetic framework, so one can understand how animals interact w  within a phylogenetic framework, so one can understand how animals interact with their environm  fects such relationships. here, we will use this integrative approach to investigate the role o  ips. here, we will use this integrative approach to investigate the role of behavior on process  ptive diversification in birds. we will use a three-levels approach. first, we will use a globa  a three-levels approach. first, we will use a global phylogenetic comparative analysis to valid  tised to reduce this risk, we will also test whether or not flexible clades are less prone to e  vironmental changes. second, because we are concerned with mechanisms and that requires examina  ry events, where evolutionary processes can be detected more clearly, we will run more detailed  es despite behavioral adjustments there is selection on morphological traits. the integration o
14974	5	terations in their environment, animals can avoid extinction through the development of behavio   in the form of innovation or learning, can help animals survive in novel environments, for exa   predators. despite the progress, there are two major questions that are insufficiently underst  ons of foraging stress. second, we will use a comparative approach to explore how behaviour fle  ange. using this two-level approach, we hope to clarify the importance of behavioural flexibili
14278	2	ative of the belgian science policy. it is an integrated network of members posted in federal a   members posted in federal and regional research institutions. * promoting belgian biodiversity
14338	3	beldiva is aimed at sampling representative habitats of the fam  first description of pristine areas and assess their significance and originality. this informa  cance and originality. this information can be used to describe new aspas in the region, or sel
14329	5	methods are most suitable and how do we deal with spatial and temporal aspects in the valuation  spects in the valuation of es how do we value biodiversity and the option value of potential es  ational trade of es. mostly unaware, we are all intensive users of es that procure from elsewhe  h and policy development. what research is needed and for what policy how can es contribute to   economic and juridical barriers need to be overcome in order to implement the es-concepts in th
14304	2	ch project in the framework of the 'second multiannual scientific support plan for a sustai   development policy ' spsd ii ' part 3: supporting actions' of the belgian federal
2212	10	rpose of this project is to address and analyze adaptive management of fish and game resources   analyze adaptive management of fish and game resources from a welfare economic point of view, t   game resources from a welfare economic point of view, taking into account both the social, or   ironment. our main objectives are to: • increase the conceptual knowledge and to put forward a   or welfare based management of fish and game resources. • empirically assess benefits and costs  y assess benefits and costs of fish and game resources, and use this as inputs in dynamic manag  d costs of fish and game resources, and use this as inputs in dynamic management models. • enha   inputs in dynamic management models. • enhance knowledge about the efficient of different regu  haracteristics of specific resources. • scrutinize how different property right regimes affect   fficient regulations/incentives schemes may be designed.
12718	1	litatively, the contribution that sssis make to the delivery of ecosystem goods and services bo
11319	4	are centres of biological diversity and are ecological hotspots in the deep ocean but their ina  ges for research. in consequence, there are conspicuous sampling gaps of which the equatorial r  he most extensive. the southwest indian ridge on the swir in which no bottom trawling will take  covery following cessation of fisheries can be assessed.
11320	4	are centres of biological diversity and are ecological hotspots in the deep ocean but their ina  ges for research. in consequence, there are conspicuous sampling gaps of which the equatorial r  he most extensive. the southwest indian ridge on the swir in which no bottom trawling will take  covery following cessation of fisheries can be assessed.
11585	4	are centres of biological diversity and are ecological hotspots in the deep ocean but their ina  ges for research. in consequence, there are conspicuous sampling gaps of which the equatorial r  he most extensive. the southwest indian ridge on the swir in which no bottom trawling will take  covery following cessation of fisheries can be assessed.
10200	3	we propose a study of eocene to miocene benthic foraminife   and palaeoceanographic indicators, and test the idea of using morphogroups to provide a proxy   diversity and origin of polar dwaf, and provide essential biostratigraphic information for futu
2476	6	years as a basis for the selection and further development of benthic indicator organisms for   e barents sea. these findings will then be assessed within the context of a changing barents se  ormation to evaluate how future changes may affect the validity of indicators developed for the  tatus of a changing barents sea. ecobar is only achievable through synergistic linkages to seve  ects on the barents sea ecosystem which are led by or have significant participation by scienti  rents sea ecosystem which are led by or have significant participation by scientists from ecoba
10744	2	interdisciplinary benthic process study is proposed for surficial sediments across the oxygen m   on the pakistan margin. a quantitative study of benthic communities will be combined with comp
11255	2	interdisciplinary benthic process study is proposed for surficial sediments across the oxygen m   on the pakistan margin. a quantitative study of benthic communities will be combined with comp
11259	2	interdisciplinary benthic process study is proposed for surficial sediments across the oxygen m   on the pakistan margin. a quantitative study of benthic communities will be combined with comp
11356	2	interdisciplinary benthic process study is proposed for surficial sediments across the oxygen m   on the pakistan margin. a quantitative study of benthic communities will be combined with comp
10450	3	echniques for waters that have recently been in contact with sediments will provide a time-fram  tact with sediments will provide a time-frame for the dispersion of water and fate of iron in t  e-frame for the dispersion of water and fate of iron in the water.
12606	4	aim of this project is to review recent research on practices for managing soil organic matter   s of each practice identified will also be considered and highlighted. additionally, the potent  tice, the project will explore how this can be translated into advice for farmers and land mana   translated into advice for farmers and land managers, and incorporated into current cross comp
10988	1	g improved implementation of the thames plan i.e. above the 26% predicted good status by 2015.
14297	2	contextthe substrate of the belgian part of the north sea consists, for the vast majority,    surface, such as trawls, box cores and van veen grabs
11595	21	nd to the ability of the organisms they infect to stop parasites from propagating. forty years   rom propagating. forty years ago, leigh van valen produced a theory as to why genes involved in  es involved in parasite infectivity and host resistance should evolve more quickly than others.  st infection by parasites, so parasites must adapt to circumvent this resistance runs rapidly w  e virulence evolve quickly. however, it is possible that it is only a partial explanaiton. this  uickly. however, it is possible that it is only a partial explanaiton. this proposal seeks to t   occurs quite commonly in parasites. we have all heard about it- hiv moved from primates into h  ing from pigs and birds into humans. it is likely that host switching by a parasite represents   s likely to perform poorly. thus, there is great scope for adaptation of the parasite to its ne  to perform poorly. thus, there is great scope for adaptation of the parasite to its new host, a  r adaptation of the parasite to its new host, and it must rapidly evolve to better exploit the   te to its new host, and it must rapidly evolve to better exploit the host. it is clear that par  volve to better exploit the host. it is clear that parasites do switch hosts quite commonly, an  ts quite commonly, and very likely this is accompanied by a bout of strong natural selection th  a bout of strong natural selection that may explain why parasite virulence genes evolve rapidly  volve rapidly. in this project, we will test the theory that host shifts drive fast parasite ev  ve host into a new foreign one. we will leave this bacterium in its new host species for a year  we will leave this bacterium in its new host species for a year, and then recover it. we will i  or a year, and then recover it. we will investigate whether the host shift has resulted in the   o prosper in its new host. we will also examine the diversity of the bacterium across host spec  se following laboratory host shifts, we can ask if natural diversity is likely driven by the ho
7260	1	gent model using game theory and viable control theory. it offers an empirical application on i
14997	7	we will perform a molecular genetic analysis of phlebotomus ari  s from southesthern spain. we will also finish the study of p. perniciosus. the two genetic lin  be cultivated in laboratory and we will try the crossing between them, to observe if they are t  ossing between them, to observe if they are the same or different species. besides we will do t  . sergenti that exist in spain. we will perform a study of corology of phlebotomine sandflies i  ce and density of phlebotomine. also we catch sandflies in the burrows of rodents to see p. lan  ts to see p. langeroni. finally we will study the vectorial role of the differents species obta
14996	9	ncreased in the last years. one exemple is the leishmaniosis transmited by the bite of sand fli  osis between the different islands and, even, within a same island. a delimitant factor of this  ven, within a same island. a delimitant factor of this heterogenous distribution is the sand fl  e sand flies. on the other hand, it has been predicted that, as a result of the heating of the   rs, as much in latitude as in altitude, reason why the sand flies could be seen affected by thi   in altitude, reason why the sand flies could be seen affected by this phenomenon. for that rea  ed by this phenomenon. for that reason, is also tried the study of the distribution and biology  studied in detail. with this project it is tried to obtain new data about the activity, surviva   to serve in future studies in which it is tried to carry out risk maps and epidemiological sur
2472	11	scapes aims at understanding how to bio-engineer livestock production landscapes in nicaragua,   e. how to exploit new opportunities and solve problems within the domain of a multifunctional s  t the farm and landscape level. we will assess the multiple functions and services that sp can   multiple functions and services that sp can provide in two study areas with different climate,   s choice of sp species. second, we will link these services to sp species functional attributes  to sp species functional attributes and assess which species combinations can best serve multi-  ecies combinations can best serve multi-function sps at the farm and landscape scale, analyzing   take into account uncertainty, we will analyze the consequences of the farmers preferences on   rvices at farm and landscape levels and make recommendations on which mechanisms can be used to  ake recommendations on which mechanisms can be used to improve the benefits obtained from silvo  he benefits obtained from silvopastoral practice in the region.
7249	8	jectives the objectives of the european framework directive on water to achieve good ecological  hemical measurements of micropollutants do not allow to evaluate a potential impact on organism  pact on organisms in so far as sampling can not reflect the temporal variability of contaminati  tamination, invasive species now widely present in temperate aquatic environments and resistant  aromatic hydrocarbons, which are strong diffuse contamination of urban environments. this proje  s of urban development in ile de france network of r2ds. sisteo the project aims to analyze the  , sources of micro and ecotoxicological impact on hydrosystems. the work proposed here is part   t sisteo. it aims to develop a relevant tool for the link between the assessment of chemical co
15342	3	in the present project we intend to examine and to describe different aspects of   e different aspects of the bioacustical character diversity present on an insect group, as well  uses of that information, also valid to be employed with other sound producer zoological groups
14200	2	toxicity are very important, since they give the scientific basis for realistic risk assessment  give the scientific basis for realistic risk assessment of hazards of chemicals for aquatic eco
15347	7	e mankind artistic representations have been preserved in caves, tombs and crypts. the cultural   vestige of palaeolithic art. other sub-surface representations are present in egyptian, etrusc   etruscan and roman necropolises, which are formed by a number of hypogean tombs carved in a so  nd development of phototrophic biofilms can be observed which are the ones involved in biodeter  s involved in biodeterioration. we will try to associate the metabolic profiles obtained with a  bolic profiles obtained with a reactome array with the enzymes and pathways in order to get a g  niques will be also used to isolate and characterise the main members of the communities and to
12044	3	e plot and regional level. we will also aim to validate, test and predict the consequences that   we will also aim to validate, test and predict the consequences that different scenarii of lan  versity in agroecosystems. this project is organised in four complementary and interdependent w
12015	15	ment. to achieve these ends instruments must be elaborated and implemented to recognise the val  ognise the value of local knowledge and know-how, in order to strengthen the bonds between loca  mony have been widely studied in recent research that aims to elucidate the motivations, strate  ications of these trends. this work has been carried out in france, and to a lesser extent in e  , from bourbon vanilla to millet beers, illustrate the multiple possibilities and promising per  isms into merchandise. the biodivalloc* programme, focussing on south countries, queries the ar  im to manage biodiversity. these issues are examined in an interdisciplinary context, calling u  y-driven claims. while at this stage it is difficult to draw up a quantitative assessment of th  lisation of certain actors. at the same time there are new opportunities: market expansion and    certain actors. at the same time there are new opportunities: market expansion and segmentatio   same time there are new opportunities: market expansion and segmentation; recognition of the v  on of biological and cultural resources must be reconciled via bottom-up structures that are pr  y accepted. these structures explicitly link sustainable production modes, the intrinsic and ex  se approaches depends on consumers, who are called upon to act as informed customers and as res  ntext of protecting local resources and know-how. they made recommendations for adapting these
13335	10	ddressing them and providing scientific support to policy requires a coherent research framewor  . building on the experience of the era-net biodiversa, but with a wider, more balanced network  ersity science. the objectives are to: -develop an efficient agenda-setting mechanism for joint   national and institutional priorities -instate a recurrent and visible funding opportunity for  ational biodiversity research projects -play an active role in the processes and interfaces to    interfaces to inform policy and users -prepare the establishment of a sustainable, independent  lls. wp2 will analyse the landscape and cooperate with stakeholders identifying research needs,  produce a roadmap for joint funding and implement 3 calls within the project timespan. these ac  espan. these activities will ultimately create the conditions for the network to become a susta  e fostered by wp4. wp5 will develop and implement a communication strategy and enhance project
13312	13	biodiversa is an era net involving 15 countries and 19 major resea  water and marine biodiversity. most era-net members are represented on other fora which discuss  rine biodiversity. most era-net members are represented on other fora which discuss and recomme  esented on other fora which discuss and recommend requirements for european biodiversity resear  funding agencies. the aim of biodiversa is to contribute to setting up such a mechanism, and it  its objective for the period 2004- 2008 is to achieve an efficient trans-national research co-o  gencies to collate existing activities, compare future strategies and recommendations of consul  consultative bodies, and systematically explore opportunités for future collaboration. biodiver  ure collaboration. biodiversa will also contribute to better coherence and inceased synergies b  rsa will proceed through seven stages: -inventory, description and classification of biodiversi   and reserach funding programmes of era-net members; -information gathering and linkage of era-  nformation gathering and linkage of era-net members funding programmes with developing countrie  s; -identification of best practices to be compared, shared and implemented among the participa
2492	5	bal temperatures have led to widespread concern for the survival of many mammal species in euro  heir distributions accordingly. here we propose a novel and multi-disciplinary approach to inve   propose a novel and multi-disciplinary approach to investigate the underlying mechanisms that   t tracking in european mammals. we will combine recently developed ancient dna approaches with   g forecasting models to more accurately predict future responses.
2493	13	collapsed into low amplitude dynamics, while in south europe population outbreak cycles have r  e recently emerged. these events, which are suspected to originate from change in land use and   te from change in land use and climate, have the potential to lead to ecosystem re-organisation  ecosystem re-organisation and therefore represent a challenge for the conservation of biodivers  impact of the rodent cycle is likely to be transmitted to other components of the food web owin   with outstanding issues of theoretical interest in population and food web ecology, a main obj  this european collaborative project has been designed around five nested work packages progress  in the first four work packages we will test the following nested set of hypotheses: 1. that th  nested set of hypotheses: 1. that there is currently a geographically extensive syndrome of env  hat these demographic changes, in turn, impact directly on population viability of predators; 4  ability of predators; 4. and indirectly influence other species in the food web through cascadi  st work package, we will systematically explore the conservation corollaries of the hypotheses   t pertain to the impacts of climate and land-use changes on biodiversity and to the conservatio
12676	14	defra contribution to a common call to be administered by biodiversa. http://www.nerc.ac.uk/re  events/ao-biodiversa.asp defra and nerc are uk partners in the european research area network .  nd nerc are uk partners in the european research area network . there are 19 partners from 14 m   european research area network . there are 19 partners from 14 ms in total. the aims of biodiv   14 ms in total. the aims of biodiversa are to improve the co-ordination of biodiversity resear  evelop a ‘common call’ for research. it is envisaged that the common call for research would ad  ism for such a common call has still to be determined, but it is likely that national research   call has still to be determined, but it is likely that national research funders would be respo  supplement ms funding. the arrangements are complicated but there is significant potential for    arrangements are complicated but there is significant potential for defra to obtain added valu  the common call. total budgets have not been finalised but could be in the range of 5-15m euro    the range of 5-15m euro pa. the topics being considered for a common call are: 1. understand a  or a common call are: 1. understand and predict consequences of biodiversity changes on ecosyst  ecies and community level in europe and provide wide access to this information 3. scientific c
7104	10	there are two main ways of managing biodiversity in agricultu  he rest for biodiversity management. it is the policy of parks and reserves associated with the   of the sixties to eighty in france and is often advocated for developing countries. we find th   advocated for developing countries. we find the spirit in devices such as wildlife fallow. it    in devices such as wildlife fallow. it is no obviously not in any ranking. we know the balance   is no obviously not in any ranking. we know the balance of pnr and have often taken as a model  ranking. we know the balance of pnr and have often taken as a model. it seems to us important t  for exclusion from human impacts are to be reconsidered in the banal spaces, since the environm  ortant. the debate focuses so often, we believe, around the lethal effects of human impact on t  al development. attempt to methodically examine different situations anthropization. methods of
516	12	there are mainly two methods for biodiversity management in a  m the sixties up until the eighties and is often recommended in developing countries. one finds  vices such as the fallow wild fauna. it is of course not a question of ranking. we are familiar  of course not a question of ranking. we are familiar with the pnr report and have often used is  we are familiar with the pnr report and have often used is as model. what we find important to   nd have often used is as model. what we find important to highlight is that the zone measures f  ial development. trying to methodically examine different situations of anthropization within a  xt of decrease in agricultural areas it is suitable to provide oneself with means to evaluate t  iodiversity often has a vague sense and may refer to: the functional diversity evaluated either   preservation of species on a worldwide level, due to the fact that they are more or less confi  ldwide level, due to the fact that they are more or less confined to this area and that they ar  ess confined to this area and that they are rare and endangered the emblematic biodiversity, wh
11505	6	material provisioning--of genes, food, fuel, and medicine * cultural provisioning--of spiritua  trategies used to optimize the economic use of biodiversity whilst mitigating the effects of en  mitigating the effects of environmental change 3. economic and social exchanges of products wit  ershed intensified, with fair trade and value-added strategies adopted by value-chain actors 4.  value-added strategies adopted by value-chain actors 4. macrolevel ecosystem management strateg  integrated andean-amazon approaches and benefit-sharing agreements with local communities 5. na
10877	2	more, as wcmc is part of the un, whilst being strongly involved with international ngos, collab  nt policy needs, and important findings are taken up by key decision makers
11619	5	n all environments carbon and nutrients are recycled by organisms that decompose dead plants li  ls and plants. our research should also tell us whether some of them are more important quantit  hould also tell us whether some of them are more important quantitatively than others in soil b  important quantitatively than others in soil biology, which may be important for understanding   be important for understanding the long-term health of the soil under modern methods of farming
11234	7	loss of ecosystem services and of poor people s livelihoods. the shift to an enclosed to build  ders at all levels, through networking, field consultation, workshops, and media outputs, from   t to beyond project end. best will also share knowledge and build capacity across the whole par  end. best will also share knowledge and build capacity across the whole partnership and beyond,  side major extant datasets, and a cross-border comparative analysis encompassing three of the p  ations and engagement, with significant research, policymaker and practitioner networks. uk and  also to ensure those findings and tools are embedded into policymaking and practice.
10724	2	dvanced the evolutionary and ecological study of microbial eukaryotes under which nrra are most  f microbial eukaryotes under which nrra are most diverse and abundant. these results combined w
451	4	preservation and training the maldives is a nation composed of 25 atolls. the economy of this   g a long latitudinal gradient of 800 km are situated in between the western indian ocean and as  teresting region from a biogeographical point of view when identifying local/regional factors c  an the specific richness of these areas be compared to that observed in the indian ocean and in
14677	1	termine the diversity, distribution and space-time structure as well as the functional stabilit
11774	1	al impacts of climate change, which has been identified as a major stressor for freshwaters ove
10746	3	cosystem function relationship have not been addressed. this project will examine the role of h  n integrated modelling and experimental approach in an estuarine system. mesocosm experiments w   will be used to parameterise a spatial patch-based model. model predictions will be tested aga
11442	3	cosystem function relationship have not been addressed. this project will examine the role of h  n integrated modelling and experimental approach in an estuarine system. mesocosm experiments w   will be used to parameterise a spatial patch-based model. model predictions will be tested aga
11508	3	cosystem function relationship have not been addressed. this project will examine the role of h  n integrated modelling and experimental approach in an estuarine system. mesocosm experiments w   will be used to parameterise a spatial patch-based model. model predictions will be tested aga
532	3	al activity. to reach this goal we will pursue two complementary sub-objectives : 1- at a local  iscussion. 2 - at farming level we will assess the economical, agricultural and social conseque  r biodiversity management. we will also study the influence that social portrayals of farmers'
7216	4	p of fish. also the inventory missions, monitor the post- larval recruitment estuary in the thr  alyzes of population dynamics and large-scale remote sensing will help to clarify the operation  ons, the role quy holds madagascar, and interpret the freshwater biodiversity of the islands of  . this project is an opportunity to co- supervise a phd thesis between the fishing tuléar insti
14418	4	gations of forest insect pest pathogens are expected to: • record new pathogens of forest insec  nsect pest pathogens are expected to: • record new pathogens of forest insects for bulgaria and  rest insects for bulgaria and europe; • obtain new information about species composition and bi  and biodiversity of insect pathogens; • obtain new data on the biology, morphology, ultrastruct
14846	13	archaea are prokaryotic microorganims that constitute the third  domain of life. up to recently, archaea were thought to be mostly restricted to extreme environ  xtreme environments but it has recently been established that the biodiversity abundance, and m  pabilities of the kingdom crenarchaeota is substantially larger than previously assumed. recent  ical cycling in aquatic ecosystems that may act as chemoautotrophs, oxidizing ammonia to nitrat  bon in the dark. in addition, they also seem to be an important source of organic carbon in the  tion, they also seem to be an important source of organic carbon in the sediments of aquatic sy   of aquatic systems. the project crenyc is continuation of the previously funded project viarc   y and traditional microbiology. we will use isotopic labeling of single cells and stable isotop  e isotopic labeling of single cells and stable isotopic probing on nucleic acids. we will also    probing on nucleic acids. we will also combine this methodologies with metagenomic technologie  present day world-wide distribution. it is foreseen that crenyc will result in a substantially   iogeochemical cycling of this enigmatic group of aquatic prokaryotes.
14845	14	archaea are prokaryotic microorganisms that constitute the thir  domain of life. up to recently, archaea were thought to be mostly restricted to extreme environ  xtreme environments but it has recently been established that the biodiversity, abundance and m  pabilities of the kingdom crenarchaeota is substantially larger than previously assumed. recent  ical cycling in aquatic ecosystems that may act as chemoautotrophs, oxidizing ammonia to nitrat  bon in the dark. in addition, they also seem to be an important source of organic carbon in the  tion, they also seem to be an important source of organic carbon in the sediments of aquatic sy   of aquatic systems. the project crenyc is a continuation of the previously funded project viar  iously funded project viarc and it will focus on the biodiversity and functional role of crenar  y and traditional microbiology. we will use isotopic labeling of single cells and stable isotop  e isotopic labeling of single cells and stable isotopic probing on nucleic acids. we will also    probing on nucleic acids. we will also combine this methodologies with metagenomic technologie  present day world-wide distribution. it is foreseen that crenyc will result in a substantially   iogeochemical cycling of this enigmatic group of aquatic prokaryotes.
14804	12	in spain, and all over the world, there is a wide number of natural and artificial subterranean   ecosystems worth of study because they contain an interesting variety of biofilms, provide an   ain an interesting variety of biofilms, provide an important number of new species of microorga  riety of biofilms, provide an important number of new species of microorganisms and animals who  isms and animals whose interactions and function in the ecosystem is unknown. complex bacterial  ute a largely unexplored habitat and it is needed a clearer understanding of the microbial dive   this purpose, a must is to develop and test new analytical methods for the study. herein, we p  tical methods for the study. herein, we propose the use of molecular techniques, some of them r  esigned by our team, and some others to be designed along this project. in general, they will c  ong this project. in general, they will cover methods for the extraction and amplification of 1  ences with the purpose of taxonomically classify the bacterial sequences found. metabolically a   from extracts of total rna essentially reflect the metabolically active fraction of the commun
409	4	of forestland for biodiversity purposes is made at widely differing scales, from single trees t  sity level of non set-aside forest . we use different analytical tools, mainly *reserve selecti  use different analytical tools, mainly *reserve selection methods* including linear programming  emporal dynamic aspects of biodiversity are considered through modelling approaches.
11514	3	it is now well recognised that humans activities are leadi  ng to a global loss of biodiversity and concern regarding the impact of such loss on the functi  marine environment by using a tractable model system-tide pools on rocky shores. these pools ac
9925	3	it is now well recognised that humans activities are leadi  ng to a global loss of biodiversity and concern regarding the impact of such loss on the functi  marine environment by using a tractable model system-tide pools on rocky shores. these pools ac
1977	2	we propose to perform a comparative study on the biodivers  sources will show, whether this mystery can be explained by a strong benthic pelagic coupling o
6891	14	the great hungarian plain is characterised by both unique natural values and inte  uture land-use changes may considerably affect ecological integrity, thus a further decline in   urther decline in biodiversity can only be avoided if nature conservation and socio-economic pr  servation and socio-economic priorities are considered together. the overall objective of the p  o assess the relationships between land-use, biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. in a colla  an research centers of botany, zoology, soil science, and agro-environmental research we plan t  y, soil science, and agro-environmental research we plan to regionalise our results to the whol  nce, and agro-environmental research we plan to regionalise our results to the whole great hung  based on data from a habitat mapping to be finished in 2005. the major outcome of the project w  e expert sytem on landscape ecology and land-use, which provides recommendations on rural devel  ert sytem on landscape ecology and land-use, which provides recommendations on rural developmen  ns on rural development and sustainable land-use. the expert sytems will integrate hundreds of    high-resolution maps, dynamic modells, land management protocols, and thus make scientific res  ls, land management protocols, and thus make scientific results widely available and applicable
396	11	pes the effects on diversity are small, while it has larger effects in intensively farmed lands  farmed landscapes. however, one crucial factor - the time since transition from organic to conv  ganic to conventional farming - has not been controlled in earlier studies. it is likely that,    been controlled in earlier studies. it is likely that, depending on the traits and dispersal a  anisms and on the landscape context, it may take a decade or even more for effects of changes i  dscape context, it may take a decade or even more for effects of changes in farming systems to    previous and ongoing projects, we will examine this problem based on recent developments in me  ecent developments in metacommunity and landscape ecology. we will examine plants, soil animals  dscape ecology. we will examine plants, soil animals, predatory insects, pollinators and two ec  nsition gradient crossed with the large-scale gradient in landscapes established in our previou   in our previous projects. we will also arrange a workshop with swedish stakeholders on organic
11310	9	all environments. unlike bacteria, they possess a nucleus, making them part of eukaryotes, the   ia, they possess a nucleus, making them part of eukaryotes, the group of living organisms to wh  the second and key interest of apusozoa is their pivotal importance for understanding the evolu  bosomal rna comparisons imply that they do not belong to any of the six major assemblages of eu  s defined up to now. rather, they might form an independent group very close to the last common  ey might form an independent group very close to the last common ancestor of all eukaryotes. us  00 protein gene sequences, we will also construct a better evolutionary tree independent of tha  hether the different lineages that have been suggested to belong to apusozoa truly form a coher  n suggested to belong to apusozoa truly form a coherent evolutionary unit, and what their exact
15337	15	papillomaviruses are dsdna viruses that infect stratified epithelia in v  ratified epithelia in vertebrates. they are causative agents of benign and malignant proliferat  nsformation in skin. certain animal pvs can infect distantly related hosts, and the infection m  tantly related hosts, and the infection may be transmitted by arthorpods as vectors. in endange  y and epidemiology of these viruses has been provided thus far. our knowledge on pv evolution i  idence, e.g. species specificity, virus-host cospeciation, low mutation rate. our previous resu  s specificity, virus-host cospeciation, low mutation rate. our previous results stress the conc  nt biological properties that might not be directly extrapolated from the results of a human-ba   africa. after the first three years it is our aim to have identified and fully sequenced ca. t  s information as starting point we will perform phylogenetic, biogeographical and evolutionary   geographical and evolutionary analysis, address the virus potential for host switch, will aim t  s to be empirically studied will surely provide us not only with a broader knowledge of papillo  onomic and ecological importance. if we can explain how pvs have evolved, then we may be able t  plain how pvs have evolved, then we may be able to explain the differences between human and an  al and cutaneous pvs, and we might also be able to understand what makes certain pvs to trigger
7021	10	s of reproductive strategies of bryozoa are not only of theoretical interest. types and number   only of theoretical interest. types and number of eggs, details of brooding, types of larvae ,   ons of bryozoan faunas from the miocene being at our disposal, only rather limited supplementar  of bryozoan material from the early and middle miocene of the paratethys, from western europe,   nean, and the qom-formation of the iran are to be expected. these studies should also explain t  nd the qom-formation of the iran are to be expected. these studies should also explain the evid   be expected. these studies should also explain the evident faunal differences between bryozoan   bryozoan faunas from early miocene and middle miocene in central europe. cross-linking of biol  aleontological investigations will thus result in an essential contribution to our knowledge of  ological studies our research will also contribute to a detailed knowledge of the development o
14795	3	he nitrogen oxides gases, including n2, being released into the atmosphere. marshes are very pr   most importants wetlands in europe. it is considered an unesco man and biosphere reserve, and   ese features make the park an excellent site to explore the biodiversity, structure and dinamic
11750	2	hall also sequence and phylogenetically analyse two or three heat-shock proteins from each fami  logenetically analyse two or three heat-shock proteins from each family.
12518	4	there is a growing awareness of the beneficial effects of org  nvironment recommendation that research be conducted into the impact on biodiversity of organic  entify features of organic systems that are associated with biodiversity benefits in the hills   nds, and to quantify the socio-economic impact of organic conversion in these areas.
13729	4	system resilience in managed landscapes is linked to socio-economic processes driving how natur  processes driving how natural resources are managed. biodiversity is viewed as a key natural re  ral resources are managed. biodiversity is viewed as a key natural resource for maintaining eco  ions. * to synthesize these results and develop strategies for biodiversity monitoring and mana
13947	7	n and fragmentation of natural habitats is predicted to cause unprecedented rates of species ex  nction in the near future. here we will investigate the robustness of fragmented ecological com  oject is to investigate how the trophic structure of local communities, spatial structure of la  structure of local communities, spatial structure of landscapes and dispersal patterns of speci  osses of species. to accomplish this we develop a meta-community viability analysis that genera  e local or global loss of a species. we believe that the new approaches to be developed here ho  . we believe that the new approaches to be developed here hold great promise for identifying vu
14186	3	little is known about selection mechanism occurring in microbi  better knowledge of the parameters that may lead to variation among microbial sourdough associa  d stability of lactic acid bacteria and yeast population of sourdoughs in different estonian ba
12650	2	tion of marine biodiversity. the report is intended to outline the importance of the uks marine  amples to detail the current status and provide an indication of the likely consequences of any
520	4	ry fields and spatiotemporal scales. we propose to approach the question from geographical, eco  uctures. in this first approach we will try to analyze the links between agricultural practices  territory. in a second approach we will study the innovative initiative taken by the aoc viticu  n this territory. in the end, this work could constitute the basis of an observatory that will
7108	3	aims to implement an interdisciplinary approach to study interactions between farming and biod  fferent spatial and temporal scales. we propose to approach the issue of geographical angles, e   landscapes. in this first approach, we attempt to analyze the linkages between agricultural pr
521	3	process and the implementation of a new register for justification defined on preservation stak  evels of diversity. this tool will also be mobilized to define how farmers perceive the biodive  odiversity. nevertheless they must also be recreated in the historical, social, economic, insti
7674	5	versity conservation in protected areas is linked to ecological trade-offs between various comp  protected areas is linked to ecological trade-offs between various components of this diversity  ng time scale . in this project we will simulate elephant abundance scenarios and their effects  ter will be conducted to assess whether recharge from rainfall is occurring and pumping sustain  orkshop for stakeholders, who will then be engaged in a companion modelling exercise to model t
7109	1	f emergence and implementation of a new register of justification set around conservation issue
14114	5	apid and intense environmental changes, is crucial to understanding the origin of present-day e  project will elucidate how biodiversity is affected by environmental changes in space and time   d by environmental changes in space and time by the detailed case study of one group of abundan  tal, lifestyle and biodiversity changes can be used as indicators in predicting future patterns  early silurian based on a huge untapped cache of material especially from baltoscandia.
437	7	this project aimed to increase and use archaeozoological data to improve knowledge about t  ty at a century and millenium scale. it was developed in four directions: . the history of the   se mouse in the mediterranean basin has been elucidated and the origin of the domestic cat has    and the origin of the domestic cat has been found much earlier as expected. in addition, proce  processes of biodiversity decrease have been described in several of the studied areas, and the  the studied areas, and their natural or man-made origin is discussed. clear cut answers are rar  s, and their natural or man-made origin is discussed. clear cut answers are rarely available, b
7158	3	predicting the effects of global change on biodiversity at large spatial scales. from pr  these include assessing whether, as one can predict the variability of species richness and ext  mportant to assess the impact of global change on biodiversity dynamics.
442	3	nd that not only local species richness can be affected by landscape structure, but it can also  by landscape structure, but it can also affect the local temporal dynamics of communities. high  ates of local extinctions and turnovers were recorded on smaller patches provide a framework of
13942	8	the break-down of phytodetritus throgh deposit-feeding animals at the bottom of the sea, which  nts, while producing fish food. we will test four main hypotheses: 1. the rate of mineralizatio  larin and bmaa in cyanobacterial blooms can accumulate in and reduce diversity, growth and surv  obacterial blooms can accumulate in and reduce diversity, growth and survival of deposit-feedin  l of deposit-feeding invertebrates, and be transferred to their fish predators. the results can  ed to their fish predators. the results can be used to evaluate the likely effects of changes i  om fauna and toxin transfer up the food-chain from increased cyanobacterial blooms can also be   ncreased cyanobacterial blooms can also be evaluated.
7567	1	del p. expansum producer of patulin, we analyze the evolution of the production during growth a
7283	2	late at the international, european and french, science and public decision making biodiversity  ns for better supervision of scientific expertise
463	1	e to characterize this biodiversity and assure its consistency. the project will attempt to est
7412	2	on of animals considered long as little interest in agriculture involves the ability of agricul  ure to consider a new social demand and integrate it into sustainable and economically viable a
7422	3	biodiversity on wheat productivity and grain quality. this work will lay a solid foundation fo  of mycorrhiza in wheat farming and thus contribute to the emergence of new eco-compatible and e  o-compatible and economically efficient crop management
7281	2	of the implementation of the green and blue urban context. it documents the biodiversity areas  ory"actions and actors". finally, there is the opportunity to bring together a team of research
14821	8	mediterranean coastal wetlands are considered ecosystems that deserve to be protected   e considered ecosystems that deserve to be protected in a european context due to their transit  tropical affinity to grow. this wetland is considered a refuge of biodiversity for its richness  erent aquatic habitats. algae, however, are very precise ecological indicators and are widely u  atic habitats. algae, however, are very precise ecological indicators and are widely used, alon   very precise ecological indicators and are widely used, alone or together with other organisms  te no algal- based biological index has been proposed for these transitional waters, partly due  l quality of transitional waters, which could be applied to other areas.
456	3	follow-up of the inventory of estuarial post-larva in three types of system will be set up. the  is of population dynamics and the large-scale satellite sensing will make it possible to clarif  this project will be the occasion to co-frame a thesis between the fishery institute of toliara
7262	5	wood deep marine environment has always been perceived as a zoological curiosity. sunken wood a  the objective of the project is biowood explore the diversity of the fauna associated with sunk  e fauna associated with sunken wood and identify new model organisms to understand in an evolut  iated with sunken wood and identify new model organisms to understand in an evolutionary light,  anisms to understand in an evolutionary light, deep marine biodiversity
9933	8	phication is perhaps the most important threat to european biodiversity. a major source of nutr  nts have suggested that these nutrients may reduce species richness.however, until very recentl  odiversity reduction caused by regional air pollution was actually occurring. stevens et al. pr  al brings together an interdisciplinary team of leading ecologists, biogeochemists and atmosphe  and atmospheric chemists to develop and extend this approach. they aim to determine whether n-d   develop and extend this approach. they aim to determine whether n-deposition is seriously impa  y impacting species richness on a wider scale across european grasslands and to elucidate the m   elucidate the mechanism responsible.we plan to use a multinational and multidisciplinary appro
7467	16	scientists and water managers have collected a vast amount of data on   ata on freshwater organisms, and yet it is rarely possible to describe the geographic range of   ely possible to describe the geographic range of an organism. why is this it is because the dat  ic range of an organism. why is this it is because the data are dispersed in many locally-manag  ism. why is this it is because the data are dispersed in many locally-managed databases, many o  cally available. the bits of the puzzle are scattered, and it is difficult even to find them. w  its of the puzzle are scattered, and it is difficult even to find them. what story might they t  zzle are scattered, and it is difficult even to find them. what story might they tell if they w  ven to find them. what story might they tell if they were combined and easily accessible to sci  hem. what story might they tell if they were combined and easily accessible to scientists, poli  ch an integrated and accessible dataset could be used not only to help to protect and take bett  conservation. biofresh, a major new fp7 project, will design and provide a single point of acce   major new fp7 project, will design and provide a single point of access to the extensive infor   scientists and planners to complement, integrate, and analyse quantitative data to discover, e   planners to complement, integrate, and analyse quantitative data to discover, evaluate and exa  and examine patterns that will shed new light on how freshwater biodiversity responds to global
2137	7	ified at high northern latitudes. there is therefore an immediate and pressing need to develop   al change. the benthic biodiversity has been hypothesized to be closely related with variables   temperature for which a strong gradient is seen along the norwegian coastal shelf. these two bi  rivers are highly climate-dependent and are expected to change with the predicted warming. this  ut the norwegian coastal shelf. we will tackle this objective using historical and recent exist  al scales, and will develop theoretical framework of the impacts of the global warming on the s  pacts of the global warming on the soft-bottom marine biodiversity in the norwegian continental
474	4	or protists. marine protists typically live in huge populations with rapid turnover. they may   e populations with rapid turnover. they may build complex , biomarks will provide baseline data  ge-base. finally biomarks will actively promote the diffusion of its data and new methods to a   search programs on marine biodiversity, major genetic databases and protist culture collections
7030	6	the project is addressed to the main questions in ciliate alpha-tax  n of the biogeography of a species-rich group of marine plankton protists, i.e., the tintinnids   a unique opportunity for a synergistic study, connecting morphological, genetical, biochemical  taxonomy as a distinct scientific field is threatened by extinction because the number of alpha  fore, the present project will not only strengthen austria as a hot-spot for ciliate taxonomy,   ll not only strengthen austria as a hot-spot for ciliate taxonomy, but will also enable trainin
1930	1	cultural landscapes, space and finances must be divided over different functions in nature area
7583	2	roject are: i study through a molecular approach, biodiversity toxigenic molds to dry at room t  erile sand. . strains of the collection can be used in high throughput screening in the search
7050	2	protozoa or infusionstierchen, that is, single-celled organisms of microscopic size , mainly to   single-celled organisms of microscopic size , mainly to finance a postdoc, a graduate student,
14419	8	nges heighten the urgency with which we must discover, understand and protect biodiversity. put   which we must discover, understand and protect biodiversity. put simply, biodiversity is ‘life  l and biotechnological importance: they are primary drivers of the global carbon cycle and they  ers of the global carbon cycle and they belong to the most valuable microorganisms for industri  e rich biological diversity of bulgaria is due to its substantial forest area. pirin, rodopi an  ystems have attracted little systematic research in bulgaria. the primary objective of our stud  olates using modern taxonomic tools and establish their phylogenetic relatedness. we will analy  their phylogenetic relatedness. we will analyze morphologic, metabolic and genomic properties o
7008	9	stigation of biodiversity of yeasts and yeast-like fungi isolated from gut of insects. these ha   are widely unexplored and therefore it is supposed that new yeast species and genera can be de  d and therefore it is supposed that new yeast species and genera can be detected. especially pe  posed that new yeast species and genera can be detected. especially pests living on fusarium-co  s living on fusarium-contaminated grain are interested in the course of this project since thes  roorganisms in the intestine could have been evolved. at least 25% of the world's food crops ar   at least 25% of the world's food crops are contaminated with mycotoxins will provide informati  ses the whole sequences of the 18s rdna are needed to perform phylogenetic analyses. further ai  ted for their potential to transform or degrade mycotoxins.
7286	4	we want to test the hypothesis that biodiversity can compe  o test the hypothesis that biodiversity can compensate through biotic interactions, the negativ  ontinuum to their displacement. it thus promote gene flow between fragmented populations and ma  flow between fragmented populations and maintain genetic diversity within them
7153	1	pic. ten case studies, mostly original, serve as bases to a synthetic reflection of the group,
7211	10	conservation and training. the maldives is a nation of 25 atolls. the economy of this country i   25 atolls. the economy of this country is based entirely on the coral ecosystem and ocean. ato  ng a latitudinal gradient along 800 km, are located halfway between the systems of the western   es: • what is the habitat diversity and structure of coral communities encountered on protected  protected sites outside of maldives and is it necessary to increase the extent of marine protec  species richness of these sites does it compare with that observed in the western indian ocean   ndo-pacific in general what conclusions can be drawn on endemism and evolution of marine specie  ficiently preserved atolls intra-larval flow between atolls and they allow the renewal of these  tra-larval flow between atolls and they allow the renewal of these resources in sites operated   e resources in sites operated technical inventory of coral biodiversity nétant not completely m
429	5	lopped on neutral soils in the lorraine plateau, small as well as cannabis indicates that the c  was a pond. throughout the middle ages, tree pollen decreases while the proportion of cereal sh  roportion of cereal shows that the area was cultivated. tree pollen increases since the xiv th   ably in relation with the need for fuel-wood by the local salt industry. this investigation sug  these small cavities in present forests were made by man, or at least used by man in a cultivat
14716	6	ation, identification and bioecological study of some of these organisms could lead to the deve  ogical study of some of these organisms could lead to the development of new technologies. the   rains of entomopathogenic nematodes and evaluate there efficiency as an alternative technology   t the same time avoiding the ecological risk of introducing epn strains from other countries. t  n the national program of biodiversity, earth sciences and global change in the national subpro  biodiversity, earth sciences and global change in the national subprograme of biodiversity cont
2499	7	of theoretical and applied interest and cover several subprograms within the purview of the pro  view of the program havet og kysten. we believe there is an urgent need for applied research re  ogram havet og kysten. we believe there is an urgent need for applied research regarding utiliz  cisions concerning capelin, herring and cod in the barents sea, one of the most productive ocea  imensional bioeconomic decision process may be used to produce economic sound and informational   ecosystem models which, by themselves, lack the ability to determine optimal policies. the mod  rtunities for novel research of cutting-edge academic quality beyond the ph.d. level. a success
10969	13	bacterial biofilms play a significant role in biofouling in the marine env  d medical microbiology. it has recently been found that establishment and maintenance of biofli  tablishment and maintenance of bioflims is regulated by cell-cell signalling processes such as   blocking communication between bacteria may provide a new strategy to prevent bioflim formation  rategy to prevent bioflim formation. it is also probable that aquatic bacteria have evolved mec  val strategy. although this has not yet been documented, we have recently found that this form   gh this has not yet been documented, we have recently found that this form of competition occur  erial competition on biofilm disruption were carried out. a mature micrococcus biofllm grown on  ompletely disrupted by addition of cell-free supernatant from cultures of marine bacillus liche  ltures of marine bacillus licheniformis strain el-34-6 and b. subtilis strain sfp. disruption o  niformis strain el-34-6 and b. subtilis strain sfp. disruption of the mature biofilm, which was  n bacteria were viable, could therefore be an active physiologically mediated process. this pro  ition amongst marine bacteria will also be investigated.
13336	16	scientists and water managers have collected a vast amount of data on   ata on freshwater organisms, and yet it is rarely possible to describe the geographic range of   ely possible to describe the geographic range of an organism. why is this it is because the dat  ic range of an organism. why is this it is because the data are dispersed in many locally-manag  ism. why is this it is because the data are dispersed in many locally-managed databases, many o  cally available. the bits of the puzzle are scattered, and it is difficult even to find them. w  its of the puzzle are scattered, and it is difficult even to find them. what story might they t  zzle are scattered, and it is difficult even to find them. what story might they tell if they w  ven to find them. what story might they tell if they were combined and easily accessible to sci  hem. what story might they tell if they were combined and easily accessible to scientists, poli  ch an integrated and accessible dataset could be used not only to help to protect and take bett  conservation. biofresh, a major new fp7 project, will design and provide a single point of acce   major new fp7 project, will design and provide a single point of access to the extensive infor   scientists and planners to complement, integrate, and analyse quantitative data to discover, e   planners to complement, integrate, and analyse quantitative data to discover, evaluate and exa  and examine patterns that will shed new light on how freshwater biodiversity responds to global
12026	1	aims – in this project, we explore the roles of trophic interactions, vertical div
2511	12	biotic metabolic pathways in eukaryotic host cells. in plants, maintenance of the cells metabol  ts, maintenance of the cells metabolism is compartmentalized. the metabolic stage of a family o  ism is compartmentalized. the metabolic stage of a family of plastid organelles defines the met  les defines the metabolic developmental stage of the plant. in this respect, the light driven e  m of the photoautotrophic developmental state of the plant. however, hardly anything is known a   of the plant. however, hardly anything is known about the biogenesis of photoautotrophy and of  photoautotrophy and of chloroplasts. we have therefore established an experimental system to ch   the processes in vivo and in vitro. we propose to study the identification and characterizatio  associated with the biogenesis. we will characterize the cytb6f/pchl//chl and lil3/chl complexe  3/chl complexes detected by us. we will resolve the type of electron transfer chains that plast  ains that plastids utilize in darkness, differentiate the function of pigmentation changes in t  tion changes in the cytb6f complex, and resolve the function of chlorophyll binding to the lil3
13485	1	coming eutrophicated, which p compounds are involved in this process and where they origin.
10561	3	ly understood, since these environments were believed to be devoid of life until recently. sign  ations of micro-organisms have recently been found beneath ice masses , and may be used to help  tly been found beneath ice masses , and may be used to help determine whether life is possible
15346	1	esent and the future. glovocs will also work on the interface between academic and applied scie
15436	1	alysis of lake dated sediment cores. we plan to identify similarities and differences in the se
11672	10	ocesses, driven by microorganisms, also contribute to the formation of nitrogen gases, some of   global warming. while a lot of work has been done to measure these processes in temperate coast  ses in temperate coastal regions, there is little known about how they occur in the tropical co  s, there is little known about how they occur in the tropical coastal zone nor whether the micr   how they occur in the tropical coastal zone nor whether the microorganisms bringing about the   ent information suggests that there may be significant differences between these regions which   ferences between these regions which we need to know about if we are to be able to understand t  gions which we need to know about if we are to be able to understand their importance globally.  nderstand their importance globally. we intend to measure the rates of these important processe  tope tracers of n. in addition, we will apply the techniques of molecular microbiology of n cyc
11794	10	ocesses, driven by microorganisms, also contribute to the formation of nitrogen gases, some of   global warming. while a lot of work has been done to measure these processes in temperate coast  ses in temperate coastal regions, there is little known about how they occur in the tropical co  s, there is little known about how they occur in the tropical coastal zone nor whether the micr   how they occur in the tropical coastal zone nor whether the microorganisms bringing about the   ent information suggests that there may be significant differences between these regions which   ferences between these regions which we need to know about if we are to be able to understand t  gions which we need to know about if we are to be able to understand their importance globally.  nderstand their importance globally. we intend to measure the rates of these important processe  tope tracers of n. in addition, we will apply the techniques of molecular microbiology of n cyc
10920	4	. in terms of total volume, the largest fraction predictive modelling of the cdz, which will ti  on contaminant mobility across the cdz, improve confidence in the safety of geological disposal  afety of geological disposal, and hence assist the uk in the crucial task of disposing of radio   and hence assist the uk in the crucial task of disposing of radioactive wastes.
11710	4	. in terms of total volume, the largest fraction predictive modelling of the cdz, which will ti  on contaminant mobility across the cdz, improve confidence in the safety of geological disposal  afety of geological disposal, and hence assist the uk in the crucial task of disposing of radio   and hence assist the uk in the crucial task of disposing of radioactive wastes.
11811	4	. in terms of total volume, the largest fraction predictive modelling of the cdz, which will ti  on contaminant mobility across the cdz, improve confidence in the safety of geological disposal  safety of geological disposal and hence assist the uk in the crucial task of disposing of radio   and hence assist the uk in the crucial task of disposing of radioactive wastes.
11812	4	. in terms of total volume, the largest fraction predictive modelling of the cdz, which will ti  on contaminant mobility across the cdz, improve confidence in the safety of geological disposal  afety of geological disposal, and hence assist the uk in the crucial task of disposing of radio   and hence assist the uk in the crucial task of disposing of radioactive wastes.
9904	4	. in terms of total volume, the largest fraction predictive modelling of the cdz, which will ti  on contaminant mobility across the cdz, improve confidence in the safety of geological disposal  afety of geological disposal, and hence assist the uk in the crucial task of disposing of radio   and hence assist the uk in the crucial task of disposing of radioactive wastes.
9954	4	. in terms of total volume, the largest fraction predictive modelling of the cdz, which will ti  on contaminant mobility across the cdz, improve confidence in the safety of geological disposal  afety of geological disposal, and hence assist the uk in the crucial task of disposing of radio   and hence assist the uk in the crucial task of disposing of radioactive wastes.
7273	1	ential for maintaining biodiversity. we propose to develop a non - lethal technique for identif
10398	2	line aquifer in eastgate, weardale, and conduct microbiological and geochemical analyses on the   define the geochemical environment and process measurements coupled with analysis of the bacte
11449	1	l goal is to quantify the magnitude and control of biogeochemical and physical fluxes in margue
15206	6	vibrio parahaemolyticus is an emerging human pathogen of marine origin that is   tage will be investigated by multilocus sequence analysis and for presence of hypervariable gen   determining the presence of pathogenic island characteristics of v. parahaemolyticus. the stra  s of v. parahaemolyticus in galicia and allow for the identification of the habitats and enviro  ence. furthermore, these data will also be critical in determining the population structure and   as pathogens in the marine environment could be assessed, allowing for an evaluation of the cu
14853	5	ation of salinibacter ruber as a unique type of prokaryote within the domain bacteria. studies   natural habitat. however, and as it has been observed, salinibacter appears widely spread on ea  inibacter evolves slowly, or that there may exist dispersion and survival mechanisms hitherto u  own. the idea of the current subproject is the exploration of the presence of salinibacter behi  nts below the crystallizers. finally it is intended to analyze its biogeographical diversity by
11782	29	saccharomyces cerevisiae is the species of yeast that puts the alcohol into sake  he alcohol into sake, wine and beer and is used to make bread. some s. cerevisiae strains also    bread. some s. cerevisiae strains also live independently of humans in the bark of oak trees a   soil around them. partly because sake, wine, beer and bread are so interesting and partly beca   yet has much in common with animal and plant cells, researchers have studied it in the laborat  boratory for decades. now s. cerevisiae is probably better understood at the cellular and molec  nderstood at the cellular and molecular level than any animal, plant or other fungus, yet littl  ar and molecular level than any animal, plant or other fungus, yet little is known about its ec  imal, plant or other fungus, yet little is known about its ecology. this study will lead to a b   in europe and how far they migrate and mix with their relatives in different habitats and geog  geographic locations. s. cerevisiae has been discovered in the bark of oak trees in north ameri   various other parts of the world, they have also been found in soils from holland and finland,  ther parts of the world, they have also been found in soils from holland and finland, but they   oils from holland and finland, but they have not yet been discovered in the oaks of europe. in   land and finland, but they have not yet been discovered in the oaks of europe. in a recent stud  ered in the oaks of europe. in a recent study, scientists in north america discovered that pret  ca discovered that pretreating bark and soil with alcohol and sugar led to the isolation of s.    led to the isolation of s. cerevisiae, even though their occurrence in bark and soil would oth  in bark and soil would otherwise rarely be noticed. the use of this technique is likely to lead  . in this study, small amounts of soil, bark or grapes will be taken back to the lab and analys  s. the dna sequences of the yeasts that are discovered in this way are studied for signs of gen   yeasts that are discovered in this way are studied for signs of genetic subdivision. if there   no admixture between these sites now or even in the last few thousand years. the level of diffe   the dna sequences from different sites can lead to an estimate of approximately how long it ha  y the most rapidly evolving type of dna sequence in yeasts - the centromere - something that ch   and so will minimise the amount of dna sequence necessary to spot differences. though useful f  role in any kind of cell division. they form the points at which the cell s machinery attaches   that certain types of change to the dna sequence of a centromere resulted in various types of f  e isolation between species i will also use the data from the investigation into yeast ecology
182	8	al and global scales. to study this, we use dna sequences from fruit bodies and from ectomycorr   in plant-fungus compatibility. here we use predominantly sequences from root tips where the ho  ces from root tips where the host plant is determined. we plan to study the population genetics   where the host plant is determined. we plan to study the population genetics and autecology, i  tella radiosa and thelephora terrestris form resupinate and stipitate fruit bodies, respectivel  xa are conspecific based on unpublished sequence data. the factors affecting their fruit body t  eir fruit body type will be studied. we study population genetics and the means of dispersal in  sp. in transects will be studied and we elaborate microsatellite markers to distinguish the ind
10249	16	the nearby vent site with the ship, and undertake the first ever rov dives at a deep-sea vent o  volutionised ideas about how ecosystems can be supplied with energy, and even provided clues to  ed clues to the origins of life. but we have yet to understand what controls the global distrib   life at vents, where different species are found at vents in different regions. these province   are not yet understood. deep-sea vents are dotted along the mid-ocean ridge, a 65000 km chain   d along the mid-ocean ridge, a 65000 km chain of undersea volcanoes. some sections of the mid-o  lcanically active than others. the swir is an ultraslow-spreading ridge, where there is less vo   ultraslow-spreading ridge, where there is less volcanic activity and the plates of the earth s  eading ridges, such as the mid-atlantic ridge, vents are hundreds of kilometres apart. this dif  ds of kilometres apart. this difference may influence which species are found at vents, as the    difference may influence which species are found at vents, as the larvae of some species are m  e at deep-sea vents. as much of what we know about the dispersal of deep-sea species in general  ata collected by the rov will therefore test the hypothesis that there is a new province of ven  herefore test the hypothesis that there is a new province of vent biology in the southern hemis  or the marine biotechnology sector, and share its discoveries with the public through outreach   vent on the swir represents exceptional value for nerc science. by answering a key question in
14706	9	e geographical history of taxa can only be established by indirect means. one approach for terr  edge of datable marine barriers . if we can demonstrate the differentiation is approximately ti  te the differentiation is approximately time-related, as it often is with dna sequences, this p  approximately time-related, as it often is with dna sequences, this provides a potent means of   barriers concerned. in this project, we propose to use these methods of inference, combining mo  5 biodiversity hot-spots of the planet, is ideal for such a project as a number of well-dated m  ain objectives of this proposal are 1.- infer the geographical history and evolution of the rep  diterranean basin; 2.- characterize and compare the molecular evolutionary rates of reptiles an  g conservation priorities. it will also make an excellent historical, systematic and comparativ
14505	11	ular plants, a high number of endemisms are found. based on molecular data, many of them are no  . based on molecular data, many of them are not relict species but seem to have evolved after t  tes is quite different and only a small number of endemisms is found. one explication might be   nt and only a small number of endemisms is found. one explication might be that bryophytes are    very ancient. alternatively, the small size of the spores or propagules might allow large dist   spores or propagules might allow large distance dispersal at a higher frequency than that obse  an that observed in vascular plants. we pretend to study with dna based methods the population   idely distributed species. if there are major obstacles to gene flow due to the situation on is  low due to the situation on islands, we expect highly structered populations with marked differ  ental populations. furthermore, we will compare widespread species with endemisms in order to t  re slowly than vascular plants, we will apply a molecular clock in order to estimate the time o
14601	12	ular plants, a high number of endemisms are found. based on molecular data, many of them are no  . based on molecular data, many of them are not relict species but seem to have evolved after t  tes is quite different and only a small number of endemisms is found. one explication might be   nt and only a small number of endemisms is found. one explication might be that bryophytes are    very ancient. alternatively, the small size of the spores or propagules might allow large dist   spores or propagules might allow large distance dispersal at a higher frequency than that obse  an that observed in vascular plants. we pretend to study with dna based methods the population   ophytes of the macaronesian islands and seven closely related but widely distributed species. i  idely distributed species. if there are major obstacles to gene flow due to the situation on is  low due to the situation on islands, we expect highly structered populations with marked differ  ental populations. furthermore, we will compare widespread species with endemisms in order to t  re slowly than vascular plants, we will apply a molecular clock in order to estimate the time o
14937	8	the geographic structure of biodiversity is primarily determined by sp  distributions, but at the intraspecific scale it is fine tuned by population differentiation. e  h parasites, vectors and reservoirs are being transported worldwide due to global trade and cli  teractions using the blackcap . we will test predictions derived from each scenario. then, we w  rived from each scenario. then, we will examine to what extent parasite distribution drives the  eographic scales, by placing geographic structure of mhc variation in the context of the geogra   parasites. the results of this project are expected to have a high impact in the fields of eco  ll also allow training phd students and reinforce our ongoing international collaborations.
15129	1	cape verde archipelago and the african north western coast : 625-659. 2007 on the phytogeograf
6808	1	hibernation strategies. these processes were correlated with the emergence of the himalaya and
11728	2	biohopanoids, which are synthesised by many bacteria and preserved in sedim  ny bacteria and preserved in sediments, have enormous potential as marker compounds for present
14115	4	but this extinction is also an indirect threat to future human well-being because of loss of bi  an indirect threat to future human well-being because of loss of biodiversity, particularly of   irective etc. objectives: 1.develop and implement methods of biomonitoring for evaluation of ai   pollution distribution . 2.develop and implement biological indication methods in remote and u
15264	8	active stranding, individual or massive is an unnatural situation in all cetacean species. acti   all cetacean species. active stranding is defined as an alive cetacean strand on the coast, re  tself for this kind of organism that it is not anatomical and physiologically adaptated to a fi  ild terrestrial animals. these injuries can appear as the only findings or as a get over from p  rity and consequences of these injuries can cause death of the animal or to aggravate seriously   the stranded animals, at the time that can determine the later rehabilitation, causing a failu  r interaction with the human beings. we propose specific targets for our study: creation of a r  s for our study: creation of a regional bank of tissues for the accomplishment of future studie
1101	6	from protein structure-function studies are coordinated and lead to a national bioinfomatics po  re-function studies are coordinated and lead to a national bioinfomatics portal where the devel  l professor of bioinformatics will also allow us to develop a multimedia package in support of   port material for training. the project is structured into 5 work packages: wp1. biological dat  m divided in 3 activities as follows: - design of the architecture of a national bioinformatics  l bioinformatics portal architecture; - design of the support material to bioinformatics traini
12036	1	ed to infer the routes of invasion have been developed and made available to the public. thanks
7642	3	ironments in which they live. secondly, soil invertebrates heavily involved in the operation of  etsi the project aims to synthesize and organize the information on biological and ecological f  ing tools specific to the compartment ' soil ' ecosystems
15074	21	f immigration on its demographic future must be considered. moreover, maternal origin may relat  e considered. moreover, maternal origin may relate to the newborn weight and to other biologica   continue elevated. the present project is intended to establish, besides maternal age, parity   intended to establish, besides maternal age, parity and pregnancy duration, a possible effect o  ossible effect of late reproduction and sub-fertility treatments on the incidence of prematurit  munities, and rural-urban environments, justify the achievement of a geographical analysis whic  ability. the objectives proposed are: 1-analyze for the period 1983-2007 the evolution of the n   be accomplished regarding the maternal age distribution and newborn weight. 2- identify territ  age distribution and newborn weight. 2- identify territorial variations responding to heterogen  o heterogeneity for observed values. 3- identify relevant factors, such as sex, origin, number    relevant factors, such as sex, origin, number of newborns per delivery and province and provid  second stage curves for the whole spain are to be obtained. 4- relate the number of births at t  stage curves for the whole spain are to be obtained. 4- relate the number of births at term or    the whole spain are to be obtained. 4- relate the number of births at term or pre-term to fact  ate the number of births at term or pre-term to factors such as mothers nationality, age and pa  mothers nationality, age and parity. 5- establish the possible relationship between late matern  relationship between late maternity and weight at birth as well between the later and still bir  hs throughout the period considered. 6- compare spanish to non spanish women with respect to th  ts obtained for the above variables. 7- determine for multiple deliveries their possible associ  nd low and very low weight at birth. 8- apply a data projection in order to estimate the number  vince and per autonomous community that could require special neonatal care.
14743	2	invasive species can pose a major threat to the biotic diversity and int  ches to the study of this issue are to: assess the habitat use and movement patterns in several
15120	12	c factors determine the composition and structure of the communities, and the food web organiza  onds or confinement in coastal lagoons, are determinant for the community structure in mediterr  he community structure in mediterranean shallow lentic ecosystems. the effects of the physical   o their biological tolerance range, and act also indirectly due to changes in the food web orga  op predators explains these changes and could imply a modification of the predation pressure on  s, characteristics of these ecosystems, modify or regulate the predation effects. in order to r  eristics of these ecosystems, modify or regulate the predation effects. in order to reach this   n order to reach this objective we will study two shallow lentic ecosystems: temporary ponds, w  iability of nutrient input and salinity are reported. these studies take into account different   as field studies in sites with high or low predation density, in which we will compare the com  low predation density, in which we will compare the community structure. in all the studies we   y structure. in all the studies we will perform, the community structure will be analysed by me
11185	1	analysis system that will substantially increase productivity and to cover voyage-participation
10129	8	functional diversity carbon isotope and trace where that carbon is used and emitted - ie how mu  bon isotope and trace where that carbon is used and emitted - ie how much labeled co2 is emitte  d and emitted - ie how much labeled co2 is emitted and which organisms use it in their metaboli  n to inform our analysis of the data we get from field measurements. in our analysis we will st  . in our analysis we will statistically examine what microbes/root functions are most important  soil respiration to climatic change and use our laboratory data to provide mechanistic interpre   statistical analysis. combined we will develop a new understanding of the response by soil res  iration to climatic warming and we will test how important biological diversity is for controll
10417	8	functional diversity carbon isotope and trace where that carbon is used and emitted - ie how mu  bon isotope and trace where that carbon is used and emitted - ie how much labeled co2 is emitte  d and emitted - ie how much labeled co2 is emitted and which organisms use it in their metaboli  n to inform our analysis of the data we get from field measurements. in our analysis we will st  . in our analysis we will statistically examine what microbes/root functions are most important  soil respiration to climatic change and use our laboratory data to provide mechanistic interpre   statistical analysis. combined we will develop a new understanding of the response by soil res  iration to climatic warming and we will test how important biological diversity is for controll
11411	8	functional diversity carbon isotope and trace where that carbon is used and emitted - ie how mu  bon isotope and trace where that carbon is used and emitted - ie how much labeled co2 is emitte  d and emitted - ie how much labeled co2 is emitted and which organisms use it in their metaboli  n to inform our analysis of the data we get from field measurements. in our analysis we will st  . in our analysis we will statistically examine what microbes/root functions are most important  soil respiration to climatic change and use our laboratory data to provide mechanistic interpre   statistical analysis. combined we will develop a new understanding of the response by soil res  iration to climatic warming and we will test how important biological diversity is for controll
9891	8	functional diversity carbon isotope and trace where that carbon is used and emitted - ie how mu  bon isotope and trace where that carbon is used and emitted - ie how much labeled co2 is emitte  d and emitted - ie how much labeled co2 is emitted and which organisms use it in their metaboli  n to inform our analysis of the data we get from field measurements. in our analysis we will st  . in our analysis we will statistically examine what microbes/root functions are most important  soil respiration to climatic change and use our laboratory data to provide mechanistic interpre   statistical analysis. combined we will develop a new understanding of the response by soil res  iration to climatic warming and we will test how important biological diversity is for controll
13943	1	n biological diversity . recent reserch stress the insufficient connection that exist between g
14420	4	on the flood plane of the lower danube concentrate a huge biological diversity. they are a sou  trate a huge biological diversity. they are a source of significant biological resource and pla   of significant biological resource and play an important role as a functional component of the  nable ecosystem functioning and optimal use of their biological resources. for the purposes of
14533	2	in this project, we propose the genetic analysis of two ancient neolithic p  haracterized in their regional context, is the only element that will enable us to solve the co
12681	3	of native species and in the extent and condition of semi-natural habitats. the project will re  t vulnerable to climate change. it will identify, develop and update indicators of climate chan  e change. it will identify, develop and update indicators of climate change induced trends whic
14703	7	s, mainly in low and mid-order reaches, are submitted to drastic discharge variations. such nat  order reaches, are submitted to drastic discharge variations. such natural variations can be ac  rge variations. such natural variations can be accentuated because of climate change effects. d  nging their intensity and relevance. it is then necessary to know the function of the biologica  h changing periods, or during the inter-phase periods. this knowledge is even more necessary fo   river is flowing through the microbial loop, becoming the clue of the self-depuration fluvial    . to achieve these three objectives it is important to know the quantity and quality of organi
2550	5	source. methylacidiphilum kamchatkense, strain kam1, which my lab isolated from an acidic hot s  h as substrate limitation and available copper, on the expression of pmo operons will be assess  anisms are of particular interest; they may represent a novel subcellular micro-compartment for  nique intracellular structures may also play a role in detoxification and/or carbon assimilatio  from other geothermal regions will also be explored, in part, through international collaborati
14702	6	in biofilms of fluvial systems and they form the global food web in streams. the trophic struct  global food web in streams. the trophic structure of fauna, from protozoa to macroinvertebrates  in biofilm structure. benthic organisms are organized in base to material availability and thei  terranean streams these characteristics are submitted to important fluctuations. dry and flood   tted to important fluctuations. dry and flood periods besides changes on light intensity and te  cal process. the aim of this subproject is focused on interactions between fauna and other biof
14558	4	, galemys pyrenaicus. from a scientific point of view, the pyrenean desman represents one of th  l contribute to characterise the actual state of pyrenean populations. analyses of use of habit  ill allow, respectively, to clarify and establish precisely the environmental requisites of the   that will be useful for the design and implement management and conservation plans for the spe
14421	14	invasive alien species . bulgaria is among the countries in euro        invasive alien species . bulgaria is among the countries in europe with rather insufficie  y and paths of invasion of the invasive alien species in the bulgarian flora and contribute to   lien species in the bulgarian flora and contribute to minimising their negative effects on the   ms. the following methods will be used: field observation, karyological, molecular, embryologic   of ias, past and current distribution, plant communities susceptible for particular ias, chrom  umbers, genome size, population genetic structure, fungal and pest diseases and effectiveness o  e methods of mitigation and control. it is expected that at the and of the project the followin  rsity. 3. identified trends of invasive alien vascular plant species in bulgaria. 4. significan  ified trends of invasive alien vascular plant species in bulgaria. 4. significant enlargement o  enlargement of the database on invasive alien vascular plants. 5. measures for mitigation and c   plants. 5. measures for mitigation and control of worst ias tested. 6. parameters from the nat  pecies in the bulgarian flora. 9. a web-site for the invasive and potentially invasive species   acity to address various ias issues and fulfil bulgarias obligations to international conventio
14965	3	us population that adquires the islamic culture or an alocthonous human group. under these hypo  up. under these hypothesis we must also consider the existence of gene flow, that could affect   nsider the existence of gene flow, that could affect the female and/or male lineages. the possi
7610	5	entative of a major class of eukaryotic plant pathogens, oomycetes. the main purpose is to puri  rify for the first time in a eukaryotic plant pathogen, phytophthora parasitica, type autoinduc  lant pathogen, phytophthora parasitica, type autoinducer molecules responsible for the formatio   for the formation of microcolonies and characterize molecular markers of induced cellular resp   define the scientific and experimental framework for their operation
15280	7	archaea are a common component of prokaryotic freshwater plankt  me archaeal halophiles and thermophiles were described long ago with their functions, roles and  logical methods and bioinformatic tools can be utilized. for instance, recent studies indicate   e that ubiquitous pelagic crenarchaeota play an essential role in biogeochemical cycling in aqu  nitrificant bacteria. however, there is still a lack of basic knowledge on both archaeal biolog  atural abundances of uncultured archaea range between 1-40% of total bacterioplankton . we plan  en 1-40% of total bacterioplankton . we plan in situ studies along contrasted gradients as comp
15281	6	archaea are a very recent common component of lake plankton has  ies, optimal physiological activity and function in the ecosystem. only combining advanced mole  amics of these groups in lakes banyoles lake system characterized by a very active sulfureta an   the low cultivability of lake archaea, explore new strategies for isolation and obtain relevan  xplore new strategies for isolation and obtain relevant data about their metabolic potential al  emical cycles operating in the lake and determine their role in the ecosystem functioning
14575	3	of the global environmental change and are viewed as one of the most important determinants of  s of change in biodiversity at a global scale, usually with harmful ecological and economic eff  by being ever-present and by their huge number, have established a wide array of relationships
14951	3	ants have been described as centre of ecological interactions. by  supercolony of lasius neglectus that is being surveyed since 1999, and allow the completion of    that is being surveyed since 1999, and allow the completion of the map of the iberian distribu
13732	12	recent advances in gene technology have been applied to create fast-growing transgenic fish, wh  plied to create fast-growing transgenic fish, which are of great commercial interest to shorten  terest to shorten production cycles and increase food production. however, there is growing con   escaped growth hormone transgenic fish may have on the natural environment. to predict these r   environment. to predict these risks it is crucial to obtain data on the relative fitness of tr  itness of transgenic and non-transgenic fish under nature-like conditions. empirical data on th  cking at present. since transgenic fish cannot be released to the wild, studies on these fish m  ased to the wild, studies on these fish must be carried out in specially contained laboratory f  questions of why growth in nature often is below that physiologically possible. by comparing th  rmance of transgenic and non-transgenic fish at different life-stages and under various environ  t of the relative success of transgenic fish under natural conditions can be made.   ransgenic fish under natural conditions can be made.
15026	5	tii y p. umbilicalis, up to date, there are not detailed studies about the most of them. firstl  e iberian peninsula. afterwards we will be able to compare them with the rest of the sequences   scribe the iberian porphyra species and compare them with the rest of porphyra inhabiting in ot  ing in other areas. in addition we will delimitate the differences and similitude between the a  c and mediterranean species and we will be able to describe possible cryptic species. finally w
14494	15	et experience in the manage to which we spend the two years in order to initiate in the third y  pecies in farming. with this project we try to increase the knowledge about h. elisae which inh   earthworms such as sandy, degraded and low nutrient soils where commonly this species develops  cies develops adaptative features which could allow us to understand the soil fauna biology in   at sort of environments. furthermore it is not as well to forget that it seems to approach a cl  seems to approach a climate change that could involve an increase of the surface of arid and po  rmation about their function in iberian soil, including agriculture ones where they are very of  , including agriculture ones where they are very often dominant species. must point out the int  ming or minimum intervention ones start being a clear option of future. taking as a starting po  ch as feeding and reproduction and also depend on the adaptation to environmental conditions. a  established the following objectives we try to study the infiltration rate, water retention and   we try to study the infiltration rate, water retention and loss of soil. on the biological pro  production in laboratory microcosms and jail microcosms at field, the third year the work at fa  ll be studied also. in h. elisae the we try to investigate the transformations of organic matte   cycles. in a. caliginosa an d a. rosea soil selection, gut transit time, gut content and event
14788	5	re efficient accumulators of metals and respond to pollution in a sensitive and measurable mann  s. several authors suggested that slugs can be used in soil health assessment in the manner tha   manner that mussels and other molluscs are used in marine pollution monitoring programs to des  nitoring programs to design a worldwide slug-watch program based on the biomarker approach for   ug-watch program based on the biomarker approach for soil pollution monitoring.
15564	4	or protists. marine protists typically live in huge populations with rapid turnover. they may   e populations with rapid turnover. they may build complex , biomarks will provide baseline data  ge-base. finally biomarks will actively promote the diffusion of its data and new methods to a   search programs on marine biodiversity, major genetic databases and protist culture collections
11506	1	appropriate research, communication and impact strategies for their different contexts. innovat
11601	11	to improve our knowledge on how global change, including climate change and human modification   biological and anthropogenic processes are intertwined in this global integrated system. among  formation suitable for carbon cycle and earth system models does not exist, nor do we have the    cycle and earth system models does not exist, nor do we have the global, consistent, accurate   earth system models does not exist, nor do we have the global, consistent, accurate and frequen  system models does not exist, nor do we have the global, consistent, accurate and frequently up   and change needed for biodiversity and forest management investigations. this need is urgent a  or any other data source. the biomass p-band radar will provide a unique, major contribution to  ass p-band radar will provide a unique, major contribution to meeting this need. it will signif  eeting this need. it will significantly improve our ability to quantify the terrestrial compone  ystems, and will help to fill a crucial gap in the data requirements for coupled models of the
11467	4	sibility of applying cutting edge micro-helicopter surveillance technology to glacial research.  essary to achieve this. this system has been used to carry out environmental survey of mudflats  as been used to carry out environmental survey of mudflats and we will now apply this technolog  ntal survey of mudflats and we will now apply this technology to glaciology for the first time.
6917	7	neages. the achievements of the surveys can result in several new insights in the bottom-up phy  ailed survey of the following questions is planned: 1. can we support the direct connection bet  llowing questions is planned: 1. can we support the direct connection between the increase of t  nd with the sperm competition 2. can we detect the principle of parsimony in the morphological   ther the similar functional constraints can lead to similar morphological solutions in the lock  y distant groups in which processes one can discover some basic biomechanical principles. the m  cal principles. the material of surveys is supplied mostly by our own former taxonomical revisi
14901	3	tural aggregates. in particular we will try to distinguish those aspects of the microstructure   ose aspects of the microstructure which can be explained by crystal growth processes constitute  ses constitute the purely morphological section of this project.
14924	7	ism has been extensively studied, it is still unknown the bacterial role on vaterite, the less   carbonates. based on our experience, we intend in the present project to study in detail bacter   mail goals of this project is a deeper study of bacterially-induced vaterite precipitation, in  lcium carbonate polymorph. moreover, we intend to study the ultrastructure of bacterial vaterit  the end of establishing biomarkers that can be used to recognize bacterial activity in a wide r  logical records. regarding dolomite, we intend to study dolomite induce precipitation by m. xan  ns. so far, dolomite formation has only been studied in hipersaline environments, remaining sti
10797	21	common in the past in britain. poverty, drug resistance, the hiv, and migration are key factors  rs in its occurrence today. the disease can be caused by any one of five related bacteria known  losis and mycobacterium bovis. m. bovis can infect many different animals, including cows, and   ected by drinking milk, which is why it is pasteurised in britain. today, most tb infections oc  fections occur in the lungs, because it is transmitted via coughing, but other parts of the bod  g, but other parts of the body can also be infected, especially if the disease is caught by eat   be infected, especially if the disease is caught by eating or drinking infected foods. if left  isual examination of skeletons does not reveal which bacterium has caused the infection, nor wh  es is present. we would like to be able identify species and strains because this would enable   o trace the origin of tb in britain. we think tb came to britain from the mediterranean region   nes from southern europe. similarly, we believe that there were changes in the frequencies of d  , and changes in the environment. there are also interesting questions about the evolution of t   with europeans. all of these questions could be addressed if we could identify the particular   hese questions could be addressed if we could identify the particular strains of mycobacterium   tly, this was impossible, but now there are techniques for studying the small amounts of ancien  g the small amounts of ancient dna that are preserved in some archaeological skeletons. we will  aeological skeletons. we will therefore extract ancient dna from a variety of skeletons that sh  he bone changes associated with tb, and use dna sequencing to determine which mycobacterium str  europe. our project partners in arizona state university are doing similar work with bones from  zona state university are doing similar work with bones from north america, and by comparing ou  mparing our two sets of results we will be able to study the impact that contact had on tb in t
11565	21	common in the past in britain. poverty, drug resistance, the hiv, and migration are key factors  rs in its occurrence today. the disease can be caused by any one of five related bacteria known  losis and mycobacterium bovis. m. bovis can infect many different animals, including cows, and   ected by drinking milk, which is why it is pasteurised in britain. today, most tb infections oc  fections occur in the lungs, because it is transmitted via coughing, but other parts of the bod  g, but other parts of the body can also be infected, especially if the disease is caught by eat   be infected, especially if the disease is caught by eating or drinking infected foods. if left  isual examination of skeletons does not reveal which bacterium has caused the infection, nor wh  es is present. we would like to be able identify species and strains because this would enable   o trace the origin of tb in britain. we think tb came to britain from the mediterranean region   nes from southern europe. similarly, we believe that there were changes in the frequencies of d  , and changes in the environment. there are also interesting questions about the evolution of t   with europeans. all of these questions could be addressed if we could identify the particular   hese questions could be addressed if we could identify the particular strains of mycobacterium   tly, this was impossible, but now there are techniques for studying the small amounts of ancien  g the small amounts of ancient dna that are preserved in some archaeological skeletons. we will  aeological skeletons. we will therefore extract ancient dna from a variety of skeletons that sh  he bone changes associated with tb, and use dna sequencing to determine which mycobacterium str  europe. our project partners in arizona state university are doing similar work with bones from  zona state university are doing similar work with bones from north america, and by comparing ou  mparing our two sets of results we will be able to study the impact that contact had on tb in t
15087	9	a quantitative risk assessment based only on exposure and toxicity is   mpossible; however, all exposure routes are integrated when field studies and biomarkers are em  rated when field studies and biomarkers are employed in higher-tier testing associated to backg  y of wild bird species, firstly raptor, are scarcely or null. this knowledge could allow us to   r, are scarcely or null. this knowledge could allow us to detect early warning for to point tow  ld be useful in exposure assessment and risk prediction in populations of raptors. in the secon   areas of known environmental pollution could allow us to identify exposure ranges and their re  , etc. long-term studies could not only allow us to detect environmental exposure tendencies ti  , protected areas or endangered species must be taken. in the third place, this study will try
7613	6	to environmental impacts. a significant fraction of these pollutants is hydrophobic but also on  iquid organic pollutants, and therefore are not accessible to chemical measurements. on the oth  and composition of the pollutants, they do not predict the ecosystem's ability to degrade the.   ion. these indicators may be biosensors consist of a bacterial strain engineered to respond to   to respond to a pollutant or biomarkers consist of genes whose presence and expression in an en  e presence of a pollutant. such systems could be designed by exploiting the natural functions o
12048	2	new caledonia is an old and remote island with amazing specific richn  ific richness and endemism. the project is aimed at investigating the relationships of the ende
14954	6	and plants active in pah bioremediation influence the bioaccssibility of contaminants, and poss  ating their complete mineralization. we propose a progressive approach in which a previous stud  rogressive approach in which a previous study of representative bacteria will be performed, in   ubstrates and cultures . target pahs to be used as model compounds will be naphthalene, phenant  e, pyrene and fluoranthene, all of them present in creosote, that will be taken as model pah mi  ll be taken as model pah mixture. also, part of this study will be performed with contaminated
13313	13	monitoring progress in achieving the eu target to halt the loss of biodiversity by 2010 is the   o halt the loss of biodiversity by 2010 is the recently endorsed set of eu headline biodiversit  2010 is the recently endorsed set of eu headline biodiversity indicators. a requirement by the   ity indicators. a requirement by the eu is to complement the indicator set and the development   ed community policies as well as the eu headline biodiversity indicators. this tool will be app  rnet. the specific objectives are to: - assemble the necessary knowledge-base for developing th   to: - assemble the necessary knowledge-base for developing the tool; - build a cost-effective   owledge-base for developing the tool; - build a cost-effective impact assessment tool in the fo  ies database with sensitivity scores; - apply the tool for the purpose of assessing the impacts  rivers and pressures on biodiversity; - apply the tool for analysing the effectiveness of europ  iveness of european policy responses; - apply the tool for modelling european-wide scenarios fo  -wide scenarios for selected drivers; - integrate the knowledge into a common monitoring framew  f selected pressures on biodiversity; - propose incentives for a wide uptake of the tool.
14331	3	owadays, is today established that tropical forests are disappea  at tropical forests are disappearing or being degraded at worrying rates. the main threat for t  eforestation. yet, more than just logs, forest ecosystems produce many other services of prime
15126	12	the ecological group of trichomycetes includes filamentous protozoans    filamentous protozoans spain, which we include basically for monitoring selected populations t  tions to perform ecological studies and explore specific undocumented regions of biological int  nd biogeographic history. trichomycetes are cosmopolitan in their distribution, evidencing the   llions of years of connivance: they are present wherever their hosts live, and may provide stab   present wherever their hosts live, and may provide stability to the arthropod communities, and  ccording to previous experiences, there is a high potentiality for inestimable species diversit  ries landscape. new taxa are certain to be discovered in new geographic areas and new habitats.   concerning host biodiversity will also increase our understanding of co-speciation processes,   iation processes, and the ecologic data may allow another potential area of research to be deve  w another potential area of research to be developed in the future: the use of these fungi as w   ion concentrations that could possibly be correlated to water quality standards.
10618	6	portant features of leaf morphology and stem anatomy with angiosperms but virtually nothing is    with angiosperms but virtually nothing is known regarding their climatic significance. this in  ssess if angiosperm-based methodologies can be used to obtain palaeoclimatic signals from catha  c signals from cathaysian gigantopterid leaf assemblages. gigantopterid data will be compared w  allow models of past atmospheric co2 to be constrained by fossil plant evidence. this will also  y fossil plant evidence. this will also test the hypothesis that gigantopterid gymnosperms may
13314	6	main the main objective of biostrat is to support the further development of a european bio  dge on the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity. this strategy is intended to suppo  able use of biodiversity. this strategy is intended to support the decision-making process rega  ort to epbrs to develop and continually revise the eu biodiversity research strategy - includin  ding the multi-stakeholder consultative process of the paris conference,the millenium ecosystem  illenium ecosystem assessment, the 2010 target, esri, gti, gbif, cbd, diversitas
10459	12	ed section. i observed a massive faunal change among the agglutinated benthic foraminifera over  y contrast, display lower diversity and are made up of environmentally tolerant, stratigraphica  ronmentally tolerant, stratigraphically long-ranging forms. the benthic foraminiferal extinctio  as as well. this event has never before been documented in the arctic ocean. the fauna from hol  c ocean to this rapid warming event. we propose to study the benthic foraminifera from hole m00  drilled in august 2004 on the lomonosov ridge, to document the taxonomy and investigate the res  sov ridge, to document the taxonomy and investigate the response of the benthic foraminifera to  water depth and oxygen content. we will make comparisons with benthic foraminiferal faunas desc  and western siberia. therefore, it will be necessary to attend the international workshop on ag  d in the arctic. as the lomonosov ridge was attached to spitsbergen during the cretaceous and e  cretaceous and early paleocene, it will be useful to make direct comparisons with paleogene fau  ge models will be published in the iodp volume, and the detailed taxonomy will be submitted to
15409	2	sent project is innovative, although it is based on the deep knowledge we have acquired of the   case groups and the techniques. we will investigate several cases of radiation , testing them w
15410	2	sent project is innovative, although it is based on the deep knowledge we have acquired of the   case groups and the techniques. we will investigate several cases of radiation , testing them w
12030	2	west indian ocean and related databases are shared among partner institutions and are made avai  e shared among partner institutions and are made available in national and international databa
15180	1	onducted. in addition to its scientific interest, this project has an important applied aspect
1083	15	the evolution of life on earth can be reconstructed using the fossil record and, there  enous processes operating at short- and long-time scales. a high-priority issue in earth scienc   while biota reactions to environmental short-term changes are detectable and modelled in extan  able and modelled in extant ecosystems, long-term variations in the biosphere, usually expresse  and modelled in extant ecosystems, long-term variations in the biosphere, usually expressed by   inction rates, turnovers and stability, require investigations of paleobiotic modifications tha  tions of paleobiotic modifications that are preserved only in geological archives. the links be  n years time-slices compared with large scale events such as climate and sea level changes. how  ses and turnovers and to precisely date/correlate paleobiological and geological events. the oc  astal areas to open ocean settings, and are the most effective producers of calcite on earth. t  eous plankton is of particular interest being characterised by a long, complex history punctuat  extinction rates, turnovers, relatively long intervals of stability and major changes in abunda  e. pelagic sequences offer an excellent archive to study evolutionary processes and their timin  e of environmental changes: continuous, complete, carbonate sections recovered at dsdp hydrosph  ered at dsdp hydrosphere and atmosphere may reveal casual rather than causal relationships.
11242	35	e groups, such as birds and mammals, we know where species live and can identify biodiversity h  mammals, we know where species live and can identify biodiversity hotspots - areas of the world  biodiversity will be affected by global change we need to understand the evolutionary processes  ty will be affected by global change we need to understand the evolutionary processes that gene  rocesses that generate it. yet, species do not evolve in isolation: they evolve together in the  pecies do not evolve in isolation: they evolve together in the context of communities or ecosys  imited resource. can the two species co-exist one might think not - they are in competition wit  ies co-exist one might think not - they are in competition with one another and for one species   and for one species to succeed then it must do so at the expense of the other. this may often    use the resource in different ways, or even to use a different resource altogether. the finche  islands, made famous by charles darwin, reveal both of these outcomes of competition: where two  round finch and the small ground finch, occur together on the same island they can be easily di  round finch, occur together on the same island they can be easily distinguished by differences   ur together on the same island they can be easily distinguished by differences in beak size, bu  in such cases the two species typically have similar, intermediate, beak sizes. so the interact  the two species typically have similar, intermediate, beak sizes. so the interactions between s  act over generations within communities can influence the evolution of biodiversity over thousa  rsity through time in the fossil record be attributed to competition my solution to understandi  that mimic competitive interactions and generate predictions of evolutionary change among compe  ng a range of evolutionary scenarios we can generate predictions of how species change over lon  lter biodiversity. more importantly, we can compare our predictions with real data from living    the importance of species interactions is influenced by other factors. if there is ecological   s influenced by other factors. if there is ecological opportunity such as the chance to occupy   ion will change. ecological opportunity could arise due to environmental change, the evolution   tunity could arise due to environmental change, the evolution of a key innovation or a host of   partly due to the evolution of a unique toe-pad. this type of ecological opportunity may even l   hummingbirds are one such group. there are 330 hummingbird species that feed primarily on nect   species that feed primarily on nectar, occupy diverse habitats across their geographic range,   iverse habitats across their geographic range, and display several feeding behaviours. in short  tats across their geographic range, and display several feeding behaviours. in short, they prov  eral feeding behaviours. in short, they provide an exceptional group to test the relative impor  . in short, they provide an exceptional group to test the relative importance of competition an  ecological opportunity in driving large-scale evolution change. by combining this real-world da  l provide new insight into how past and present-day biological diversity is generated and maint  st and present-day biological diversity is generated and maintained.
10977	23	could be up to 120 metres lower than it is today; then, when the climate warmed, the sea would   rming trend. the impact of such changes was felt most strongly on islands. many island features  rongly on islands. many island features are linked with sea level - they become larger and clos  nd closer to the mainland , and we will use this as a marker for evolutionary change. until now  ontext of climate change, because there are few reliable dates to tell us when these species ev  phants preserved in museums. we already have similar data on mainland species, and the comparis  e percentage reduction in body size and weight, and more detailed features of the teeth and bon  ronments. secondly, we will use cutting-edge techniques to determine the geological age of the    techniques to determine the geological age of the dwarf species. we will employ four different  gical age of the dwarf species. we will employ four different methods of dating that between th  ethods of dating that between them will allow us to determine ages within a narrow range of err  diments from the deposits in which they were found, and also require measurements to be taken a  sits in which they were found, and also require measurements to be taken at the sites. to this   found, and also require measurements to be taken at the sites. to this end we will visit a numb  taken at the sites. to this end we will visit a number of key localities on sicily, malta, cret  s where remains of dwarf elephants have been found, and conduct small excavations to produce fr  of dwarf elephants have been found, and conduct small excavations to produce fresh material for  s to plot maps of the changing size and shape of the islands and, in the case of sicily and mal  g together these three strands, we will be able to determine how global changes impacted the ev   of dwarfing influenced by island size, time of separation, or other factors such as available   ide a microcosm of the impact of global change on mammal evolution. it will also help explain a  t of island dwarfing. it will, finally, refine methods and produce data of broader application,  g. it will, finally, refine methods and produce data of broader application, especially in the
11166	23	could be up to 120 metres lower than it is today; then, when the climate warmed, the sea would   rming trend. the impact of such changes was felt most strongly on islands. many island features  rongly on islands. many island features are linked with sea level - they become larger and clos  nd closer to the mainland , and we will use this as a marker for evolutionary change. until now  ontext of climate change, because there are few reliable dates to tell us when these species ev  phants preserved in museums. we already have similar data on mainland species, and the comparis  e percentage reduction in body size and weight, and more detailed features of the teeth and bon  ronments. secondly, we will use cutting-edge techniques to determine the geological age of the    techniques to determine the geological age of the dwarf species. we will employ four different  gical age of the dwarf species. we will employ four different methods of dating that between th  ethods of dating that between them will allow us to determine ages within a narrow range of err  diments from the deposits in which they were found, and also require measurements to be taken a  sits in which they were found, and also require measurements to be taken at the sites. to this   found, and also require measurements to be taken at the sites. to this end we will visit a numb  taken at the sites. to this end we will visit a number of key localities on sicily, malta, cret  s where remains of dwarf elephants have been found, and conduct small excavations to produce fr  of dwarf elephants have been found, and conduct small excavations to produce fresh material for  s to plot maps of the changing size and shape of the islands and, in the case of sicily and mal  g together these three strands, we will be able to determine how global changes impacted the ev   of dwarfing influenced by island size, time of separation, or other factors such as available   ide a microcosm of the impact of global change on mammal evolution. it will also help explain a  t of island dwarfing. it will, finally, refine methods and produce data of broader application,  g. it will, finally, refine methods and produce data of broader application, especially in the
9890	23	could be up to 120 metres lower than it is today; then, when the climate warmed, the sea would   rming trend. the impact of such changes was felt most strongly on islands. many island features  rongly on islands. many island features are linked with sea level - they become larger and clos  nd closer to the mainland , and we will use this as a marker for evolutionary change. until now  ontext of climate change, because there are few reliable dates to tell us when these species ev  phants preserved in museums. we already have similar data on mainland species, and the comparis  e percentage reduction in body size and weight, and more detailed features of the teeth and bon  ronments. secondly, we will use cutting-edge techniques to determine the geological age of the    techniques to determine the geological age of the dwarf species. we will employ four different  gical age of the dwarf species. we will employ four different methods of dating that between th  ethods of dating that between them will allow us to determine ages within a narrow range of err  diments from the deposits in which they were found, and also require measurements to be taken a  sits in which they were found, and also require measurements to be taken at the sites. to this   found, and also require measurements to be taken at the sites. to this end we will visit a numb  taken at the sites. to this end we will visit a number of key localities on sicily, malta, cret  s where remains of dwarf elephants have been found, and conduct small excavations to produce fr  of dwarf elephants have been found, and conduct small excavations to produce fresh material for  s to plot maps of the changing size and shape of the islands and, in the case of sicily and mal  g together these three strands, we will be able to determine how global changes impacted the ev   of dwarfing influenced by island size, time of separation, or other factors such as available   ide a microcosm of the impact of global change on mammal evolution. it will also help explain a  t of island dwarfing. it will, finally, refine methods and produce data of broader application,  g. it will, finally, refine methods and produce data of broader application, especially in the
2196	7	ls are key species in the baltic and it is expected that they have an important structuring rol  the baltic and it is expected that they have an important structuring role for biodiversity and   ecosystem function. the aim of this wp is to use experimental approaches to address some impor  l density and meta population structure may influence the biodiversity of the associated flora   forming macro algae. these interactions may lead to dramatic ecosystem changes and flips and to  fferent scales i.e. local, regional and include a comparison between baltic and west coast ecos  en baltic and west coast ecosystems. it is also expected that under this wp a scientific synthe
12017	11	coccolithophores are pelagic calcifying microalgae that are heavily impl   active gas dimethylsulfide. coccoliths exhibit remarkable morphological diversity and are cons   remarkable morphological diversity and are conserved in arguably the most continuous and compl  ved in arguably the most continuous and complete fossil record covering the last 220 myr, a uni  ord covering the last 220 myr, a unique tool for studying long-term changes in climate and biod  ain effects of rising anthropogenic co2 is rapid acidification of the oceans, and in particular  ifiers within decades. coccolithophores play a duel role as both actors in, and witnesses of, t  ecular complexity of biomineralization, is strikingly lacking, strongly limiting interpretation  on potentials to oceanic ph changes. we propose a pluridisciplinary approach involving 7 europe  tner to assess the degree, evolutionary pace, and acclimation/adaptation potentials of species-  mation/adaptation potentials of species-level diversity and functional diversity of biominerali
10571	5	topics for scientific research. we are still a long way from solving these ancient murder myst  uence of major changes in deep time, we can gain a unique perspective on current-day climate ch  an-triassic . all of these methods have been used successfully before, but have never been appl  sed successfully before, but have never been applied to studies of the boreal realm. ultimately  xtinctions during the permian can truly be considered global. the results will be publicised to
14594	3	s in mediterranean streams. at the same time, the presence of dissolved microcystins in running  issolved microcystins in running waters was recorded, with maximum levels near 4 ppb evaluate t  ecorded, with maximum levels near 4 ppb evaluate the role of cyanobacteria biofilms on the ecol
12442	6	summary objective: – map potential vmes which may occur in the nafo regulato  y objective: – map potential vmes which may occur in the nafo regulatory area at depths less th  tory area at depths less than 2000 m. – study the distribution of fishing effort in the nafo re  g effort in the nafo regulatory area. – propose the closure of sensitive areas to bottom fisher  dy aimed to map the potential vmes that may exist in the nafo regulatory area at depths shallow  er than 2000 m. embarking on scientific research in this area would enhance our international r
11456	7	by amazon rain forest to el niño events can switch the region from a carbon sink to a source. h   a carbon sink to a source. however, we do not understand the mechanisms underlying these respo  n forest-atmosphere interactions. there is an added need to advance this understanding given th  change by rain forest during an el niño do not yet exist. clear predictions for a 2002/3 el niñ  r predictions for a 2002/3 el niño have been made recently. we wish to make use of this event t  2/3 el niño have been made recently. we wish to make use of this event to make measurements of   scales at an e. amazonian site. we will use the new data in combination with a modelling framew
10859	6	st african streams spend a considerable amount of time on land, although whether this is stimul   of time on land, although whether this is stimulated by foraging or seeking refugia is unknown   if they feed extensively on land, they may actively transport large amounts of energy from lan   extensively on land, they may actively transport large amounts of energy from land to freshwat  tic environments, and by analysing mark-recapture information, use of the terrestrial environme  y analysing mark-recapture information, use of the terrestrial environment by this freshwater t
11035	8	es to species and populations to genes, is critical for ecosystem health. it is essential, ther  s, is critical for ecosystem health. it is essential, therefore, to provide a robust framework   sential, therefore, to provide a robust framework to understand mechanisms that promote or cons  o understand mechanisms that promote or constrain adaptive divergence and potential response to  these processes within species. we will do this by employing an interdisciplinary approach that   this by employing an interdisciplinary approach that provides a unique examination of the inte   of the interplay between landscape and key demographic parameters that drive adaptive divergen  ive divergence: gene flow whether there are fundamental differences between protist and metazoa
6971	6	ucts. a new form of utilisation has now been conceived for the results achieved by american bio  logical companies, such as monsanto and dow: new genes are not only incorporated into their own  ese new biotechnological results are to be exploited in maize breeding, it will be necessary to  be exploited in maize breeding, it will be necessary to create an infrastructure that allows th  frastructure that allows these genes to be incorporated into local breeding stock at a high tec  vironment. in this way new inbred lines could be developed in far less time than using conventi
14592	1	the little bustard tetrax tetrax is polygynous steppe bird declining all over its distri
6919	10	ods of screening and resistance testing are evaluated, now the task is their massive use for br  valuated, now the task is their massive use for breeding more resistant cultivars resisting als   a result, the release of new cultivars is planned and new candidates for state trials will be   nificant improvement of the phenotyping is the task, as present methods are often not reliable.  be questionable, too. the anti fusarium effect of the trangenes aldose and ferritine reductases  dose and ferritine reductases will also be tested. they are important is stress resistance, so   ne reductases will also be tested. they are important is stress resistance, so an antifungal ef  ess resistance, so an antifungal effect can be supposed. the organization of the production of   quality will be also a highly important task of the project. of course, the yielding ability wi   course, the yielding ability will also be seriously considered.
6728	5	the pea varieties cultivated in hungary have not yet such complex resistance. in drought the wa   fusarium named debreceni galamb and it can be utilised for feeding the birds. from 1998 it beg  gan the breeding program to improve new green pea varieties utilised for fresh markets. it has   th resistance to fusarium pathogens. we investigate the agronomic traits and nutritive quality   rance of these breeding lines have also been tested.
6927	5	c conditions, lodging-resistance, above-average drought resistance, early ripening, excellent y  t resistance, early ripening, excellent yield potential, good malt and brewery quality will be   n of the new varieties, and undoubtedly better marketable goods are produced increasing the pro  and undoubtedly better marketable goods are produced increasing the profitability of the produc  two variety-candidates, variety, patent is planned a year in our program.
10395	2	richest botanical sites in britain, and is internationally important for its sorbus diversity,    6. calculate pollen neighbourhoods and predict densities of s. aria required to effect seed pr
14798	2	med polyploids avoids hybridization and may counteract the tendency to be excluded by diploids   tion and may counteract the tendency to be excluded by diploids to study whether populations of
12032	2	f this study was also to bring together research efforts on plant biodiversity in french guiana   date, five papers are in review, and 6 are in preparation.
14899	5	several selective pressures can account for patterns of sexual size dimorphism . we  ures can account for patterns of sexual size dimorphism . we will also implement a spatially-ex  f sexual size dimorphism . we will also implement a spatially-explicit individual-based model t  tive evolution of male morphologies. we hope that this project will substantially contribute to  pe that this project will substantially contribute to push forward the research on sexual selec
11738	4	pond to environmental change. but there is a fundamental problem in the study of speciation: fi  m on a fishes teeth as it feeds we will be able to interpret the dietary preferences and feedin  d feeding ecology of fossil fishes, and test the hypothesis that speciation and evolutionary ch  that speciation and evolutionary change were driven by shifts in feeding and competition for fo
13572	4	water color and doc in surface waters, is a large-scale environmental problem, probably caused  r and doc in surface waters, is a large-scale environmental problem, probably caused by climate  bably caused by climate change. we will analyze the magnitude, time course, cause records of la  of runoff, doc-losses from soils and in-lake doc processing.
14117	6	stopping global decrease of biological diversity is nowadays one of the  comprise globally only 22%. at the same time the biological diversity may have increased due to  ibution areas and overall diversity. it is yet not known which conditions lead to fatal impover  tant and vulnerable species to a region can serve as flagship species to certain groups of enda  . if the reason for their vulnerability is explained, conservation of many more species will be  and analytic methods. special attention is directed to the ascertainment of the biology and eco
6909	4	ophytes and fungi dwelling on dead logs were surveyed in near-natural beech woods between 2000   we would like to analyze these data and publish the results in international scientific journal  sts stands of high stand structural and tree species diversity managed by tree selection loggin  ing or shelter wood systems. in 2004 we plan preliminary field trips and the selection of sites
15430	12	e since climatic conditions drastically change over short distances. bryophytes constitute an i  ces. bryophytes constitute an important part of the biodiversity in land ecosystems with approx  change: because of their poikilohiydric condition they are very sensitive to macro- and microcl   of their poikilohiydric condition they are very sensitive to macro- and microclimate variation  le to climate change, in addition, they have rapid responses under environmental changes and th  nder environmental changes and they are fast-growing organisms. for genetic studies, bryophytes  ophytes, one included in this proposal, can perform homologous recombination of dna using an ar  of vital importance. nevertheless, they have not been used frequently due to lack of data such   importance. nevertheless, they have not been used frequently due to lack of data such as distri  e to the biodiversity of the planet, we propose to study the following aspects of the biology o  ence-absence of a specific genotype and check for the reliability and generality of the models   ven that wide morphological variability is observed in both species.
12417	7	summary objective: there is a need to expand the range in which fulmars are coll  ed to expand the range in which fulmars are collected from around the coast in the uk. key cust  e: the current study depends on a small number of people who arrange the collection of fulmar c  depends on a small number of people who arrange the collection of fulmar corpses washed up on t   extracted and the contents sent to jan van franeker in the netherlands as part of a project in  annual report on the data collected and make recommendations of how the scheme can be made more   make recommendations of how the scheme can be made more effective.
15582	1	opment of many countries. however, they are amongst the areas of the world experiencing the hig
11064	25	s to develop a user-friendly model that can be used to predict how environmental change influen   specialist model that has to date only been used within the scientific modelling community. th  ons that feed in these areas, and hence advise coastal policy and management for these species.  gement for these species. the model has been used to advise management of coastal shellfisherie  nsuring that bird populations that also consume shellfish are not adversely affected. it has be  fish are not adversely affected. it has been used to predict the effect of habitat loss through  habitat creation schemes. the model has been used in the marine environment to predict the rela  rms on populations of diving ducks, and identify the developments that have the minimum effect   d understanding its output, it has only been used by specialist modellers within the scientific  atisfactory, as this tool should really be accessible to those who have a direct interest in co  hould really be accessible to those who have a direct interest in coastal management and policy   abundance of shellfish from which they need to set quotas for the amount of shellfish that can  quotas for the amount of shellfish that can be removed, whilst leaving enough to ensure the sur  l of co-dependent bird populations, and could do this in-house with a suitable model. likewise,   bird populations, and could do this in-house with a suitable model. likewise, the model could   h a suitable model. likewise, the model could be used by developers to compare the ecological i  eps to develop a model for a system and define the required outputs. the new user-friendly mode   predicting the effect of environmental change on coastal birds, and with whom the research tea  olvement in the project, and ultimately obtain the tool they require. although, during the proj  structed in a general way, such that it is not restricted to these systems, and can be applied   is not restricted to these systems, and can be applied to a wider range of systems in the futur   systems, and can be applied to a wider range of systems in the future. these priority systems   m to advertise the existence of the new model as a tool for addressing environmental conflicts   ms. additionally, to allow the model to be distributed as widely as possible, and to ensure tha  as possible, and to ensure that updates can be made available after the end of the project, a w
12722	5	in cites bulbs from turkey and georgia is the highest unit trade in cites plants or animals -   llion bulbs/year. little or no work has been done to assess the impact of cites regulations on    regulations on the livelihoods of the ‘harvest families. this project will assess and model th   families. this project will assess and model that impact, review possible incentives, explore   ject will assess and model that impact, review possible incentives, explore links to the cites
10675	2	that variations exist with latitude. it is therefore likely that identification of resin transp  pic signature will be possible. we will measure both bulk pinus sp. resin lining roman amphorae
15221	9	s for this decline are largely unknown, even though these insects play a key role in plant repr  ion crisis. in principle, global change is held responsible for this decline, particularly due   in the uses of the land, which directly affect species distribution ranges and resource availab  on ranges and resource availability. it is mandatory to know which species are more likely to s  se scenarios of change, and why. it has been suggested that those species with narrower climate  effects of global change. this proposal is based in the cantabrian mountains to analyze the eff  d outcome is to ascertain whether there is a significant decline of bumblebees in the cantabria  scertain whether there is a significant decline of bumblebees in the cantabrian range and which  e suffering it. from a more theoretical point of view, the main contribution of the proposal wo
10643	21	modern marine ecosystems were established during the early palaeozoic radiations  s only a fraction of ancient diversity, while famous soft-bodied biotas such as the burgess sha  s by exploiting a new, largely untapped source of palaeontological data: burgess shale-type mic  of palaeontological data: burgess shale-type microfossils. like their macroscopic counterparts   iomineralizing organisms, but they also extend the view to include previously unrecorded forms    quite common - to the extent that they can begin to be used to test macroevolutionary hypothes   - to the extent that they can begin to be used to test macroevolutionary hypotheses. systemati  s. systematic analysis of burgess shale-type microfossils through the middle to late cambrian w  late cambrian will shed fundamental new light on early evolutionary patterns, not least the poo   and macroecology, this study will also provide a unique, evolutionary view of how modern marin  ill also provide a unique, evolutionary view of how modern marine ecosystems function. this stu  0 km in the subsurface, where they have been penetrated by hundreds of petroleum exploration bo  n boreholes. these subsurface materials are housed in state-of-the-art storage facilities in ca  ce materials are housed in state-of-the-art storage facilities in calgary, alberta and regina,   y, alberta and regina, saskatchewan and offer a unique opportunity to sample systematically thr  -late cambrian, and across an expansive shallow-water platform into continental-margin environm  mbrian, and across an expansive shallow-water platform into continental-margin environments exp  shallow-water platform into continental-margin environments exposed in the rocky mountains. pre  preliminary work in both subsurface and outcrop occurrences has identified an exquisite range o  ied an exquisite range of burgess shale-type microfossils. more comprehensive sampling and anal  ampling and analysis will substantially advance our understanding of early palaeozoic diversity
6916	8	en recently excavated in the bükkábrány open-pit coal mine in hungary. fifteen baldcypress tree  o the original forest structure. sudden raise of lake pannon drowned the forest and subsequent   nt forest of this size and preservation is known anywhere on earth. trees have been removed to    is known anywhere on earth. trees have been removed to museums for conservation. the proposed   axonomic determination of tree species, tree-ring studies for climate reconstruction, stable is  ing studies for climate reconstruction, stable isotope study of the wood, and description of as  od, and description of associated leaf, fruit, and pollen flora. sedimentological investigation  analysed. exact age of the forest is to be determined by correlation with well-logs and seismic
14294	2	ontinuously increasing socio-economical interest in marine resources urges the need for a decis  ecision making framework to objectively allocate the different user functions at the belgian co
12666	5	of cetaceans during fishing activities, is thought to be the major threat to the conservation o  n of small cetaceans. the uk government is committed to reducing bycatch levels and was instrum  ation of small cetaceans of the baltic, north east atlantic, irish and north seas have been ado   baltic, north east atlantic, irish and north seas have been adopted, which require certain lev  ast atlantic, irish and north seas have been adopted, which require certain levels of monitorin
12419	1	or space between maritime sectors there is a clear need for a more integrated approach.
12059	4	there is little dispute that global climates are changing, an                          there is little dispute that global climates are changing, and that thi   will foster the exchange of scientific expertise between research institutions in france, our   mote the conservation and the efficient use of natural resources, helping to reconcile human ne
14764	3	we intend to improve the research that we are carrying out  and functioning - direct effects of co2 increase on the ecosystems - biogenic volatile organic   s - chemical ecology of plant-plant and plant-animal relationships. - ecophysiological effects
15290	6	tioning of the agroecosystems as it has been recognised by the new cap. hedgerows contribute to  ultural landscapes. hedgerow vegetation can be made of forests, grasslands or ruderal. neverthe   arable lands. on the other hand, there is a scale factor that determines that plant compositio  nds or forests. c dynamics in hedgerows can be determined by the organic matter quality associa  tation types . for this purpose we will use organic and mineral fertilisers labelled with 15n t  p edges and hedgerows. finally, we will study the forms of n recently fixed in soils by using d
9865	6	out 10,000 years ago, and of industrial scale food production, starting about 100 years ago. mi  d its products remains a very important part of our diet, and also provides our major source of   only for the people and areas where it was developed in prehistoric times , as this also can t  ped in prehistoric times , as this also can tell us about the influences for human population g  . an exciting prospect is that it might be applicable to studying the development of early man   le to studying the development of early man in africa . other plans include seeing if the metho
11116	17	precipitation for western uganda. if we can show that these biological, chemical or physical si  nges in climate in the region that have been documented, we can apply these methods to go back   he region that have been documented, we can apply these methods to go back further in time with   look at climate in periods where there are no written records, and provide a long-term history  where there are no written records, and provide a long-term history of environmental change, an   no written records, and provide a long-term history of environmental change, and its variabili  de a long-term history of environmental change, and its variability, for this region. we can al  riability, for this region. we can also compare the history of the three diseases in the region  of the three diseases in the region and examine if there are relationships between lake sedimen  ases in the region and examine if there are relationships between lake sediment proxies and dis  ent proxies and disease incidence, that may be related to climate, or vegetation, for example.   r vegetation, for example. in this way, lake sediments may also have a role in providing a long  e. in this way, lake sediments may also have a role in providing a long-term perspective on dis  ay also have a role in providing a long-term perspective on diseases in the region. evidence of  disease and human society may therefore be extremely relevant to debates on how natural systems  w natural systems, and human societies, may be affected by environmental change in the future.   eties, may be affected by environmental change in the future.
1093	9	ution among lineages. many factors have been pointed as among the most likely sources of among-  etabolic rate, generation time, and dna repair efficiency heterogeneity. a further complication  y heterogeneity. a further complication is represented by the difficulty to calibrate the const  he difficulty to calibrate the constant-rate hypothesis against absolute time, which requires t  munities in which population parameters may be considered as relatively stable over time, as a   ameters may be considered as relatively stable over time, as a response to the stability of cav  and reproduction.in particular, we will investigate several genera of insects and crustaceans w  ocene, late oligocene-early miocene and even earlier, to the breakout of the pangea. these pale   methods will be used, which assume and do not assume constancy of rates among lineages. the se
11244	14	sediments are still accumulating. there are many features of the sediments, which provide infor   past climates, one important component being fossilised diatoms. diatoms are a group of algae   ms have shells, called frustules, which are made of silica. the chemical abbreviation for silic  ion for silica is sio2, meaning that it is comprised of silicon . when diatoms die, their silic  e elements that combine to make silica, have several isotopes / meaning that their atoms can ha  ral isotopes / meaning that their atoms can have different masses and still be chemically recog  and 28si respectively. because they are lighter, 16o and 28si are more volatile than their heav  ier counterparts. environmental changes can affect the relative proportion of heavy and light o  ct the relative proportion of heavy and light oxygen and silicon isotopes in water. for example   more of the lighter, more volatile 16o is removed. as a consequence, the remaining water conta  iatoms take silica from the water, they assimilate more of the lighter 28si, increasing the rat  itions in which the diatoms lived. this can be used as a tool to infer the environmental condit  ns of the past. at present, very little is known about the precise relationship between isotope  onditions and therefore how useful they are to infer past environments. this will enable scient
11321	14	sediments are still accumulating. there are many features of the sediments, which provide infor   past climates, one important component being fossilised diatoms. diatoms are a group of algae   ms have shells, called frustules, which are made of silica. the chemical abbreviation for silic  ion for silica is sio2, meaning that it is comprised of silicon . when diatoms die, their silic  e elements that combine to make silica, have several isotopes / meaning that their atoms can ha  ral isotopes / meaning that their atoms can have different masses and still be chemically recog  and 28si respectively. because they are lighter, 16o and 28si are more volatile than their heav  ier counterparts. environmental changes can affect the relative proportion of heavy and light o  ct the relative proportion of heavy and light oxygen and silicon isotopes in water. for example   more of the lighter, more volatile 16o is removed. as a consequence, the remaining water conta  iatoms take silica from the water, they assimilate more of the lighter 28si, increasing the rat  itions in which the diatoms lived. this can be used as a tool to infer the environmental condit  ns of the past. at present, very little is known about the precise relationship between isotope  onditions and therefore how useful they are to infer past environments. this will enable scient
10569	8	ose particular individuals as mates and avoid others are fundamental questions in evolutionary   r individuals as mates and avoid others are fundamental questions in evolutionary biology. howe  only make mate-choice decisions that we can not explain with existing theory, and inconsistenci  birds may be a prominent example. birds are known to have a sense of taste, but the traditional  e a sense of taste, but the traditional view that they are microsmatic . this is an entirely ne  ste, but the traditional view that they are microsmatic . this is an entirely new field of rese  e microsmatic . this is an entirely new field of research with enormous potential for discoveri  enormous potential for discoveries that could revolutionise our understanding of avian behaviou
1970	10	we will examine whether developmental mechanisms can bias the p  xamine whether developmental mechanisms can bias the paths followed during evolutionary change   espots on a wing of a butterfly usually have a similar colour composition. in bicyclus anynana,  g of a butterfly usually have a similar colour composition. in bicyclus anynana, eyespots all h  size. the results here will, therefore, be compared in detail with a recent study where eyespot  re, be compared in detail with a recent study where eyespot size responded in a remarkably unco  upled and uncoupled directions. we will contrast the behaviour of the two eyespot features and   haviour of the two eyespot features and make a direct comparison of the two sets of genes invol  ction responses. thus, we will not only examine potentials for evolutionary change in different  ation on which the changes in phenotype are based. the work will further integrate the fields o
7025	11	carbon and nutrients. while material is being transported downstream, organic matter is produce   transported downstream, organic matter is produced and degraded. this matter carries the finge  n nitrogen cycling. within the riverine landscape these processes are strongly associated with   tal principles regulate the cycling and transfer of carbon and nitrogen in river ecosystems: i   ii increasing contact between water and soil or sediment increases nitrogen retention and proce  oughts are natural events that strongly influence pathways of carbon and nitrogen cycling. thes  s as well as their ability to cycle and mitigate nutrient fluxes originating from upstream and   g restoration of landscape dynamics and key ecosystem processes such as carbon and nutrient ret   cycling capacity, and ii to accurately estimate the rates of these biogeochemical processes un  ental principles are the methodological approach to investigate the regulation of nitrogen and   tion of nitrogen and carbon cycling and transfer at the sediment/water interface in retention a
11198	4	ers between highly interfertile species are maintained. in two long-lived rhododendron hybrid z  t-f1s, the proportion of parent, fl and post-fl genotype classes in the seed rain and the adult  lculated, and from this plus the above, mean lifetime fitness will be determined. the differenc   sites, expected to be large, will then be computed to test whether extrinsic selection removes
1963	9	there is a plethora of research showing that herbivorous arth  y metabolites. however, plants can also use secondary metabolites in indirect defences. plants   etabolites in indirect defences. plants may produce volatile compounds in response to herbivory  onse to herbivory plants and herbivores are involved in an arms-race leading to gene-for-gene c  ading to gene-for-gene co-evolution. we intend to test one of the assumptions underlying this h  a given genotype of tomato plants. this is done by artificial selection of isofemale lines of h  iffer in the degree and/or the way they modify hipv release and are maintained by mating virgin  or the way they modify hipv release and are maintained by mating virgin spider-mite females wit  response to selection, but we will also attempt to test simple models on mode of inheritance ag
13710	8	osses caused by changes in agricultural land-use have negatively affected many plants and anima  , i will examine whether the widespread decline of shorebirds is caused by on-going, large-scal  er the widespread decline of shorebirds is caused by on-going, large-scale changes in the envir  ct builds on a comparison with a unique reference material collected 10-30 years ago, encompass  ude food supply for breeders, egg size, start of breeding, sex ratio, and cellular/physiologica   breeders, egg size, start of breeding, sex ratio, and cellular/physiological stress levels as   ndangered group of birds, and generally advance our understanding of the impact of large-scale   ur understanding of the impact of large-scale environmental changes on biodiversity.
11102	7	theory has been controversial. while it is accepted generally that many small animals, such as   l mammals show metapopulation dynamics, plant ecologists are divided about the utility of the c  tapopulation dynamics, plant ecologists are divided about the utility of the concept. this cont  ation processes, such as seed movement, long-term survival of seed in the soil, and characteris   processes, such as seed movement, long-term survival of seed in the soil, and characterising h   and characterising habitat patches. we propose a study in which we will collect appropriate da  ropose a study in which we will collect appropriate data at the landscape scale for two contras
10632	5	le for most of the biodiversity that we see around us. it occurs when a single species invades   local adaptation. however species often acquire new parasites when they invade new environments  s often acquire new parasites when they invade new environments, but the role of parasites in d  tes in driving local adaptation has not been examined. in this project i will explore whether a  aracterised in western canada and there are excellent facilities at ubc for carrying out my exp
11670	12	interpreting past environmental change from lake sediments is becoming increasingly imp  and rates of environmental and climatic change, and compare findings from different sedimentary   environmental and climatic change, and compare findings from different sedimentary sources acc   currently most lake sediment sequences are dated by radiocarbon. these dates can be subject to  ge errors and dating different material can give different ages. thus these uncertainties are c  ifferent ages. thus these uncertainties are carried forward into interpretation of the environm  f the environmental reconstructions. we aim to reduce these uncertainties. radiocarbon dating m  ke from surrounding soils. we therefore need to find a method whereby this is minimised or elim  fore need to find a method whereby this is minimised or eliminated entirely. one potential meth   radiocarbon date chironomid the likely value of chironomid dating against other forms of radio  diocarbon dating for lake sediments. it is hypothesised that careful dating using these new pro  ls will provide an important innovative approach to deriving chronologies from a wide range of
13777	4	strategies to adapt to a warmer climate are needed, but methods are lacking. ecological restora  , which depend on recurrent floods, and plant species from the upper and lower ends are at risk  ct which species that will increase and decrease with a future climate. to evaluate if restorat  st changes in habitat availability, and compare projections of future habitat availability to r
14271	1	budgeting of marine systems and in data-bank management.
10045	32	we regularly hear about tropical forests in the media. documentary p  iversity - more than 50% of all species are found in these ecosystems - or their importance as   mportance as a store of carbon, as they contain 60% of all carbon found on land. however, we al   carbon found on land. however, we also hear about their destruction: how economic pressures an  pansion drives their clearance by small-scale farmers, how large agribusinesses convert vast ar  d how pressures to extract minerals and oil from tropical forest regions is increasing as the p  emissions by humans. many attempts have been made to derive economic benefits from tropical for  y creating a market and giving economic value to the environmental benefits or ecosystem servic  orage that tropical forests provide, it is possible to obtain money to protect standing forest.  nding forest. in theory, these payments could be used to address the poverty that is widespread  ute in many tropical forest regions and is an important cause of deforestation. one mechanism f  ical forest regions and is an important cause of deforestation. one mechanism for how these pay  nism for how these payments might work, is that projects and countries that reduce rates of def  ough bilateral agreements. this idea is being promoted as a component of an international agree  voluntary markets. governments and ngos are also actively developing schemes to fund projects t   schemes to fund projects that directly help to preserve other attributes of tropical forests,   pical forests, such as biodiversity. it is this broad concept of payments for ecosystem service  uce the rate of tropical deforestation, conserve carbon stocks and biodiversity, and alleviate   rve carbon stocks and biodiversity, and alleviate poverty through a single mechanism, is very a  ate poverty through a single mechanism, is very attractive. however, the details of how these s  tant issues surround how to measure and monitor the carbon or biodiversity that a project claim   protect, the appropriate institutional framework in regions where property titles are often un  re often unclear, how payments actually reach local communities and whether they achieve the go  each local communities and whether they achieve the goal of poverty alleviation in an equitable   requires an interdisciplinary team. we have therefore assembled a broad range of university, n  d government institutions with relevant expertise to identify the research and training that is  identify the research and training that is required to develop such projects, with a focus on t  th a focus on the peruvian amazon. peru is a particularly good place for this kind of project a   face increasing pressure from logging, oil exploration and from rising levels of access due to  local poverty. the strong links that we have with these organisations means that our results wi  xisting protected areas. as a result we aim to create a blueprint for how these projects could   eate a blueprint for how these projects could work both in peru and in the wider amazonian regi
15422	6	oss in marine ecosystems. alien species are considered invasive when they negatively affect to   onsidered invasive when they negatively affect to establishement and survival of native species  is the main cause. in this sense, spain is especially threatened by this problem, being located   especially threatened by this problem, being located on the main routes of ships through the s   galician costa de la muerte. caprellis are small peracaridean crustaceans with an important ro  arine ecosystems . furthermore, we will work with the life stories of the species under laborat
11162	3	ble the efficient sharing of documents, draft text and ideas, and team members will be encourag  of documents, draft text and ideas, and team members will be encouraged to enable inter-discipl  ogether into a clear research proposal, meet with potential research users to incorporate their
7251	4	els like the model used by orchid ipsl, simulate the carbon balance of forests relatively simpl  relatively simply. indeed, these models do not take into account the effects of forest manageme  cts of forest management, although they are important to our latitudes. this project therefore   ry management module to an age class; * use of the module for simulations by age classes; * val
13605	6	microfibrillated cellulose from wood or plant cell walls represent key nano-scale components fo   or plant cell walls represent key nano-scale components for reinforcing new biomaterials. carb  n. in the longer perspective, materials can be envisioned that replace current petrochemical-ba  petrochemical-based materials in larger scale applications such as functional textiles or struc  tirely bio-based materials is that they are sustainable throughout their entire life cycle, fro  sh biotechnology transfer companies and direct bi-lateral industrial interactions.
13454	4	by filamentous, n2-fixing cyanobacteria are dominated by nodularia sp., aphanizomenon sp., and   nisms responsible for n2-fixation and n-release in the baltic sea. small-scale c- and n-fluxes    and n-release in the baltic sea. small-scale c- and n-fluxes associated with the different n2-  sea will be quantified during bloom and decay, and their respective contributions to overall c-
14612	7	ariability of ecosystem fluxes. we will investigate aspects related to vegetation and soil such  igate aspects related to vegetation and soil such as plant biomass, spatial variability, and ca   importance at determining the sink and source capacity at ecosystem level. finally, we will in  ty at ecosystem level. finally, we will integrate these data into models in order to describe t  t climate change scenarios. at the same time, we will explore the integration of the expected r  ge scenarios. at the same time, we will explore the integration of the expected results into cu  cation models, in such a way that these could be used to improve current desertification models
11204	2	we hypothesise that arbuscular mycorrhizal mycelium in upl  ons of soil micro-organisms. novel soil-core systems controlling the presence and absence of am
10939	3	be combined with sedimentology, faunal range data, sediment geochemistry and framboid size ana  ata, sediment geochemistry and framboid size analysis to reconstruct events at this interval an  reconstruct events at this interval and assess different models for mass extinction at this tim
12717	2	co-benefits for environment. they will identify any gaps in the delivery of biodiversity or de  versity or developmental objectives and provide recommendations for more effective delivery of
11297	5	a significant fraction of the organic material produced or imported t  roduced or imported to our coastal seas is degraded within the sea-bed, a process mediated by i   retained in the sediment record versus being degraded, regulates the co2 and o2 concentration   ration of our oceans that generally not are assessable for chamber and microprofiling equipment  equipment to, for the first time, fully include these common, but rarely studied environments i
201	9	combustion of fossil fuels is caused elevation of co2 concentration in the atmosph  ich leads to global climate warming. it is very important, globally and regionally, to reduce c  in estonia, several investigations have been carried out for adequate estimation of the potenti  s showed that young silver birch stands may have higher productivity than it is assumed and yie  ds may have higher productivity than it is assumed and yield tables for birch may show lower va  rch may show lower values of growth and yield, specially at fertile sites. also our purpose is   nd their carbon sequestration potential can be considered novel information. new data about the  ormation. new data about the growth and yield of silver birch stands are of essential practical  days management and planning of forests are based on a computer system, by using different grow
7663	4	position 15n and 18o nitrates. stages - stage 1 2008-2009: samples and measurements at each sit  measurements at each site - available 1 draft a publication on the historical evolution of the   ion measurements for the site mailly. - step 2 2009-2010: sampling and measurements - available  turnover of organic matter with depth - step 3 2010-2011 samples and measurements - 3 available
14873	11	as main aim to analyze how climate and land-use changes interact on agro-pastoral ecosystems i   soil carbon. results from the previous project carbopas suggest that management modifies the a  ults from the previous project carbopas suggest that management modifies the ability of pasture  ns within the system soil-microorganism-plant-animal, affecting the c and n cycles. more detail  and more specific at the regional scale are needed to confirm the meaning of the patterns found  the patterns found. to this purpose, we propose a to complete the existing database on c conten  me-based forage swards linked to the eu project carboeurope and the integrated action cost 852   d the fact that many of these processes must be understood in the context of the above trophic   ood in the context of the above trophic web, recommend the development of the project by a mult  n the context of the above trophic web, recommend the development of the project by a multidisc  ject by a multidisciplinary team, as it is proposed in carboagropas. the results will be useful
14874	11	as main aim to analyze how climate and land-use changes interact on agro-pastoral ecosystems i   soil carbon. results from the previous project carbopas suggest that management modifies the a  ults from the previous project carbopas suggest that management modifies the ability of pasture  ns within the system soil-microorganism-plant-animal, affecting the c and n cycles. more detail  and more specific at the regional scale are needed to confirm the meaning of the patterns found  the patterns found. to this purpose, we propose a to complete the existing database on c conten  me-based forage swards linked to the eu project carboeurope and the integrated action cost 852   d the fact that many of these processes must be understood in the context of the above trophic   ood in the context of the above trophic web, recommend the development of the project by a mult  n the context of the above trophic web, recommend the development of the project by a multidisc  ject by a multidisciplinary team, as it is proposed in carboagropas. the results will be useful
10243	6	incorporation of carbon at the sourhope soil biodiversity field site from atmospheric carbon di   introduction and monitoring of a 13co2 label in the field and will investigate the role played  ed by individual plant, mycorrhizal and soil faunal species in in situ c transfers at sourhope.  n situ c transfers at sourhope. we will determine the extent to which plant, microbial and faun  roups working in a closely co-ordinated programme of research at sourhope, using the same plots  arch at sourhope, using the same plots, plant species and pulse labelling experiments.
11005	6	incorporation of carbon at the sourhope soil biodiversity field site from atmospheric carbon di   introduction and monitoring of a 13co2 label in the field and will investigate the role played  ed by individual plant, mycorrhizal and soil faunal species in in situ c transfers at sourhope.  n situ c transfers at sourhope. we will determine the extent to which plant, microbial and faun  roups working in a closely co-ordinated programme of research at sourhope, using the same plots  arch at sourhope, using the same plots, plant species and pulse labelling experiments.
11216	6	incorporation of carbon at the sourhope soil biodiversity field site from atmospheric carbon di   introduction and monitoring of a 13co2 label in the field and will investigate the role played  ed by individual plant, mycorrhizal and soil faunal species in in situ c transfers at sourhope.  n situ c transfers at sourhope. we will determine the extent to which plant, microbial and faun  roups working in a closely co-ordinated programme of research at sourhope, using the same plots  arch at sourhope, using the same plots, plant species and pulse labelling experiments.
14118	6	ructure formation and changes in it. it is expected, that with future climate change the freque  orest fires and the recovery from there are important regional carbon storage because carbon lo  e changing climate. soil is the largest stock of organic carbon, but the related processes chan  odel to below-ground processes such as: soil organic matter decomposition, turnover of carbon c  pounds of different chemical fractions, soil nitrogen/protein pools, root and rhizosphere respi  tion results will be compared to actual field measurements. with help of field measurements dat
2124	5	ecologists have for a long time been interested in how negative plant-animal interactio  mal interactions, such as herbivory and seed predation affect the population dynamics of plant   agmatic grounds pollinators conceivably play a fundamental role for plant community composition  lebees within the pollinator assemblage may affect the frequency of pollination-specialised pla  bee pollination, within communities. it is conceivable, but hereto completely unknown, that the
10891	5	f species extinction has led to a large research effort in recent years to determine how ecosys  ecent years to determine how ecosystems are affected by species loss. most of these studies hav  stems, species at higher trophic levels are manipulated independently. the experiment will dete  od chain to affect herbivore, plant and soil microbe biomass. it will also test whether herbivo   and soil microbe biomass. it will also test whether herbivore species number, or the pattern o
12710	5	scape and assesses the practicality and value of proposed landscape scale adaptation measures o  uidance for policy makers, planners and land managers to help them to plan, create, maintain an  and land managers to help them to plan, create, maintain and adaptively manage landscapes that   vide a short best practice guidance and short policy guidance note. the case study will form th  form the final report, but key elements must be drawn out to produce a short document of stand-
12723	5	scape and assesses the practicality and value of proposed landscape scale adaptation measures o  uidance for policy makers, planners and land managers to help them to plan, create, maintain an  and land managers to help them to plan, create, maintain and adaptively manage landscapes that   vide a short best practice guidance and short policy guidance note. the case study will form th  form the final report, but key elements must be drawn out to produce a short document of stand-
12481	2	policy and planning decisions must also take into account an ecosystem-based approach can be de  nto account an ecosystem-based approach can be developed and built into the planning process.
12480	14	ds and services, including for example, air, food, drinking water, landscape, recreation space.  for example, air, food, drinking water, landscape, recreation space. the concept of ecosystem s  . the concept of ecosystem services has been developed internationally by the millenium ecosyst  mme has already undertaken considerable work in this area, for example on developing inventorie  . the purpose of this project, however, is to assess the types of ecosystem services provided w  ve urban regeneration and how best they can be evaluated within current land use planning and d  rameworks. the case study area selected is kent thameside, a key development area of the thames  ater resource availability, flood risk, air quality, transport and biodiversity. however, there  nsport and biodiversity. however, there are extensive areas of brownfield and use of a speciali  e are extensive areas of brownfield and use of a specialist modelling software tool called stel  olicy options on ecosystem services, or impact of development on local ecosystem services. in d  ogies tested by this research will also provide a means of integrating the concept of ecosystem  services provide a different conceptual approach to evaluating sustainability, not so much in m   services, so that plans and programmes could be assessed against the areas ability to deliver
15192	2	social insects are characterised by the lost of direct reproduction of  me species show different morphological sub-castes , the caste system plasticity will be tested
11744	3	we have recently proposed that there is a need for a new d     we have recently proposed that there is a need for a new data standard to describe complete   migs reports would provide an extensive amount of novel data and a powerful new research tool.
2154	12	the saccharina project is based on the dramatic decline in the sugar kelp fore  harina project is based on the dramatic decline in the sugar kelp forest along the coast of sou   areas of the sheltered archipelago and are replaced by total dominance of a carpet of silty tu  by total dominance of a carpet of silty turf algae. this event has been given great attention b  pet of silty turf algae. this event has been given great attention by scientists and environmen  es and several possible hypotheses have been suggested, including eutrophication and climatic e  f the main processes that are likely to be involved in the observed large-scale shift in vegeta  arge-scale shift in vegetation. it will be difficult to find or test what actually caused the r  tation. it will be difficult to find or test what actually caused the reduction of the sugar ke  elp forests in order to support coastal zone management decisions and ecologically based techni  y a team of participants from norwegian institute for water research, institute of marine resea  norwegian institute for water research, institute of marine research, university of bergen, uni
14928	12	ive in the new region. invasive species may monopolize local resources and outcompete native sp  cies may monopolize local resources and outcompete native species; they may alter inter-species  e last decades it has been an important advance on the first question; however, many of the bio  pagation potential of invasive species, while less attention has been paid to the ability of su  asive species, while less attention has been paid to the ability of successful establishment of  ding the vulnerability of ecosystems to be invaded, literature shows that environmental scenari   their canopies. the main hypotheses to be tested are: 1 alien species whose phenological patte  the main hypotheses to be tested are: 1 alien species whose phenological pattern differs from t  of the local community may successfully occupy non-saturated temporal niches. 2 successful inva  ive plants to the local environment and create opportunities for alien plants to get establishe  otheses will be tested on a list of 100 alien invasive species of the iberian peninsula, while   asive species of the iberian peninsula, while the remaining hypotheses will be checked for part
2538	8	, i.e. the process by which individuals are sorted according to their differences in fitness, i  ording to their differences in fitness, is the major force for causing evolution of phenotypic    diversity at all organismic levels, it is therefore surprising that we still lack understandin  t to a fluctuating environment. here we examine the relationship between the magnitude of envir  strength of fluctuating selection in 18 island populations of house sparrows. two alternative h   a relationship: a negative relatioship is likely if fluctuations in the environment produce la  tuations in age structure. here we will use a novel modelling framework based on the concept of  structure. this represents an important advance because it allows to introduce stochastic fluct
11338	8	bacteria are commonly found in insects, being passed from a female to her offspring inside eggs  n of the host sex ratio, whereas others are more benign. in addition, the sex ratio distortion   e sex ratio distortion they produce has been suggested as driving the ecology and evolution of    sometimes benign rather than parasitic is unknown. further, the extent to which insect reprodu  the extent to which insect reproduction is affected by these bacteria is unknown. we will inves  d by these bacteria is unknown. we will investigate these questions in the butterfly, hypolimna  rium varies over space. sometimes it is present in nearly all individuals assess the degree to   teria and their host vary. it will also allow us to assess their potential use in control of in
10687	21	om episodes of extensive glaciation and sub-freezing temperatures, to periods when there was li  . extreme as these different conditions may appear, earth s climate has nevertheless remained w   these different conditions may appear, earth s climate has nevertheless remained within the bo  cent research has shown that there have been a number episodes in the past when temperatures wo  dual, million-year changes. but we also know that many of these sudden episodes of severe globa   suddenly died out. equally, there have been relatively short periods when the earth suddenly c  ut. equally, there have been relatively short periods when the earth suddenly cooled and there   pose of our study is twofold. first, we want to understand why the earth abruptly flipped from   m one state to another, from relatively warm to relatively cold. and second, we want to use thi  relatively warm to relatively cold. and second, we want to use this example of global cooling t  warm to relatively cold. and second, we want to use this example of global cooling to examine h   responded at that time. how do we find out this information, and where is it recorded the sedi  where is it recorded the sediments that are deposited in the world s oceans are derived from th  hat are deposited in the world s oceans are derived from the continents and from the remains of  g environmental conditions. we can thus use the chemistry of marine sediments as proxies for se  osition across a section of sedimentary rock, which represents a slice of time, we can then inf  represents a slice of time, we can then infer how temperature and weathering have varied over t  g period about 14 million years ago. we have already completed a successful pilot study that ha   astronomical clock , so we can readily locate our position in absolute time. our objective now  ion in absolute time. our objective now is to determine which mechanism caused the earth to coo  ences were then. at the present day, we face a major challenge in predicting the future course
10356	1	uggests that development and physiology must be considered explicitly when characterising the m
14792	4	plants. until recently, this trait has been considered as fairly constant within species, as t   seed size among individual plants, and are involved in several interactions with other species   intraspecific variability in seed size is expected, due to the multifunctionality of cotiledon  ariability confers resistance to global change, either climatic or due to changes in land use.
2085	4	such external environmental influences are moulded by state of the individuals within the popu  ed herds for which the fates of a large number of individuals are known for up to 10 years and    fates of a large number of individuals are known for up to 10 years and ~1aughterhouse data ga  use data gathered at a large geographic scale, will be used to answer the following questions:
10731	12	r. larger body size reduces the risk of being consumed by predators, and can also lead to an in  ing consumed by predators, and can also lead to an increase in the number of offspring that an   g evidence suggests that most organisms do not grow at the maximum rates that are physiological  hysiologically possible, and that there may actually be significant costs associated with rapid  y possible, and that there may actually be significant costs associated with rapid growth. comp  rmance later in life. while such a cost could have an important influence on both survival and   ile such a cost could have an important influence on both survival and reproductive success, th  imming ability is not understood. there is also nothing known about individual variation in the  shes, and the extent to which the costs may differ between individuals. overall, our lack of kn  ledge makes it impossible to accurately predict the consequences of compensatory growth for the  tructure, biochemistry, metabolism, and swim performance in individual fish to gain insights in  r the trade-off between growth rate and swim performance. additional laboratory studies will be
10015	1	relationships between warning signals, signal mimicry and the evolution of secondary defences.
9910	1	relationships between warning signals, signal mimicry and the evolution of secondary defences.
14819	9	es that integrate soil genesis aspects, soil degradation and its use with the biodiversity them  versity thematic. particularly relevant are the possible relations among the loss of organic ma  lost a great part of their biodiversity is needed an appropriate handling of the organic materi  anic material, to introduce energy that could maintain the soilsystem, and in such a way, to re  he heavy metal accumulation or the pest-control substance persistence diminish directly the soi  nish directly the soil biodiversity and could affect the ecosystem functioning. the main target  y known accumulation and the continuous use of the post-control substances on agroecosystems wi  tion and the continuous use of the post-control substances on agroecosystems with intense agric  nse agricultural activity are specially emphasize on this study. this projects is suitable for
10236	8	many tropical caves are inhabited by bats and birds that feed on insects in   guano at least 40,000 years ago. there is very little information about the vegetation and cli  l sundaland from east to west. in stark contrast, other models predict that rainforests contrac  isolated pockets in borneo and sumatra, while savannas and woodlands expanded over most of the    during the last ice-age will therefore improve our understanding and modelling of global clima   global climate changes in the past and provide vital information on the ice-age environments t  nd provide vital information on the ice-age environments that early humans and other animals en   to adapt to in order to survive in and migrate through this biogrographically important region
9812	8	many tropical caves are inhabited by bats and birds that feed on insects in   guano at least 40,000 years ago. there is very little information about the vegetation and cli  l sundaland from east to west. in stark contrast, other models predict that rainforests contrac  isolated pockets in borneo and sumatra, while savannas and woodlands expanded over most of the    during the last ice-age will therefore improve our understanding and modelling of global clima   global climate changes in the past and provide vital information on the ice-age environments t  nd provide vital information on the ice-age environments that early humans and other animals en   to adapt to in order to survive in and migrate through this biogrographically important region
14273	3	the ocean constitutes a large sink for anthropogenic co2 and thus plays a significant  icant role in the global biogeochemical cycle of carbon and its perturbations. there remain, ho   of carbon and its perturbations. there remain, however, large uncertainties concerning the upt
7671	1	nd where potential new suitable habitat may develop with climate change. the models output will
12383	13	48 days of research vessel time. defra must pay for these rv days, even if they are not used.   time. defra must pay for these rv days, even if they are not used. this project will account fo  ust pay for these rv days, even if they are not used. this project will account for any unused   roject costs will vary any time rv days are added or subtracted elsewhere in the programme thro  the year. r&d rv capital costs of £329k are paid under the non r&d budget line and remain uncha  d. in fy05/06, from the £480k, £90k has been transferred to cover replacement charter days to c  e of the corystes: ae1225: 2 days + mob/demob of charter time = £15k ae1148: 14 days + mob/demo  arter time = £15k ae1148: 14 days + mob/demob of charter time = £75k. revised rv ringfenced cha  rter time = £75k. revised rv ringfenced charge therefore = £329k capital charge + = £719k for f   = £719k for fy05/06, the r&d programme is required to contribute £390k of rv fixed costs which  equivalent of 39 days, but only 18 days are planned, therefore defra need to fund a shortfall o  ly 18 days are planned, therefore defra need to fund a shortfall of 21 days @ £10k per day = £2  10k per day = £210k. currently r/v days are allocated as such: fy05/06 fy06/07 fy07/08 fy08/09
10370	5	through selective feeding, protists play a fundamental role in structuring marine bacterial  recent evidence indicates that protists can select food based on the cell surface properties of  cellular recognition. initially we will investigate ligands and receptors involved in cellular   lar recognition of prey by protozoa and determine to what extent these effect feeding behaviour  eeding behaviour. experiments will then be conducted within coastal waters in order to assess t
13853	1	diseases of forest trees. to do this we focus on the root rot fungus heterobasidion annosum, a
13749	8	tilization, including n amendments, has been proposed as a mean to sequester c in forest ecosys  ver, on a longer term increased n input may result in n saturation with n leaching and deterior  tion of the forest as a c sink. we will use a combination of different approaches – from detail  at carry out c and n turnover in soils, characterize some of these processes at molecular level  hese processes at molecular levels, and identify how they are regulated under different environ  molecular levels, and identify how they are regulated under different environmental scenarios.   nt environmental scenarios. on a larger scale, we will use a network of sites in northern europ  l scenarios. on a larger scale, we will use a network of sites in northern europe. our research
13848	2	in the baltic sea. in the wake of large-scale consequences for biodiversity and ecosystem proce  e pelagic food web suggest that trophic position of herring in the coastal areas of the norther
15267	4	lands marine ecosystem. however, little is known about the biologic composition and oceanograph  er for the occidental islands. cetacean are considered indicator species in the marine ecosyste  nature 200 network. in this context, it is important that there is an initiative to declare a m  his context, it is important that there is an initiative to declare a marine protected area aro
12642	4	an atlantic waters. abundance will also be estimated for other delphinid species found primaril  nd primarily offshore, such as atlantic white-sided dolphin and striped-dolphin. these abundanc  ch in european atlantic waters and also allow the impact of seismic and sonar activities on cet  ivities on cetacean species offshore to be addressed.
10788	8	the antarctic is a uniquely important natural laboratory for examinin  tem responses to climate change, and it is vital that the biological changes being observed the  it is vital that the biological changes being observed there are properly understood. its uniqu  biological changes being observed there are properly understood. its uniqueness comes from a co  ific forms of nitrogen. in addition, we want to find out whether these forms of organic nitroge  itrogen dynamics of antarctic soils. we hypothesize that our research may offer an explanation   soils. we hypothesize that our research may offer an explanation for recent expansions in vascu  ation for recent expansions in vascular plant populations on the antarctic continent. the work
10804	8	the antarctic is a uniquely important natural laboratory for examinin  tem responses to climate change, and it is vital that the biological changes being observed the  it is vital that the biological changes being observed there are properly understood. its uniqu  biological changes being observed there are properly understood. its uniqueness comes from a co  ific forms of nitrogen. in addition, we want to find out whether these forms of organic nitroge  itrogen dynamics of antarctic soils. we hypothesize that our research may offer an explanation   soils. we hypothesize that our research may offer an explanation for recent expansions in vascu  ation for recent expansions in vascular plant populations on the antarctic continent. the work
12014	12	those due to climate change could then be altered. changes in the composition of the catches o  composition of the catches of fisheries are explained by these ecosystem effects , but also by   ture regimes, a 1°c sea surface warming was observed during the last two decades. changes of th  last two decades. changes of the ground-fish community structure were observed and interpreted    of the ground-fish community structure were observed and interpreted as combined effects of fi  ses. greater impacts in the biscay case could be explained by heavier exploitation and/or lower  xplained by heavier exploitation and/or lower resistance of the low diversity system as compare  observed in the south-morroco community could be attributed only to fishing impacts as the temp  e temporal variability of the upwelling may hide the warming effects. facing ecosystem effects   e studied fisheries were able to partly adapt their strategies. however, public policy appeared   to integrated approaches for fisheries were organised by the teams involved in the project dur  d significant multi-disciplinary papers were published.
440	7	biological traits are assumed to control the distribution of species acro   a data base, plantraits, with which it is possible to link the presence of species at particul  those locations and species. plantraits is an executable windows® software, developed with the   , taken on 2685 species among which 45% are tropical species. those traits were measured at one   45% are tropical species. those traits were measured at one or more of 319 locations worldwide  kness to include plantraits in a global network of data bases, including worldwide bases of cli  ncluding worldwide bases of climate and soil properties. this will contribute to the emerging f
528	7	the closure of landcape is without any doubt the major threat to biodiversity i  moors, the region of the grands causses is also a laboratoy where one can obtain general inform  s causses is also a laboratoy where one can obtain general information in terms of interactions  n this area, several farming systems co-exist with various stages of environment closures. furt  ures. furthermore, the grasslands there are colonized by a small number of ligneous species dis  asslands there are colonized by a small number of ligneous species displaying ecological behavi  haviors that are quite contrasting : it is hence possible to have an approach focused on some s
14883	1	nce of a mediterranean freshwater marsh is tackled too.
11294	2	grazing and burning treatments. we will manipulate vegetation of different management systems t  ycling in peatland. to do this, we will use novel pulse labelling approaches which allow us to
11305	2	grazing and burning treatments. we will manipulate vegetation of different management systems t  ycling in peatland. to do this, we will use novel pulse labelling approaches which allow us to
14949	11	l climatic models for the next decades, have on plant communities and soil. the short period of  rimentation and monitoring. in this new phase we want to address the effects of climatic change  on and monitoring. in this new phase we want to address the effects of climatic change on soil   want to address the effects of climatic change on soil microbes, particularly mycorrhiza and ba  larly mycorrhiza and bacteria, which we expect to respond earlier to manipulations. we want to   to respond earlier to manipulations. we want to see the effects of precipitation changes on soi  itation changes on soil respiration and soil carbon accumulation, and relate these changes to m  ation and soil carbon accumulation, and relate these changes to microbial communities assessed   niques. most research on this topic has been carried out in n europe, the us and the arctic. bu  predicted by current models of climatic change, as we propose here.   urrent models of climatic change, as we propose here.
15388	1	mining function in relation with global change in this type of ecosystems are relatively scarce
7150	6	niger. agro ecosystems in this country are exposed to profound changes in environmental, socia  in a limited area of southwestern niger suggest that the changes in farmers' practices, flows r  resulting from deficient seed crops and seed system are the source of significant disturbances   varieties. no precise study on a larger scale on the development of agro-biodiversity of millet  theses on the role of these factors. we propose in this project: • characterize changes in the   this project is first based on data and plant material collected during surveys conducted in 19
14175	10	micropalaeontology and biostratigraphy play vital roles for deciphering the stratigraphic reco  , changes in their location in time and space, and trends in abundance and diversity variations  ental history of a basin. the strata to be studied during this project correspond to telychian   ls are good stratigraphical markers and can be traced in all environments recognized. in sense   interest corresponds to the adavere and lower jaani stages. lithologically, these strata consis  of relatively high sea level. still, we assume that sedimentation in the baltic silurian palaeo  the baltic silurian palaeobasin was not even in the telychian–early sheiwoodian time but its ra  even in the telychian–early sheiwoodian time but its rate varied in great deal due to fluctuati  based on macrolithological data only we think that they still affected distribution of faunas a  ill affected distribution of faunas and can be traced via detailed studies of conodont assembla
6945	1	ition of microbial communities can also be a good indicator of degradation of karst environment
10499	1	ssion and phenotypic evolution, we will compare these processes in both natural of parental and
10699	1	ssion and phenotypic evolution, we will compare these processes in both natural of parental and
7156	6	we hypothesize that the species that thrive in a particula  her than their taxonomic identity which may explain their differential response to environmenta   in an easily searchable and analyzable form, quantified information on functional traits varia   the evolution of plant communities and provide in significant data collection. this database i  nificant data collection. this database is intended to enrich the information still being colle  ntended to enrich the information still being collected and information present on many other s
11062	17	lems, based upon the principle that you are what you eat . evidence from isotopic analyses of h  human remains suggests that coastal and island mesolithic people did utilise marine foods but t  adoption of farming, foods from the sea were abandoned. these data suggest that farmers through  se interpretations have noted that they are at odds with the archaeological evidence for the co  hey are at odds with the archaeological evidence for the continued exploitation of marine resou  g the atlantic seaboard of europe. this may signify that collagen isotope analysis is not sensi  sumption of marine protein, nor will it detect the exploitation of marine fats and oils. theref  fabric; these ancient residues can then be extracted and characterised thousands of years later  e very rapidly upon burial. however, we have recently identified several new classes of highly   sist over archaeological timescales. we have also shown that amino acids surviving in pottery c  he origins of these novel compounds and develop a highly sensitive method for detecting them at  itive method for detecting them at very low concentrations in archaeological pottery. we will t  in archaeological pottery. we will then use these biomarker compounds to track prehistoric patt  possibly at a lower level. we will also investigate pottery from neolithic mainland coastal and  lithic through to the medieval periods, offer opportunities for this part of the investigation.  is part of the investigation. likewise, long-lived mainland sites exist in ireland and the iber   new marine biomarker proxies therefore offer the potential for new insights into changing patt
10349	4	have changed in the late 20th century - long-term forest plots show increased biomass and rates  of these changes are not understood. we propose a world-wide effort to extend, qualitatively an  , the network of tropical forest plots, integrate it with soil and climate data, then creativel   soil and climate data, then creatively use this data to identify the mechanism involved will h
11786	4	have changed in the late 20th century - long-term forest plots show increased biomass and rates  of these changes are not understood. we propose a world-wide effort to extend, qualitatively an  , the network of tropical forest plots, integrate it with soil and climate data, then creativel   soil and climate data, then creatively use this data to identify the mechanism involved will h
6832	8	the research project is based on a hypotheses published by the principal inv  es for molecular chaperones. chaperones may participate in the organization of the cytoplasm an  n the organization of the cytoplasm and buffer several mutations in living cells by correcting   oteins become abundant, and efficiently compete with the silent mutations. the following resear  mutations. the following research areas are planned to be investigated: 1. we will elucidate th  following research areas are planned to be investigated: 1. we will elucidate the role of chape   planned to be investigated: 1. we will elucidate the role of chaperones in cytoplasmic organiz  r the selective inhibition of the hsp90 chaperone at its novel nucleotide binding site discover
13393	2	local varieties were collected and sent to aegean agricultural research   physiological characteristics of types were determined.
11463	6	rsity, particularly archaeal diversity, is poorly characterised and we have little understandin  versity, is poorly characterised and we have little understanding of their ecological role. cul  their ecological role. cultured archaea are all extremophiles despite archaea being present in   rom the colne estuary. group 1 isolates can grow at seawater salinities and we hypothesis that   to allow these organisms to survive and grow under non-extreme conditions. we will study under   w under non-extreme conditions. we will study under varying salinities and temperatures growth
11802	6	rsity, particularly archaeal diversity, is poorly characterised and we have little understandin  versity, is poorly characterised and we have little understanding of their ecological role. cul  their ecological role. cultured archaea are all extremophiles despite archaea being present in   rom the colne estuary. group 1 isolates can grow at seawater salinities and we hypothesis that   to allow these organisms to survive and grow under non-extreme conditions. we will study under   w under non-extreme conditions. we will study under varying salinities and temperatures growth
11013	4	en biogeochemical cycling of carbon and water in semi-arid regions of the western u.s comprisin  f reactive carbon gases from plants and soil, and wind transport of primary carbonaceous partic   as spores, pollen and bacterial cells, lead to the formation of cloud condensation nuclei bact  rmer supercooled temperatures, and thus may play an especially important role in modestly super
11461	7	s licheniformis produces compounds that can elicit the synthesis of antibiotic. this secondary    metabolite is only produced when cells are grown at an air-solid interface, and not in submerg  ed bioflims. planktonically grown cells do not produce antibiotic. however, addition of compoun  s released from the bioflim grown cells can induce antibiotic production in planktonic cells. c   and a marine bacillus pumilus can also induce antibiotic production in b. licheniformis cell s  is cell suspensions. we will chemically characterise the communication molecules responsible fo  cules responsible for these effects and investigate the mechanism of their action.
9937	7	s licheniformis produces compounds that can elicit the synthesis of antibiotic. this secondary    metabolite is only produced when cells are grown at an air-solid interface, and not in submerg  ed bioflims. planktonically grown cells do not produce antibiotic. however, addition of compoun  s released from the bioflim grown cells can induce antibiotic production in planktonic cells. c   and a marine bacillus pumilus can also induce antibiotic production in b. licheniformis cell s  is cell suspensions. we will chemically characterise the communication molecules responsible fo  cules responsible for these effects and investigate the mechanism of their action.
12514	3	sk study is to characterise the organic market in the uk. it follows on from a recommendation b  ion, consumption, the retail market and access to organic food. in addition, the response of di  tion and the penetration of the organic market into urban versus rural areas will be investigat
10818	4	soil usually possesses a microbiotic crust at the surface, which is biologically formed and   e layers form at the soil surface, they have considerable importance in determining water infil   guidelines to assess the environmental fate of crop protection products the studentship provid  isors have an established collaborative programme, with bending, schafer and marshall already c
11476	12	omide is an ozone-depleting atmospheric gas that is both produced and consumed in the marine en   consumed in the marine environment. we have recently isolated a number of novel mebr-degrading   methyltransferase enzymes. very little is known about the exact role of microorganisms in cycl  reakdown of mebr in the environment, we propose to characterise these new mebr utilising bacter   molecular level. in particular we will focus on the methyltransferase enzymes they contain and  hyltransferase enzymes they contain and examine the biocatalytic properties of these enzymes wi  to determine if these types of bacteria can be exploited as biocatalysts. we will use both bioc  n be exploited as biocatalysts. we will use both biochemical and molecular biological technique  mes will be identified by the use of in-house proteomics facilities. the biotransformation pote  ated substrates in oxygen electrode and gas chromatography experiments. if time permits, we wil  y experiments. if time permits, we will clone the genes encoding the most versatile methyltrans  nzymes from selected mebr utilisers and attempt to express them in heterologous hosts such as e
10743	1	ated using hplc. measurements will also be made of organic n in the aerosol and gas phase, to d
11755	1	ated using hplc. measurements will also be made of organic n in the aerosol and gas phase, to d
9974	1	ated using hplc. measurements will also be made of organic n in the aerosol and gas phase, to d
12185	8	n grasslands as an important issue that may threaten the achievement of agri-environment scheme   objectives in england and wales. there is, therefore, a need to improve our understanding of s  ction in grasslands and to identify and evaluate mitigation methods that will enhance the abili  ion in grasslands. we will identify and visit 300 grassland fields covering improved, semi-impr  d and unimproved grassland pastures and hay meadows; fields within and without agri-environment  vey and a final report on the plot- and field-scale experiments, including an assessment of the  , images and technical information that could underpin the production of a technical advice not  y based soil workshops for advisers and land managers via visits to the four experimental platf
10228	2	p models that predict establishment and impact from the characteristics of the initial introduc  sses essential to invasion success that can be used to underpin current preventative, remediati
11625	3	ity is difficult to estimate because it is controlled by processes that may vary considerably i  ause it is controlled by processes that may vary considerably in space and time. existing wind   sting wind erosion models cannot easily be applied over several scales. remote sensing data has
13465	7	role in plant pollination. however, it is threatened by several factors, including pathogens,   bees, and the plants that rely on them, are in decline, incurring major ecological and economic  cological and economic costs. honeybees are grouped into a number of subspecies, which are esti  uped into a number of subspecies, which are estimated to have diverged and spread across africa  nd gentleness. to achieve this, we will survey genetic variation across the entire genome in po  ion sequencing technology. we will then scan these fine-scale patterns of genetic variation for  hreats to honeybees. the data will also enable us to quantify the role of positive selection in
13359	3	forage crops to be grown very variable climate and soil conditions are   ry variable climate and soil conditions are required both rehabilitation of pastures and evalua  nd marginal land. forage legume species are used utilization and rehabilitation of agricultural
14514	1	ex situ reproduction for species which are endangered or in danger of extinction. related to t
1096	6	tly, in wood and fed acorn. in vita and post mortem determinations will be the same in the two   mprehensive of the subcutaneous fat and skin, the sample joint will be dissected in its tissue   sue components. on longissumus lumborum muscle the following determinations will be carried out  sual statistical analyses; it will also be employed multivariate analysis. the more innovative   nternational symposium of mediterranean pig, that will be held in sicily in the 2007, whom orga  cily in the 2007, whom organization has be assigned to the local ru.
15217	2	which not only the biological diversity is considered but its functional relationship with the   l2006-02534, more than 40 publications, back up the interest of the model and the convenience o
14749	3	roject deals with the global systematic study of the tinto river extreme ecosystem with the aim  which not only the biological diversity is considered but its relationship with the mineral sub  ling stations and their different fases underline the interest of the model system and the conv
15181	11	racterize the pestivirus since 2001. it is a virus never described before in this species that,  that, with the greatest probability, it is thought to be the cause of the severe disease that a  he severe disease that affects pyrenean chamois populations. mortality associated to this virus  nd 83%, which has lead to a demographic collapse of some populations. epidemiological, clinical   and pathological aspects are currently being studied. since 2001, severe outbreaks of disease    2001, severe outbreaks of disease have been reported in three important protected areas, while  ted in three important protected areas, while in other areas, we have not observed the disease   otected areas, while in other areas, we have not observed the disease or there have been only i   not observed the disease or there have been only isolated cases of disease. we have studied mo  acteristics of this virus. we will also continue with the epidemiological surveillance of the d   the virus from the different areas and study the relationship between the antigenic and molecu
7509	4	i strains have a variety which does not allow to precisely characterize the outside of disease   riety which does not allow to precisely characterize the outside of disease reproduction toxici  irulence genes have shown, however quon could classify the majority of apec strains in 4 groups   apec by answering two questions: there are several strains pathotypes among apec apec how to d
7501	1	species of mushroom paris, has recently been proposed. against all odds, the xanthodermie secti
15334	7	the present research proposal is intended as a contribution to the knowledge of self-  n of pseudo-self-compatibility. we make use of the sonchus pustulatus / s. fragilis taxonomic c   asteraceae , who proposed a predictive model for gen s diversity in steady panmictic populatio  so depending on mutation rates, hard to be checked. a crosses program has also been planned in    be checked. a crosses program has also been planned in order to analyze divergence concerning   nd other forthcoming data will probably provide a credible estimation for the evolutionary rate  the diversity in incompatibility groups may show conservation implications. in small population
7510	3	e ecosystems and their biotechnological interest, the order heterotrophic thermococcales consti   the order heterotrophic thermococcales constitute a priority target. hyperthermophilic methano  occus of the family methanocaldococcus, analyze the potential for discrimination to inter and i
7508	1	t s'insère dans le volet génétique d'un programme de recherches de l'oncfs sur les perdrix du g
13395	1	this study was carried out from 2006 to 2008 to determine morpholo
7384	1	mpared, in time, in space, in that they are located in a chromosomal region known to be subject
7625	9	he shear strength of the soil, but they do not take into account the architectural complexity o  of the root system of trees. so we will endeavor us to evaluate the effects of architectural tr   of interest for soil reinforcement and integrate these effects in slope stability models. the   in slope stability models. the approach is based on the embodiment 1 of soil shear tests reinfo  mplementation of a digital experimental design to quantify the influence of root traits on soil  ment. the use of vegetation, especially forest ecosystems, with a view to ensuring a protective  e mountains is a common practice. there is, in most alpine areas, silviculture guides pir ecolo   mountain forests. the major scientific latch on improving these tools lies in the taking into   on between the root system of trees and soil
14588	8	ve orchard agroecosystem in extremadura must be protected because of the ecological importance   , as soils in many zones of extremadura are in precarious state, due to low ph and soil develop   zones of extremadura are in precarious state, due to low ph and soil development, under extrem   in precarious state, due to low ph and soil development, under extreme temperature and drought   different zones. however, most of them have not been addecuately characterized with dna marker  t zones. however, most of them have not been addecuately characterized with dna markers. this r  lisment of the sustained and ecological culture of olive orchards need a good mycorrhization. i  uate fungus for every olive variety and zone of extremadura.
213	1	zymes, 2,5oligoadenylate . we will also develop the method for the isolation of sponge chromoso
157	4	f algae in the total flux of energy and matter of the coastal ecosystem. being a quite unique a  osystem. being a quite unique and small group of macroalgae in estonian coastal sea the total i  en heavily underestimated so far. small amount of information about charophytes in estonian coa  arophytes in estonian coastal sea areas is caused mainly by taxonomic problems and development
14858	4	as financed the project biogeographycal study of the flora of n morocco . once the project ende  orocco . once the project ended, it has been verified that on spite of the previous preparation  ation of a guide to contributors, there is a wide heterogeneity among the contributions from di  used in the identification keys. it has been estimated in two year the time needed for the team
12404	3	eview existing research and techniques, fill knowledge gaps and plan for the future in relation  and techniques, fill knowledge gaps and plan for the future in relation to chemical hazards and  onal and international commitments . it is recognised that chemicals, both known and as yet uni
15147	9	particularly important when visual cues are limited, as is the case in aquatic ecosystems. furt   those ecosystems, chemicals cues often mediate the communication among organisms, which use ch  ncluding invertebrates and vertebrates, show specific anti-predator responses to chemical alarm  fluence prey to use different habitats, forage at different times, change their activity levels  nt habitats, forage at different times, change their activity levels or otherwise alter their f  ange their activity levels or otherwise alter their foraging behavior. therefore, chemical pred  herefore, chemical predator recognition may elicit avoidance responses that significantly affec  fully characterized in terms of origin, release, olfactory detection, and prey responses. the p  igin, release, olfactory detection, and prey responses. the principal goals of this project are
11191	2	small particles found in the bottom ice may interact with the ice during laboratory procedures.  reasons for any chemical variation that cannot be explained otherwise.
13530	8	ankton, so called harmful algal blooms, are natural phenomena in marine environments, but durin  ity of inorganic nutrients cannot fully account for the formation of many blooms, especially di  lative maximal growth rate is generally lower for dinoflagellates than for other phytoplankton   mical defenses and allelopathic agents, are important in explaining the competitive ability of   is a continuation of my previous formas-project on the chemical ecology of toxic dinoflagellate  . using the same procedure we will also aim to identify the unknown allelopathic compounds that  nknown allelopathic compounds that have been shown to be exuded from dinoflagellates, with stro  athic compounds that have been shown to be exuded from dinoflagellates, with strong negative ef
10478	5	the face of gene flow, differentiation is expected to be variable across the genome reflecting  ogress is difficult in many systems. we argue that a candidate gene approach can significantly   ndidate gene approach can significantly advance this field. we propose to study sequence and ex  an significantly advance this field. we propose to study sequence and expression divergence for  fferent levels of divergence, excellent background information and a sequenced genome. this all
11703	5	the face of gene flow, differentiation is expected to be variable across the genome reflecting  ogress is difficult in many systems. we argue that a candidate gene approach can significantly   ndidate gene approach can significantly advance this field. we propose to study sequence and ex  an significantly advance this field. we propose to study sequence and expression divergence for  fferent levels of divergence, excellent background information and a sequenced genome. this all
10316	13	we propose an analysis of the chemosynthetic ecosystems in  ctica south of the polar front. we will conduct a detailed investigation and analysis of four c  those associated with high-temperature, bare-rock hydrothermal vents isis to dive on, sample an   associated with high-temperature, bare-rock hydrothermal vents isis to dive on, sample and cha  ermal vents isis to dive on, sample and characterise the biological and physical environment su  se, using the rov isis to dive upon and examine hydrothermal and cold seep environments both no  nts both north and south of king george island, antarctic peninsula. subsequent analysis will c  lysis will compare the hydrothermal and seep chemistry among these four sites. we will use morp  emistry among these four sites. we will use morphological, molecular, lipid and stable isotope   use morphological, molecular, lipid and stable isotope analyses of microbial and metazoan popul  mine the phylogeography of species, and understand the food web processes. our programme will d  f chemosynthetically-driven ecosystems, is driven by oceanographic or tectonic processes or whe  cesses or whether any site is, instead, host to completely isolated evolution.
10551	13	we propose an analysis of the chemosynthetic ecosystems in  ctica south of the polar front. we will conduct a detailed investigation and analysis of four c  those associated with high-temperature, bare-rock hydrothermal vents isis to dive on, sample an   associated with high-temperature, bare-rock hydrothermal vents isis to dive on, sample and cha  ermal vents isis to dive on, sample and characterise the biological and physical environment su  se, using the rov isis to dive upon and examine hydrothermal and cold seep environments both no  nts both north and south of king george island, antarctic peninsula. subsequent analysis will c  lysis will compare the hydrothermal and seep chemistry among these four sites. we will use morp  emistry among these four sites. we will use morphological, molecular, lipid and stable isotope   use morphological, molecular, lipid and stable isotope analyses of microbial and metazoan popul  mine the phylogeography of species, and understand the food web processes. our programme will d  f chemosynthetically-driven ecosystems, is driven by oceanographic or tectonic processes or whe  cesses or whether any site is, instead, host to completely isolated evolution.
10781	13	we propose an analysis of the chemosynthetic ecosystems in  ctica south of the polar front. we will conduct a detailed investigation and analysis of four c  those associated with high-temperature, bare-rock hydrothermal vents isis to dive on, sample an   associated with high-temperature, bare-rock hydrothermal vents isis to dive on, sample and cha  ermal vents isis to dive on, sample and characterise the biological and physical environment su  se, using the rov isis to dive upon and examine hydrothermal and cold seep environments both no  nts both north and south of king george island, antarctic peninsula. subsequent analysis will c  lysis will compare the hydrothermal and seep chemistry among these four sites. we will use morp  emistry among these four sites. we will use morphological, molecular, lipid and stable isotope   use morphological, molecular, lipid and stable isotope analyses of microbial and metazoan popul  mine the phylogeography of species, and understand the food web processes. our programme will d  f chemosynthetically-driven ecosystems, is driven by oceanographic or tectonic processes or whe  cesses or whether any site is, instead, host to completely isolated evolution.
11308	13	we propose an analysis of the chemosynthetic ecosystems in  ctica south of the polar front. we will conduct a detailed investigation and analysis of four c  those associated with high-temperature, bare-rock hydrothermal vents isis to dive on, sample an   associated with high-temperature, bare-rock hydrothermal vents isis to dive on, sample and cha  ermal vents isis to dive on, sample and characterise the biological and physical environment su  se, using the rov isis to dive upon and examine hydrothermal and cold seep environments both no  nts both north and south of king george island, antarctic peninsula. subsequent analysis will c  lysis will compare the hydrothermal and seep chemistry among these four sites. we will use morp  emistry among these four sites. we will use morphological, molecular, lipid and stable isotope   use morphological, molecular, lipid and stable isotope analyses of microbial and metazoan popul  mine the phylogeography of species, and understand the food web processes. our programme will d  f chemosynthetically-driven ecosystems, is driven by oceanographic or tectonic processes or whe  cesses or whether any site is, instead, host to completely isolated evolution.
11568	13	we propose an analysis of the chemosynthetic ecosystems in  ctica south of the polar front. we will conduct a detailed investigation and analysis of four c  those associated with high-temperature, bare-rock hydrothermal vents isis to dive on, sample an   associated with high-temperature, bare-rock hydrothermal vents isis to dive on, sample and cha  ermal vents isis to dive on, sample and characterise the biological and physical environment su  se, using the rov isis to dive upon and examine hydrothermal and cold seep environments both no  nts both north and south of king george island, antarctic peninsula. subsequent analysis will c  lysis will compare the hydrothermal and seep chemistry among these four sites. we will use morp  emistry among these four sites. we will use morphological, molecular, lipid and stable isotope   use morphological, molecular, lipid and stable isotope analyses of microbial and metazoan popul  mine the phylogeography of species, and understand the food web processes. our programme will d  f chemosynthetically-driven ecosystems, is driven by oceanographic or tectonic processes or whe  cesses or whether any site is, instead, host to completely isolated evolution.
11828	13	we propose an analysis of the chemosynthetic ecosystems in  ctica south of the polar front. we will conduct a detailed investigation and analysis of four c  those associated with high-temperature, bare-rock hydrothermal vents isis to dive on, sample an   associated with high-temperature, bare-rock hydrothermal vents isis to dive on, sample and cha  ermal vents isis to dive on, sample and characterise the biological and physical environment su  se, using the rov isis to dive upon and examine hydrothermal and cold seep environments both no  nts both north and south of king george island, antarctic peninsula. subsequent analysis will c  lysis will compare the hydrothermal and seep chemistry among these four sites. we will use morp  emistry among these four sites. we will use morphological, molecular, lipid and stable isotope   use morphological, molecular, lipid and stable isotope analyses of microbial and metazoan popul  mine the phylogeography of species, and understand the food web processes. our programme will d  f chemosynthetically-driven ecosystems, is driven by oceanographic or tectonic processes or whe  cesses or whether any site is, instead, host to completely isolated evolution.
15320	7	come to the aquatic systems, where they exercise its toxic action on microalgae, which are in t  e, which are in the base of the trophic chain; this alteration carries effects of long scope on  tuation of stress provoked for triazine-type herbicides. there will be evaluated the short-term  e evaluated the short-term changes that are produced in these cells, in the moment in which the  s, in the moment in which the herbicide is added to the medium and up to a maximum of 24 hours,  mic techniques, that have developed and been applied in our laboratory during the development o  f the microalgal cells at the molecular level, from the optics of the alteration of the metabol
14316	5	holera is one of the deadliest diseases in africa. cholera out  s reappeared in the area of the african rift in the late 70s while strong signals of climate ch  while strong signals of climate changes were noted can be of use for representing past cholera   g past cholera outbreaks and, possibly, predict future ones. for the first time, a interdiscipl   with climate change and global indices could help in designing early warning methods.
6866	5	piled on the basis of this research has been prepared in hungary so far. thus the knowledge on   ess of the flora of a given grid square can be modelled on the basis of the species composition  the species composition. the results to be expected will help the professional botanic, landsca  ted will help the professional botanic, landscape history, nature conservation, geographic util  on, geographic utilization, furthermore give information to several experts working in forestry
11673	9	although the origin of species was published almost 150 years ago, we still understand  ublished almost 150 years ago, we still understand little about how new species are formed. in   understand little about how new species are formed. in mammals, many closely related species di  differ in chromosome number , and there is no difficulty in finding genes at various positions   positions on mouse chromosomes, that we can use to distinguish between our two models. to exami  en the races and what happens when they hybridise, we will collect mice from natural areas of h  at happens when they hybridise, we will collect mice from natural areas of hybridisation. much   or our two models. in this way, we will be able to decide what may be promoting species-formati  ecies-formation in the house mouse, and give us valuable insight into this process for mammals
15090	4	ntegrative evaluation of the ecological state of the water bodies requires the recognition of t  pounds reach to high concentrations and may persist during longer periods of time. the inclusio  lative to chemistry and composition and structure of benthic communities makes possible a diagn  es possible a diagnostic on the cause / effect relationships of the contaminants on the biota.
9843	4	ts incorporation into the proto-pacific margin of gondwana. to this end we will use well-tried   ution ion microprobe . they should also reveal the ages and source regions of provenance, cruci   . they should also reveal the ages and source regions of provenance, crucial to unravelling th  including the extent to which patagonia was formed through the collision-accretion of exotic te
14187	5	ystems. in shallow eutrophic and turbid lake võrtsjärv the microbial loop prevails over the cla  ns. ciliate community in lake võrtsjärv is extremely rich and usually its biomass exceeds that    webs in that lake. the following goals are addressed in the project 1. to quantify the trophic   the project 1. to quantify the trophic link between ciliates and metazooplankton in shallow eu  ce of ciliate – metazooplankton trophic link to food web functioning in shallow eutrophic and t
13439	7	phytoplankton community in the past and present, and how predictions for the 21st century will   mental friendly protein source. we will define the long-term effects of the environmental chang  basis, and the groups will subsequently be analyzed as functions of selected hydrographic param  cal-biological model to investigate and characterize the environmental variables that correlate  t of harmful phytoplankton species, and challenge the models with simulated atmospheric/oceanog  as the most promising will subsequently be tested and validated in manipulated mesocosm experim  fforts in harmful algal monitoring, and provide a model for climate impact on tropical ecosyste
7036	19	organisms for monitoring environmental change, yet little is known about their worldwide diver  toring environmental change, yet little is known about their worldwide diversity patterns. in h  atterns of tertiary diversification and range fragmentation and pleistocene extinctions and ran  atterns and world diversity hotspots we know today. it might be assumed that tree-dwelling lich  ersity hotspots we know today. it might be assumed that tree-dwelling lichen species follow sim   not always the case. in particular, we note that while there are many lichen species that occu  s the case. in particular, we note that while there are many lichen species that occur in east   in particular, we note that while there are many lichen species that occur in east asia and eas  ies that occur in east asia and eastern north america , there are also many species that occur    asia and eastern north america , there are also many species that occur in western north ameri  en treated as a distinct distributional type because they are found in all four regions, but it  stinct distributional type because they are found in all four regions, but it is possible that   y are found in all four regions, but it is possible that they conceal similar patterns of diver  r regions, but it is possible that they conceal similar patterns of diversification in their dn  their dna. we propose examining genetic structure within a model species of the boreal forest,   s range: east asia, western and eastern north america, and europe. specifically we will examine  erica, and europe. specifically we will examine whether relationship patterns are congruent wit  terns are congruent with the east-east, west-west distribution types of many lichen species and   are congruent with the east-east, west-west distribution types of many lichen species and to w
12658	2	t findings under cites. in addition, it is intended that this project provide an element of cap  es authorities. the project should also provide a contribution to the understanding of the orni
14157	8	out by urbanisation cause a significant increase in environmental pressures, which has not been   environmental pressures, which has not been fully surveyed, in particular using life cycle ass  ives. the total growth of environmental load of city dwellers is expressed in the increase of e   of environmental load of city dwellers is expressed in the increase of ecological footprint, s  s as sensitive places have to adapt and mitigate to the changing climate and contribute to the   nd mitigate to the changing climate and contribute to the decrease in greenhouse gas emissions.  se gas emissions. the impact of spatial structure of settlements and buildings on land use and   ion of urban environment, also needs to be elaborated. the objective of the research project is
230	13	of the lepidopterous family geometridae is traditional, the last global review written by l.b.p  r on, only the subfamily sterrhinae has been revised on global scale, and regional reviews of s  y sterrhinae has been revised on global scale, and regional reviews of some other groups are pu  d regional reviews of some other groups are published during the last decade. geometrid moths a  t decade. geometrid moths as a speciose group, which is distributed worldwide, is a good object  metrid moths as a speciose group, which is distributed worldwide, is a good object for molecula   group, which is distributed worldwide, is a good object for molecular systematicists. however,   a system of geometridae based on up-to-date morphological treatment and analysis. molecular sy   and analysis. molecular systematicists use cladistic treatment of data, therefore a cladistic   reatment of data, therefore a cladistic review of moths' morphology on global scale will be opt  ogeographical regions. these materials, being in process of scientific identification, serve as  n process of scientific identification, serve as a database for the proposed project. the revie  idae, as well as it enables synthetical approach in phylogeography, problems of genesis of faun
14313	4	cape modifications that can potentially affect global climate via their effects on surface albe  es on natural ecosystems in east africa was limited, due to very low mean population density de  ter-quality losses due to siltation and excess nutrient input directly linked to deforestation   d to those associated with natural long-term hydrological change.
2079	3	, the norwegian spring spawning herring was driven almost to extinction in the early 1970s, wit  from those prior to the collapse. there is provisional evidence for a link between the stock co  g and climate, and develop state-of-the-art mathematical models to aid prediction of the conseq
10494	4	imate system and tropical vegetation it is necessary to examine past records of vegetation chan  , and chronologically well constrained, lake sediments. however, few fossil pollen lake records  m the tropics which cover one, or more, complete glacial-interglacial cycle. pollen records doc  change in the lowland tropics of africa are particularly scarce with only three records from te
2013	11	within the deforestation process, fire is used as a cheap tool to eliminate biomass, releasing  re dry enough to burn, so fire can only be used on a large scale when there is a distinct dry s  rn, so fire can only be used on a large scale when there is a distinct dry season. on an annual  nly be used on a large scale when there is a distinct dry season. on an annual basis, deforesta   socio-economic factors that ultimately drive deforestation. here i show however, how climate m  ation. here i show however, how climate may play an under-appreciated role in controlling defor  r investigate links between climate and fire-driven deforestation using satellite measurements   rements of fires and precipitation, and assess how regional deforestation rates and practices m  ional deforestation rates and practices may change in the future as a result of changing precip  of the proposed research will therefore address relations between precipitation characteristics  the second part will i examine how this may change in the future. the main objective will be to
2030	4	distributions towards the pole, but it is unclear why some species become extremely abundant i  tats and others not. plant invasiveness may be caused by a variety of factors. from the perspec  o explain invasiveness. plant abundance can be controlled by both above- and belowground enemie  n species in new and original habitats, are caused by differences in mobility between plants, t
13615	7	plant species will shift from presently warm to previously cold climate regions. invasive plant  eviously cold climate regions. invasive plant species may become serious pests in their new env  ests in their new environments, if they are released from their herbivores. root-feeding nemato   experiments, i will compare growth and plant defences between plants of the same species from   will investigate if the plants exude or emit substances that attract the antagonists in trials   the abundance of root-feeding nematodes is controlled in natural ecosystems may help to improve  des is controlled in natural ecosystems may help to improve the biological control of nematodes
9835	4	n. to make such models useful tools, it is then necessary to integrate them with models of clim  lack-tailed godwits, for which is there is a long-term marking programme enabling analyses of i   movement patterns, and for which there are established links between habitat quality and demog  he resulting population model will then be used within a fuzzy-logic based coastal simulator mo
10007	13	ter than present, there was very little ice at the poles, and global sea levels were much highe  egan to cool dramatically and extensive ice-sheets began to grow on antarctica, taking the firs  ntervals and times of possible icesheet cover on both hemispheres, in particular between 38 and  ma shells surrounding their cells which are preserved as minute fossils in huge numbers in seaf  chemical composition of their shells we can determine how warm, how acidic and how salty the oc  middle eocene climate we will, firstly, determine exactly how old the sediments are that record  are that record climate change. we will do this by looking at the magnetic properties of the se  e foraminifera and the species present, act like a fingerprint indicating a specific age. secon  indicating a specific age. secondly, we want to document the detailed changes in environmental    global climate through time. third, we want to use this information to understand the effect r  spheric co2, like that occurring today, have on ocean acidity and in turn on carbonate-producin  base of the global marine foodchain, we need to know how they will respond. the research will b  al intervals of climate change. we will collaborate with scripps institution of oceanography, u
13785	4	ects with well known ecology i.e. large blue butterflies investigate ecosystem functioning and   sects in an ecological and evolutionary framework on interactions between hostplants-insects-pa  r general knowledge of how such systems are influenced by accelerating changes needs to be impr  uenced by accelerating changes needs to be improved.
12190	1	environmental stewardship was introduced to build on the already successful envir
1105	5	in the carbon cycle that carry out and control the carbon cycle. a simulation model of the car  her available data. cartographic themes can be identified and may indicate suitable decisions t  rtographic themes can be identified and may indicate suitable decisions to be made in controlli   and may indicate suitable decisions to be made in controlling the greenhouse effect via the in  large and diverse audience. the project is divided into four research lines: 1. productive agro
10850	4	interaction between two or more species can be bought about either as direct responses of speci  st these alternative causal mechanisms, being easily censused and directly competing for space.  cles in sw england to determine whether direct or indirect mechanisms better predict responses   year period will be used to develop and test the models.
10476	5	mentation in marine systems have barely been considered. there are several reasons for this inc  tems have barely been considered. there are several reasons for this including difficulties in   ntation in marine systems have recently been lifted. the research team is multi-disciplinary an   those found in the field. if the grant is funded by nerc, the university of exeter has committ  o extend the analyses over a continuous range of emission scenarios
13755	3	face ice on fish. the project will also identify the channel topography that is optimal for avo  hat is optimal for avoiding destructive ice formation and prepare recommendations for proactive   avoiding destructive ice formation and prepare recommendations for proactive restoration metho
2006	10	ir high number of species. samples have been taken over more than 100 years resulting in valuab  cator taxa, a solid historical baseline is needed. this may be achieved by the compilation of r  lid historical baseline is needed. this may be achieved by the compilation of reliable and vali  ndonesian biodiversity data from as far back in time as possible. model taxa are selected, base  ar back in time as possible. model taxa are selected, based on their representation in museum a  . next to data base comparison, we will analyse caco3 secreting organisms, such as corals and m  ected in the course of the 20th century can be compared. fluorescent banding, correlated with r  cent banding, correlated with rainfall, is exposed with the help of uv-light. small samples of   elp of uv-light. small samples of caco3 can be taken from the bands with the help of a computer  tion / evaporation changes and can thus be used as a reference for observed changes in floral /
10044	12	there is considerable uncertainly regarding the influence of    to safeguarding ecosystem function. we propose to investigate climatic influence on spatial an  ion. we propose to investigate climatic influence on spatial and temporal structure of the nort   the northeast atlantic marine demersal fish assemblage. using collated data from uk government  ta from uk government survey trawls, we aim to 1 investigate whether there is a northeast atlan  k government survey trawls, we aim to 1 investigate whether there is a northeast atlantic signa  , we aim to 1 investigate whether there is a northeast atlantic signature of diversity change l  the same magnitude across the region. 2 test if individual species show similar abundance trend  throughout their geographic ranges, and identify ecological and life-history species traits lin  e, growth rates and trophic level and 3 test the reliability of climate-envelope predictions of  ecies distributions and abundances, and compare these to predictions made using models incorpor   underpinning predictions of ecological change during forecasted 2 to 4 c rises in mean annual
10895	4	change with a predicted rise in global average temperatures of 2-5c over the next 50 years. am  ty in many mobile animal taxa. however, long-lived plants, including keystone forest trees, dis  lants, including keystone forest trees, disperse slowly cannot adapt to rapid climate change wi   keystone forest trees, disperse slowly cannot adapt to rapid climate change within the lifespa
11708	4	change with a predicted rise in global average temperatures of 2-5 deg c over the next 50 year  ty in many mobile animal taxa. however, long-lived plants, including keystone forest trees, dis  lants, including keystone forest trees, disperse slowly cannot adapt to rapid climate change wi   keystone forest trees, disperse slowly cannot adapt to rapid climate change within the lifespa
7479	14	although there is no certainty regarding the precise nature and rate o  tainty regarding the precise nature and rate of future climate change, even the most moderate s  ture and rate of future climate change, even the most moderate scenarios predict a continuing c  he last years, much new information has been gathered in large eu-funded research, but to date   h, but to date this information has not been synthesized nor has it become an important part of  thesized nor has it become an important part of public knowledge. the aim of this proposal is t  projects and research networks, we will produce a state-of-the-art overview of european researc  etworks, we will produce a state-of-the-art overview of european research results on the effect   change on marine environment. an up-to-date overview of public knowledge and perception on the   be used to identify the main issues to be addressed and the best practices to be used during t   be addressed and the best practices to be used during the outreach activities. enhancement of   innovative tools such as an interactive pan-european conference at the end of 2010 and a high-q  reach activities will build upon recent experience as has been gathered within eu-funded resear  ill build upon recent experience as has been gathered within eu-funded research to communicate
12660	8	r killing; and to facilitate their long-term survival by endeavouring to remove obstacles that   remove obstacles that hinder migration; protect habitats; and lessen the impact of non-indigeno  hinder migration; protect habitats; and lessen the impact of non-indigenous species. migratory   n-indigenous species. migratory species are considered important as they can act as linkages be  pecies are considered important as they can act as linkages between ecosystems, and therefore c  ch on the subject. a copy of the report can be located at http://defraweb/wildlife-countryside/  port recommended that indicator species be identified to provide information on the condition o  reements, their party states and others play a more active part in addressing the threats to mi
13773	5	phenotypic plasticity in their breeding-time to allow them to co-ordinate breeding with seasona  urces. although plasticity allows short-term adjustment to temperature changes, large-scale dis  djustment to temperature changes, large-scale disruptions to these patterns , and assess whethe  ale disruptions to these patterns , and assess whether climate variables can limit the success    , and assess whether climate variables can limit the success of species translocation programs
2000	9	forming peat, bogs serve as significant long-term sinks for atmospheric carbon dioxide. climati  spheric carbon dioxide. climatic change could bring about changes in the biodiversity and speci  es composition of these ecosystems that could have important repercussions for global carbon cy  l carbon cycling. experiments that have been carried out so far were too short to study the res  t have been carried out so far were too short to study the response of these ecosystems to glob  ems to global change. virtually nothing is known about how climate change and changes in atmosp  es in species composition during longer time periods, since the peat forms a natural archive of  d conditions. more specifically we will attempt:· to reconstruct the historic changes in sphagn  storic changes in sphagnum and vascular plant species composition and carbon sequestration in b
14737	9	lant and animal physiology, more effort is needed to investigate the impacts at community level  l, particularly in forests. at regional scale, climate change may produce modifications in spec  ests. at regional scale, climate change may produce modifications in species distribution, acco  ial climatic niche. in this project, we propose to develop statistical models of potential dist  ential distribution of the main spanish forest species under different climatic scenarios. sinc  from one of these experiments, and they suggest that abrupt changes may appear after drought th  s, and they suggest that abrupt changes may appear after drought thresholds are achieved. these  ges may appear after drought thresholds are achieved. these experiments will also allow the spe  e achieved. these experiments will also allow the species characterisation according to morphol
14823	5	currently it is considered by several studies that ecotones are very  may cause changes in the timberline and be of enormous ecological significance. the alpine timb   in winter. due to its high altitude it is also exposed to exceptionally high radiation. in thi  ly high radiation. in this proposal, it is intended to monitor the physiological performance of  n other parts of the earth. in this way is intended to amplify a base of knowledge for better m
482	4	insects react rapidly to environmental change: for example, regional extinction rates of europ  rder of magnitude in recent decades. we have also shown that butterflies are accurate indicator  lies were by the many species that also depend on ants species across the climatic gradient, us  c gradient, using national and european time series and atlas datasets available to the consort
12592	6	climate change has been identified by the draft soil strategy for england    current climate projections for the uk suggest scenarios of warming leading to hotter and drie  ils and the soil biota, and potentially affect the ability of soils to maintain delivery of the   including carbon and nutrient cycling, soil structural dynamics, detoxifying pollutants and su  ood. some studies have shown that there are complex relationships between belowground biodivers  he ability of the soil to withstand and recover from perturbations.
7673	1	clim-fabiam is a basic research program relying on a long lasting p
11758	1	changes in whole plant carbon balances may have important consequences for seedling growth and
9996	1	changes in whole plant carbon balances may have important consequences for seedling growth and
10889	7	birds and is affecting the geographical range of species as warm temperate species advance nort  ortant implications for zooplankton and fish assemblages and indeed the whole marine food web.   loom as a result of climate change have been demonstrated and shown to have significant effects  intertidal barnacles have made a superb model organism for studies of larval transport and supp  dies of larval transport and supply and are also sensitive indicators of climate change. their   are either boreal . in this way we will improve our understanding of how hydroclimatic factors   gues at sams as part of a previous nerc grant to understand effects of climate change on adult
10950	4	n glacier equilibrium line altitude and summer temperature. we will investigate whether glacier  ltitude and summer temperature. we will investigate whether glacier retreat during the yd resul  in snowfall or climate warming. we will compare midge-inferred july temperatures with the grip   rd to determine whether the grip record can be used as a proxy for summer temperature in the ne
13587	4	esulting depression of their algal food is considered the main mechanism leading to a cwp. usin  ation of historical data from two large north american lakes, i will test the hypothesis that c  els describing and predicting herbivore-plant interactions with effects at the ecosystem scale   rity and quality during late spring and summer in lakes gained in the project will be of great
2056	5	iversity perspective because this biome is dominated by specialists that have through evolution  ures and long winters -specialists that are found nowhere else on earth. polar bears induced ch   and interactions of these two species, identify critical habitat features and develop a predic   identify critical habitat features and develop a predictive model to assess the impact of futu  bitat features and develop a predictive model to assess the impact of future climate change on
1997	16	we will base our study on climate induced biodiversity shifts i  tic ecosystems. climate change can thus be expected to affect biodiversity by changing the dist  internally driven oscillations may also be critical for maintaining biodiversity. according to   rnative stable state hypothesis', lakes can switch in an abrupt way between alternative stable   versity. climate change may potentially push these ecosystems to another stable state and may t   ecosystems to another stable state and may therefore have a large effect on aquatic biodiversi   another stable state and may therefore have a large effect on aquatic biodiversity. we will re  le state and may therefore have a large effect on aquatic biodiversity. we will review, test an  effect on aquatic biodiversity. we will review, test and apply each of these theories in two cl   biodiversity. we will review, test and apply each of these theories in two closely linked proj  ionally carry out simulations with full-scale ecosystem models. these two alw-funded researcher  ayers in the field of water quality and water management. the anticipated results will provide   n aquatic biodiversity. the integrative approach of the programme will contribute to a better u  of the mechanisms by which biodiversity is obtained, which is essential for the development of   ble management strategies. it will also contribute to a better prediction of the effects of glo  ter prediction of the effects of global change for aquatic biodiversity.
1999	13	ecosystems to tackle this question, we base our work on three influential theories: - the inte  odiversity hypothesis - the alternative-stable-state hypothesis interestingly, these three theo  ity hypothesis - the alternative-stable-state hypothesis interestingly, these three theories se  aquatic biodiversity in more detail, we propose to test specific hypothesis generated from thes  eories experimentally in microcosms and do additional analysis using electronic cosms'. the mic  tions. in different experiments we will manipulate the composition of the phytoplankton or the    zooplankton community and additionally impose different temperature and light regimes to study  onally impose different temperature and light regimes to study climatic effects on biotic inter  on organisms with long generation times cannot be studied experimentally, we will make use of a  an existing general lake model. we will use this full-scale ecosystem model as an electronic co  neral lake model. we will use this full-scale ecosystem model as an electronic cosm, focusing o  m, focusing on the same questions as we do in the experimental microcosms. the findings from th  the results obtained by time series and model analysis in the companion project of this researc
1998	7	we address the question how global change will affect the   odiversity hypothesis - the alternative-stable-state hypothesis interestingly, these three theo  ity hypothesis - the alternative-stable-state hypothesis interestingly, these three theories se  aquatic biodiversity in more detail, we propose to use time series analysis and model analysis.  propose to use time series analysis and model analysis. the time series analysis will focus on    qualitative understanding, and we will use the climatic variability observed in the time serie  he findings from the model analysis and time series analysis will be compared with experimental
2179	14	orest that sometimes leads to extensive forest death. we have recently made two discoveries tha  mes leads to extensive forest death. we have recently made two discoveries that suggest that di  n outbreaks restricted to low-altitude, coast-near forest in nw norway, has expanded its outbre  rrita autumnata as to cause intense and long-lasting defoliation leading to extensive forest de  asting defoliation leading to extensive forest death. secondly, during the last 3 years, a nove   forest in troms county. a. aurantiaria is known as a forest pest species further south in euro   species further south in europe and it may thus represent a putative new pest in the sub-arcti  further south in europe and it may thus represent a putative new pest in the sub-arctic birch f  iod of increasingly earlier springs. we hypothesize that the earlier springs have provided a sp   have provided a spreading phenological match between the geometrids and their food resource or  ape from regulatory mechanisms. here we propose to test this match-mismatch hypothesis in a foo  sms. here we propose to test this match-mismatch hypothesis in a food web perspective, combinin   small-scale process studies with large-scale, pattern oriented approaches. through these studi  d approaches. through these studies, we aim to provide means of forecasting the further develop
14665	3	onal climate zones where climate change may have the greatest effects. in the areas where rainf  or gcm for mediterranean areas where we expect an increasing aridity in the near future and con  c data base for the whole mediterranean coast of spain. approximately 1600 series with differen
15005	3	ally within short ranges . an important part of the biodiversity existing in terrestrial ecosys  nge. as a contribution to this goal, we propose to study the following aspects of bryophyte bio  ophyte biology with the global climatic change as a reference: 1. to deepen the knowledge of th
2078	8	tion as a response to climate change it is important to consider comparable information on dyna  roups oforganisms in time and space. it is known that climate changes will have a strong effect  that climate changes will have a strong effect on species-distribution and species-composition   rder. these biological transition zones can be detected as regions with unusually high species-  nes. the project focuses on the rate-of-change in species-composition for different organisms a  temporal history of species-turnover to be addressed. with a new statistical procedure for ecot  e for ecotone detection the ecotone and inter-ecotone species-turnover will be quantified in bo  ng the effect of climate conditions and change on dynamic biodiversity, and testing if the grou
424	1	the mediterranean is an area considered as a hotspot of biodiversity . th
6861	8	since representants of this group often react sensitively for slight climatic/ enviromnental ch  t climatic/ enviromnental changes, they may be used as indicators of microclimatic fluctuations  f leaves in particular species, climate-plant relation can be studied. statistical and taphonom  ticular species, climate-plant relation can be studied. statistical and taphonomical analysis h  uct the fossilization circumstances and confirm the rule of pteridophytes in liassic assemblage  with other elements of vegetation , and compare data with other known european lower jurassic f   compare data with other known european lower jurassic floras we can recreate ecology of liassi  known european lower jurassic floras we can recreate ecology of liassic subtropical delta-plain
2109	11	and the low alpine areas cover a large proportion of the norwegian land surface. the predicted  predicted anthropogenic climate changes are supposed to have large influences in these areas du  their internal competition. the changes are supposed to be slow, and the efforts to quantify th  h existing survey methods. we therefore look for the use of more easy accesible methods as lida  etermination of resources. we will also use past vegetation and soil registrations for analysin  s. we will also use past vegetation and soil registrations for analysing the development of the  ue to a detailed mapping of vegetation, soil properties and timberline position in 1932-1936. t  n in 1932-1936. the field registrations were done in permanently marked plots positioned in a r  analysed with respect to vegetation and soil, and the information will be included in a digital   analysed with respect to changes which can be related to climatic fluctuations. changes in tim  ture climate change in this ecotone. we plan to provide information from the project in co-oper
13612	7	there is currently widespread concern for the survival of man            there is currently widespread concern for the survival of many mammal species in euro   change will cause habitats to shift or contract northwards, and will result in high rates of e  heir distributions accordingly. here we propose a novel and multi-disciplinary approach to inve   propose a novel and multi-disciplinary approach to investigate the underlying mechanisms that   t tracking in european mammals. we will combine recently developed ancient dna approaches with   g forecasting models to more accurately predict future responses.
15565	7	there is currently widespread concern for the survival of man            there is currently widespread concern for the survival of many mammal species in euro   change will cause habitats to shift or contract northwards, and will result in high rates of e  heir distributions accordingly. here we propose a novel and multi-disciplinary approach to inve   propose a novel and multi-disciplinary approach to investigate the underlying mechanisms that   t tracking in european mammals. we will combine recently developed ancient dna approaches with   g forecasting models to more accurately predict future responses.
10413	4	insects react rapidly to environmental change: for example, regional extinction rates of europ  rder of magnitude in recent decades. we have also shown that butterflies are accurate indicator  r species in their environment. here we propose to measure the combined impacts of human-induce  d objectives of this extensive proposal can be found in the main proposal on vr and in a shorte
13747	5	insects react rapidly to environmental change: for example, regional extinction rates of europ  rder of magnitude in recent decades. we have also shown that butterflies are accurate indicator  ies are accurate indicators of w,\ ilii change in less conspicuous invertebrate taxa, including  multiple group members: thus in | ||jij practice, the greatest recorded declines among butterfl  lies were by the many species that also depend on ants species across the climatic gradient,
15566	4	insects react rapidly to environmental change: for example, regional extinction rates of europ  rder of magnitude in recent decades. we have also shown that butterflies are accurate indicator  lies were by the many species that also depend on ants species across the climatic gradient, us  c gradient, using national and european time series and atlas datasets available to the consort
14140	2	lf of finland in summer reveals a three-layer vertical structure with ooccasionally occurring a  conditions in the near bottom layer. we assume that, besides the physical processes, the biolog
6736	8	cardiomyopathy . all of these disorders are associated with symptoms limiting the quality of li  ent cardiac arrhythmias and an incresed risk of sudden cardiac death. the genetic research on c   our thinking on hcm. although much has been clarified regarding the pathologic base of these d  been clarified regarding the pathologic base of these diseases, many open questions remained. t  y the involved genes, but to completely understand the molecular pathogenesis of the disease. h  sociations, and to establish whether it is possible to determine the clinical course of a given  t is possible to determine the clinical course of a given genotype. to establish such an associ   association would represent invaluable tool in risk stratification, which is incomplete at the
11439	6	scientists now believe that the very future of human life on the plane  anet earth is closeley linked to how we alter the global carbon cycle. the rate at which we are   and altering land use ; however, if we get the carbon cycle slightly out of balance the plants  er, if we get the carbon cycle slightly out of balance the plants and animals die fairly quickl  d animals die fairly quickly. we really need to know the rules for keeping these closed systems  e are proposing uses one of the largest plant-growth experimental....
11106	2	we aim to analyse bacterial communities in orographic clou  ragment length polymorphism , will also be investigated in 3 ways - in vitro measurement of the
14266	2	uild a baseline on which other projects can be developed. interaction with other projects – alt  its within the framework of the spsd-ii research action of the .
12588	12	climate change are highly uncertain, so evidence-based policy setting is extremely difficult. r  t. this would enable a clear picture to be gained of the current state of uk soil carbon and th  to be gained of the current state of uk soil carbon and the processes driving change, and infor  thermore, gaps in these data could then be identified and a programme of work developed to addr  ienced and recognised members of the uk soil science community who have the broad range of skil  rs of the uk soil science community who have the broad range of skills required to tackle this   ailability and provenance of data on uk soil carbon stocks, fluxes and land use influences. 2.   potential limitations of these data and draw conclusions on how these limitation may be reduced  raw conclusions on how these limitation may be reduced. 3. establish the data and research requ  y be reduced. 3. establish the data and research requirements to deliver better and more certai  is project will be a brief review of uk soil carbon data sources and shortfalls in these data.   y makers in relation to soil carbon and land management. tasks for a second phase of work will
14958	10	s comprise over 2000 known species, and further species are continually being discovered. many   es, and further species are continually being discovered. many belong to fungal genera which on  many belong to fungal genera which only include lichenicolous species. these fungi are extremel   and many are evidently ancient and not easy to place in the overall classification of fungi. i  ystematic placement of these fungi have been frustrated by the difficulty of securing sufficien  this project will build on the previous experience of the principal investigator in developing   shly collected material. the systematic position of the fungi will be explored using molecular    genera of lichenicolous fungi have yet been the subject of such studies. in many lichenicolous  aterial from different host lichens has been used to recognize different species. the project w  ent species. the project will therefore examine material of selected genera from different host
10137	8	n as ocean acidification . an important facet of ocean acidification is a decline in the concen   ocean, a form of dissolved carbon that is depleted in the acidification reaction when co2 is a   in the acidification reaction when co2 is added to seawater. this is critical, because the she   and skeletons of many marine organisms are made of calcium carbonate to constrain the swarm of  h. the outcome of our work will firstly be a better understanding of the modern ocean carbon cy  worrying about the future. we will also make predictions about the range of changes in ocean ca   in ocean carbon and nutrient cycles we can expect in the future and how the ocean may affect t   expect in the future and how the ocean may affect the degree of future warming by emitting mor
11019	8	n as ocean acidification . an important facet of ocean acidification is a decline in the concen   ocean, a form of dissolved carbon that is depleted in the acidification reaction when co2 is a   in the acidification reaction when co2 is added to seawater. this is critical, because the she   and skeletons of many marine organisms are made of calcium carbonate to constrain the swarm of  h. the outcome of our work will firstly be a better understanding of the modern ocean carbon cy  worrying about the future. we will also make predictions about the range of changes in ocean ca   in ocean carbon and nutrient cycles we can expect in the future and how the ocean may affect t   expect in the future and how the ocean may affect the degree of future warming by emitting mor
15028	3	her hand, this intense fishing activity may have multiple effects over the exploited species an  to conduct an integrated socio-economic study of the artisanal and recreational anglers, the fi  oid the collapse of the populations and maintain the resiliency of the coastal ecosystems, the
11490	4	the ecosystem services of deltas often support high population densities - estimated at over 5   coming years and decades including and refine the research questions identified to develop a p  2010 submission. in particular, it will allow us to embed the research in the ganges-brahmaputr   that would emerge if the full proposal was funded.
14317	10	erstood simplbecause it has only seldom been studied, and only for very specific aspects. so fa  plinary studies on the congo river have been carried out, such an approach is the prerequisite   n approach is the prerequisite to fully understand the biodiversity and functioning of an aquat  ioning of an aquatic ecosystem. a large number of conceptual models have been developed over th   large number of conceptual models have been developed over the past decades to describe the ov  e of longitudinal and lateral gradients were underlined, with contrasting importance of autocht  ales. unfortunately, all these concepts were validated through observations in temperate or sub  g fish. therefore, in this proposal, we aim to link terrestrial inputs, primary producers . in   nvolving multiple partners will greatly benefit from the unique experience of boyekoli ebale co  rs will greatly benefit from the unique experience of boyekoli ebale congo 2010, the congo 2010
14318	6	this proposal is situated in the context of the united nations collab  ext of the united nations collaborative programme on reducing emissions from deforestation and   ducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation in developing countries program. un-  ion in developing countries program. un-redd+ will create a financial value for sustainable for  reate a financial value for sustainable forest management actions that enhance carbon storage i  l forests of d.r. congo as a study area is inspired by five main reasons: .
13315	4	to stop biodiversity declines and meet future challenges, a better understanding is neede  ture challenges, a better understanding is needed on how biodiversity is affected by historic a  rstanding is needed on how biodiversity is affected by historic and current land use changes. i  n critical for the development of large scale, general predictions of biodiversity effects on l
13823	11	we will test developments within the geographic mosaic theory o  test developments within the geographic mosaic theory of coevolution that have led to predictio  atial and temporal scales. for this, we need to establish the ratio of parasite to host migrati  ratio of parasite to host migration and determine the genetic nature of resistance and virulenc  three parasites. the sterilising anther-smut fungus, microbotryum violaceum disperses on a simi  iolaceum disperses on a similar spatial scale to its host, but invades host populations long af  nvades host populations long after they are formed. caryocolum viscariella, a parasitic moth, a   root maggot, destroy flowering shoots, may disperse slightly further than their hosts, but ent  flowering shoots, may disperse slightly further than their hosts, but enter host populations sh  ter host populations shortly after they are formed. our goal is to show that the genetic mosaic  g populations, including the parasites, is a more efficient way to maintain the evolutionary pr
14549	3	relevant contributions finally, we will try to detect and prove adaptations in fledgling cuckoo  ions finally, we will try to detect and prove adaptations in fledgling cuckoos in order to expl  red in different nests join flocks that are fed by groups of magpies.
14127	3	tly in an operational mode but needs to be expanded and equipped with tools for analysis, prima  tic analysis, molecular clustering, dna sequence manipulation, and data export facilities. desi  processing sequences from the massively parallel dna sequencing system roche gs flx will be dev
11545	2	chips, upon which we can simultaneously measure the rate of expression of every gene in the gen  on of every gene in the genome. we will test if parasites that struggle to survive in drosophil
11678	2	chips, upon which we can simultaneously measure the rate of expression of every gene in the gen  on of every gene in the genome. we will test if parasites that struggle to survive in drosophil
14940	6	atterns, especially the colonization or host-switching through food webs. this task will requir  biogeographical data. secondly, we will address the coadaptation basis that allowed the diversi  ment which, in turn, will constraint or facilitate colonization of hosts and/or intestinal habi  nomical diversity. for the coadaptation study we will describe, for the first time in paleoacan  ity. for the coadaptation study we will describe, for the first time in paleoacanthocephalans,   ontrolling for phylogenetic effects. we expect the project to add significant knowledge from ta
6767	1	ain aim is studying diatom habitats not subject of current biomonitoring activity. during the 3
15583	10	in shelter an exceptional biodiversity, provide critical ecosystem services and support the liv  provide critical ecosystem services and support the livelihood of vulnerable communities. under  forestation, and degradation critically influence their biodiversity, in turn affecting the fun  fecting the functions and services they provide, at local, regional and global scales. the purp  global scales. the purpose of cofortips is to foster better management of the congo basin fores   systems . by adopting a participatory, cross-sectoral, and multidisciplinary approach, we will  and multidisciplinary approach, we will ensure that our results and scenarios are embedded in t  l ensure that our results and scenarios are embedded in the policy making process, paying close  eaders at every step of the project and secure a clear and direct communication of the research  p of the project and secure a clear and direct communication of the research results among the
13455	8	sh stocks. in sweden and norway a large proportion of natural reefs have been damaged by trawli   large proportion of natural reefs have been damaged by trawling, and ocean acidification is a   fs below 600 m. in swedish waters there is only one small live reef left while 6 previously kno  bably a necessity. with this project we aim to provide essential knowledge to aid in the preser  in the national park and skagerrak, and investigate in vitro and in situ hydrodynamic driving f  riving forces to be able to develop and improve the efficacy of the methods above. all necessar   and a network of international experts is established for support with elaborate methods. we e   for support with elaborate methods. we expect this project to be a milestone in rehabilitation
12715	9	en and critical levels for ammonia, and are predicted to continue to do so despite reductions i   of reactive nitrogen gases. there have been a considerable number of research studies focussed  n gases. there have been a considerable number of research studies focussed on detailed site ba  sed analysis and modelling. however, it is not clear the extent to which elevated nitrogen is i  lysis and modelling. however, it is not clear the extent to which elevated nitrogen is impactin  countryside survey and various vascular plant, bryophyte and lichen distribution datasets. it w  d various vascular plant, bryophyte and lichen distribution datasets. it will correlate spatial  d lichen distribution datasets. it will correlate spatial and temporal changes to nitrogen depo  site condition or species status trends can be linked to n-deposition.
13388	3	ination of nutritional contents of knot-grass, eastern borage and mallow species which grow nat   region, consumed fondly by the public, have medicinal and aromatic value is aimed.   blic, have medicinal and aromatic value is aimed.
13386	5	tant forage crop specie and no work has been conducted on it at molecular level. in this study,  t at molecular level. in this study, it is aimed to collect and identify the gene sources of th   this study, it is aimed to collect and identify the gene sources of this crop of the lotus spe   will be determined. characteristics to be determined in this study will be used as selection c  enotypes suitable for rangelands and/or hay production will be utilized in the continuing breed
14190	1	ed data. growing and propagating larger number of local cultivars in the botanical garden.
14192	1	sses, legumes, oil crops and vegetables are maintained at the genebank in 2010. main genebank a
14191	4	vitro the varieties, breeding material, land-races, clones and forms of the most important agri  orms of the most important agricultural plant species; •to characterize and evaluate the charac  ral plant species; •to characterize and evaluate the characteristics of accessions; •to analyze  ons; •to evaluate the influence of long-term preservation in vitro as meristem plants on the ge
13382	2	ctive of this project is to collect and identify some important forage grass species from natur  ies from natural areas in eskisehir and search for the possibility of using them in breeding.
13394	1	this study was undertaken to collect erzincan vegetable genetic so
13578	4	urther reduce their abundance. the long-term survival of these forestry-sensitive species is af  val of these forestry-sensitive species is affected by factors in the forest landscapes, but al   on old, non-isolated and large islands may need active help to disperse and establish new popu  ds may need active help to disperse and establish new populations. departing from these results
13462	5	dscapes dominated by forestry. the long-term survival of these species is affected by factors i  the long-term survival of these species is affected by factors in the forest landscapes, but al   epiphytic lichens. colonizing capacity is inferred from species patterns of occupancy on young  ely old, non-isolated and large islands may need active help to disperse and establish new popu  ds may need active help to disperse and establish new populations. departing from the results o
15321	15	e lack of liquid water. some cells also have to withstand lethal uv radiation, extremely low or  ithstand lethal uv radiation, extremely low or high temperatures and their fluctuations, oligot   in large measure depend on an adequate structure of the colony of microorganisms but also on t  water in the form of vapour has not yet been addressed. our working hypothesis for this project  ability of water vapour that may either be imbibed directly by the microorganisms and serve to   ibed directly by the microorganisms and serve to hydrate the substrate. our study was designed   rve to hydrate the substrate. our study was designed to examine the microbial ecosystems of end  ur planet. moreover, these environments can be considered terrestrial analogues of the conditio   of possible life on mars. we will also characterize the biodiversity, structure and organizati  ithobionts of the negev desert. we also propose to identify and assess the activity of photosyn  desert. we also propose to identify and assess the activity of photosynthetic pigments and meas  activity of photosynthetic pigments and measure the photosynthetic response shown by endolithic  nmental factors. from our data, we will infer the role played by water vapour on the colonizati  ithic organisms. this project will also enable us to determine possible biosignatures left behi  ic ecosystems in the atacama desert and dry valleys of antarctica. similarly, the investigation
12146	5	colony changes of vegetation, fungi and soil biota take place. nature and dynamics of these cha  e. nature and dynamics of these changes must be investigated in order to understand resilience   nts of ecosystem – mammals, insects and wood-inhabiting fungi. other aim is to evaluate dynamic  aluate dynamics of the colony edges and rate of forest disturbances linking them with expansion  cal and biological composition of soil, structure of various groups of mycobiota, formation of
15339	10	s. this suggests that each insect group could see the world in different shapes and colours, a   erent shapes and colours, a result that could have important implications for the ecology and e  ity of visiting such flowers when there is competition for resources. differences in visual sys  ences in visual systems could therefore trigger resource partitioning and allow flowers some co  linator for which the visual system has been studied in any depth is the honey bee, apis mellif  th is the honey bee, apis mellifera, we propose to study the visual system of three different s  moth, macroglossum stellatarum. we will determine the ability of these species to detect object  een background and object. we will also study how these species perceive colour differences. ba   in perceptual abilities of pollinators can lead to resource partitioning. this information is    to predict the extent to which flowers can advertise their reward to certain pollinators while
15327	7	the recent intergovernmental panel on climate change report predicted large temperat  tressors of ecosystems will most likely lead to the resilience of these ecosystems being exceed  d to the resilience of these ecosystems being exceeded. research and conservation attention nee  gism of several pressures that together are likely to be the greatest challenge to biodiversity  s on stream ecosystems will most likely interact with climate warming, with combined effects th  y, and ecosystem services to humans. we predict that climate warming will exacerbate the curren   results will determine whether climate-change-related increased temperatures are likely to agg
9857	18	it is very important for us to find out how climate change  hanged in the past. without knowing, we cannot predict how the future climate might behave. glo  rements of climatic variables have only been collected over the last few decades but we need to  lected over the last few decades but we need to know how it varied through longer periods of ti  longer periods of time. we particularly need to know about this in the north atlantic shelf sea  keletons of microscopic organisms which can provide information about past climate. benthic for  udes of the northeast atlantic. we will sample these with the help of our four project partners  rtners from norway and iceland. we also have to bear in mind that these regions experience a wi  from regions where seasonal studies are being carried to find out whether different genotypes a  n of shell shape to find out whether we can find subtle differences to help recognise the new g  t importantly, in the fossil record. we hope to genetically and morphologically define all impo  hope to genetically and morphologically define all important benthic morphospecies used for pas  m our high resolution sampling, we will be able to produce a new bioprovince distribution map f   day northeast atlantic/arctic. we will discover whether generalist species really occupy diffe  cover whether generalist species really occupy different bioprovinces or represent a series of   really occupy different bioprovinces or represent a series of different cryptic species with di  rent cryptic species appear in the same place as the seasons change their recognition would all  ents affect the survival of species and drive their evolution through time.
9892	18	it is very important for us to find out how climate change  hanged in the past. without knowing, we cannot predict how the future climate might behave. glo  rements of climatic variables have only been collected over the last few decades but we need to  lected over the last few decades but we need to know how it varied through longer periods of ti  longer periods of time. we particularly need to know about this in the north atlantic shelf sea  keletons of microscopic organisms which can provide information about past climate. benthic for  udes of the northeast atlantic. we will sample these with the help of our four project partners  rtners from norway and iceland. we also have to bear in mind that these regions experience a wi  from regions where seasonal studies are being carried to find out whether different genotypes a  n of shell shape to find out whether we can find subtle differences to help recognise the new g  t importantly, in the fossil record. we hope to genetically and morphologically define all impo  hope to genetically and morphologically define all important benthic morphospecies used for pas  m our high resolution sampling, we will be able to produce a new bioprovince distribution map f   day northeast atlantic/arctic. we will discover whether generalist species really occupy diffe  cover whether generalist species really occupy different bioprovinces or represent a series of   really occupy different bioprovinces or represent a series of different cryptic species with di  rent cryptic species appear in the same place as the seasons change their recognition would all  ents affect the survival of species and drive their evolution through time.
14149	8	baltic sea. among abiotic processes we study mechanical disturbance, current flow, water strat  y mechanical disturbance, current flow, water stratification, sedimentation, oxygen deficiency,   processes the introduction of invasive alien species, primary and secondary production, benthi  ses on marine ecosystems. meta-analyses are used to compare results from different regions, sub  compare results from different regions, sub-regions, ecosystems or habitats. therefore the resu  lts of this project will be generic and can be applied at least at pan-european scale. the aim   status of currently damaged ecosystems, highlight those under threat and therefore support impl  hlight those under threat and therefore support implementation of the eu water framework and ha
15077	1	the y-chromosome genetic diversity has been shown to be useful to ascertain phylogenetic relat
14898	12	d habitat alteration and fragmentation, are widely used as bioindicators. however, the knowledg  obable disappearance of populations and even species, and a basic dna barcoding characterisatio  omical issues. the groups to study have been selected according to their endemicity, risk of ex  selected according to their endemicity, risk of extinction, unresolved taxonomy, and possible e  ccording to the preliminary results and experience of the collaborating researchers. these grou  r i. debilitata will be studied. iolana is cataloged as under risk of extinction in spain. 3. p  ninsula will be tested and whether they are typical p. alveus and p. bellieri or not. 4. coenon  specific with the european ones or they represent an endemic species will be studied. each case  ng program and the researchers involved are specified in the following pages. this study will b  tudy will be innovative because it will integrate biological, morphological, cytological and mo  ssary outgrups. more precisely, we will study the external and internal morphology, the karyoty  oblems will result in a more funded and precise estimation of the number of rhopalocera species
13976	11	biodiversity in the baltic archipelago is affected by human activities, and use this knowledge  go is affected by human activities, and use this knowledge as a basis to evaluate legal aspects  es should be constructed to efficiently preserve biodiversity and benefit development of the so  o efficiently preserve biodiversity and benefit development of the society. we will use ecologi  fit development of the society. we will use ecological biodiversity analysis to investigate how   investigate how breeding coastal birds are affected by shore exploitation, nature reserves and  nd boat traffic. the analysis will also consider the significance of different ecological facto   for biodiversity. the legal scientific part of the project aims at finding instruments that ca  roject aims at finding instruments that can result in a balance between the interests of preser  reserving biodiversity and maintain and develop human activities in the society. this will enco  n on how to adapt existing respectively find new instruments for sustainable development in the
2150	20	concerns have been raised about the impact of bottom trawling on the   thic community. in norway, considerable damage to deep-water coral reefs by trawlers have led t   in norway, considerable damage to deep-water coral reefs by trawlers have led to the closure o  f areas and initiated mapping of larger bottom areas of the barents sea. in this project we wil  he barents sea. in this project we will explore the implications of shifting effort from bottom  a trawl fishery for cod and haddock but was prohibited in 1974 due to reports of large catches   tches of juvenile fish. to use midwater trawl to catch gadoids catch rates being taken by midwa  ater trawl to catch gadoids catch rates being taken by midwater trawls must be commercially via  nd, the catch of juvenile fish must not be higher than for bottom trawling and finally fish tha  er than for bottom trawling and finally fish that are sorted out/escape must survive. the proje  r bottom trawling and finally fish that are sorted out/escape must survive. the project will ma  e must survive. the project will mainly focus on these two first topics. in addition, the passa  topics. in addition, the passage of non-target pelagic species will be studied in order to eval  n order to evaluate if survival studies are warranted. behavioural studies of both target and n  avioural studies of both target and non-target species is essential in developing an efficient   developing an efficient and species and size selective trawl. to develop suitable methodology t  itable methodology to study species and size specific behaviour during midwater trawling is a m   the quotas for cod, haddock and saithe can be caught effectively by midwater trawl without neg  e can be caught effectively by midwater trawl without negatively affecting the exploitation pat  e exploitation patter of target and non-target species, the overall impact of bottom trawling w
11119	7	udy of plant-invertebrate relations has been dominated by antagonistic interactions, specifical  ntagonistic interactions, specifically, plant defence against herbivory. in contrast, cooperati  hemical signals to promote pollination, seed dispersal, and protection from herbivores. we prop  sal, and protection from herbivores. we propose to investigate the sensory landscape that under  . we propose to investigate the sensory landscape that underlies the cooperative and parasitic    ants living symbiotically with the ant-plant cordia nodosa. the approach will be to collect pl  avioural assays. gas chromatography and mass spectrometry will be used to match plant chemistry
11836	11	aters flow from hot springs. the latter is particularly important because eruptions cause flood  g plants but also animals and microbes, even whole ecosystems in situ. such occurrences are rar  ings e.g. yellowstone, usa and iceland, demonstrate that the plants from the various types of r  ants from the various types of rock and estimate the degree to which the hot spring ecosystems   detailed anatomical description we will detect any modifications at the cellular level which ar  etect any modifications at the cellular level which are indicative of adaptation to water stres   water stress/physiological drought, or are connected with withstanding heavy metal toxicity. s  nd physiological responses in disparate plant lineages. particularly exciting is the prospect o   at the chinese locality, dongfanghong, part of an extensive gold field situated within the sam  ive gold field situated within the same lower cretaceous province and close to localities that    the same lower cretaceous province and close to localities that have yielded the earliest semi
10402	6	many insects are infected by microorganisms, including bacteria call  ia called wolbachia and cardinium, that are passed from a mother to its offspring. these bacter  are severe. some of these bacteria have been proposed as a means by which harmful insects could  sed as a means by which harmful insects could be controlled. however, to plan for use of such a   to plan for use of such approaches, we need to know if the bacteria involved can jump . the pr  two groups have exchanged bacteria, and test several hypotheses about which type of interaction
10333	3	experimental landscape ecology is possible using natural micro-ecosy  mining local species richness . here we propose to use this micro-ecosystem to test the effect   h for the emerging fields of macro- and landscape ecology and the maintenance of biodiversity a
10729	4	my proposed research is designed to assess the causes and consequences of sp  x landscapes of the imperilled atlantic forest of são paulo, brazil the minimum area requiremen   population biology, community ecology, landscape ecology, and multivariate statistics. therefo  nd will generate solid predictions that can be used for building objective and accurate conserv
9936	9	at present it is unclear whether carbon-flow pathways to ch4 in fresh  at present it is unclear whether carbon-flow pathways to ch4 in freshwater and marine systems a  to ch4 in freshwater and marine systems are controlled by direct environmental effects or via d  fermentation and h2/co2, methanogenesis dominate, respectively, in freshwater and marine system  freshwater and marine systems has never been rigorously tested, yet it forms the basis for stab  ation. this investigation will directly link methanogen and acetogen biodiversity, as determine  l lipids, to ecosystem function. carbon-flow pathways to ch4 in freshwater, marine and estuarin  . these data will be used to rigorously test the validity of a stable isotope proxy model that   l that is commonly used to study carbon-flow pathways in freshwater and marine environments.
10701	9	at present it is unclear whether carbon-flow pathways to ch4 in fresh  at present it is unclear whether carbon-flow pathways to ch4 in freshwater and marine systems a  to ch4 in freshwater and marine systems are controlled by direct environmental effects or via d  fermentation and h2/co2, methanogenesis dominate, respectively, in freshwater and marine system  freshwater and marine systems has never been rigorously tested, yet it forms the basis for stab  ation. this investigation will directly link methanogen and acetogen biodiversity, as determine  l lipids, to ecosystem function. carbon-flow pathways to ch4 in freshwater, marine and estuarin  . these data will be used to rigorously test the validity of a stable isotope proxy model that   l that is commonly used to study carbon-flow pathways in freshwater and marine environments.
15252	2	els and their latitudinal variation. we intend to examine the prediction that tropical amphibia  te species. to test this prediction, we select three larval amphibian communities along a latit
6834	2	alvia, stachys, balota and vitex are to be tested for chemical constituents, characteristic of    period . the data, obtained could well be used in the future too, if the plants in question we
15499	14	ts, archaeologists, and agronomists. we want to test the broad idea that, along with the evolut  ation syndrome, life history theory and plant physiological ecology would predict the parallel   laxed selection under cultivation. this may include traits linked to water and nutrient use eff  ects on soil function through microbial use of leaf litter and dead roots. we have some scatter  l use of leaf litter and dead roots. we have some scattered and case-study based evidence suppo   dead roots. we have some scattered and case-study based evidence supporting the view that cert  tiple interacting traits. here, we will use comparative ecology to identify plant strategies ev  thesis that domestication has generally lead to a shift in species ecological strategies, from   g strategies of domesticated lines, and assess whether this has consequences over biotic intera  roperties. in this specific project, we want to answer the following questions: 1 if present, w  rient richer litter and dead roots, and trigger faster litter and root decomposition rates than  ad roots, and trigger faster litter and root decomposition rates than their wild ancestors we w  on gardens, microbial inoculations, and litter decomposability assays, and will screen traits i   and evolutionary theory, but will also contribute technological information of high relevance
15403	11	atory role. thus the current vegetation could absorb the impact of the introduction of domestic  ir ecological niche is similar and thus provide essential information for the conservation of t   have occupied and expanded the trophic niche of myotragus in pretalaiotic times and for reason  reasons of genetic isolation would have been differentiated from the current domestic goat. mor  would be competing for the same trophic niche than the wild goat, threatening the survival of t   impact on vegetation. in particular it is intended, by the microhistological analysis of copro  histological analysis of coprolites and fresh faeces, characterize and compare the diet of exti  ites and fresh faeces, characterize and compare the diet of extinct myotragus balearicus and ma  us and mallorcan wild goat. at the same time, it is intended to determine the availability of f  llorcan wild goat. at the same time, it is intended to determine the availability of food, anim  hem. the information obtained will also determine which plant species may be more browsed, with
10195	8	lla, orangutan and man. the project has been designed to reveal the changes in genome architect  nome architecture and organisation that are believed to play a key role in speciation. we will    play a key role in speciation. we will use a uniquely appropriate technique to construct, for   e in speciation. we will use a uniquely appropriate technique to construct, for the first time,  hromosomal rearrangements. we will also survey the genomes for duplications, and correlate thes  urvey the genomes for duplications, and correlate these with differential gene expression. our   . our findings will both complement and support genome sequencing projects, and are of direct r  support genome sequencing projects, and are of direct relevance to basic biology, to biodiversi
13709	10	wolbachia is an intracellular bacterium that infects many species  les in a population since the infection is transferred maternally. because of the ability to sp  rapidly in an uninfected population and induce reproductive failure in crosses between uninfect  on of cytoplasmic incompatibility , and investigate the mechanisms and rates of evolution in wo  sed for genome sequencing all naturally infect drosophila and have been chosen based on their p  ll naturally infect drosophila and have been chosen based on their phylogenetic relationships a  s in their hosts. since wolbachia can´t be grown outside the host, standard genetic analyses ca  ide the host, standard genetic analyses cannot be applied, and comparative genome analyses of c  ters. the proposed project will greatly influence the research field, as the mechanism of ci an  he evolutionary properties of wolbachia are the main interests in both basic and applied wolbac
10525	31	bacteria could do amazing things. they could degrade crude oil. they could live in hot springs  ngs. they could degrade crude oil. they could live in hot springs, or places with extreme salt    with extreme salt concentrations. they could adapt to virtually everything, and make a living   ould adapt to virtually everything, and make a living there. this makes them a crucial part of   living there. this makes them a crucial part of the processes in the natural environment, and a  rces of new capabilities. bacteria also are a very important part of animal life. our digestive  ies. bacteria also are a very important part of animal life. our digestive function is changed    of animal life. our digestive function is changed by probiotics, indicating bacteria are impor  tant in good digestive health. in cows, gut bacteria are of vital importance in making the nutr  n some circumstances-for instance, they increase resistance to pathogens and parasites. c paras  t functions for the insect-and how they manipulate their biology-are issues that are important    not well resolved. in this project, we examine how bacteria that are beneficial and parasitic   teria that are beneficial and parasitic differ, examining the genomes of two different bacteria   genomes of two different bacteria that are related, but have very different interactions with   st. one of these-arsenophonus nasoniae, is a parasite, and has been sequenced previously. in th  phonus nasoniae, is a parasite, and has been sequenced previously. in this project, we will seq  ed previously. in this project, we will sequence arsenophonus triatominarum, a bacterium that l  cking bug, triatoma infestans, where it is a beneficial passenger. first, we will complete the    a beneficial passenger. first, we will complete the genome sequence of a. triatominarum, using  echnology based on firefly enzymes that can produce a draft genome in just one or two weeks. we   in just one or two weeks. we will then compare its genome to a. nasoniae. this comparison will  oniae. this comparison will immediately highlight genes of importance. genes that are shared by  ghlight genes of importance. genes that are shared by the two bacteria but have diverged signif  acteria but have diverged significantly are likely essential to many host-bacteria interactions   interactions. the subset of genes that are found in one but not the other, represent those lik  hat are found in one but not the other, represent those likely to be important in parasitism/ho   sequence of a. triatominarum will also be of direct interest, as its host-the bug triatoma inf   as its host-the bug triatoma infestans-is a vector of chagas disease, transferring disease cau  standing the partners of the triatomine bug more fully, we may be able to devise new methods to  f the triatomine bug more fully, we may be able to devise new methods to control the triatomine  trol the triatomine population size, or curtail its ability to transmit pathogens.
15233	7	stutzeri strains demonstrate that they belong to the same branch, together with related specie  emonstrate that they belong to the same branch, together with related species within the genus.  d species within the genus. however, it is one of the most genetically diverse species describe  , including the human body. p. stutzeri is involved in environmental relevant metabolic activit  ese biotechnological properties are not present in all members of the species, but only in spec  ctively, several strains of p. stutzeri are known for their natural transformation ability, and   in the genus pseudomonas, will greatly increase our knowledge on the evolution of the species,
14220	9	biodiversity research. differences have been noted in temporal abundance patterns of insects be  mperate and tropical habitats. however, while we have a fair understanding of what drives tempe  nd tropical habitats. however, while we have a fair understanding of what drives temperate inse  tion dynamics, this issue is still very open in the tropics where most species occur. in contra  revious studies in the tropics, we will supplement our time series data with studies of spatial  patial congruence and life history, and take a phylogenetic comparative perspective. using a co  i include 11 years of monthly trapping, mark-recapture, and caterpillar rearing in a tropical f  lude 11 years of monthly trapping, mark-recapture, and caterpillar rearing in a tropical forest  unity structure in tropical forests and provide the necessary background for biodiversity studi
14131	4	stems. until now, very few studies have been published in this field and this is especially tru  ed in this field and this is especially true for the widely-distributed mammal fauna of eurasia  arctic area and reveal refuge areas and post-glacial migration patterns, we have chosen for com  n mammal species including brown bears, grey wolves identify significant population units for c
14813	8	bjective of the project proposed herein is to investigate the comparative phylogeography of spe   of ecologic and economic interest have been selected for their use in restoring ornamental and  r their use in restoring ornamental and wood ecosystems, these being: arbutus unedo l., celtis   the chosen markers are cpssr since they are of monoparental heredity, suitable to learn the geo  heir genetic variability, and they also present high levels of variability. with the purpose of  ns as far as aspects of forest interest are concerned, such as the germination capacity of seed  s the germination capacity of seeds and plant survival, tests will be conducted under homogeneo  cies. with the results obtained we will try to know if the phylogeographic patterns of the stud
6913	7	analysis and ecophysiological research are aimed at investigating the agronomic and ecophysiol   the plant stand, individual plant, and plant organ levels. the experiments will take the form   ficant differences in yield, but little is yet known of the agronomic, ecological and physiolog   to maize plants and the photosynthetic yield, and between the par and the yield. scientific co  f. roderick hunt will play an important part in the ecophysiological studies and growth analysi   project. a book on growth analysis and yield formation and papers in scientific journals are p  ation and papers in scientific journals are planned as the result of the project.
10008	27	nt venoms. a pair of strong venom claws is located just behind the head, and they house large v   located just behind the head, and they house large venom glands that contain complex cocktails  t behind the head, and they house large venom glands that contain complex cocktails of venom co  s of venom components. unfortunately we know almost nothing about the make-up of centipede veno  de venom, which leaves not only a large hole in our understanding of an ecologically important   erstanding of an ecologically important group, but it also compromises our general understandin  enoms. this project will take a genetic approach, and will characterize the toxin profiles from   of centipedes. these five species have been chosen to represent all major groups of centipedes  equences across the selected species we can start to address important questions relating to th  organisms. the most basic question that can be answered is simply: what toxins are expressed in   can be answered is simply: what toxins are expressed in the venom glands of centipedes the ans  h the venoms of other groups we already know from previous research that different groups of ve  er groups we already know from previous research that different groups of venomous animals can   at different groups of venomous animals can recruit many similar toxins into their venom. they   y similar toxins into their venom. they do this by taking a gene coding for a normal body prote  create changes in the protein, and this can change the protein s function to be more effective   ver, has suggested that centipede venom may contain many toxins not found in other groups. this  ue to them. another major question that can be addressed with the new data is whether the diver  f the toxin genes and the centipedes we can infer whether particular episodes in the evolution   episodes in the evolution of centipedes are associated with bouts of toxin evolution as well. w  of toxin evolution as well. we can also infer, by incorporating data from other venomous and no  data available till now, we can broadly reassess our current understanding of the pattern of to  xin in evolution across all animals. we can use the new data also to ask what kinds of processe  e factor that is likely to be important is the range of different kinds of prey the centipede e   species tackling a broad range of prey may be expected to have a greater diversity of toxins t  ity of prey identified in their guts we can begin to answer this question. lastly, by looking a  quences, and in which parts of them, we can infer the types and intensities of selection pressu
15137	5	ive phylogeography with 6 mediterranean scrub characteristics by means of chloroplast microsate  on of genetic variability and, usually, present high levels of variability. for the purpose of   n the mediterranean region whether they coincide with or differ from each other as well as with  an region whether they coincide with or differ from each other as well as with previous data of  uropean temperate species, whether they provide data that identify areas of special interest fo
10792	4	bsolute rock volume. as a result we now know that the rock record over the continental shelf is  r precise timing differs slightly. they arise in response to major global tectonic cycles of pl  as derived from land-based outcrops, we hope to be able to show whether the 30-myr cyclicity is  ing high sea-level stands. we will also compare the nature of the deep-sea sedimentary rock and
11569	4	bsolute rock volume. as a result we now know that the rock record over the continental shelf is  r precise timing differs slightly. they arise in response to major global tectonic cycles of pl  as derived from land-based outcrops, we hope to be able to show whether the 30-myr cyclicity is  ing high sea-level stands. we will also compare the nature of the deep-sea sedimentary rock and
7662	13	s, the vulnerability of aquatic species is observed in estuarine and continental environments s  s, the vulnerability of aquatic species is observed in estuarine and continental environments s  ialization and increasing urbanization, is a factor that threatens the maintenance of aquatic e  exerted during embryonic development or germ cells. genotoxicity ecological relevance therefore  gical evolution of the organization and repair of DNA. repair of DNA strongly influences the st  ity expressed by organizations is often lower than the genotoxicity of the aquatic environment.  toxicity would in fact only the visible part of a genotoxic potential higher and therefore more  and genotoxicity of the environment, we must determine what are the repair capabilities of DNA   what are the biotic and abiotic factors may change genotoxic response, and finally evaluate the   change genotoxic response, and finally evaluate the genotoxicity of bioavailable contaminants   and particle-bound. in this project, we propose to develop a tool for measuring the effects of   or measuring the effects of chronic low-dose chemical substance in an urban environment in a fr  otoxicity of bioavailable contaminants, provide a basis for tracing the genotoxicity studies of
2478	14	natural and anthropogenic forcing that may cause substantial change to the structure and funct  substantial change to the structure and function of these ecosystems. society has recognized th  wegian and barents seas. in menu ii, we plan to extend these comparative studies by using sever   several different ecosystem models and expand the geographic coverage to include the northern   rn new england, and the middle atlantic bight in the us and the north sea off norway. we will a  s and the north sea off norway. we will apply four different modeling approaches and compare th   four different modeling approaches and compare the structure and functioning of the ecosystems  ls, biophysical models and the atlantis end-to-end system model. for the two former models ther  physical models and the atlantis end-to-end system model. for the two former models there will   l. for the two former models there will be very little developments needed, but the atlantis mo   needed, but the atlantis model has not been set up for norwegian waters, and developing an atl  gian waters, and developing an atlantis model for the barents sea will be a major part of the p   characteristics of the system. we will use indicators 1 for comparing models and ecosystems, 2  observations. indicators will therefore be the key metric for comparison between ecosystems as
10091	5	understanding the structure and function of microbial communities is the fundamental pr  lt. this proposal seeks to contrast and compare three methods that are commonly used to analyse  orescent in situ hybridisation and real-time pcr. the accuracy, precision and detection limits   an artificial mixture of target and non-target organisms as well as samples taken from the estu  . overall costs, including lab-time and ease of use will be assessed in the final analysis and
12617	6	s of land use, a link to climate change was suggested. subsequent studies have shown climate ch  f grassland to crops after the war, and land drainage schemes. whatever the reasons, such a lar  esults from the countryside survey have been reported by ceh, and these fail to detect the chan  ficance of the earlier nsi findings, it is important to understand what is behind the differenc  ences, and which survey gives the truer picture of events. this project will provide an indepen  ngs of the two surveys by a statistical expert from a leading swiss university, eth zurich, tog
14202	1	foci • identification of tbp competent host reservoirs in local estonian foci • genetic charac
10595	1	it has long been accepted that individuals should behave more altru
14656	9	al and local character. local phenomena do not seem, however, to be sufficient to produce this   ecline and in recent years interest has been directed to global phenomena. one of the principal  the principal expressions of the global change that affects the planet is the increase in the i  olet b radiation on the amphibians have been demonstrated in different works; however, it is ha  strated in different works; however, it is hardly known how this contamination may affect sensi   is hardly known how this contamination may affect sensitivity to uv-b. to know exactly the mea  rated that slightly saline environments can protect from the toxic effects of nitrite and ammon  mmonium. nevertheless, certain salinity can increase the penetration of ruv-b in water. therefo  ration of ruv-b in water. therefore, we propose to test the effect of low levels of salinity on
2004	4	we will study diversity changes in terrestrial pollen assemblag  ion along three long-term time axes. we use new insights in possible chaotic behavior of multi-  taxa systems. parallel to this, we will analyze the same diversity changes as function of the p  n of the principal parameters of global change from climate-sensitive cores at 2550 m above sea
14426	3	ncreasing. in early aspect in net cages are reared around 1000 t trout, 200-250 t sturgeons and  f this method of rearing of fish, there are a number of problems and negative effects on the en  g method and the type of the used feed, water temperature etc.
6880	4	the otter and total pcbs, from frozen stored inner organs, mainly liv   chemical analysis. from the samples we plan to analyse the genetic diversity of otter populati  existing lut microsatellite primers. we compute data with multifactor analyses. the expected re  lso in the sustainable fish farming. we plan to publish results in international and national j
7720	4	mote areas of the globe. however, if we observe that genetic erosion of food plants most often   ult of a cultural erosion men, we still do not know quantify. this project aims to develop an i  erdisciplinary and integrative approach is implemented through the participation of researchers  on land and common objects. performance is measured and put in relation with farmers' strategie
11302	12	oreal lifestyle and yet they habitually navigate the slender, peripheral branches of trees - th   the narrowest gaps between tree crowns are situated. theoretically they should access these sl   we have shown that orangutans actually walk bipedally , orangutans maintain very straight legs  s maintain very straight legs when they walk bipedally in the trees. the benefits of this are u  s. firstly, orangutans are an important model for the locomotor ecology of arboreal animals and  origins of human terrestrial bipedality lie in locomotion in an arboreal rather than terrestria  ecord, since adaptations for bipedality have traditionally been taken to define human ancestors  tions for bipedality have traditionally been taken to define human ancestors from those of the   come more flexible towards the ends. it is possible that the straight legged postures might ena   running tracks. to study these we will use a relatively new technique in gait analysis, ultras  nternal and external energy storage and transfer during arboreal bipedality. we will also compl  uring arboreal bipedality. we will also complement these data with computer modeling to mimic e
11309	12	oreal lifestyle and yet they habitually navigate the slender, peripheral branches of trees - th   the narrowest gaps between tree crowns are situated. theoretically they should access these sl   we have shown that orangutans actually walk bipedally , orangutans maintain very straight legs  s maintain very straight legs when they walk bipedally in the trees. the benefits of this are u  s. firstly, orangutans are an important model for the locomotor ecology of arboreal animals and  origins of human terrestrial bipedality lie in locomotion in an arboreal rather than terrestria  ecord, since adaptations for bipedality have traditionally been taken to define human ancestors  tions for bipedality have traditionally been taken to define human ancestors from those of the   come more flexible towards the ends. it is possible that the straight legged postures might ena   running tracks. to study these we will use a relatively new technique in gait analysis, ultras  nternal and external energy storage and transfer during arboreal bipedality. we will also compl  uring arboreal bipedality. we will also complement these data with computer modeling to mimic e
11831	12	oreal lifestyle and yet they habitually navigate the slender, peripheral branches of trees - th   the narrowest gaps between tree crowns are situated. theoretically they should access these sl   we have shown that orangutans actually walk bipedally , orangutans maintain very straight legs  s maintain very straight legs when they walk bipedally in the trees. the benefits of this are u  s. firstly, orangutans are an important model for the locomotor ecology of arboreal animals and  origins of human terrestrial bipedality lie in locomotion in an arboreal rather than terrestria  ecord, since adaptations for bipedality have traditionally been taken to define human ancestors  tions for bipedality have traditionally been taken to define human ancestors from those of the   come more flexible towards the ends. it is possible that the straight legged postures might ena   running tracks. to study these we will use a relatively new technique in gait analysis, ultras  nternal and external energy storage and transfer during arboreal bipedality. we will also compl  uring arboreal bipedality. we will also complement these data with computer modeling to mimic e
10181	26	species for behavioural and ecological research, the seychelles warbler. although once on the   in the seychelles archipelago. previous work, including that funded by the nero, has revealed t  ooperative breeder, so that birds often help to raise offspring other than their own. most help  emales born on the territory where they help, and it has been shown that female eggs tend to be  e territory where they help, and it has been shown that female eggs tend to be produced in thos  has been shown that female eggs tend to be produced in those territories where there is a vacan  oduced in those territories where there is a vacancy for a helper. helping can be explained in   here is a vacancy for a helper. helping can be explained in terms of the selfish gene , because  ly related to the individuals that they help to raise. however, we have recently discovered tha  ls that they help to raise. however, we have recently discovered that the main benefit of helpi  the host s nest. females generally only help to raise offspring that are their maternal brother  heir maternal brothers or sisters. they are less likely to be related through the male line bec  ers or sisters. they are less likely to be related through the male line because 4/10 offspring  with their male neighbours, and so they do not help if their presumed father remains on the ter  ndividual seychelles warblers therefore have many behavioural decisions, such as should they le  al decisions, such as should they leave home or stay to help, should they feed and protect the   ions, such as should they leave home or stay to help, should they feed and protect the chick at  e or stay to help, should they feed and protect the chick at the nest a lot or a little, should  the nest a lot or a little, should they produce a female or a male egg, should a female be fait  d a female be faithful to their mate or find a male with different genes elsewhere by using dna  a profiling, this study will accurately determine the genetic advantages, in terms of genes tra   totally flexible - so that individuals can do what is best for themselves at all times - or wh  emselves at all times - or whether they are affected by genetic differences among individuals.   netic differences among individuals. we know, for example, that males vary in their aggressiven  ies and the statistical methods that we wish to employ. the uk-funded element of the project wi  n to our understanding of how organisms are adapted to their environment and the extent to whic
11764	2	rs appeared in the late triassic period were involved in the evolution of quadrupedality and al  through time and whether common factors were involved in each of the independent acquisitions o
11653	6	cutting-edge ct, 3-d reconstruction and visualisation technique  ill be used to investigate the internal structure of the braincase and ear region of archaeopte  internal structure of the braincase and ear region of archaeopteryx lithographica, the earliest  chaeopteryx lithographica, the earliest bird - a key fossil in the testing of cladistic hypothe   inner ear will provide a wealth of new character information to test phylogenies and the seque  discrete nature of the project, it will make available new and important underpinning data for
517	1	eas. the research question that we will deal with co
10563	13	ce inherent conflicts of interest which must be resolved in some way for the society to functio  es the evenness with which reproduction is distributed among group members. a large number of e  istributed among group members. a large number of evolutionary models have been proposed to acc  arge number of evolutionary models have been proposed to account for why societies vary in this  ocieties vary in this way. these models are based on different principles but nevertheless make  n different principles but nevertheless make similar or overlapping predictions, with the conse  empts to test the models have up to now been uninformative. the best way to distinguish the mod   best way to distinguish the models and provide a much richer understanding of reproductive con  the first experiment of this kind large-scale on a free-living population of banded mongooses t  h group give birth together in the same den, and offspring are cared for by adults of both sexe  together in the same den, and offspring are cared for by adults of both sexes. we have shown in  us to measure the costs of co-breeding, determine which individuals exert control over the dist  r the distribution of reproduction, and provide information on the behavioural mechanisms emplo
11690	13	ce inherent conflicts of interest which must be resolved in some way for the society to functio  es the evenness with which reproduction is distributed among group members. a large number of e  istributed among group members. a large number of evolutionary models have been proposed to acc  arge number of evolutionary models have been proposed to account for why societies vary in this  ocieties vary in this way. these models are based on different principles but nevertheless make  n different principles but nevertheless make similar or overlapping predictions, with the conse  empts to test the models have up to now been uninformative. the best way to distinguish the mod   best way to distinguish the models and provide a much richer understanding of reproductive con  the first experiment of this kind large-scale on a free-living population of banded mongooses t  h group give birth together in the same den, and offspring are cared for by adults of both sexe  together in the same den, and offspring are cared for by adults of both sexes. we have shown in  us to measure the costs of co-breeding, determine which individuals exert control over the dist  r the distribution of reproduction, and provide information on the behavioural mechanisms emplo
11435	9	cial behaviour in organisms. the theory is based on the application of natural selection theory  ce relatedness measures the chance they share the genes influencing the social behaviour. becau  ons for the failures of the theory have been proposed. the first is that social interactions ar  . the first is that social interactions are resolved by as-yet poorly-investigated aspects of t  on is that individuals social behaviour is driven by direct benefits to determine whether the m  rs of worker-laid eggs in b. terrestris are the queen, reproductive workers, or workers as a wh  workers, or workers as a whole. we will test hypothesis 2 by using the same techniques to deter  les with resident workers. we will also measure the frequency of reproductive drifter workers i  ntal nature of the research, widespread interest in social evolution, and the possibility that
10235	3	many organisms are involved in intimate associations with other specie  h other species. in general the smaller partner , using a new approach that should help us to u  neral the smaller partner , using a new approach that should help us to understand not only the
10834	3	many organisms are involved in intimate associations with other specie  h other species. in general the smaller partner , using a new approach that should help us to u  neral the smaller partner , using a new approach that should help us to understand not only the
11251	3	many organisms are involved in intimate associations with other specie  h other species. in general the smaller partner , using a new approach that should help us to u  neral the smaller partner , using a new approach that should help us to understand not only the
7490	6	european soil biodiversity is pivotal for delivering food, fibre  gh the impact on ecosystem services and propose how these values can be granted through payment  m services and propose how these values can be granted through payments. soilservice will combi  interdisciplinary empirical studies and soil biodiversity surveys to construct soil food web mo  tion to ecosystem services. objectives: develop methods to value soil ecosystem services during  d temporal scales soil biodiversity and soil ecosystem services are vulnerable to disturbance.
15240	2	traits of social insects. less obvious are the numerous conflicts of interest that oppose colo  ung larvae are generally totipotent and can develop either into workers or into queens dependin
13337	12	genetic biodiversity is recognised by the convention on biological diversity  al elements of living diversity, yet it is poorly represented at the policy level, compared to    conservation managers can conveniently use to incorporate genetic biodiversity into their poli  ises wps 1 – 5 which will provide a one-stop, community-enabled web portal, including the follo   genetic data to reveal processes which may result in genetic erosion. wp4 will provide a decis  tions given the genetic data which have been produced. wp5 will provide a knowledge pack and in  into the main european languages, which can be assembled into a manual. the second component is  comprises a series of dissemination and exchange workshops carried out across the european unio  ern europe. congress will integrate and enhance these work packages by using the workshops as f  by an end-user advisory group, who will oversee the development of these tools and ensure their  rsee the development of these tools and ensure their utility for the community who will benefit  heir utility for the community who will benefit from them.
15241	6	ecological research in coastal waters has experienced a great deve  n recent years. however, these advances do not correspond with similar advances in management a   knowledge transfer. but, not least, it is also caused by knlowledge fragmentation. in effect,   fragmentation. in effect, most research is oriented to specific units grazing causes impact on   ize and other macroscale properties. we expect that the results of this proposal, if funded, wi  ded, will contribute to a more holistic view of coastal waters ecology.
10279	16	and marine organisms have a planktonic phase in their life history and spend the first days or  nktonic phase in their life history and spend the first days or weeks of their life drifting in  eir life drifting in plankton. plankton may be carried great distances by ocean currents and en  d great distances by ocean currents and enable new areas to be colonised and genes to be exchan   ocean currents and enable new areas to be colonised and genes to be exchanged between apparent   new areas to be colonised and genes to be exchanged between apparently quite distant populatio  e of individual populations. the latter is particularly important for conservation. for example  ervation. for example, lobsters in cuba may launch their offspring into the plankton which late  offspring into the plankton which later arrive in florida. in this case, the number of lobsters  rrents. the second examines the genetic structure of populations and identifies scales where li  here little larval exchange occurs . we examine the genetic structure and larval connectivity o  ssive coral montastraea annularis which is found throughout the caribbean sea. working with thi  ntly, its natural history is relatively easy to model which lends itself to modelling larval di  delling larval dispersal. therefore, we are able to perform one of the clearest tests possible   ty. insight from this project will also support on-going activities to model the metapopulation  on dynamics of this important coral and design more appropriate algorithms for the selection of
7433	3	. analyze and compare the level of genetic diversity in rivers of the  orthern pas de calais region. this work can be valued in terms of management and restoration of  on of operations in terms of ecological benefit for genetic diversity. assistance requested foc
7155	3	osystems: expansion of urbanization and transport infrastructure, development of industrial zon  re, development of industrial zones and increase of agricultural land. habitat loss and fragmen  ting from this landscape transformation are considered one of the major current threats to biod
10267	26	pecies have parasites that infect them, take resources from them and potentially cause disease.  ake resources from them and potentially cause disease. the parasite has a set of genes that mak  ects of a parasite. some of these genes are known, but it is clear that many more are yet to be  ome of these genes are known, but it is clear that many more are yet to be identified. there is  t it is clear that many more are yet to be identified. there is now good evidence that the effe  ny more are yet to be identified. there is now good evidence that the effectiveness of these ge   these genes in fighting off a parasite can depend on the environmental conditions that the hos  tions that the host lives under. if you keep a particular organism under controlled conditions   trolled conditions in the laboratory it may, for example, be resistant to a parasite at one tem   in the laboratory it may, for example, be resistant to a parasite at one temperature but susce  nt in the face of current environmental change where organisms in some areas are facing conside  s in some areas are facing considerable change in environmental conditions, such as temperature  atural populations of organisms usually consist of a large number of individuals that are sligh  of organisms usually consist of a large number of individuals that are slightly different from   ants in a population will, for example, differ in size and start flowering at slightly differen  ty to adapt to new conditions. if a new type of parasite infects a host population it will be t  asite infects a host population it will be those individuals with the genes and gene variants b  gene variants best able to eliminate or reduce this particular infection that will be most like  ce. as many parasites may, potentially, invade a population it is clear that populations with a   potentially, invade a population it is clear that populations with a larger combination of dif  onmental factors such as temperature we know that some genes may only be functional in certain   rature we know that some genes may only be functional in certain environments. if specific gene  tion at high temperatures, then it will mean a functional decrease in genetic variation for res  enome-environment interactions. it will do this by measuring genetic variation in parasite resi  conditions. the research will therefore have immediate application in wildlife management and c  nagement and conservation. it will also provide essential knowledge to crop managers and breede
468	7	the project develops an integrative approach to the reactions of a cryophilous fish species  roach to the reactions of a cryophilous fish species, the bullhead to a population, with or wit  l in relation to survival and fecundity was developed. the model was calibrated to fit fragment   and fecundity was developed. the model was calibrated to fit fragment-level metapopulation dyn  he model was calibrated to fit fragment-level metapopulation dynamics between obstacles in the   n dynamics between obstacles in the bez network, and can now be linked to secondary models of s  stacles in the bez network, and can now be linked to secondary models of stress impact to simul
445	1	formed ecosystems where biodiversity is being lost. many patrimonial species to optimize the ab
10185	6	morphological and physiological traits are shaped by natural and sexual selection. sexual sele  e support for these predictions, but we have no understanding of how variation in selection has  ions, as clearly it must. here we will: measure how different levels of sexual selection impact  using these twelve populations, we will elucidate how sexual selection changes the genetic rela  s between the sexes and populations and measure the genetic and evolutionary consequences of th  ow sexual selection changes the genetic structure of populations and it s role in speciation.
13879	8	es of bumblebees and solitary bees have been attributed to agricultural intensification. to be   se adequate conservation strategies, we have to understand the mechanisms whereby agricultural   gh its effects on farming practices and landscape heterogeneity, agricultural intensification m  rogeneity, agricultural intensification may contribute to the decrease in pollinator population  ch variation acts on individual species may depend on the scales at which these species utilize  se species utilize resources. therefore landscape complexity may affect bee diversity in a pred  sources. therefore landscape complexity may affect bee diversity in a predictable way. by study  anisms by whereby farming practices and landscape complexity affects species richness and popul
15000	21	it is known that genetic diversity provides advantages at   individuals are usually more viable and show a higher fitness compared to the homozygous ones.   ulations or species genetically diverse may have higher growth rates and lower extinction risks  iverse may have higher growth rates and lower extinction risks. however, there are different wa   lower extinction risks. however, there are different ways leading, naturally or incidentally,   of genetic variability. in nature there are different types of selection, such as stabilizing a  he loss of genetic variability may also be caused by catastrophic events reducing population si  lleles. the loss of genetic variability can reduce individual fitness and risk population viabi  ility can reduce individual fitness and risk population viability. as most habitats in our plan  ability. as most habitats in our planet are subjected to changes and, in a more or less esporad  hanges and, in a more or less esporadic fashion, there are catastrophic phenomennon affecting t  a more or less esporadic fashion, there are catastrophic phenomennon affecting the size of the   emographic processess such as disprsion are enough to palliate the loss of variability or to re  lliate the loss of variability or to re-establish it at a local level and whether there are oth  h it at a local level and whether there are other mechanisms, intrinsic to the organism, alllow  an origin, are frequent. concretely, we are interested in knowing in which way the genetic dive  etic diversity of these metapopulations is affected by the size of the population, the dispersa  ural catastrophes, etc. in addition, we want to investigate in which extent genetic variability  ate in which extent genetic variability can be restored in those subpopulations going through d  ubpopulations going through demographic bottle-necks provoked by the above mentioned factors. o  tic diversity and the factors ruling it is due to its importance for understanding properly the
14947	11	eatures of red deer populations greatly depend upon the way in which the mating system takes pl  he polygynous mating system of red deer may lead to more differences between the sexes than pre  usly acknowleged. on the other hand, we have also found that the degree of polygyny can be mold   also found that the degree of polygyny can be molded by variations in populational and environ  tive strategies of individuals may also change as a function of individual, populational and en  tal parameters. in this project we will deal with two types of consequences of the mating syste  f populations for those strategies that can be tuned at the level of the individual. these incl  iological traits such as the nature and amount of glandular secretions likely related to sexual  tting males. both types of consequences are based on previous results and have implications bot  ences are based on previous results and have implications both in basic science, mainly etholog  in agreement with quality criteria that can guarantee the preservation of iberian red deer as a
7213	1	f the brown lemur of mayotte could then be cleared
14752	6	ow the necessity to carry out a serious study of the rbbm fish diversity, with the purpose of p  o carry out a serious study of the rbbm fish diversity, with the purpose of providing valuable   t, the zones with greater diversity and interest from the ichthyological and conservational poi  m the ichthyological and conservational point of view. on the other hand, the study will be foc  pulations present in the study area. we propose, like a model, to focus the study in the specie  ions of each stream. therefore, we will try to evaluate, following a multidisciplinary way, the
7220	10	because they are very abundant and very often in contact with human   human populations, seabirds have always been operated or used. harvest eggs, hunting, collectin  sm and biomonitoring have developed and provide a new economic value to seabirds. . in tropical  ve developed and provide a new economic value to seabirds. . in tropical, seabird colonies are   slands are fully protected while others are regularly poached without sustainable management me  ainable management method. still others are the basis of a reasoned ecotourism generating incom  al jobs. your assessment by country and island or group of islands will include an analysis of   our assessment by country and island or group of islands will include an analysis of environmen  ystem services rendered by seabirds. we have indeed formed a multidisciplinary team including b  s at the regional level. eventually, we hope to stop the erosion of biodiversity of marine bird
13390	1	the aim of this study to collect and evaluate the local edible onion types c47
13411	1	the aim of this study to collect and evaluate the local edible onion types
13751	1	man activities and environmental change may result in habitat selection becoming decoupled from
14897	2	ntly. the project plans the monographic study of three plant species to develop adequate method  he basis to prepare management tools to be transferred to the epo of the project.
2159	8	more to how designation and management is implemented. 2 cocos have the potential to moderate   cts in nature conservation, and thereby increase the conservation efficiency and help reducing   iversity and cultural heritage. 3 cocos can improve sustainable utilization and necessary maint  resources. in nature conservation there is a need for closer interdisciplinary work, especially   is a need for closer interdisciplinary work, especially between biologists and social sciences  road spectrum of theoretical approaches is needed in order to analyze successes and conflicts i  actice. this interdisciplinary spectrum is established in our research consortium. we want to f  ablished in our research consortium. we want to focus on habitats with distinct conservation go
7471	12	genetic biodiversity is recognised by the convention on biological diversity  al elements of living diversity, yet it is poorly represented at the policy level, compared to    conservation managers can conveniently use to incorporate genetic biodiversity into their poli  prises wps 1 5 which will provide a one-stop, community-enabled web portal, including the follo   genetic data to reveal processes which may result in genetic erosion. wp4 will provide a decis  tions given the genetic data which have been produced. wp5 will provide a knowledge pack and in  into the main european languages, which can be assembled into a manual. the second component is  comprises a series of dissemination and exchange workshops carried out across the european unio  ern europe. congress will integrate and enhance these work packages by using the workshops as f  by an end-user advisory group, who will oversee the development of these tools and ensure their  rsee the development of these tools and ensure their utility for the community who will benefit  heir utility for the community who will benefit from them
6942	8	basic research questions are: - can we justify the taxonomic distinctness of theodoxus prevost  ene fragments and how can we reasonably explain the paraphyly of the t. prevostianus - t. danub  anus - t. danubialis mitochondrial gene-tree - how large is the intraspecific molecular diversi  lis mitochondrial gene-tree - how large is the intraspecific molecular diversity of bythinella   e are the hot spots' of this diversity, are there divergent intraspecific lineages and what kin  at kind of distribution pattern do they show - what are the systematic positions of the bythine  tion genetic and molecular phylogenetic research on hungarian mollusc species of high conservat  ies of high conservation concern, which was launched in 2005 by the hungarian natural history m
13529	3	there is an increasing awareness worldwide on the importance   rograms focused on wild population have been initiated, and it is largely unclear how such prog   population have been initiated, and it is largely unclear how such programs should be designed
225	1	cies pairs with high dispersal ability, long lifespan and low breeding densities that show diff
9916	4	order to refine this analysis, we will use microsatellite markers to describe genetic structur  rkers to describe genetic structure and quantify gene flow within and among african populations   and among african populations. we will analyse eight microsatellite loci in 503 samples that h  e loci in 503 samples that have already been collected from 15 countries, including five rooker
14829	7	genetic analyses of endangered species can contribute to the knowledge of the genetic determin  ement strategies. this is so because we can make inferences on the demographic and evolutionary  tions suffered a continuous and intense process of decline and fragmentation, leaving the speci  s several conservation initiatives have been implemented or proposed, including captive breedin  f those initiatives. in this project we aim to describe the genetic patterns shown by iberian l  ng the last century of decline. we will evaluate different historical and management scenarios    include genetic tags. finally, we will contrast the population dynamics inferred from the gene
14945	1	flow between populations. this genetic survey of iberian, french and swiss populations of grae
13414	1	angora goats are conserved in situ in vivo conditions with the scope
14515	4	ject aims to strength the environmental value of a colony of egrets, breeding at chikly islet ,  anochlorine and trace metal levels they are exposed. thus, instead of as a constraint to local   ironmental alterations well before they are observable through other ways, therefore allowing t   resources. by carrying out an adequate program of cooperation, this project will allow the ins
13413	1	edge about these breeds.the breeds have been conserved ex situ in vivo method in lalahan centra
13416	1	the sheep has been conserved in situ conditions with the project enti
13412	2	a high risk of extinction. project has been launched in 1995 by general directorate of agricul  itute. within this project native black is conserved via ex situ in vivo and , ex situ in vitro
12561	5	summary objective: provide policy with the best possible advice on scienti  ientific matters concerning whaling and whale populations in order that policy can effectively   ns in order that policy can effectively contribute to policy decisions and discussions. key cus   and discussions. key customer purpose: provide scientific representation for the uk at iwc sci  ific meetings. maintain uk interest and influence in iwc meetings and policy decisions.
6962	6	ven the reported intra-individual nrits sequence polymorphism in h. caprinum s.l., the research  ice of key members of the himantglossum group across europe and asia minor. we reckon on the pu   group across europe and asia minor. we reckon on the publication of the results of the first a  nal and on a conservational conference, while the results of the second in a phylogenetic journ  logy conference. besides the scientific aim of the proposal, the applicant intends to join the   ensive course in molecular systematics' course for post-docs organised by the university.
2047	1	ted management involves balancing short-term versus long-term interests of the fisheries sector
6959	9	ts in habitat destruction and seriously endanger the stability of populations. certain species   n species of conservation interest only can survive in biodiversity hot spots; others can find   rvive in biodiversity hot spots; others can find their habitats in degraded areas. ecological r   habitats in degraded areas. ecological research on species behaviour have uncovered different   ent types of responses to environmental change, but very little is known about their genetic ba  o environmental change, but very little is known about their genetic background. genetic divers  rsity, as well as species diversity has been shown to enhance ecosystem resistance to disturban  hange, and, in certain biotopes, it has been shown to provide protection against invasive speci  ocus financial and human resources, and reshape, if necessary, conservation strategies.
7711	10	since 1992, the pac advance towards deregulation of agricultural markets an   its cost to its negative environmental balance for the concentration of aid in a minority of f  th the vagaries of the markets, the pac is on the hot seat. intensive production models, which   g operations that are the consequences, are also questioned. the legitimacy of the future pac i  to develop the best forms of support to be given to the production of public goods by agricultu  . the objectives of this project are: 1 deepen the concept of public goods provided by agricult  d the different conceptions of which it is the object 2 evaluate the role of different european  conceptions of which it is the object 2 evaluate the role of different european systems of farm  volved in the debate on post-2013 pac 4 analyze the outlook for european systems of farms in te  s. this project builds on the extensive experience of the three partners of the project in term
14487	2	like brood parasitism and predation, we find conspicuous visual designs, sometimes even combine  c coloration in the same individual. it is the aim of the present project to find out the funct
2526	6	experts in ecology, ecotoxicology, and risk assessment from 16 institutes and 8 nations. it is  nt from 16 institutes and 8 nations. it is a follow-up to an industry financed project to creat  ction. to construct the system, we will establish an integrated modeling framework at the unive  rsity of tromsø supercomputer facility, upgrade the individual models for inclusion in the fram  nclusion in the framework, transfer and connect the individual models to the system, and perfor   a proof of concept demonstration event is planned to disseminate information on the project an
7103	16	ion with driving farming activities. we propose an analysis of the development available to the  hat make up the management of an animal"right to compete"- in a context of uncertainty and cont   systems of a wolf population in france pair, apprehend, reason, shape and use - for public act  ms of a wolf population in france pair, apprehend, reason, shape and use - for public action -   f population in france pair, apprehend, reason, shape and use - for public action - scientific   ance pair, apprehend, reason, shape and use - for public action - scientific knowledge and poli  justifications. it aims to describe and understand the analysis of a ' policy in the making"by    science and public policy analysis. we address the political, scientific and technological inn  ral / urban secondly - that coexist and are in tension in streamlining management. from a diach  nd analysis of a document base, we will offer a comprehensive presentation of the political dev  ions in france. such analysis will also allow to inventory and highlight the"branches"of the po  alysis will also allow to inventory and highlight the"branches"of the policy in preponderant pu  ctures underlying context of action. we offer more specifically, through this project, to explo  y, through this project, to explore and experience the possibilities of co-construction and upg  nstruction of knowledge is an important point of our approach which aims to experiment the poss  r a production"integrated"knowledge and better efficiency thereof for managing
12294	7	work to be carried out as follows, according to specification p  ce for the campaigns voluntary options, confirm they are the optimal environmentally efficient   mpaigns voluntary options, confirm they are the optimal environmentally efficient type of manag  e the optimal environmentally efficient type of management taking account of likely costs to fa   of likely costs to farmers, capable of being monitored, are relatively easy for farmers to man  to farmers, capable of being monitored, are relatively easy for farmers to manage within typica  able of being monitored, are relatively easy for farmers to manage within typical arable system
12654	1	t and the associated partial regulatory impact assessment.
10436	16	food resources provide the energy, and refuge resources the opportunity, to survive, grow and   ity, to survive, grow and reproduce. it is a central tenet of ecology that the abundances of or  cology that the abundances of organisms are influenced by the supply of their resources - the u  lves patchily distributed wherever they compete to exploit limiting resources. this process of   d study will experimentally deplete and redistribute habitat for populations of consumers. habi  the management of pest species. we will explore consumer responses to depletion and redistribut  epletion and redistribution of food and refuge resources within the context of generic conceptu  al models for which new hypotheses have been developed recently but still await testing. recent  se them to experimental fieldwork. they live at high abundances on the upper sections of rocky   ly on crevices for refuge and microbial film for food, and they are predictable in their foragi  e and microbial film for food, and they are predictable in their foraging activities. they tend  able in their foraging activities. they tend to move only a few metres in a lifetime, and can e  ew metres in a lifetime, and can easily be marked to record fecundity and rates of immigration   ck slabs. the study will simultaneously manipulate the amounts of available refuge and food for  eate refuges on natural rock slabs, and cement filler will be used to fill in existing refuges.  e available food in test areas. we will monitor the responses of the snails to replicated alter
2014	6	cies manage to coexist is an unresolved question in ecology. seed dispersal and density-depende  or current theories explaining tropical tree diversity. however, theorists usually model disper  e diversity. however, theorists usually model dispersal using smooth, leptokurtic functions. th  cause most tropical forest tree species are dispersed by frugivorous animals, which tend to pro   to provide contagious dispersal: seeds are deposited very patchily and locally, independent of  of conspecific seeds, survival may also be affected indirectly, positively or negatively, by th
12611	11	al and social costs and benefits may or may not be suitable to their use. the study will includ  ocial costs and benefits may or may not be suitable to their use. the study will include descri  or example, land use restrictions might be applied to ensure a site is not used for a sensitive  ourage smarter remediation solutions to be used in practice and will help industry to identify   olution which may be very expensive and have high environmental and social impacts. a number of  ique available in england and wales. it is expected that this information will enable the ident   changed over the last decade, and also suggest likely future technology trends. the research w  ne including what further work needs to be done to bring them into use and any added benefits i  esearch and development, which may also attract investment, both of which will be of benefit to  ugh the planned questionnaires, it will be possible to ascertain what currently drives techniqu  efra and industry as a whole as it will give an indication of the state of the industry as it r
10622	13	e to maturity and how many offspring it is likely to produce. if the return from an offspring d  fferent amounts in the two sexes. there are two ways a parents can do this, they can alter the   two sexes. there are two ways a parents can do this, they can alter the number of male and fema  re two ways a parents can do this, they can alter the number of male and female offspring they   umber of male and female offspring they produce or they can vary the amount of parental care th  d female offspring they produce or they can vary the amount of parental care they provide to th  n vary the amount of parental care they provide to the two sexes. research has focused on the a  fspring and the sex they preferentially invest in depends on environmental conditions i.e. how   e. how hard the parents are working. we propose to investigate this relationship further by alt  or decreasing the number of chicks they rear, at the same time we will alter the ratio of male:  number of chicks they rear, at the same time we will alter the ratio of male:female chicks in t  cks they rear, at the same time we will alter the ratio of male:female chicks in the brood. thi  under different workloads. we will also be able to identify if male and female parents adopt th
12690	1	contibution to bto bird atlas
11027	4	we are currently in the midst of a global natural experime  accumulating for a few decades now . we know that there was a caribbean-wide decline of extensi  s a caribbean-wide decline of extensive reef ecosystems during the early miocene, however the p  understood. in the proposed project, we aim to uncover the palaeoenvironmental context for the
11070	1	a large component of soil co2 efflux is driven by autotrophic respiration; i.e. the flux of
12248	19	and hri-warwick will follow on from and compliment two previous projects; a review of research    the form of a matrix, scoring each ifm practice as to its impact on achieving ees objectives.   ctives. this will highlight where there is a need for greater uptake or improved techniques to   reater uptake or improved techniques to be developed. the work will concentrate on identifying   ll concentrate on identifying where ifm can lead to benefits over and above those that might be  enefits over and above those that might be achieved from cross-compliance or good agricultural   ht be achieved from cross-compliance or good agricultural practice or through additional regula  m cross-compliance or good agricultural practice or through additional regulatory burden. where  den. where specific ifm practices do or do not help achieve the ees objectives are identified t   do not help achieve the ees objectives are identified these will be supported by specific text  indicate the nature of the conflict and examine the potential to overcome these barriers. if ne  ese barriers. if negative relationships are identified changes will be suggested that could be   entified changes will be suggested that could be made to the ifm technique to achieve a more po  chieve a more positive outcome. we will identify where we think there may be scope to develop i  tive outcome. we will identify where we think there may be scope to develop ifm further as a to  think there may be scope to develop ifm further as a tool for meeting ees objectives. this migh  st which progress and improvement might be measured. the final report will also contain, in par  be measured. the final report will also contain, in part, an update of the report a review of r  work and annually rotated horticultural field vegetables.
10404	13	there is now a vast body of evidence showing that plant biodi  rform, such as the rate at which carbon is recycled or stored. but biodiversity has many compon  iodiversity has many components, and we have recently shown that community composition , rather  f species or functional types of plant, is the key factor in regulating rates of carbon turnove  abilities of specific plant species. we have also shown that the number of genotypes per specie  genotypes per species has a significant effect on the root-fungal diversity, and other studies   assland. moreover, we will additionally determine whether this occurs via interactions with spe  composition, and the extent to which it is mediated by soil conditions, such as physical and ch  wn genetic and species composition have been assembled and maintained since 2004.these mesocosm  ariation that occurs in nature. we will measure the carbon content of soil in a number of impor  ber of important physical fractions and release of carbon as co2 from the soil surface. in addi  bon turnover, and the soil factors that may regulate this. it will also provide a basis on whic  rs that may regulate this. it will also provide a basis on which to develop conservation strate
7534	3	r genetic improvement program of banana is based on knowledge of the relatedness of cultivated   nsmitted vegetatively and its host, and validate the use of apparentements between viral sequen  uence. this work and will develop a new approach to research existing affiliations between ance
7578	2	. . we want to develop methods in two species of penaeid to us  cies. schmitti these markers could also be used in aquaculture for selection process
7414	2	for several decades, a significant decrease in pollinating insects is observed. the honeyb  ificant decrease in pollinating insects is observed. the honeybee is particularly affected by l
12729	3	services note: as a contribution, there is no defra report. the funding supported the productio  pbes-meetings/3rd-meeting-on-ipbes.html see, amongst others: report of the third ad hoc intergo  ting-on-ipbes.html see, amongst others: report of the third ad hoc intergovernmental and multi-
12714	3	in the embassy in brasilia. there will be a steering group which defra will sit on. the projec  protected areas. significant effort has been put in place by the brazilian government, over the  on resources and shrinking governmental budget, understanding the contribution that the brazili
12711	2	k international biodiversity policy and highlight areas where the uk can contribute towards pri  policy and highlight areas where the uk can contribute towards primary valuation of key biomes
14639	1	in the present project we will study, from a proteomic perspective, the host-parasite
12720	4	the project will: •establish a robust assessment of the condition of biodi  action plan priority woodland sites and annex 1 types across england outside the protected site  woodland sites based on these findings •assess the potential to extend this approach if desired   of trees and woodland. the project has been developed in partnership with natural england, cou
12746	1	the convention on biological diversity, progress towards the 2010 biodiversity target and its c
15224	8	ansmission of zoonoses and antroponosis prime global culicidae mosquitoes. want in-depth analys   family culicidae, in order to not only increase knowledge of the group, but can infer the occu  ly increase knowledge of the group, but can infer the occurrence of scenarios that could involv   infer the occurrence of scenarios that could involve the emergence or reemergence of cycles ac  s the development of an epidemiological map of the study area, including the distribution of ha  cal and entomological interest may also be updated in subsequent years for this or other resear  this or other research groups. finally, provide a comprehensive annex of recommended methods fo  fe cycles . in this connection, it will generate a bio-ecological and functional classification
14888	9	among the most common allergens we can find the named inhalants or aeroallergens, as polle  ins, fungi spores, mites of the dust or feather of animals e.g.. however the pollen allergens,   preads proteins with different origins, are the effective agents that cause the allergic diseas  agents that cause the allergic disease, being in spain the most frequent cause of rhinoconjuctv   cause of rhinoconjuctvitis and we will try to establish the correlation degree between them. a  lation degree between them. at the same time we will study by scanning electronic microscope th   between them. at the same time we will study by scanning electronic microscope the pollen grai  ated with the cyclone. finally, we will be able to establish comparisons with the results obtai   project, planning allergic atmospheric charge periods of common with the other areas studied i
15483	13	lution through natural selection and it is a much debated topic in evolutionary biology. cooper  ertebrates are stable for long time and share all purpose territories year-round, so that indiv   boost the benefits of group living and may ultimately promote the maintenance of reproductive   fits of group living and may ultimately promote the maintenance of reproductive cooperation ove  ver evolutionary times. this hypothesis may solve the current paradox of most cooperatively bre  ers outside the context of breeding has been neglected so far in cooperatively breeding societi  in cooperatively breeding societies. we aim to fulfil this gap by focusing on several forms of   y. with controlled experiments, we will investigate whether cooperation prevails over competiti  ife in the crows. specifically, we will test whether factors like kinship, social affiliation,   s like kinship, social affiliation, and direct reciprocation promote sharing of food caches, ac  ng of food caches, active food sharing, sentinel behaviour during foraging and the use of alarm   possible dangers. in addition, we will investigate whether social facilitation can help indivi  investigate whether social facilitation can help individuals to overcome neophobia, allowing cr
11322	8	lutionary ecologists and economists who seek to understand the cooperative behaviour of humans   rmous variation in the amount that they invest in cooperative activities, such as helping to re  lping to rear each other s young. it is clear that some of this variation can be attributed to   it is clear that some of this variation can be attributed to characteristics of the individual   straightforward as youngsters typically stay on to help their parents and feed nestlings from s  hormonal and behavioural data, they can be readily conducted alongside each other. finally, as   ach other. finally, as i have extensive experience with behavioural and hormonal fieldwork, hav  ith behavioural and hormonal fieldwork, have specialist collaborators in place to conduct the l
11144	16	evolutionary biology. natural selection is expected to select for selfish behaviour because ind  viduals cooperate in joint tasks, there is inevitably conflict over how hard each should work:   ate in joint tasks, there is inevitably conflict over how hard each should work: every individu  ones within groups. this social dilemma is known as the tragedy of the commons and it is found   wn as the tragedy of the commons and it is found in virtually all biological systems, including  ditions, but that cooperative behaviour may be maintained under certain circumstances. these in  de: 1. when non-cooperating individuals are punished or coerced into cooperation through a syst  tem of enforcement. 2. when individuals must achieve a good reputation through cooperation in o  t has a supportive and thermoregulatory function; and individual nest chambers embedded beneath   a self-organising structure because it is not an emergent property of investment in individual  n building and maintaining the communal dome as well as their own nest chamber. how do sociable  viduals over cooperative investment and avoid a tragedy of the commons that would result in soc   by colony members to public goods, and determine whether this effort is costly. the function o   function of the public goods will also be quantified by relating the thermoregulatory properti  o test whether a tragedy of the commons is averted by cooperating with kin, through enforcement  ollaboration with the percy fitzpatrick institute of african ornithology at the university of c
10315	16	ndling fish catches elsewhere. it helps stabilise the global climate by absorbing greenhouse ga  workings of the earth as a whole. there is strong evidence that risk posed by climate change is  f the earth as a whole. there is strong evidence that risk posed by climate change is more seve   ecosystem s likely responses to change is required to support the management and protection of  limate and biogeochemistry , the global programme which iced is a part of; and developing close  ntific workshops. the first will mainly be coordinated and funded through international partner  nal partners on behalf of iced. it will assess the state of knowledge on environmental change a  ure of food webs responds to change and produce projections of how food webs might change in fu  ciated activities within iced they will help to ensure that the southern ocean ecosystem s resp  rn ocean ecosystem s response to change is given due consideration by the ipcc, in the policy o  ng sustainable fisheries management. we are at a critical point in the development of iced, whe  nt in the development of iced, where we need to maintain momentum. the requested funding will a  ities outlined here will strengthen and facilitate the international collaboration necessary to  tional collaboration necessary to fully address the significant challenge of integrating southe  essary to fully address the significant challenge of integrating southern ocean ecosystem, clim  ted, understanding of the structure and function of the southern ocean, its response to change
7453	5	search in which europe has considerable expertise but a relatively fragmented research infrastr  ies. these environments are also a rich source of novel exploitable compounds. the work program  g this community will encourage greater inter-disciplinarity and increasing knowledge of extrem  wledge of extreme environments. it will provide a target for young career scientists and allow    target for young career scientists and allow a more focussed dialogue with other science areas
10978	2	e biochemistry of the upper ocean. they are the dominant grazers of many phytoplankton mortalit  d with global field sex ratios, we will make predictions of the relative control of food and pr
11429	2	e biochemistry of the upper ocean. they are the dominant grazers of many phytoplankton mortalit  d with global field sex ratios, we will make predictions of the relative control of food and pr
7515	3	. in a second phase, it is proposed to investigate the existence of a structure   to use the parasites and their genetic structure as markers of populations of their hosts. . 1  ptiennes relations / 4 parasites can we use grouper aquaculture without endangering the species
13821	13	at only a limited amount of information can be processed at once, which can have profound fitne  rmation can be processed at once, which can have profound fitness influences. we recently showe  in familiar groups are less aggressive, consume more food, and respond faster to a predator att  less aggressive, consume more food, and respond faster to a predator attack than unfamiliar ind  ded attention, by allowing attention to be switched from aggression to other tasks. these ideas   aggression to other tasks. these ideas are developed further in a series of experimental studi  oung brown trout and salmon. part 1: we investigate how familiarity influences the ability to f  influences the ability to find prey and detect predators, predicting that the advantage of fami  tion towards agonistic interactions, we predict that they are less successful in finding prey a  stic interactions, we predict that they are less successful in finding prey and detecting preda   stimulate neural growth in mammals, we predict that fish reared in simple habitats will show r  ts will show reduced brain development, lower capacity to perform complex foraging tasks, and l   to perform complex foraging tasks, and lower fitness in the wild compared with fish reared in
11587	15	the role of how we manage our seas is changing rapidly. the past approach   the fishing industry. that approach has been found wanting with many stocks fished at unsustain  y forward has been to recognise that we need to manage using an ecosystem based approach while   count multiple species interactions. it is also clear, as more demand is put upon the space use  ltiple species interactions. it is also clear, as more demand is put upon the space use of our   tions. it is also clear, as more demand is put upon the space use of our marine systems . this   nts a unique opportunity, to more fully utilise a nerc oceans2025 project. in this interdiscipl  2025 project. in this interdisciplinary approach we will combine the continuous physical and bi  this interdisciplinary approach we will combine the continuous physical and biological oceanogr   that will be studied in the oceans2025 program with the additional collection of acoustic sona  ceans, fishery observations, and longer term fisheries and marine animal survey data. with thes  ned data products, we will identify and define the characteristics of these sub-surface patches  es and the bio-physical mechanisms that may lead to the facilitation of predator-prey interacti  ay lead to the facilitation of predator-prey interactions. this research will greatly enhance t  nteractions. this research will greatly enhance the type of mechanistic understanding needed fo
2483	12	tiful colours and patterns. at the same time, biological knowledge about most coral reef fishes   risk from human activity. we currently do not understand why coral reef fishes are typically s  he view has been that reef fish colours are selected mainly for species recognition. however, t  the evidence to support this hypothesis is limited, and it does not explain species diversity.    hypothesis is limited, and it does not explain species diversity. by contrast, the hypothesis   ted in other animal groups, has largely been neglected for coral reef fishes. unlike species re  posed, sexual selection can potentially explain not only why many species are colourful, but al  ecies are colourful, but also why there are so many species. this is because strong sexual sele  this is because strong sexual selection can lead to rapid sympatric speciation through characte  lyses. the project integrates norwegian expertise in behavioural ecology of marine fishes, aust  al ecology of marine fishes, australian expertise in reef fish ecology and physiology, and brit  ish ecology and physiology, and british expertise in comparative analyses and biodiversity. fie
13407	2	cal cornelian cherry cultivars or types were determined from different regions of turkey and th  om different regions of turkey and they send to gene bank of turkey.
10653	7	idely distributed in subsaharan africa, is a particularly striking example, because it expresse  expression of different morphs. here we aim to understand how this control functions on a molec  ortion of the genome, but further proof is needed. here we employ a novel approach for associat  e, but further proof is needed. here we employ a novel approach for associating the potential c  es in the gene region of interest. this can be done by pooling wild-caught specimens of each ki  ese dna changes are common to them, yet are different from the others. a quantitative method fo  ll demonstrate a more widely applicable approach on how to associate obvious differences betwee
11274	4	e inner ears of living vertebrates have been studied intensively in terms of their soft anatomy  gical implications of ear function have been investigated thoroughly. the soft tissues are hous  vestigated thoroughly. the soft tissues are housed in bony structures that form part of the sid  ition, the project will provide a large amount of new anatomical information on the inner ears
10073	8	longevity in fruitflies. this trade-off is thought to exist because food resources are in limit  ood resources are in limited supply and can be put into reproduction or long life, but not both  ply and can be put into reproduction or long life, but not both. however, recent research in wh  ong life, but not both. however, recent research in which reproduction and longevity have appar  roduction and longevity have apparently been uncoupled , challenges this idea. the key aim of t  se competing ideas. the subject is also core to nerc s remit in promoting high quality basic re  research will be based in state-of -the-art facilities at university college london. it will in  s at university college london. it will involve large-scale tests of the effect on longevity of
10635	16	e usually reared together in broods, so close relations often provide the social environment in  her in broods, so close relations often provide the social environment in which growth and deve  s within families can be pervasive, and have important effects for the diversity and evolution   ends upon the amount of conflict, which is determined by the relatedness of family members and   development and fitness is increasingly being recognised, very little is known about the mechan  reasingly being recognised, very little is known about the mechanisms that underpin such confli  ionships between resource availability, conflict over these resources and the mechanisms that d   and consequences of conflict. previous work on zebra finches by the author showed that, althou  ly a consequence of increased oxidative stress, which occurs when high levels of free radicals,   component of total antioxidant defence is provided by fat-soluble antioxidants, such as carote  uch as carotenoids and vitamin e, which are derived from the diet. the interaction between diet  hin-family conflicts has not previously been considered, but is likely to be important as varia   plans to use brood size manipulations, hand-rearing and parent removal experiments and cross-f  ring and parent removal experiments and cross-fostering to tease apart the effects of sexual co  ion on growth and fitness of offspring, examine the cost basis of growth through the measuremen  f dietary antioxidant availability, and establish the behavioural mechanisms that underlie the
10229	11	vironment experienced during early life can have profound effects on health and fitness as adul  in broods. close relations consequently provide the social environment in which growth and deve  e is costly and parents often initially overproduce the amount of offspring they can, or are wi  ce the amount of offspring they can, or are willing to, rear. consequently offspring demand may  consequently offspring demand may often exceed parental supply of resources, such as food, whic  spring demand may often exceed parental supply of resources, such as food, which are necessary   ng. however, parents can simultaneously track resources in the environment and increase control  onment and increase control over within-brood food allocation via maternal effects. asynchronou  nsequence of early onset of incubation, is one such maternal effect that leads to the creation   set of incubation, is one such maternal effect that leads to the creation of different castes o  core brood chicks. however, very little is known about the mechanisms utilised by marginal offs
178	3	the project aims could be divided into two major subareas: 1. questions   es energetically costly, b is oxidative stress per se energetically costly, c which part of mel  ts immune function i.e.is the oxidative stress beneficial and e does oxidative stress incur lon
11436	4	studies suggest that animals can often recoup these costs by adjusting their feeding strategy    this project is to apply the geometric approach to nutritional ecology to examine the mechanis  nity in insects. specifically, we will: determine the behavioural mechanisms by which such cost  avioural mechanisms by which such costs are ameliorated.
12598	5	the uk government is committed to helping the horticultural industry redu   to reduced peat growing media and peat-free formulations where possible. the project has been   lations where possible. the project has been designed to address two key objectives: objective   oject will be used in the horticultural use of peat work strand which forms part of the larger   efra partnership project to protect and enhance peat soils and the habitats they support.
12667	6	in broad habitats, landscape features, soil, vegetation and freshwaters. the survey is an impo  ports policy development across a large number of policy areas including: sustainable developme  hemes, environmental impact assessment, air pollution impacts, water framework directive, soil   ion impacts, water framework directive, soil strategy and climate change programme. new methods  lopment. the last survey and assessment was undertaken in 1998 and published in 2000 and the re  blished in 2000 and the results are now out of date.
10042	11	on a particularly important species and assume that the conservation measures also protect othe  ume that the conservation measures also protect other components of the ecosystem or attempt to  ct other components of the ecosystem or attempt to protect many species by setting aside some o  tter approach assumes that many species can complete their life cycle in the area preserved. an  one that has been difficult to realize, is that managers focus on the key processes driving the  uld be sustainable. to date, there have been few demonstrations of this approach even though it  rations of this approach even though it is explicitly embodied by an ecosystem-based approach t  ased approach to conservation will only work if two conditions are met. firstly, that biodivers  vation will only work if two conditions are met. firstly, that biodiversity is profoundly influ  on. coral reefs of the western atlantic provide an exceptionally compelling case for this appro  r. in turn, the availability of seaweed is determined by grazing parrotfish. inadequate levels
7195	1	ds are complex. indeed, agro-ecosystems are characterized by a scenario approach to assessment
12742	3	ll aim of the project is to develop and agree a methodology for integrating a quantitative and   s’ and the requirements of the european landscape convention to identify a series of criteria f  er 2.determine which ecosystem services can be attributed to landscape character and features .
10726	21	archaeopteryx lithographica is the famous missing-link . brought to the attention o   origin of the species, the famous half-bird, half-reptile fossil was hailed as the ultimate ev  e famous half-bird, half-reptile fossil was hailed as the ultimate evidence for evolution. the   modelling approach. in some respects we know a good deal about archaeopteryx. it is the most ba  now a good deal about archaeopteryx. it is the most basal bird, and descended from within the t  out archaeopteryx. it is the most basal bird, and descended from within the theropod dinosaurs.  k. a century and a half later there are still many things that we don t know about archaeoptery  ter there are still many things that we don t know about archaeopteryx. how well could it fly w   took off from the ground up, or did it live in the trees could it run up tree trunks flapping   id it live in the trees could it run up tree trunks flapping its wings like partridges do are c  are generally adapted to the loads they experience, and the resulting stress and strain can dic  ce, and the resulting stress and strain can dictate the shape of the skeleton. despite lying at  ng at the base of a major radiation, we know nothing concrete about how the skull morphology of  heropod ancestors. the problem with fea is that we know little of how well model results reflec  estors. the problem with fea is that we know little of how well model results reflect reality,    will measure the elasticity of cranial bone, force exerted by the adductor muscles and use ct   rce exerted by the adductor muscles and use ct scans to accurately reconstruct the ostrich skul   muscles and use ct scans to accurately reconstruct the ostrich skull in fe-software. i will th  pply the same loads to the fe-model and quantify the difference in orientation and magnitude of  lts the most. the resulting information can be used to make extinct animal fe-models as rigorou  s rigorous as possible based on what we know of the input parameters, the results being of impo
7495	6	e a microbial observatory mediterranean north-west, a collection of microorganisms and a databa  crobial observatory mediterranean north-west, a collection of microorganisms and a database com  n levels. the collection will initially focus on all the strains already isolated and sequenced  ethods based on dilution techniques and culture microplates and by developing original conserva   particular by studying their metabolic profile, and their genes encoding these proteins to exp  exploit ecological and biotechnological plan
14427	9	part of modern biomedical science. they are crucial for studying normal development, creating m   creating models of human disorders and are a valuable tool for studying mammalian genetics. du  e time present not more than 2.000 mice can be housed in state-of-the-art animal facilities. no  .000 mice can be housed in state-of-the-art animal facilities. none of these facilities are acc  e use of animals in biomedical research is expected to grow and reach 100.000 to 150.000 per ye  edical research is expected to grow and reach 100.000 to 150.000 per year . here we propose to   h 100.000 to 150.000 per year . here we propose to create a network of state-of-the-art animal   ose to create a network of state-of-the-art animal facilities in bulgaria. initially, the netwo  the opportunity to perform state-of-the-art animal experiments. further if funded this project
10508	2	ew and imperial college london. we will transfer to the web the taxonomies of two medium-sized   um-sized to encourage their take up and use by workers on other taxa.
10509	2	ew and imperial college london. we will transfer to the web the taxonomies of two medium-sized   um-sized to encourage their take up and use by workers on other taxa.
10706	2	ew and imperial college london. we will transfer to the web the taxonomies of two medium-sized   um-sized to encourage their take up and use by workers on other taxa.
11007	2	ew and imperial college london. we will transfer to the web the taxonomies of two medium-sized   um-sized to encourage their take up and use by workers on other taxa.
515	11	the conduct of breeding activities. we propose an analysis of the implementation of wolf popul  hanisms for a wolf population in france connect, apprehend, reason, shape and use – for public   or a wolf population in france connect, apprehend, reason, shape and use – for public action –   opulation in france connect, apprehend, reason, shape and use – for public action – the scienti  e connect, apprehend, reason, shape and use – for public action – the scientific knowledge and   tifications. the aim is to describe and understand the analysis of a policy in development, in   he analysis of public policies. we will broach the processes of policy, science and technical i  on of management. based on a diachronic lecture of the works of collective management relying o  nalysis of a documentary basis, we will offer an understandable presentation of the implementat  context of action. more specifically we propose, across this project, to exploit and experiment  se, across this project, to exploit and experiment on the possibilities of co-construction and
229	8	data for drawing scientific conclusions is complicated because of the problems arising in scali   of the problems arising in scaling and time-space synchronization of different datasets, inter  he problems arising in scaling and time-space synchronization of different datasets, interpolat  ural and anthropogenic factors, etc. it is also difficult to merge estonian data with the data    with the statistical sas system. sd1.0 was supplied with a user-friendly interface and distrib  uted on cd. it has inspired several isi web science and other peer-reviewed papers and used in   new sd is result of cooperation of high-level biologists, mathematicians and postgraduate stude  e students. it will find use in the new target-financed project, in international projects and
149	1	d lmiting more precisely the number and scope of families. publishing a paper describing propos
11455	13	earth is a question of major scientific interest but considerable difficulty. it needs a well-c   a well-constrained geological context, evidence for biology-like shape . the aim of this proje  ject is to characterise the context and evidence for these microtubules from ~3500 ma old sedim  ld sediments and lavas in australia. we plan to test whether our microtubules can be sustained   e plan to test whether our microtubules can be sustained as earth s oldest putative microfossil   just where and when these microtubules were formed, to see if they are restricted to certain k  icrotubules were formed, to see if they are restricted to certain kinds of rock type, and are n  cted to certain kinds of rock type, and are not later contaminants. the second aim is to test h  eochemistry at the micron to nanomicron scale, and by controlled laboratory experiments. the fi  olic processes. the australian rocks to be tested here share similarities with habitats now bei  re share similarities with habitats now being searched for life on mars: rounded pebbles plus i  0 ma years ago. our work will therefore help to test the approaches needed for later mars sampl   atmospheric history of the planet, and even for our place in the universe.
10787	1	m subspecies paratuberculosis . we will develop a quantitative pcr method specifically for the
11300	1	m subspecies paratuberculosis . we will develop a quantitative pcr method specifically for the
1927	2	there is much empirical evidence that crops grown as diverse                   there is much empirical evidence that crops grown as diverse populations determ
6895	7	salmonella enterica has a huge number of serovariants based on the high heterogenity o   vaccine development against salmonella is hindered by the low-level of cross-immunity among di  ainst salmonella is hindered by the low-level of cross-immunity among different serovariants. s  s. salmonella rfah mutant have recently been reported as live vaccines capable of eliciting an   ty of conserved outer membrane proteins is elevated resulting in the production of cross-reacti  onization by the rfah mutant of the gut is hindered by the altered lps structure exhibited by r  ene products are well characterized, we aim to construct lps structural mutants. mutants that s
444	9	ecies were actually influenced by large scale habitat perturbation. to do so, we used a very la  ecting landscapes between 1992 and 2002 was provided by teruti, a landscape statistical survey,  ided by teruti, a landscape statistical survey, specifically developed for the estimation of va  for the estimation of variation in land-use throughout space and time, covering the whole terri  iation in land-use throughout space and time, covering the whole territory with a systematic gr  y with a systematic grid made of 15500 2x2 km squares. biodiversity indicators were provided by  2x2 km squares. biodiversity indicators were provided by the french breeding bird survey which   hat landscape perturbation had a strong impact on bird community richness and composition. we f  tablishing proactive conservation goals is emphasized by our findings. altogether, this study u
7160	8	of health status and become species, or impact Biodiversity phenomena such as the opening of th  scape, urban sprawl of the agricultural landscape, agricultural decline, the closure of the lan  he agricultural landscape, agricultural decline, the closure of the landscape, artificial, urba  owed by Teruti and whose recent history is known. the static and dynamic data confrontation reg  l scale. for example, species diversity can be compared across sites currently more or less urb  impact of urbanization in both time and space, to understand the patterns and impact on biodive  d space, to understand the patterns and impact on biodiversity mechanisms involved and to be ab   of various urban development. the same type of approach will be used for the agricultural comm
10239	1	responses to variations in the downward flux of organic matter , the uptake of specific biochem
10748	1	responses to variations in the downward flux of organic matter , the uptake of specific biochem
10750	1	responses to variations in the downward flux of organic matter , the uptake of specific biochem
11717	1	responses to variations in the downward flux of organic matter , the uptake of specific biochem
11036	14	if you were asked which countries have the most oil, you would  ave the most oil, you would undoubtedly answer with the name of one of the large oil-producing   nswer with the name of one of the large oil-producing countries in the middle east such as saud  ir activity in the environment. when we have this information the benefits will be several fold  nefits will be several fold. firstly we can begin to assess the geochemical controls on crude o  s conducive to petroleum biodegradation may be avoided. it will also prove valuable for underst  egradation may be avoided. it will also prove valuable for understanding what controls the fate  oxic groundwater or sediments. there is even the possibility that residual oil in petroleum res  dual oil in petroleum reservoirs, which cannot be recovered by conventional means, could be con  not be recovered by conventional means, could be converted to more readily recoverable methane   t organisms are capable of methanogenic oil biodegradation, how they interact with each other a  thanogenic oil biodegradation, how they interact with each other and what controls their activi  ols their activity. in addition we will learn how quickly they can convert oil to methane and o  oducts, information that can ultimately be used to predict the behaviour of crude oil in a rang
11337	3	the red crab gecarcoidea natalis is an endemic land crab on christmas island determining  e of metabolic and ionic status in feed-back on chh. the work on environmental and behavioural    and of unique conservation value. they are a primary determinant of rain forest structure and
10138	3	many sub-surface environments currently feature as voids in our   many sub-surface environments currently feature as voids in our understanding of the earth s sy  ans in situ measurements can often only be made by wireless sensors . research conducted will p
7506	5	ver 500 strains of unicellular algae is being established at the university of caen. microbiolo  biology techniques used to ensure long- term preservation, genetic stability, and secure manage  rm preservation, genetic stability, and secure management of this high-quality assets, unique i  microalgae cryopreservation experiments were conducted, leading to very mixed results depending  species and the techniques employed. we plan to develop a range of protocols according cryoprot
7549	4	ms. resistance apex citrus freezing has been shown but cryopreservation techniques will be impr  nts cryotherapy, which is an innovative approach in yam. removing potyvirus be verified using t  ive approach in yam. removing potyvirus be verified using the serological and molecular tests.   yopreservation microtubers which na yet been realized, will be tested
14950	5	onous population with a great strategic interest because they constitute the last pure-breed ag  a great strategic interest because they constitute the last pure-breed aggregate of ursus arcto  ation plays an important role. thus, we propose the development and validation of an effective   rences among species. in this sense, we suggest 5 objectives that allow us to define an effecti  brown bear ejaculates. first of all, we propose the evaluation of different commercial extender
7539	7	has already shown interest in the long-term security of genetic resources in perennial species  xtremely promising results have already been obtained from the vine. in this project, we propos  ined from the vine. in this project, we propose to raise the methodological locks for large-sca  aise the methodological locks for large-scale application of this method to the conservation of  he conservation of latent vine buds. it is to develop a method for the recovery of meristems af  conventional horticultural. however, we plan to test the beneficial effects of cryopreservation  tatus of the material. finally, we will remain some of the variability of response parameters c
9867	7	edators and parasites. the evolutionary battle between the common cuckoo, cuculus canorus, and   ses in the wild. the cuckoo is a famous cheat: it tricks other species of birds , we will compa  tricks other species of birds , we will compare defences at sites with and without cuckoos. exp   without cuckoos. experiments will also test whether naïve, young reed warblers can learn to en  test whether naïve, young reed warblers can learn to enhance their recognition of the adult cuc  nce those at other stages. it will also enhance our understanding of how individuals use local   ly to environmental change. and it will add to our knowledge of the cuckoo, one of the icons of
10593	9	nature, conflicts between species often involve evolutionary arms races, eg. improvements in st  ng this process. the cuckoo is a famous cheat: it relies on other bird species learning by cuck  etween host nests, so they must somehow learn, through experience, how best to beg. we will stu  gh experience, how best to beg. we will study the begging calls from hatching to test whether c  her cuckoos try out different calls and learn, by trial and error, which to use. we will also d  tudy of how both hosts and cuckoos fine-tune their responses by learning will help us to unders  lp us to understand how rapidly enemies can adapt to environmental changes. in future, we hope   to environmental changes. in future, we hope to incorporate the effects of learning on the cour  cts of learning on the course of cuckoo-host co-evolution.
10059	18	topic in biology. in particular, there is great interest in the genetic changes that underlie    biology. in particular, there is great interest in the genetic changes that underlie adaptatio  cause of the underlying genetics and it can help us understand how organisms adapt to environme  g on cuckoos and their hosts is that we can measure the selective advantages of adaptations in   racteristics in the other that directly affect survival or reproductive success. for example, f  evolution of cuckoo eggs that perfectly mimic those laid by the host. egg rejection is adaptive  pring are not killed by hosts when they reject the cuckoo egg. in this project we will investig  the cuckoo egg. in this project we will investigate the genetics underlying a key counter-adapt  o suggest that by mimicking host young, cuckoo nestlings are less likely to be recognised as fo  ng, cuckoo nestlings are less likely to be recognised as foreign by their hosts and consequentl  r hosts and consequently less likely to be rejected to die. chick mimicry is therefore adaptive   in vertebrates. in this pilot study we propose to use next-generation sequencing technology to  d on differences in gene expression and sequence variation. the identification of strong candid  , the work will produce the first large scale genomic resources in a cuckoo species and will th  urces in a cuckoo species and will thus be of great use to the considerable community of evolut  ogists working on cuckoos. we will also be able to identify potential candidate loci for the fe  a novel approach to the study of cuckoo-host coevolution, and offers a novel study system to th   the potential to open up an entire new field of research.
2473	7	kotschyana and cochlospermum tinctorium are of special interest since they are used against gas  rium are of special interest since they are used against gastric ulcer in mali and they form pa   improved traditional medicines a large proportion of the population of mali suffer from this a  ge proportion of the population of mali suffer from this ailment, and it is of interest for the  f mali suffer from this ailment, and it is of interest for the health department of mali, with   s necessary for cultivating plants that can replace those collected from nature.structural stud  he bioactive sites of the molecules and ensure that these are the same in the material both for
11387	1	r conservation , ecological benefit and design options. a risk assessment will be made relating
13399	1	e mushrooms in cultural conditions have been studied.
2116	8	in the present project we use an interdisciplinary approach to study processes in  ent project we use an interdisciplinary approach to study processes in a conflict system linked   the authorities. based on a cumulative body of knowledge from a previous integrated project, w  odels providing guidelines for the long-term management and conservation of resources, based on  oad perspective. in the project we will compare the vulnerability of agriculture to goose grazi  ultural landscapes. furthermore we will evaluate the attitudes to the problems of geese grazing  s and wildlife managers and measure and predict ecological responses in arctic goose population  the cultural landscape. finally we will merge the findings in innovative solution models balanc
7496	2	. undaria pinnatifida is in this context a preferred model. indeed, the occur  ated and spontaneous pool. by a genetic approach of people and phenological monitoring in the f
2542	5	ment rests on the assumption that there is a one-to-one relationship between perceptions and pr  ces. regulatory models take a piecemeal approach to the environment where biodiversity often be  ies and environmental ngos . using long-term participant-observation, anthropological research   wider political-ecological systems, and explore areas of tensions and misunderstanding between    people give value to what they see and know; response - how people respond, individually and c
12200	5	he aim of the project is to develop and test a robust, repeatable and comprehensive evaluation   ship on landscape character and quality/condition; iv.define lessons learned from the targeting   the targeting and operation of es that can be applied to landscape character and quality in th  rt at a range of appropriate scales and link in with existing landscape monitoring and research  ects vi.be consistent with the european landscape convention
12202	2	defras programme the national fruit collections will continue   rnational crop networks, such as the uk plant genetic resources group and the international pla
15522	7	estimation of carbon pools and net primary production at a higher spatial resolution r  ies of the combined effects of climatic change, land cover changes and management on carbon sto  ges and management on carbon stocks and net primary production of vegetation are relatively sca  ement has historically had an important effect on landscape transformation and forest structure  imate and management have a synergistic effect on carbon stocks and net primary production of t  synergistic effect on carbon stocks and net primary production of terrestrial ecosystems in pen  on at the stand level due to the recent lack of forest management. specifically, the four objec
15056	6	s with different characteristics and/or water quality. our previous studies on cyanobacterial d  ous studies on cyanobacterial diversity were made in rivers with siliceous substrates; we think  in rivers with siliceous substrates; we think that such studies could have continuity in rivers   substrates; we think that such studies could have continuity in rivers with a calcareous subst  ological approach aimed in this project can help to understand the factors that determine the p   populations. even more, the polyphasic approach with three different ways of characterization
9908	4	intenance of this genetic diversity. we have also shown that about 60% of cultured nodularia is  and that nodularia-specific lytic phage can be isolated from samples of baltic sea water. in th  ltic sea water. in this project we will use a variety of molecular methodologies to assess the   transduction in determining the genetic structure of baltic sea nodularia populations.
12143	5	during quaternary warm periods in long-term perspective. for the successful achievement of the   the aim the following problems need to be solved: 1 – to describe the palaeoenvironmental chan   from 9 sections, mainly interglacials, were selected for the investigations. they are: daumant  e selected for the investigations. they are: daumantai, šlavė, butėnai, snaigupėlė, netiesos ou  mics of palaeoenvironmental changes and compile their models for the assessing their impact on
14961	4	s cardueae and anthemideae, whose study was based on molecular and cytogenetical techniques, us  phological tools and aflp. the last one is included in the molecular marker research line that   ult of this project and of the previous experience of the team, we will also prepare a database  us experience of the team, we will also prepare a database on genome size in the asteraceae, wh
14556	2	s cardueae and anthemideae, whose study was based on molecular and cytogenetic techniques, usin  justify present classification; and dna sequence analysis, both plastidic and nuclear, to hypot
14557	2	s cardueae and anthemideae, whose study was based on molecular and cytogenetical techniques, us  justify present classification; and dna sequence analysis, both plastidic and nuclear, to hypot
14962	4	s cardueae and anthemideae, whose study was based on molecular and cytogenetical techniques, us  phological tools and aflp. the last one is included in the molecular marker research line that   ult of this project and of the previous experience of the team, we will also prepare a database  us experience of the team, we will also prepare a database on genome size in the asteraceae, wh
13792	2	nomes. proteins encoded by both genomes are required for cell respiration, the main source of e  ryotes. selection is strong for optimal function of cell respiration, leading to coadaptation o
13316	19	effective control of invasive alien species has been hampered by: a the lack of monit  e control of invasive alien species has been hampered by: a the lack of monitoring for alien sp  egions of concern; b a means to report, verify the identifications, and warn of new sightings;   report, verify the identifications, and warn of new sightings; and c risk assessments that pred  nd warning managers before a respective alien species spreads beyond its point of initial intro  of alien species against which invasive alien species can be determined, a european information  es against which invasive alien species can be determined, a european information dissemination  nts, daisie will deliver a european one-stop-shop for information on biological invasions in eu  daisie will deliver a european one-stop-shop for information on biological invasions in europe.  biological invasions in europe. it will bring together: the european alien species expertise re  e. it will bring together: the european alien species expertise registry: a directory of resear  egistry: a directory of researchers and research european alien species database: including all  ry of researchers and research european alien species database: including all known naturalized  ien species in europe european invasive alien species information system: descriptions of all n  ysis: distribution maps of all invasive alien species in europe known or suspected of having en  nomic impacts. daisie will be a pivotal instrument in developing a europe-wide strategy that en   that encompasses both the geographical scale of the problem and unites the study of different   ie will address the need for a regional network of invasive alien species information.   need for a regional network of invasive alien species information.
12452	5	es have changed in the last century and understand how changes in the abundance of one species   changes in the abundance of one species can affect others, focusing on interactions between cod  he irish sea. key customer purpose: cod is thought to be the most important predator of norway   n cod has increased significantly there is no evidence of a corresponding increase in nephrops.  has increased significantly there is no evidence of a corresponding increase in nephrops. using
10304	16	level of activity of thousands of genes is studied in multiple replicates in multiple experimen  ments. the problem is to turn this huge volume of data into biological understanding. for organ  g the natural environment, this problem is compounded by the fact that they are not as well res  lem is compounded by the fact that they are not as well resourced as the typical models like a   g of the function of thousands of genes is generated by well-resourced research communities. if  of genes is generated by well-resourced research communities. if we want to study the genetics   l-resourced research communities. if we want to study the genetics of organisms in the natural   rganisms in the natural environment, we need to try to summarise the sheer volume of data in a   n a biologically meaningful way, and we need to relate our organisms of environmental interest   o relate our organisms of environmental interest to their better-studied, model organism relati  ental interest to their better-studied, model organism relatives. within the last few years, th  two things have become available and we are in a position to wrap these tools into a pipeline t  dly the large amounts of data that have been generated by three nerc-funded projects. combining  these separate projects is an efficient use of resources that will lead to additional peer-revi   resources that will lead to additional peer-reviewed papers from these projects. the methods t  . the methods that we develop will also help other researchers within the nerc community.
12565	2	re of ceh dorset. key customer purpose: develop an understanding of how predicted changes in fl   of juvenile salmonids in the wild, and investigate the potential impacts of theses changes in
11038	2	able online resource for the asteraceae research community. this will add around 11,000 sequenc   the existing asteraceae collection and provide important computational tools to enable researc
10947	1	a genome-wide basis. as a complimentary approach, subtracted cdna libraries prepared from embry
12253	8	cades researching the effective use and fate of nutrients applied to land in organic manures or   defras fertiliser recommendations that can be interrogated using a powerful search tool. data   ently private, will be included as they are made available. there will be a simple process for    as they are made available. there will be a simple process for uploading data operated by regi  perated by registered persons who might be the researchers themselves. the website will be sear  rchable so that selected data/documents can be downloaded or viewed. the website will be design  uantities of information and so that it can grow with time as new information is added. the sys  t can grow with time as new information is added. the system will be akin to an extranet that w
12237	11	al footprint of arable production. this can be achieved most efficiently by identification, col  3 , to provide defra with statistically sound data sources that have the resolution and flexibi  f disease and pest levels and agronomic practice in winter wheat and winter oilseed rape. the d   agronomic practice in winter wheat and winter oilseed rape. the databases generated currently   rape. the databases generated currently hold up to 30 years’ data on the incidence of pests and  urrent project in order to maintain and extend these unique data resources for the two most imp  binable crops in the uk. the historical reference datasets identified are used and quoted widel  istorical reference datasets identified are used and quoted widely across government, academia   s government, academia and industry and form a reliable evidence base to inform defra initiativ   defra initiatives. in line with defras need, this evidence base is dynamic, changing as resear  only impartial and statistically robust source of evidence for policy making which aims to miti
12427	10	s and ospar reporting purposes. the mcs have the existing infrastructure, man-power and time to  e mcs have the existing infrastructure, man-power and time to which this project hopes to devel   existing infrastructure, man-power and time to which this project hopes to develop and capital  which this project hopes to develop and capitalise on. the provision of training to officers fo  protocol. key customer purpose: the mcs monitor over 300 beaches annually and on a voluntary ba  ally and on a voluntary basis. the also survey the 12 uk ospar beaches 4 times a year. the trai  our beaches as required by the msfd, it can be interrogated to help determine sources of marine   determine sources of marine litter and can be used to monitor marine litter on beaches over ti  ship with the mcs as a way of engaging `big society` to take responsibility for areas of work o  ource burden for defra. once set up, it is expected that the results of this project will deliv
11150	6	ignacian industries, thought by many to be made by incoming modern humans, are three such probl  y to be made by incoming modern humans, are three such problems. we aim to contribute to the re  ern humans, are three such problems. we aim to contribute to the resolution of many problems as  tion, by dating samples of bone from 27 key palaeolithic sites in continental europe. we will d  ic sites in continental europe. we will date 300 well-contexted and carefully selected bones, i  germany, spain, france and britain, and include many of the most crucial sites at the centre of
10083	5	we describe the basis and the evidence for a new approach   be the basis and the evidence for a new approach to dating bone by u-series. spatial distributi  tial distributions of u and th isotopes are compared with an explicit geochemical model and use  ck on reliability. once proven, we will apply it to dating bones from sites selected for their   conditions and intrinsic importance. we choose 3 classes of site to date: of longstanding impor
10302	24	nd successions, and in recent years has been incorporated into discussions of cultural response  s specific meaning will probably always remain hotly debated, it is undoubtedly one of the most  robably always remain hotly debated, it is undoubtedly one of the most intimate windows to the   one of the core regions of palaeolithic cave paintings and engravings, the iberian peninsula. t  eninsula. the results will considerably improve our understanding of the distribution and chang  on and changes over time of the art and relate this to the climatic background. radiocarbon has  he climatic background. radiocarbon has been used to provide dates for the organic pigments use  ment was itself old at the time the art was made. at present it is still not certain if the art  time the art was made. at present it is still not certain if the art appears around 32,000 or 1   ago. furthermore, radiocarbon can only date carbon based pigments, and the majority of early r  sed pigments, and the majority of early rock paintings are either engravings with no pigments,    either engravings with no pigments, or use mineral pigments such as red ochre that is unsuitab  vings and paintings are directly on, or are overlain by, calcium carbonate deposits similar to   . the date at which these crusts formed can be determined by uranium-series dating, a technique   thorium. thus a minimum or maximum age can be calculated for the art, and by measuring enough   elopment and spread of different styles can be built up. this data will provide the basis by wh  will provide the basis by which we will understand how and when rock art first came about in ib  iberia, and its relationship to similar art in southern france and the rest of europe. we will    france and the rest of europe. we will investigate whether the appearance and subsequent inten   subsequent intensification of rock art is related to rapid climatic change that occurs in the   f rock art is related to rapid climatic change that occurs in the late upper palaeolithic. reco  run up to the last glacial maximum have been revealed by marine sediment and ice cores. we will   marine sediment and ice cores. we will compare the frequency and date of the rock art to these  ores. we will compare the frequency and date of the rock art to these climatic records to test
9928	4	us mosses include nearly half of extant moss species, with high diversity in forest habitats. o   poorly resolved families and extremely short internal nodes. this may represent an adaptive ra  nd extremely short internal nodes. this may represent an adaptive radiation prompted by the key  or a combination of these processes. we plan to use molecular data and outgroup fossils to date
11681	8	the taung child was found in 1924 at the buxton limestone quarry, north   the geological context of the specimen was lost, hampering attempts to date the hominid and un  pering attempts to date the hominid and understand its ecological context. because of this, cur  f early hominid evolution in africa. we propose to take samples of calcite crystals attached to   uranium-lead dating using state-of-the-art facilities at the nerc isotope geosciences laborato  d permission to sample the calcites has been granted by the hominid access committee. the propo  ild are likely to alter the current age-range for australopithicus africanus, perhaps changing   s. the methods undertaken in this study can be applied to other early hominin specimens from th
13788	7	forest management and fire suppression cause significant changes in the chemi  ntly in the qualities of deadwood. this may have profound ecological implications, since the in  ve declined for unknown reasons, but it is possible that some are dependent on fire-affected wo  -related changes in deadwood properties may imply significant changes in its decomposition rate   research aims to clarify whether there are threatened wood-fungi that are dependent on deadwoo  dynamics in managed boreal forests, and may increase our understanding of why many red-listed s  y many red-listed species of wood-fungi are confined to forests governed by natural dynamics. t
10172	4	es it decays rapidly. relatively little is known about the decomposition and loss of viability   with vital/metabolic staining and solid-state spectroscopy will be used to determine the decay   attacked by specific microorganisms and soil communities, and determine the period for pollen t  icroorganisms and soil communities, and determine the period for pollen to lose viability as it
11080	21	as species diverge, so do their genomes. however, this genetic divergence, whi  however, this genetic divergence, which can be measured directly by comparing sequences, has a   ity present within an ancestral species is passed on to its descendants at random and can survi  sed on to its descendants at random and can survive for a long time. secondly, there may be gen  ve for a long time. secondly, there may be genetic exchange after the initial split, which furt  ng time. secondly, there may be genetic exchange after the initial split, which further increas  ny ways: firstly, researchers are often want to make inferences about the history of closely re   of closely related species and ideally identify the factors that caused them to diverge from t  y to study the process. secondly, there is great interest in identifying regions of the genome   y the process. secondly, there is great interest in identifying regions of the genome that may    case of recently diverged species this can tell us which genes were involved in divergence and  ed species this can tell us which genes were involved in divergence and provides clues about th   for example, resistance to insecticide can be acquired more rapidly from close relatives that   election involving particular genes, we need to know exactly what effects different scenarios o  nland ancestors relatively recently and can be seen as independent replicates of speciation in   much about the genetic basis of a large range of traits involved in reproductive isolation, inc  known because current inference methods are limited to small datasets. in particular, we do not  ed to small datasets. in particular, we do not know how important gene flow during or after div   mainland have experienced more genetic exchange with their mainland relatives than those furth   responsible for reproductive isolation can be distinguished against the genomic background by   an be distinguished against the genomic background by their different patterns of divergence al
10646	8	change. detailed reconstruction of lead-lag relationships in different regions provides importa  ntext of global climate change. here we use an annually laminated sediment core from lake suige  nated sediment core from lake suigetsu, japan, to examine timings and rates of key abrupt clima  t in lake suigetsu. while greenland ice is used to determine the timing of the holocene onset v  t via counting annual ice layers, there is a lack of suitable fossils preserved in ice that can   suitable fossils preserved in ice that can be dated by radiocarbon. lake suigetsu, however, wi  l be dated by radiocarbon using a large number of terrestrial plant leaf remains as well as cou  lts will be of significant interest and benefit to the scientific community of geologists and c
13856	9	ory variation between species. however, nest predation is a significant source of early mortali  owever, nest predation is a significant source of early mortality in life and changes in predat  s in predation rates should potentially exert a strong influence on bird numbers and avian life  rates should potentially exert a strong influence on bird numbers and avian life history evolut  man disturbance of natural environments could disrupt the fecundity-mortality balance of many s  y-mortality balance of many species and may thus lead to the long-term decline of common specie  ty balance of many species and may thus lead to the long-term decline of common species current  change to population dynamics remain to be understood. in this project i will focus on the role  among woodland species to behaviourally influence the risk of predation, a question that has re
11823	16	embryology, the study of development, is pivotal to unravelling the evolutionary history of a  ents in the tree of life. palaeontology can provide the only direct tests of such hypotheses bu  lutionary biology and for palaeontology was changed at once with the discovery of rich and dive  episode of evolutionary history, but it is largely unrealised because of difficulties in distin  ological mineralization, and because it is difficult to understand the 3d anatomy of an individ  ring development from one embryological stage to another. these challenges have led to wildly d  ossil embryos belong to - a debate that must be concluded before evolutionary conclusions can b  ncluded before evolutionary conclusions can be made. in fact the situation is so bad that altho  fully preserved, including cellular and sub-cellular details, some scientists even doubt they b  etails, some scientists even doubt they belong to animals, preferring instead to interpret them   version of a medical ct scanner, which is powered by a particle accelerator and allows us to a  a fossil embryo, including its internal structure, based on a virtual computer model. this allo  of cell movements and even sub-cellular structure that are necessary to determine the embryolog   interpretation of the fossils. we will determine the basis of these chemical differences and u  basis of these chemical differences and use the results to judge between conflicting interpreta  ent of the modern animal groups that we see about us today.
1993	8	recent climate warming has been shown to advance the seasonal timing of life cycle  fferences in these changes in phenology may result in a decoupling of trophic relationships in   h species requires specific cues, which are used as proxies for the suitability of the environm  eproduction and growth. climate warming may change the validity of the proxies different specie  invalidate the use of these proxies and lead to a decoupling of trophic interactions 3 can adap  o projected climate warming maintain or restore trophic interactions the short generation time   all-scale flow through systems. we will complement these experiments with model analyses of the  ll be extended to include planktivorous fish-zooplankton interactions. as we will be working wi
12033	8	oceanic ridges and continental margins are characterized by biological features that are oppos  ea sedimentary ecosystems. they exhibit low specific diversity and high biomasses, they are col  ific diversity and high biomasses, they are colonised by endemic species that are adapted to th  y are colonised by endemic species that are adapted to the toxicity of their habitats, and the   ironments, in which the trophic netword is based on microbial chemosynthesis, are linked to che  d is based on microbial chemosynthesis, are linked to chemical resources that are discontinuous  rsion of organisms at the oceanic scale is constrained by geological corridors and frontiers, b  ic matter relationships between trophic network complexity, species diversity and abiotic facto
12336	1	ild on existing classification work and be aligned with ongoing classification work on the deep
12460	3	e these models with economic models and predict the effort required to reach the optimal yield.  y to determine the economically optimal level of exploitation of european ecosystems under chan   both commercial stocks and susceptible fish species is biologically sustainable.
12464	2	summary objectives: the aim of defineit is to produce operational models of fish stock dynamics  , social and biological indicators that can be fed into the wider model produced by the project
12465	5	s to determine the economically optimal level of exploitation of european ecosystems under chan  ems under changing climatic conditions, while also ensuring that the pressure exerted on both c   both commercial stocks and susceptible fish species is biologically sustainable. the study wil  n the fishing process on bycatch of non-target species will be assessed by identifying suscepti  mer purpose: options for protecting non-target species will be evaluated using management strat
7677	5	f species that have critical ecological value as apex predators, but are under enormous anthrop  s, but are under enormous anthropogenic pressure due to their global commercial importance. con  . the ituna project aims to empirically determine the most efficient and commonly agreed upon a  d 2 the launch of an interactive online game that can be used by a broad community to explore t  unch of an interactive online game that can be used by a broad community to explore the effects
1952	14	our understanding of the adaptive control of the timing and intensity of reproduction in   ng time, and food availability is often low, incubation may also exert an important selection p  ility is often low, incubation may also exert an important selection pressure on reproduction.   n reproduction. in this project we will study the mechanism and the function of incubation beha  ge in our understanding of the adaptive control of the timing and intensity of reproduction. th   consequences. we will 1 experimentally determine the effect of thermal environment, clutch siz  f the incubating bird, 2 experimentally quantify the effect of incubation on both parental and   fect of incubation on both parental and clutch fitness, 3 develop a model to predict the optima   on both parental and clutch fitness, 3 develop a model to predict the optimal timing and inten  ure and food availability regimes and 4 test this model with data on both actual incubation pat  e timing of incubation in a latitudinal range of other great tit populations. to achieve this g  pulations. to achieve this goal we will use automatic registration of incubation rhythms, and e  registration of incubation rhythms, and estimate the energetic cost of incubation both using me  y behavioral responses of the birds and enable us to estimate the subsequent fitness consequenc
11217	7	genome of bacteria includes genes that may confer important adaptations in certain environment  nt adaptations in certain environments, may have a distinctive base composition. are often carr  in environments, may have a distinctive base composition. are often carried on mobile genetic e  bacteria than the basic genome. we will exploit the published complete genome sequence of a mes   sequence of a mesorhizobium strain and develop a high-throughput methodology based on dna hybr  his genus and related bacteria. we will monitor divergence of each of about 500 genes in about   es in about 100 bacterial isolates, and develop a general view of bacterial population genomics
11192	7	studies suggest that some baculoviruses encode genes that produce proteins responsible for liqu   liquefying host larvae after death. it is unclear, however, whether this process confers incre  s on the pathogen in encountering a new host, or is a hindrance by exposing it to solar radiati  pathogen in encountering a new host, or is a hindrance by exposing it to solar radiation when i  vestigate these questions. we will also determine if there is heritable variation in virus-indu  stions. we will also determine if there is heritable variation in virus-induced liquefaction of  d liquefaction of insects by sequential passage of virus through larvae and selection of progen
10343	11	of the oceans this production of oxygen is dominated by very small, single celled organisms, wh  n of oxygen is dominated by very small, single celled organisms, which are referred to as the p  y small, single celled organisms, which are referred to as the photosynthetic picoplankton. phy  yanobacteria of the genus synechococcus are a major component of this picoplankton fraction and  onent of this picoplankton fraction and have a ubiquitous distribution in oceanic waters respon  ast ten distinct lineages or clades. we have previously proposed that this phylogenetic heterog  istent with recent molecular ecological work from my lab which has demonstrated distinct spatia  ing specific niches. to more completely understand the molecular basis of this niche adaptation  cular basis of this niche adaptation we propose here to undertake a genomic approach to identif   we propose here to undertake a genomic approach to identify what we hypothesise are the sets o  ic analysis of the sequenced genomes we aim to obtain a comprehensive picture of the mechanisms
11440	21	around 250 million years ago a huge number of animal and plant species living on the land a  n years ago a huge number of animal and plant species living on the land and in the sea became   d in the sea became extinct. this event is known as the permo-triassic mass extinction and was   s planet. a wide range of theories have been put forward to explain this event and many of thes  the oceans. this has left a significant gap in our understanding of how the extinction in the o  he extinction in the oceans and on land were linked. two events in particular are thought to ha  d were linked. two events in particular are thought to have contributed to this colossal loss o  aps occurred at almost exactly the same time as the extinction. volcanic eruptions such as this   of dissolved oxygen from the ocean. it is bacteria that cause this decrease in oxygen as they   t cause this decrease in oxygen as they use it to decompose organic matter and when the oxygen   t other types of bacteria take over and begin to use sulphate for the same purpose. a by produc  cteria is hydrogen sulphide, the smelly gas also produced in rotten eggs. our recent research a  lso produced in rotten eggs. our recent research at leeds university has shown that the amount   drogen sulphide rose dramatically. this was converted back to sulphate during a big mixing even  h sulphur dioxide and hydrogen sulphide can produce harmful effects on plants and animals, eith  ion of terrestrial environments as they are removed from the atmosphere by rain water, or direc  of atmospheric sulphur through time. we intend to measure the concentrations of sulphur from a   of lake muds of the right age that have been collected from nw china. this will let us see how   the mass extinction event. we will also measure its stable isotopic composition as this can dis  its stable isotopic composition as this can distinguish between sulphur from volcanic or bacter  ossil record of plants and animals also present in these lake muds, this information should hel
12682	4	previously developed land have recently been included in the new list of ukbap priority habitat   have recently been included in the new list of ukbap priority habitats and species. this proje   to aid ‘identification on the ground’; determine the extent, distribution and quality of all o  ity of all of the habitat in the uk and provide a comprehensive list of species of conservation
7638	7	and spatial criteria red lists of iucn allow to measure the degree of threat globally or regio  objectives of this program will does it determine whether these criteria modeling can be applie  termine whether these criteria modeling can be applied to the restoration of viable populations  ulations in the short and long term, ii adapt them if necessary, iii initiate their use through  g term, ii adapt them if necessary, iii initiate their use through the installation of a networ  nd european reintroduction programs and access, through collaborations, international databases   area which was previously but where it was eliminated or she disappeared
11739	3	et. generation and emplacement of magma is controlled by the large-scale rifting in each of the  a are essential for modelling the large scale evolution of oceanic core complexes.   ng the large scale evolution of oceanic core complexes.
12637	8	soil protection strategy. given defras aim of developing sustainable soil managment across the  en defras aim of developing sustainable soil managment across the uk, and tackling soil degrada  ommissioned soils research to date, and provide a vision for future knowledge requirements and   n for future knowledge requirements and research to achieve this aim. the work of the last 20 y  hin the soil natural capital stocks and soil ecosystem services framework, and the research con  f not sustainably managing our soils it is imperitive that research provides solutiones to redu  soils, in order to ensure that they can be sustainably managed. these plans have highlighted im  hesis will put the last 20 yrs of defra research in this context, furhter identifying knowledge
12393	3	ovide information without which it will be impossible to assess the potential threat to uk mari  ies used will be reported in detail and provide the basis for future developments within the uk  ill enable the new information on ph to be set in the context of the variability in hydrographi
11113	1	s, with demographic changes in society, pressure of coastal resources and climate change.
14787	2	able to global change. many populations are threatened and subjected to protection measures. th  ose in mountain areas in the cantabrian range to apply the results to conservative management o
12222	3	and fungicide use on arable crops which can be supported by these modules determine inputs to a  system for advising farmers on land and farm management as part of cap reform, but also to co-o  rtal. although the fas project will not consider advice further than that required by the regul
11328	1	lored parts of the earth s surface, and are now known to harbor significant populations of micr
11594	1	lored parts of the earth s surface, and are now known to harbor significant populations of micr
12449	4	summary objective: determine the stages in the early life history during w   of data on eggs and larvae of demersal fish in the irish sea, together with contemporaneous da  upled bio-physical models. generate and test different possible hypotheses that can be used to   test different possible hypotheses that can be used to explain the difference in productivity o
14598	8	population. a mini-sequencing technique is proposed after multiplexing 60 y-chromosomal markers  e analysis of haplotypes from strs-snps is examined. these high resolution haplotypes were defi  mined. these high resolution haplotypes were defined after the combination of markers with high  igh molecular stability . the technique was applied in a study of 200 autochtonous individuals    of galicia in north western spain, and is presented as an extensive pilot study which may be a  ented as an extensive pilot study which may be applied to other human populations. the main obj   contributions which define the genetic background of the population under study, as well as th  ne the spatial distribution and genetic profile of the present population.
7514	3	pressure gradients is a methodological tool of choice for documenting demographic and selectiv  sity, changes in selected character and impact of selection on diversity through linkage disequ  markers regularly tagging the genome or close qtl controlling characters subject to the selecti
15106	5	riving plant evolution in mediterranean-type ecosystems. in this project, we will explore wheth  pe ecosystems. in this project, we will explore whether post-fire regeneration mode between pop  n this project, we will explore whether post-fire regeneration mode between populations under s  s project, we will explore whether post-fire regeneration mode between populations under simila   mode between populations under similar fire regimes.
15107	5	riving plant evolution in mediterranean-type ecosystems. in this project, we will explore wheth  pe ecosystems. in this project, we will explore whether post-fire regeneration mode between pop  n this project, we will explore whether post-fire regeneration mode between populations under s  s project, we will explore whether post-fire regeneration mode between populations under simila   mode between populations under similar fire regimes.
15490	4	es that compete for the same resources, is increasingly appreciated as a determinant of individ  uences of intraguild predation. it will provide a much needed quantitative review of studies pu  will provide a much needed quantitative review of studies published in this field of science. a  am incorporating some of the most world-renown scientists for this kind of analyses will guaran
541	9	there is a growing interest and major challenge to understand  ge. the network climpop brings together french researchers working with long term data collecte  n a range of vertebrate populations and standardise methods to link climatic factors and demogr  g from gicc-ifb has allowed the climpop group to hire a post doc bridging methodologists and ec  bridging methodologists and ecologists, organise a workshop and support field studies. several   nalyses on a series of vertebrates have been carried out on the link between large-scale and sm   the link between large-scale and small-scale climatic factors and population dynamics. in addi  obability in vertebrate populations has been addressed, to evaluate whether the results from th  dies found in the ecological literature can be considered as being useful for the purpose of ge
7126	8	together several french teams with long-term series and biometrics skills to study the ecologic   teams on a common theme, harmonize and standardize methods of analysis to compare the potentia  ith contrasting life history traits and live in environments different. as part of the call for  ll for research proposals of the ifb we want to answer two questions in particular, is one that   to answer two questions in particular, is one that some zoological species or groups are more   e the most relevant climate indicators, is it better to use global or local descriptors descrip  most relevant climate indicators, is it better to use global or local descriptors descriptors t  er these questions we will transversely analyze all of our databases using the latest methods c
7187	5	nt environments, leading to put them in contact with each other, make it an exceptional model f  to put them in contact with each other, make it an exceptional model for studying biological in  with each other, make it an exceptional model for studying biological invasions usually. in thi  all species of freshwater molluscs same strain of invaders, without resistance or tolerance spe  remains capable of establishing healthy people
15160	7	, this is, as one additional analitical tool necessary for the deep knowledge of such biologica  erent scientific questions. the project is based then on three pillars: first, the collaboratio  ng with any biological model . thus, we intend to break with the traditional system of work app  ifferent scientific interests, since we believe that the discipline of animal ecology in our co  ipline of animal ecology in our country can advance this way enormously. likewise, we think tha  vance this way enormously. likewise, we think that the project will contribute in the scientifi   from interdisciplinary collaborations, being of benefit to the partners by increasing the effi
2118	6	e most socio-economically important non-timber tropical forest products – the brazil nut. these  tance of this species virtually nothing is known about the population structure and regeneratio  ded to draft such a plan and ultimately guide the sustainable harvest of brazil nuts throughout  an and ultimately guide the sustainable harvest of brazil nuts throughout amazonia. as many ext  ver-exploitation, our results will also highlight potential strategies for similar products wor  ies for similar products world-wide and act as a base on which to determine how to safeguard th
14578	2	with more temporal persistence. we will compare the vital rates of different local populations   al populations along the distributional range of fucus serratus on northern spanish shores . ad
15197	18	e caretta caretta in the north atlantic can be grouped in three units precisely identified by g  recisely identified by genetic markers: north-america and the caribbean, cape verde and the eas  ranean. north-america and the caribbean is the larges of these units, as 70% of the nesting act  ce, the reason for the decline is no to be found in the nesting beaches but in the juvenile for  anic stage and hence incidental bycatch is thought to be the major threat for the conservation   rth atlantic. the western mediterranean is the area of the north atlantic with the highest long   of the north atlantic with the highest long-lilne fishing pressure and the juvenile loggerhead   turtles occurring in the mediterranean have a much lower annual survival rate that those inhab  the atlantic. the highest rates of long-line by-catch have been recorded in the western mediter  ighest rates of long-line by-catch have been recorded in the western mediterranean and the span  terranean and the spanish fishing fleet is known to be the main responsible for that fishing ef   of loggerhead sea turtles from florida occur in the fishing grounds used by the spanish long-l  the fishing grounds used by the spanish long-line fleet in the western mediterranean. as fishin  ranean peaked in the early 1990, it has been suggested that the steep decline observed since 19  ea turtles in the western mediterranean is 30%, but the relevance of the long-line mortality ca  n is 30%, but the relevance of the long-line mortality cannot be assessed accurately because of  he relevance of the long-line mortality cannot be assessed accurately because of two major unkn  rtles by-caught annually by the spanish fleet through skeletochronology. existing population mo
1990	6	broadly as disease causing organisms - are ubiquitous and exercise strong selection pressures    causing organisms - are ubiquitous and exercise strong selection pressures on their host popul   of affected populations. host genetics can determine the incidence and severity of disease, an  tion under natural conditions are rare, even exceptional gene flow from the lake sediment. temp  pment of the fungus, and this in itself could steer clonal selection. a large viable population  of non-infected hosts from the sediment could obscure a clear selection pattern in the plankton
12773	1	ortium also includes hr wallingford and brook lyndhurst.
12772	8	rting a key control on the transfer and fate of nutrients and contaminants responsible for a wi  nts responsible for a wide range of off-site environmental problems in aquatic habitats. it is   mental problems in aquatic habitats. it is therefore important to understand and mitigate sedim  s therefore important to understand and mitigate sediment pressures across england and wales. p  ures across england and wales. previous research by adas has suggested that the agricultural se  ale and as a result, attention needs to be focused on mitigating such losses. defra therefore r  r mitigating the problem. such evidence is required in light of the recent cap healthcheck and   ence is required in light of the recent cap healthcheck and concomitant need to off-set the los
11651	2	ionships between pgr and density are to be expected for species with life histories like those   stories like those of fish and insects, concave-down relationships for large mammals.
2094	2	se usually considered to be the spatial scale of populations and hence the units of population   g of how populations of atlantic salmon are regulated through density dependent processes by te
7672	1	these comparisons will root the urmidiv project at regional, national, and international levels
15511	2	ons and regulation. ultimately, we will provide information regarding the structure of this pat   their role during development. we will use three species of gastropod mollusks . with this pro
10764	7	eramics and which although less robust, are more specific than lipids in terms of the animal fr  m which they originate. in our previous work we have used destructive sampling of the artefact   enabled us to identify the species that was milked. milk proteins are doubly interesting, becau  roteins are doubly interesting, because evidence of their persistence over time has relevance t  ns on both ceramics and stone tools. we are increasingly using analytical science, especially m  hen recovered from a refuse heap. if we can detect casein on these increasingly degraded sample   samples using desi-ms, we will finally test the analyser on archaeological pottery from a rang
7105	1	s, regulatory and financial instruments were broken down. since 2005, the national biodiversity
7706	1	l enable students to participate in and benefit from the achievements of the mic mac -design pr
14224	1	ightly connected to the development and progress of several pathogenic conditions. therefore th
12626	13	n, a significant amount of research has been conducted at a wide range of locations in england   rring in the future. though on a global scale, many of these studies underline the fact that so  he fact that soil erosion rates may not be high, the consensus in the literature is that soil e  il . numerous different techniques have been used to assess soil erosion in england and wales.   on in england and wales. these include: direct measurements of erosion features through surveyi  ence base for erosion is extensive, but is made up of many lines of evidence, which are not alw  te in different environments. the large-scale erosion of peaty uplands, for example, has been s  sion of peaty uplands, for example, has been studied via repeat ground surveys and aerial photo  intensively-managed grasslands has best been captured via detailed monitoring studies on small   perts in the field of soil erosion, who have already contributed dozens of research papers desc   a fundamental basis upon which we will build a consensus as to how we should monitor soil eros  anding of previous erosion research and suggest a feasible approach that will allow us to condu  erosion research and suggest a feasible approach that will allow us to conduct a cost-effective
12586	8	there are many national and european initiatives ongoing whic  r future change. monitoring information is required to help policy makers understand the curren  ed upon it. information from monitoring is needed to show how we are meeting national and inter  nally, monitoring information will also support the development and implementation of future so  e of work funded and overseen by the uk soil inicators consortium and will, building on previou  um and will, building on previous uksic work, design a new uk soil monitoring scheme. the proje   will, building on previous uksic work, design a new uk soil monitoring scheme. the project is    soil monitoring scheme. the project is being managed by the environment agency.
12358	2	of all relevant stakeholder views, and can be tested and refined to ensure its relevance and p  cability in the context of reas already being undertaken by the aggregate industry.
12401	10	nges in the msfd descriptors of ges and key ecosystem services for the period 2007/08 to 2030.   2007/08 to 2030. the projections are to be developed within an overall conceptual framework whi   developed within an overall conceptual framework which links the dpsir framework to the concep  ceptual framework which links the dpsir framework to the concepts of ges and ecosystem services  rojections of drivers and pressures and develop assumptions about future trends where these do   here these do not exist.  objective 3 – establish sensitivity of key ecosystem services to chan  n drivers and associated pressures, and identify how these relationships could change over time  s, and identify how these relationships could change over time.  objective 4 – present projecti   could change over time.  objective 4 – present projections of the most likely changes in the s  m the base year 2007/08.  objective 5 – describe a framework/methodology for presenting and upd
12770	5	protected because of concerns at an eu level about their abundance and distribution. typically   in the case of eps found in the uk, it is the impacts of lawful activities, rather than persec  nagement strategies and techniques that can avert or resolve conflicts. under section 78 of the  of european protected species, licences are issued in pursuance of conservation . d. evaluating  reviews and feasibility assessments. it is anticipated that these scoping studies will shape su
11563	26	d of what we have eaten. archaeologists can use this signal in the bones of past human populati  . the technique is now widely used, and is reliable at the broad-brush level. however, work ove  able at the broad-brush level. however, work over the last few years has shown that other influ   climate and internal such as growth or stress, can subtly influence these chemical signals, kn  al such as growth or stress, can subtly influence these chemical signals, known as stable isoto  g factor on one type of stable isotopic value, the nitrogen isotopic value, is that of pregnanc  e isotopic value, the nitrogen isotopic value, is that of pregnancy and lactation. pregnancy an  pic value, the nitrogen isotopic value, is that of pregnancy and lactation. pregnancy and lacta  lactation. pregnancy and lactation have been shown to influence hair nitrogen isotope signature  appens are not fully understood, but it is possible that the effect results from changes in nit   during pregnancy/lactation. to date it is unknown whether the nitrogen isotope changes observe  ian hair due to pregnancy and lactation can be seen in bone collagen. hair records short-term i  en in bone collagen. hair records short-term isotopic changes in the body, whereas bone reflect  eral, possibly many, years. however, it is important to identify whether pregnancy and lactatio  dentify whether pregnancy and lactation is recorded in bone collagen. small but significant dif   collagen nitrogen isotopic values have been reported in archaeological populations from multip  orldwide locations, with females always lower than males if a difference is observed. at presen  always lower than males if a difference is observed. at present, such differences are generally  to food resources for men and women, or evidence of migration between areas with different diet  s with different diets. however, it may be that what is observed is physiological rather than d  ent diets. however, it may be that what is observed is physiological rather than dietary - endo  lagen nitrogen isotopic values. we will test our hypothesis on modern red deer, using a populat  ed deer, using a population in which we have already shown that hair nitrogen isotopic values a  hown that hair nitrogen isotopic values are affected by pregnancy/lactation. we can then consid  ted by pregnancy/lactation. we can then consider whether wide-scale observed differences betwee  ues in archaeological human populations could relate to pregnancy/lactation rather than dietary
10861	11	ight broad leaf tree species, extensive decay columns develop in less that one growing season.   hese decay columns are much longer than could be achieved by a fungus growing from a single poi   single point of entry. instead, it has been suggested that fungal propagules are extensively b  ted throughout the sap stream, but only develop overtly when the high water content is removed.  lop overtly when the high water content is removed. we want to test the hypothesis that all bro  n the high water content is removed. we want to test the hypothesis that all broad leaved trees   leaved trees have decay fungi latently present in the sapwood of trunks, branches and twigs, a  wigs, and that different fungal species are distributed differently. the presence of fungi with  ithin functional sapwood cannot usually be detected by the traditional isolation method of plac   presumably because propagules have not been subjected to appropriate germination conditions, s  iate germination conditions, so we will use modern molecular approaches to detect them.
11190	2	hromatography electrospray ionisation - mass spectrometry. the method will be applied to seawat  to seawater collected from the plymouth front during summer.
14906	3	cryptosporidium and giardia are genera of monoxenous protozoan parasites that infec  rch project are to detect and molecular characterize the isolates of cryptosporidium and giardi  ntial zoonotic character. thus, it will contribute to the understanding of the epidemiology of
12150	1	nosema ceranae, which intensive spread was recorded all over the world. the group of researche
15202	11	phoenix canariensis is an endemic palm species from the canarian islands. i  m species from the canarian islands. it is widely distributed forming palms populations in each  d of the archipelago. palms populations are catalogued as priority habitats, nature 2000, europ  bitats, nature 2000, european union, it is catalogued as forest species and it has been chosen   catalogued as forest species and it has been chosen as vegetal symbol of the canarian archipiel  of the importance of the species, there are few scientific biological studies about genetic and  ian archipelago, and a poor management, impede the morphological characterization of both phoen  sion within phoenix canariensis genetic pool in the archipelago. however, there are very few kn  pool in the archipelago. however, there are very few knowledge about the variability and geneti  ledge about the variability and genetic structure of the canarian palm. besides, there are not   re of the canarian palm. besides, there are not studies about gene flow within or among natural
14572	2	, the study of biological invasions has been structured in turn of a central paradigm: the biot   levels of endemicity and high antropic pressure, which makes them especially vulnerable to bio
15460	5	orphic dna markers, in this project, we plan a comparative analysis of the genetic behaviour of  lation size, for a restricted taxonomic group of three species of orthoptera, acrididae. our ai  lations 3 to recognize possible genetic structure of populations, both at large geographic and   pulations, both at large geographic and fine local scales and 4 to analyse the phenotypic varia  tion by man at planetary scale. we also hope to obtain clues and general and specific informati
15128	11	e magnitude of these displacements have been made, we are still far from understanding in detai  se displacements have been made, we are still far from understanding in detail the factors and   bution limits. thus, in this project we aim to evaluate the importance of three large groups of   large groups of factors which a priori are determinant: a the spatial pattern of the habitat t  a priori are determinant: a the spatial pattern of the habitat together with the dispersal capa  project has four specific objectives: 1 evaluate the effect of the spatial structure and connec   mountain psicroxerophilous pastures; 2 estimate the importance of the structure and compositio  pecies which comprise this community; 3 detect the incidence of local adaptation processes in e   as a response to climate change; and 4 identify phenological, physiological or structural char  ould be under directional selection and determine the spatial scale in which local adaptation o  nal selection and determine the spatial scale in which local adaptation occurs. the achievement
14162	14	erable at both intra- and interspecific level, and a large share of it is still unexplained. du  a- and interspecific level, and a large share of it is still unexplained. due to their diversit  cific level, and a large share of it is still unexplained. due to their diversity of life histo  system and protective colouration which are linked through a partly shared biochemical basis. p  shared biochemical basis. phenoloxidase is involved in cellular immune responses and cuticular   erent reasons. proximally the variation is hypothesized to be caused by various trade-offs due   imally the variation is hypothesized to be caused by various trade-offs due to the multiple rol  on and melanin-related immune defences, change in one leads to change in other. interspecific v  erspecific variation in immune defences is expected to correlate with longevity: for species wi  y: for species with longer lifespans it is adaptive to invest more in maintenance of the soma.   oped defence traits. another ecological factor which may affect investment into immune system c  traits. another ecological factor which may affect investment into immune system could be the c  o approaches which have rarely or never been used in this context. the trade-off hypothesis wil  ressed using a comparative phylogenetic approach which is gaining popularity due to the increas
11605	2	mate as few or as many times as they do is enigmatic, even when gaining direct benefits from th   as many times as they do is enigmatic, even when gaining direct benefits from the male. female
9810	2	mate as few or as many times as they do is enigmatic, even when gaining direct benefits from th   as many times as they do is enigmatic, even when gaining direct benefits from the male. female
15519	2	ispersal patterns. much effort has thus been devoted during last decades to overcoming the diff  ological scenarios. in this proposal we use the common vole .
14538	5	etween soil layers carried out by roots may have an important role in arid ecosystems where wat  ortant for establishment and because it could extend the growth season, and influence the water   it could extend the growth season, and influence the water balance of other species. we propos   productivity, biological diversity and plant-plant interactions in arid ecosystems.   ctivity, biological diversity and plant-plant interactions in arid ecosystems.
13430	2	this study, was carried out for determination of recent status of w  şak provinces. sampling activities have been made since 2007.
13429	1	this study, was carried out for determination of recent status of w
13375	1	m zinc and lead mine and smelting areas were tested under growth chamber and greenhouse conditi
10968	4	roduction, examining how climate change may alter secondary production. although this programme  cludes microzooplankton, in practice it is devoted to mesozooplankton, as they are the main lin   is devoted to mesozooplankton, as they are the main link between primary production and fish.   ion and its fate. the project will also provide a service to other components of the marine pro
10390	1	it is widely recognised that anthropogenic activities have
11749	4	n. this proposal for further assessment is based on new priorities set during the workshop to e  estigations are properly integrated. we are, therefore, requesting a relatively small sum of mo  herefore, requesting a relatively small sum of money to allow us to adequately determine the im   sum of money to allow us to adequately determine the importance of the microzooplankton, in co
12265	2	robic digestion in liquid manure. there are essentially three routes through which genetic impr   which genetic improvement of livestock can help to reduce emissions per unit of product, per h
2536	4	n groups--often remarkably coordinated--is everywhere in nature: flocks of birds dancing in the  ans since dawn of history--or pestered, remember, of the ten biblical plagues, swarms of frogs,  ion from the planetary motions, we will elucidate the individual rules used by the fish. until   lls, management of fish populations, or herd mentality among financial investors.
12369	4	ernment believes new marine legislation is required. the document, which summarised the backgro  ound and proposed contents of the bill, was accompanied by an initial regulatory impact assessm  as accompanied by an initial regulatory impact assessment to industry, regulators and other sta  ible new marine management arrangements being considered by the government.
10952	4	ts in aquatic environments and possibly represent the largest unexploited biotechnological reso  mely efficient ancestral systems. there is huge exploitation potential in screening of such sys   enzyme and protein homologues. we will express, purify and screen a range of these enzymes/pro  homologues. we will express, purify and screen a range of these enzymes/proteins to assess thei
12762	3	for snares to cause serious injury has been established. their continued use is allowed, based  s been established. their continued use is allowed, based on the belief that they are an essent   allowed, based on the belief that they are an essential tool needed for pest control. previous
10837	27	l care to give, the sexes instead often disagree, and try to exploit one another for their own   , the sexes instead often disagree, and try to exploit one another for their own ends. examples  . examples of this sexual conflict have been described in many different organisms, but have be  fruitfly drosophila melanogaster, there is strong conflict between the sexes over how often to   rosophila melanogaster, there is strong conflict between the sexes over how often to mate. a hi  ncy of mating best suits males, as they provide no parental care and thus each extra mating res  d by a lower frequency of mating - they have a limited number of eggs to lay and beyond a certa  eyond a certain level of remating, they gain no further increases in offspring numbers, further  aled that these mating costs in females are caused by the actions of molecules in the male seme  s of molecules in the male semen, which are transferred to females during mating. we have recen  ransferred to females during mating. we have recently identified a substance known as the sex p  tings with males that lack this peptide are cost-free for females. males benefit from the trans  h males that lack this peptide are cost-free for females. males benefit from the transfer of th  nwilling to mate again, hence males who transfer it father more offspring. the sex peptide ther  mate again, hence males who transfer it father more offspring. the sex peptide therefore simult  ly harms females and benefits males and is the first gene product shown to underlie sexual conf  t gene product shown to underlie sexual conflict in any species. our discovery prompts many que  ts many questions: e.g. how does the sp harm females, are females equally sensitive to it throu  ons: e.g. how does the sp harm females, are females equally sensitive to it throughout their li  sitive to it throughout their lives and is the damage caused by the sex peptide permanent we ad   caused by the sex peptide permanent we address these questions in the work proposed here. we h  questions in the work proposed here. we have three broad aims and these are . in this, males ar  oad aims and these are . in this, males are reared on a large scale in factories, sterilised an   . in this, males are reared on a large scale in factories, sterilised and then released into t  thus reduced. sit works best if females do not mate again, and sex-peptide-like factors appear    best if females do not mate again, and sex-peptide-like factors appear to play a crucial role   g the level of sex peptide-like factors could provide improvements in pest suppression in insec
11779	19	biomass in soils and consequently they play an essential role in maintaining soil processes wh  ining soil processes which, ultimately, regulate the functioning of terrestrial ecosystems. the   a range of soil types, though there is still a lack of understanding as to what drives this di  ge geographic scale. in addition, there is no clear consensus on how alterations in bacterial b  graphic scale. in addition, there is no clear consensus on how alterations in bacterial biodive  ange of soil processes, and in addition may provide a fundamental framework for the future use   cators of soil quality. recently it has been shown that ph is the main driver in determining th  ity. recently it has been shown that ph is the main driver in determining the richness of bacte  oil communities, and additionally there is an emerging hypothesis that the nutrient status of t  of two abundant groups of soil taxa. we aim to disentangle this relationship in a diverse range  entangle this relationship in a diverse range of soil types. specifically we seek to firstly as  se range of soil types. specifically we seek to firstly asses the role of ph in determining the  ominant soil bacteria, and then we will address how different nutrient inputs determined by abo  ct soil bacterial biodiversity. we will do this by assessing all soil samples taken as part of   s of the bacterial community. whilst we wish to address fundamental questions on the controls o   bacterial community diversity, we also seek to question the usefulness of microbial indicators  fore, once taxonomic relationships have been established, we will select subsets of samples pur  ionships have been established, we will select subsets of samples purely on the basis of simila  of bacterial composition/diversity, and measure carbon mineralization rates to determine whethe
10329	7	resistance level while decreasing ones may select for a dimorphism of extreme types. measuring  ape of trade-off relationships directly is therefore crucial but often impracticable. in the in  ble. in the indian meal moth system, it is possible however, to accurately alter the resource l  , it is possible however, to accurately alter the resource levels of different populations and   stance at different resource levels. we have also demonstrated genetic variation for resistance  sts to evolved resistance. we therefore propose to measure the shape of the genotypic trade-off  e to measure the shape of the genotypic trade-off curve for resistance through selection in dif
11509	6	enic fungus metarhizium anisopliae have been identified through an earlier nerc funded project   or metarhizium-based products but these must be produced economically and without a decline in   esticides. two key factors that greatly influence the product cost are the stability of the str  s and conidial yield. fungi can readily degenerate when continuously maintained on nutrient ric  to determine the stability and conidial yield of the metarhizium strains and establish which ar  al yield of the metarhizium strains and establish which are worth commercialising.
11813	6	buy 1 get 19 for free . which marine scientist has never drea  roposes to develop a high precision gps tag that offers the potential of tracking 20x as many i  that offers the potential of tracking 20x as many individuals as traditional techniques for a s  on a marine group of particular topical interest: jellyfish. indeed, in the current context of   te change and overfishing, coastal seas are threatened with an increase in jellyfish population  ellyfish populations, yet to date there is incredibly little known about the ecology of jellyfi
12338	3	ure a consistent standard so that cefas is able to meet the obligations of the mou recently est  es to promote the exchange of mutlibeam survey data collected since 2003 between these organisa  ey customer purpose to ensure mutlibeam survey data held by cefas can be easily exchanged with
12693	1	port the organisation of a workshop and report to identify research priorities for uk bap speci
10770	16	ochemical tools such as trace metals or stable isotopes recorded by their mineralized remains a  climate and the composition of seawater are recorded in the sediments is not completely faithfu   biological pump, the oceanic plankton, is prone to substantively biase the geochemical record    to substantively biase the geochemical record by a process termed vital effect in the literatu  emical record by a process termed vital effect in the literature. the aim of the proposed work    of the proposed work is to examine and quantify this distortion in order to be able to reconst  the surface of the oceans, because they have an influential role on the exchange of co2 between  tween the atmosphere and the ocean, and are responsible for a large part of the carbon drawdown   ocean, and are responsible for a large part of the carbon drawdown to the seafloor. these micr  e easy to grow in the laboratory. so it is possible to reproduce in vitro some environmental ch  ical composition of the biominerals and measure the intensity of the vital effect. this will en   the geochemistry of the mineralisation is obtained, i will test this outcomes pertaining the b  y. to do so, i will study core tops and core sediments from the last glacial maximum from which   contained in the geological record and derive actual variations of the chemistry of seawater i  he past. these new constrains will also be relevant for predicting the response of the oceanic    predicting the response of the oceanic carbonate system to future climate changes because the
10565	11	interaction networks are studied by a wide variety of researchers and are kn  ed by a wide variety of researchers and are known to be vital to understanding important proces  ead, information transmission, and food-web regulation. thus, they are important for understand  on, and food-web regulation. thus, they are important for understanding the ecological pressure  al network for uk feral cats may easily involve thousands of individuals. however, there is no   housands of individuals. however, there is no quantitative methodology underpinning the collect  derpinning the collection of ecological network data. this can result in social network data be  ection of ecological network data. this can result in social network data being unreliable. thi   project will take an interdisciplinary approach to solving the problem by building state-of-th  ng the problem by building state-of-the-art computer models to simulate and test different netw  the-art computer models to simulate and test different network sampling protocols and to define
12375	5	urpose - why is the r&d needed whist we begin to recognise the potential impacts of increasing   increasing acidification in our seas we have little evidence of what changes are occurring. thi  cidification in our seas we have little evidence of what changes are occurring. this new projec  framework programme within which the uk can coordinate the monitoring of co2 in uk shelf seas.    shelf seas. summary objectives it will combine desk studies of existing and newly developed te
12543	10	n their thigmotactic caustral behaviour can make them difficult to detect; short generation tim  iour can make them difficult to detect; short generation times result in rapid population incre  d development of insecticide resistance can result in control failures. in recent years several  nt years several species of thrips have been dispersed globally as a result of their associatio  nternational trade in growing plants or plant products. for example thrips palmi karny was know  roducts. for example thrips palmi karny was known to be widely distributed in limited geographi  rapidly throughout the world. a similar pattern of spread is occurring for scirtothrips dorsali  hrips dorsalis, a polyphagous pest that can cause significant economic losses in countries wher   in particular accessible palm houses , field-test the scirtothrips protocols.   rticular accessible palm houses , field-test the scirtothrips protocols.
12765	10	ld boar conflicts. worldwide, wild boar are associated with damage to crops, substantial reduct  and animal species, spread of diseases, damage to livestock production and vehicle collisions.   ses, damage to livestock production and vehicle collisions. recently established wild boar popu  to detect range expansion of wild boar, evaluate a method to mitigate the impact of wild boar a  e biodiversity of woodland habitats and use these to assess this impact for the limited range w  rmine local abundance, colonisation and range expansion by wild boar and to monitor wild boar p  ty, size and change.the study will also assess the relative cost-effectiveness of each of the m  potential expansion of this species and ensure that potential, large-scale human-wild boar conf  pecies and ensure that potential, large-scale human-wild boar conflicts are prevented or contai  , large-scale human-wild boar conflicts are prevented or contained before they become intractab
12386	11	needed marine monitoring within the uk is driven by the need to provide evidence and produce d  ven by the need to provide evidence and produce data returns for a variety of ec directives, in  be based on answering known questions , be conducted to known standards and protocols to enable  ds and protocols to enable best use and reuse of quality assured datasets and be collected as e  d reuse of quality assured datasets and be collected as efficiently and effectively as possible  dards of all data and information there is now a need to catalogue and publish the existing pro  on there is now a need to catalogue and publish the existing protocols and standards to highlig  tandards to highlight what is currently being used so that we can move towards the best practic  what is currently being used so that we can move towards the best practice guidelines. this pro   project is to undertake this study and produce a first draft of a fit for purpose marine monit   will be suitable for both download and use by practitioners and for hosting on the internet.
12380	2	status reports . the project will also contribute to a small education and knowledge transfer   ge transfer programme and will annually update the gridded plankton database wincpr.
10173	4	ories of how animals choose their mates are based on the principal that females should choose m  t females should choose males who carry good genes . however, disentangling the effects of choi  y is often difficult because the act of being chosen also increases fitness. in the common buzz  s. these markers will then underpin and complement a primarily behavioural nerc studentship whi
12755	5	the cbd is developing a coherent framework of indicators to track progress towards post-  t global and national levels. at nagoya cop10 decided to establish an ad hoc technical expert g  t group on indicators for the strategic plan 2011-2020 to provide advice to cop11. this project   review and assess expert knowledge and evidence necessary to underpin the considerations of th   for tracking progress of the strategic plan
11680	21	insects, such as butterflies and moths, do not remain in the same place all of the time and, if  es and moths, do not remain in the same place all of the time and, if food and climatic conditi  ood and climatic conditions allow, they may move into new habitats that are already occupied by  ess is sometimes called invasion and it is regarded as one of the major threats to biodiversity  of these species are pests because they destroy the heather, which is an important habitat for   for rare ground nesting birds. when you mix two moth species such as these it also means that d   carried by each of them could possibly infect the other. we already know that both magpie moth  d possibly infect the other. we already know that both magpie moths and winter moths are infect  already know that both magpie moths and winter moths are infected with a number of different vi  that both magpie moths and winter moths are infected with a number of different viruses that re  ting to spread between magpie moths and winter moths. if they do, they may have an effect on th   magpie moths and winter moths. if they do, they may have an effect on the numbers of each of t  oths and winter moths. if they do, they may have an effect on the numbers of each of these inse  out both populations. the difficulty we have in assessing the degree of intermixing of virus di  ntermixing of virus diseases is that we need to diagnose up to five different viruses in hundre  uses in a single insect caterpillar and provide a way to do the same thing in hundreds of sampl  e same thing in hundreds of samples. we intend to do this with a method that is currently used   or each one. when the chemical reaction is finished, we can see how much of each dye there is i  n the chemical reaction is finished, we can see how much of each dye there is in each insect an  , we can see how much of each dye there is in each insect and therefore how much of each virus   we have analysed all of our samples, we can draw a picture of how the viruses are spreading bet
6926	4	y stock breeding gradually disappeared, while maintenance and conservation of old breeds - unde   breeds and varieties of gene banks and describe their production characteristics in detail, 2.  acteristics of the breeds in ecological type production. all r&d included in this project propo  l r&d included in this project proposal is intended to conserve old traditional hungarian chick
12385	4	tive of the project is to implement and manage merman to allow the provision of quality control   of quality controlled data in a timely fashion for national and international assessments. key  ect will provide management service and support for merman to deliver quality assured data to r  mentation of a data management plan and transfer of quality controlled data in a timely manner
10420	7	ical human bone come from the food that was eaten, and so they record a basic vital aspect of o  om the food that was eaten, and so they record a basic vital aspect of our past struggle for ex  s us to measure the time since the food was eaten. an interesting complication arises when the   etween the atmosphere and the organisms being eaten. we have developed a method which is able t   able to dissect this complication, and use it to unravel both the error in the dating, and to   nt to which such aquatic resources were being consumed. our method is able to measure individua  way of life took root across europe. we make a start by addressing the best studied area of the
11389	7	ical human bone come from the food that was eaten, and so they record a basic vital aspect of o  om the food that was eaten, and so they record a basic vital aspect of our past struggle for ex  s us to measure the time since the food was eaten. an interesting complication arises when the   etween the atmosphere and the organisms being eaten. we have developed a method which is able t   able to dissect this complication, and use it to unravel both the error in the dating, and to   nt to which such aquatic resources were being consumed. our method is able to measure individua  way of life took root across europe. we make a start by addressing the best studied area of the
12292	19	iorum has a host range of more than 400 plant species and hence many crops can be affected incl   400 plant species and hence many crops can be affected including oilseed rape, lettuce, carrot  rge area of oilseed rape grown, shorter crop rotations and inoculum build up in the soil as oth  event spore germination. however, there are problems in timing these applications effectively a  ia in susceptible crops. although there is no evidence for complete resistance to s. sclerotior  susceptible crops. although there is no evidence for complete resistance to s. sclerotiorum in   vars of the major crops affected, there is some indication that there are differences in their   ir relative susceptibility. at the same time, there are also reports that different s. scleroti  susceptibility. at the same time, there are also reports that different s. sclerotiorum isolate  erent s. sclerotiorum isolates can also vary in their aggressiveness. warwick hri is developing  development of a similar set for carrot is proposed under the defra funded crop improvement pro   on the domesticated crop. secondly, we have now assembled a large collection of characterised    from across the uk. results from defra project hh3230sfv demonstrated extensive genetic divers  t accessions. however, before this work can proceed it is necessary to develop reproducible and  owever, before this work can proceed it is necessary to develop reproducible and appropriate pl  e of the project will be to collect and characterise s. sclerotiorum isolates from a wild host   , a range of both wild and agricultural plant genotypes will be evaluated for sclerotinia resis  r sclerotinia resistance. hence it will be important to have representative wild and agricultur   pathogen genotypes with which to fully study interactions. meadow buttercup demonstrates consi
12645	4	m work underway to develop a regulatory impact assessment for the marine bill, and was not inte  intended to specify exact localities to be considered for mpa nor a preferred network configura  nfiguration. as part of the bill, defra are considering the inclusion of a mechanism to allow f  ing the site-selection algorithm marxan were developed as part of the project to assess changes
15393	1	of bioactive compounds present in large amount in parmelioid lichens yield an added value for s
12470	7	ives: using data from vms, landings and discard databases as well as biological studies of cod   dentifying areas of high cod abundance, improve effectiveness of these measures through recomme  h recommendations on extent, length and size of closures, and provide a means of evaluating the  xtent, length and size of closures, and provide a means of evaluating their effectiveness. key   effectiveness. key customer purpose: it is expected that in the short term the results will imp  formed common fisheries policy. it will have a direct impact on the effectiveness of the real t  ating in the north sea, and an indirect impact in providing evidence for industry led collabora
12683	1	f climate change, and to identify large scale opportunities for adaptive strategies presented b
14826	1	orted molecular phylogeny is a previous condition for the analysis of the complex relationships
12387	2	e and for policy. the project will also support the biological effects component of the uk mari   the project will help to influence and guide the uptake of biological effects methodology inte
14955	4	mountains and the caucasus. at present, chamois populations are grouped into two species: rupic  ucasus. at present, chamois populations are grouped into two species: rupicapra pyrenaica with    systems will enable us a more accurate estimate of divergence times because they detect the po  timate of divergence times because they detect the possible homoplasy on the loci microsatellit
12570	6	tions in england and wales. such models are required to forecast the effects of environmental c  monid populations. the models will also be used to inform decisions on the direction of future    current knowledge. the study will also advise on research and data collection needs to improve  ove the quality of further reserach and model developments. the models will be developed in an   dels will be developed in an accessible format in order that they may be available for use in f  ccessible format in order that they may be available for use in future management and research
7575	2	rspective in situ genetic resources, it is important to characterize the relationship between s  terize the relationship between spatial structure of genetic diversity and spatial characterist
10269	5	otic phytoplankton provide an important record of environmental change and are indeed a driving  tant record of environmental change and are indeed a driving force in global change. stable iso  . stable isotopes studies have recently lead to recognition of a major global change event in t  y lead to recognition of a major global change event in the early late cambrian . results will   nal presentations to the general public is provided through collaboration with the natural hist
10827	7	we will develop a spatially-explicit model of the dynamics of t     we will develop a spatially-explicit model of the dynamics of the 2002 phocine distemper epi  del of the dynamics of the 2002 phocine distemper epizootic that can be used to predict levels   e 2002 phocine distemper epizootic that can be used to predict levels of mortality around the u  ortality around the uk. urgency funding is required so that modelling work can begin before the  ding is required so that modelling work can begin before the epizootic has taken hold in scotla  pizootic has taken hold in scotland and can be used to design a monitoring programme funded by
12679	3	at gb and country level. they will then consult the scientific and policy making community, ref  scientific and policy making community, refine as required and produce a recommended indicator   aking community, refine as required and produce a recommended indicator with a run of data that
12528	20	ed at: the models and methods will then be used to study a series of trial scenarios of plant p  at have not yet invaded into the uk but are considered potential threats to plant health. this    that, by the end of the project, there is a group of trained researchers that can apply the mo   is a group of trained researchers that can apply the models and methods when a new invader pla  in the uk. when a new invasive pathogen is found in the uk for the first time it is of key impo  s found in the uk for the first time it is of key importance to be able to assess the prevalenc  s of intervention methods to contain or eradicate the pathogen depends on the prevalence of thi   of the intervention. therefore we will integrate the epidemic models with modules describing s  n first detection in a new area, can we predict the prevalence it might have reached in this ar  ht have reached in this area when a map is produced of the prevalence of the pathogen in the uk  in the uk intervention strategies might be implemented. presently, intervention strategies aime  adication of an invading plant pathogen are developed on a case by case ad hoc basis. these cas  gies reflects the absence of a ready-to-use theoretical framework. we will therefore integrate   heoretical framework. we will therefore integrate the models with modules describing interventi   intervention methods are: • how can we match the spatial scale of intervention strategies with  ods are: • how can we match the spatial scale of intervention strategies with the spatial and t   uncertainty about pathogen biology and host distribution affect the probability of success and  d testing a theoretical epidemiological framework to optimise the detection and intervention st  tegies for plant pathogens of statutory concern, the project will also provide a set of protoco  tatutory concern, the project will also provide a set of protocols describing how the models sh
9960	3	infrared filter radiometers are used to measure accurately radiant flux across the   accurately radiant flux across the band-pass of a filter placed in the optical path before a th  e temperature from a micro-satellite or ship-borne versions of the same instrument. the prototy
7570	3	these resources within the network and enhance the. currently, in france, there is no scalable  nhance the. currently, in france, there is no scalable information system to gather and consult  alable information system to gather and consult all information from existing inventories in ar
9839	2	at was originally developed in rice. we intend to screen for polymorphism at further cpssr loci  arkers to test for temporal and spatial structure in cp haplotypes in the pge.
10485	8	is proposal is to prove the concept and develop a high throughput methodology for screening vir  n wild plant and insect communities. we propose to obtain small rna profiles of the plant and i   and insect communities from the wytham wood, oxfordshire, by using solexa high throughput sequ   the conventional method assessment, we plan to label samples for each sampled species by using  sing sequence tags. the sampling regime is designed for achieving a sensitivity of shotgun dete  mass post-sequencing analyses will also be performed without sorting the samples to their origi  hout the requirement of sorting samples are designed for testing a capacity of genetic random s   broad range of applications from large scale random sampling in natural conditions during the
7421	4	in the territory of the regional park of the luberon, especially in high provence, a net  l and bakery on the implementation of a"bread of the miller apt luberon". brand"flour and bread  rand"flour and bread milling wheat apt 'is deposited in the inpi. . the means currently used do  ficient communication on the sector. it is now based on 13 producers, 1 mill and a dozen bakers
10144	3	ct is to develop a miniaturised fourier transform spectrometer, known as a static imaging fouri  eter, known as a static imaging fourier transform spectrometer detector array. by coupling a tu  ared part of the spectrum. therefore it is intended to develop an infrared version of the sifts
9831	3	e in gene dissemination and adaptation, are limited by a lack of dna primers and probes suitabl  ons to enable the design of family- and group-specific primers and probes. these will be tested  econdly, the potential use of mges that can mobilise plasmids, to enable the exogenous isolatio
12551	6	roduce honey and wax . attractant lures may be based on pheromones produced naturally by the in  edators, on volatile cues from the host/prey of the insect. little knowledge exists on the beha   develop effective control measures. it is important that any control measures developed do not  ant that any control measures developed do not affect bee behaviour or health. therefore, measu  would be advantageous. at present there is no early detection method or trapping system availab  shb by developing an effective lure and trap system and to investigate key aspects of behaviour
11118	21	pilot project aimed at developing a new approach to the compound specific stable isotopic analy  ogen and oxygen of individual compounds can be measured using the technique of gas chromatograp  tio mass spectrometry . such variations can be exploited to allow the use of isotopically disti  and proteins are an extremely important class of molecule in such experiments however their ana  is by gc/c/irms presents a considerable challenge to the analytical chemist since their functio  eparation to improve chromatography and prevent irreversible adsorption onto the gc column and   whilst many derivatisation methods have been devised for the gas chromatographic analysis of am  c/c/irms analyses. in this proposal, we propose a new approach in which pyrolysis is used as an  ses. in this proposal, we propose a new approach in which pyrolysis is used as an alternative t  opose a new approach in which pyrolysis is used as an alternative to derivatisation. pyrolysis    thermal degradation of a macromolecule is achieved, thereby producing high volatility products  lar skeleton. other compounds, however, retain all the constituent atoms of the precursor. we s   constituent atoms of the precursor. we suggest that the stable isotope ratios obtained for the  inal molecule. the project will firstly investigate potential compounds to use as isotopic mark  ope ratios of the parent compounds have been recorded representatively and that no isotopic fra   this pyrolysis procedure. this project is intended to develop and rigorously test a method whi  t is intended to develop and rigorously test a method which would then have a wide range of spe  f specific applications within the nerc remit, ranging from the characterisation of organic nit  s aimed at understanding the fluxes and fate of these n-containing species to dietary tracing e  g experiments, food web elucidation and plant-soil interactions.   riments, food web elucidation and plant-soil interactions.
11282	23	r more specifically ombrotrophic mires, are extremely sensitive to climate change. precipitatio  imate change. precipitation is the only source of water and nutrients to the bog and so therefo  o known as palaeoclimate proxies, which can be used to study climate changes in the past. for e  such factors as rainfall or temperature are reflected in the macrofossil records inferred. howe  d. however, peat records have up to now been unable to provide information on regional temperat  rmation on regional temperatures. there is obviously a need for more exact reconstruction of pa   sedges and heathers, has revealed they contain distinct chemical characteristics, or lipid bio  lkane which is a component of leaf wax, is found in high concentrations in sphagnum species whe  t vegetation such as heathers the n-c23 is either absent or present in very low abundance. furt   heathers the n-c23 is either absent or present in very low abundance. further work has reveale  c23 is either absent or present in very low abundance. further work has revealed that n-c23 alk  s revealed that n-c23 alkane abundances can track the contribution of sphagnum mosses to the pe  eir hydrophobic nature which means they are immobile in peat bog and so remain at their point o  ns they are immobile in peat bog and so remain at their point of deposition. in addition to lip  rkers, other molecular tools which have been used in palaeoclimate reconstruction are stable is  red in macrofossil remains in peat have been used to infer relative changes in wetness, however  r relative changes in wetness, however, bulk isotope techniques require well preserved macrofos  n as compound-specific isotope analysis can measure isotopes of specific compounds such as lipi  al transect. these dd records will then be correlated with other peat proxies, and temperature   rker-specific dd records so we can then develop the palaeotemperature proxy. this proposed work  eotemperature proxy. this proposed work could provide us with an invaluable tool in which we co  ork could provide us with an invaluable tool in which we could study past regional temperature    us with an invaluable tool in which we could study past regional temperature variations.
11715	2	the course of biotic evolution. here we develop, for the first time, a terrestrial proxy for pa  tally under differing uv-b dosages, and extend these results back into the geological past thro
10206	2	the proposal is concerned with the development of a novel high resol  on between flow, sediment transport and form in gravel bed rivers. furthermore, the importance
11226	2	the proposal is concerned with the development of a novel high resol  on between flow, sediment transport and form in gravel bed rivers. furthermore, the importance
14374	11	f vegetation. typically, the approaches do not take into account the spatial or hierarchical co  t of the data. hence, the aim of ecoseg is to improve the integration of temporal information i   temporal information into hierarchical image segmentation. ecoseg a spin-off project of gloveg  o spatio-temporal segments with similar time series at numerous scales and will allow an accura   temporal information into hierarchical image segmentation and we will demonstrate the added-va  archical image segmentation and we will demonstrate the added-value of emthis where it concerns  ation and we will demonstrate the added-value of emthis where it concerns the study of satellit  on the experimental setup, an extensive study of the emthis methodology will deliver a detailed  s for a variety of applications. unique is also the fact that we will have brought together com  rt study of multi-temporal hierarchical image segmentation, hopefully having established a perm   center for multi-temporal hierarchical image segmentation. -----------------------------------
7624	1	nd vegetation and ii services rendered; control of structural patterns and ecological heterogen
7499	2	paring the gene organization of a large number of bacterial strains belonging to this species.   amplicons showing differences will then be analyzed more precisely. . the selection of these pr
12532	12	introduction and movement around the eu are prohibited. legislation in third countries also pla  eatments are vital if traded plants and plant products are to meet some of these legislatory re  nd diseases into the uk for which there is no effective intransit or clean up treatments that d  hich there is no effective intransit or clean up treatments that do not involve the use of the   e intransit or clean up treatments that do not involve the use of the fumigant. in addition, ex  ns for critical use rely on there being work underway to investigate, evaluate, or field test n  ere being work underway to investigate, evaluate, or field test new techniques with a view to p  maging pests on the trade in plants and plant products has been identified as a primary concern   trade in plants and plant products has been identified as a primary concern relating to the lo  fra global atmosphere division on mixed-stage pest populations infesting growing plants. 5. if   sideration by the phsi. if the phsi and plant health division consider it to be appropriate, an  e selected pests on imported plants and plant products.
12700	3	l vegetated shingle is poorly known and out of date and trends in this rare and scarce dynamic   in this rare and scarce dynamic habitat cannot be determined, the use of remotely sensed, groun  xtent and quality of the habitat, which can be shared between relevant bodies and updated in a
7593	1	c groups and / or ecological niches. it may be extended to a wide range of uni and multicellula
11134	3	ist consulting environmental companies, are generally regarded as having two fundamental shortc  hortcomings in model simulations, which can lead to erromneous environmental impact assessment   s will be addressed in this project and include: on the receiving water faecal bacterial levels
12245	16	tem to ensure that the impact that they have on the environment is minimised, and that biodiver  mpact that they have on the environment is minimised, and that biodiversity is encouraged. exam  ent is minimised, and that biodiversity is encouraged. examples of the consequences of particul  ral policy reform in june 2003, farmers were set to receive direct subsidy payments for cross-c  ed many farmers to take a more holistic approach to farming and land management, because the ai  a more holistic approach to farming and land management, because the aim of the farming system   t systems view the farm as a whole, and encourage the use of natural resources in a sustainable  ce a cost-effective product at the same time as safeguarding animal welfare and enhancing the b  components in livestock systems need to be considered, including animal health, animal husbandr  ding systems, animal breeding policies, farm hygiene standards, and the quality of farm buildin  ty of farm buildings. a good ifm system can give the farmer perspective and focus on their requ  tem can give the farmer perspective and focus on their requirements for land and animal managem  able good quality livestock products to be produced with minimal environmental impact. the ifm   h minimal environmental impact. the ifm wheel' is widely adopted principle that helps the farme  al environmental impact. the ifm wheel' is widely adopted principle that helps the farmer to fo  ronmentally sound framework at the same time as delivering a profit to enable the business to f
14600	8	ogical, social and economic value. they are an essential, integral and dynamic part of aquatic   c part of aquatic ecosystems. they also constitute a socio-economic resource for construction m  resource for construction material, and can be used for instance for nourishment of eroded beac  s filling material in slopes, dykes and land reclamation projects. however, the re-use of sedim  d reclamation projects. however, the re-use of sediments for the mentioned beneficial economic   ut disposal options of dredged material are prevented by the lack of appropriate management too   to develop a risk-based methodological tool for the integrated management of sediments. the de  the decision making process related to: need to adopt sediment quality remediation measures in
12233	3	a crucial route to reduced reliance on nitrogen inform plans for   riments will be tailored to compare and validate the favoured options; the experiments will det   the n requirements of winter wheat and winter osr varieties. depending on the results, benefit
14330	4	a new, but topical application domain: redd that build on previous projects.in indonesia, 2 re  ing factors. in kenya detailed research was carried out to use high and low resolution imagery   esearch was carried out to use high and low resolution imagery for the classification of vegeta  hiopia not only land use change studies were carried out, but also above-ground biomass and und
15182	1	tion in subdivided populations. it will be necessary the use of informatic equipment with mediu
9815	3	ks per node appears not to have a power-law distribution, and hubs with large numbers of links   kinds of network, to see what part they play in making food webs special. for instance, the nod  ing basic knowledge of the earth s life-support systems: food webs are vital components of thes
2176	5	e northeast atlantic mackerel stock has been split into three spawning components, a western, a  o develop a set of genetic markers that can describe within- and between genetic variation for    variation for the three components and test if this set can be used as a method to identify th  e three components and test if this set can be used as a method to identify these components in  m the broad competence in the group and increase likelihood of success of the project.
6960	7	fication of arable farming is a serious threat to biodiversity and ecosystem services. agri-env  ure changes related to the schemes, and can be used in a future nation-wide monitoring program.  f taxa and ecosystem services, and thus can make it possible to detect negative tendencies, or   sible to detect negative tendencies, or suggest local actions to improve the environment. we pl   actions to improve the environment. we plan to test these indicators at different distances fr  d in areas where ratio of intensive and low-input fields differ. planned results: publication o  ation of public money spent on aes, and may advance the harmonization of economic, societal and
14615	12	the nutritive condition is a decisive factor in the functioning of individuals and population  stitute a group of animals particularly subject to strong antropogenic pressures that have led    porpoises and other predatory species, is that of fishing, which has reduced the abundance of    that constitute their diet. the actual reach of such reduction in food availability is unclear  in food availability is unclear, but it is known that in a number of populations it has brought  tacean populations, unfortunately there are not available good indicators to accurately measure  , unfortunately there are not available good indicators to accurately measure this parameter in  available good indicators to accurately measure this parameter in that particular group of anim  ate objective of designing reliable and precise indicators of nutritive condition to be applied  se indicators of nutritive condition to be applied to this animal group. such indicators will b  cal analysis of the reserve tissues. it is expected that the results of the project would be in  ies and the influence on them of global change, thus contributing critical knowledge for the co
163	2	. to reach the goal the following tasks must be completed: to define and analyse the driving fo   tasks must be completed: to define and analyse the driving forces . for the developed land use
7678	11	pies have impacts on local climates and air movement patterns via their influence on transfer o  such as irrigation. plant surfaces also harbor abundant micro-organisms that are released into   so harbor abundant micro-organisms that are released into the atmosphere. these micro-organisms   bacteria, include plant pathogens, bio-control agents of plant pests and diseases, and organis   pests and diseases, and organisms that can influence the physical environment via induction of  ysical conditions of the atmosphere and air movement patterns. the influence of plants on the a  ogous to its influence on soils, but it can occur much more rapidly in response to changes in l  n response to changes in landscapes and land-use practices. we will couple a simulation model o  dscapes and land-use practices. we will couple a simulation model of land-use patterns in south  the atmosphere. this will allow us to 1 determine the impact of different scenarios of land-use  roclimates favorable for disease, and 2 estimate the potential for aerial dissemination of micr
14726	5	there is a growing need of characterizing and monitoring fore  hat appropriate biodiversity indicators are incorporated in forest inventories and forest plann   spanish national forest inventory that are identified as more valuable in this respect, we wil   and european context. finally, we will provide specific recommendations for the estimation of   , coordinating landscape indicators and plot measurements, supporting field sampling designs, a
12524	11	there is now a considerable body of research, both public and              there is now a considerable body of research, both public and industry funded, targ  reduced fertiliser and pesticide levels are employed. this research has been developed to meet    levels are employed. this research has been developed to meet national policies driven by the   d advisory testing systems have largely been devised to identify varieties which perform well u  puts of fertilizer and pesticide. there is now an urgent need to identify criteria which can be   urgent need to identify criteria which can be used to evaluate material under lower input regi  s are distinct from organic systems and must relate to mainstream production where the potentia  l be used to populate modules in the eu rotate n model to assess n use efficiency of varieties   onsulted on material, measurements, and test systems. breeder interest has significantly expand   include low input production, and this is reflected in many seed catalogues.
12522	4	as a strategic objective to protect and enhance the rural environment and to improve the attrac   different farming systems, information is required on existing farming systems to assess, and   existing farming systems to assess, and compare, their economic, environmental and social perfo  al and social performances and how they impact on the wider environment. the uk supports a wide
7498	3	these genes operate their complete and evaluate their in situ expression by quantitative rt- p   important role in these ecosystems. we propose to develop molecular methods to specifically de  velop molecular methods to specifically detect these bacteria in marine sediments to better und
10167	3	l be undertaken combining both bulk and compound specific delta 13c measurements of tissues fro  and metabolisms affect specific diet-to-tissue fractionations. this will be the first attempt t  ecific analyses as a routine analytical tool for use in conjunction with bulk isotopic measurem
11266	9	analytical applications to identify and quantify species which are relevant for the environment  tant technique in this context since it can analyse substances which are difficult to detect wi  pproach to sensitive raman spectroscopy is suggested, cavity-enhanced raman spectroscopy with d  sal, a diode laser as raman pump source is amplified in an optical cavity. this increase in las  ifies the raman signals themselves . it is expected that cavity enhancement will increase raman  uild up by a factor of 10000 can easily be achieved. in addition, stimulated raman schemes have  trument suitable for real time, in situ field measurements of pollutants in the environment wit  the environment with an instrument that can measure all components of air simultaneously with g  aman spectroscopy as a major analytical tool in the gas phase, comparable to the important role
14179	5	anscriptomics, metabolomics methods and use them together with the advanced changestat continuo   relationship between the physiological state of bacterial cells also through modeling. basic k  cterial cells physiology used currently is based on the results of copenhagen school obtained m   on the growth conditions. the eventual aim of the project is development of the systems biolog  fits from cell design are obvious if we keep in mind great tasks associated with necessary tran
9998	11	s can be a time-consuming and expensive task for non-model organisms, and can be a serious bloc  me-consuming and expensive task for non-model organisms, and can be a serious block to achievin  n-model organisms, and can be a serious block to achieving research goals. recently, restrictio  -site associated dna sequencing . there are no validated software tools for analysis of radseq   adseq data analysis, incorporating best-practice quality checking, error management and outputs  ntry and other traits in the c. elegans model system, and to deliver genetic analysis of rad si  e tools and protocols will subsequently be offered in-house to nerc science, and also dissemina  otocols will subsequently be offered in-house to nerc science, and also disseminated through tr   training and publication. we will also make available the validated radseq adapter sets at cos  r sets at cost to nerc science. we will use three test systems. the major testbed will be a set  e caenorhabditis elegans, where we will investigate the use of radseq markers in fine mapping o
12372	2	nd protection of human activities which may affect the marine environment. the work also provid  e general direction other eu approaches may take with marine planning, in line with the marine
13731	2	partly supported by empirical data. we aim to investigate possible mechanisms giving rise to s   size-based dynamics will theoretically investigate the effects of the mechanisms studied in th
7375	1	the project aims to develop and validate snp markers along the genome of the plant path
10006	19	umber of habitats occupied by animals - is fundamental to conservation decision-making. despite  amphibians and reptiles almost entirely rely on simple counts that usually bear little relation  rely rely on simple counts that usually bear little relationship to actual population sizes, de  ectability of animals between habitats, time periods or observers. consequently, the quality of  f protected amphibians and reptiles, we believe that the time is right to make such tools more   tions that provide advice, training and site management on amphibian and reptile issues. the pr  series of regional workshops that will: seek feedback on what the current pressing issues are i   analyses. from these workshops we will draft new standard protocols for survey design and anal   be road-tested on real survey projects being carried out by end-users. we will provide a desig  being carried out by end-users. we will provide a design and analysis service for a number of s  ce of the draft protocols. in this way, end-users will gain hands-on experience of using statis  , final survey protocols that will then be disseminated via the project partner network. in add  ightly defined best practice guidelines are adopted. we therefore intend the whole process to b  ce guidelines are adopted. we therefore intend the whole process to be one of knowledge exchang  n just knowledge transfer. the economic impact of the project will be widespread. with several   widespread. with several million pounds being spent on development mitigation for amphibians an  emerge from this project will therefore allow ecological consultants to produce much more effec  ans for their clients. equally, it will strengthen the decision-making processes involved with   . managers of nature reserves will also be able to carry out more effective surveys of amphibia
11536	19	umber of habitats occupied by animals - is fundamental to conservation decision-making. despite  amphibians and reptiles almost entirely rely on simple counts that usually bear little relation  rely rely on simple counts that usually bear little relationship to actual population sizes, de  ectability of animals between habitats, time periods or observers. consequently, the quality of  f protected amphibians and reptiles, we believe that the time is right to make such tools more   tions that provide advice, training and site management on amphibian and reptile issues. the pr  series of regional workshops that will: seek feedback on what the current pressing issues are i   analyses. from these workshops we will draft new standard protocols for survey design and anal   be road-tested on real survey projects being carried out by end-users. we will provide a desig  being carried out by end-users. we will provide a design and analysis service for a number of s  ce of the draft protocols. in this way, end-users will gain hands-on experience of using statis  , final survey protocols that will then be disseminated via the project partner network. in add  ightly defined best practice guidelines are adopted. we therefore intend the whole process to b  ce guidelines are adopted. we therefore intend the whole process to be one of knowledge exchang  n just knowledge transfer. the economic impact of the project will be widespread. with several   widespread. with several million pounds being spent on development mitigation for amphibians an  emerge from this project will therefore allow ecological consultants to produce much more effec  ans for their clients. equally, it will strengthen the decision-making processes involved with   . managers of nature reserves will also be able to carry out more effective surveys of amphibia
12392	6	environment at a national and regional scale, the uk would demonstrate how to ensure the most   strate how to ensure the most efficient use of available documentation, thus being able to bett  nt use of available documentation, thus being able to better identify information gaps and targ  to better identify information gaps and target future spending on marine monitoring and suppori  to hold information in one location and contribute to national assessments, such as charting pr  essments, such as charting progress. it is the objectives of this proposal will be to create a
12459	1	puts. key customer purpose: develop and evaluate alternative methods for stock assessment and m
12698	1	aims of this project are to develop and implement a web based data base and data analysis tool
2019	4	general, and vertebrates in particular, contain general transcription factor paralogs not found  ding protein and tbp-like factor, which are found in eukaryotes and metazoans respectively. the  ription machinery are unclear, which we propose to address by an integrated approach using xeno  brate model system. to this end we will investigate: 1. the biological roles of tbp, tbp-like f
10652	2	for 4 years a unique interdisciplinary team of researchers and forest engineers: identificatio   to adapt their related territories and forest management policies.
11832	2	for 4 years a unique interdisciplinary team of researchers and forest engineers: identificatio   to adapt their related territories and forest management policies.
7702	8	onment, then the seating of the forest, emphasize the importance of more value wood resources w   of wood resources at different scales, fine management of services rendered by impacted ecosys  alidated scientifically and technically offer actors responsible for implementing the policies   d the decision, which can accompany and organize the increased harvesting of the resource and s  ting of the resource and simultaneously better conservation of ecosystems. the project emphasiz  s a participatory approach and adaptive expertise in forest management and ecological vulnerabi  e proposed approach and tools developed are tested on two sites of contrasting studies to ident  ue aspects of issues addressed and thus contribute to reproducibility of the process.
14431	6	integrated appreciation of pattern and process in balkan diatom biodiversity, from both evolut  borative research. the research program is based on three case studies, because the balkan lake  geny of the diatom flora in the neogene lake systems on the balkans and their correlation with    the modern diatom flora in relic ohrid lake; 2. the first evidence of human impact on the lake  ntain lake; and 3. the first industrial impact on the lake environment in remote mountain lake;  m diversity pattern on the balkans, and explain how it have changed across geographic space and
11459	4	taxa that have invaded the deep sea. it is likely that the deep-sea fauna was depauperate follo  p-ocean oxygen minima. such events have been recorded from the late cretaceous and palaeocene/e  age. the subsequent development of deep-water connections between the southern ocean and the ma  orporating fossil constraints will then be used to estimate the divergence times of these taxa
11031	26	there are a number of rocky bodies in our solar system, inclu  g our own planet and moon. largely they have similar internal structures. at the heart is an ir  y a solid silicate mantle, which itself is covered by a thin silicate crust. this crust was . t  t. this crust was . the other one third is made of material that is more silica-rich and signif  ltic crust. these are the continents we live on. exactly when this peculiar feature of our plan  tive elements, the age of crustal rocks can be dated. the age of thousands of samples has been   ed. the age of thousands of samples has been measured, and what is clear is that the continenta  t all the same age and some parts of it are very, very old. the earth itself is 4.55 billion ye  it are very, very old. the earth itself is 4.55 billion years old and some crustal material is   ld as 4.4 billion years. in fact, there are four ages of continental crust that appear over and  h, pulses of magmatism. however, it may be that the record of ages is largely incomplete, and t  continental crust at other ages may not mean that growth rates were low at those times. it migh   were low at those times. it might just be that crust of those ages was destroyed by erosion, a   might just be that crust of those ages was destroyed by erosion, a process we can see happenin  the data is fundamentally ambiguous. it is analogous to looking through someone s diary and fin  me when the melts that formed the crust were extracted. if the same pulses of magmatism that ar  d. if the same pulses of magmatism that are seen in the continents are also found in the mantle  ks are not found in the mantle, then it is likely the crustal age peaks were produced primarily  then it is likely the crustal age peaks were produced primarily by erosion. our research focuse  s with a laser. this will allow a large amount of data to be acquired in a short time. while un  is will allow a large amount of data to be acquired in a short time. while understanding the fo  pic in itself, understanding its growth may have broader implications. a growing set of observa  et s ancient past, including the abrupt rise of oxygen in the atmosphere that is essential to a   times of massive, global magmatism, it is likely they would have had a profound effect on the    as even single volcanic eruptions have been observed to change the global climate. this raises  large-scale pattern of life s evolution was set by catastrophic events in the earth s interior.
11634	12	llaboration with the deep-water oil and gas industry and in liaison with environmental policy f  and regulators. it aims to conduct deep-water ecological research that is directly relevant to   t aims to conduct deep-water ecological research that is directly relevant to environmental man  management issues/questions and it will ensure that this knowledge is transferred, as digestibl   and it will ensure that this knowledge is transferred, as digestible and practical advice to t  at primary science targets in important oil exploration areas in the west of shetland, u.k. and  search into the community structure and function in these interesting area and through in situ   te the driving forces for structure and change in these seabed habitats. this project will form  ding industrial partners with a diverse range of global facilities. the dieps project will prov  rtal for knowledge transfer between and access to these resources. this project costs under £14   incurred in deep-sea research. it will provide important support for the increased use of isis  sea research. it will provide important support for the increased use of isis and other rovs in
10331	9	s are abundant in the fossil record and form the basis for phylogenetic interpretations. howeve  by some species, which combine enormous post-canine tooth crown areas, indicative of great chew  ively delicate facial features and poor muscle markings. here we propose that this apparent dis  tures and poor muscle markings. here we propose that this apparent discrepancy stems from our i  gross morphology alone. in other words, big teeth need not necessarily be strong and vice versa  r words, big teeth need not necessarily be strong and vice versa. in order to test and resolve   ng and vice versa. in order to test and resolve this issue we have developed a novel interactiv  l . the biomechanical models will first be created for extant species and will be based on biom  iplinary approach is likely to shed new light on the dietary adaptations of plio-pleistocene ho
9819	9	s are abundant in the fossil record and form the basis for phylogenetic interpretations. howeve  by some species, which combine enormous post-canine tooth crown areas, indicative of great chew  ively delicate facial features and poor muscle markings. here we propose that this apparent dis  tures and poor muscle markings. here we propose that this apparent discrepancy stems from our i  gross morphology alone. in other words, big teeth need not necessarily be strong and vice versa  r words, big teeth need not necessarily be strong and vice versa. in order to test and resolve   ng and vice versa. in order to test and resolve this issue we have developed a novel interactiv  l . the biomechanical models will first be created for extant species and will be based on biom  iplinary approach is likely to shed new light on the dietary adaptations of plio-pleistocene ho
10184	10	it is widely accepted that there is a negative effect of c         it is widely accepted that there is a negative effect of current breeding effort on subs  ally assumed to reflect a physiological trade-off between investment in reproduction and invest   is poorly understood. in this study we propose that antioxidant defence might provide a causal  ioxidant defence might provide a causal link between sexual signalling, reproductive performanc  elihood of him surviving to breed again may all be influenced by his access to dietary caroteno  of him surviving to breed again may all be influenced by his access to dietary carotenoids. in   ination of experimental and theoretical work we will test the effect of diet quality on sexual   perimental and theoretical work we will test the effect of diet quality on sexual attractivenes   three-spined stickleback. we will then explore how the trade-offs between these factors influe
6890	1	ell cultures derived from patients, who carry different mutations revealed by our molecular dia
11061	27	n gametes, but for most species nothing is known about how sperm and egg co-evolve to recognise  es nothing is known about how sperm and egg co-evolve to recognise one-another for fertilizatio  ing is known about how sperm and egg co-evolve to recognise one-another for fertilization. rece  etween males to fertilise the eggs, and conflict between males and females to get the most out   t the most out of reproduction. we will examine the compatibility between sperm and egg in atla  ine the compatibility between sperm and egg in atlantic salmon, which is an ideal model to exam  rences between populations in sperm and egg compatibility, because of those rapid evolutionary   tant immunity genes. in this project we plan to examine these differences in much more breadth   ore breadth by looking at how sperm and egg fertilization compatibility has changed between dif   changed between different populations, while also applying these theories to a key problem fac  . wild atlantic salmon are an important fish for many reasons, but are unfortunately in severe   ange at a very high level. escaped fish can survive, and some make it onto wild salmon spawning  wild salmon spawning grounds. here they attempt to spawn with wild fish, presenting a major pro  uction carry inferior farmed genes, and mean that important wild genes in different populations  t populations become diluted. continual release of so many farmed fish could eventually genetic  armed fish could eventually genetically swamp wild genes, possibly permanently losing specifica   evolved local adaptations forever. one could imagine a similar situation if domestic dogs were  very year at high enough rates. a vital piece of information in understanding the level of the   shown that farmed fish can successfully reproduce with wild fish, but that they are inferior at  reproduce with wild fish, but that they are inferior at reproduction. however, exactly how infe  oduction. however, exactly how inferior are farmed fish, and how does this inferiority vary whe   of farmed fish to wild stocks. we will answer this question by measuring the fertility of farm   mimic the normal function of sperm and egg in a salmon river. we will also examine fertilisati  and egg in a salmon river. we will also examine fertilisation success when wild and farmed sper  cess when wild and farmed sperm mix and compete for a batch of eggs, a process which occurs nor  curs normally in the wild. we will also measure how fertile farmed salmon are with a close rela  ther possible way for farmed hybrids to be produced. our research will allow us to measure the
11177	3	intersexuality is the abnormal condition when an organism displays characteristics of   ifferentiation. intersex in crustaceans can occur through genetic abberations, parasitism, disr  ns, parasitism, disrupted environmental sex determination glands; secondly, through infection w
9863	3	intersexuality is the abnormal condition when an organism displays characteristics of   ifferentiation. intersex in crustaceans can occur through genetic abberations, parasitism, disr  ns, parasitism, disrupted environmental sex determination glands; secondly, through infection w
14545	4	le for the pest status of some species, is their mode of reproduction by cyclical parthenogenes  plex, in general, during the favourable season most species reproduce by viviparous parthenogen  omplemented by a molecular phylogenetic study in which we will focus in the evolution of asexua  lar phylogenetic study in which we will focus in the evolution of asexuality in aphids.
11124	3	l factors such as food availability and mate attractiveness can influence the value of individu  od availability and mate attractiveness can influence the value of individual offspring to the   ed into the egg yolks by females. there is currently mounting interest in the adaptive value an
14181	8	ovided by neighbouring individuals that may have a number of pronounced effects on whole-canopy  a number of pronounced effects on whole-canopy growth and the ability of plants to forage for l  thoroughly studied, surprisingly little is known about the underlying mechanisms involved in th   a great challenge. herbaceous canopies are characterized by a strong vertical light gradient,   res into upper layers of the herbaceous canopy by elongation should improve plants light captur  ade from surrounding trees. since there is little likelihood of most herbaceous species overtop  aceous and overhead shade in plants has been hypothesized by schmitt et al. to differentiate be  uality in different types of shade, and perform a series of pot experiments, with the quality o
11219	31	fossil footbones are rarely found associated with identifiable skeletons  ciated with identifiable skeletons, and are often fragmentary; and when we do find a partial fo  d are often fragmentary; and when we do find a partial foot of one of our ancient ancestors it   of our ancient ancestors it has usually been badly chewed. in addition such fossil rarely give    chewed. in addition such fossil rarely give definite indications of the way our early ancestor  way our early ancestors walked, as they act through a nested series of complicated soft tissues  mplicated soft tissues, from ligaments, out to the skin, and therefore the bones interact only   and, the footprints and trackways which were left when our distant ancestors walked across soft  hey are direct records of the forces we apply to the ground to balance ourselves and propel our   to the ground to balance ourselves and propel our walking. they are therefore potentially exce   ourselves and propel our walking. they are therefore potentially excellent evidence of the evo  hey are therefore potentially excellent evidence of the evolution of human walking. however, un  years ago by lucy and her relatives has been argued about for over 30 years, one scientist cont  tprints as the print of its big toe. we need methods which will tell us what are the common fea  ias. this isn t easy, since footprints, being made by soft tissue, have no easily recognisable    footprints, being made by soft tissue, have no easily recognisable landmark points. one of the   record the prints in three-dimensional detail, as they had previously done for those at laetol  ich contacts the ground, which can then be used to power the next stride. but because of our ta  kes over support from the other. short, squatter animals like penguins are more stable from sid   - did they save energy the same way it is likely that the footprints at laetoli may contain th  s likely that the footprints at laetoli may contain the answer. comparing them with the new foo  otprints of early homo should tell us a lot about how lucy s flexible foot changed into a stiff  e foot changed into a stiffer one which could push-off hard enough to let us walk or run long d  ances nearly effortlessly. to do so, we need not only to make sophisticated computer models of   sms in these early human ancestors, and relate them to foot forces and footprint form, but to d  do physical experiments in soft mud and ash which will tie these models into the real world. bu  s into the real world. but we must also look for more footprints, which can fill in some of the  st also look for more footprints, which can fill in some of the details of the changes we are s  re studying. thus, working together, we have the skills, tools and evidence to interpret the ev  together, we have the skills, tools and evidence to interpret the evolution of walking at a cru   time in the trees, and a striding long-distance walker.
11707	31	fossil footbones are rarely found associated with identifiable skeletons  ciated with identifiable skeletons, and are often fragmentary; and when we do find a partial fo  d are often fragmentary; and when we do find a partial foot of one of our ancient ancestors it   of our ancient ancestors it has usually been badly chewed. in addition such fossil rarely give    chewed. in addition such fossil rarely give definite indications of the way our early ancestor  way our early ancestors walked, as they act through a nested series of complicated soft tissues  mplicated soft tissues, from ligaments, out to the skin, and therefore the bones interact only   and, the footprints and trackways which were left when our distant ancestors walked across soft  hey are direct records of the forces we apply to the ground to balance ourselves and propel our   to the ground to balance ourselves and propel our walking. they are therefore potentially exce   ourselves and propel our walking. they are therefore potentially excellent evidence of the evo  hey are therefore potentially excellent evidence of the evolution of human walking. however, un  years ago by lucy and her relatives has been argued about for over 30 years, one scientist cont  tprints as the print of its big toe. we need methods which will tell us what are the common fea  ias. this isn t easy, since footprints, being made by soft tissue, have no easily recognisable    footprints, being made by soft tissue, have no easily recognisable landmark points. one of the   record the prints in three-dimensional detail, as they had previously done for those at laetol  ich contacts the ground, which can then be used to power the next stride. but because of our ta  kes over support from the other. short, squatter animals like penguins are more stable from sid   - did they save energy the same way it is likely that the footprints at laetoli may contain th  s likely that the footprints at laetoli may contain the answer. comparing them with the new foo  otprints of early homo should tell us a lot about how lucy s flexible foot changed into a stiff  e foot changed into a stiffer one which could push-off hard enough to let us walk or run long d  ances nearly effortlessly. to do so, we need not only to make sophisticated computer models of   sms in these early human ancestors, and relate them to foot forces and footprint form, but to d  do physical experiments in soft mud and ash which will tie these models into the real world. bu  s into the real world. but we must also look for more footprints, which can fill in some of the  st also look for more footprints, which can fill in some of the details of the changes we are s  re studying. thus, working together, we have the skills, tools and evidence to interpret the ev  together, we have the skills, tools and evidence to interpret the evolution of walking at a cru   time in the trees, and a striding long-distance walker.
14119	2	ity – identification of organisms. this is carried out using modern tools, digital interactive   ols, digital interactive keys. the work is organized through the following activities: ; compil
14336	3	nfall and soil conditions. the paraguay dry chaco, with little altitudinal and temperature vari  etween 2001 and 2004, eleven localities were sampled along an aridity gradient ranging from 100  ctures and taxonomic keys. this website is developed with the support of the .
1969	1	n polymorphic, but that not does always speciate, to wit polymorphisms and speciation of differ
9818	7	heses. negative results could, however, provide a clear signal of dinosaur/plant environmental   ver, provide a clear signal of dinosaur/plant environmental preferences at a hitherto unprecede  preferences at a hitherto unprecedented level of accuracy. the proposed tests also address the   el of accuracy. the proposed tests also address the more general issue of whether hypotheses of   evidence. this analysis will therefore provide the first empirical test of the extent to which  l therefore provide the first empirical test of the extent to which herbivorous dinosaurs and p   which herbivorous dinosaurs and plants can be said to have co-evolved during the cretaceous pe
1962	4	plants can defend themselves against herbivores by direct and    concern to integrated pest management: plant defence chemicals that are sequestered by herbivo  anagement: plant defence chemicals that are sequestered by herbivores have potential harmful ef  l effects on natural enemies, and hence could lead to incompatibility between breeding for herb
10338	30	on earth became extinct in the largest mass extinction in over 600 million years. this worldwi  ted life on land and in the sea, but we do not yet understand how it occurred. to determine the   land and in the sea, but we do not yet understand how it occurred. to determine the causes of   mine the causes of mass extinctions, it is important to establish their rates and temporal rela  formation of a mineral grain or crystal is determined from the decay of radioactive isotopes wi  aughter isotopes. these isotopic clocks are reset when new minerals form, incorporating the par  elsewhere, so dating sedimentary grains cannot give the age of deposition. hence, most sediment   dated directly, but their relative age is assessed by comparing any contained fossils to those  hose from other areas. unfortunately it is difficult to correlate marine and terrestrial rocks   m different parts of the world, as they do not have fossils in common. consequently the age of   s occurred across the world at the same time or over long periods. we also cannot establish une  same time or over long periods. we also cannot establish unequivocally the relationship between  s such as volcanism. if an accurate and precise method for dating continental sedimentary rocks  or dating continental sedimentary rocks could be developed, robust chronologies could be constr  could be developed, robust chronologies could be constructed to study the p-t extinction and ot  y radioactive isotopes 147sm and 176lu, are incorporated rapidly into bone post-mortem. bone re  isotopic clocks in fossil bone may thus record the time since recrystallisation. as recrystalli   serves as a proxy for the depositional age of the host sediment. we aim to exploit this new kn  positional age of the host sediment. we aim to exploit this new knowledge to develop a geochron   and different regions of the same bone may behave differently after death. hence, it is import  have differently after death. hence, it is important to characterise the rate and nature of tra  ptake history of trace elements in bone can be assessed. a pilot study has shown these criteria  tudy has shown these criteria correctly identify individual bones suitable for dating, and init  th the known age to within 1ma. we will extend this pilot study to determine the conditions und  termine the conditions under which bone may be used as a substrate for radiometric dating, to t  gies for sedimentary sequences. we will assess the accuracy and resolution of our technique by   s including p-t sequences whose age has been constrained independently. we will then apply our   constrained independently. we will then apply our methods to determine ages for important p-t s  ences, and will provide a chronological framework within which the rates and nature of the most  und crisis experienced by life on earth can be studied.
10040	2	es of neighbouring individuals. we also plan a field experiment which will include these specie  if the results from the pot experiments can predict those likely to occur under more natural co
10158	12	ice sheet. to meet these aims, we will undertake the direct measurement and sampling of water   of water and sediment within subglacial lake ellsworth in west antarctica. for over a decade, s  , sedimentary palaeoenvironment records are thought to exist on the floors of subglacial lakes,  ica. of the 150 known subglacial lakes, lake ellsworth stands out as an ideal candidate for exp  ate for exploration. through a nerc-afi award, glaciologists have shown the lake, beneath 3 km    lake, beneath 3 km of ice, to be 10 km long, 2-3 km wide and 160 m deep, confirming it as an i  . the deployment of heavy equipment has been shown to be possible at this location, based on se  at this location, based on several deep-field reconnaissance studies. this project will build,   dies. this project will build, test and deploy all the equipment necessary to complete the expe  aboratories in the field and at rothera station, and then distributed to laboratories across th  arding life in extreme environments and west antarctic ice sheet history, and will be of genuin  e sheet history, and will be of genuine interest to the public and media.
10431	12	ice sheet. to meet these aims, we will undertake the direct measurement and sampling of water   of water and sediment within subglacial lake ellsworth in west antarctica. for over a decade, s  , sedimentary palaeoenvironment records are thought to exist on the floors of subglacial lakes,  ica. of the 150 known subglacial lakes, lake ellsworth stands out as an ideal candidate for exp  ate for exploration. through a nerc-afi award, glaciologists have shown the lake, beneath 3 km    lake, beneath 3 km of ice, to be 10 km long, 2-3 km wide and 160 m deep, confirming it as an i  . the deployment of heavy equipment has been shown to be possible at this location, based on se  at this location, based on several deep-field reconnaissance studies. this project will build,   dies. this project will build, test and deploy all the equipment necessary to complete the expe  aboratories in the field and at rothera station, and then distributed to laboratories across th  arding life in extreme environments and west antarctic ice sheet history, and will be of genuin  e sheet history, and will be of genuine interest to the public and media.
10432	12	ice sheet. to meet these aims, we will undertake the direct measurement and sampling of water   of water and sediment within subglacial lake ellsworth in west antarctica. for over a decade, s  , sedimentary palaeoenvironment records are thought to exist on the floors of subglacial lakes,  ica. of the 150 known subglacial lakes, lake ellsworth stands out as an ideal candidate for exp  ate for exploration. through a nerc-afi award, glaciologists have shown the lake, beneath 3 km    lake, beneath 3 km of ice, to be 10 km long, 2-3 km wide and 160 m deep, confirming it as an i  . the deployment of heavy equipment has been shown to be possible at this location, based on se  at this location, based on several deep-field reconnaissance studies. this project will build,   dies. this project will build, test and deploy all the equipment necessary to complete the expe  aboratories in the field and at rothera station, and then distributed to laboratories across th  arding life in extreme environments and west antarctic ice sheet history, and will be of genuin  e sheet history, and will be of genuine interest to the public and media.
10723	12	ice sheet. to meet these aims, we will undertake the direct measurement and sampling of water   of water and sediment within subglacial lake ellsworth in west antarctica. for over a decade, s  , sedimentary palaeoenvironment records are thought to exist on the floors of subglacial lakes,  ica. of the 150 known subglacial lakes, lake ellsworth stands out as an ideal candidate for exp  ate for exploration. through a nerc-afi award, glaciologists have shown the lake, beneath 3 km    lake, beneath 3 km of ice, to be 10 km long, 2-3 km wide and 160 m deep, confirming it as an i  . the deployment of heavy equipment has been shown to be possible at this location, based on se  at this location, based on several deep-field reconnaissance studies. this project will build,   dies. this project will build, test and deploy all the equipment necessary to complete the expe  aboratories in the field and at rothera station, and then distributed to laboratories across th  arding life in extreme environments and west antarctic ice sheet history, and will be of genuin  e sheet history, and will be of genuine interest to the public and media.
11714	12	ice sheet. to meet these aims, we will undertake the direct measurement and sampling of water   of water and sediment within subglacial lake ellsworth in west antarctica. for over a decade, s  , sedimentary palaeoenvironment records are thought to exist on the floors of subglacial lakes,  ica. of the 150 known subglacial lakes, lake ellsworth stands out as an ideal candidate for exp  ate for exploration. through a nerc-afi award, glaciologists have shown the lake, beneath 3 km    lake, beneath 3 km of ice, to be 10 km long, 2-3 km wide and 160 m deep, confirming it as an i  . the deployment of heavy equipment has been shown to be possible at this location, based on se  at this location, based on several deep-field reconnaissance studies. this project will build,   dies. this project will build, test and deploy all the equipment necessary to complete the expe  aboratories in the field and at rothera station, and then distributed to laboratories across th  arding life in extreme environments and west antarctic ice sheet history, and will be of genuin  e sheet history, and will be of genuine interest to the public and media.
9907	12	ice sheet. to meet these aims, we will undertake the direct measurement and sampling of water   of water and sediment within subglacial lake ellsworth in west antarctica. for over a decade, s  , sedimentary palaeoenvironment records are thought to exist on the floors of subglacial lakes,  ica. of the 150 known subglacial lakes, lake ellsworth stands out as an ideal candidate for exp  ate for exploration. through a nerc-afi award, glaciologists have shown the lake, beneath 3 km    lake, beneath 3 km of ice, to be 10 km long, 2-3 km wide and 160 m deep, confirming it as an i  . the deployment of heavy equipment has been shown to be possible at this location, based on se  at this location, based on several deep-field reconnaissance studies. this project will build,   dies. this project will build, test and deploy all the equipment necessary to complete the expe  aboratories in the field and at rothera station, and then distributed to laboratories across th  arding life in extreme environments and west antarctic ice sheet history, and will be of genuin  e sheet history, and will be of genuine interest to the public and media.
11360	6	roduction and phytoplankton succession, may enhance phytoplankton diversity and structures food   webs. however, no techniques currently exist to directly quantify the viral component of phyto   techniques currently exist to directly quantify the viral component of phytoplankton mortality  omponent of phytoplankton mortality. we aim to develop a highly promising dilution technique to  romising dilution technique to directly quantify viral mortality of specific phytoplankton in n  systems in the laboratory. it will then be tested in natural waters in a seasonal study and in
13575	6	-called discard. commercial fishing has been estimated to produce 27 million tonnes of discard   ide and in traditional swedish nephrops trawl fisheries 70-80% of the catches are discarded. th  s trawl fisheries 70-80% of the catches are discarded. the primary goal of this project is to q  ct and indirect effects of discarded by-catch under as close to natural conditions as possible   he direct effect of discard on nephrops is its importance as food source. utilisation rate may   od source. utilisation rate may however be modified by: nephrops population density, the presen
12023	7	nities. according to a first hypothesis were confirmed. thanks to collaborations organized with  jena biodiversity experiment, the model was parametrized for about 70 species. the model was va  etrized for about 70 species. the model was validated for 13 grass species. a large scale virtu  species. the model was validated for 13 grass species. a large scale virtual experiment allowed  validated for 13 grass species. a large scale virtual experiment allowed studying systematicall  s and their plasticity have an adaptive value, through plant growth maximization. plastic respo   transgressive species diversity effect was found in good agreement with experiments. in conclu
6719	3	the fungus monilinia laxa is reponsible for serious diseases of stone fruits. the  ruits. the most endangered species are: sour cherry, apricot, plum and - recent years - almond.  d - recent years - almond. this disease can cause significant loss of yield in epidemic year. t
13603	8	a recent review of diseases of the european edible crab for crus  e crab for crustacean diseases. the crl coordinate the activities associated with crustacean di  urrounding area at the low tide. adults are sampled from the commercial fishery via purchase fr  essentially, juvenile and adult animals are sampled from the same population. experiments to st  dy the mortality of infected individual are set up in the state-of-the-art biosecure facilities  dividual are set up in the state-of-the-art biosecure facilities at the cefas laboratory. infec   with infected innoculum. the molecular effect of the juvenile higher disease prevalence and th   high mortality caused by the diseases, is studied by an investigation on gene expression of pr
10142	14	ecology, as the answers can potentially change our views on ecological and evolutionary process   processes driving diversification, and change our priorities in biodiversity conservation. com  sity conservation. competition has long been proposed as an important force in structuring comm   has long been proposed as an important force in structuring communities, but only recently, wi  hat closely related species potentially compete for resources more than distantly related speci  s which tried to test this phylogenetic effect of competition in structuring community assembly  nalyses dealt with plants and bacteria, while for animals analyses have been performed only on   cteria, while for animals analyses have been performed only on insect food-webs and mammal and   only on insect food-webs and mammal and fish communities. therefore, results are hampered by av  nd fish communities. therefore, results are hampered by availability and reliability of data on  ies assemblages. moreover, direct tests cannot be performed with mammals, insect food-webs and   volve a different model: rotifers. they are tiny animals living in water, but also in moss and    in moss and lichen patches, where they can reach high densities of individuals and high specie  the hypotheses based on field data, and second to model the processes acting in nature.
15503	9	two centuries, and its variations have been linked to several factors; it is well known that c  fic effects of each of these factors it is hampered due to the simultaneity of these effects an  sist over time or whether, by contrast, are dynamic structures resulting from the coincidence o  the knowledge about diversity gradients is based on the study of species richness; other aspect  ty, such as functional and evolutionary structure of communities are relatively unknown. we pro   communities are relatively unknown. we propose to study the determinants of diversity and comm  nity structure of beetles scarabaeoidea determine its effects vary from the regional level to t  mine its effects vary from the regional level to the local. through this broad approach we seek  e local. through this broad approach we seek to achieve a thorough understanding of the process
11098	4	temperatures below 500 degrees c. they equilibrate rapidly with aqueous fluids in the upper cr  h aqueous fluids in the upper crust and decompose quickly during weathering and surface transpo  ng and surface transport. they have low closure t for 18 o and 40ar exchange. these geochemical   and geochemical implications for fluid-rock reactions, weathering, diagenesis, 18o exchange an
10094	5	this is an innovative study of dispersal between the wild and pest population  ults will be calibrated by experimental work in the laboratory: diet-switch to establish delta   by experimental work in the laboratory: diet-switch to establish delta 13c delta 15n turnover c  perimental work in the laboratory: diet-switch to establish delta 13c delta 15n turnover charac  13c delta 15n turnover characteristics, trace element analysis as a marker for dispersal. conve
1936	5	ast decades. since 1900 huge areas have been converted into arable fields but serious losses in  occurred also in the remnants that have been preserved. recent attempts to convert arable field  ources are not available at present. it is the aim of the present project to develop such tools  . the aerodynamic properties of a large number of characteristic species of sand areas will be   and used to set up a spatially explicit model to simulate the likelihood of dispersal of charac
12149	1	nd abundance assessment of two invasive fish species - round goby . genetic methods will allow
10474	2	proach specifically targeted at the ppe fraction to provide a complementary molecular assessmen  ry factors controlling this group. this is based on the idea that transcriptional profiling wil
9905	2	proach specifically targeted at the ppe fraction to provide a complementary molecular assessmen  ry factors controlling this group. this is based on the idea that transcriptional profiling wil
9807	15	petals are produced by plants to make their flowers attractive  rface of their petals. these cells have been shown to make the petals more attractive to pollin  tals more attractive to pollinators. it is not surprising, then, that most petals have these co  he petal epidermis of antirrhinum majus result in increased seed set because more pollinating b  pidermal cells. in this project we will try to understand how and why the bees prefer the conic  conical cells affects a flower. we will test whether conical cells alter perceived petal colour  cal cells alter perceived petal colour, scent, temperature or nectar availability, in order to   s interact with petals with conical and flat cells. we will test whether they react to visible   ls with conical and flat cells. we will test whether they react to visible differences between   d flat cells. we will test whether they react to visible differences between flowers, whether t  fferences between flowers, whether they react to scent or temperature differences, whether it t  r from either flower type, and how they learn to handle the different flowers. finally, we will  the different flowers. finally, we will use electron microscopy to survey the petal cell shapes  h have shown shifts in pollinators, and investigate whether there is any relationship between c  linators, and investigate whether there is any relationship between cell shape and the type of
15381	16	aim of this project is to create a new link between the genomic regions implicated in chromoso  m line. analyzing how mammalian genomes are organized and how chromosomal rearrangements are in  ized and how chromosomal rearrangements are involved in speciation and macroevolution are funda  on can work. when new chromosomal forms are produced in the germ line, they will have the proba  re produced in the germ line, they will have the probability to be fixed in the population prov  line, they will have the probability to be fixed in the population providing new variability an  ts and evolutionary breakpoints has not been investigated in any species up to date. since chro  nce chromosomal reorganizations have to be fixed in the germ line during the evolutionary proce  ons in the meiotic recombination. there is no published data linking evolutionary unstable regi  d behaviour of evolutionary regions. we are interested in addressing all these evolutionary que  s to study how evolutionary breakpoints are organized analyse the topological distribution of e  mbination hotspots in the germ line. it is our intention to go beyond the frontiers of our curr  ints behave during meiosis and how they are related to the speciation process. the analysis of   oreover, the project will significantly enhance the research environment and capabilities for f  proposal, and the strong ties that have been developed with international leaders in the field,  rs in the field, adds value, additional expertise, and global academic excellence to the propos
13945	8	rganic matter phytoplankton species. it is suggested that it is the nitrogen in the dom that is  ankton species. it is suggested that it is the nitrogen in the dom that is beneficial for the h   as amino acids containing nitrogen has been shown to take place. however, virtually nothing is   take place. however, virtually nothing is known about the possibility that hab-species utilize  or humic substances for growth. a large part of the dom entering coastal waters are high molecu  ary experiments suggests that there can be an active uptake of these large molecules by phytopl  se large molecules by phytoplankton. we propose to study the utilization of macromolecular dom   the direct uptake. in addition, we will evaluate the competitive advantage that comes with dire
11733	2	antarctica is undergoing rapid climatic change, however, the implications of this change on eco  c research programmes and will directly collaborate with research scientists from other antarct
10160	5	sh worms from clean and polluted sites, even though the sites themselves and the climatic condi  h the sites themselves and the climatic condition at the time of collections are highly varied   extensive and high-quality dataset that could be used as a baseline for future research. furthe  nally our results may, in the long run, lead to the development of methods to monitor and asses  e development of methods to monitor and assess the changing state of our environment.
15096	6	mistletoes usually have detrimental effects on hosts, by reducing their gr  hole host. the effects of the mistletoe can be magnified under a climatic change scenario, whic  letoe can be magnified under a climatic change scenario, which favours its spread and increases   fragmentary and anecdotical, and there is a lack of scientific information on the factors that  istribution area, effects on hosts, and host-parasite-disperser interactive systems. the study   s, applied to the interaction parasitic plant-host. although this is a project of basic researc
6871	5	atios of lentic and lotic habitats have been modified radically. near-shore dead zones, backwat  tats have been modified radically. near-shore dead zones, backwaters and floodplain water bodie  n the potamoplankton of river tisza. we map the biomass of four main color classes of algae alo   hydrodynamic and ecological models, we analyze the aggregate effect of dead zones on dynamics   at various flows. mapping of dead zones may initiate similar studies concerning different group
2479	8	and proliferating, and can probably now be considered established in the baltic as well as the   coast. abundant mnemiopsis can severely disrupt pelagic food webs through direct predation and   etition as well as several top-down and bottom-up processes impacting both the classic food cha   loop. nevertheless, the occurrence and impact of mnemiopsis in norwegian waters is poorly know  ility to disturb pelagic ecosystems, it is imperative to study its role in this new habitat. th  e conditions mnemiopsis faces in norway differ significantly from those in its native range alo  its potential ecosystem impact. we will accomplish this through a combination of monitoring act  cading impacts of abundant juvenile and mature mnemiopsis on different levels of the pelagic co
1984	6	ria play a key role. the most important source of nitrogen in coastal microbial mats is n2 and   se ecosystems are therefore high. there are several functional groups of microorganisms in the   tentially capable of n2 fixation but it is not known whether they are all actively fixing. many  xation but it is not known whether they are all actively fixing. many species of cyanobacteria   diversity of cyanobacteria while others do not. the reason for this is not precisely known but   ct of o2 on nitrogenase. microbial mats are found on the green beaches of the barrier islands o
7138	2	this project aims to design and test predictive models of the evolution of populations   arious groups of soil invertebrates and litter invertebrates that separate the different respon
12056	9	context climate change , was created and a complete phylogeny of alpine flora wa  nd a complete phylogeny of alpine flora was built. analyses were conducted to understand the me  eny of alpine flora was built. analyses were conducted to understand the mechanisms of species   om empirical data and models of virtual plant communities were created to validate these mechan  and models of virtual plant communities were created to validate these mechanisms. statistical   ent and future distribution of the 3000 plant species in the area was conducted in order to be   n of the 3000 plant species in the area was conducted in order to be used for management and mo  s in the area was conducted in order to be used for management and monitoring. finally, a simul  y, a simulation model of vegetation has been created and set to the zone of the ecrins national
15524	5	reptiles, but a lot of topics remain to be investigated. in this project, we aim to continue wi  to be investigated. in this project, we aim to continue with these studies, starting some new a   species of liolaemus, which putatively confront a higher risk of extinction. finally, always i  context, for some selected taxa we will generate ecological niche models to make predictions on  and future distributions under a global change scenario.
13838	9	we want to test two hypotheses: 1 monophyletic groups of e   similar functional proporties and this is reflected in host preferences, community structure a   specialisation and speciation. inocybe is selected as study group since it is species rich, co  ybe is selected as study group since it is species rich, connects with a broad range of hosts,   curs in a wide range of ecosystems, and is sparsely studied by molecular methods. we will devel  y studied by molecular methods. we will develop molecular-based multi-gene phylogenies and use   ecular-based multi-gene phylogenies and use them to map ecological characters and make ancestra  e them to map ecological characters and make ancestral character state analyses for selected fu  ecular identification of the fungus and host from root-tips. species with broad host ranges are
11275	12	a large proportion of the diversity of life is microbial. micro  e last 15 years, molecular methods have been used which target the dna of all microbes present   use as an identifying code. we can then use these fragments of dna code to identify most of the   we can then use these fragments of dna code to identify most of the organisms present in any e   have revealed a diverse and mysterious group of organisms present in a range of aquatic enviro  ses suggest that one such diverse group could be related to the fungi. the fungi include the we  mushrooms and yeasts but also a massive range of microbes responsible for recycling biomass in   xtensive distribution of this microbial group in aquatic environments around the globe it is li  quatic environments around the globe it is likely that the group represents an important part o   that the group represents an important part of the microbial community. in addition, this grou  d their close relatives the animals. we plan to use specific probes with fluorescence to identi   fluorescence to identify, describe and investigate the ecological role of this novel group fro
14660	1	e presence of pollutants, could perhaps be used in the future as indicators of ecotoxicity.
7410	2	we propose to establish an inventory of dehalogenase prese   establish an inventory of dehalogenase present in the metagenome of intact and polluted enviro
11731	7	oraminifera, a dominant deep-sea taxon, are poorly understood at both morphological and molecul  and morphological approaches we will: 1 compare species diversity at different sites, 2 search   species diversity at different sites, 2 search for cryptic species, 3 compare similar n. atlant   sites, 2 search for cryptic species, 3 compare similar n. atlantic, arctic and antarctic morph  , arctic and antarctic morphospecies, 4 establish phylogenetic relationships between faunas fro  s between faunas from shallow- and deep-water antarctic habitats and from the arctic and antarc  ts and from the arctic and antarctic, 5 search for naked foraminifera. results will be relevant
7533	3	the material we propose to study concerns the yams in two geographicall  food insecurity comparable, madagascar, island continent where species diversity of wild forms   and most interesting from a nutritional point of view. analyzes have as objectives the identifi
185	8	erns of species diversity and abundance are restricted to examining the effect of only one of t   moreover, empirical studies frequently consider only one trophic level, while theoretical stud  es frequently consider only one trophic level, while theoretical studies have shown that specie  uently consider only one trophic level, while theoretical studies have shown that species at hi  nges. in the proposed research, we will conduct a complex study to reveal the relative importan   exist only as metapopulations. we will examine the response of species richness, composition a  rea and connectivity of alvars. we also examine insect community structure as dependent on land  d to existing data from another trophic level, vascular plants.
2480	9	haptophytes are important primary producers in the marine pelagic c  c community. haptophyte blooms may also have a major impact on the global carbon balance and on  ng, and toxins may cause fish-kills. we lack knowledge on their biodiversity and quantitative d  on, diversity, life cycle and abundance are affected by environmental factors. the abundance an   viruses will be examined, and how they affect the haptophyte diversity. in the proposed projec  ersity. in the proposed project we will apply the latest technologies in molecular biology and   he use of microscopy, molecular probes, flow cytometry and water chemistry upon the analyses of  y, molecular probes, flow cytometry and water chemistry upon the analyses of natural samples co  toplankton community, where haptophytes play a significant role. this will increase our underst
14675	6	ent of a vegetation of great ecological interest, characterized by the presence of species adap  t excess and water stress, many of them being endemic plants. in these higlhy human-exploited e  d and semiarid conditions, revegetation is complicated and slow. the mycorrhizal symbiosis is a  ocess. therefore, the mycorrhizal fungi can play an important role in the establishment and dev  natural revegetation processes. we also want to study the role the mycorrhizas play in the tole  ses of gypsophilous plants will be also ascertain by means of the determination of several phys
7382	1	we study the molecular evolution of a gene family encoding
7013	8	illion years ago. multiple increase and decrease of the sea level led to multiple separation an  e geologically young coral atolls; they have never been connected with the granitic islands. du  lly young coral atolls; they have never been connected with the granitic islands. due to their   tory, age and isolation, the seychelles host a diverse and archaic flora and fauna and have a v  diverse and archaic flora and fauna and have a very high endemism rate. despite their great eco  ly large-scale study carried out so far was based on material collected almost 100 years ago. o  s will - in combination with geological evidence - enable us to reconstruct the radiation and s   combination with geological evidence - enable us to reconstruct the radiation and speciation p
10182	2	the extent and nature of the predatory beetle community and their prey in the control and impr  ive experiment will investigate whether top-down effects on slugs are responsible for determini
13468	8	y – in local landscapes for which there are detailed and will also investigate the potential us   which there are detailed and will also investigate the potential use of high resolution satell  toring of grassland quality. an earlier phase of the project indicated that several species tha  ong historical continuity on öland also have high frequencies in relatively young grasslands. w  in relatively young grasslands. we will explore the chronology of species-establishment and den   grassland age/successional stage do we need to change our perspectives on the management of sp  y successional grasslands on a european scale, we will seek generalities by comparing results f  grasslands on a european scale, we will seek generalities by comparing results from öland with
14905	1	n the tropical and subtropical atlantic is proposed. the main objective is to contribute to inc
14842	4	ranunculus parnassifolius is an orophylous species characterized by the presence    traits, five different subspecies have been distinguished and four of them are endemic from th  ave been distinguished and four of them are endemic from the iberian peninsula. the comprehensi   different population in the germoplasm bank of wild plants of the atlantic botanic gardens.
422	1	ion mechanisms, unknown among copepods, could be involved in the maintenance of copepod in the
431	2	ic conditions. morphological structures are revealed, correlated with geography and elevation,   evation, whereas no genetical structure could be observed in extant arvicoline populations.
7518	4	s may differ depending on the nature or type of genetic marker used to assess. the aim of this   his project is twofold: to quantify and understand the mechanisms of differentiation according   es for finding consensus typologies and compare specific typologies. both approaches lead to th   of diversity indicators. these methods are illustrated with real case studies on cattle popula
421	2	earthworms and environmental variables were sampled in four land use types across 6 different   ance, in 2001 and 2002. we used a three-table ordination method to identify the relationship be
14120	7	efforts, and a fascinating theoretical question in case of persistently rare species, like sev  sis throughout several years would thus give a possibility to describe the mechanisms of divers  re self-compatible geitonogamous and it is not clear how many different genets in a population   -compatible geitonogamous and it is not clear how many different genets in a population really    their genes to the next generation. we ask how big is the effective population size by measuri  e-based parentage analysis. hypotheses: do juveniles from different parents have different surv   this fundamental study will remarkably enhance our understanding on population functioning and
2061	16	ton and apex predators in these systems is occupied by a few key species of small pelagic schoo  tocks which sustain a large and diverse group of predators are characterized by a variable and    a large and diverse group of predators are characterized by a variable and complex distributio   in space and time. in this proposal we argue that the highly dynamic and scale-dependent spati  al we argue that the highly dynamic and scale-dependent spatial pattern of forage fish species   hly dynamic and scale-dependent spatial pattern of forage fish species is a key factor in shapi  pothesis on the ecosystem processes, we propose a study that aims at exploring the spatial patt  tudy that aims at exploring the spatial pattern in predator-prey interactions and competition.   ploring the spatial pattern in predator-prey interactions and competition. data on spatial dist  zed by using a recently developed multi-scale statistical method that separate patterns on diff  nt hierarchical spatial scales. we will quantify the scales of the spatial pattern and the spat   of the spatial pattern and the spatial overlap of the different predator-prey groups. we will   edator-prey groups. we will furthermore examine the spatial response of the apex predator commu  to changes in the abundance and spatial pattern of prey. finally, we will quantify the temporal  atial pattern of prey. finally, we will quantify the temporal stability and predictability in t   predictability in the observed spatial pattern within and between years.
7001	3	phibians and reptiles in central europe is generally considered as the result of post glacial a   groups of populations, which presently are considered as subspecies or semispecies, respective   far, genetic investigations have only, been performed on a few species, and austrian samples w
15065	5	eria are frequently isolated from soil, water, air and clinical samples. both bacterial genera    degradative potential. therefore, they are of special interest in microbial ecology and enviro   chelonae, m. abscessus or m. fortuitum are opportunistic pathogens causing nosocomial infectio  ng nosocomial infections. nowadays they are considered as emerging pathogens. the species ident   phenotypic and genotypic data. it will be easily accessible through internet, to make it avail
10378	6	in marine environments phage can reach densities of 2.5 x 10 8, some ten-fold more a  nments phage can reach densities of 2.5 x 10 8, some ten-fold more abundant than their bacteria  reach densities of 2.5 x 10 8, some ten-fold more abundant than their bacterial hosts. between    host mortality. environmental stresses can induce phage release, by the induction of lysogens.  ble elements in bacteria from antarctic water whilst at cardiff we will use these samples to pr  tarctic water whilst at cardiff we will use these samples to provide a snap shot of the phage i
15287	2	pect to their symbiotic photobionts. it is generally postulated that during the germination of   ccessible photobiont cells. however, we have reliable evidences indicating that mycobiont of th
15288	2	pect to their symbiotic photobionts. it is generally postulated that during the germination of   ccessible photobiont cells. however, we have reliable evidences indicating that mycobiont of th
14146	8	of mushroom-forming homobasidiomycetes represent a specific environment hosting particular org  iated with fungal fruitbodies has never been assessed in a multipartite context. the current pr  ltipartite context. the current project is planned to merge the existing expertise on fungi and  icroorganisms. the synergistic approach is bound to give novel information on the functioning o  ing morphological expertise will likely lead to the development of dna barcodes. the individual  composition. within such assemblages we plan to focus on insects, fungi and bacteria. the funga  and bacteria. the fungal fruitbodies to be sampled include soft, annual mushroom-forming basidi   of associates among host taxa. we also plan to detect evidence of correlated evolution of sele
11756	7	ure, personal care products industries, while most recently, water soluble extracts containing   oducts industries, while most recently, water soluble extracts containing this pigment have bee  e extracts containing this pigment have been shown to possess anti-cancer and anti-hiv activity  ions for its production by diatoms have been established, the main aim of the project is to inv  compound using an array of state-of-the-art analytical techniques, together with an investigati  ies in the sw uk. the project will also deliver a novel and simple method for pigment extractio  igment extraction and purification, and make the pigment available for further investigation.
13878	6	round organisms say that soil processes can function at low levels of species richness in soil.  tain a high redundancy in functions. we claim that this dogma is due to the lack of suitable me   lack of suitable methods to detect and identify species specific interactions between organism  s between organisms in soil food web we propose the use of techniques that will add a high reso  e structure of soil food webs. we will: identify the direction and specificity of links between  alization of the soil animals. we will: identify the structure of food webs by detecting stable
7369	1	methods chosen. phenology of the apical bud in the oak provenance tests
15068	13	the spider genus loxosceles is highly speciose in the americas, where up to 88 diff  , where up to 88 different species have been described. conversely, in the mediterranean basin   y, in the mediterranean basin the genus is represented by a single species. preliminary molecul  tained by our research groups, however, suggest a much higher diversity of mediterranean loxosc  eles species, also known as loxoscelim, may result in dermonecrosis, thrombosis, vascular leaka  ear of different degree of severity. we propose to undertake a full taxonomic, faunistic and bi   taxonomic, faunistic and biogeographic study of loxosceles in the western mediterranean to cha  ship behaviour. therefore, we will also use behavioural data to further diagnose evolutionary l  tandard protocols. in addition, we will use microbiology techniques to characterize the presenc   the presence of specific bacteria that may involve in the degree of severity of the injuries c  injuries caused by the spider bites. we anticipate that the information on the degree and sourc   that the information on the degree and source of toxicity in loxosceles linked to a solid taxo  ges present in our country will greatly contribute to a better diagnosis and treatment of loxos
10427	6	rodents form the largest order - a technique that predicts deformation, strain a  e that predicts deformation, strain and stress in a digital structure. these techniques will be  se techniques will be used because they are non-invasive, thereby removing the need for live an  d for live animal experimentation, they provide spatially co-registered data, and also because   ta, and also because the digital models can be manipulated to test particular hypotheses or to   he rats and mice within the rodents. we anticipate that the research will benefit environmental
11218	6	rodents form the largest order - a technique that predicts deformation, strain a  e that predicts deformation, strain and stress in a digital structure. these techniques will be  se techniques will be used because they are non-invasive, thereby removing the need for live an  d for live animal experimentation, they provide spatially co-registered data, and also because   ta, and also because the digital models can be manipulated to test particular hypotheses or to   he rats and mice within the rodents. we anticipate that the research will benefit environmental
11427	6	rodents form the largest order - a technique that predicts deformation, strain a  e that predicts deformation, strain and stress in a digital structure. these techniques will be  se techniques will be used because they are non-invasive, thereby removing the need for live an  d for live animal experimentation, they provide spatially co-registered data, and also because   ta, and also because the digital models can be manipulated to test particular hypotheses or to   he rats and mice within the rodents. we anticipate that the research will benefit environmental
6791	1	ycorrhizae in the most common hungarian forest associations . further aim is to establish cultu
12053	3	onment is obvious. genomic data already identify the origins of certain differences. several hu  om ciders and wines of worldwide areas, exist in the collections of the public and private rese  arch laboratories of the partners. they differ for their technological capacities . the aims of
10341	4	the proposed work is a study of dna sequence diversity in arabidopsis. lyrata ssp. petraea    from 30 loci, in addition to the small number so far surveyed, in order to get a large enough   lations. currently, different loci have been studied in different populations, so that it is un  ed in different populations, so that it is unclear whether southern or northern populations are
9919	9	with increasing automation, it is now possible to obtain gene sequences for large numb  l and analytical difficulties remain to be overcome. for example, very small organisms provide    only minute amounts of dna and usually require the destruction of specimens. in microbiology,   t groups taxonomic classifications have been based on morphological characters. it is now widel  n based on morphological characters. it is now widely recognised that an associated dna based t  ovide a universal tool for taxonomy. it is not necessary to have specific morphological knowled  owed down taxonomy in the past. here we use microscopic wasps which parasitise other insects an   parasitise other insects and therefore are used for biocontrol, to demonstrate the principles   ng them, which is a great advantage. we expect that this kind of work will set standards for th
12694	3	fication of gonystylus species. it will broaden the range of sample types that can be identifie   broaden the range of sample types that can be identified to include heat treated and heavily p  essed products such as plywood. it will make the findings and procedures available to uk custom
11874	10	the antarctic is a uniquely important natural laboratory for examinin  tem responses to climate change, and it is vital that the biological changes being observed the  it is vital that the biological changes being observed there are properly understood. its uniqu  biological changes being observed there are properly understood. its uniqueness comes from a co  rial habitats. this greening appears to be linked to the availability of nitrogen which is ofte  availability of nitrogen which is often present in short supply in many polar environments. des   it remains difficult to understand and predict how envionmental perturbations will affect or t  vionmental perturbations will affect or threaten these unique terrestrial communities. in addit  errestrial communities. in addition, we believe that current models of the nitrogen cycle are u  d internal loops. our aim is to greatly expand our knowledge of polar n cycling by looking in d
10034	8	sential process, nitrification can also have deleterious consequences. ammonium can be retained  have deleterious consequences. ammonium can be retained in soil, but after conversion to nitrat  but after conversion to nitrate, it can be readily leached resulting in the pollution of ground  g in the pollution of groundwaters that may be used to supply drinking water. in addition, ammo  g water. in addition, ammonia oxidation is accompanied by the production of nitrous oxide, a po  . approximately 30% of the world s soil can be considered acid . the findings will benefit thos  n cycling in natural and managed acidic soil systems. the findings will also be important to re  ic soil systems. the findings will also be important to researchers trying to understand the li
10255	19	r our future climate. the biosphere has been suggested as a significant factor mitigating atmos  gnificant factor mitigating atmospheric change, through its capacity to respond to this change   d co2. some research has indicated only short-term growth responses to elevated co2, but these    some research has indicated only short-term growth responses to elevated co2, but these studie  even where acclimation has occurred, it is important to determine whether any new state of equi   important to determine whether any new state of equilibrium results in altered ecosystem funct  l importance to global conservation and store up to one-third of global soil carbon reserves. t  ion and store up to one-third of global soil carbon reserves. their stability under future atmo  diversity and warming. in this study we want to test whether arctic plant communities do not ac  o test whether arctic plant communities do not acclimate fully even with extended exposure to e  lant communities do not acclimate fully even with extended exposure to elevated co2, that below  posure to elevated co2 has a cumulative effect on ecosystem properties that influence ecosystem  the stability of current vegetation and soil microbial processes. sub-arctic heath systems are   sses. sub-arctic heath systems are also subject to periodic mass herbivory events, for example   th systems are also subject to periodic mass herbivory events, for example due to mass infestat  lled environment facility, we will also investigate whether variations in soil temperature and    this research programme is vital if we are to be able to make effective management decisions b  le ecosystems acclimate to elevated co2 is a key area of uncertainty in predicting and modellin  search findings will also significantly advance our understanding of the stability of arctic ec
11464	8	aryotic diversity to ecosystem function is suspected but unknown. the extent of bacterial diver  se to environmental stress. it has thus been impossible to test this hypothesis. we have develo  n species abundance distributions which can be used to quantify bacterial diversity . the bacte  ty . the bacterial species distribution is predicted to change from log-normal under circumstan  water quality due to pollution. we will use our model to test whether lake trophic status and w  . we will use our model to test whether lake trophic status and water quality are linked to the  to test whether lake trophic status and water quality are linked to the species abundance distr  r lake trophic status and water quality are linked to the species abundance distribution and ba
11799	8	aryotic diversity to ecosystem function is suspected but unknown. the extent of bacterial diver  se to environmental stress. it has thus been impossible to test this hypothesis. we have develo  n species abundance distributions which can be used to quantify bacterial diversity . the bacte  ty . the bacterial species distribution is predicted to change from log-normal under circumstan  water quality due to pollution. we will use our model to test whether lake trophic status and w  . we will use our model to test whether lake trophic status and water quality are linked to the  to test whether lake trophic status and water quality are linked to the species abundance distr  r lake trophic status and water quality are linked to the species abundance distribution and ba
2022	11	ult of anthropogenic disturbances. they are considered important nurseries for juvenile coral r  nile coral reef fish, but this has only been based on their high densities of juvenile fish. ho  eniles in mangroves/seagrass beds never reach the reef fish population, then these habitats do   ef fish population, then these habitats do not function as productive nurseries, but only as si  the coral reef. only in such way can it be established whether or not these habitats serve as t  ment to the reef provides the strongest proof for this, and will therefore be studied using adv  gest proof for this, and will therefore be studied using advanced techniques such as analysis o   analysis of otolith microchemistry and stable isotopes, and long-term fish tagging. quantitati  microchemistry and stable isotopes, and long-term fish tagging. quantitative mathematical model  reef fish with spatially separated life-stage habitats. these data are of high importance for a  ommercial fish stocks on the reef. this is needed since caribbean reefs are over-fished and man
11284	4	s largest ecosystems, which profoundly affect global biogeochemistry and climate. compared to   ith their multiple inorganic pools that do not allow their complete microbial budgets to be acc  stem controlled by mixotrophic protists is sustainable in terms of p recycling and c budget. th  icroorganisms with isotopic tracers and flow cytometric sorting, in combination with nutrient b
10189	8	plants are known to accumulate increasing numbers of specialis  ause mutualistic mycorrhizal fungi have been viewed as restricted in diversity and entirely gen  versity and entirely generalist, it has been assumed that introduced species can associate as e  as been assumed that introduced species can associate as effectively with indigenous fungi as c  cular mycorrhizal fungi are diverse and exhibit selectivity. we shall therefore measure the div  exhibit selectivity. we shall therefore measure the diversity of am fungi colonising the roots   er mycorrhizal associates and that this may impair their ability to colonise new habitats. the   y to colonise new habitats. the results may provide a new insight into the causes of variation
11335	1	e such crop resistance, could therefore be invaluable. the aim of this project is to develop a
11846	15	the role of how we manage our seas is changing rapidly. the past approach   the fishing industry. that approach has been found wanting with many stocks fished at unsustain  y forward has been to recognise that we need to manage using an ecosystem based approach while   count multiple species interactions. it is also clear, as more demand is put upon the space use  ltiple species interactions. it is also clear, as more demand is put upon the space use of our   tions. it is also clear, as more demand is put upon the space use of our marine systems . this   nts a unique opportunity, to more fully utilise a nerc oceans2025 project. in this interdiscipl  2025 project. in this interdisciplinary approach we will combine the continuous physical and bi  this interdisciplinary approach we will combine the continuous physical and biological oceanogr   that will be studied in the oceans2025 program with the additional collection of acoustic sona  ceans, fishery observations, and longer term fisheries and marine animal survey data. with thes  ned data products, we will identify and define the characteristics of these sub-surface patches  es and the bio-physical mechanisms that may lead to the facilitation of predator-prey interacti  ay lead to the facilitation of predator-prey interactions. this research will greatly enhance t  nteractions. this research will greatly enhance the type of mechanistic understanding needed fo
10736	6	toxic metal ions are an important class of environmental pollutants, and can cause severe   class of environmental pollutants, and can cause severe environmental damage, for both terrest  terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. iit is of utmost importance to understand how organisms res  ronmental pollutant that if so, if they are increased in response to cadmium. this project will  animals. in addition, if phytochelatins are found and turn out to be metal-responsive, it will   urn out to be metal-responsive, it will offer a potential new set of molecular biomarkers for m
10817	19	to respond to herbivory in a way which could lead to cycles, but we have discovered a novel wa  ore populations. this mechanism has not been considered before but it could apply to wide range  m has not been considered before but it could apply to wide range of plant-herbivore systems. o  f plant-herbivore systems. our new idea is called the silica induction hypothesis. periods of s  populations fall to a level where there is only low grazing on the grasses, so the levels of si  the levels of silica in the leaves also fall because less well-defended leaves are produced. he   fall because less well-defended leaves are produced. herbivores are once again able to access   wth and reproduction increase again. we believe this mechanism can operate in many plant-herbiv  crease again. we believe this mechanism can operate in many plant-herbivore systems, particular  cond most abundant mineral on earth and present in significant amounts in all plants, so the me   relevance and significance. we already have some evidence from laboratory experiments and obse  at support our idea. in this project we aim to test this potential mechanism for the first time  ale field experiments. firstly, we will determine the silica levels in grasses in areas where v  eas where vole populations are high and compare them with those in areas where vole populations  rent levels of grazing and we will also measure how quickly the levels of silica defences decre   silica defences decrease. then we will test our ideas by moving voles into areas where we have  duced high silica levels previously and see how feeding in these areas affects their growth and  ause changes in herbivore abundance and help us develop a better understanding of the interacti  een grasses and their herbivores. there are many important grassland systems that support a wid
11049	19	to respond to herbivory in a way which could lead to cycles, but we have discovered a novel wa  ore populations. this mechanism has not been considered before but it could apply to wide range  m has not been considered before but it could apply to wide range of plant-herbivore systems. o  f plant-herbivore systems. our new idea is called the silica induction hypothesis. periods of s  populations fall to a level where there is only low grazing on the grasses, so the levels of si  the levels of silica in the leaves also fall because less well-defended leaves are produced. he   fall because less well-defended leaves are produced. herbivores are once again able to access   wth and reproduction increase again. we believe this mechanism can operate in many plant-herbiv  crease again. we believe this mechanism can operate in many plant-herbivore systems, particular  cond most abundant mineral on earth and present in significant amounts in all plants, so the me   relevance and significance. we already have some evidence from laboratory experiments and obse  at support our idea. in this project we aim to test this potential mechanism for the first time  ale field experiments. firstly, we will determine the silica levels in grasses in areas where v  eas where vole populations are high and compare them with those in areas where vole populations  rent levels of grazing and we will also measure how quickly the levels of silica defences decre   silica defences decrease. then we will test our ideas by moving voles into areas where we have  duced high silica levels previously and see how feeding in these areas affects their growth and  ause changes in herbivore abundance and help us develop a better understanding of the interacti  een grasses and their herbivores. there are many important grassland systems that support a wid
11562	19	to respond to herbivory in a way which could lead to cycles, but we have discovered a novel wa  ore populations. this mechanism has not been considered before but it could apply to wide range  m has not been considered before but it could apply to wide range of plant-herbivore systems. o  f plant-herbivore systems. our new idea is called the silica induction hypothesis. periods of s  populations fall to a level where there is only low grazing on the grasses, so the levels of si  the levels of silica in the leaves also fall because less well-defended leaves are produced. he   fall because less well-defended leaves are produced. herbivores are once again able to access   wth and reproduction increase again. we believe this mechanism can operate in many plant-herbiv  crease again. we believe this mechanism can operate in many plant-herbivore systems, particular  cond most abundant mineral on earth and present in significant amounts in all plants, so the me   relevance and significance. we already have some evidence from laboratory experiments and obse  at support our idea. in this project we aim to test this potential mechanism for the first time  ale field experiments. firstly, we will determine the silica levels in grasses in areas where v  eas where vole populations are high and compare them with those in areas where vole populations  rent levels of grazing and we will also measure how quickly the levels of silica defences decre   silica defences decrease. then we will test our ideas by moving voles into areas where we have  duced high silica levels previously and see how feeding in these areas affects their growth and  ause changes in herbivore abundance and help us develop a better understanding of the interacti  een grasses and their herbivores. there are many important grassland systems that support a wid
11829	19	to respond to herbivory in a way which could lead to cycles, but we have discovered a novel wa  ore populations. this mechanism has not been considered before but it could apply to wide range  m has not been considered before but it could apply to wide range of plant-herbivore systems. o  f plant-herbivore systems. our new idea is called the silica induction hypothesis. periods of s  populations fall to a level where there is only low grazing on the grasses, so the levels of si  the levels of silica in the leaves also fall because less well-defended leaves are produced. he   fall because less well-defended leaves are produced. herbivores are once again able to access   wth and reproduction increase again. we believe this mechanism can operate in many plant-herbiv  crease again. we believe this mechanism can operate in many plant-herbivore systems, particular  cond most abundant mineral on earth and present in significant amounts in all plants, so the me   relevance and significance. we already have some evidence from laboratory experiments and obse  at support our idea. in this project we aim to test this potential mechanism for the first time  ale field experiments. firstly, we will determine the silica levels in grasses in areas where v  eas where vole populations are high and compare them with those in areas where vole populations  rent levels of grazing and we will also measure how quickly the levels of silica defences decre   silica defences decrease. then we will test our ideas by moving voles into areas where we have  duced high silica levels previously and see how feeding in these areas affects their growth and  ause changes in herbivore abundance and help us develop a better understanding of the interacti  een grasses and their herbivores. there are many important grassland systems that support a wid
11441	2	s and peats by the microbial biomass to be assessed. plfa profiling and structural investigatio   classes of consumer micro-organisms to be identified.
13610	8	the aim of this urgent grant application is to document nutrient dynamics duri  ment nutrient dynamics during an recent change in dominance among plant growth forms in lake tå  thern sweden. the lake has a historical record of repeated structural regime shifts between cle  turbid states and the present situation may precede a regime shift. in august, floating filamen  algae and high biomass of phytoplankton were noted in the open water. interactions between subm  and nutrients, particularly phosphorus, are central to the lake system structure and resilience  us monitoring and experimental studies, are of high scientific and applied value. much of the i  ross the lake, in september-october. we assume that the collected data will be useful to the un
10564	21	a human tooth crown holds a mini-archive of information recording the diet, climate and    were in the past. in particular, if we can construct a temporal sequence for an individual we    sequence for an individual we can also determine how they moved around and utilized this envir  nd what seasonal changes in temperature were experienced. we know this can be done from the ena  ges in temperature were experienced. we know this can be done from the enamel of the molar teet  perature were experienced. we know this can be done from the enamel of the molar teeth of cattl  r teeth of cattle and sheep where there is a relatively straightforward time-line spanning one   e there is a relatively straightforward time-line spanning one or more years from the top of th  imates for tooth crown development have been confirmed by recent isotopic studies that demonstr  n averaged value. human teeth, however, are very different in how they form and in their final,  y poorly understood. an initial organic scaffold of enamel is laid down over regular time perio  . an initial organic scaffold of enamel is laid down over regular time periods producing a visi  zing enamel. where potential time-lines are identified, we will test them in fully developed mo  tial time-lines are identified, we will test them in fully developed modern and ancient teeth u  gth of the line. if the passage of time is recorded in the enamel, the oxygen isotope ratios al  d vary in a regular manner because they are sensitive to changes in climate, particularly tempe  een summer and winter. however, if they do not vary or if variation is random, irregular and no  le between teeth developing at the same time in a single individual, short-term seasonality may  t the same time in a single individual, short-term seasonality may not be preserved in human en  same time in a single individual, short-term seasonality may not be preserved in human enamel.   ividual, short-term seasonality may not be preserved in human enamel.
10211	5	ersity and the factors that regulate it are poorly understood. carbon fungi are a dominant grou   communities, saprotrophic bacteria and soil mesofauna, and to determine if c can regulate thei  d soil mesofauna, and to determine if c can regulate their diversities. below ground c allocati  will be investigated for scots pine and birch that represent evergreen and deciduous functional  g me to test whether rhizosphere c flow is linked to their ecology.
13790	4	that consumer p content and growth rate can be affected by food quality and that fast growing s  the proposed project has two parts that are designed to test whether similar mechanisms are at   zers, by using material from an earlier experiment, where nutrients, light and grazer density w  ere nutrients, light and grazer density were manipulated: within species, individual growth rat
11604	2	and inbreeding depression. however, it is unclear whether this produces stock that are poorly   will be used to determine whether there are any genetic correlates for the observed responses.
11264	3	have you ever been stood with a group of friends in these different c  , given the time needed to individually assess individual personality and train fish to differe  hoals of fifty or a hundred individuals are concerned, which i will then test in the laboratory
11546	3	have you ever been stood with a group of friends in these different c  , given the time needed to individually assess individual personality and train fish to differe  hoals of fifty or a hundred individuals are concerned, which i will then test in the laboratory
11551	10	genetic diversity of island populations may present an obstacle for fast adaptive changes, as n  ted species and interspecific gene flow may provide the genetic variation needed for natural se  le cases of interspecific hybridisation are known, there is little evidence that it may play a   specific hybridisation are known, there is little evidence that it may play a role in adaptive   ybridisation are known, there is little evidence that it may play a role in adaptive evolution.  known, there is little evidence that it may play a role in adaptive evolution. we will use the   y a role in adaptive evolution. we will use the hawaiian endemic plant genus schiedea test whet  e hawaiian endemic plant genus schiedea test whether positive selection could have caused the s  by interspecific introgression. we will estimate the proportion of genes with distorted phyloge   test whether the distortion could have been caused by the spread of advantageous alleles acros
10439	2	aims specifically at assessing whether difference in n preference of h. ericae isolates will i  aring n uptake of seedlings mycorrhizal-free or infected with strain of h. ericae of contrastin
9927	7	provisioning strategies can, therefore, have profound effects on offspring life history. in blu   intriguing pattern of provisioning has been observed. although caterpillars generally form the  served. although caterpillars generally form the majority of offspring s diet, a well documente  d intake. chick growth, development and blood antioxidant activity will be compared between tre  ificially reduced broods. also, we will determine whether taurine aids the assimilation of lipo  d plumage reflectance. finally, we will test the idea that spiders are limiting in some way for  sized broods. the rigorous experimental design, intense breeding season and complex lab work ne
10345	5	le and threatened molluscs, in britain, are marsh or freshwater species. although eutrophicatio  er species. although eutrophication has been cited as one of the reasons for the declines of fr  in british freshwater molluscs have not been assessed. molluscs are exquisitely sensitive to en  upting chemicals by determining whether evidence for endocrine disruption can be found in wild   ether evidence for endocrine disruption can be found in wild populations of molluscs.
10136	8	se offspring. any maternal contribution is limited by the resources available to the mother, an  , and so will vary with her nutritional state , linked to increases in winter sea surface tempe  ng are unknown. in this project we will relate female condition to a diverse range of egg chara  ll relate female condition to a diverse range of egg characteristics likely to influence viabil  e consequences of variation in maternal condition on offspring performance under differing leve  es in good and poor condition will then be planted out into natural streams that lack salmon du  n parallel with this field work we will measure various traits of the eggs and fry in the lab,    measure various traits of the eggs and fry in the lab, to determine how the body condition of
10678	3	psbs is a component of the light harvesting complex of photo  oprotection in epiphytic bromeliads. it is hypothesised that the amount of psbs and therefore t  ent information regarding the structure-function relationship of the antenna complex to address
10944	23	d the factors that enable species to co-exist with one another in biological diverse communitie  diverse communities. many theories have been proposed to explain this species coexistence, perh  g this idea to plant communities though is that plants are thought to have very similar needs f  plant communities though is that plants are thought to have very similar needs for a small numb   to have very similar needs for a small number of soil resources, most notably for nitrogen, wh  ably for nitrogen, which until recently was thought to be taken up by plants only in an inorgan  en, which until recently was thought to be taken up by plants only in an inorganic form. recent  rogen that are available in soil. there is a certain amount of evidence that this may be the ca  c; however, these experiments have only be done on a very limited range of nitrogen forms. here  mited range of nitrogen forms. here, we propose to test the idea that coexistence in these arct  coexistence in these arctic communities is related to such resource partitioning for a wide ran  e range of nitrogen forms that commonly occur in these soils. we will also test whether plants   only occur in these soils. we will also test whether plants have to compete with other organism  itors with plants for nitrogen. here we test the idea that this competition might be minimised   st the idea that this competition might be minimised in a similar way to that occurring between  erent plant species, i.e., microbes and plant also use different nitrogen forms to avoid compet   species, i.e., microbes and plant also use different nitrogen forms to avoid competition for t  ion for this limiting resource. we will do this by using state of the art tracer techniques in   ogen forms from each other, and whether soil microbes also use different nitrogen forms from th  h other, and whether soil microbes also use different nitrogen forms from the plants this will   en forms from the plants this will also allow us to test whether there is a relationship betwee  ill also allow us to test whether there is a relationship between the dominance of species in t  the most abundant plants preferentially use the most abundant nitrogen form, whereas rare speci
10241	5	nomizing resource usage, when they self-pollinate rather than cross-pollinate. marine colonial   lonial invertebrates resemble plants in being fixed to the substratum and often being able to s  being fixed to the substratum and often being able to self- as well as cross-fertilize. the pro  rds with the priority area earth s life-support systems - water, biogeochemical cycles and biod  ity area earth s life-support systems - water, biogeochemical cycles and biodiversity within th
11100	5	nomizing resource usage, when they self-pollinate rather than cross-pollinate. marine colonial   lonial invertebrates resemble plants in being fixed to the substratum and often being able to s  being fixed to the substratum and often being able to self- as well as cross-fertilize. the pro  rds with the priority area earth s life-support systems - water, biogeochemical cycles and biod  ity area earth s life-support systems - water, biogeochemical cycles and biodiversity within th
11870	2	sible productivity in each country, and hold wider-reach training workshops in carbon cycle sci  cience in each country at the start and end of the project. this event.
9840	11	mountain hare lepus timidus in scotland show dramatic and regular changes in abundance with reg  r, mountain hares in scotland typically occur on sporting estates where predators are rigorousl  s are rigorously controlled and thus it is unlikely that predation causes mountain hare cycles.  ation causes mountain hare cycles. over-winter food abundance has long been recognised as playi  es. over-winter food abundance has long been recognised as playing a critical role in the dynam  he dynamics of animal populations. over-winter nutrition is likely to be particularly important  ndity the following breeding season. we propose a food addition study to investigate the effect  ival and fecundity. we will develop and test methods for remotely monitoring and recording an i  ill enable us to assess body condition, time of breeding, pregnancy rates and number of foetuse  , time of breeding, pregnancy rates and number of foetuses. the ability to collect information    be great use in future work as it will allow us to carry about experiments and make models at
7687	4	ll carnivorous mammals. in bresse area, damage to poultry farms of bresse chicken aoc are numer  area, damage to poultry farms of bresse chicken aoc are numerous and mainly because of small ca   to poultry farms of bresse chicken aoc are numerous and mainly because of small carnivores. at  ecause of small carnivores. at the same time, public policy of land
2169	5	driving forces of ecosystem change that are identified as major threats to biodiversity today o   major threats to biodiversity today or are predicted to become major threats in the near futur  ese drivers on vegetation, we will also study how vegetational changes in turn have consequence  cology, community ecology, pollination, forest ecology, cultural-landscape ecology, and numeric  , pollination, forest ecology, cultural-landscape ecology, and numerical analyses including mul
15389	4	ntermittency on aquatic communities and even about some aspects of the functioning and metaboli  f this study is to analyze the synergic effect that both stress factors . finally, to have info  f biological communities and ecological process in these ecosystems, may help to propose specif  ecological process in these ecosystems, may help to propose specific indicators for intermitten
11492	22	ecological dominance of this group have been linked with changes in atmospheric co2 and climate  nges in atmospheric co2 and climate. c4 plant responses to global change are therefore of funda  ater availability as a key driver of c4 plant responses to past and future atmospheric change,   esponses to past and future atmospheric change, reinstating major unanswered questions about c4  ing major unanswered questions about c4 plant-aridity relationships as research priorities. cru  ficient in its use of water than the c3 type, why does the fraction of species with the nadp-me  fraction of species with the nadp-me c4 sub-type decline in grass floras as rainfall decreases,  reases, whereas species with the nad-me sub-type show the opposite pattern do some sub-types of  confer drought tolerance, whilst others are linked with drought sensitivity or are these correl   are linked with drought sensitivity or are these correlations unrelated to the inherent proper  ions by linking experimental, model and field investigations within the framework of new molecu  tions. our first hypothesis, that there is a direct effect of c4 physiology on plant drought to  controlled environment experiments have been designed within the framework of a new mechanistic  thin the framework of a new mechanistic model of stomatal control to develop an integrated pict   of a new mechanistic model of stomatal control to develop an integrated picture of how c4 phys  ught. our second hypothesis, that there is an important phylogenetic component to drought toler  een c3 and c4 types, nadp-me and nad-me sub-types, independent grass clades, and their interact  these interactions for productivity and water-use in natural climate and soil conditions, using  interactions for productivity and water-use in natural climate and soil conditions, using a sub  limate and soil conditions, using a sub-sample of the nadp-me c4 and c3 species which together   adp-me c4 and c3 species which together comprise a major part of the southern african grass flo  se a major part of the southern african grass flora.
6930	3	resistance breeding. durable resistance can be controlled either by one gene or can be the resu   pm resistance gene of kishmish vatkana was identified as ren1. the pm resistance gene of dzsan  populations deriving from the cross bc4 x kishmish vatkana. second aim is the comparison of pm
10693	22	dust from the sahara is often picked up by the winds and transported out acr   atlantic ocean. the smallest particles can reach as far as the usa, but most of the larger dus  as the usa, but most of the larger dust is deposited into the ocean. this dust carries minerals  nerals and nutrients into the ocean and is thought to be particularly important in adding iron,  great importance for global warming. it is important to know exactly how much dust is being dep  ortant to know exactly how much dust is being deposited in the ocean, and how it gets there. pr  the characteristics of the dust when it is in the atmosphere, for example the amount and size o   atmosphere, for example the amount and size of particles, their chemical composition and geogr   an aircraft through the layers of dust being transported from the sahara over the atlantic. in  ntic. instruments on board the aircraft can measure the size and number of particles. we will i  d the aircraft can measure the size and number of particles. we will improve these instruments   e size and number of particles. we will improve these instruments by making sure we can say exa  ove these instruments by making sure we can say exactly how the air flows down the tubes onto t  s onto the aircraft, and by making them sample more efficiently. samples of aerosol will be col   for chemical composition. we will also measure the radiation scattering ability of the dust pa   ability of the dust particles, as this can have an impact on climate. samples of dust will als  t on climate. samples of dust will also be collected on the ground at the cape verde islands. i  laboratory to determine the most likely part of africa from which they have come. we will use t  rica from which they have come. we will use these measurements to provide an improved descripti  ing away from the source will give us a clue as to the important processes which are removing d  oving dust from the atmosphere. we will end up with quantitative estimates of the flux of dust   during our 4 case studies. we will then use this information, and the long term monitoring of s
10689	3	available and expensive to produce. it is therefore most efficient to generate a set of phylog  arid regions. the phylogenies will then be used to test hypotheses about community assembly, ho  n in different geographical situations, effect of previous history on colonisation ability, eco
7714	4	. the expected results contribute to: - improve productivity by ab by a better knowledge of pro  nputs and better use of light energy. - ensure the quality of products ab by exploiting this re  of ab by determining how these services are changed in the process of intensification also mean  king and scales of their evaluations. - facilitate conversions ab studying the transitions betw
9880	16	y environments in africa, diseases that are transmitted through livestock or wildlife take a ma  by bats and causing encephalitis, often bring illness, death or further impoverishment to peopl  phalitis, often bring illness, death or further impoverishment to people who are already poor a  or further impoverishment to people who are already poor and suffering from a multiplicity of o  ission of such zoonotic diseases, there is little systematic understanding of how, why, where a   whom downward spirals of environmental change, zoonotic disease and poverty emerge, and the th  g points at stake. this partnership and project development grant will build an african-europea  lbeing. the consortium will develop and apply a holistic systems framework that integrates pers  ing and detailed field studies, we will build a multi-layered analysis of regions and people at  a multi-layered analysis of regions and people at risk , relating the localised experiences of   nt women and men, youth and elders, and people of different occupations to regional and nationa  ns. in the process, we will develop and apply new methodologies for systems analysis, mapping,   and participatory eco-epidemiology, and develop the capacity of a range of researchers and user  ettings. through this approach, we will identify, promote and communicate intervention points a  approach, we will identify, promote and communicate intervention points and policy approaches t  d, one health agenda, in ways that also promote sustainable poverty reduction.
7133	2	importance, kelp are of great economic interest because it extracts resulting colloid. the con  ing colloid. the consequences of global change - changes caused by both human activities and by
7396	3	time and in three dimensions to map and quantify cellular and tissue alterations induced by the  nsions to map and quantify cellular and tissue alterations induced by the cryopreservation of p  o the protocols to limit the damage and meet the best cellular integrity
14122	10	southern estonia is characterized by the complex topography and soil dis  acterized by the complex topography and soil distribution. although good spatial-correlations b  ography and soil distribution. although good spatial-correlations between vegetation and soil h  ations between vegetation and soil have been found, the extent of soil’s role on the long-term   , the extent of soil’s role on the long-term vegetation dynamics is little known. we will devel  n change at a local scale . at the same time, the fundamental knowledge on the relationship bet  wledge on the relationship between long-term spatial dynamics of vegetation and soil, even thou  term spatial dynamics of vegetation and soil, even though widely assumed but little known, is e  patial dynamics of vegetation and soil, even though widely assumed but little known, is expecte  though widely assumed but little known, is expected to advance plant ecology, paleoecology, and
7463	1	al predictions of the impacts of global change, acid deposition, and land use on terrestrial ec
14371	11	roject aims at developing statistically-sound methods to update land surface descriptors in a n  flow into existing land products. up-to-date information is however crucial for the monitoring   ed to provide more frequent updates and increase the opportunity of dynamic predictive mapping.  iques combined to statistical modelling could offer an alternative. this research has four obje  1. investigate how bayesian data fusion can derive high resolution reflectance values based on   cluding covariate information, and thus develop a new bayesian data fusion approach merging mul  o the same timeframe. 2. adapt this new approach to temporally non overlapping dataset. 3. use   dry season vector habitat methodology • develop a new bayesian data fusion approach • interpret   humidity related to mosquito habitat • pave the way towards a new family of products usable fo  e field of epidemiology deliverables: • peer-reviewed scientific articles describing the achiev  tor in the dry season if the hypothesis is validated ------------------------------------------
15349	2	y, transposons. insertion sequences has been tested in microbial fuel cells for production of e   sequences has been tested in microbial fuel cells for production of electricity.
15319	11	higher if interaction among individuals is compromised, or if the fraction of adults contributi  lie is a relict population of a lekking forest species widely distributed in the palearctic. mo  ses the viability of the population has been detected during the last three decades. despite th  ell-known population decline, there are still many gaps in the knowledge of its ecology, which   d management plans. in this proposal we aim to study factors relevant for the dynamics and pers   the dynamics and persistence of small, low-density populations, and seek to derive implication   of small, low-density populations, and seek to derive implications for the conservation of the  of the cantabrian capercaillie. we will combine non-invasive techniques to get information abou  ion. using neutral . we will explicitly consider intrapopulation partitioning as an important a  eking quantitative decision support. we see our proposal as directed both to the general goal o  of understanding the dynamics of small, low-density populations, and to the applied conservatio
15391	8	lies an increase in genetic drift which may result in loss of genetic diversity and accumulatio  cumulation of inbreeding. these in turn may affect the probability of extinction through associ  pectively. the losses of diversity have been documented in most cases through supposedly neutra  lection on the latter. a very important part of the clearly adaptive genetic variation, and one   to counter risks arising from disease, is that involved in immune response. the effectivity of   and antigen presentation. among these, class i and class ii genes of the major histocompatibil   presentation. among these, class i and class ii genes of the major histocompatibility complex   hanisms such as heterozygote-selection, may help to maintain greater genetic diversity in funct
14602	9	xtensive changes in the composition and structure of prevailing landscapes. the abandonment of    open habitat and an increase in forest-type vegetation. in this context, fire dynamics play a   orest-type vegetation. in this context, fire dynamics play a critical role given than an increa  y currently threatened european species are associated to open habitats which dynamics are stro  ndscapes originate land abandonment and fire dynamics will be essential to establish future con  y, biogeographic approaches and cutting-edge spatial analysis methods, this project will develo  ion tool of potential impacts of global change on biodiversity patterns in dynamic landscapes d  ular specific objectives of the project may be summarized: 1- investigation of spatial patterns  erent scenarios of landscape change and fire regime.
13880	6	tensively used sanctuaries where access is prohibited in the breeding season to protect coastal  lations. although such sanctuaries have been used for long, the knowledge of their effects on p  roject will produce the first stringent test of effects of protected nesting-islands on bird po  opulations at a regional level. it will contribute substantially to the understanding of popula  stain biodiversity of this habitat, and contribute to a sustainable use of coastal areas.   abitat, and contribute to a sustainable use of coastal areas.
7553	5	only domesticated neotropical palm. it is cultivated since pre-columbian times for its fruit e  n times for its fruit eaten cooked, and is one of the bases of indian food agriculture in the h  he humid tropics. in recent decades, it is also the subject of intensive cultivation for the pr  hrough molecular markers, but will also include a study of the biology of pollination. agricult  on the evolution of diversity will also be studied. this research will be in the form of case s
14199	13	e due to changing land use. at the same time, there is increasing interest to restore those gra  gement in dry calcareous grasslands. we aim to study calcareous grassland vegetation dynamics u  n dynamics under changing land use, and address the effect of diaspore and symbiont limitation   ely used, and disturbed grasslands, and evaluate their ‘restoration potential’ by surveying the  veying the diaspore pools of plants and am fungi. traditionally managed species-rich calcareous  will serve as references. we shall also address community dynamics under restoration management  overgrowth of grasslands by scotch pine may change the dominating symbiotic fungal community fr  ropagules of appropriate am fungal taxa may inhibit the establishment of grassland plant specie  tensifying and extensifying land use we hypothesize that both changes will lead to a decrease i   diversity remains high for decades. we aim to address the questions: what are the changes in t  fects of changing land use on symbiotic am fungi, present both as viable spores in the soil and  hanging land use on symbiotic am fungi, present both as viable spores in the soil and functioni  ck of appropriate am fungal partners we expect that the results will shed light on processes be
10125	17	e biogeography of range contraction and collapse in endangered species. in particular, existing  e-scale studies of extinction that also incorporate data from the recent past therefore have th  ate data from the recent past therefore have the potential to provide unique new insights into   s and processes of extinction and hence inform both early warning systems and management interv  f data for such studies is the holocene record of europe. faunal and environmental changes acro  ic stability but rapid human expansion, are documented by extensive zooarchaeological, palaeont  rge mammal occurrence and distribution, are available across the region. however, although seve  pecific case studies with minimal wider-scale ecological analysis. this study system therefore   ed from comparative studies of past and present mammal ecology can also inform current mammal c  ast and present mammal ecology can also inform current mammal conservation and re-wilding effor  onservation and re-wilding efforts, and can be used to generate predictive models of species re  ch programme for understanding the long-term dynamics and drivers of mammal range decline and e  d or globally extinct species will also form the basis for investigating whether critical thres   impact, e.g. human population density, can be identified. these related studies will ultimatel  . these related studies will ultimately form the basis for intercomparisons between the past an  r intercomparisons between the past and present that can inform conservation planning for today  isons between the past and present that can inform conservation planning for today s endangered
426	4	t in the study of the impacts of global change on ecosystems: on the one hand, it is a very imp  ange on ecosystems: on the one hand, it is a very important component of biodiversity, and on t   biodiversity, and on the other hand it is an effective bio-indicator of these changes. in this  e changes. in this research program, we propose to work on the impacts of climate change on the
12353	3	nts. key customer purpose dti and defra require the results of round 1 windfarm site monitoring   of round 1 windfarm site monitoring to be reviewed so that lessons learned can be ascertained,   to be reviewed so that lessons learned can be ascertained, and enhanced recommendations on mon
434	7	climate is a strong selective force in natural populations. during the next century,   hat discriminate the two species, which could be applied by forest managers but are insufficien  suggesting that climate is an important factor that restricts hybridization. the two species sh  me patterns. reproductive events mainly occur between co-flowering trees, and pollen flow is as  y flowering hybrids are widespread, and show a higher reproductive success among male and femal  g more flowers and fruit. moreover they show relatively high selfing rates, and they may be mor  tively high selfing rates, and they may be more fit in this type of intermediate ecotone, possi
7261	3	olonize the mediterranean in france and north africa. he will understand the dynamics and the c  ean in france and north africa. he will understand the dynamics and the colonization process in  asive species complex. for this we will develop a new method of diversity single cell study to
14691	2	he dynamics of the mediterranean forest is investigated with a multidisciplinar approach, and h  is investigated with a multidisciplinar approach, and having in mind the present conditions as
14690	4	he dynamics of the mediterranean forest is investigated with a multidisciplinar approach, and h  is investigated with a multidisciplinar approach, and having in mind the present conditions as   species in growth and survival. we will investigate the spatial and temporal variation in these  dy species in the forest. also, we will study the ontogenetic changes of the regeneration niche
14689	2	he dynamics of the mediterranean forest is investigated with a multidisciplinar approach, and h  is investigated with a multidisciplinar approach, and having in mind the present conditions as
10686	8	he earths species of plants and animals are found in tropical rainforests. ecologists are inter  und in tropical rainforests. ecologists are interested in understanding why these habitats are    a few highly competitive species might be expected to dominate the forest, rather than the hun   is that the plants specialised enemies were removed nearby, releasing them from attack by inse  h in logged and unlogged plots. if they differ, there may be important long-term implications f  logged plots. if they differ, there may be important long-term implications for the sustainabil   if they differ, there may be important long-term implications for the sustainability of harves  hey differ, there may be important long-term implications for the sustainability of harvesting
15532	9	climate and land use changes are recognized as the major drivers of global change af  k of regeneration of woody species have been identified as major environmental problems related  l debated. semi-arid southeastern spain is particularly vulnerable to desertification. over the  , their response to future climatic and land-use scenarios, and their impact on the provision o  ir response to future climatic and land-use scenarios, and their impact on the provision of eco  esses are the dominant drivers of woody patch formation in semi-arid steppes of southeastern sp   relicts of a past denser shrubland. we believe that both forces contribute to build up ecosyst  the efficiency of management practices, understand the functioning of semi-arid landscapes in s  d landscapes in southeastern spain, and develop predictive tools to foresee the impact of clima
15150	6	dynamo is aimed at the palaeoecological investigation of the p  his central goal, this project proposal is based on the high-resolution palynological study of   ed on the high-resolution palynological study of the lacustrine sedimentary record of el cañiza  cal study of the lacustrine sedimentary record of el cañizar de villarquemado elucidate the rol  y record of el cañizar de villarquemado elucidate the role and interactions of fire, climate an  along several of the phases of climatic change whose consequences on the biotic systems are mor
2081	1	the resulting crop production functions are used in the economic models to simulate farmers cho
14319	16	during the last decades. they typically have a relatively high productivity compared to large t  y compared to large temperate lakes and have active fisheries providing local populations with   uced changes, including climate change, can have significant effects on primary production of t  lakes, as shown for lake tanganyika. it is likely that these primary production decreases have   imary productivity changes and how they affect whole ecosystem production, an improved understa  osystem function and food web processes is required. for instance, food web efficiency may grea  stance, food web efficiency may greatly depend on the amount of organic carbon transiting throu  pment of ecosystem resources. lake kivu may provide an adequate model for studying responses of  rces. lake kivu may provide an adequate model for studying responses of large tropical lake to   or studying responses of large tropical lake to human-induced changes: indeed, despite its phys  logical processes in its pelagic waters are subjected to the same forcing as in other great lak  ons. some past changes in the lake have been revealed by analyses of the sediments, which can b  e mixolimnion. in this project, we will exploit the important database acquired in the period 2  the period 2002-2009 . finally, we will examine how the methodologies used and developed in the  d and developed in the research project could be applied to other large african lakes, particul  other large african lakes, particularly lake tanganyika.
11685	4	ur aim this project aims to develop and design a new satellite mission. this new mission concep  esign a new satellite mission. this new mission concept will be a spaceborne multi-spectral can  ept will be a spaceborne multi-spectral canopy lidar micro-satellite platform using off-the-she  roved technologies. to this end we will consider the highly novel, high risk, but very low cost
11700	4	ur aim this project aims to develop and design a new satellite mission. this new mission concep  esign a new satellite mission. this new mission concept will be a spaceborne multi-spectral can  ept will be a spaceborne multi-spectral canopy lidar micro-satellite platform using off-the-she  roved technologies. to this end we will consider the highly novel, high risk, but very low cost
9894	4	ur aim this project aims to develop and design a new satellite mission. this new mission concep  esign a new satellite mission. this new mission concept will be a spaceborne multispectral cano  cept will be a spaceborne multispectral canopy lidar micro-satellite platform using off-the-she  roved technologies. to this end we will consider the highly novel, high risk, but very low cost
11336	17	the timing and point of origin of the earliest colonisation of the ame  s 12,500 years ago from the monte verde site in chile. however, some researchers believe that t   some researchers believe that there is evidence for human occupation at some sites up to 30,00  iminary dates. these indicate that they are older than 20,000 years ago but much more research   20,000 years ago but much more research is needed to definitively date these footprints. these   more research is needed to definitively date these footprints. these footprints are close to a   nce of the archaeological artefacts. we need to establish the relationships between the new sit  ance of this basin for studies of early man in the americas. we propose to study the footprints  tudies of early man in the americas. we propose to study the footprints in detail, particularly  e and the ecology of the area when they were made to try to demonstrate that the occupation of   ught. the range of dating techniques to be used are at the cutting edge of the technology avail  of the technology available and we will try to date the volcanic sediments in which the footpri  canic sediments in which the footprints are preserved, the sediments above and below the footpr  int horizon and the megafaunal bone and shell material in associated sedimentary sequences in t   the middle of the lake. the footprints were made on the lake shorelines as the lake level fluc  ant for the understanding of the global pattern of human migration, being the last part in the    the global pattern of human migration, being the last part in the dispersal of modern humans a
7028	3	gi affect plant community diversity and structure by creating soil microsites enriched in nutri  different earthworm community densities can influence amf distribution and symbiosis and conseq  ribution and symbiosis and consequently affect grassland diversity and functioning.
10660	4	lakes region. the project will strongly benefit from the past and present participation of proj  will strongly benefit from the past and present participation of project researchers nationally  ct to consolidate the results produced, ensure the collaborative development of these instrumen  hese instruments with stakeholders, and indicate the requirements for further development.
9886	4	lakes region. the project will strongly benefit from the past and present participation of proj  will strongly benefit from the past and present participation of project researchers nationally  ct to consolidate the results produced, ensure the collaborative development of these instrumen  hese instruments with stakeholders, and indicate the requirements for further development.
11723	2	mangroves may provide nursery sites for commercially and artisina  ory fish. the proposed field site, gazi bay in kenya, has steep gradients of temperature, salin
12601	3	strategic importance of soil resources could help the regional assembly deliver its regional r   rural and environmental priorities and look at ways this process/understanding can be promoted  look at ways this process/understanding can be promoted to other regional assemblies.
13387	1	f the plants. collected seeds will then be sown into the boxes in greenhouses. seedlings will b
13391	1	e aim of this project is to collect and evaluate of genetic recourses of fruits.
13392	1	e aim of this project is to collect and evaluate of genetic recourses of vineyard.
13339	10	a sources of in situ data and eo. there are three requirements: the production of protocols to   n of protocols to enable extant data to be placed on a common framework for analysis; the provi   that will provide a robust statistical structure for analytical tests and for the eventual est  a major advantage in that the framework is based on existing institutional collaboration which   g institutional collaboration which has been developed in the eu project alternet. this framewo  tion which has been developed in the eu project alternet. this framework will ensure continuity  d to long term monitoring. it will also provide the necessary structure for integration of avai  inter-calibration to the wider european picture, using tried and tested statistical procedures.  u data,which will involve habitats that can be linked to specific biodiversity indicators. thes  de a basis for up and down scaling that can be tested to show the added value of integration. o
15584	3	egional and continental scales. species-level responses to global change will underpin changes   ed at species level. however, there are still substantial limitations in our ability to forecas  lop scenarios for conservation decision-support on local and regional scales as well as recomme
12029	1	t during this project, 42 articles have been published in peer-reviewed journals in very divers
15174	3	ducers, consumers and decomposers. they can be considered ecosystems because of the almost clos  e genetic pools of organisms evolve and function, and on which eventually depend the survival,   e and function, and on which eventually depend the survival, organization and modulation of pop
15351	3	eases, the prevalence of some pathogens is diluted among the diverse potential hosts. the prese  notic agents for which a sylvatic cycle is known or suspected, such as: hantavirus, flavivirus,  s this effect takes place. it will also be helpful for public authorities to implement actuatio
2084	6	nfluence biomass production and trophic transfer in barents sea ecosystem. the population of co  e arctic. the advection of copepod-rich water from the norwegian sea into the barents sea is hy   the norwegian sea into the barents sea is hypothesized to be of great importance to the barent  ility on biomass production and trophic transfer from copepods to fish recruitment, including t  sh. the project is an interdisciplinary approach with 9 partner institutions.   is an interdisciplinary approach with 9 partner institutions.
13317	10	ge of advanced modelling approaches has been used so far to assess the impact of global change   d so far to assess the impact of global change on biodiversity and ecosystems. these assessment  e advanced socio-economic scenarios and yield projections of the distribution of species, commu   be able to keep pace with rapid global change 3. some key assumptions of models, such as niche  uch as niche stability over time and/or space, are not well tested 4. we need more reliable est  niche stability over time and/or space, are not well tested 4. we need more reliable estimate o  and/or space, are not well tested 4. we need more reliable estimate of uncertainties in model p  vative dna-based approaches, and global change scenarios 3. testing niche conservatism and temp  dence limits so that policy markers and land managers can use them for anticipating societal pr  o that policy markers and land managers can use them for anticipating societal problems and for
15568	1	hat these demographic changes, in turn, impact directly on population
2018	9	i propose an ecogenomic approach to unravel the mechanisms of plant responses t  reased risk of inbreeding. moreover, it was shown that inbreeding depression is environmentally   show that epigenetic mechanisms, which can be triggered by the environment and inherited acros  nment and inherited across generations, contribute to inbreeding depression. therefore, to full  anges, epigenetic processes should also be considered. recently, i showed for the first time th  e that plants from different accessions can adapt to local atmospheric nitrogen deposition rate  ntal design. scabiosa columbaria, which is proven to be nitrogen sensitive and suffering from h   model species. i will use state-of-the-art microarray-based gene expression technologies and p  ic factors on inbreeding depression and plant responses to changes in nitrogen. i will further
15530	10	functioning of mediterranean drylands is limited by water availability and is increasingly th  ds is limited by water availability and is increasingly threatened by land use and climate chan  onships between ecosystem structure and function, as well as the potential for threshold dynami  r threshold dynamics and sudden shifts, is of crucial importance for the conservation and resto  nal changes in semiarid ecosystems, and identify critical points of degradation-agradation dyna  n semiarid ecosystems such as water and soil conservation, and plant productivity. the specifc   uch as water and soil conservation, and plant productivity. the specifc objectives of the proje   specifc objectives of the project are: determine dynamics and thresholds of ecosystem recovery  is to provide useful and scientifically-sound information to managers that help designing and a  n efforts in mediterranean drylands and increase the resistance and resilience of the target ec
12040	1	ve ecological, economic and patrimonial value similar to corals or mangroves in tropical areas.
519	11	framework of regulations. this project is justified by the gap that exists between the develop   and the ecological assets. even though landscape ecology, and in particular the researchers be  takes. from a point of view of ecologic process at stake the difficulties are linked to the cha  logic process at stake the difficulties are linked to the changing of scales and the strong int  ctions between the habitats that are to be connected, which are often wooded groupings, and the  ulture, in which these groupings are to be found. the aim is to progress in four domains: mobil  the aim is to progress in four domains: mobilize a whole of techniques in oriented remote sensi  ogic continuities on all scales. we now know that for instance at local scale, a hedge, no matt   which its qualities might be, does not form a habitat and an efficient corridor unless the usa  s the usage of adjoining parcels is not cause for physical or chemical perturbation. test the c   a point of view of juridical tools, it is a matter of surpassing the actual di
7182	7	the manual eradication of individuals, is the most easy technique to implement, but we must ta  gment on site. in practice, however, it is impossible to eradicate completely and once a popula  tion of carpobrotus for small roots and persist after pulling seedlings emerge several years af  n as the carpobrotus spots have a large surface or within the cliffs, this method becomes diffi  ethod becomes difficult to conduct, and must resolve to try to simply limit the spread of carpo  duct, and must resolve to try to simply limit the spread of carpobrotus. the major problem afte  radication of carpobrotus can therefore be a cure worse than the disease, if ecological healing
10152	15	bit. the future success of such species may depend on their ability to shift their distribution  rse to new sites. migratory birds might be expected to be most capable of such dispersal, given  , individual birds are typically highly site-faithful to their breeding and winter sites, and s  e success of dispersal events will also depend on the quality of the habitat available to dispe   and habitat availability can therefore help or hinder a species capacity to shift distribution  itat availability can therefore help or hinder a species capacity to shift distribution in resp   system in which 1. habitat quality has been identified, 2. changes in range size and distribut  ges in range size and distribution have been documented and 3. individual dispersal decisions c  d and 3. individual dispersal decisions can be tracked. icelandic black-tailed godwits have bee  sal decisions can be tracked. icelandic black-tailed godwits have been increasing in number and  wits have been increasing in number and range in recent decades and expanding into poorer quali  irds in new breeding sites tend to also use new winter sites, and that they tend to be larger t  lso use new winter sites, and that they tend to be larger than birds in traditional breeding si   are more likely to disperse to try and find a mate. this study therefore provides a unique opp  g successfully. this study will greatly improve our understanding of the potential for migrator
11496	15	bit. the future success of such species may depend on their ability to shift their distribution  rse to new sites. migratory birds might be expected to be most capable of such dispersal, given  , individual birds are typically highly site-faithful to their breeding and winter sites, and s  e success of dispersal events will also depend on the quality of the habitat available to dispe   and habitat availability can therefore help or hinder a species capacity to shift distribution  itat availability can therefore help or hinder a species capacity to shift distribution in resp   system in which 1. habitat quality has been identified, 2. changes in range size and distribut  ges in range size and distribution have been documented and 3. individual dispersal decisions c  d and 3. individual dispersal decisions can be tracked. icelandic black-tailed godwits have bee  sal decisions can be tracked. icelandic black-tailed godwits have been increasing in number and  wits have been increasing in number and range in recent decades and expanding into poorer quali  irds in new breeding sites tend to also use new winter sites, and that they tend to be larger t  lso use new winter sites, and that they tend to be larger than birds in traditional breeding si   are more likely to disperse to try and find a mate. this study therefore provides a unique opp  g successfully. this study will greatly improve our understanding of the potential for migrator
13466	7	cial dynamics in the boreal forests and are important for e.g. biodiversity. due to human inter  tural fires in modern times on soil and water chemistry as well as on biodiversity and recoloni  rding to many climate models there will be an increased risk of future forest fires in boreal f  ture forest fires in boreal forests. it is thus of utmost importance to take advantage of the r  tic effects occur during the first post-fire year, events in 2007 are of crucial importance for  he first post-fire year, events in 2007 are of crucial importance for understanding the post-fi  l importance for understanding the post-fire developments. fire focuses on the documentation of
7635	25	psychotria douarrei and bacopa monierri have the characteristic to accumulate heavy metals in l  ties of tolerance and hyperaccumulation zinc, cadmium, nickel and copper, constituting a true n  raccumulation zinc, cadmium, nickel and copper, constituting a true natural reservoir of transi  ustrial activities are causing a strong soil contamination by metal species. this is a very ser  rforms essential functions that largely determine the production of food in 2010 pir ecological  ty of water. moreover, the"heavy metals"are among the most harmful and are not biodegradable co  y metals"are among the most harmful and are not biodegradable compounds. beyond the environment   and blls first stage of poisoning have been identified in children residents near mining sites  r mining sites gard. . phytoremediation is one of the few interesting solutions to rehabilitate   plants hyperaccumulating heavy metals, can contain more than 1% of their dry matter zn nor, cd   complementary since phytostabilisation can be used on steep areas relatively inaccessible to f  cessible to fix the sediments likely to be eroded by rain and wind. . phytoextraction will be u  easily achievable. . . phytoremediation is therefore in a spirit of"sustainable ecological reha  tainable ecological rehabilitation"; it is clearly a technique to develop ecological engineerin  . a major issue that remains unresolved is the fate of the air plant biomass in which the metal  he few proposed projects, very classic, is anaerobic digestion, combustion or metalization. so   s and hyperaccumulators of"heavy metals"are a natural reservoir of transition metals commonly u  ed in organic chemistry. . most of them are developed on an industrial scale for preparing impo   of them are developed on an industrial scale for preparing important synthetic intermediates w  on of these catalysts are expensive and subject to extractive metallurgy from ores. it also has  tory scale and then at the pilot stage, sober chemical treatments, non-polluting and replicable  s hyperaccumulating of zinc, nickel and copper in a useful form organic synthesis, metal dichlo  per in a useful form organic synthesis, metal dichlorides. the ultimate goal is to have a real   em consisting of a unique biodiversity, can contribute significantly to the development of tech  n of innovative technologies, his fist, is responsible for the valuation of the project
15205	2	to study the effect of two distinct and frequent floral visitors, pollinators and nectar robber   species. two types of floral variation were selected in order to incorporate a wide range of c
14963	5	due to thermodynamic constraints, there is always a trade-off between efficiency and rate. rece   pathway, such as anaerobic glycolysis, being able to operate under two thermodynamic regimes.   orking regime. the fact that glycolysis can perform under different thermodynamic working regim  ending on the extracellular conditions, can have deep implications in diverse fields such as me  ling such implications. to this end, we plan to use non-equilibrium thermodynamic principles as
10471	11	web. their sensitivity to environmental change, e.g., seawater temperature, availability of nut  ents, and salinity, means they directly control the success of higher levels of the food chain.  ill collect detailed fossil records and compare with records of plankton burial and environment   based at the southampton oceanographic centre as part of the palaeoceanography and palaeoclima  borate with the us funded biocomplexity project biope. i want to use the records to, firstly, t   i want to use the records to, firstly, tell us whether there was increased plankton production  ords to, firstly, tell us whether there was increased plankton production and whether this coul  s by looking at sediments from a global array of marine environments to record species differen   nannplankton to our climate system, we need to know how they will respond. thirdly, i want to   pid climate change today or at the petm is important in controlling evolution. with very detail  nofossil species global distributions i can answer these questions.
10049	14	d magnitude of environmental change has been intensified by human activities. therefore, a key   cts of human activity on those systems, is to understand how ecosystems respond to environmenta  ronmental change. two types of response can be considered. 1 ecological. this entails changes i   2 evolutionary. this entails genotypic change within species leading to their adaptation to th  ironmental change. despite considerable work on both types of response, typically they have bee   types of response, typically they have been treated separately. ecosystem studies have focused  ynamics from such small systems may not apply in realistic settings. this project will address   er species diversity tends to increase, decrease or not affect the amount of evolution within s  sity tends to increase, decrease or not affect the amount of evolution within species. our appr  om tree-holes of beech . these bacteria can be cultured in mixtures of different numbers of spe  numbers of species in the lab, and have been used previously to explore the relationship betwee   evolution in species mixtures. we will assemble random mixtures of up to 24 species and expose  random mixtures of up to 24 species and expose them to environmental change, in terms of a shif  pecies and expose them to environmental change, in terms of a shift in ph and resource type in
2502	5	of climate change in the last 150 years is expected to be greater than that of the last four mi  e last four million years and, as such, can be considered a human-mediated and planet-wide expe  , and intertidal systems in particular, are likely to be profoundly affected by climate change   sal will contribute toward a predictive model of climate induced changes in coastal ecosystems   duced changes in coastal ecosystems and appropriate societal responses.
14904	4	that allow to increased the anadromous fraction of these populations. the experimental design   se populations. the experimental design is based on artificial crosses, which will be carrying   part will be reared in the hatchery and release to the river lerez by october. sampling of juve  icrosatellite loci. in addition we will measure a set o morphological and genetic characters re
10164	3	diseases represent a substantial global threat to the health of natural populations. batrachoch  achochytrium dendrobatidis has recently been discovered in europe as the causative agent of amp  t introduction from other continents or is rather a change in a pre-existing host-parasite rela
11247	3	diseases represent a substantial global threat to the health of natural populations. batrachoch  achochytrium dendrobatidis has recently been discovered in europe as the causative agent of amp  t introduction from other continents or is rather a change in a pre-existing host-parasite rela
9859	16	major threat to global biodiversity and are widely associated with human introductions. the ame  ductions into europe, has had a massive impact on native red squirrel populations in the uk, it  uirrels in the uk have had an important impact on agroindustry by debarking trees in plantation  rking trees in plantations. the species is seen as likely to disperse widely from italy, displa  roindustry across europe. under a worst-case scenario, models predict the expansion of italian    models of grey squirrel expansion have been parameterized approximately, and italian, british   pansion rate of grey squirrels in italy is strongly limited by low genetic diversity, it will b  mited by low genetic diversity, it will be important to prevent the three separate italian popu  rsity and speeding expansion rate. this could be accomplished by eradicating the two population  l enough for eradication. it would also be essential to prevent all further introductions, even  l to prevent all further introductions, even of a few squirrels. if expansion rate is limited b  n of a few squirrels. if expansion rate is limited by competition from red squirrels, it will b  competition from red squirrels, it will be essential to prevent the introduction of poxvirus in   of expansion patterns are an important tool for conservation policy. the proposed research may  servation policy. the proposed research may help to parameterize models more precisely and incr   parameterize models more precisely and increase effectiveness of future conservation actions.
11784	6	endomyxa are a very poorly known but large and diverse group of   very poorly known but large and diverse group of organisms in the protozoan phylum cercozoa. en   commercially important plasmodiophorid plant parasites, and haplosporidia and relatives, which  ee, and by providing sequence data that can be used to obtain lsu rdna sequences for representa  ere cultures are available, other genes can be targeted by pcr, to be combined with existing da   other genes can be targeted by pcr, to be combined with existing data in multigene phylogenies
14546	15	which have occurred in its mosaics. it is the continuation of two previous ones in which a met  nes in which a methodological procedure was developed to recognise and map out the mosaics of t  e mosaics of the landscape. each mosaic was characterized by the frequencies of contacts or bou  ts or boundaries between the patches it is comprised of, which express the possibilities of int  he flows occurring in the landscape has been elaborated.from an ecological point of view, sever   has been elaborated.from an ecological point of view, several authors have recognized the boun  hypotheses with regard to this one have been stated. one of these is that the transport is high  he ecosystems are bigger. this maturity can be assessed from several ecological attributes: bio  in the transport between the ecosystems could be expected. on the contrary, if these ecosystems  t in the flows occurring in a landscape can be obtained. changes which are likely to occur in t  o occur in the flows over time can also be assessed studying both changes in the ecological mat  stems of interactions of the mosaics it is comprised of.the scientific interest of the project   saics it is comprised of.the scientific interest of the project lies in providing a way to stud  aracteristics of the mosaics of uses it is made up of. this will open up new perspectives in th  d between points in the territory which are separated to greater or lesser degrees.
13480	7	ural and microcosm communities and also generate theoretical communities using the cascade, nic  oretical communities using the cascade, niche, nested hierarchy and assembly algorithms. these   thms. these model communities will then be subjected to small and large press perturbations. th  ll then be subjected to small and large press perturbations. the effect of the perturbations on  ect of the perturbations on the trophic structure of the communities by developing and performi  ity analysis at the community level. we believe that the new approaches to be used here hold gr  . we believe that the new approaches to be used here hold great promise for community oriented
12346	7	key customer purpose defra licence the disposal of material at sea and in the inte  nt. if the waste material from one site can be used to enhance another area then this should be  n assessing the potential benefits that can accrue from using dredged material for coastal prot  al disposal and biodiversity issues and widen both the sediment type and the habitat management  ent potential. the suite of models that can be used to predict the fate of muddy dredged materi   of muddy dredged material, placed near-shore for beneficial purposes need to be calibrated and  r-shore for beneficial purposes need to be calibrated and tested.
11410	3	this work is concerned with the ecological consequences of geneti  netic variation. ecological communities are made up of populations of many interacting species.  es. the research will begin in 2011 and continue for 3 years. it will be undertaken at the univ
9964	3	this work is concerned with the ecological consequences of geneti  netic variation. ecological communities are made up of populations of many interacting species.  es. the research will begin in 2011 and continue for 3 years. it will be undertaken at the univ
10638	15	ow biological diversity has evolved and is maintained by sexual and natural selection. however,  xual and natural selection. however, we know little about why evolution of new species takes pl  rches and catfishes. understanding this may help us to know how environments mediate the type o  type of evolution that takes place, and address how future environmental changes, for example i  e events and presence of alien species, may change evolutionary pathways. the type of process t  nd decides which individuals eventually get to mate. if populations are limited by space or foo   eventually get to mate. if populations are limited by space or food, then competition between    such habitats it would not necessarily pay to disperse to locations where these specialisation  ions are less effective. if populations are limited by occasional catastrophic events, such as   they arise. in these habitats selection may favour evolution of high dispersal, to prevent fema   happened in surrounding rivers, but we have no clear explanation for why. the proposed researc  d in surrounding rivers, but we have no clear explanation for why. the proposed research will e  evolution. the work will study the only fish in the malawi cichlid radiation that is present in  lp determine how evolutionary processes may be altered by modern environmental changes. the ski  ition to generic training in scientific expertise that will be provided, specific training will
7688	17	roject and the team's interdisciplinary experience that brings together agronomists, geographer  ional level and the landscape. it turns out that the establishment of green networks will be at  finer local and landscape scales and it is at these two scales is that our proposal. in agricul  proposal. in agricultural landscapes we identify three main types of continuities. the first li  ies of semi natural elements. . we will test the effect of agricultural mosaic seminaturels tak  we will test the effect of agricultural mosaic seminaturels taking into account the elements bu  of biodiversity in agriculture. we also analyze the impact of the amount of structural continui  the community of carabid beetles, which is characterized by its role in the biological regulati  tion systems to set up or restore. . we propose to analyze, in polyculture farming, whether and  equences associated. . on this basis we propose to analyze how the diversity of agricultural lo  how the diversity of agricultural logic can influence various ecological continuity, realizing   e possible link between the territorial scope of the relevant legal tools and geographic contou  ework established by law grenelle 2 and work in depth on the functional dimension by opening up   within the framework of a ethnological research that will accompany the actors and researchers  rstanding and sharing of views. it will involve a group of actors of the territory of pnr draft  group of actors of the territory of pnr draft of morbihan gulf and project researchers. the ani  itory of pnr draft of morbihan gulf and project researchers. the animation of this interdiscipl
10722	10	acteristic species, have occurred which cannot be explained by factors such as changes in manag   from the early 1990s onwards, evidence was found that increased nitrogen deposition was associ  ound that increased nitrogen deposition was associated with some of these changes in species co  hese changes in species composition. it is now widely recognised that the increased atmospheric  iety of ecosystems. nitrogen deposition can act by increasing the acidity of soil, because base  increasing the acidity of soil, because base cations such as calcium are released and leach out  l, because base cations such as calcium are released and leach out of the system; this can lead  eased and leach out of the system; this can lead to base cation deficiencies in plants. it also  se cation deficiency and eutrophication are known to be mechanisms involved in the decline of c  reatest risk from n deposition. we will use a combination of laboratory and field experiments,
2117	2	sheep husbandry is an important part of the rural economy in norway, with a tradition g  creases in numbers sheep density levels may be quantified. the focus on assessment related to d
7603	3	ropean and national context where soils are mentioned as an essential resource for sustainable   able development of human societies, it is urgent to review our capacity to act using the edaph  obal change. it proposes to collect and disseminate scientific knowledge and technical referenc
7632	16	f the climate changes, these crop areas may be limited. our goal is to choose two extremes of f  re and common species for which we will use statistical models that will calculate crop areas w  ate change. within an interdisciplinary group of lawyers donate work, we 'll look at the implic  ry group of lawyers donate work, we 'll look at the implications for the regulation of changes    multiple levels: species distribution, forest productivity, phenological changes, increase in   est productivity, phenological changes, increase in diseases and pests, etc.. with slow transit  th slow transitions climate, vegetation can follow these changes in climate. however, with the    fragmentation of the landscape, plants can not migrate quickly to stay in conditions appropria  onditions appropriate to them. today it is essential to know the vulnerability of forests to th  tal to our societies. europe and france must find new approaches to achieve their environmental  spirations face this climate change. it is essential to choose, design and implement effective   . it is essential to choose, design and implement effective regulations. the european commissio  ent effective regulations. the european commission, in its communication of 31 march 2010 regul   commission, in its communication of 31 march 2010 regulating the establishment of collection a  es, the provenance areas will no longer be valid and the european legislation will be shaken. t   economic challenges posed by these new forest resources
7636	1	ms, including their soils have jusquici been little studied from the perspective of their own f
13721	5	raits of ecological importance. we will relate molecular divergence to divergence in phenotypic  mance of local and immigrant phenotypes are measured. the degree of sexual isolation between pa  adaptive genetic combinations and hence strengthen local adaptation. the extent of sexual isola  y thought to erode local adaptation and may under some circumstances lead to population extinct  rs influencing population viability and have thus important implications for conservation biolo
9841	5	selfly calopteryx splendens xanthostoma have melanic wing pigmentation and females prefer to ma  eryx splendens xanthostoma have melanic wing pigmentation and females prefer to mate with males  males that have darker, more homogenous wing pigmentation: these males are also better able to   wing pigmentation: these males are also better able to resist infection from parasites. paradox  llenges in the field. moreover, it will examine the nature of compartmentalisation of the po ca
15318	10	quires considering the effects of third-party organisms that, albeit external to the binary int  ernal to the binary interaction itself, can have significant ecological and evolutionary effect  ect and indirect effects of herbivores, seed predators, mycorrhizal fungi and also, possibly, b  the yeasts that colonize floral nectar, build up dense populations there, and alter floral micr  , build up dense populations there, and alter floral microclimate and the sugar composition and   tube growth or ovule fertilization. we formulate the novel hypothesis that nectar yeasts can u  hesis that nectar yeasts can ultimately influence a variety of important parameters of the sexu  c diversity and relatedness of maternal seed progenies. the aim of this project is to perform s   of plant reproduction. we specifically seek to answer the following questions , two early-bloo  two early-blooming plants whose flowers are characterized by harboring dense populations of nec
15131	16	micromonosporae have been isolated from diverse habitats including soil, wat  cently, strains of this genus have also been recovered from diverse plant tissues, especially n  f different legume species; to date, we maintain a collection of more than 500 isolates obtaine  s, the question we ask is: what exactly is micromonospora doing in the legume root nodules in a  ifh gene sequences from frankia. it may be possible that micromonospora also fixes nitrogen in   gen fixation in legumes also remains to be studied. furthermore, the similarity of the nifh gen  sequences of micromonospora and frankia suggest a lateral gene transfer between these microorga  vity. therefore some of these molecules could have a potential application in medicine, agricul  and industry. exploitation of endophyte-plant interactions can result in the promotion of plant  itation of endophyte-plant interactions can result in the promotion of plant health and can pla  lt in the promotion of plant health and can play a significant role in low-input sustainable ag  and establishment of bacteria in planta can be identified. therefore, once the isolation and ta  c characterization of these strains has been achieved, our goal is to understand some of the me  hanisms involved in this apparently new plant-microbe interaction. to achieve our goal we propo  obe interaction. to achieve our goal we propose to: a screen for nifh sequences in additional m  rkers; d to determine if micromonospora is able to fix nitrogen in symbiosis with its host and
9921	3	to past lake ecosystem health. we will examine both modern and subfossil larval chironomid com   extensive multi-parameter dataset, and identify the ecosystem variables to which chironomid co  ch chironomid communities most strongly respond within shallow lake ecosystems.
7700	6	organic waste products the level where objects are units of pro  are units of production, processing and use of organic materials, stakeholder groups and where   r both levels, many tools available and appropriate, in a timely manner, the needs of an integr  r both levels, many tools available and appropriate, in a timely manner, the needs of an integr  rs involved in four courses: versailles plain, reunion island, dakar conurbation, mahajanga reg  tries will increase the contrast, which may cover the same composition pro on the processing de
7717	3	a global increase in demand for wood products is observed which   al increase in demand for wood products is observed which can not be met by natural forests or   and for wood products is observed which can not be met by natural forests or naturally regenera
11071	3	r will reflect on entire ecosystems and man-based reliance of economically important living res  lly important living resources. we will present current knowledge on the following issues: to w  s distribution ranges, and how can they affect particular economies and / or cultural practices
15209	5	potential effects of climate, habitat, prey availability, inter-specific interactions, and gam  of climate, habitat, prey availability, inter-specific interactions, and game management among   ility, inter-specific interactions, and game management among species of iberian carnivores. 3.  ent factors, in a framework of climatic change, and human activities, can affect the dynamics o   climatic change, and human activities, can affect the dynamics of communities of carnivore mam
7606	1	a urb proposes to assess the ecological interest of the city in shared gardens through the issu
7695	6	the strategy of"green and blue"crossed with the distribution of elements of green   of elements of green networks. it will identify the most favorable to the functioning of ecolo  ntegrate all the results: institutional approach to development projects, relationships between  oal is to draw scientific teachings and provide elements to share with stakeholders. this task   the territories and agriculture it will result in the drafting of a summary brochure. this acti  nership between scientific partners and project stakeholders.
2527	5	of climate change in the last 150 years is expected to be greater than that of the last four mi  e last four million years and, as such, can be considered a human-mediated and planet-wide expe  , and intertidal systems in particular, are likely to be profoundly affected by climate change   sal will contribute toward a predictive model of climate induced changes in coastal ecosystems   duced changes in coastal ecosystems and appropriate societal responses.
14891	3	orests in eastern spain at the regional scale, quantify the recent changes in their distributio  in eastern spain at the regional scale, quantify the recent changes in their distribution takin  to account the effect of wildfires, and develop a landscape dynamics model to predict future ch
7198	5	hallenge the linear design patterns and transfer of innovations. the implementation of these sy  cological services: biomass production, soil conservation and biodiversity, and carbon storage,  ation of these techniques is tricky and can lead to reduced performance of cropping systems and  ced performance of cropping systems and increase pesticide dependence. their adaptation to prod  and their interactions, to evaluate and design techniques and more sustainable systems support
13929	8	r research is to produce knowledge that can be used to develop environmentally friendly and sus  olling insect pests. to achieve this we must understand the processes involved in the natural r  a field experiments. in many systems it is difficult to conduct large-scale field experiments.   nduct large-scale field experiments. we work with a system - willow leaf beetles and their natu  ir natural enemies - with exceptionally good opportunities for such experiments. here we descri  rtunities for such experiments. here we describe two types of experiments that aim at estimatin   be used as dependent variable. we also intend to continue to follow and analyse the population  e also intend to continue to follow and analyse the population dynamics of leaf beetles and the
14481	2	his proposal is to provide a scientific frame for improving the techniques of restoration of de  tinental mediterranean environments. we hypothesize that active restoration in these sites usin
15294	23	ral resource with a high socio-economic value, but severe degradation produces physical, chemic  ajor impact on the environment and they are a continuous source of risk for heavy metal polluti  e environment and they are a continuous source of risk for heavy metal pollution to soil, air,   risk for heavy metal pollution to soil, air, surface water and groundwater. metals and metalloi  , commonly referred to as heavy metals, are found in nature as part of pedogenetic and biogeoch   the concentration of background levels may represent a serious risk to human health and the en  ckground levels may represent a serious risk to human health and the environment, and the eu pr  epends on the complex interactions that are established with abiotic and biotic factors. the ma  ing regime, ph, organic matter content, clay, etc.. which will influence their speciation, part  tioning, and the capacity of sorption / desorption which determines their mobility and transfer  ion which determines their mobility and transfer to other ecosystems and their biosponibility f  level. however, chemical analysis alone is not adequate to comprehensively evaluate its impact   lone is not adequate to comprehensively evaluate its impact on the environment, and needs the s  support of biological techniques. there are protocols for assessing the toxicity of metals at t  ls at the level of organisms, but these do not provide a precise diagnosis of the risk of toxic  owever, with an integrated and holistic approach, we can obtain an ecological vision of the imp  an integrated and holistic approach, we can obtain an ecological vision of the impact of metals  c approach, we can obtain an ecological vision of the impact of metals, providing insights usef  iation strategies. for such studies, it is necessary to assess the bioavailable fraction, to ev  is necessary to assess the bioavailable fraction, to evaluate the effect on the composition of   the concentration of metals in soil and assess your risk, carries a high budget for soil analys  iological techniques. the objectives to be addressed are: 1- to determine the bioavailable leve  d are: 1- to determine the bioavailable level cu, zn, ni, cd, pb, cr, hg, as and se in soil 2-
15295	4	until not long-time ago soils were considered a medium with an un                           until not long-time ago soils were considered a medium with an unlimit            until not long-time ago soils were considered a medium with an unlimited capability t  oil act of the european council when it was recognized that soils were a natural resource that
14230	4	it is increasingly clear that environmental degradation an                       it is increasingly clear that environmental degradation and scarcity play   or resources and environmental services can be met without damaging sustaining natural systems.  to specify key factors of environmental concern in area. 3 conduct research in the fields of en
14204	8	s little known. often the patterns have been specified at one or a few scales but ignoring an i  es. however, the selected scales may or may not contain a substantial fraction of overall varia  ver, the selected scales may or may not contain a substantial fraction of overall variance and    fraction of overall variance and thus, may or may not have ecological significance. thus, the   on of overall variance and thus, may or may not have ecological significance. thus, the first a  erall variance and thus, may or may not have ecological significance. thus, the first aim of th  vironmental variability has the largest effect on structure and functioning of marine ecosystem  oject is to unravel the effect of large-scale environmental variability on regional pressures i
11050	4	resulting from geographical isolation, is a driving force in speciation, but he also thought t  n, but he also thought that populations could diverge into separate species in the absence of g  ssible, but extremely few examples have been documented in nature. early this year, savolainen   n with an est library for the oil palm, provide possible functions for any orfs found under sel
11841	4	resulting from geographical isolation, is a driving force in speciation, but he also thought t  n, but he also thought that populations could diverge into separate species in the absence of g  ssible, but extremely few examples have been documented in nature. early this year, savolainen   n with an est library for the oil palm, provide possible functions for any orfs found under sel
15109	1	th the biological data. deliverables: 1 paper in sci journal and 1-2 presentation in scientific
15108	2	competition in the use of nutrients and light between macrophytes and phytoplankton and its eff  tion of the variations of the structure-function of aquatic ecosystems to climate change.
14770	5	ity of the andean rivers and the scarce water management tools available in andean countries an   invertebrate scorings and redefine and adapt the quality levels. finally, a protocol will be e  g environmental agencies to improve and increase their water quality control and management of   e the success of the protocol guadalmed out of spain, so that can be expanded its diffusion and  rotocol guadalmed out of spain, so that can be expanded its diffusion and adaptation to other t
14807	7	s seem the only ecosystem type that has been left out of the field of action established by the  of which is to keep the good ecological state of aquatic ecosystems. for this purpose, it uses    those related to water hydrochemistry, allow to determine the degree of conservation or deteri  an important deficit of indicators that can be applied to wetlands, in general, and particularl  framework directive. for this, research is needed on several ecological and functional thematic  ch to the field of water management, it is intended to define an integrated index capable to as  imple but effective way, the ecological state of these peculiar wetlands.
10062	18	amount and relatively rapidly, as they are projected to do this century, species principal res  geographical distributions so that they continue to occupy areas with suitable conditions. as a  this heterogeneity also enables a wider range of species to move through the landscape as they   s to move through the landscape as they respond to climatic changes. more homogeneous landscape   or those where some habitat types have been lost, act as barriers to the movement of species a  here some habitat types have been lost, act as barriers to the movement of species and thus lim  ers to the movement of species and thus limit their ability to adapt to climatic change. reliab  o climatic change. reliable projections are needed of how invasions by potential ecosystem domi  asions by potential ecosystem dominants may affect ecosystem patterns and landscape heterogenei  nants may affect ecosystem patterns and landscape heterogeneity. such projections will inform t  s to adapt to climatic changes. we will collect data documenting the impacts of a past invasion  m patterns in three landscapes. we will apply the techniques of palaeoecology, principally poll  on the landscapes through time. we will focus our attention on the invasion of scots pine into   l landscape heterogeneity. we will also use a state-of-the-art vegetation model to simulate the  eneity. we will also use a state-of-the-art vegetation model to simulate the pine invasion. thi  otential for such applications, we will apply the model to simulate one such potential future i  ersity conservation strategies. we will ensure that they are communicated to such stakeholders,  on strategies. we will ensure that they are communicated to such stakeholders, as well as to th
7708	2	oblem of ecological intensification and better territorial integration by taking into account a  rk results in the field of aquaculture. were added to meet the new questions posed by the progr
7661	4	and proximity to urban dwellers, there is little known to scientists. objectives objectives re  role of urban pigeon as a reservoir and vector of diseases potentially transmissible to humans.   of diseases carried by urban pigeon 1- characterize the main pests potentially transmissible p   ec5: implementation of an experimental approach pigeon aviary and to test the influence of avi
15378	1	w individual-based models of prokaryote-host animal network evolution in order to test coevolut
7203	15	tions. for these reasons, a significant demand for reasoning tools control methods in an integr  ontrol methods in an integrated context is expressed. in response, a deeper understanding of th  vectors, but also their natural enemies is required. it is also appropriate to extend the study  o their natural enemies is required. it is also appropriate to extend the study of scale in tem  natural enemies is required. it is also appropriate to extend the study of scale in temporal an  e in temporal and spatial dimensions to be interested in the whole life cycle of organisms and   ons must respond and, secondly, largely determine the population dynamics through recurrent epi  es of dispersal / colonization. we will try to answer the question of the influence of landscap  ion pressures which means organizations can respond either by local adaptation an acquisition o  f plant- insect across the agricultural landscape puisquil conditions the possibilities of exch  aptation depending on the intensity and structure spatial selection pressures. simple models of  heory and dynamic game theory will also be developed to study the impact of the structuring of   their resource. a comparative empirical study of host specialization patterns will be performed  ure and composition of the agricultural landscape on the ecology of pests, pathogens they are v  actors for the protection of plants and offer the agricultural environment management modalitie
214	2	st specificity and/or positive soil and litter feedback. through field expeditions and employin  expeditions and employing molecular dna sequence data, the project will contribute to the under
14163	15	reorganizations of ecosystem structure may alter biodiversity and carrying capacity, together   climate-induced shifts or independently cause new ones. amongst others, ecosystem regime shifts  age where failure to find suitable food may result in reduced larval survival and, consequently  uced larval survival and, consequently, low year-class strength. besides the larval fish enviro  al survival and, consequently, low year-class strength. besides the larval fish environment, in  year-class strength. besides the larval fish environment, individual condition of mature fish i  ctive of the project is to describe and analyze, based on long term, datasets individual and po  erm, datasets individual and population-level performance of various life history stages of mar  -scale and local abiotic parameters and prey; by resolving the potential impact of the water tr  tion success of suitable food by larval fish; by studying the density and spatial distribution   umn-spawning herring larvae at high and low abundance population levels; and by performing comp  mics of essential ecosystem components, facilitate to define marine management baselines at whi  ctions of early life stages of fish and help to identify critical factors why previously abunda   eu fp6 projects eur-oceans, marbef and image, and from etf grant 6751.   -oceans, marbef and image, and from etf grant 6751.
15062	5	ect visual appearance. however, mimicry may involve other perceptual fields, such as chemical,    tactile ones. in this project, we will address interspecific vocal mimicry, i.e. the resemblan  re than a century. with this project we aim at analyzing the 1 imitation mechanisms, 2 function  3 evolution. in the first case, we will focus on the learning processes, represented by either    model species or homospecific mimics , close to the leading researchers involved in this proje
1950	2	isolates carry a senescence plasmid and are senescence-prone. the significance and occurrence o  gal senescence in nature is unclear. we propose to study fitness consequences related to the oc
14801	3	cological and population processes that could make advantageous sexual reproduction in spite of  e twofold cost of sex will dramatically increase the cost of sex. differentiation of sex induci  inducing signals among phylogenetically close species will be investigated.
15311	7	in ecosystems, if apparently the latter could work as well with just one or a few species of ea  tionary biologists have devoted a large body of research to answer this question, which is in t  ersity. a clear example of this paradox is provided by symbionts of many organisms: each group   : each group of parasites or commensals is represented by several often many species in a singl  n a single host species, or in the same host population, all of which share very similar mechan  lar mechanisms to encounter, invade and exploit the host. very often, different species of the   investigating the above issues, we will contribute to expand our knowledge on host-symbiont int
6739	13	large-scale distribution of species is determined by a multit      large-scale distribution of species is determined by a multitude of factors, such as geolog   species, after successful colonization may be come invasive, and cause serious economical dama   colonization may be come invasive, and cause serious economical damage. for soil animals the m  amage. for soil animals the most likely mean of introduction is through transportation of exoti  nhouses. global climate change can also facilitate dispersal and probable invasion of exotics.   ant in decomposition processes. we will look at ecological tolerance and life history strategie  owly distributed species-pairs. we will conduct laboratory and field observations and experimen  s-pairs. we will conduct laboratory and field observations and experiments on developmental sta  eriments on developmental stability and stress tolerance, utilizing methodology of fluctuating    especially in life history parameters, is of high adaptive value therefore it might facilitate  history parameters, is of high adaptive value therefore it might facilitate successful coloniza   high adaptive value therefore it might facilitate successful colonization.
14124	6	the maintenance of ecosystems that have been shaped by long-term and persistent anthropogenic a  of species rich semi-natural grasslands is considered one of the most important aims of environ  dangered species has been an inevitable part of activities, focused on biodiversity protection.  ngs. the germination, establishment and further growth of selected endangered species will be s  ield and common garden experiments that are focused on the aspects of the ecology of disturbanc   our working hypotheses are: regime and can play a major role in the recruitment of endangered
15033	10	ities, their threat to biodiversity and even because of their impact in the management and econ  ources. with current trends of climatic change, invasive species are predicted to become more n  ds of climatic change, invasive species are predicted to become more numerous and may cause maj  en on a new urgency. in this context it is debated if we can predict which exotic species may b  cy. in this context it is debated if we can predict which exotic species may become invasive an  pecies may become invasive and if there are particular types of environments more prone to be a  lar types of environments more prone to be affected by invaders. we aim at testing this with ex  re prone to be affected by invaders. we aim at testing this with exotic ostracods area of distr   of distribution. with this research we expect to provide a comprehensive view of the patterns    of exotic ostracods in freshwaters and provide new insights to the ecology of biological invas
14758	4	ctive pattern on maternal longevity and cause of death. this study is innovative since some fer   as reproductive rhythm, familiar size, sex relationship of descendents, parental inbreeding an  nbreeding and effective fertile period, have not been studied yet. our study will show the leve   and effective fertile period, have not been studied yet. our study will show the levels of inf
10214	5	life histories of coral reef fishes, we model the dispersal and subsequent recruitment of larva  ae with little success. as a result, we have little hope of deriving satisfactory fisheries and  le success. as a result, we have little hope of deriving satisfactory fisheries and conservatio   from these studies to then develop and refine individual-based models that managers can employ  e individual-based models that managers can employ in the future.
10949	8	ecomar is a £2 million project aimed at understanding how phys  factors influence the distributions and structure of deep-sea communities, focusing on the faun  cusing on the fauna of the mid-atlantic ridge at 4 sites in different environmental settings. t   environmental settings. the four sites are located on either side of the mar and to the north   e and less productive. the strength and position of the nac will be monitored during the ecomar  nac will be monitored during the ecomar project to allow accurate estimates of export productio  s of primary production over the mar to be studied at higher spatial and temporal resolutions.   d measurements estimates of export flux can be made and then compared with data from an array o
11056	8	ecomar is a £2 million project aimed at understanding how phys  factors influence the distributions and structure of deep-sea communities, focusing on the faun  cusing on the fauna of the mid-atlantic ridge at 4 sites in different environmental settings. t   environmental settings. the four sites are located on either side of the mar and to the north   e and less productive. the strength and position of the nac will be monitored during the ecomar  nac will be monitored during the ecomar project to allow accurate estimates of export productio  s of primary production over the mar to be studied at higher spatial and temporal resolutions.   d measurements estimates of export flux can be made and then compared with data from an array o
11425	8	ecomar is a £2 million project aimed at understanding how phys  factors influence the distributions and structure of deep-sea communities, focusing on the faun  cusing on the fauna of the mid-atlantic ridge at 4 sites in different environmental settings. t   environmental settings. the four sites are located on either side of the mar and to the north   e and less productive. the strength and position of the nac will be monitored during the ecomar  nac will be monitored during the ecomar project to allow accurate estimates of export productio  s of primary production over the mar to be studied at higher spatial and temporal resolutions.   d measurements estimates of export flux can be made and then compared with data from an array o
11432	8	ecomar is a £2 million project aimed at understanding how phys  factors influence the distributions and structure of deep-sea communities, focusing on the faun  cusing on the fauna of the mid-atlantic ridge at 4 sites in different environmental settings. t   environmental settings. the four sites are located on either side of the mar and to the north   e and less productive. the strength and position of the nac will be monitored during the ecomar  nac will be monitored during the ecomar project to allow accurate estimates of export productio  s of primary production over the mar to be studied at higher spatial and temporal resolutions.   d measurements estimates of export flux can be made and then compared with data from an array o
9893	8	ecomar is a £2 million project aimed at understanding how phys  factors influence the distributions and structure of deep-sea communities, focusing on the faun  cusing on the fauna of the mid-atlantic ridge at 4 sites in different environmental settings. t   environmental settings. the four sites are located on either side of the mar and to the north   e and less productive. the strength and position of the nac will be monitored during the ecomar  nac will be monitored during the ecomar project to allow accurate estimates of export productio  s of primary production over the mar to be studied at higher spatial and temporal resolutions.   d measurements estimates of export flux can be made and then compared with data from an array o
9900	8	ecomar is a £2 million project aimed at understanding how phys  factors influence the distributions and structure of deep-sea communities, focusing on the faun  cusing on the fauna of the mid-atlantic ridge at 4 sites in different environmental settings. t   environmental settings. the four sites are located on either side of the mar and to the north   e and less productive. the strength and position of the nac will be monitored during the ecomar  nac will be monitored during the ecomar project to allow accurate estimates of export productio  s of primary production over the mar to be studied at higher spatial and temporal resolutions.   d measurements estimates of export flux can be made and then compared with data from an array o
12039	2	communities on the scale of france soil is subjected to numerous environmental perturbations an  umerous environmental perturbations and perfect the development of bio-indicators of the biolog
14300	2	abstractjoost van de velde - european commission, directorate general    abstractjoost van de velde - european commission, directorate general for environment
2037	5	loss and increase of biodiversity in marine ecosystems over rela  ty in marine ecosystems over relatively short periods of time is to a large extent the result o  of the value of changes in biodiversity can contribute to its conservation and protection. this  e case will be part of the research and depend on conceptual/theoretical progress of the projec  ch and depend on conceptual/theoretical progress of the project and interaction with natural sc
12400	1	a detailed specificatoin for a regional scale economic and social analysis, based on the prefer
1943	6	inary social- scientific knowledge that may play a role in developing a national policy strateg  y on agro- biodiversity. from the chain/network perspective this programme delivers a multidisc  sition of agro-biodiversity in the food-supply-chain. on the basis of that knowledge the progra   aims to deliver an input to an optimal mix of policy instruments in a national policy strategy  ro- biodiversity. this research project is directed towards the economic implications of agro-   ent of optimality of policy instruments is envisaged.
2103	2	agreements require fisheries policy to be based on an ecosystem approach. the overall objectiv  nation of ecological criteria . we will focus on plankton-feeding fish and seabirds in the bare
2203	2	vasion. the ultimate purpose of this wp is thus to identify the best management strategy for sp  m invading species. ideally, the latter can be expressed in monetary terms, such as income loss
12513	15	the collection and analysis of organic farm accountancy data, and by analysing the data with r   market has also grown rapidly, with uk retail sales up 30% in 2005 to £1.6 billion. the decisi  he decisions of producers to convert or remain in organic farming, transparent price setting pr  ata collection and reporting on organic farm business performance in england and wales. due to    in england and wales. due to the small scale of the organic sector, organic farms are not suff  . due to the small scale of the organic sector, organic farms are not sufficiently well represe  fore some supplementary data collection is required to balance the samples to be analysed. unde  n is required to balance the samples to be analysed. under a series of defra-funded projects si  d projects since the mid 1990s, organic farm business data have been collected and annual repor   1990s, organic farm business data have been collected and annual reports on the output, costs   d livestock production activities, have been published on the organic statistics section of the  is to understand better how much labour is used on organic farms, how the labour is allocated t  s used on organic farms, how the labour is allocated to different activities, and how well paid  erent activities, and how well paid and secure the employment is. comparisons will be made betw  olicy intervention or adjustments might be required, including the setting of support payments.
9923	2	e picocyanobacterium synechococcus have been identified in esthwaite water using hip1-pcr typin  ons that would, and would not, normally favour autotrophy in these predators.
14970	1	the general objective of ecoclim is to unveil the growth limitations experienced by extr
14433	10	al plants are unable to survive in very dry environments. however, a small group of higher plan  very dry environments. however, a small group of higher plants, called ‘resurrection plants, ar  er plants, called ‘resurrection plants, are extremely desiccation-tolerant and upon watering, t  watering, the plants rapidly revive and restore their former state even after losing more than    these plants provide a very attractive model for studying the protective mechanisms of desicca   yet fully understood. further research is required on a wider range of species to appreciate t  further research is required on a wider range of species to appreciate the common elements of t   the homoiochlorophyllous poikilohydric plant haberlea rhodopensis dehydrated at optimal and hi  rolyte leakage. тhe extent of oxidative stress in plants subjected to desiccation under high te   resurrection plants and this knowledge may be applied for the development of drought-tolerant
13870	5	tosynthetic primary producers but light can act as a promoting as well as a restricting factor    ultraviolet part of the solar spectrum is believed to act as a restricting factor. the overall   the influence of bottom-up factors and study the effects of i high light intensities . a centr  ght intensities . a central question to be answered is will uvbr function as a selective pressu  al question to be answered is will uvbr function as a selective pressure thereby altering the m
2208	15	we aim to develop tools for the management of recreational  ools for the management of recreational lake fisheries including the effects on overall ecosyst   on overall ecosystems performance, and study the performance of an adaptive management of lake  el . the goals of our project are to: • develop an adaptive management program for the sustaina   management program for the sustainable use of lake recreational fisheries. the adaptive proces  tudy focused on the effect of catch and release versus catch and eat of trophy species for the   t of catch and release versus catch and eat of trophy species for the long-term sustenance of t   and eat of trophy species for the long-term sustenance of the local fishery. o a size –based m  unity and overall ecosystem dynamics. • investigate the effects of different fish harvestings o  g the risk of catastrophic collapses. • develop methods for assessing the state of the system w  toring program that is simple enough to be run by local fish management areas but sensitive eno  operation with relevant stakeholders. • incorporate different kinds of expertise, officials and   users on all levels. the whole project is based on the assumption that this is accomplished th  ct is based on the assumption that this is accomplished through the establishment of management  stablishment of management systems that are based on the principles of co-management.
12439	1	summary objective develop and test a management system for implementing an ecosystem
2514	13	rring, blue whiting, mackerel, capelin, cod, haddock and saithe. the stocks interact direct or   hrough competition and through predator-prey relationships. another role is the impact planktiv  e affects recruitment in the stocks and warm periods are in general linked with high recruitmen  served already. these changes will also affect the trophic flows in the ecosystems and establis  the trophic flows in the ecosystems and establish new predator-prey relations and modify existi  e ecosystems and establish new predator-prey relations and modify existing ones. in order to ad  ic changes we therefore need tools that can integrate the biogeoraphy of the ecosystems with th  e for providing predictions. instead we propose to develop further an existing 3d biophysical m  elop further an existing 3d biophysical model to include the fish stocks listed in addition to   m based assessment modelling, a simpler model that can perform multiple simulations in order to  essment modelling, a simpler model that can perform multiple simulations in order to address un  n existing operational imr multispecies model for the barents sea. this model will be parameter   be parameterised using the biophysical model both for present day climate and for a future cli
6729	5	nation of fossil vertebrate assemblages is done according to the following methods: from an eco  e following methods: from an ecological point of view it is essential to determine the insectiv  ds: from an ecological point of view it is essential to determine the insectivore faunas and th   present ecosystems. the new methods to be applied will hopefully make it possible to reconstru  ew methods to be applied will hopefully make it possible to reconstruct some land-ecosystems of
14988	2	o the management process itself. but it is also plausible that the partial approach to the ecol  ncrease basic and general knowledge, we expect that the outcomes of our research would help to
14989	2	o the management process itself. but it is also plausible that the partial approach to the ecol  ncrease basic and general knowledge, we expect that the outcomes of our research would help to
2073	3	roversial, as the grazing intensity has been claimed to be non-sustainable. the project is inte  ernal dynamics within plant communities can bring about long lasting transitions in vegetation   c variation. the social science studies are based on the expectation that socio-cultural proces
2086	3	roversial, as the grazing intensity has been claimed to be non-sustainable. the project is inte  ernal dynamics within plant communities can bring about long lasting transitions in vegetation   c variation. the social science studies are based on the expectation that socio-cultural proces
10720	4	f the grasslands on the qinghai-tibetan plateau, the largest grassland unit on the eurasian con  assland unit on the eurasian continent, are degraded, and about 15% of those are severely degra  ll goal of the proposed partnership and project development strengthening decision-making optio  al field station on the qinghai-tibetan plateau, and to write the grant proposal with a partici
15482	10	ecosystem components, which evolve and develop through a spatio-temporal flow, originating eme  ting emergent patterns that at the same time feedback the emergent trajectory. vegetation spati  ecause of its potential to quantify and predict degradation stages. recent studies indicated th   signal of proximity to transition that can be assessed by spatial correlation of system unders  ociation, facilitative interactions and soil degradation and how this, in turn, determines the   ociations and community organization we are able to identify the keystone species in the ecosys  e keystone species in the ecosystem and develop more accurate restoration and conservation prog  vation programmes. particularly we will determine the relative importance of plant-plant intera  ermine the relative importance of plant-plant interaction and soil nutrients and runoff connect  portance of plant-plant interaction and soil nutrients and runoff connectivity over a climatic
10106	4	ntion. therefore, i established a large-scale fertilizer experiment in 2001 to test which facto  onosequence in new zealand. sixty plots were established in a factorial design, to test the eff   3 contrasting forest types within a 50 square km area of lowland rain forest. now i propose to   monitor changes in nutrient pools, and quantify the influences of waterlogging on growth.
13754	9	the objective of this collaborative cross-disciplinary project is to analyse how ecological  n ecosystem restoration design. we will examine restoration measures in ecosystems and link tho   restoration measures in ecosystems and link those to societal actors´ interests and institutio  ticular expertise and interests. little is known about outcomes of these projects and whether b  her biodiversity and ecosystem services are favoured or disfavoured. nevertheless, substantial   ured. nevertheless, substantial funding is allocated towards ecosystem restoration projects bas  r developing them. we will evaluate and develop restoration measures in landscapes and explore    restoration measures in landscapes and explore inherent tensions in, and potential added value   added values of, restoration. we will: propose ways to develop ecosystem restoration policies
11402	17	es in legislation, european agriculture is challenged to provide ecosystem services such as car   of managed and natural landscapes, and meet such multifunctional objectives. in spite of this,  ssible knowledge for non-experts, which is required in order to guide policy and management of   and management of these agroecosystems, is limited. vital will test the general hypothesis that  s vulnerability to changing management, can be explained by the coupling among plant and soil m  plained by the coupling among plant and soil microbial functional diversity, and its impacts on  velihoods relying on multifunctionality are threatened by ongoing societal changes. vital aims   ility in mountain grasslands, how these are perceived to be affected by management, as well as    grasslands, how these are perceived to be affected by management, as well as indicators they u   management, as well as indicators they use for these services. wp2-4 will analyse current tren  . wp2-4 will analyse current trends and condition of biodiversity and ecosystem services and th  l functional responses to fertility and link them with easily measurable plant traits that resp  ty and link them with easily measurable plant traits that respond to management and affect carb  t traits that respond to management and affect carbon and nitrogen turnover. wp3 will then buil  eholders a range of scenarios of global change, including extreme changes. their impacts on eco  entify the needs of local stakeholders, land managers and policy makers, to meet these needs by   and perception of actions that need to be taken in the future for sustainable rural developmen
481	9	ility in mountain grasslands, how these are perceived to be affected by management, and linkage   grasslands, how these are perceived to be affected by management, and linkages among services,  ng services, as well as indicators they use for these services. wp2-4 will analyse current tren  . wp2-4 will analyse current trends and condition of biodiversity and ecosystem services and th  l functional responses to fertility and link them with easily measurable plant traits that resp  ty and link them with easily measurable plant traits that respond to management and affect carb  t traits that respond to management and affect carbon and nitrogen turnover. wp3 will then buil  eholders a range of scenarios of global change, including extreme changes. their impacts on eco  entify the needs of local stakeholders, land managers and policy ma
10486	2	many of the poorest people in the world rely on the benefits provided to th  es. integration of their experience and expertise into the research development from the outset
10141	5	em for maximizing poverty reduction and increase resilience of the poor of natural hazards, and  nd local authorities to co-ordinate and implement the management schemes by the engagement with  to publicise the aims of the project to be developed under stream 2b. this web-presence will no  eam 2b. this web-presence will not only inform but will also solicit for both academic and soci  ence will not only inform but will also solicit for both academic and social input form stakeho
11169	5	em for maximizing poverty reduction and increase resilience of the poor of natural hazards, and  nd local authorities to co-ordinate and implement the management schemes by the engagement with  to publicise the aims of the project to be developed under stream 2b. this web-presence will no  eam 2b. this web-presence will not only inform but will also solicit for both academic and soci  ence will not only inform but will also solicit for both academic and social input form stakeho
13987	9	agricultural production is expected to continue to expand globally, despite sub  e hypothesis is that different services are interlinked or ‘bundled’ together, and therefore co  or ‘bundled’ together, and therefore co-vary as one service increases. we also want to investig  -vary as one service increases. we also want to investigate if there are distinct bundles that   s. we also want to investigate if there are distinct bundles that change with altered land uses  ooth, or abrupt and non-linear. we will focus on two agricultural landscapes, one in sweden and  weden and one in south africa, where we have substantial previous field experience and are well  y makers. both landscapes contain large-scale commercial farming, small-scale farming, and a na  tical analyses of ‘bundle indexes’, and cross-scale analyses using gis imagery.
7675	7	ecosystem services are underpinned by fundamental ecological properties an  sis is that ecosystem services can thus be modelled as networks of interacting ecological and s  rban region in the french alps. we will capitalize on existing statistical and mechanistic meth   of the relevant ecosystem services and land-use change. our assessment will benefit from our d  ersity and different ecosystem services are interconnected. trade-offs and synergies will be qu  ysis. besides the urban region, we will focus on two case study sub-systems: the intensively fa  and climate change projections. we will engage stakeholders in the comparison of scenarios and
14328	1	in this research proposal, we target to provide insight on the .
12594	24	there is now wide recognition of the importance to human well  gnition of the importance to human well-being of services delivered by the peatland environment  icularly in terms of how and where they are supplied and consumed at a regional or national sca  t a regional or national scale. the new cross government natural environment psa28 target aims   h provides the basis for everyones well-being, health and prosperity now and in the future; and  ces provided by the natural environment are reflected in decision-making. therefore, when takin  ve to achieve multiple benefits and not implement action to promote one service to the detrimen   project is a scoping study to a bigger project, which will inform the defra ecosystem approach  the millennium ecosystem assessment. it is novel and visionary work, bringing key stakeholders   e, a transdisciplinary project approach is required to combine biophysical and socio-economic s   in different states of degradation and assess the information available on the provision and q  oject team has direct access to a large number of potential sites and data, which have been col  of potential sites and data, which have been collected at these sites, which are of direct impo  ance to this project and will therefore guarantee a successful delivery. to evaluate cost-benef  of peatland ecosystem services, we will determine suitable valuation data required to undertake  and restoration. where possible we will provide assements of cost-benefiot flows for ecosystem    services from the case study sites and map opportunity and conflict zones. we will assess the   opportunity and conflict zones. we will assess the capacity of each site to increase its ecosys  ase its ecosystem service provision and assess the case for restoration, outline conflicts betw  ervice provision between sites. we will assess the transferability of results from each case st  e project identify information gaps and research priorities to provide recommendations to scope  re a matter of societal choice, we will use a transdisciplinary approach by involving social an  choice, we will use a transdisciplinary approach by involving social and environmental scientis  social and environmental scientists and key stakeholders from the outset of the project. a conf
7629	4	onmental challenge. indeed, urban areas are characterized by extreme human impacts on the struc  o these environments allow to precisely describe the impact of threats to non - urban areas for  on live in urban areas, which currently cover nearly 20 % of the territory. cities are characte  er nearly 20 % of the territory. cities are characterized by extreme environmental changes that
15493	1	nmental management. in this project, we integrate four innovative conceptual approaches .
15116	9	iodiversity of soil and the aboveground plant communities. the proposed methodology and sustain  icable at eco-region scale. the project is framed within the conceptual and methodological idea  united nations international scientific programme of the millennium ecosystem assessment, with   knowledge applicable into a sustainable land management. it mainly focuses on the natural herit   ecosystems, and the way these services are affected by human activities. it is also expected t  es are affected by human activities. it is also expected to establish, if possible, the natural  possible, the natural heritage critical level, defined as the natural resources essential and i   actions that would be able to avoid or minimize the human impacts on ecosystems. it is expecte  ize the human impacts on ecosystems. it is expected to provide planning and management tools, a
15117	9	iodiversity of soil and the aboveground plant communities. the proposed methodology and sustain  icable at eco-region scale. the project is framed within the conceptual and methodological idea  united nations international scientific programme of the millennium ecosystem assessment, with   knowledge applicable into a sustainable land management. it mainly focuses on the natural herit   ecosystems, and the way these services are affected by human activities. it is also expected t  es are affected by human activities. it is also expected to establish, if possible, the natural  possible, the natural heritage critical level, defined as the natural resources essential and i   actions that would be able to avoid or minimize the human impacts on ecosystems. it is expecte  ize the human impacts on ecosystems. it is expected to provide planning and management tools, a
12147	1	ree in coastal regions of water bodies, black alder .
7168	5	of non-native symbiotic fungi. however, short- term changes can be observed without quon know i  tic fungi. however, short- term changes can be observed without quon know if they are likely to  rm changes can be observed without quon know if they are likely to have longer-term consequence  n be observed without quon know if they are likely to have longer-term consequences    know if they are likely to have longer-term consequences
7565	3	we offer an inventory and characterization of ectomycorrhi  hese ecosystems and the parameters that can have an important influence on the in situ conserva  e parameters that can have an important influence on the in situ conservation of ectomycorrhiza
14946	4	e and the vegetation growing on it have been widely recognized from immemorial times. unger app  ween these two viewpoints does not only affect serpentines . in order to meet this objective, t  of their habitats, especially when they are deeply exploited, in order to promote sustainable u  loited, in order to promote sustainable use of the mining resources. these objectives will be m
13741	8	contrasting responses to edges. we will test the hypothesis that magnitude and distance of edge   test the hypothesis that magnitude and distance of edge influence can be predicted from contra  agnitude and distance of edge influence can be predicted from contrast in vegetation structure   matrix characteristics . the amount and structure of edges are quantified in digital aerial pho  ics . the amount and structure of edges are quantified in digital aerial photographs. vascular   s. vascular plants, lichens and beetles are quantified in sample plots and transects. a model w  rvival of sensitive species and optimal landscape configurations for biodiversity. the project   gurations for biodiversity. the project is done in co-operation with the national inventory of
13318	2	ty. edit will create a european virtual centre of excellence, which will increase both the scie  a rapidly changing field. the issues to be addressed are scientific but also structural: about
15269	3	position in the nitrogen biogeochemical cycle through this forest type. because dry deposition   cycle through this forest type. because dry deposition can account for 95& of total n depositio  his forest type. because dry deposition can account for 95& of total n deposition . to evaluate
199	8	studies is to find out, how short- and long - term changes in air humidity affect water and co  etween photosynthesis and transpiration can be caused by various processes, but variable stomat  is usually the most important cause. we hypothesize that stomatal sensitivity to air humidity i  omparison of different species. we also hypothesize, that optimal humidity for photosynthesis a   occurs in fast - growing trees because lower transpiration at high humidity can cause deficien  se lower transpiration at high humidity can cause deficiency in mineral nutrients and decrease   use deficiency in mineral nutrients and decrease in growth rate. experiments in growth chambers  iments with young trees in open air. we plan to participate in project fahm .
2055	2	elago of svalbard was almost completely ice-covered during the last glaciation. the most thermo  fore have arrived postglacially by long-distance dispersal. such species , genotype assignment
15302	5	estern mediterranean ichthyofauna share/have a common a common background, that fractures in th  it. in this way freshwater ichthyofauna was divided during this period . in that earlier projec  ed during this period . in that earlier project a considerable number of phylogenies were gener   in that earlier project a considerable number of phylogenies were generated that help us locat  ct a considerable number of phylogenies were generated that help us locate the ichthyofauna of
7123	2	fungal microflora ground. increased co2 content of the atmosphere by changing the level of rhiz  ng of soil microbial populations. so we are in the situation where a central element in the sta
538	10	at the microbial level. although it is clear that the ecology of our planet is driven by micro  is clear that the ecology of our planet is driven by microbial ecosystems, we are severely hamp  t is driven by microbial ecosystems, we are severely hampered by our limited understanding of t  ited understanding of the diversity and function of such microbial ecosystems. in the present p  ams in the disciplines of geochemistry, soil microbiology, genomics and ecosystem processes are  ology, genomics and ecosystem processes are assembled to study the relationship between environ   the relationship between environmental change, land use changes, biodiversity, and functioning  st ecosystems. the network has a strong focus on developing and applying biochemical and genoty  ress key scientific issues in microbial soil ecology. these include assessing the impact of env  ecosystem-based understanding, and this must be addressed via modelling in order to provide rel
15518	4	project is to develop a methodological framework that contributes to generate a new landscape   al mismatches between the provision and demand of services, one of the major limitations for su  s generate different degrees of spatial mismatch between service providing units and beneficiar  conflicts. this research proposes a new approach for the management of mediterranean ecosystems
15289	4	related to agricultural intensification can affect negatively the conservation of biodiversity   se plant diversity of arable fields and field boundaries related to agricultural landscape inte  ield boundaries related to agricultural landscape intensification and management . the results   lts from this subproject will hopefully contribute toward the definition of a balanced manageme
7202	8	f these microbial communities, however, are poorly understood. quality and soil fertility and m  ver, are poorly understood. quality and soil fertility and mineral nutrition of plants, however  d mineral nutrition of plants, however, are under the control of bacterial and fungal communiti   soil microbial communities and thereby alter the microbial balance and biological functioning    these microorganisms in situ, however, remain largely unknown. in other words, genetic and fun  microbial diversity of agricultural and forest ecosystems nont never been associated. the netwo  ltural and forest ecosystems nont never been associated. the network of laboratories involved i   the project will characterize microger key bacterial and fungal communities strengthen medium-
12507	7	background and purpose fertility management remains one of the most cr  ts of organic production systems; there is a reliance on legume derived nitrogen but long term   icularly in stockless systems when they give no direct economic return. soil nutrient managemen   in stockless systems when they give no direct economic return. soil nutrient management and im  nt of fertility building strategies has been identified as priority for research to disseminate   experimental sites. articles will also be written for the farming press and presented at appro  ng and knowledge in this area will also be of benefit to other stakeholders eg policy makers an
11669	23	for extreme phenotypes. in the simplest case, when the positively selected phenotype derives fr  en the favoured allele spreads, it will do so in linkage with a large part of its parent haplot  , it will do so in linkage with a large part of its parent haplotype. this hitch-hiking process  nt haplotype. this hitch-hiking process is expected to lead to loss of genetic variation in the  er rate. the replacement of the typical morph of the peppered moth, biston betularia, by the bl  ston betularia, by the black carbonaria morph within 40 generations in 19th c. england, driven   ty of the two morphs to bird predators, is predicted to have generated a strong hitch-hiking ef  is predicted to have generated a strong hitch-hiking effect. the opportunity for recombination   combination with alternative haplotypes is likely to have varied spatially along the carbonaria  ttle. by contrast, during the post-1970 decline of carbonaria, probably fuelled in large part b  f carbonaria, probably fuelled in large part by typical immigrants from the rural west, the pre  rt by typical immigrants from the rural west, the prediction is for linkage disequilibrium eith  enomic region containing the carbonaria switch locus, we are now ideally positioned to examine   taining the carbonaria switch locus, we are now ideally positioned to examine the genetic conse  consequences of the rise and subsequent fall of the carbonaria morph. a special feature of this  analysed with respect to both space and time, by integrating genetic information not only from   ic diversity and linkage disequilibrium are expected to vary in space and time. secondly, it pr  umentary evidence of a clinal selective sweep, as opposed to a historical reconstruction based   y of the original mutant haplotype, and establish whether the carbonaria phenotype has just one  h respect to selection, immigration and time, and contrasted between carbonaria and typical hap  struction to date of a clinal selective sweep our study will make a substantial contribution to  elevant both to the general public, who are already familiar with the story of industrial melan   and to environmental policy makers who need to appreciate the evolutionary ramifications of en
14434	5	gmentation become more intensive. there are only few studies on this problem in bulgaria, where  ewhere. in this aspect, special account is given to the effect of ski-runs on biodiversity. the  communities will be analyzed. the study is based on contemporary methods for collecting and ana  scientific and applied value. they will provide new data on the relationships between the model  ir habitats in respect of anthropogenic effect of ski-runs. these results will serve as a basel
10175	1	anscription rate of gvp genes will also be measured at different daily photon insolations, q, a
13806	5	establishment rate and pattern. we will start up by simulating fictitious species’ colonization  tious species’ colonization. at a later stage, after having developed colonization models based  models based on empirical data, we will simulate real species’ colonization of established stan  hanging landscapes. the method will not require data from repeated surveys, which are typically  metapopulation models. finally, we will identify extinction thresholds for a red-listed moss as
2068	3	seed production and population dynamics is examined. finally, an experiment where the compositi  the composition of the pollinator fauna is altered is conducted to examine if a shift in the po  tion of the pollinator fauna is altered is conducted to examine if a shift in the pollinator fa
14814	4	haracterized by higher temperatures and lower rainfall, conditions that will increase the degre  perienced by these areas. these changes may affect specially to those ecosystems developed unde  ances and changes in abiotic conditions is limited. the main objective of this proposal is to e  ost threatened ecosystems in europe and are highly vulnerable to climate change.
14754	2	project will include the searching and study of natural populations, the sampling of soil, pla   e. andevalensis in gardening will also be explored.
15270	1	ition of nitrogenated compounds, mainly dry deposition , and the secretariat of the executive b
15216	2	we propose to study the influence of the increasing and co  for this we have chosen a mediterranean scrub ecosystem represented by kermes oak thickets in a
13818	7	g due to atmospheric deposition has not been treated as an eutrophication process since p is ge   areas with low input of atmospheric n, are n-limited. this project therefore aims to test if t  project therefore aims to test if there are regional differences in nutrient limitation of phyt  n swedish lakes and if such differences can be related to the atmospheric input of n to lakes.   ion. in addition, the studies will also investigate if n-deposition has caused eutrophication o  s in southern sweden where n-deposition is enhanced, and if enhanced atmospheric n-loading affe   experiments will be conducted in large number of lakes in different parts of sweden.
13614	5	structure on arctic tundra heaths. long-term data on such changes are extremely important to un  tant to understand current patterns and predict future changes. by using a remarkably detailed   ibutions in northern scandinavia. there are no previous long-term studies in this ecosystem inv  hern scandinavia. there are no previous long-term studies in this ecosystem investigating veget   be of great importance for sustainable use of grazing resources in the arctic tundra in the fu
2172	5	rapid changes are expected in the mountain forest and the forest-alpi  marginal areas, two fundamental effects are expected: remote sensing. this technology is the mo  untain forest will, for the first time, be provided. such changes are relevant for reporting on  mate conventions, and experience gained may provide vital input to design of future monitoring    alpine tree line. by doing so, we will be able to provide estimates with respect to the remeas
416	11	kelps, giant brown seaweed, are a dominant feature of many temperate coastlines whe  of many temperate coastlines where they form ecosystems similar to terrestrial forests. laminar  terrestrial forests. laminaria digitata is the dominant species along the brittany coast where   ecies along the brittany coast where it is harvested for its high quality alginates. its specie  sciplinary and complementary approaches were employed to analyze the genetic and demographic su  l of ecological succession, l. digitata being the climax species. in this context, we predict u  predict using a prospective demographic model, that harvesting may be a threat for the persiste  ersistence of the populations. finally, even though genetic diversity seems to be decreasing un  gmentation, no direct harvesting effect could be discerned. however, higher diversities tend to  ed. however, higher diversities tend to be observed in harvested zones, probably because these   ggest that harvesting practices need to be adapted to the potential fluctuations of abundance i
2002	6	uth transect throughout western-europe: north-sweden, central sweden, south-sweden, germany. th   years changes in sphagnum and vascular plant species composition and the accumulated amounts o  pecies. in separate experiments we will measure potential growth, dead moss decomposability, dr  ological features as branching density, leaf density and leaf length and the concentrations of    as branching density, leaf density and leaf length and the concentrations of the various chemi  that affect dead moss decomposition. we attempt to explain the reconstructed changes in species
15100	1	re likely to affect the functioning and structure of forest ecosystems and, ultimately, the dis
15397	9	s to predict the timing of several life-cycle events, such as reproduction or migration in bird   suggests that environmental conditions may have consequences for the distribution, phenology a  udies conducted in the palaearctic have been focussed in northern europe, and few long-term stu  ranean ecosystems. the observed changes cannot be interpreted without considering the ecologica  y how other components of the ecosystem are affected by climate change. in the present project,  ife history traits of some bird species is examined in relation to environmental fluctuations a  life history traits of birds using long-term data in mediterranean ecosystems. 2. effects of te  hic parameters of coexisting short- and long-distance migrant species in the mediterranean regi  arameters of coexisting short- and long-distance migrant species in the mediterranean region. 5
15384	2	il mycorrhizal fungal communities might be associated with corresponding changes in plant commu  changes in plant community composition, structure or ecophysiological performance.
2139	11	. the rates of the biological processes are mediated by temperature, season length, temporal an   processes are mediated by temperature, season length, temporal and spatial distribution of sno   to undergo strong changes. at the same time, decomposition processes are moderated by the orga   the same time, decomposition processes are moderated by the organisms themselves. microbes and   the organisms themselves. microbes and soil fauna use litter and soil organic matter as energy   microbes and soil fauna use litter and soil organic matter as energy, carbon and nutrient sour  hanges may both directly and indirectly facilitate an increase in the mineralisation of soil or  crobes and microarthropods, which again may lead to increased nutrient availability. it is esse   to increased nutrient availability. it is essential to reveal the diversity of species, specie  ogical and physiological processes have been set up at zackenberg, greenland, and abisko, swede  f changed environmental conditions have been carried out. the ability of soil organisms to adap
2080	4	climate change may have profound effects on insects that cause widespr  ffects on insects that cause widespread tree mortality and have significant impacts on forest e  hat cause widespread tree mortality and have significant impacts on forest ecosystems. the spru   available for economical modelling and forest management adaptations in various districts of n
13855	8	rtificial nutrient/light conditions and manipulate grazer/predator presence. although coastal e  y, existing experimental studies mainly manipulate nutrient load only. moreover, macroalgae hav  utrient load only. moreover, macroalgae have a fundamental role as basic habitat for many assoc  for many associated organisms but there are few studies that address effects on biodiversity by  et different limits on plant growth and determine the quality of organic matter transfer to hig  ansfer to higher trophic levels. recent research also suggests that diversity in one trophic le  roductivity at other trophic levels. it is therefore essential that we explore relationships be  vels. it is therefore essential that we explore relationships between diversity at different tr
10814	21	ave that is presently building. what we do now, or what we fail to do, will resonate through ti  ly building. what we do now, or what we fail to do, will resonate through time, affecting every  ically diverse of marine ecosystems and are arguably the most deeply threatened by humanity. th  exploitation and pollution. we urgently need to understand the process of reef degradation in o  eefs better to sustain biodiversity. we propose to study reefs in the philippines, which is sub  ject to exceptional human pressures and is on the global front line of coral reef degradation.   ront line of coral reef degradation. it is also the world centre of shallow water marine biodiv   water marine biodiversity. reefs there stand to lose more species than almost any other place,  them endemics that could go extinct. we cannot survey all of the thousands of species found the  f species found there. instead, we will focus on snails. the reasons for this are: on a series   reef slope. from our survey results, we aim to understand the rate and sequence of losses of sn  ults, we aim to understand the rate and sequence of losses of snails from these reefs, and how   f snails from these reefs, and how they are affected by factors such as body size, size at matu   affected by factors such as body size, size at maturity, depth range and desirability for the   lp us devise management strategies that can stem the losses - even, we believe, in the most unp  t strategies that can stem the losses - even, we believe, in the most unpromising regions of th  ies that can stem the losses - even, we believe, in the most unpromising regions of the world w  orld where human impacts are severe. we are convinced there are affordable and feasible solutio  acts are severe. we are convinced there are affordable and feasible solutions to reef degradati  sible solutions to reef degradation. it is the aim of this pilot project to gather data on the   this study, and future research we will develop from it, will help focus public attention on th
10954	2	cus will be collected during spring and summer from approximately 18 stations located across th  storical data and, if possible, data to be generated in marine productivity application 2.3. co
13829	1	d experiment on polypore-living insects was done the first year. three manuscripts based on dat
13467	1	to study the influence of environmental change on the dynamics of genetic architecture of popul
11682	1	gressions taking into account patch and landscape variables, as well as the history of disturba
2005	3	e system. fot rerestrial ecosystems, it is expected that global climate changes will affect pla  rsity in these rhizosphere habitats, we propose to address the consequences of global change fo  e to address the consequences of global change for this vulnerable dune ecosystem as well as mo
12193	2	onservation issue and the uk government is committed to reversing these declines by 2020 that h  r regions of the uk, and will therefore contribute to the delivery of the governments psa farml
2095	11	e of carotenoid pigments. such pigments cannot be synthesized de novo by the fish, but stem fro  atural food of the species. carotenoids could have both positive and negative effects on the vi   high intake of certain carotenoids has been shown to have negative effects. in salmon, there s   i.e. carotenoid content. although this may reflect quality differences between females, it is   quality differences between females, it is also possible that it reflects adaptations to differ  different environments, with higher and lower oxidative stress, respectively. an improved under  nments, with higher and lower oxidative stress, respectively. an improved understanding of the   der different environmental conditions, is not only interesting from a scientific point of view   not only interesting from a scientific point of view. it should also enable us to better under  cientific point of view. it should also enable us to better understand variation in offspring p  n in offspring production and therefore be highly relevant for a proper management of viable sa
13441	15	the okavango delta is a large land-locked alluvial fan in the kalahari basin, north-e  ked alluvial fan in the kalahari basin, north-east botswana. it comprises a rich mosaic of habi  orth-east botswana. it comprises a rich mosaic of habitats and is the largest inland delta in a  comprises a rich mosaic of habitats and is the largest inland delta in africa. the ecosystem is  t inland delta in africa. the ecosystem is driven by annual flooding, which brings water and in  iety of animals and plants, making it a major global tourist attraction with its unique biodive  trimental disturbance, it remains under threat due to seasonal burns and herbivore. these threa  onal burns and herbivore. these threats are compounded by a lack of knowledge about the vegetat  t the vegetation and its resilience. it is crucial to ascertain how disturbance affects the str  w disturbance affects the structure and function of the ecosystem. this project focuses on gain  g an understanding of the structure and function of the ecosystems, to provide robust ecologica   to provide robust ecological data that can be used by managers for long-term management strate  a that can be used by managers for long-term management strategies and to assess the potential   keholders perception, species richness, tree recruitment, seed banks, seed dispersal, seedling   richness, tree recruitment, seed banks, seed dispersal, seedling establishment in relation to f
423	5	data sets from scientific trawl surveys were used to identify the changes in the structure of t  ies, abundance of the small subtropical fish species increased, while the abundance of the larg  all subtropical fish species increased, while the abundance of the largest individuals decrease   small species are more able to quickly benefit from an environmental change. the individual-ba  pport the hypothesis that these changes are related to both fishing and climate effects. total
7140	6	lf of Gascony in the last three decades are identified from time-series statistical analysis an  mics and causes of observed changes and identify the impacts on fisheries. The diversity in ter  patial variations in number of species, type of vital strategy dominant of biogeographic affini  cesses determining their activities. it must result from these processes a spatial structure of  t result from these processes a spatial structure of diversity. the effects of realistic change  anges associated with the operation and impact of the warming will be analyzed.
14966	5	particular those in the mediterranean, can experiment a growing variability in runoff as a res  ity in runoff as a result of the global change in rainfall intensity and frequency. the higher   y and frequency. the higher variability may cause a higher extension of periods with low flow o  ucture of algae, macroinvertebrates and fish, before and after the extreme events of low flow .  ects of climate change on mediterranean stream ecosystems.
14469	4	interactions between plants and animals are used, which allows to evaluate the potential effect  ess biodiversity components at regional scale; to calculate basic descriptors of genetic divers  iptors of genetic diversity at species, inter- and intrapopulation level; to estimate gene flow   at species, inter- and intrapopulation level; to estimate gene flow rates of different species
13849	7	entation caused by dams and road passes can lead to extinctions of fish populations, while spec  ead to extinctions of fish populations, while species introductions can cause extinctions of is  opulations, while species introductions can cause extinctions of isolated fish populations and   anding of fragmentation effects we will quantify extinction and colonization rates. extinction   ter introductions. to build models that can be used to predict effects of fragmentation and int  fragmentation and introductions we will use data on the outcome of introductions to formulate h   and presence of other species. we will use an existing data set that cover all lakes in an are
7125	2	ject aims to study the impact of global change on ocean and lake aquatic ecosystems in Western   he impact of global change on ocean and lake aquatic ecosystems in Western Europe by using plan
540	11	actual and emerging studies. such goals can be achieved by inter-site and inter-ecosystem compa  goals can be achieved by inter-site and inter-ecosystem comparisons. this approach was undertak  er-ecosystem comparisons. this approach was undertaken during our project which has the origina  cosystems. it allowed us to compile and validate several multidecadal time series of planktonic  mpile and validate several multidecadal time series of planktonic and other physical driving fo  ical data across several spatial scales was used. the different ecosystems analyzed here showed  atic conditions during winter and early spring, suggesting an impact of climatic factors. pheno  g the 1990s. lower larval mortality and better recruitment are supposed to be linked to faster   larval mortality and better recruitment are supposed to be linked to faster growth associated w   and better recruitment are supposed to be linked to faster growth associated with warmer tempe  associated with warmer temperatures and better food conditions induced by better temporal overl
15184	2	rlying mechanisms to explain short- and long-coexistence of bacterial species is promoting nove   microbial communities in inland waters are linked by dispersal making up the metacommunity whi
15315	3	microbial communities in inland waters are connected by dispersal making up a metacommunity. c  e dynamics of microbial metacommunities have not been well explored and the consequences for th   the consequences for the short- and/or long- persistence of species is unknown. waterbirds are
15245	5	driver of biodiversity loss, but little is known about the effects of landscape change on bioti   affected by landscape change. habitats may exhibit either higher-than-expected species richnes   patches due to delayed extinctions, or lower-than-expected species richness in newly originate  rsal constraints. biotic homogenization is expected if, as predicted by some theoretical models  plant-pollinator interactions will also be surveyed to characterize the effect of landscape cha
13953	1	extinctions and biodiversity declines, while habitat fragmentation model data and results obta
13830	7	the quality of coastal nursery grounds can not be estimated directly from the viability of the   local investigations of the number and condition of juveniles leaving the nursery grounds. the  f filamentous macroalgae in the coastal zone over the last decades. descriptive studies indicat  t these changes alter the structure and function of the communities present, but there is no in  n of the communities present, but there is no information on how the recruitment potential of f  cruitment potential of fish populations is affected. in this project i will test hypothesis con  ival during later life stages will also be evaluated and the recruitment potential of the nurse
12177	6	ndscape and historic features, and they play a key role in wildlife conservation, stock managem  ay a key role in wildlife conservation, stock management, shelter and erosion control. the hedg   control. the hedgerow network may also play an important future role in adaptation for climate  eir character, condition and ecological function, and to prevent them overgrowing and shading c  ing and shading crops. these activities can be classified into: a maintenance, typically trimmi  cy development and further research. it is recognised that the impacts of management regimes ar
11066	15	hosts in order to survive. many things may keep a parasite from successfully spreading: hosts   s may be resistant to infection, others may die before the infection is passed on. as a host po  on, others may die before the infection is passed on. as a host population gets smaller or decr  come locally extinct. this, in essence, is the idea of a host population threshold: that there   a host population threshold: that there is a certain population size or density below which the  arasite in one host population may only be temporary if it can be reintroduced again from a nei   population may only be temporary if it can be reintroduced again from a neighboring host popul  in above the threshold number. if there is a whole group of such host populations, the parasite  ent places at different times but never disappear from the system as a whole. ecologists would   pulation thresholds and metapopulations are found for parasites in nature would be of great int   would be of great interest, because it could explain why the risk of becoming infected varies   ted varies between different places and could give us clues about how to potentially eradicate    give us clues about how to potentially eradicate certain diseases. yet at this point, we know   certain diseases. yet at this point, we know almost no examples of host population thresholds a  ta i will determine whether this system could provide one of the first examples for host popula
11547	4	nbreeding and loss of genetic diversity are believed to reduce the ability of natural populatio  necked populations. this prediction has been shown experimentally in drosophila populations . t  ce has been intensively monitored. pbfv was introduced by feral ringneck parakeets and t. galli  genetically confirmed pedigrees already exist for the mauritius parakeet population, and pigeon
2136	8	ing herring, blue whiting, mackerel and horse mackerel. these planktivorous stocks have substan  r high abundances, they can potentially have a strong ecological impact on the ecosystem and ea  an potentially have a strong ecological impact on the ecosystem and each other. in spite of the  e for ecosystem functioning, there have been few studies addressing the interactions between pl  een herring, blue whiting, mackerel and horse mackerel in the norwegian sea. this goal will be   sive data sets on physics, plankton and fish distribution from collaborating norwegian, russian  istributions of the key fish stocks and quantify their overlap and interactions over the life c  ning of the norwegian sea ecosystem and generate several products that can be useful for ecosys
13944	7	munities predicts that biodiversity and function of local communities are determined by an inte  rsity and function of local communities are determined by an interaction of local and regional   regional processes, but this has rarely been evaluated empirically. the aim of this project is   ocal and regional factors, and how they interact, will be evaluated by an observational survey   , will be evaluated by an observational survey of ponds with different flooding frequency and d  rsal distance. in a subsequent mesocosm experiment, i will test the interacting effects of regi  d will provide new insights in the long-term consequences of biological invasions on biodiversi
14718	8	land use and climate changes have been suggested as the two main threats to biodiversity   sity conservation. in the next years it is predicted a strong change in landscape composition a  the next years it is predicted a strong change in landscape composition and configuration as a   rocesses. a relatively large effort has been made in the recent years in studying these process  arce so far. the mediterranean area has been hypothesised as one of the most affected by global  in, it could be also suggested a strong impact on land composition as a consequence of new agri  opulation-level processes to individual-level perfomance traits. in the present project we aim   mance traits. in the present project we aim to achieve the following goals: 1. predictive and s
14833	9	thlands communities of calluna vulgaris are considered areas under especial protection in europ  n and composition. temperature increase could have an influence on the movement of heathlands t  ease in precipitation during the summer could favour the development of dry heathlands more tha  in the iberian peninsula. these changes are expected to have a marked influence on the flora co  rised by a high recurrence of fires. we use the data obtained to make models for predicting cha  se communities as a result of the small scale alterations to which they can be subjected, and o  e small scale alterations to which they can be subjected, and on a large scale as a result of c  h they can be subjected, and on a large scale as a result of climate change, which can displace  le as a result of climate change, which can displace current conditions towards an extreme of t
14832	9	thlands communities of calluna vulgaris are considered areas under especial protection in europ  n and composition. temperature increase could have an influence on the movement of heathlands t  ease in precipitation during the summer could favour the development of dry heathlands more tha  in the iberian peninsula. these changes are expected to have a marked influence on the flora co  rised by a high recurrence of fires. we use the data obtained to make models for predicting cha  se communities as a result of the small scale alterations to which they can be subjected, and o  e small scale alterations to which they can be subjected, and on a large scale as a result of c  h they can be subjected, and on a large scale as a result of climate change, which can displace  le as a result of climate change, which can displace current conditions towards an extreme of t
12172	1	farmland, typically in the form of set-side, field margins or wildbird strips, has apparent be
15207	3	spanish coasts and to assess whether it is possible to generalize a multiple pattern of water u  ect aims to get deeply into the oceanic water role on key species in dune building and the cons  urce to evaluate the impact of climatic change over the xxi century.
15218	9	ic webs of temporary ponds because they affect primary production, nutrient cycling, leaf litte  ns. the presence of predators, however, can modify the interactions between amphibians and lowe  the interactions between amphibians and lower trophic levels by either reducing amphibian larva  , and/or accelerating metamorphosis. it is unclear, though, whether defenses that have evolved    invasive predator species, and if they do, whether they would be as effective as against nativ  ator of amphibian eggs and larvae, that may have already caused a deep impact on the amphibian   bian populations exposed to it. we will compare the density-dependent and trait-mediated effect  f trophic webs. to this purpose we will use a highly multidisciplinary approach combining field  inary approach combining field surveys, field, laboratory and mesocosm experiments, quantitativ
13968	6	as cormorants, and these problems have been accentuated with the strong increase in cormorant   s have been accentuated with the strong increase in cormorant population during recent decades.  research interest, little research have been aimed at examining ecosystem effects on nesting is  lands in the baltic. in this project we aim to study how the nutrient inflow on cormorant nesti   the increased nutrient inflow, we will use recent advances in ecological stoichiometry, which   composition. to study dynamics, we will quantify density response across multiple years for her
2515	6	disciplinary collaborative experimental project that will examine possible negative consequence  e pelagic food web in the north sea and north atlantic/barents sea negative effects could have   h atlantic/barents sea negative effects could have a massive impact at the ecosystem level, als  a negative effects could have a massive impact at the ecosystem level, also including commercia  ork package 2 will involve a microarray approach in order to reveal mechanisms of action and ca  isms of action and candidate genes that may be used as biomarkers. work package 3 will involve
14184	14	tion product is costly, which is why it is sensible to optimize concentration and application r  ation volume hitting the target and non-target insect may not immediately cause their death, bu  d non-target insect may not immediately cause their death, but still may result in partial or t  mmediately cause their death, but still may result in partial or total extinction of the popula  ath, but still may result in partial or total extinction of the population later. experiments w  over various organisms which are why it is essential to estimate the effect of the reduced or s  o estimate the effect of the reduced or sub-lethal doses. chemical intoxication with sub-lethal  ical intoxication with sub-lethal doses may alter the physiological functioning of the insects   ological functioning of the insects and result in interferences in preparations for winter. eve  action of sub-lethal doses on pests has been investigated up to a certain measure, there is pra  stigated up to a certain measure, there is practically nothing about the direct and indirect ef  y nothing about the direct and indirect effect of herbicide and insecticides on the physiology   le transformations caused by pesticides may give essential important information about changes   tration of alterations of physiological condition of insect caused by several stress factors. t
13843	4	ss at small spatial scales. however, we do not know how reindeer grazing affect species richnes  a is particularly important as it holds out a prospect of predicting species richness at large   e spatial scales. moreover, i will also study whether the effect of reindeer on species richnes  nt availability. a combination of small-scale manipulations, natural experiments and descriptiv
13488	9	although short-term effects are minor, reindeer can still have l  egetation in the scandinavian mountains is expected to change due to a warmer climate and many   y these questions in 48 exclosures that were built 1998 in four different locations in northern  osures that excludes voles and lemmings were built in two contrasting habitats . four species o  asting habitats . four species of trees were sown in each exclosure. i will study how reindeer   survival of trees and other plants that are expected to be favored by a warmer climate. field s  s and other plants that are expected to be favored by a warmer climate. field studies will be c  . these studies will reveal if reindeer can prevent the increase of shrubs and trees that are e  t the increase of shrubs and trees that are expected to threaten tundra heathlands in the futur
14900	2	the scientific community is committed to search approaches of ecological restora  ccess. to cope with these objectives we propose a number of activities that combine phenomenolo
13739	6	turbid, phytoplankton dominated state, result in a dramatic reduction in biodiversity and a de  tion of ecosystem functioning. here, we intend to study the importance of seasonal mass-migrati  end to study the importance of seasonal mass-migration of cyprinids between lakes and their tri   transition between states. further, we intend to study how changes in seasonal migration affec  abitats seasonally and during winter it is highest in the lake, which forces cyprinids to utili  ncluding two phd student positions, and is to all major parts following the original plans.
13844	6	food, shelter and substrate for a large number of associated plant and animal species on the sw  wedish west coast. the proposed project is aimed at investigating how the structure and diversi  versity in those associated communities are influenced by the genetical architecture of the alg   that case how, the mentioned variables are influenced by hybridization between different fucus  systems, but to my knowledge, there are still no comparable aquatic studies. the proposed proje  fence of parent and hybrid fucus plants are compared.
12576	5	ective of this project is to retain and maintain in good agricultural condition the long-term s  etain and maintain in good agricultural condition the long-term sludge cake and metal-amended l  in good agricultural condition the long-term sludge cake and metal-amended liquid sludge experi  condition the long-term sludge cake and metal-amended liquid sludge experimental platforms at t  unding for phase iv of the experimental programme by evaluating the effects of heavy metal addi
11769	1	t populations through both positive and negative density dependence.
9906	1	t populations through both positive and negative density dependence.
13698	4	ill be quantified in such a way that it can be used in a silvicultural simulation system which   e in planning instruments will probably increase the long-term profitability of norway spruce p  ruments will probably increase the long-term profitability of norway spruce plantations in scan   also affect timber quality. growth and timber-quality will be investigated in old experiments
15272	13	ems conforming habitat islands. spatial structure of fragments determines community persistence  rocess happens. conservation biologists must consider a priority increasing the knowledge about  t how the change in spatial arrangement can affect community structure and composition. the sys  estions related to species coexistence: is there any environmental filter based on competitive    filter based on competitive exclusion, is community phylogenetic structure a main process in t  ve exclusion, is community phylogenetic structure a main process in the constitution of plant c  pecies richness in community fragments, is there any mechanism dealing with functional differen  ation independent from the phylogenetic signal, etc. the analysis of spatial point patterns of   ms in plant communities is an excellent tool that allows us to answer many of the above mention  ing on dispersion or on the contrary it may depend on competitive interactions. the relationshi  ent of community organization processes can be studied using dendroecological techniques with s  ues with shrubs and perennial herbs. it is of key interest to understand coexistence processes    to know how and when individual plants are recruited and how the function of different species
1088	7	n carbon cycling and decomposition have been done on single species. the results from these stu  these processes by climatic conditions, litter quality, decomposers, soil factors, pollution an  sition of single species litters. there is a clear need of experimental work on he effects of l  . there is a clear need of experimental work on he effects of litter diversity in order to mode  il. in particular, no such studies have been performed in mediterranean ecosystems despite thei   their high biodiversity and their very fine spatial grain of vegetation composition and cover.  iodiversity and their very fine spatial grain of vegetation composition and cover. objective of
15446	6	in the scope of climate change. we will be able to discern changes in ecosystem processes cause  from those of natural variability if we have a profound knowledge on the effects of temperature   in such processes. the fact that there is a national action on adaptation to the climate chang   change is enough to understand that it is very important to know profoundly the responses of e   on the global carbon cycle, as warming can enhance decomposition rates. few studies, however,   tic communities, within a given region, is similar or not. the aim of this project is to assess
15517	6	ty, particularly in areas where a large number of species reach the warm margins of their distr  warm margins of their distributions. it is likely that in the near future there will be marked    of these ecological responses needs to be evaluated urgently in order to establish adaptive ma  gement of conservation. however, little is known about the sensitivity to climate variation of   the impacts of climate change, since it could lead to considerable under- or over-estimations o  dance, a comparative analysis will also be carried out to determine if those species which are
14790	6	of pastures in canary islands has never been studied from a community or species diversity pers  ndangering native species, and if there is a recovery of potential vegetation. more specificall  ential vegetation. more specifically we pretend to describe plant communities, to predict futur  ommunities after cattle abandonment and suggest a sustainable management of these areas base on  hese areas base on our results. we also pretend to start and continuous with this studied subje   studied subject in posterior years and involve students of last courses.
15099	8	the next decades. both climatic trends may alter the growing season and the phenological organ  nological organization of mediterranean tree species but we do not know the functional implicat  on of mediterranean tree species but we do not know the functional implications of these modifi  at socioeconomic and ecologic value. we hypothesize that the lengthening of the growing season   ve growth and reproduction. however, it is also expected a greater duration of the drought peri  er duration of the drought period which could counteract the first effect leading to a greater   ces between growth and reproduction. we hypothesize that the overlapping between phenological p   the evergreen quercus species. we will test these hypotheses in climatically contrasting sites
15021	7	rge islands whose populational dynamics are influenced by these migratory events. these dynamic  ratory events. these dynamics have also been conditioned by different historical-political situ  ultures, the pretalayotic and talayotic culture, which could represent more than a simple adopt  etalayotic and talayotic culture, which could represent more than a simple adoption of new cust  al. nevertheless, this question has not been yet evaluated from a global anthropological point   evaluated from a global anthropological point of view. the previous projects question the origi   of view. the project we are presenting is supported by the previous approach and aims to locat
14645	9	rge islands whose populational dynamics are influenced by these migratory events, also conditon  unerary assemblies from minorca island, offer the opportunity to study, directly through the an  ultures, the pretalayotic and talayotic culture, which could represent more than a simple adopt  etalayotic and talayotic culture, which could represent more than a simple adoption of new cust  pulation arrival; this question has not been evaluated from a global anthropological point of v  evaluated from a global anthropological point of view.the previous projects posed the question   ical point of view. the present project is supported by this previous approach and aims to loca  al, demographical and paleopathological point of view; 2 dental morphology; 3 anatomo-pathologi  atomo-pathological activity patterns, 4 stable isotopes of n and c for diet determination; 5 mi
14636	5	ecosystems is a global phenomenon that may cause significant social and economic hardships. ev  mmunities. sargassum muticum yendo . we want to compare similarities or differences between com  cum. in addition, we will determine and compare the effects of s. muticum and s. polyschides wr  ffects of s. muticum and s. polyschides wrack on structure and composition of macrofaunal assem  d s. muticum alters the composition and structure of local communities of rocky shores and expo
14755	11	ecies, as much locally as globally, has been recognised as a fact. equally, it is understood th   been recognised as a fact. equally, it is understood that the disappearance of one species cou  d that the disappearance of one species could imply several changes in the food web to which it  which it belongs inducing, for example, further losses or changes in the demographic balance. a  e lost species, or another with similar function, in the ecosystem. from the scientific perspec   new approaches and methods of research are proposed, such as: i the manipulation of foodwebs w  orces between trophic elements, and iii model equations or formulas that would allow the predic  , within this particular area of study, is to understand the effect of a loss of species in a c  , experts in differential equations and graph analysis, will permit the adaptation of analytica  thus, conclusions of great significance could be deduced, bringing answers that are, at the mom  inging answers that are, at the moment, being widely called for, but that no research group in
7590	2	ss in 3 weeks, alone or in combination: effect on the plant and local bacterial populations. co  ucted on other imported plants can thus benefit from the reintroduction of bacterial partners f
13861	2	work on short-term consumer dynamics in open ecosystems and have sign  onsumer dynamics in open ecosystems and have significant effects on juvenile survival and growt
15385	8	forest ecosystems and, because of this, contribute to determine the characteristics of carbon g  and deciduous tree species may strongly depend on leaf productivity along the different seasons   for leaf survival. the present project is aimed to contrasting the hypothesis that climatic st  ge in the strength of winter conditions could lead to morphological and chemical acclimation in  avorable for photosynthesis, and, then, could respond to any climatic change with phenological   nd, then, could respond to any climatic change with phenological adjustments to the new conditi  l adjustments to the new conditions. we intend to contrast this hypothesis by means of estimate  s on leaf traits and photosynthesis and dark respiration in leaves of evergreen tree species in
13524	2	-down how future changes in climate and top predators may impact ecosystem structures.   re changes in climate and top predators may impact ecosystem structures.
6955	9	ding is difficult as resistance sources are limited and because many resistance factors are mon   factors are monogenic, thus resistance can be broken easily. therefore, it would be desirable    resistance trait into major crops that could provide durable protection against many different  rent viruses. translational readthrough is required for the gene expression of many plant virus  ion of many plant viruses. therefore we hypothesize that plants, in which the readthrough is in  e that plants, in which the readthrough is inefficient, could be resistant against all readthro   yeast, mutant termination factors have been reported that reduced the efficacy of readthrough   nner without causing phenotype. here we aim to elaborate a novel, horizontal virus resistance s   termination factors that significantly reduce readthrough efficacy in transient assays will be
11869	12	mption of carbon dioxide by very small, single celled organisms, which are referred to as the p  y small, single celled organisms, which are referred to as the photosynthetic picoplankton. mar  enera prochlorococcus and synechococcus are the prokaryotic components of the photosynthetic pi  etic picoplankton. current and previous work in my lab has demonstrated that the in situ commun  rld s oceans, allowing them to grow and photosynthesise under a broad range of environmental co  ular ecological studies can effectively map the spatial distributions of specific genotypes, th  stributions and physiological states we are essentially assessing changes in the rates of bioge  ogeochemical cycles. to more completely understand the molecular basis of this niche adaptation  cular basis of this niche adaptation we propose here to undertake a molecular approach focusing  ineages. the proposed project will thus seek to provide a more fundamental understanding of how  vironments the project will potentially provide important new information on the key environmen  meters that dictate the growth rate and yield of these organisms, information which is critical
11393	13	controlled burning is used worldwide for the management of vegetation, yet  the management of vegetation, yet there is serious concern about the environmental implications  ent of vegetation, yet there is serious concern about the environmental implications of such pr  land, moorland burning is a traditional practice for encouraging and maintaining heather growth  nation of changes in soil hydrology and water quality. 2. provide a better understanding of the  s, suspended sediment concentration and water chemistry. 3. assess the influence of changes in   fluence of changes in stream hydrology, water quality and sediment fluxes on stream ecosystems   invertebrate community biodiversity and fish abundance 4. gain a more fundamental understanding   these packages will provide a holistic patch- to basin-scale evaluation of burning from the pe  will provide a holistic patch- to basin-scale evaluation of burning from the perspective of pea  , river water quantity and quality, and stream ecosystems, thus providing the balanced knowledg  ich is currently lacking. in the longer-term we expect ember to act as a major reference underp  urrently lacking. in the longer-term we expect ember to act as a major reference underpinning u
7507	3	. the chosen approach is based on the differential genotype individuals preco   identify carriers locus of a variation may have an adaptive significance or selective value in  e an adaptive significance or selective value in the wild and requiring a specific consideratio
12045	15	factors that favor the emergence of new plant diseases caused by fungi during the last century,   infectious diseases, among which > 30% are caused by fungi on plants. to better assess the ris   change.s the role of these factors has been studied for several fungal species causing signifi  biological data and a theoretical model was developed and analyzed in parallel. the role of the  parallel. the role of these factors has been addressed by studies of population genetics and ph  veral fungal pathogens in the world has been unravelled using methods of population genetics. t  ence of new diseases, biological traits were evaluated in controlled environments. phylogenetic  led environments. phylogenetic analyses were performed on some species to determine if hybridiz  ial impact of environmental change have been studied in the case of the emergence of forest dis  gh modeling for linking climate change, forest density and disease levels . statistical analysi  d disease levels . statistical analysis were performed using a database of pathogen species of   es non-native in europe and models have been developed to analyze the importance of certain fac  veral fungal pathogens in the world has been uncovered, revealing the processes underlying disp  sal. we have shown that climate changes may favor emergences and that isease emergence are ofte   database approaches suggest that there are some common characteristics among invasive pathogen
7276	4	s project aims to better understand and comment on the structure of the stoichiometric diversit  stoichiometric diversity in species. we use a theoretical model based on physiological constrai  rate hypotheses about the emergence and inter- specific diversity stoichiometric structure. to   structure. to test these hypotheses, we measure functional traits on a collection of marine bac
15161	9	it is generally assumed that planted areas affect positive   fields of microbiology . the extensive use of molecular methods for the analysis of microbial   in many fields. dozens of sequences are being described and published every minute that have li  h activities are not known are still to be discovered. the previous statement is certainly pers   certainly persuasive from a scientific point of view. the project proposal focuses in the foll  ollowing aspects: first- to analyze and compare the impact of emergent macrophytes in the diver   major part of this bacterial diversity is concentrated over the surfaces of plant leaves, root  d new bacterial and archaeal phylotypes may be affected by a coordinated cooperation between th  stewater treatment. the present project is meant to the use of rational and novel enrichment an
10734	27	as organisms that can cause death and disease in their hosts, parasites a  hosts, parasites are forms of life that can have important ecological effects on the host popul  ons that they exploit. switches in host can occur as parasites jump to new host species in new   host can occur as parasites jump to new host species in new environments and in the process wil  imal is a new potential host, parasites can diversify greatly and huge numbers of uncharacteriz  ch of these parasites could potentially represent a future danger both to human health and ecos  rasites exist and how successfully they transfer to new hosts and habitats are still unknown fa   environmental samples, and importantly provide a means to survey previously unsampled microsco  sly unsampled microscopic lifeforms. it is now possible to collect a wide diversity of inverteb  y studying the diversity of this dna we can identify the number and diversity of microscopic pa  nt in the original sample. here we will use this strategy to begin to enumerate the number of p  nments, varying in geographic location, season, and including marine, terrestrial and freshwate   highly unusual relatives of fungi that are adapted to live inside the cells of a variety of di  erent animals. in humans, microsporidia can cause serious infections in those with seriously im  ipients of organ transplants. they also infect economically important animals such as farmed fi   fish and honeybees. microsporidia have been found in all major animal lineages and in all envi  ntly over 1200 species of microsporidia are known to exist, though research suggests that large  cies are present in the environment. we intend to sample freshwater, estuarine, marine and soil  ample freshwater, estuarine, marine and soil environments across different seasons and geograph  nt seasons and geographic locations and use dna methodologies to enumerate the distinct molecul   measure of species number. we can then use this data to try to understand: 1 how our current e  e season, latitude, or environment type are associated with high levels of diversity of microsp  fied in different environments. it will indicate whether there are particular environments that  onments. it will indicate whether there are particular environments that have allowed these par  ites found in different environments we can understand whether climate change or human movement  duce new parasites into new areas. this can indicate how much potential there is for microspori  s can indicate how much potential there is for microsporidia to cause new infections in humans
10597	35	ndscape has been studies intensively we understand little about how soil develops after ice has  etation. as such this is an island that is isolated from continental influences in terms of soi  onisation. in iceland, currently, there are two particular glaciers that have retreated this su  mmer, uniquely, at these two locations, soil that has been covered since the little ice age bio  , at these two locations, soil that has been covered since the little ice age biology. for thes  ganisms is a complex process because we can think about them from different levels- what are th  o. to answer the first question we will look at the molecular composition of the microbial comm   techniques, for the second question we need to monitor biochemical changes in the soil. typica   amplification of 16s rrna genes, which are cloned and sequenced. sequences are used for phylog  ich are cloned and sequenced. sequences are used for phylogenetic analysis to determine identit  ntative. non-thermophilic crenarchaeota exemplify this situation. they belong to the archaea, o  rchaeota exemplify this situation. they belong to the archaea, one of the three major lineages   ree major lineages of life, but archaea are traditionally associated with extreme environments,  erature. non-thermophilic crenarchaeota are abundant and ubiquitous in temperate soils but, bec  perate soils but, because none has ever been cultivated, we have no information on their physio  cause none has ever been cultivated, we have no information on their physiological characterist  istics. to assess soil function we will look at how these soils play a role in the cycling of n  ing of nitrogen. by using 15n which has been incorporated into plant litter we expect that the    been incorporated into plant litter we expect that the indigenous microorganisms will use this  will use this as a carbon substrate and break down this material. we can then track how the soi  d break down this material. we can then track how the soil processes the nitrogen from the plan  d of focussing on a single organisms we study the full process of the soil. if the process is e  il. if the process is effective then it may be concluded that sols with all the attributes of m  th all the attributes of mature systems can develop from these soils that have been contained t   can develop from these soils that have been contained the glacier. to place the results in con  l from neighbouring locations will also be sampled. these soils will also be examined using the   also be sampled. these soils will also be examined using the same methods as described and we   methods as described and we can quickly appraise if key molecular and functional attributes hav  hallenging project as the two locations are isolated and pose considerable difficulties in samp  t as the two locations are isolated and pose considerable difficulties in sampling. winter cond  tions will commence in september and it is essential that robust sampling techniques can be car  sential that robust sampling techniques can be carried out that ensure the samples have no micr  ave no microbial contamination and they are kept at temperatures typical of iceland. to achieve   of soil scientists in iceland who will assist in the fieldwork planning and execution and in t  earch facility near reykjavik. not only do the fieldwork team require the correct weather condi
14693	2	the aim of this subproject is to evaluate the recovery possibilities of some wild   mpus guttulatus in the coast of galicia follow-up to evaluate the possibilities of recovery of
14910	1	ted, and six microendemics from ukraine know only from a single population each.
10134	6	s that evolved via sexual selection and are used to assess the quality of rivals or potential m  erstand how these ornaments evolved and are maintained, we need to identify not only the type o  rnaments evolved and are maintained, we need to identify not only the type of qualities that ar  ify not only the type of qualities that are advertised, but also the mechanisms that prevent ch  if sexual signalling is to be reliable, signal production or maintenance should be costly. in m  ependent ornaments, and how the genetic background of individuals moderates the effects of key
14843	9	s that evolved via sexual selection and function in intra-sexual competition or mate choice. to  function in intra-sexual competition or mate choice. to understand the evolution and maintenanc   and maintenance of these ornaments, we need to identify not only the type of qualities that ar  ify not only the type of qualities that are advertised, but also the mechanisms that prevent ch  he mechanisms that prevent cheating and ensure reliability in sexual signalling systems. sexual  al signalling systems. sexual ornaments may advertise individual qualities such as a better con  to initiate an immune response. the mhc is known to play a role in mate choice, and considered   e, and considered a candidate gene that may be advertised via secondary sexual ornaments. we wi  via secondary sexual ornaments. we will investigate whether mhc genotype explains variation in
11083	6	of this decline: a whether the decline is limited to the net growth of the aboveground organs   ound organs . measurements of available light, nutrient concentration and specific leaf area wi  leaf area will be taken to scale branch-level measurements across age classes. in the greenhous  age classes. in the greenhouse, we will graft cuttings taken from trees of different ages onto   rootstock to decouple age from size and ask whether reduced leaf-level photosynthetic rates are   from size and ask whether reduced leaf-level photosynthetic rates are due to size per so, or t
13762	1	large-scale diebacks and declines caused by pathogenic fungi
10452	7	hat the breeding success of albatrosses is related to their feeding proficiency. by careful sel   with known breeding histories, we will determine whether between-individual at-sea activity pa  atterns and hence foraging proficiency, underpin consistent long-term variation in chick growth  raging proficiency, underpin consistent long-term variation in chick growth rates and reproduct  g proficiency, underpin consistent long-term variation in chick growth rates and reproductive s   period, the energetic cost of foraging is related to the breeding success of the birds and tha  uccess feed in different areas. we will examine the economics of foraging on circumglobal migra
11024	10	ng organisms: when it comes to predator-prey interactions, this involves predators developing m  es to inhabit specific environments, it is necessary to identify a species that displays extrem  . within mammals, large predators often experience high energy costs while hunting and it is su   high energy costs while hunting and it is suggested that this may restrict their ecological ni  e hunting and it is suggested that this may restrict their ecological niches, obliging them to   walking and running. the data will also be used to calculate a proxy of energy expenditure, kno  will complement the energetics data and provide a fine-scale record of continuous activity. thu  nage their energy budgets. it will also demonstrate how the measurement of physiological charac  acteristics can help determine the long-term viability of rare and threatened species. thus we   insights into how energetic constraints can shape species viability. wilson, r.p. et al. 2008 e
10816	9	s move around on flat ground yet little is known about how animals move in complex habitats. th  ilable for locomotion. in this habitat, tree-living animals such as primates must cope with two  t, tree-living animals such as primates must cope with two problems in particular that rarely e   two problems in particular that rarely exist for animals that locomote on the ground: gaps in   lms and television advertising, parkour is a rapidly developing sport that has recently caught   tive great apes due to the considerable need to increase levels of physical activity to aid phy  parkour athletic discipline and we will produce a document for parkour generations that present  that presents the data in a format they can use to inform their training. for example, providin  ity to a course and how energetic costs are affected by different types of activity on surfaces
14655	1	oscillations of the individual storages may provide new insights into their temporary oscillati
10661	27	forests, arable crops, energy crops and waste, solar heating and electricity, hydroelectricity,  droelectricity, ground-source heat, and wind-energy. the spatial organisation of such energy so  y-sources within a particular landscape can be termed the energyscape . ecosystem services is a  erm to describe the various services we obtain from land and its associated ecosystems. they in  and and its associated ecosystems. they include the provision of food, fibre and fuel, the regu  nclude the provision of food, fibre and fuel, the regulation of nutrients, water supply and wat  gulation of nutrients, water supply and water quality, the creation of opportunities for recrea  iodiversity, and the space to build and maintain our supporting infrastructure. the development  ing infrastructure. the development and use of land-based renewable energy resources will have   reased biodiversity from biomass crops; negative aspects may include reduced river flows and in  ricultural, forestry and urban land. it is the site of a community forest and there is local in  he site of a community forest and there is local interest in renewable energy. working with nat  nd the key ecosystem services likely to be affected by the development of land-based renewables   models are weaker than others, we will use a plug and play framework, as used in computing, so  puting, so that new and improved models can be introduced as they become available. similarly,   approach will allow new data sources to be included as they become available. starting from the  ecome available. starting from the base-line description, we will then investigate the benefits  the base-line description, we will then investigate the benefits and losses associated with the  demand for energy, the outputs will not be simply additive. similarly, there will be complex in   simply additive. similarly, there will be complex interactions between energy generation and d  ing appropriate visualisation tools, we hope that the key interactions can be explained to stak  ools, we hope that the key interactions can be explained to stakeholder groups, who can then us  ned to stakeholder groups, who can then use the information to inform future decisions. we inte  ormation to inform future decisions. we intend that the approach developed in this research, wh  bles and ecosystems of a specific area, can be applied to other regions and at a national spati  other regions and at a national spatial scale in future research projects. to validate the acad  , seeking to get them published in high-impact scientific journals.
10912	27	forests, arable crops, energy crops and waste, solar heating and electricity, hydroelectricity,  droelectricity, ground-source heat, and wind-energy. the spatial organisation of such energy so  y-sources within a particular landscape can be termed the energyscape . ecosystem services is a  erm to describe the various services we obtain from land and its associated ecosystems. they in  and and its associated ecosystems. they include the provision of food, fibre and fuel, the regu  nclude the provision of food, fibre and fuel, the regulation of nutrients, water supply and wat  gulation of nutrients, water supply and water quality, the creation of opportunities for recrea  iodiversity, and the space to build and maintain our supporting infrastructure. the development  ing infrastructure. the development and use of land-based renewable energy resources will have   reased biodiversity from biomass crops; negative aspects may include reduced river flows and in  ricultural, forestry and urban land. it is the site of a community forest and there is local in  he site of a community forest and there is local interest in renewable energy. working with nat  nd the key ecosystem services likely to be affected by the development of land-based renewables   models are weaker than others, we will use a plug and play framework, as used in computing, so  puting, so that new and improved models can be introduced as they become available. similarly,   approach will allow new data sources to be included as they become available. starting from the  ecome available. starting from the base-line description, we will then investigate the benefits  the base-line description, we will then investigate the benefits and losses associated with the  demand for energy, the outputs will not be simply additive. similarly, there will be complex in   simply additive. similarly, there will be complex interactions between energy generation and d  ing appropriate visualisation tools, we hope that the key interactions can be explained to stak  ools, we hope that the key interactions can be explained to stakeholder groups, who can then us  ned to stakeholder groups, who can then use the information to inform future decisions. we inte  ormation to inform future decisions. we intend that the approach developed in this research, wh  bles and ecosystems of a specific area, can be applied to other regions and at a national spati  other regions and at a national spatial scale in future research projects. to validate the acad  , seeking to get them published in high-impact scientific journals.
11158	27	forests, arable crops, energy crops and waste, solar heating and electricity, hydroelectricity,  droelectricity, ground-source heat, and wind-energy. the spatial organisation of such energy so  y-sources within a particular landscape can be termed the energyscape . ecosystem services is a  erm to describe the various services we obtain from land and its associated ecosystems. they in  and and its associated ecosystems. they include the provision of food, fibre and fuel, the regu  nclude the provision of food, fibre and fuel, the regulation of nutrients, water supply and wat  gulation of nutrients, water supply and water quality, the creation of opportunities for recrea  iodiversity, and the space to build and maintain our supporting infrastructure. the development  ing infrastructure. the development and use of land-based renewable energy resources will have   reased biodiversity from biomass crops; negative aspects may include reduced river flows and in  ricultural, forestry and urban land. it is the site of a community forest and there is local in  he site of a community forest and there is local interest in renewable energy. working with nat  nd the key ecosystem services likely to be affected by the development of land-based renewables   models are weaker than others, we will use a plug and play framework, as used in computing, so  puting, so that new and improved models can be introduced as they become available. similarly,   approach will allow new data sources to be included as they become available. starting from the  ecome available. starting from the base-line description, we will then investigate the benefits  the base-line description, we will then investigate the benefits and losses associated with the  demand for energy, the outputs will not be simply additive. similarly, there will be complex in   simply additive. similarly, there will be complex interactions between energy generation and d  ing appropriate visualisation tools, we hope that the key interactions can be explained to stak  ools, we hope that the key interactions can be explained to stakeholder groups, who can then us  ned to stakeholder groups, who can then use the information to inform future decisions. we inte  ormation to inform future decisions. we intend that the approach developed in this research, wh  bles and ecosystems of a specific area, can be applied to other regions and at a national spati  other regions and at a national spatial scale in future research projects. to validate the acad  , seeking to get them published in high-impact scientific journals.
11170	27	forests, arable crops, energy crops and waste, solar heating and electricity, hydroelectricity,  droelectricity, ground-source heat, and wind-energy. the spatial organisation of such energy so  y-sources within a particular landscape can be termed the energyscape . ecosystem services is a  erm to describe the various services we obtain from land and its associated ecosystems. they in  and and its associated ecosystems. they include the provision of food, fibre and fuel, the regu  nclude the provision of food, fibre and fuel, the regulation of nutrients, water supply and wat  gulation of nutrients, water supply and water quality, the creation of opportunities for recrea  iodiversity, and the space to build and maintain our supporting infrastructure. the development  ing infrastructure. the development and use of land-based renewable energy resources will have   reased biodiversity from biomass crops; negative aspects may include reduced river flows and in  ricultural, forestry and urban land. it is the site of a community forest and there is local in  he site of a community forest and there is local interest in renewable energy. working with nat  nd the key ecosystem services likely to be affected by the development of land-based renewables   models are weaker than others, we will use a plug and play framework, as used in computing, so  puting, so that new and improved models can be introduced as they become available. similarly,   approach will allow new data sources to be included as they become available. starting from the  ecome available. starting from the base-line description, we will then investigate the benefits  the base-line description, we will then investigate the benefits and losses associated with the  demand for energy, the outputs will not be simply additive. similarly, there will be complex in   simply additive. similarly, there will be complex interactions between energy generation and d  ing appropriate visualisation tools, we hope that the key interactions can be explained to stak  ools, we hope that the key interactions can be explained to stakeholder groups, who can then us  ned to stakeholder groups, who can then use the information to inform future decisions. we inte  ormation to inform future decisions. we intend that the approach developed in this research, wh  bles and ecosystems of a specific area, can be applied to other regions and at a national spati  other regions and at a national spatial scale in future research projects. to validate the acad  , seeking to get them published in high-impact scientific journals.
11420	27	forests, arable crops, energy crops and waste, solar heating and electricity, hydroelectricity,  droelectricity, ground-source heat, and wind-energy. the spatial organisation of such energy so  y-sources within a particular landscape can be termed the energyscape . ecosystem services is a  erm to describe the various services we obtain from land and its associated ecosystems. they in  and and its associated ecosystems. they include the provision of food, fibre and fuel, the regu  nclude the provision of food, fibre and fuel, the regulation of nutrients, water supply and wat  gulation of nutrients, water supply and water quality, the creation of opportunities for recrea  iodiversity, and the space to build and maintain our supporting infrastructure. the development  ing infrastructure. the development and use of land-based renewable energy resources will have   reased biodiversity from biomass crops; negative aspects may include reduced river flows and in  ricultural, forestry and urban land. it is the site of a community forest and there is local in  he site of a community forest and there is local interest in renewable energy. working with nat  nd the key ecosystem services likely to be affected by the development of land-based renewables   models are weaker than others, we will use a plug and play framework, as used in computing, so  puting, so that new and improved models can be introduced as they become available. similarly,   approach will allow new data sources to be included as they become available. starting from the  ecome available. starting from the base-line description, we will then investigate the benefits  the base-line description, we will then investigate the benefits and losses associated with the  demand for energy, the outputs will not be simply additive. similarly, there will be complex in   simply additive. similarly, there will be complex interactions between energy generation and d  ing appropriate visualisation tools, we hope that the key interactions can be explained to stak  ools, we hope that the key interactions can be explained to stakeholder groups, who can then us  ned to stakeholder groups, who can then use the information to inform future decisions. we inte  ormation to inform future decisions. we intend that the approach developed in this research, wh  bles and ecosystems of a specific area, can be applied to other regions and at a national spati  other regions and at a national spatial scale in future research projects. to validate the acad  , seeking to get them published in high-impact scientific journals.
11421	27	forests, arable crops, energy crops and waste, solar heating and electricity, hydroelectricity,  droelectricity, ground-source heat, and wind-energy. the spatial organisation of such energy so  y-sources within a particular landscape can be termed the energyscape . ecosystem services is a  erm to describe the various services we obtain from land and its associated ecosystems. they in  and and its associated ecosystems. they include the provision of food, fibre and fuel, the regu  nclude the provision of food, fibre and fuel, the regulation of nutrients, water supply and wat  gulation of nutrients, water supply and water quality, the creation of opportunities for recrea  iodiversity, and the space to build and maintain our supporting infrastructure. the development  ing infrastructure. the development and use of land-based renewable energy resources will have   reased biodiversity from biomass crops; negative aspects may include reduced river flows and in  ricultural, forestry and urban land. it is the site of a community forest and there is local in  he site of a community forest and there is local interest in renewable energy. working with nat  nd the key ecosystem services likely to be affected by the development of land-based renewables   models are weaker than others, we will use a plug and play framework, as used in computing, so  puting, so that new and improved models can be introduced as they become available. similarly,   approach will allow new data sources to be included as they become available. starting from the  ecome available. starting from the base-line description, we will then investigate the benefits  the base-line description, we will then investigate the benefits and losses associated with the  demand for energy, the outputs will not be simply additive. similarly, there will be complex in   simply additive. similarly, there will be complex interactions between energy generation and d  ing appropriate visualisation tools, we hope that the key interactions can be explained to stak  ools, we hope that the key interactions can be explained to stakeholder groups, who can then us  ned to stakeholder groups, who can then use the information to inform future decisions. we inte  ormation to inform future decisions. we intend that the approach developed in this research, wh  bles and ecosystems of a specific area, can be applied to other regions and at a national spati  other regions and at a national spatial scale in future research projects. to validate the acad  , seeking to get them published in high-impact scientific journals.
11701	27	forests, arable crops, energy crops and waste, solar heating and electricity, hydroelectricity,  droelectricity, ground-source heat, and wind-energy. the spatial organisation of such energy so  y-sources within a particular landscape can be termed the energyscape . ecosystem services is a  erm to describe the various services we obtain from land and its associated ecosystems. they in  and and its associated ecosystems. they include the provision of food, fibre and fuel, the regu  nclude the provision of food, fibre and fuel, the regulation of nutrients, water supply and wat  gulation of nutrients, water supply and water quality, the creation of opportunities for recrea  iodiversity, and the space to build and maintain our supporting infrastructure. the development  ing infrastructure. the development and use of land-based renewable energy resources will have   reased biodiversity from biomass crops; negative aspects may include reduced river flows and in  ricultural, forestry and urban land. it is the site of a community forest and there is local in  he site of a community forest and there is local interest in renewable energy. working with nat  nd the key ecosystem services likely to be affected by the development of land-based renewables   models are weaker than others, we will use a plug and play framework, as used in computing, so  puting, so that new and improved models can be introduced as they become available. similarly,   approach will allow new data sources to be included as they become available. starting from the  ecome available. starting from the base-line description, we will then investigate the benefits  the base-line description, we will then investigate the benefits and losses associated with the  demand for energy, the outputs will not be simply additive. similarly, there will be complex in   simply additive. similarly, there will be complex interactions between energy generation and d  ing appropriate visualisation tools, we hope that the key interactions can be explained to stak  ools, we hope that the key interactions can be explained to stakeholder groups, who can then us  ned to stakeholder groups, who can then use the information to inform future decisions. we inte  ormation to inform future decisions. we intend that the approach developed in this research, wh  bles and ecosystems of a specific area, can be applied to other regions and at a national spati  other regions and at a national spatial scale in future research projects. to validate the acad  , seeking to get them published in high-impact scientific journals.
11702	27	forests, arable crops, energy crops and waste, solar heating and electricity, hydroelectricity,  droelectricity, ground-source heat, and wind-energy. the spatial organisation of such energy so  y-sources within a particular landscape can be termed the energyscape . ecosystem services is a  erm to describe the various services we obtain from land and its associated ecosystems. they in  and and its associated ecosystems. they include the provision of food, fibre and fuel, the regu  nclude the provision of food, fibre and fuel, the regulation of nutrients, and water supply and  tion of nutrients, and water supply and water quality, the creation of opportunities for recrea  iodiversity, and the space to build and maintain our supporting infrastructure. the development  ing infrastructure. the development and use of land-based renewable energy resources will have   reased biodiversity from biomass crops; negative aspects may include reduced river flows and in  ricultural, forestry and urban land. it is the site of a community forest and there is local in  he site of a community forest and there is local interest in renewable energy. working with nat  nd the key ecosystem services likely to be affected by the development of land-based renewables   models are weaker than others, we will use a plug and play framework, as used in computing, so  ing, so that new or and improved models can be introduced as they become available. . similarly  approach will allow new data sources to be included as they become available. starting from the  ecome available. starting from the base-line description, we will then investigate the benefits  the base-line description, we will then investigate the benefits and losses associated with the  demand for energy, the outputs will not be simply additive. similarly, there will be complex in   simply additive. similarly, there will be complex interactions between energy generation and d  ing appropriate visualisation tools, we hope that the key interactions can be explained to stak  ools, we hope that the key interactions can be explained to stakeholder groups, who can then us  ned to stakeholder groups, who can then use the information to inform future decisions. we hope  ion to inform future decisions. we hope intend that the approach developed in this research, wh  bles and ecosystems of a specific area, can be applied in future research projects to other reg  other regions and at a national spatial scale in future research projects. to validate the acad  , seeking to get them published in high-impact scientific journals.
9896	27	forests, arable crops, energy crops and waste, solar heating and electricity, hydroelectricity,  droelectricity, ground-source heat, and wind-energy. the spatial organisation of such energy so  y-sources within a particular landscape can be termed the energyscape . ecosystem services is a  erm to describe the various services we obtain from land and its associated ecosystems. they in  and and its associated ecosystems. they include the provision of food, fibre and fuel, the regu  nclude the provision of food, fibre and fuel, the regulation of nutrients, water supply and wat  gulation of nutrients, water supply and water quality, the creation of opportunities for recrea  iodiversity, and the space to build and maintain our supporting infrastructure. the development  ing infrastructure. the development and use of land-based renewable energy resources will have   reased biodiversity from biomass crops; negative aspects may include reduced river flows and in  ricultural, forestry and urban land. it is the site of a community forest and there is local in  he site of a community forest and there is local interest in renewable energy. working with nat  nd the key ecosystem services likely to be affected by the development of land-based renewables   models are weaker than others, we will use a plug and play framework, as used in computing, so  puting, so that new and improved models can be introduced as they become available. similarly,   approach will allow new data sources to be included as they become available. starting from the  ecome available. starting from the base-line description, we will then investigate the benefits  the base-line description, we will then investigate the benefits and losses associated with the  demand for energy, the outputs will not be simply additive. similarly, there will be complex in   simply additive. similarly, there will be complex interactions between energy generation and d  ing appropriate visualisation tools, we hope that the key interactions can be explained to stak  ools, we hope that the key interactions can be explained to stakeholder groups, who can then us  ned to stakeholder groups, who can then use the information to inform future decisions. we inte  ormation to inform future decisions. we intend that the approach developed in this research, wh  bles and ecosystems of a specific area, can be applied to other regions and at a national spati  other regions and at a national spatial scale in future research projects. to validate the acad  , seeking to get them published in high-impact scientific journals.
12644	7	enforcement of wider marine legislation could be used. the intended output was a report focussi  ties to re-align existing arrangements, realise synergies and efficiency savings to improve enf  mprove enforcement. options of how this could be achieved and what changes to existing powers,   rganisations to fulfil this role was to be outlined. the resulting report provides a review of    three general options for arrangements were presented, but no detailed analysis. the recommend  as which defra will consider. they will need to analyse from a legal and policy perspective alo  y perspective alongside other proposals being developed
12478	18	the natural environment are diverse and do not fully integrate to provide a sustainable future   nvironment are diverse and do not fully integrate to provide a sustainable future for the many    environment provides to mankind. if we are to achieve sustainable patterns of economic and soc  c and social development, and therefore meet the goals set by both the uks strategy for sustain  ent and agreements made at the european scale following the göteborg summit in 2001, then a dif  development and implementation needs to be adopted. the united nations international work progr  policy and planning decisions must also take into account an ecosystem-based approach can be de  nto account an ecosystem-based approach can be developed. we will  recommend whether th  oach can be developed. we will  recommend whether there is sufficient evidence base to   e will  recommend whether there is sufficient evidence base to identify trends in ecosy  nds in ecosystems and the services they provide  identify a method of demonstrating the   and the services they provide  identify a method of demonstrating the health of an eco  tion and critical thresholds and limits can be incorporated  recommend whether the ecos  and limits can be incorporated  recommend whether the ecosystem approach is appropriate  or example, its ability to identify and deal with cumulative impacts and trade-offs. adoption a  fy and deal with cumulative impacts and trade-offs. adoption and implementation of the approach  authorities will ultimately protect and enhance the natural environment ensuring it can continu  nce the natural environment ensuring it can continue to provide the benefits and services socie
1929	2	there is much empirical evidence that crops grown as diverse                   there is much empirical evidence that crops grown as diverse populations determ
1928	2	there is much empirical evidence that crops grown as diverse                   there is much empirical evidence that crops grown as diverse populations determ
1926	2	there is much empirical evidence that crops grown as diverse                   there is much empirical evidence that crops grown as diverse populations determ
14839	3	on the ability to transmit signals, and instigate biochemical changes that adjust the metabolis   acid, nitric oxide, jasmonic acid have been proposed as signal transducers. the aim of this pr  econdly, endemic plant species formerly present in these contaminated areas before the beginnin
7472	2	t forms of face-to-face dialogues. they provide specifically tailored arenas for personal excha  ledge exchange, a separate work package is dedicated to building of relationships, governing th
7488	11	green plants application is being promoted through different european directives, w  ive dedicated energy crops because they display a wide range of growth habits and can be grown   splay a wide range of growth habits and can be grown on marginal lands unsuited to other agricu  optimised land management. energypoplar is designed to develop domesticated energy poplars havi  ergy poplars having both desirable cell-wall traits and high biomass yield under sustainable lo  nd high biomass yield under sustainable low-input conditions to be used as a source of lignocel  der sustainable low-input conditions to be used as a source of lignocellulosic feedstock for bi  ock for bioethanol. energypoplar will - provide a better understanding of fundamental mechanism  etermining optimised yield in populus - understand mechanisms that regulate the synthesis of ce  ynthesis of cell wall polysaccharides - provide a better understanding of lignocellulosic quali  in the quality and quantity of lignin - develop high thoughput assays for lignocellulosic quali
462	10	ave affected human populations. we will analyze three arbovirus diseases: the chikungunya virus  nd endemic diseases in mankind. we will study the dispersal and the competences of different sp  h the various examined viruses. we will evaluate the role of lemurs, the only non-human primate  ortant reservoirs for these viruses. it is conceivable that lemurs, being prosimian primates, m  viruses. it is conceivable that lemurs, being prosimian primates, might fill this role of reser  ir species. this hypothesis deserves to be explored since earlier positive serology studies sho  ll be carried out in three regions that are characterized by an irregular rainfall pattern - co  ized by an irregular rainfall pattern - conduct a phylogenetic analysis of circulating viruses   among vectors as well as among lemurs - offer alternative control methods and / or complementar  emical control - following the results, draw up human risk maps in relation to habitats
12503	13	m experiments and additional monitoring are encouraged to test environmental change hypotheses   ng are encouraged to test environmental change hypotheses that may have been generated from ass  nmental change hypotheses that may have been generated from assessment of the long-term data or  n generated from assessment of the long-term data or from other sources. as concern grows over   w policy is best applied to conserve or enhance biodiversity and ecosystem services, the ecn pr  rimary aim of this proposal, therefore, is to maintain and develop the functions of the ecn tha  proposal, therefore, is to maintain and develop the functions of the ecn that inform defra on t  auses and consequences of environmental change within the uk. the five key project objectives a   project objectives are to maintain and develop the ecn ccu operational system, develop the org  develop the ecn ccu operational system, develop the organisational structure and national role   nd reasearch capability of the network, develop the communication of ecn activities, and provid  he communication of ecn activities, and provide consistent project management.    ecn activities, and provide consistent project management.
15359	13	onges. the link between sea warming and mass mortality events supports the current trend of inc  rent understanding of the events is now mature to investigate the processes and mechanisms unde  s mortality events. determining whether mass mortalities are a significant threat to the long-t  ther mass mortalities are a significant threat to the long-term persistence of the coralligenou  es are a significant threat to the long-term persistence of the coralligenous community require  ralligenous communities is the dramatic increase in partial mortality that clonal animals such   y capacity of the organisms. to date it is unknown how temperate mixotrophic organisms are affe  own how temperate mixotrophic organisms are affected by climatic anomalies. by using an energet  imatic anomalies. by using an energetic approach, the project will contribute to the understand  he understanding of the mechanisms that may link climatic anomalies with the mass mortality of   nian eunicella singularis. in sponge we lack information regarding the natural variability in p  and ecosystems that at present have not been affected. since global change is expected to exace   not been affected. since global change is expected to exacerbate in the near future, this type
6906	1	esistence against a fungal pathogen and study their expression and effects in the transgenic pl
13950	7	is in teleost fishes. growth increments are deposited daily in juveniles, and adults can be age  eposited daily in juveniles, and adults can be aged with better accuracy than with scales. beyo   properties, otoliths take up minor and trace elements. some of these, like strontium, are take  lements. some of these, like strontium, are taken up in proportion to environmental concentrati  liths, with promising results. she will have a fundamental background in physics, but will inte   fisheries science and ecology. we will apply the new methods to case studies of dire fisheries  lems, i.e. cod stock identification and silver eel recruitment.
10677	4	ns in the circum-iapetus region. little is known about environmental changes and biological eve   the environmental and palaeontological impact of the end ordovician glaciation in a high latit   glaciation in a high latitude setting, test hypotheses of biosphere-climate interactions as a   tions as a cause of mass extinction and provide the first global perspective of one of the eart
10995	5	social. differences in social phenotype are correlated with factors such as latitude, altitude   dition-sensitive phenotypic expression, is almost unknown. our research will use a combination   esearch will use a combination of large-scale manipulative field experiments and molecular gene  rchers at university college london and queen s university belfast, employing a postdoctoral re  ing a postdoctoral researcher and a 75% time technician. the study system will be british popul
11053	5	social. differences in social phenotype are correlated with factors such as latitude, altitude   dition-sensitive phenotypic expression, is almost unknown. our research will use a combination   esearch will use a combination of large-scale manipulative field experiments and molecular gene  rchers at university college london and queen s university belfast, employing a postdoctoral re  ing a postdoctoral researcher and a 75% time technician. the study system will be british popul
11787	5	social. differences in social phenotype are correlated with factors such as latitude, altitude   dition-sensitive phenotypic expression, is almost unknown. our research will use a combination   esearch will use a combination of large-scale manipulative field experiments and molecular gene  rchers at university college london and queen s university belfast, employing a postdoctoral re  ing a postdoctoral researcher and a 75% time technician. the study system will be british popul
11091	3	it is proposed to investigate patterns of muscle growth in  conditions during early development and muscle satellite cell numbers and fibre recruitment pat   investigated in laboratory studies. we wish to test the hypothesis that there are varying leve
12305	2	nerally of good nutritional value, they are of variable quality depending on raw material sourc   and storage conditions. this variation can lead to reduced digestibility, inefficient uptake o
7107	9	ause of their function, but the regions are concerned increasingly to ensure continuity between  onal natural parks of france aims to: 1 produce characterization methods of biological continui  e effectiveness of these continuities 3 analyze the legal procedures design and implementation   ze the corridors at regional scales. we test our tools in low normandy, particularly in the pnr  he cotentin marshes and bessin. we will share our experiences with these partners during two se  ation and the network of regional parks can implement a national seminar to take stock of the k  inar to take stock of the knowledge and work on projects and parks charter review. the research  s and agronomists. it has both a strong background in landscape ecology, including connectivity  including connectivity, remote sensing, landscape management by farmers and various aspects of
11382	3	the course is aimed at graduates in mathematics, physical sciences  ical sciences and molecular biology who wish to pursue a career in environmental biology, there  ired by employers this grant supports 3 full studentships for three years.
13599	6	tion in traits of adaptive significance is maintained in natural populations and how this varia  ion viability. in this project, we will use the perennial herb primula farinosa as a model syst   stochastic demographic models, we will explore how adaptive genetic variation among and within  d on the results, we will formulate and communicate recommendations on how the importance of ad  mportance of adaptive genetic variation can be assessed and how this information can be integra  an be assessed and how this information can be integrated in viability analyses, conservation p
14664	4	be studied in more detail, because they offer an excellent temporal window since they constitut  an excellent temporal window since they constitute a period in which greatest ecological change  ture and the industrial developing, has been occurred. in addition, this period includes two re  ovide predictions over the new climatic change scenarios.
12286	7	mental change network is to protect and improve the environment, and to integrate the environme  ce the projects inception in 1992. long-term data sets obtained are being analysed to identify    1992. long-term data sets obtained are being analysed to identify and improve the understandin  ined are being analysed to identify and improve the understanding of the causes of environmenta  e causes of environmental change. there are currently 57 ecn sites, located throughout the uk.    most are fresh-water sites but drayton is important among the 12 terrestrial sites, as the onl  g the 12 terrestrial sites, as the only site in the english midlands and the only lowland, mixe
14922	7	s to predict the timing of several life-cycle events, such as reproduction or migration in bird   suggests that environmental conditions may have consequences on distribution, breeding phenolo  udies conducted in the palaearctic have been focussed in northern europe, and few are currently  anean ecosystems . the observed changes cannot be interpreted without considering the ecologica  y how other components of the ecosystem are affected by climate change. in the present project,  ife history traits of some bird species are examined in relation to environmental fluctuations    fluctuations at a temporal and spatial scale in several small- and large-sized birds in medite
15417	1	t these changes would have on available water for ecosystems represents a challenge for actual
11853	16	most organisms grow up and live in environments that are variable. for instance, a  particularly sensitive to environmental stress; an animal that develops in a low quality enviro  nvironment is likely to grow poorly and suffer from reduced fertility or fecundity, and hence l  duced fertility or fecundity, and hence leave fewer offspring and have lower fitness. of partic  le mate preferences for them frequently show strong condition-dependence, that is, they are exp  erences for them frequently show strong condition-dependence, that is, they are expressed to a   ong condition-dependence, that is, they are expressed to a greater degree in higher quality ind   of ornaments and preferences, and this may lead to a reduction in the strength of sexual selec  sh environments. however, environmental stress also tends to amplify . females prefer to join a  to amplify . females prefer to join and mate more often on nocturnal roosting aggregations cont  span and female mate preferences for it are highly condition-dependent in this species. male ey  male mate preferences for it are highly condition-dependent in this species. male eyespans decr  ependent in this species. male eyespans decrease, on average, under stress, and females, on ave  e are large whilst some have only small eye-stalks. the same is true for preference in females    for large eyespan males, whilst others are much less discriminatory. i will look at how local    strength of selection on ornaments and mate preferences is dependent on variation in the envir
7701	6	economy and regions of the world. they are to an important development to meet the growing dem  hted. a wide variety of farming systems is observed in the world. the systems are complex and h   the world. the systems are complex and have a plurality of functions and. their economic and s   economic, environmental or social that can be set. by efficiency is meant the multiple des'obj  r social that can be set. by efficiency is meant the multiple des'objectifs achieved by a minim  mission of ges and carbon stock and 3 - stream nitrogen, to develop energy indicators used to d
14587	5	a quantitative risk assessment based only on exposure and toxicity is   mpossible; however, all exposure routes are integrated when field studies and biomarkers are em  rated when field studies and biomarkers are employed in higher-tier testing . there is a great   employed in higher-tier testing . there is a great interest for its conservation, however the k   be analyzed in order to assess if they are useful as monitors instead of threatened species, u
10462	2	in response to hypo- and hyper-osmotic challenge in teleost fish. this will be achieved by the  ol of osmoregulation in teleost fish to be constructed.
11747	7	sslands are among the most species-rich plant communities in europe. a clear understanding of t  of these vulnerable ecosystems. we will test the hypothesis that adaptation to a calcareous env  ed patterns of gene expression. we will identify genes that are differentially expressed betwee  calcicolous ecotypes of a. thaliana and determine their role in the calcicole phenotype. we wil  ole in the calcicole phenotype. we will examine whether these calcicole adaptation genes show s   from different calcareous habitats and determine the impact of environmental stress on their e  d determine the impact of environmental stress on their expression and on the calcicole phenoty
13970	8	on the factors influencing the genetic structure of species and populations is hence essential   major barriers to gene flow in coastal fish species in the baltic sea and to relate the barrie  nly unpublished genetic data for perch, pike-perch, whitefish and pike to study the concordance  npublished genetic data for perch, pike-perch, whitefish and pike to study the concordance of e  ta for perch, pike-perch, whitefish and pike to study the concordance of environmental gradient  ow, and will cooperate with the swedish board of fisheries and stockholm university. the sugges  ral populations, how species evolve and cope with environmental variability, and shed light on   for the spatial distribution of coastal fish populations.
7037	12	today effects of administrative action can be seen in the landscape: boundaries between nation   boundaries between nation states often can be discerned from satellite as agricultural landsca  imes agriculture was the most important sector in the economy, as both food and energy needs ha  y, as both food and energy needs had to be served. during the 16th. to the 18th. centuries vari   18th. centuries various new techniques were developed to sustain control over the agricultural  ture. the grip on the -rural population was tightened, and various conflicts arose around quest   thus a whole seigniorial estate has to be focused on, with special attention to examples where  rule. in a precursor to this project it was decided to use an alpine village and a village situ  and as examples in an interdisciplinary study on population, production and agro-ecosystem as t   the benedictine monastery of göttweig, lower austria. a large and yet unedited body of sources  lower austria. a large and yet unedited body of sources will be prepared for edition in the pro   and places to foster interdisciplinary use of the material for landscape planning processes as
10379	1	tributed to climatic adaptation, yet we have very little understanding of how environmental con
6738	1	the research is aimed to the interpretation of the important diversi
15444	3	t empirical analyses exist. the project is divided into 3 sections. section i considers the ide  es the effect of colonization. finally, section iii analyzes the important factors that influen  els, from bacteria to amphibians and/or fish, including field surveys and small experiments, al
14971	9	itation on a marginal beech population: challenge of the species in the face of the change of t  imate. the general objetive of climhaya is to improve the current knowledge of the beech respon  edge of the beech response to light and water in a marginal population of the species. the stan  climhaya, 4 more concret objetives have been defined jointly 8 tasks. otherwise, climhaya will   functional and morphological traits. we try to analyze the role of the light and water, togethe  ry to analyze the role of the light and water, together its interplay, on the performance of se  of seedlings according to the light and water availabilities. task 3. to compare the morphologi  ech seedlings in response to hydric and light limitations. task. 7. models based in process wil  two models will be tested: lignum and y-plant to establish the role of the architecture and phy
10372	3	vironmental managers of the future . it is designed to be a conversion course allowing graduate  from a range of 1st degree subjects who have the motivation and ability to pursue a career in e  ement to succeed. this grant supports 4 full studentships for three years.
7309	5	using boolean equations with delays, we study the discrete equivalent of parabolic and hyperbol  d hyperbolic pdes. even in the simplest case, without time delays, the hyperbolic discrete vers  e applications of bde with large, there is the modeling of earthquakes and gene networks, as we  al - modeling companies, regionally. we propose the application of this tool to the complex pro  red and ceres - erti normale superieure school, http: // www. environment. us. en /
10945	6	the individual. at present, however, we have no understanding of how environmental factors modi  is study aims to address this important research caveat using gastropod shells, a defence that    using gastropod shells, a defence that is altered by environmental and predation chemical cues  resistance in shells of lymnaea peregra is significantly influenced by calcium availability; th  ced by predation cues and whether there are associated trade offs with behaviour and growth. to  lative importance of abiotic and biotic control of prey defences.
10592	6	methanotrophs, rt-pcr and fish. we will test the hypothesis that soluble methane monooxygenase   esis that soluble methane monooxygenase is important in cycling carbon in environments where th  ling carbon in environments where there are high concentrations of methane. we will investigate  high concentrations of methane. we will investigate methanotroph activity, population diversity  vironmental conditions and land use and determine the environmental factors that affect the exp  ate and soluble methane monooxygenases, key enzymes in the global carbon cycle.
7306	6	likely to accelerate global warming. - evaluate, using the model, the impact of different farm  n the functioning of agro-ecosystem. it is used for a number of indicators of the functioning o   are particularly valuable because they provide information on both the utilization efficiency   tent a malfunction may be reversible. - design innovative sustainable cropping systems, from a   ing systems, from a model inversion. we seek to characterize all cropping systems compatible wi  e operation of an agricultural system - design of innovative cropping systems by inversion mode
15012	1	chemotaxonomic studies to evaluate and obtain information about the populations of halophilic
7200	2	es into account not only the productive function of ecosystems through agriculture, traditional  he new public action in rural areas. it is to better understand the recomposition of public pol
14150	3	ls of phenotypic variance is of obvious interest for evolutionary biology, in particular becaus  al’s fitness. however, no consensus has been reached on the relative role of different mechanis  aits in field conditions. here, we will focus on the response of phenotypic variance to gradien
12184	5	tewardship is currently underway and it is hoped that some of the changes recommended from this  the changes recommended from this study could be implemented alongside changes identified under  t as far as possible, changes that have been recommended through the rop and changes that have   d through the rop and changes that have been made to es in order to secure eu approval of the r  pe, as far as possible. in addition, it is likely that a tier of els, specifically for the upla
11593	10	increasing stress for marine organisms is expected in response to the anthropogenic increase i  pected in response to the anthropogenic increase in co2, especially to rising seawater temperat   conditions. their adaptation potential is defined by their capacity to evolve new traits or to  te change happens over an unprecedented short period of time, preventing an adaptation of reef   ently, their main strategy for survival may lie in the phenotypic plasticity that is already en  environmental conditions, for instance, can be realized on the level of the individual gene or   et largely unstudied. therefore, we set out to explore the genomic basis of environmentally con   to address the question which scenario is realised in a. millepora, we will perform an in-dept  io is realised in a. millepora, we will perform an in-depth analysis of the rfp-encoding gene i  f the coral laboratory at nocs. we will apply a suite of advanced molecular biological techniqu
7221	9	the local dynamics of these viruses and identify the vector species and reservoirs. this projec  ics have affected human populations. we analyze three arboviruses, chikungunya fever, dengue, a   analyze three arboviruses, chikungunya fever, dengue, and the rift valley that illustrate the   nd sporadic -endemic in humans. we will study the distributions and skills of different species  h different viruses considered. we will evaluate the role of potential reservoir lemurs, only n  e major reservoirs of these viruses. it is possible that the lemurs, primates prosimians, can f  e that the lemurs, primates prosimians, can fulfill this role tank. this hypothesis worth explo  amic with environmental conditions. . - perform a phylogenetic analysis of viruses circulating   ers, both in vectors than the lemurs. - propose alternative control methods and / or complement
11643	1	in global climate that accompanied it, are currently under debate. a reduction in atmospheric
7017	3	nity ecology. however, how biodiversity is regulated, and how biodiversity impacts ecosystem fu   is still unclear. this is particularly true for aquatic environments, and even more so for ben  arly true for aquatic environments, and even more so for benthic environments, where there has
6776	2	demiology of mitochondrial disorders we do not know if it is a reflection of a peculiar inherit  hondrial disorders we do not know if it is a reflection of a peculiar inheritance in a given po
15228	2	infectious keratoconjunctivitis is a disease affecting domestic and wild ruminants, mai  ing domestic and wild ruminants, mainly chamois in the pyrenees and the cantabrian mountains. t
10813	7	of infectious disease - a kind of pox - were reported from common birds in the uk. while pox is   from common birds in the uk. while pox is found in many birds, this usually occurs in low freq  ts in large infected lesions which have been found to cause death in wild birds, but otherwise   n wild birds, but otherwise very little is known about how the disease is transmitted and what   y little is known about how the disease is transmitted and what effects it has on birds. this n   10% of great tits by november 2010. it is rare to study the emergence of a novel disease from   is disease in 2011. infectious diseases can represent serious threats to wildlife; our aim with
13319	1	s report, 2 scientific papers and a web-page summary.
12536	15	due to warmer winters allowing greater time for prolonged growth periods. the combination of m  cation using herbicides. l. grandiflora is disjunctly distributed, indicating a human influence  uence on dispersal and introduction. it is currently present in several different sites all of   ersal and introduction. it is currently present in several different sites all of which are acc  t sites all of which are accessible and easy to manage using herbicides if approved. l. grandif  the uk, with dominance of only one site being reported to date. however, we expect to see such   ite being reported to date. however, we expect to see such growth and establishment rates in th  ishment rates in the near future and we wish to demonstate how to eradicate this species rapidl  s of pounds in future control costs. we propose to compare the efficacy of a glyphosate based h  ndiflora from several sites. glyphosate is a slow acting herbicide, is poorly translocated in r   glyphosate is a slow acting herbicide, is poorly translocated in rapidly growing plants, and k  amine to the mixture in this experiment is anticipated to enhance translocation rates of glypho  ing long-term control. while glyphosate is excellent for control of many aquatic plant species,  ch species if successful, and will also reduce pesticide use in the environment by improving ef  ng efficacy of single applicartions. we aim to show that early intervention and eradication of
14375	4	i.e. ecosystem services, of tremendous value, e.g. water purification and carbon sequestration  e then, increased scientific effort has been put into further understanding, mapping, modelling  that continued supply of these services is threatened by unsustainable anthropogenic activities   is still a key front in which advances are required, particularly concerning regulating servic
11716	4	we propose to make a series of 50 radiocarbon measurements  ections of recent human bone which have been selected to record the 1960s atmospheric 14c pulse  ncellous bone, especially for young and mature adults, is necessary for the better application   especially for young and mature adults, is necessary for the better application of palaeodietar
12229	6	ruminant genetic improvement can play an important role in developing livestock syst   will be sustainable in the future, and produce food in an environmentally friendly manner. als  em to facilitate project management and partner collaboration, a scoping exercise to define the  by a ruminant gin and developing the ip framework for a ruminant gin. this objective will under  y and knowledge exchange of the gin and support the management and interaction between project   nteraction between project partners and gin members.
11399	6	the eyjafjallajoekull fissure, east of reykjavik, iceland, ruptured on april   arkable opportunity to establish a long-term ecological monitoring site to study the colonizati  most widespread and commonly formed new rock substrate on the earth. we plan to carry out preli  med new rock substrate on the earth. we plan to carry out preliminary sampling and analysis of   chnical insights into establishing long-term microbial observatories which we could apply elsew  g-term microbial observatories which we could apply elsewhere.
7246	6	in urban dimensions. more precisely, it is to achieve a detailed understanding of the following  s * assessment of water flows and urban-background * impact of wastewater discharges and rain o  t of water flows and urban-background * impact of wastewater discharges and rain on the natural  d * impact of wastewater discharges and rain on the natural environment * interactions stormwat  d nantes, they will be used to test and validate the hydrological and hydrometeorological model  qualitatively and quantitatively, urban water to optimize the operation of sanitation systems m
7157	4	f the environment and human impacts. it is obviously the case of particularly vulnerable coasta  observe the evolution in the medium and long-term interaction between the dynamics of marine ba  ve the evolution in the medium and long-term interaction between the dynamics of marine bacteri  resentative ecosystems in which we will identify the major species likely to be good indicators
12740	1	ssessment of the impact of the european landscape convention on uk landscapes.
12761	2	badger culling. baseline data will also be collected on the numbers of fox, hare and hedgehogs   ns of deer on field transects will also be recorded.
14435	2	and the infrastructure of 10 bulgarian research institutions, which develop in collaboration c   for young researchers and an extensive programme for increasing the qualification of the young
10403	2	the proposed research is concerned with evaluating how the mating decisions t  ing rates using microsatellites it will be possible to establish how variation in rates of self
9804	3	ons affect the fitness of an organism , is known from theoretical studies to be especially usef  itness effects of harmful mutations. it is also possible to use these data to answer the very i  in sequences among related species have been caused by natural selection accumulating mutations
12330	4	s agreements. defra and natural england are now keen to undertake an assessment of the incident  ents. defra and natural england are now keen to undertake an assessment of the incidental socio  etter informed about its socio-economic impact on the wider local economy. in particular, the e   and employment creation as an indirect result of agri-environment expenditure. this will help
9875	8	agriculture is currently the largest threat to biodiversity of birds globally and is likely   t to biodiversity of birds globally and is likely to be a major threat to other taxa. thus unde  ming and wildlife together successfully is a major goal for conservation ecologists. organic fa  ducing chemical inputs, organic farming could deliver important ecosystem services, including h  or each component part. in this way, we aim to identify whether more targeted schemes can yield   identify whether more targeted schemes can yield the same biodiversity benefits as organic far  tion and awareness of the environmental need for reduced intensity. if policy makers are to res  makers are to resolve this conflict, it is essential that scientists are able to provide estima
6769	8	and vertebral rotation around an axial pivot in the horizontal plane. the appearance of this s   a rod compressed axially does not only deviate laterally but the cross-sections at different l  plied forces. based on this theoretical approach the development of the idiopathic scoliosis is  development of the idiopathic scoliosis is supposed to happen in the same manner by action of s  e decrease of its mechanical resistance are postulated as a contributing factor in the formatio  nts to investigate the bone metabolism, bone histomorphometry. curve measurements will be perfo  nfluencing the qualitative/quantitative bone parameters or play per se a crucial role in the et  itative/quantitative bone parameters or play per se a crucial role in the etiology of idiopathi
12331	6	ironmental stewardship . however, there is an opportunity to assess the influence that etip has  fluence of etip on option selection. it is our intention to commission further work on the impa  oving the delivery of outcomes - but it is not envisaged that this will be part of the initial   tial evaluation. in addition there will be an evaluation of the content of the etip programme b  n evaluation of the content of the etip programme but, again, this will not be the focus for th  tip programme but, again, this will not be the focus for this evaluation.
6894	8	basic and applied research are connected with technology development in this proje  t and biodiversity improves, there will be a significant increase in the quantity of safe, heal  y improves, there will be a significant increase in the quantity of safe, healthy, marketable a  t protection problems of hungary. thus, top priority is given to pests that have recently appea  problems of hungary. thus, top priority is given to pests that have recently appeared in our re  ave recently appeared in our region and cause extensive problems, not only in agricultural fiel  as and national parks. special emphasis is given to research and development of new pest-foreca  tally friendly plant protection methods are favoured, such as resistance breeding.
13320	10	alt the decline of biodiversity by 2010 is one of the most important objectives of the european  trategy. despite of considerable effort was put into conservation of threatened species and hab   is able to check whether this goal has been reached, is implemented. the reason for this is no  eck whether this goal has been reached, is implemented. the reason for this is not a lack of me  monitoring programs, but a lack of a eu framework, that standardize, focus and coordinate exist  ntion that existing monitoring programs can incorporate these methods and will give recommendat   new and successful monitoring programs can be established. special consideration for implement  ship between amateurs and professionals are meant to be most important for implementing a succe  work is one of the main actions on a eu level to halt biodiversity loss. therefore it is a prer  to halt biodiversity loss. therefore it is a prerequisite to evaluate its ability to maintain b
12547	5	al research initiated via the euphresco is insulated from the air temperature as measured by we  ather stations. to date, no attempt has been made to incorporate this insulating effect on the   of these organisms in eu conditions has been investigated to a level which provides enough data  ugh data for provisional assessments to be made but there remain many gaps in understanding.   sional assessments to be made but there remain many gaps in understanding.
13321	2	achieve lasting integration of european research organisations on global change and pelagic mar  imate and anthropogenic forcing on food-web dynamics ; 160 pis selected for their capacity and
13322	8	ess from land-use change and pollution, face additional pressures from climate change, directly  h other drivers of change. euro-limpacs is concerned with the science required to understand an   the science required to understand and manage the ecological consequences of these interaction   consequences of these interactions. it is relevant to the water framework directive and other   ives and protocols and supports the eus charter on sustainable development. the project compris  th ecological response to environmental pressure, including stress reduction and ecosystem reco  ssessing the potential impact of global change under different climate and socio-economic scena  mate change and the need for a holistic approach to restoration based on habitat connectivity.
2517	4	odiversity conservation agenda. nothing is known regarding the vulnerability and resilience of    from community composition. the latter is of importance for policy or management guidelines co  al and managed ecosystems. the european research consortium synergises by bringing together kno  wledge on the process and the bacteria, expertise on experimental design and molecular diversit
2516	10	d methanol are attractive, non-food and low-cost carbon and energy sources for microbial biopro  urces for microbial bioprocesses, which can be utilized by specialized groups of microorganisms  hose ensure oxidation of the reduced c1 source to co2 for energy generation, and c1 assimilatio  knowledge from different methylotrophic model organisms, e.g. bacillus methanolicus and methylo  nd methylobacterium extorquens, we will define - by means of in silico modelling - ideal combin  ations and minimal sets of modules, and design strategies for their synthetic assembly, transfe  trategies for their synthetic assembly, transfer, and coordinated expression in biotechnologica  logically important bacterial hosts. it is anticipated that this approach will include generati  g fluxomics will be used to analyse and evaluate the genetically engineered cells with respect   epeated iteratively to integrate and/or delete specific genes and operons. the generated knowle
7011	7	essively adding complexity from biofilm surface topography, dispersal, hydrodynamics and quorum  ental observations. ultimately, we will link nitrifier biodiversity in streams to nitrogen cycl  sity in streams to nitrogen cycling and export to larger downstream ecosystems. comix will sign  am ecosystems. comix will significantly contribute to bridge the conceptual gap that has develp  tly contribute to bridge the conceptual gap that has develped between microbiolgy and ecology,   velped between microbiolgy and ecology, advance mathematical modelling in microbial ecology acr  tunity to tailor and, most importantly, test theories from landscape and invasion ecology on mi
9878	4	imate change on beech forest ecosystems are assessed. field studies will be used to assess the   est management strategies on intra- and inter-specific diversity in beech forests as well as to   services provided by beech forests and market-based instruments for beech forest conservation.  der changing climatic conditions, multi-level governance of beech forests in europe, and valuat
483	5	the european beech has the crucial task of synthesising and inter- and transdisciplinarily  as the crucial task of synthesising and inter- and transdisciplinarily evaluating the results o  tific stakeholders, which will produce, inter alia, a comprehensive policy paper as well as int  project is to incite the policy-science-interface by involving politics and policy related inst  der changing climatic conditions, multi-level governance of beech forests in europe, and valuat
7454	7	a sources of in situ data and eo. there are three requirements: the production of protocols to   n of protocols to enable extant data to be placed on a common framework for analysis; the provi   that will provide a robust statistical structure for analytical tests and for the eventual est  a major advantage in that the framework is based on existing institutional collaboration which   g institutional collaboration which has been developed in the eu project alternet. this framewo  tion which has been developed in the eu project alternet. this framework will ensure continuity  d to long term monitoring. it will also provide the necessary structure for integration of avai
2041	1	ies from the perspective of sustainable use of marine resources and promoting development, buil
7452	4	ductive potential. however, very little is known about the contribution of eels of different eu  sful recruitment because almost nothing is known about the life of silver eels once they escape  about the life of silver eels once they escape to the sea. we propose a research initiative to   er eels once they escape to the sea. we propose a research initiative to investigate the ecolog
12396	3	summary objectives the scope of emeco is from physics through biogeochemistry to fish, it wil  ide variety of data from monitoring and research, including models. this knowledge will be used  tructure created by this work will also provide a platform to meet the requirements of assessin
7456	6	the overall goal of the european project on ocean acidification related to ocean acidifi   and from local to global. it will also assess pathways of co2 emissions required to avoid thes   required to avoid these thresholds and describe the state change and the subsequent risk to th  ibe the state change and the subsequent risk to the marine environment and earth system should   uent risk to the marine environment and earth system should these emissions be exceeded.   and earth system should these emissions be exceeded.
7242	2	nd integrated approaches, coupling long-term in situ experimental and theoretical approaches, t  theoretical approaches, this project is may have important implications for the management of w
13784	5	ensis. outbreaks of this bacterium, has been associated to nutrient rich stagnant waters and mo   bites. in the proposed project we will use molecular probes for f. tularensis to study its dis  rformed where the fate of f. tularensis is studied using natural lake water including the micro  studying if prolonged protozoan grazing can induce a simultaneous increased resistance to degra  man macrophages. if this is the case we can prove that natural aquatic systems with a high prot
10354	20	d tropical deforestation have regularly been in the news for years. we know they are important   egularly been in the news for years. we know they are important issues, but they are often deal  een in the news for years. we know they are important issues, but they are often dealt with in   now they are important issues, but they are often dealt with in isolation. this is largely true  ealt with in isolation. this is largely true both in the wider media and within the scientific   mple, remaining virgin tropical forests are thought by many to be pristine environments. howeve   pristine environments. however, we now know that human impacts on the environment, such as ris  tal changes reach unprecedented levels: air temperatures will continue to rise, and atmospheric  l changes will change tropical forests, while in concert with other human impacts the implicati  e staggering, since deforestation alone is predicted to cause the sixth mass extinction in evol  agues have been collating data from 200 long-term tropical forest monitoring plots, and i have    have been collating data from 200 long-term tropical forest monitoring plots, and i have 5+ ye   answer these questions. however, there are two key limitations to the current dataset: firstly   on earth is the congo basin, yet there are very few monitoring plots there, and secondly there  itoring plots there, and secondly there are too few plots in africa with three repeat sets of m  ing collecting missing data on relevant plant functional traits, alongside novel analytical tec  lf the world s species, the interactive balance of millions of plant and animal species is boun  of millions of plant and animal species is bound to change, even within the largest areas of fo   and animal species is bound to change, even within the largest areas of forest. what does this  oices about the kind of future world we want to live in.
12220	22	ence-based development of policy, there is a need to integrate information across a range of sc  the impact that future policy decisions may have on the ability of uk agriculture to meet the b  ulture to meet the biodiversity targets being set by the government. in 2005, the surplus repor  ling might be a potential approach that could be used to aid the development of policy by predi  pacts of changes in farming systems and land management on biodiversity. the aim of this desk s  s desk study is to determine whether it is feasible to use ecosystem scale modelling to answer   he impact that future policy directions may have on land-use, and its consequent impact on biod  ture policy directions may have on land-use, and its consequent impact on biodiversity targets.  e typical policy questions that need to be answered, biodiversity targets that must be met in t   be answered, biodiversity targets that must be met in the future and the scale at which the mo  to provide guidance on these issues and indicate criteria against which the ecosystem scale mod  d. since changes in farming systems and land management are likely to alter patterns of vegetat  nderstanding how vegetation pattern and land-use affect biodiversity, it will be possible to as  d land-use affect biodiversity, it will be possible to assess and evaluate both ecosystem scale  sity, it will be possible to assess and evaluate both ecosystem scale models and land managemen  valuate both ecosystem scale models and land management models for their ability to predict bio  ct biodiversity changes. the models wil be critically reviewed, and the strengths and weaknesse  les at which the ecosystem scale models are required to operate will also be evaluated. the pri  odels are required to operate will also be evaluated. the priorities for future research to ena   to enable ecosystem scale modelling to be used to develop future policy in relation to biodive  e identified. recommendations will then be produced as to which approaches are appropriate for   pacts of changes to farming systems and land management in relation to policy development.
15230	6	anagement of rabbit populations , it is still unclear what the most effective management techni   and hunting dates are inappropriate or even counterproductive for the species. therefore, ther  ctive for the species. therefore, there is an important gap in scientific knowledge for this sp  ecies. therefore, there is an important gap in scientific knowledge for this species in the ibe  ortance as well as applied interest. we aim to design more effective management techniques, tha   the associated costs and benefits, and provide policy makers with scientific advice to design
10336	19	fs. these reefs act as sea defences and can absorb as much as 68% of wave energy on a low tide   tion of tourism. not surprisingly there is now concern about how the reefs might have fared dur   tourism. not surprisingly there is now concern about how the reefs might have fared during the  al, toppling over of boulder corals and evidence of sediment covering coral surfaces. to accura   covering coral surfaces. to accurately measure the effects of the tsunami we need to have good  y measure the effects of the tsunami we need to have good information about the condition of th  enter in thailand for over 26 years and have regularly measured important reef characteristics,  s and have regularly measured important reef characteristics, such as coral cover and diversity   reefs over this time. on some reefs we have permanently marked areas which have been photograp  ave permanently marked areas which have been photographed, sometimes twice a year, over this pe  aim is to return to these locations and repeat our measurements and photography so that we can   measurements and photography so that we can assess the changes that have taken place between th  mber 2004 and early 2005. we would also work with thai scientists at pmbc who have much unpubli  o work with thai scientists at pmbc who have much unpublished base-line information on other re  tists at pmbc who have much unpublished base-line information on other reefs in the area to obt   at pmbc who have much unpublished base-line information on other reefs in the area to obtain a  erview of potential damage and the time-scale for recovery of reefs over a wide area. in additi   reefs over a wide area. in addition we plan to restore vital instruments for measuring physica   sea temperature and light levels which were destroyed. these measurements are valuable to all
14822	5	the aim of this project is threefold: 1 produce reliable and comparable distributional data for  le distributional data for an important number of species in the iberian peninsula, including g  age such information, to evaluate and 2 evaluate the performance of the existing protected area  rates will be developed to manage data, analyze the performance of the iberian protected area n  the iberian protected area network, and identify priority areas for conservation with the goal
12444	3	val abundance, distribution, timing and size in relation to environment, plankton and adult fis  account of the impacts of environmental change on commercial fish stocks. the project will also  cial fish stocks. the project will also maximise utilisation of the long time-series of cpr dat
13768	6	rovide better understanding of the long-term dynamics of an endangered beetle, tenebrio opacus,  ially during the last 300 years, and it is uncertain if this species will persist in the long t  the long term. during this postdoctoral project i will evaluate its response to different scena  ence/absence data for this species, and predict the long-term persistence of t. opacus populati   for this species, and predict the long-term persistence of t. opacus populations in oak landsc  and quality of hollow oaks. i will also evaluate its response to varying scenarios of restorati
10358	4	occur as a result of pest attack. these can be alleviated by the application of pesticides, the   this method provides robust and medium-term resistance in a particular plant-pest interaction   ility of using this technology needs to be explored on a range of crops, using economically imp  ose of the model for which we currently have data.
12771	13	ticides are markedly inhumane, but they are the most widely used method for killing problem rod  esics to anticoagulant formulations has been suggested as a possible method of improving the hu   this application . it has a relatively long duration of action such that it is only required t  ly long duration of action such that it is only required to be administered once daily, and has  action such that it is only required to be administered once daily, and has been found to be as   to be administered once daily, and has been found to be as effective at treating post-operativ  t least once a day after they initially take the bait, and previous studies suggest that they t   and previous studies suggest that they take over half their intake from this source. therefore  an effective rate. no side effects have been reported during clinical use of meloxicam in rats,  ects have been reported during clinical use of meloxicam in rats, and small mammals. its metabo  bolites are chemically inert, and there is no anticipated synergistic interaction between the a  the analgesic and the anticoagulant. we propose to determine by means of a proof of concept lab  ratory study if the analgesic meloxicam is effective at reducing pain during anticoagulant pois
12574	1	: to evaluate a number of treatments to be used as bio-security measures in controlling the spr
12325	10	ite. the survey work will generate, and recommend, the sort of site information which should be  their needs. all the sites will have to be assessed against the requirements of the disability   on will include recommended criteria to be used in future to select specialised access sites fo  stewardship and a brief survey of users is required. objectives the requirements are broken dow  s required. objectives the requirements are broken down into the following objectives. 1. gathe  es meet the requirements of the dda and identify, where appropriate, any remedial measures. 3.   s. 3. evaluate the current criteria rds use to approve the inclusion of the hls ‘access for peo  se to approve the inclusion of the hls ‘access for people with reduced mobility option in an ag  on in an agreement and, if appropriate, suggest improvements. secondary objective 4. evaluate t  easy access’ sites and, where possible, determine the frequency of use.
13373	9	ze totally 3500 barley population which were compiled from 45 countries including turkey by agr  opulation were winter planted in ankara condition during 2005-2008 seasons , but 27.6 % of thes  seasons , but 27.6 % of these germplasm were lost due to severe winterkill and drought and 2525   and drought and 2525 of these material were identified by using 21 agro-morphologic traits dur  he same countries or eco-geographically close countries could not be clustered into the same ma  eographically close countries could not be clustered into the same main cluster even by using m  es in terms of yield and basic feed and malt quality parameters compared to check cultivars, wh  ters compared to check cultivars, which were selected from first season germplasm among turkish  onstrated that turkish barley germplasm are very vital especially for stressful conditions of r
14597	1	ween the factors involved, and the long-term evaluation. the general goals of this project are
12326	15	and enhancements to educational access were introduced to the countryside stewardship scheme,   ractor will survey users of educational access to ensure that it is meeting their expectations.  ir expectations. evaluation objectives 1determine the effectiveness of defras educational acces  the effectiveness of defras educational access in meeting the expectations of users. 2evaluate    in meeting the expectations of users. 2evaluate the recent improvements made to defras educati  improvements made to defras educational access option. 3evaluate the current criteria rds advis  e to defras educational access option. 3evaluate the current criteria rds advisers use to appro  to approve the inclusion of educational access in an agreement and suggest improvements e.g. el   educational access in an agreement and suggest improvements e.g. eligibility. 4examine how edu  suggest improvements e.g. eligibility. 4examine how educational access within agri-environment   . eligibility. 4examine how educational access within agri-environment schemes relates to wider  ri-environment schemes relates to wider provision of educational access in england and include   lates to wider provision of educational access in england and include a ‘value for money assess  on of educational access in england and include a ‘value for money assessment.   tional access in england and include a ‘value for money assessment.
7513	1	x, the behavior of two types of markers is analyzed as a function of the physical distance betw
7561	3	of the consortium. in this context, we propose a research program that aims to establish the c  s of bacterial communities. the genetic structure of consortia will be analyzed by arisa. freez  eservation methods conventionally used, were selected for this study
14586	1	of soil-plants-hydromorphy interactions is proposed which includes ecotoxicologycal aspects joi
13807	4	nt strategies to preserve ancient trees are compared regarding their effect on the persistence   ven lichen species confined to old oaks are used as model species. snapshot field data will be   e used to parameterise a metapopulation model considering the age of each local habitat patch.   rns. that is possible because oaks have been surveyed in sweden in 1749 and later. a bayesian a
7415	2	winter maintained by the stubble, they are brought to disappear. a recent provision of the 4th  they are brought to disappear. a recent provision of the 4th action programme under the water f
12627	9	1.introduction a total of 98 out of 2666 soil cores taken for countryside survey in    plots. soil ph values in excess of 8.3 indicate that calcium carbonate solubility is no longer  no longer controlling soil ph and there is an influence from sodium salts accumulating in the s  nts with the highest ph values are very close to the coast and are mapped as littoral sediment    values are very close to the coast and are mapped as littoral sediment or supra-littoral sedim   will be abundant. several sample sites are located in the fens of east anglia and again, there  ens of east anglia and again, there may be abundant sodium in these soils. the remaining sites   tes are further west in oxfordshire and may be influenced by irrigation which can lead to sodiu  d may be influenced by irrigation which can lead to sodium accumulation in the soil’
1961	10	hemical processes in an ectotherms body are speeded up by high temperature and retarded by low   ive to physical time. in insects, there is a large degree of inter-species variation in the the  hermal constant. when different species are compared there is also a very strong negative expla  en different species are compared there is also a very strong negative explanation has not been  re compared there is also a very strong negative explanation has not been given, however. in th  ery strong negative explanation has not been given, however. in this proposal we want to test a  een given, however. in this proposal we want to test a novel hypothesis, which holds that the e  ge and kinetic energy. in this study we want to test this hypothesis by performing experimental  al selection for a low thermal constant is expected to increase the threshold temperature and a  e threshold temperature and at the same time to increase the allocation to energy-requiring con
15079	3	n the proposed project. it will further be upgraded to include functionalities for spatial and   er to obtain products that can directly form an input stream into an advanced spatial web appli  n input stream into an advanced spatial web application.
13716	5	birds, reflecting european trends, have been attributed to agricultural intensification resulti  ltiple scales. agri-environment schemes are used to reduce agricultural intensity and/or restor  to reduce agricultural intensity and/or restore ecological heterogeneity to benefit farmland bi  t farmland biodiversity. however, there is a lack of rigorous scientific evaluation of their ef  ving biodiversity. in particular, there is little understanding on how to optimize the effect o
2537	14	in this proposal we set out to test alternative hypotheses for the evolution an  from a basic research point of view, it may also lead to new clues as how to deal with the evol  sic research point of view, it may also lead to new clues as how to deal with the evolution and  ple the entire prokaryotic, archeal and even eukaryotic dna sequence space. it is clear that th  en eukaryotic dna sequence space. it is clear that this capacity for horizontal dna transfer ha  s well as genes needed for habitat- and niche- expansion. not so clear is how this capacity evo   clear is how this capacity evolved and is maintained. we recently proposed a novel hypothesis   y that competence induced growth arrest can provide a selective advantage during episodes of an  d growth arrest can provide a selective advantage during episodes of antibiotic selection when   competent isogenic mutants. here we set out to test the generality of these results. we also te  he generality of these results. we also test another hypothesis for the maintenance and evoluti   competence and transformation; the dna repair hypotheses. we also want to study the population  ion; the dna repair hypotheses. we also want to study the population dynamics of bacterial cann  nd further test the possibility that it is maintained and potentially has evolved as an anti in
15140	8	sification and speciation in plants. we propose to go deeper into these topics taking the monop  to these topics taking the monophyletic group veronica subsect. pentasepalae benth. as a model   consequent homoplasies derived from it, make of the determination of species boundaries a compl   boundaries a complicated task. we will study the phylogenetic position of all poorly known tax  ed task. we will study the phylogenetic position of all poorly known taxa, will try to interpre   known taxa, will try to interprete and characterize them and will explore character evolution   the subsection will be done and we will try to adopt homogeneous species concepts in a prospect  neous species concepts in a prospective view of the extant representatives of the subsection.
7048	2	new caledonia is one of the 34 biodiversity hotspots defined by conse  cation of the type of endemism. we will investigate the patterns and processes of speciation an
14918	13	hest and endemic freshwater fish fauna, being the family cyprinidae one of the main freshwater   habiting these water systems. cyprinids are strict freshwater organisms and their dispersion is  eshwater organisms and their dispersion is limited to freshwater and continental routes. theref  nental routes. therefore, these species are considered especially accurate to test biogeographi  ges in agriculture practices, which now require higher amounts of water, pesticides and fertili  lizers. for all these reasons cyprinids are considered as an ideal group to carry on studies on  hy and conservation. in this project we attempt to construct the most complete phylogeny of the  ross tropical africa, and asia. we will use different molecular markers to address the complete   phylogeny will be established, we will test main biogeographical hypothesis focusing on the la  ry during the messinian period. we will enunciate biogeographical hypothesis useful in the pred  tion of cyprinids distribution. we will study some alternative speciation models as hybrids for  ciation models as hybrids formation and cave species. finally, we will define the most importan  tion and cave species. finally, we will define the most important areas for conservation based
15162	11	papillomaviruses are dsdna viruses that infect stratified epithelia in v  ratified epithelia in vertebrates. they are causative agents of benign and malignant proliferat  y and epidemiology of these viruses has been provided thus far. our knowledge about pv evolutio   of the pves, with an initial radiative process possibly followed by host-linked evolution, tog  nt biological properties that might not be directly extrapolated from the results of a human-ba  n spain. after the first three years it is our aim to have identified and fully sequenced ca. t  s information as starting point we will perform phylgenetic, biogeographical and evolutionary a  s to be empirically studied will surely provide us not only with a broader knowledge of papillo  onomic and ecological importance. if we can explain how pves have evolved, then we may be able   lain how pves have evolved, then we may be able to explain the differences between human and an  l and cutaneous pves, and we might also be able to understand what makes certain pves to trigge
15449	2	st research has focused on signals that are perceived through one sensory system alone, whereas  modal signals. in this project, we will analyze how signals based on different sensory channels
15158	4	recent years. although traditionally it is believed this variability reflects adaptation throug  barriers between the colour phenotypes, play an important role. in this project we shall deal w  our at the macro and micro evolutionary level, using as models the genus silene sect erectorefr  ies exhibit a great variation in floral colour, and two species of the genus anagallis which ex
15039	3	in spite of the systematic position of the family papaveraceae s.l., in the basal   .l., in the basal clade of the eudicots use the ontogenic characters of the wall and apertures   enic inference of papaveraceae s.l. and compare them with the phylogenic molecular analysis.
1965	7	differential exploitation host-species, may eventually lead to sympatric speciation and is as s  ploitation host-species, may eventually lead to sympatric speciation and is as such currently a  tually lead to sympatric speciation and is as such currently at the center of interest in evolu  he requirements for host race formation are met and have been described in great detail in this  or host race formation are met and have been described in great detail in this species on host   and sympatric speciation, and will thus fill an important gap in current evolutionary theory.   iation, and will thus fill an important gap in current evolutionary theory.
15352	2	aits. within the genus anacyclus, there is a species bearing radiate capitula , nuclear and pla  s, we will analyse type of fecundation, flower visitors, achene dispersal, and germination succ
6815	5	s theory. a key concept of evolutionary game theory is evolutionary stability that is based on   e theory is evolutionary stability that is based on the darwinian principle of natural selectio  iple of natural selection. this concept can be concretised in different biological situations.   ent biological situations. an important background of the planned research is the family of cla  quency-dependent models of evolutionary game theory.
7581	1	egion containing the gene tb1 candidate being validated in millet and in control areas. 2- anal
14116	1	neral composition of serpulid tubes has been reported to be either calcitic, aragonitic or a co
15073	6	in the present project we make an approach from 3 perspectives, cytogenetic, mole  lfils a great number of requirements to be considered model test organisms. among them is its p  idered model test organisms. among them is its peculiar genetic system, with the presence of an  espread among the lineages whose origin is considered previous to the split of the gondwana con  for chromosomes and analysed to map and interpret the karyotipic parameters in a phylogenetic c  with other libraries made in a previous project for 3 species of the tribe cicindelini. the res
9803	5	ect client reef fish for parasites, but may cheat by biting client tissue, offers an ideal syst  of partner control. we will develop and test new, more realistic game theoretical models of cle  ll develop and test new, more realistic game theoretical models of cleaner-client interaction,   teraction, informed by detailed lab and field observation and experiments, which can account fo  ield observation and experiments, which can account for the maintenance .
10266	11	in ants that do not reproduce and only work for the colony, to sentinels in meerkats that give  uist and selfish individuals ultimately compete for reproduction, the selfish individuals shoul  ls should have an advantage. how can we explain the existence of cooperation then one solution   s by helping the nest. in this way they favour the spread of their own genes, because the targe  lity. another solution in that altruism can be directed towards individuals that are in a posit  elped. these two explanations, however, are not fully satisfactory, because there are many case  e not fully satisfactory, because there are many cases of symbiosis and cooperation in which in  ividuals are not related and will never meet again, and yet cooperation exists in these cases.    when only a few witnesses can actually help, these ones will be more willing to volunteer. in   sses can actually help, these ones will be more willing to volunteer. in my work i analyse simi  ndividual actions, that can be selfish, can provide a collective good, and i suggest strategic
1103	9	ic change induced by the global warming is expected to modify the agricultural activity and con  cient management of the water resources is considered very important for italy and in particula   agricultural activity. climate warming could have a substantial impact on some agronomical pra  practices as the choice of the crops to be included in the rotations, the sowing time and the i  particular zone, the impact of climatic change on agricultural activity will depend also on the   will depend also on the continuum soil-plant-climate and this continuum has to be included in   plant-climate and this continuum has to be included in the analysis for forecasting purposes. t  s for forecasting purposes. the project is structured in four workpackages and to estimating lo  ll be effectuated at field and regional scale by using numerical models for simulating crops an
13978	8	l to disperse from its natal population is predicted to increase. this may select for more effi  pulation is predicted to increase. this may select for more efficient flight and search behaviu  ay select for more efficient flight and search behaviuor in populations in fragmented landscape  velocity, turning angles and perceptual range with respect to landscape of origin. i will also   ect to landscape of origin. i will also use artificial habitat silhouettes to test whether butt  landscape types differ in the cues they use to locate habitat. the outcome of my experiment wil   will be used to construct a predictive model of butterfly movement behaviour in response to la  onse to landscape structure. this model may provide information on both population persistence
10477	1	the ways in which parents provide care may vary greatly, ranging from high investment in eggs
7364	5	hanging environmental and anthropogenic stress on the genetic structure of populations of two s  and anthropogenic stress on the genetic structure of populations of two species of galliformes    lagopus mutus ptarmigan pyrenaicus and gray partridge perdix perdix the hispaniensis. contains   in a first time, to define the genetic structure of the. m. pyrenaicus and p. p. hispaniensis   satellite markers. in a second step, we relate to those genetic data on habitat and on the demo
14776	8	ith the most efficient pollinators, and is expressed both at the microevolutionary with the goa  evolution. to describe flower shape and understand its evolution we propose using geometric mor  omplementary approaches. first, we will explore the adaptive function of flower shape by quanti  es. first, we will explore the adaptive function of flower shape by quantifying the selective r   the selective role of pollinators, and determine the spatial variation in selective scenarios   ge in pollinator fauna. second, we will explore the effect of a change in pollinator fauna and   elated erysimum species. third, we will track the phylogenetic pattern of flower shape along th  . third, we will track the phylogenetic pattern of flower shape along the entire erysimum genus
11868	17	we are fascinated with morphological differences between t   the observation that males and females can differ dramatically in morphology with his theory o  r the competition for mates. subsequent interest in sexually dimorphic traits showed that males  increased intensity of sexual selection is predicted to increase trait exaggeration and therefo  geration and therefore sexual selection is considered to be a major force responsible for biodi   that sexual selection is also a strong force responsible for molecular evolution. however, evi  sible for molecular evolution. however, evidence that sexual selection also causes changes in t  beyond correlative studies and directly examine genomic changes in response to sexual selection  n response to sexual selection. here we propose to test the role of sexual selection in molecul   fruit flies, in which sexual selection is manipulated to be either present or absent, and next   is manipulated to be either present or absent, and next generation sequencing, in which geneti  es due to variation in sexual selection are identified directly. we already have found that pop  sexual selection is absent. we can thus connect these phenotypic biodiversity changes that were  se phenotypic biodiversity changes that were predicted as a consequence of sexual selection wit  traits. this work will provide decisive evidence for how sexual selection causes genetic diverg   genetic divergence, and in turn how it may generate the spectacular diversity of phenotypic tr  iation in mating systems. thus, we will improve our understanding of one of the major drivers o
11872	17	we are fascinated with morphological differences between t   the observation that males and females can differ dramatically in morphology with his theory o  r the competition for mates. subsequent interest in sexually dimorphic traits showed that males  increased intensity of sexual selection is predicted to increase trait exaggeration and therefo  geration and therefore sexual selection is considered to be a major force responsible for biodi   that sexual selection is also a strong force responsible for molecular evolution. however, evi  sible for molecular evolution. however, evidence that sexual selection also causes changes in t  beyond correlative studies and directly examine genomic changes in response to sexual selection  n response to sexual selection. here we propose to test the role of sexual selection in molecul   fruit flies, in which sexual selection is manipulated to be either present or absent, and next   is manipulated to be either present or absent, and next generation sequencing, in which geneti  es due to variation in sexual selection are identified directly. we already have found that pop  sexual selection is absent. we can thus connect these phenotypic biodiversity changes that were  se phenotypic biodiversity changes that were predicted as a consequence of sexual selection wit  traits. this work will provide decisive evidence for how sexual selection causes genetic diverg   genetic divergence, and in turn how it may generate the spectacular diversity of phenotypic tr  iation in mating systems. thus, we will improve our understanding of one of the major drivers o
11873	17	we are fascinated with morphological differences between t   the observation that males and females can differ dramatically in morphology with his theory o  r the competition for mates. subsequent interest in sexually dimorphic traits showed that males  increased intensity of sexual selection is predicted to increase trait exaggeration and therefo  geration and therefore sexual selection is considered to be a major force responsible for biodi   that sexual selection is also a strong force responsible for molecular evolution. however, evi  sible for molecular evolution. however, evidence that sexual selection also causes changes in t  beyond correlative studies and directly examine genomic changes in response to sexual selection  n response to sexual selection. here we propose to test the role of sexual selection in molecul   fruit flies, in which sexual selection is manipulated to be either present or absent, and next   is manipulated to be either present or absent, and next generation sequencing, in which geneti  es due to variation in sexual selection are identified directly. we already have found that pop  sexual selection is absent. we can thus connect these phenotypic biodiversity changes that were  se phenotypic biodiversity changes that were predicted as a consequence of sexual selection wit  traits. this work will provide decisive evidence for how sexual selection causes genetic diverg   genetic divergence, and in turn how it may generate the spectacular diversity of phenotypic tr  iation in mating systems. thus, we will improve our understanding of one of the major drivers o
7491	4	ubject of much research. genetic aspect is neglected, however, including the impact of the old   new civilization on the composition and structure of genomes. we propose to monitor the size of  omposition and structure of genomes. we propose to monitor the size of the genome of several sp  species of diptera. the study will then be extended to the human species on a representative sa
14488	2	g to recent theories, this evolutionary trade-off between reproduction and antiparasite defence  th several easily handled insectivorous bird species in different woodlands in central spain, v
1960	3	n as an engine of speciation, but there are few models available to study these processes in na  equisite combination of the theoretical expertise with an exceptionally suitable natural popula  in species isolation, and theoretically assess the consequences for speciation by sexual select
10737	10	the phylum apicomplexa parasites, must undergo a round of sexual reproduction inside thei  tor s blood meal, sexual stages rapidly differentiate into gametes and fertilisation between ma   minutes to exit their red blood cells, differentiate into gametes and find females to fertilis  d cells, differentiate into gametes and find females to fertilise. furthermore, unlike most oth  nimals, male malaria parasites can only produce a maximum of eight gametes. this makes the mati  alaria parasites very novel, yet, there is remarkably little data available and important quest  er how mating between malaria parasites is influenced by host immune factors, ask whether males  s is influenced by host immune factors, ask whether males randomly search for females or can ho  une factors, ask whether males randomly search for females or can home in on their location, an  er males randomly search for females or can home in on their location, and will investigate how
2122	6	ng dry rot fungus serpula lacrymans has been established. previous research suggests that s. la  sts that s. lacrymans provides a unique model system to study evolutionary processes and life h  ieve that the fungus is a very suitable model organism that can be used to accumulate new knowl   is a very suitable model organism that can be used to accumulate new knowledge in this field.   umulate new knowledge in this field. we present four interrelated sub-projects, which all rest    isolates of the model organism. it has been hypothesized that both the mating . in addition, f
10178	2	ce to parasites and pathogens. here, we propose to use selection experiments to examine the gen  he evolution of melanism, but will also allow us to examine the costs of melanism and disease r
11652	2	ce to parasites and pathogens. here, we propose to use selection experiments to examine the gen  he evolution of melanism, but will also allow us to examine the costs of melanism and disease r
15170	2	traits. finally, from a methodological point of view, we expect to develop a novel approach fo  from a methodological point of view, we expect to develop a novel approach for scent analysis b
11072	19	e climate, composition of host-parasite-vector communities, and habitat, are implicated in the   rasite-vector communities, and habitat, are implicated in the emergence of new infectious disea  of new infectious diseases of wildlife, crop species, livestock, and humans. more broadly, the   stock, and humans. more broadly, the in-host environment experienced by parasites also varies r  g how parasites cope with a variable in-host environment is central to understanding disease an  other changes in their ecology. we will use evolutionary theory to ask fundamental questions in  and testing whether evolutionary theory can explain their strategies. we have already developed  theory can explain their strategies. we have already developed these methods for a related spec   be shaped by the variation in their in-host environment that they encounter during infections.   in their in-host environment that they encounter during infections. most studies on parasite t  on have focused on either the number or sex ratio of transmission stages but evolutionary theor  multaneously optimised - therefore they need to be investigated together and can only be unders  usly optimised - therefore they need to be investigated together and can only be understood in   o be investigated together and can only be understood in the context of each other. explaining   ajor aim in evolutionary biology. there is also increasing interest in using an evolutionary ap  asing interest in using an evolutionary approach to understand how parasite life-history traits  its shape within-infection dynamics and contribute to virulence and transmission. given the sop   central to predicting their short- and long-term responses to changes in their ecology: such a  ral to predicting their short- and long-term responses to changes in their ecology: such as how
10801	16	ttracted much theoretical and empirical interest because it provides key insights into the phen  nt offspring. parent-offspring conflict is expected when parents provide their offspring with r  s from providing care and because there are asymmetries in relatedness between parents and offs  sources from their parents than parents are prepared to provide. however, if offspring do so, p  pring communication can be evolutionary stable in situations where parents and offspring have d  est that parent-offspring communication can play a key role in resolving parent-offspring confl  olving parent-offspring conflict. there are currently three main classes of such resolution mod  h resolution models: honest signalling, scramble competition and cost-free models of begging. h  e allocation of resources. by contrast, scramble competition models, suggest that costly offspr   contrast, scramble competition models, suggest that costly offspring begging is a form of scra  alling and parental responsiveness, but are based on different assumptions concerning who contr  o establish whether resource allocation is controlled by parents, as assumed by honest signalli  ing as assumed by honest signalling and scramble competition models of begging or whether beggi  on models of begging or whether begging is cost-free as assumed by cost-free models of begging.  s of begging or whether begging is cost-free as assumed by cost-free models of begging. the inf  ther begging is costly or not will then be used to distinguish between existing models for the
10306	6	the centre of evolutionary studies and is particularly relevant today because of the threat po  e process of natural selection will not be sufficiently rapid to enable populations to adapt to  ates, causing a reduction in numbers or even extinction. natural selection is a phenomenon that  eby those whose phenotypes . thus, they offer a reliable, cost-effective monitor of the health   h of the marine environment. as such it is vital to understand the potential impact of anthropo  d the potential impact of anthropogenic change on their well being.
10849	9	all organisms can be seen as having a basic similar need for resource  s can be seen as having a basic similar need for resources so that they can grow and reproduce.   plants and their pathogens are in what can be seen as a constant battle with each other to gai  hat acts to limit the growth of a plant can be seen as a bad thing as it will ultimately limit   en as a bad thing as it will ultimately limit the reproductive output of the plant. microbes fa  icrobes face the same problem. they too need to secure resources for growth, which are ultimate  s competing for the same resources, one can expect a conflict to emerge between the two. in the  between the two. in the case of powdery mildew pathogens which infect the plants arabidopsis th  al methods to determine how likely they are to have dispersed from another population recently.
10590	9	reproductive isolating mechanisms can operate at several levels but little is known about  an operate at several levels but little is known about the temporal order in which they appear.  lve. on the basis of recent theoretical work, we predict that in guppies the scope for pre-mati  he basis of recent theoretical work, we predict that in guppies the scope for pre-mating isolat  ope for pre-mating isolating mechanisms is limited because males are able to undermine female c  ermine female choice. we will therefore test the hypothesis that isolation is first apparent at  pparent at the post-mating, pre-zygotic stage, and is mediated by sperm competition. post-matin  the post-mating, pre-zygotic stage, and is mediated by sperm competition. post-mating, post-zyg  ated by sperm competition. post-mating, post-zygotic isolation will be examined by testing the
10401	3	eages and a range of sex ratios we will characterize the reproductive mode through population g  ng polymorphic genetic markers. we will integrate both approaches to describe the evolution of   n of reproductive mode in this powerful research system. the results of this project will be cr
10989	11	in all animal and plant species with separate sexes, males and females di   morphology and sometimes behaviour. we know that these differences have arisen because the sex  ave different roles in reproduction and are therefore under different selection pressures. what   different selection pressures. what we have not understood yet is how exactly the difference i  ssures. what we have not understood yet is how exactly the difference in selection between male  melanogaster, and how this accumulation is related to the extent to which selection differs bet  al selection on a presently monomorphic character in d. melanogaster. this approach will give i  he rate and degree to which populations can respond to divergent selection on males and females  les and females and where this response is located in the genome . further, the experiment will  phenotypic divergence between the sexes is regulated at the level of the expression of genes in  omenon that is ubiquitous in nature and give insights in the molecular processes that underlie
433	6	sity of these two major crops in niger: pearl millet and sorghum. our study used a sampling per  cal varieties; 2 a significant adaptive shift in morphological and phenological features which   ssociated with a significant adaptative shift in the morphological and phenological features of  varieties. varieties flower earlier and are smaller. this adaptative shift now needs to be corr  arlier and are smaller. this adaptative shift now needs to be correlated to environmental data   ler. this adaptative shift now needs to be correlated to environmental data to assess the role
11032	26	lies between cape horn and antarctica, is only a narrow strait but it has had a huge effect on  y a narrow strait but it has had a huge effect on the evolution of the earth s climate. at one    one time, south america and antarctica were joined, so blocking the flow of seawater between t   to icehouse conditions; however others attribute the glaciation to changes in greenhouse gas c  e terrain of unknown age at the eastern end of drake passage: the central scotia sea. apparentl  al. if it formed before, or at the same time as, drake passage, the acc and antarctic glaciatio  on had started, so supporting those who argue that the two events were not connected. this proj  ect, a us-uk collaboration, has already been allocated a month of research time worth 1$m on th   a us research vessel with the size and ice-breaking capability needed to withstand the weather  ther and ice conditions. the expedition is scheduled for april-may 2008, in the middle of the i  . the expedition is scheduled for april-may 2008, in the middle of the international polar year  t aims to carry out a detailed magnetic survey in the central scotia sea to identify the magnet  ral scotia sea to identify the magnetic stripe anomalies that can be used to define and date oc  tify the magnetic stripe anomalies that can be used to define and date oceanic crust. to ground  nomalies that can be used to define and date oceanic crust. to ground-truth the survey, rocks w  ocean is presently shrinking because it is surrounded by subduction zones where plates are lost  ounded by subduction zones where plates are lost, while the atlantic ocean is expanding because  subduction zones where plates are lost, while the atlantic ocean is expanding because it is dom   atlantic ocean is expanding because it is dominated by ridges where plates are created. mass b   it is dominated by ridges where plates are created. mass balance therefore requires pacific-to   therefore requires pacific-to-atlantic flow of the underlying mantle. some 25 years ago, walte  h colleagues from the british antarctic survey, julian pearce demonstrated using isotopes of pb  uth atlantic and so pacific mantle flow could be traced through drake passage by isotopic finge  undary between the pacific and atlantic mantle now lies, at least in part, somewhere beneath th  om the central scotia sea, it will thus be possible to find out exactly how far the pacific man  far the pacific mantle has migrated and study the boundary between the two types of mantle. tha
15366	2	ons and regulation. ultimately, we will provide information regarding the structure of this pat   their role during development. we will use three species of gastropod mollusks . with this pro
14867	12	in this subproject we approach several important aspects of the genetic archi  drosophila as a model system. first, we try to understand the underlying mechanisms for the cli  hisms in drosophila subobscura. we will focus on microsatellite loci in linkage disequilibrium    clinal patterns in allelic composition can be explained by hitchhiking with the inversions or   d by hitchhiking with the inversions or remain independently of inversion patterns, which would  ermal selection populations. second, we want to know whether the pattern of high occupancy of t  osable elements a study of the putative effect of increasing transposition in genome size compa  s but also the introgression that often is observed in the invasive colonising processes. third  ve colonising processes. third, we will study in depth the genetic architecture of hybrid steri  ds between d. buzzatii and d. koepferae support an additive model with threshold. however, thes   epistatic interaction between loci. we plan to saturate the whole genome with species specific  e candidate sequences for sterility and be able to understand their mode of action.
15198	1	the personate flower is arranged into an upper lip in the tribe antirrhineae
14729	7	in this project, we seek to advance in our studies related to the analysis   ation mechanisms in the genus rumex, to be used as a model case study of these processes in pla  e processes in plants. specifically, we propose, on one hand, to analyze the features and the e  acterization of the sex chromosomes, we want to analyze three evolutionary steps: proto-sex chr  analyze three evolutionary steps: proto-sex chromosomes, sex chromosomes with intermediate leve  lutionary steps: proto-sex chromosomes, sex chromosomes with intermediate levels of genetic dif  ese evolutionary steps. furthermore, we plan to analyze the evolutionary pathways leading to th
15312	8	e glacial cycles on the phylogeographic structure of many european species is well understood,   n species is well understood, but there is little known on what specific factors allow the rang   some of the widespread taxa could have been driven by changes in the thermal tolerance of sout  tly related to it. with this project we aim to combine phylogeographic, ecological, physiologic  iations in its diversification. we will study five species groups of two different families for  t families for which a similar approach was used, we will build a est library to precisely matc  ch a similar approach was used, we will build a est library to precisely match target proteins   ed in thermal tolerance regulation, and attempt to design a test for their level of expression
15476	15	cipitation regimes have changed. can we predict the effects of these changes on the distributio  of species and climate. however, models are based on some problematic ecological assumptions an  tions should be expected to contract or expand for any given scenario. can uncertainty from bio   can uncertainty from bioclimate models be reduced to forecast species responses to global envi  nses to global environmental changes it is important to first measure the ecological niche of s  surements of species' ecological niches can be obtained by means of controlled experiments. yet  d the bioclimatic envelope approach, we explore, in this proposal, an alternative approach to i   on ecological niche modelling. a large-scale experimental setup is proposed using a group of s  lling. a large-scale experimental setup is proposed using a group of south-american lizards tha  extensive radiation, generating a large number of species over a very wide climatic range. firs   will be used to study the phylogenetic signal of the characters defining the thermal niche of   es, so estimations for those characters can be made for the rest of the species in that group s  ffort, the ecological niche of a larger number of species could be estimated. the study of phyl  cal niche of a larger number of species could be estimated. the study of phylogenetic signal wi   study of phylogenetic signal will also allow to estimate the evolutionary response of those sp
13323	7	ated species and their own evolutionary rate in response to biotic and abiotic environmental ch  f genes of ecological significance, and contribute to the emergence of ecosystem genomics. the    evoltree will spread its knowledge and expertise for the purpose of education, biodiversity mo  rk will develop training capacities and facilitate mobility opportunities throughout europe. a   ts results to the scientific community, end users and public.evoltree will greatly contribute t   users and public.evoltree will greatly contribute to the national and international efforts fo  ated by the pan-european biological and landscape diversity strategy initiative and adopted by
7716	7	, allowing major ecosystem services and play a fundamental role in the creation and maintenance  l diversity. mutualistic symbioses have been involved in major evolutionary innovations, for ex  d évolués- many forms of symbioses have been described, but many remain mysterious. . as symbio  soil fertility, our work should lead to be taken into account in the legislation on soil protec   in the legislation on soil protection, research in agronomy and plant breeding, especially for  o in the united states. ecs the project is divided into five spots, 4 to investigate additional   fundamental aspects and to effectively realize a transfer of knowledge to the agricultural wor
14999	8	de in animals. paradoxically because it is after all the most efficient, economic way to produc  rate genetic variation able to cope and buffer environmental . finally, we will investigate the  buffer environmental . finally, we will investigate the ecological implications that surround h  double trophic potentiality and broader niche, which can be interpreted as an ecologic advantag  c potentiality and broader niche, which can be interpreted as an ecologic advantage. for the sa   as an ecologic advantage. for the same reason, different host selection by putative parentals,  s parental and hybrid habitat tolerance are relaxed. ultimately, we want to show that hybridisa  t tolerance are relaxed. ultimately, we want to show that hybridisation is a crucial, almost un
14740	4	two species of talitrid amphipods , has been explained by vicariance via plate tectonics, which  using these and other organisms we will derive phylogenetic- phylogeographic patterns and genet  chondrial and nuclear dna sequences. we want to elucidate if there is genetic flow and/or dispe  equences. we want to elucidate if there is genetic flow and/or dispersion across the hypogean e
2064	3	ical scales with species that naturally coexist in other regions of the species' geographical d   of rivers with brown trout as the only fish species. the project will study effects of the int  the lab the project will experimentally study morphological selection gradients on brown trout
15146	1	the gis will be used to study the large-scale ecological and evolutionary causes of seed dorman
15293	3	effects, but controversial conclusions are achieved in field populations subjected to chronic    of the biomarker/bioassay/bio analytic approach since critical threshold values may result mod  ed to the consequences of anthropogenic insult to characterize at the genetic, gene expression
2025	6	throw up a handful of feathers, and all must fall to the ground according to definite laws; but  his exclamation by darwin in his famous book on the origin of species still rings very true tod   the origin of species still rings very true today: while physicists have discovered laws gover  of species still rings very true today: while physicists have discovered laws governing the tin  ll struggling to understand how species are formed birth, death and dispersal/migration of indi  ich is necessary to make a quantitative link to ecological data.
10090	3	sts that resource competition will over-ride genetic benefits, but this theory is largely untes  ted. i will provide direct experimental evidence for the relative importance of genetic benefit  d populations, extreme polyembryony and soldier caste production, allows these influences to be
11358	2	of understanding these connections has been made predominantly for the case of resistance evol   here i propose to quantify the genetic structure of populations of a parasitic nematode of red
10730	8	ists address ageing of cells, but often neglect organismal influences on sperm performance. thi   of variation in gamete performance and solve the dilemmas of both fields by unifying their con  experimental evolution with my previous experience in ecology, behaviour, physiology and evolut  y and evolution will put me in a unique position to test the novel idea that sperm ageing is a   s digest sperm in a special organ; they allow non-invasive sperm marking and artificial insemin  rm age-related traits, and subsequently test these estimates quantitatively in selection lines.  ltered environment guarantee a wide and cross-discipline applicability of the results.    environment guarantee a wide and cross-discipline applicability of the results.
7003	3	between populations of a pan-amazonian frog species. the cotnmunication system of the poison-d  edobates femoralis analysis of a 308 bp fragment of the mtdna cytochrome b locus. further genet  nes of 1-2 specimens per study site. we plan to analyze distances between study sites and their
10016	6	c groups and across the globe - a small number of clades accounts for a large part of the world  l number of clades accounts for a large part of the world s diversity and a number of relativel  mall areas with high levels of endemism are populated by unusually large numbers of species. th  sification; a prerequisite to document, explain, and conserve the diversity of life we observe    prerequisite to document, explain, and conserve the diversity of life we observe today. the so  , and conserve the diversity of life we observe today. the southeast asian peat swamp forests p
10470	24	lar and closely related organisms often have widely different amounts of dna in their nuclei ev  r nuclei even in organisms with a small amount of dna, the fraction that comprises genes is fre  t is the extra dna doing and how did it get there these are important questions because we know  hese are important questions because we know that organisms with large genomes are at greater r  nisms with large genomes are at greater risk of extinction, are less adaptable to living in pol  omes are at greater risk of extinction, are less adaptable to living in polluted soils, and are  ptable to living in polluted soils, and are less able to tolerate extreme environmental conditi  e varies enormously. in plants alone it can vary nearly 2000-fold. the non-genic component of d  00-fold. the non-genic component of dna is usually composed of highly repeated sequences of two  rch. to achieve this end several plants were selected to have their genomes completely sequence  enomes completely sequenced, so that we could discover in detail the nature and occurrence of g  on-genic dna. this was an expensive and time-consuming task involving labs from around the worl  arabidopsis thaliana and the crop rice, were selected for analysis. our current thinking is tha  or millions of years, dna in the genome can expand through amplification of some repetitive dna  mplification of some repetitive dna and shrink through small bite-like loses. nevertheless, thi  repetitive dna and shrink through small bite-like loses. nevertheless, this fascinating view of  the dynamic nature of plant genomic dna is flawed because we only understand the dynamics of pl  t genomic dna is flawed because we only understand the dynamics of plants with small to medium-   problem is how to tackle the herculean task of determining the nature and evolution of so much  uge amounts of dna cost-effectively has been developed that enables us to get a handle on genom  tailed understanding of how the species are related to each other, we can build a picture of th  e species are related to each other, we can build a picture of the evolutionary events that occ  the formation of giant genomes. we will address what dna sequences are involved in genome enlar  mes. we will address what dna sequences are involved in genome enlargement, why particular sequ
11415	24	lar and closely related organisms often have widely different amounts of dna in their nuclei ev  r nuclei even in organisms with a small amount of dna, the fraction that comprises genes is fre  t is the extra dna doing and how did it get there these are important questions because we know  hese are important questions because we know that organisms with large genomes are at greater r  nisms with large genomes are at greater risk of extinction, are less adaptable to living in pol  omes are at greater risk of extinction, are less adaptable to living in polluted soils, and are  ptable to living in polluted soils, and are less able to tolerate extreme environmental conditi  e varies enormously. in plants alone it can vary nearly 2000-fold. the non-genic component of d  00-fold. the non-genic component of dna is usually composed of highly repeated sequences of two  rch. to achieve this end several plants were selected to have their genomes completely sequence  enomes completely sequenced, so that we could discover in detail the nature and occurrence of g  on-genic dna. this was an expensive and time-consuming task involving labs from around the worl  arabidopsis thaliana and the crop rice, were selected for analysis. our current thinking is tha  or millions of years, dna in the genome can expand through amplification of some repetitive dna  mplification of some repetitive dna and shrink through small bite-like loses. nevertheless, thi  repetitive dna and shrink through small bite-like loses. nevertheless, this fascinating view of  the dynamic nature of plant genomic dna is flawed because we only understand the dynamics of pl  t genomic dna is flawed because we only understand the dynamics of plants with small to medium-   problem is how to tackle the herculean task of determining the nature and evolution of so much  uge amounts of dna cost-effectively has been developed that enables us to get a handle on genom  tailed understanding of how the species are related to each other, we can build a picture of th  e species are related to each other, we can build a picture of the evolutionary events that occ  the formation of giant genomes. we will address what dna sequences are involved in genome enlar  mes. we will address what dna sequences are involved in genome enlargement, why particular sequ
10472	1	ion and local adaptation in the genetic structure of young populations. laboratory populations
10204	9	arctic charr responses. we hypothesize, based on the importance of the antibody re  asite infections, that class ii alleles are partitioned among morphotypes within and between lo   within and between localities, whereas class i alleles are shared. to test this we will determ  een localities, whereas class i alleles are shared. to test this we will determine and compare   red. to test this we will determine and compare the mh allelic content of the different polymor  ll determine and compare the mh allelic content of the different polymorphic populations. mh ge  ds to highly divergent alleles. we will test for associations between the frequency of these re  ulation size to determine whether these are favoured in small populations. we will repeat all o   favoured in small populations. we will repeat all our analyses in two years to check for tempo
9884	9	arctic charr responses. we hypothesize, based on the importance of the antibody re  asite infections, that class ii alleles are partitioned among morphotypes within and between lo   within and between localities, whereas class i alleles are shared. to test this we will determ  een localities, whereas class i alleles are shared. to test this we will determine and compare   red. to test this we will determine and compare the mh allelic content of the different polymor  ll determine and compare the mh allelic content of the different polymorphic populations. mh ge  ds to highly divergent alleles. we will test for associations between the frequency of these re  ulation size to determine whether these are favoured in small populations. we will repeat all o   favoured in small populations. we will repeat all our analyses in two years to check for tempo
10038	12	ften based on the assumption that there are substantial genetic benefits of mate choice may be   onduct the most comprehensive empirical test of direct models of sexual selection in a wild pop  e substantial. for this project we will use an already established, island population of house   ect we will use an already established, island population of house sparrows, passer domesticus,   ideally suited to our needs because we can monitor both lifetime reproduction and survival for   precision. for this population we also have a long-term cross-fostered breeding pedigree, whic  etic factors. in addition, we will also test for links between the amount of parental care that  pects of his reproductive behaviour. we are particularly interested, for instance, in whether t  erested, for instance, in whether there is a trade-off between the amount of effort a male expe  ly, based on the empirical data that we gather, we will build a theoretical model that seeks to   empirical data that we gather, we will build a theoretical model that seeks to explain why dif   we gather, we will build a theoretical model that seeks to explain why different individuals d
14605	1	very diversified strategies. the goals are related to three main objectives: hybridization and
14868	1	we will study the gametic associations between microsatellite l
10119	5	the ocean is absorbing a large amount of the antrophogenic co2 emissions. as a consequ  emissions. as a consequence, the ph and carbonate supersaturation of the ocean is changing to v   been rare exceptions in the geological record of the last 300 myrs. marine carbonate producers   determine the changes in foraminiferal carbonate production during the last 100 myrs and const  production during the last 100 myrs and constrain the environmental conditions which are prereq
7376	2	evolutionary forces behind biodiversity must be exercised in vascular phytobactériose r model.   ytobactériose r model. solanacearum. we propose to explore these phenomena, raising epidemiolog
14651	5	sin, evergreen-sclerophyllous sprouters share a pre-mediterranean to establish the relationship  e adaptive radiation and the intra- and inter-island colonisation patterns. the phylogeographic  tive radiation and the intra- and inter-island colonisation patterns. the phylogeographic analy   change, and with that purpose, we will analyse population variation in sexual expression, spat  ogeneity within the frame of the global change, and thus, on the conservation strategies and ec
2495	15	we consider the fennoscandian harvest regime of moose to r            we consider the fennoscandian harvest regime of moose to represent a large-scale popu  st regime of moose to represent a large-scale population manipulation experiment, which can be   pulation manipulation experiment, which can be used to study how changes in the age- and sex-co  ed to study how changes in the age- and sex-composition infer with evolutionary processes withi  o future environmental changes. we will parameterize stochastic age-structured population model  hanges. we will parameterize stochastic age-structured population models based on long-term ind  uctured population models based on long-term individual-based data from the island of vega in n  lar and phenotypic levels. we will then examine whether geographical differences in temporal va  of genetic diversity of norwegian moose can be related to differences in those demographic char  ronmental and demographic stochasticity create continual fluctuations in age structure, which s  tions in age structure, which seriously complicate demographic and evolutionary analyses. r.a.   e stable age distribution. here we will apply a new statistical method to study fluctuating sel  t quantitative fitness-traits in moose, date of birth and calf body mass, at the island of vega  ss, at the island of vega. we will also study the evolutionary dynamics of these two traits, us
15201	10	madagascar is an excellent model region for the study of patterns                madagascar is an excellent model region for the study of patterns of species diver  ication because of its relatively small size, geographical setting and historical isolation, ge  adiations, and the different extent and age of its biomes. we will use the five endemic frog ra  t extent and age of its biomes. we will use the five endemic frog radiations as model to unders  ted molecular phylogenies from a nearly-complete taxon sampling will be integrated with environ  ocality data to investigate the spatial pattern of amphibian diversity. these integrative analy  esting several available hypotheses and identify which mechanisms better explain the observed b  the project are: 1. resolve the species-level phylogeny for all five frog radiations of madagas  ible correlation with past events , and compare with traditional measures of species richness a
14709	2	codes a protein of about 40.000 da has been studied in this genus, as a partial diagnostic loc  ilus taxa and determinig the adaptative value from the different molecular forms the odh protei
13502	8	to the new conditions. a very pertinent question concerning biodiversity is then how well popul  populations will adapt, or if they will dwindle down to extinction. this is part of a more gene  ral crucial assumptions are not met. we have through computer simulations shown that the form o  under certain noise general conclusions can be made, while under other conditions details in th   noise general conclusions can be made, while under other conditions details in the noise makes  s. i will simulate a climatic trend and add different forms of coloured noise, with a control w  th a control without noise. i will also study the importance of genotype-environment interactio  tions by experiments. this kind of long-term selection experiment where the selection is a resu
10388	14	l effects upon calcifying organisms, we have yet to appreciate the long-term evolutionary respo  sms, we have yet to appreciate the long-term evolutionary response to this selective pressure a  ecific biodiversity. this is a critical gap in our knowledge as biodiversity plays a key role i  tem function. to address this issue, we propose an experimental approach on a model marine prot   this issue, we propose an experimental approach on a model marine protist since this taxon is   lly, we have selected the heterotrophic flagellate oxyrrhis marina as it is widespread and easy  rophic flagellate oxyrrhis marina as it is widespread and easy to culture, and its growth rate   oxyrrhis marina as it is widespread and easy to culture, and its growth rate is affected by ph   nd easy to culture, and its growth rate is affected by ph conditions, although the specific phy  nse to selection is stronger when there is greater standing genetic variation for select for se  t for selection to act upon. finally we hypothesise that rapid changes will have greater impact  se that rapid changes will have greater impact than slow changes, which may allow strains to ac  trains to acclimate. therefore, we will compare the responses of treatments of up to 10 diverge  ts will reveal not simply the immediate impact of ocean acidification but the potential consequ
6817	11	1. a relatively few studies have been done in adult theory of mind. in the recent study    in adult theory of mind. in the recent study an analysis of context-dependent characteristics    state attribution will be examined. we make an attempt to study mindreading activities necessa  ive and cooperative situations. we also study the possible relationship between machiavellian i  , that what adaptive challenges have to be answered in the actual social environment. 2. our ju  ious markers of physical attractiveness are controlled by specific psychological mechanisms tha  ific psychological mechanisms that have been shaped as a response to particular adaptive proble  volutionary environment. those features are considered highly attractive that reliably sign tha  sidered highly attractive that reliably sign that individual can efficiently use resources avai  ly sign that individual can efficiently use resources available for organism. the various featu  g these markers integrate into a global estimate of attractiveness.
15257	4	the genus podarcis is represented by several lineages from continental and  es have examined some species but there are few studies of the entire genus. also, none of thes  establish patterns of microevolutionary change in ecological and behavioural traits that are pa  nsular lineages. in particular, we will focus on mechanisms and behaviours associated with pred
15258	4	the genus podarcis is represented by several lineages at continental and i  t for some particular species but there are no studies of the whole genus and any work is orien  studies of the whole genus and any work is oriented to study colonization strategies of differe  e will be to establish which strategies were adopted by different lineages during the colonizat
15432	3	lies included in the order scleractinia are clearly polyphyletic, being actually composed of di   scleractinia are clearly polyphyletic, being actually composed of different unrelated lineages  ld of morphology, but molecular markers do not offer a definitive answer to the evolutionary pr
10273	14	there is great scientific interest in monitoring, understandi                there is great scientific interest in monitoring, understanding and predicting th   the current ecology of populations and have necessarily had to ignore the potential for specie  , and the speed with which, populations can be expected to evolve in response to climate change  n response to climate change. the study is based on a classic example of the ecological consequ  nt studies have demonstrated this early spring phenomenon in temperate populations, but as yet   rate populations, but as yet there have been relatively few detailed studies of the individual   ing or the speed with which populations can be expected to evolve to cope with a changing clima  se shortfalls by combining experimental field manipulations of breeding phenology with a long-t  tions of breeding phenology with a long-term pedigree on a wild populations of a passerine bird  of breeding of individual birds we will estimate the rate at which the population will be able   nvestigates factors that determine long-term resilience to environmental change, which are an i  e long-term resilience to environmental change, which are an important part of nerc s focus on   onmental change, which are an important part of nerc s focus on the maintenance of biodiversity
12069	6	and forecasting of the impact of global change on biodiversity do not currently incorporate the  change on biodiversity do not currently incorporate the effect of evolutionary changes in popul  utions mediated by climate change often rely on the assumption that species’ climatic niches ar  ssumption that species’ climatic niches are conserved at the time scale at which the ecological  l evidence suggests that to mitigate or aggravate the demographic response of species to global  ecological forecasts is most needed. we wish to address this question by combining a variety of
13422	2	or their milk, meat and truck power. it is more common along the coast of black sea and also fo  uffalo in-situ and ex-situ program have been carried out at the research station. these efforts
13420	3	in-situ conservation project was started in 2005 in çanakkale province. gökçeada she   contition at gökçeada island. gökçeada is one of the important breeds of sheep famous for milk   breed in-situ and ex-situ program have been carried out at the research station. these efforts
13419	2	in-situ conservation project was started in 2005 in kırklareli province. kıvırcık is   breed in-situ and ex-situ program have been carried out at the research station. these efforts
13417	5	n of farm animal genetic resources’ has been conducted since 1995 under the management and coor  rvation flock for the sakız sheep breed was established in 1996 in bandırma sheep research stat  h station. in-situ conservation project was started in 2005 in izmir province. sakız is one of   tarted in 2005 in izmir province. sakız is one of the most important breeds of sheep famous for   breed in-situ and ex-situ program have been carried out at the research station. these efforts
13421	2	nd sustainable utilization of anatolian grey cattle in-situ and ex-situ program have been carri  cattle in-situ and ex-situ program have been carried out at the research station.
13401	4	ome medicinal and aromatic plants which are conserved as plant genetic resource. the plants exi   be reproduce and their flowering time, plant height, fresh herbal yield, drag herbal yield, dr  and their flowering time, plant height, fresh herbal yield, drag herbal yield, drag leaf yield,  time, plant height, fresh herbal yield, drag herbal yield, drag leaf yield, harvesting time, es
13424	6	vation flock for the daglic sheep breed was established in 2005, this study was initiated in 20  eed was established in 2005, this study was initiated in 2005 within the scope of flock protect  ders in afyonkarahisar province. daglic is a fat tail sheep breed and most of its production ch  gh productive sheep breeds so that they are at the brink of extinction. it is believed to be be  they are at the brink of extinction. it is believed to be beneficial for countrys sheep product  r countrys sheep production that daglic breed that is well adapted to the mountanious regions s
13425	4	vation flock for the honamlı goat breed was established in 2005. this breed was developed via s  eed was established in 2005. this breed was developed via selection in a long time, according t  ferences by nomads . honamlı goats coat is made of coarse and thin fibres, but fibres are short  onamlı goats coat is made of coarse and thin fibres, but fibres are shorter than those hair goa
13354	6	e bank at aari for seed collection have been designed for the needs of long-term and medium-ter  d for the needs of long-term and medium-term storage for both base and active collections, resp  and 0 °c for medium term storage. there are also facilities for temporary storage, with rooms w   rooms working at 4 °c. the collections are kept always in the same conditions safely. the seed  n the same conditions safely. the seeds are dried to 5-6 % moisture content and kept in the sea   content and kept in the sealed can and glass containers for base and active collections. all t
6784	4	yield. within the two farming system we are also going to study the effect of plant nutrition,   to study the effect of plant nutrition, crop rotation and soil amelioration and prove the authe  t of plant nutrition, crop rotation and soil amelioration and prove the authenticity of them.   crop rotation and soil amelioration and prove the authenticity of them.
6947	2	the bones from owl-pellets. at the same time the assumption could be confirmed that sicista sub  ellets. at the same time the assumption could be confirmed that sicista subtilis trizona taxon
6966	1	e only in adrenal medullary tumors have been identified germline mutations of genes encoding th
12767	6	atens an area containing a species that is afforded legal protection, suc as the great crested   n, suc as the great crested newt, there is a legal obligation to undertake appropriate mitigati   a typical mitigation involves pre- and post-development population and habitat assessments, ha  t will reduce the likelihood of animals being killed by the development activity ponds for whic  a. the population assessments will also be compared to those obtained from a sample of sites su  ct of the improved guidance. on a wider scale, modelling and mapping will be used to explore th
11258	5	ble of causing species to go extinct we don t know the answer to this question but evidence fro  des some intriguing clues. thus, it has been recognised that all the extinction events of the p  dress this problem by studying a unique example of the volcanism-extinction link from 260 milli  these seas contain abundant fossils and evidence of a catastrophic extinction. by studying thes  by studying these chinese rocks it will be possible, for the first time, to study directly both
11391	5	ble of causing species to go extinct we don t know the answer to this question but evidence fro  des some intriguing clues. thus, it has been recognised that all the extinction events of the p  dress this problem by studying a unique example of the volcanism-extinction link from 260 milli  these seas contain abundant fossils and evidence of a catastrophic extinction. by studying thes  by studying these chinese rocks it will be possible, for the first time, to study directly both
10528	20	d, for the first time in the geological record, by widespread fossil evidence of animals. indee  serve only their hard skeletal tissues, while important details of soft body morphology, critic  nships are usually lost. however, there are a number of celebrated cambrian fossil localities w  ocalities where fossilised soft tissues are preserved. in this context, the orsten style of pre   preserved. in this context, the orsten style of preservation provides extremely fine anatomica  tyle of preservation provides extremely fine anatomical detail of a range of worm and arthropod  tion provides extremely fine anatomical detail of a range of worm and arthropod animals. the fo  versity arose within this group. orsten style fossil preservation is mainly limited to rocks of   and how is the soft anatomy preserved; are the assemblages a snapshot of the original marine c  hot of the original marine community or are they biased towards certain animal groups; and what  511 million years old. these carbonates were deposited on the shallow margins of an ancient mar  in that extended into wales. they yield age diagnostic trilobites that allow correlation with g   a source of orsten organisms, the only instance of this style of preservation in the uk. the c  de new information about the anatomical detail of cambrian animals that will contribute greatly  od relationships. the fossils will also be used to test hypotheses about how the mineral calciu  about how the mineral calcium phosphate can replicate animal tissues with intricate 3-dimension  nsional detail and whether this process is biased to particular animal groups or soft tissues.    animal groups or soft tissues. we will evaluate the petrography of the host rocks, coupled wit  enetic history. collectively these data can be used to identify the marine setting of the orste  etting of the orsten , what fossils are being preserved, and their wider significance for anima
470	5	ntal reconstruction of the camargue has been done for the last 10,000 years bp . the riparian f  en record from the grand rhône prodelta being consistent with the elevation in temperature. som  vation in temperature. some simulations are proposed for the forthcoming geographic strengtheni  rowth as well as to reduce the economic use of lands, for instance in re-establishing a natural  ablishing a natural status for those to be abandoned in the next future.
12763	1	oject aims to further investigate urban badger behaviour and ecology in order to identify more
13859	9	increase of potato late blight. we will use data generated within a nordic project to see if th  will use data generated within a nordic project to see if the domain of applicability of these   domain of applicability of these models can be expanded. this is in line with cips overall goal  the resulting dynamic simulation models can be used to understand the relationship between diff  fects the entire system. they will also be used to produce strategic and tactical decision tool  ical decision tools that simultaneously condense a large amount of biological data and also all  ls that simultaneously condense a large amount of biological data and also allow answering ques  ations, or internet based applications, is a practical, but nonetheless important phase of the    a practical, but nonetheless important phase of the project.
15274	6	he individual plants. since this growth can be related with calendar years, it is possible to u   can be related with calendar years, it is possible to use annual ring characteristics and c is  stic similarity between juniper patches may hide the existence of differential life history tra  differences using different parameters: age-structure, age to maturity, radial growth rates, no  erences using different parameters: age-structure, age to maturity, radial growth rates, non-st  ng different parameters: age-structure, age to maturity, radial growth rates, non-structural ca
12141	3	cosystem dynamics in the eastern baltic is to obtain a new fundamental scientific data describi  tendencies describing the formation and further dynamics of the vegetation cover, actual for th  logical regularities of the postglacial plant expansion evaluating the causal nexus with the pa
13766	2	project aims to measure and empirically model the dispersal curve of a bryophyte species, exten  ficient innovative method where we will establish artificially arranged suitable substrates at
9811	4	odel system. in queenless ants a colony is headed by a mated worker . conflict between gamergat  ying male eggs in her presence. we will investigate the behavioural and chemical mechanisms med  and experimental research. we will also extend our previous theoretical models to investigate c  lict in multiple gamergate species, and review the evidence for conflict and policing in queenl
7365	1	n, then analyze the genetic and genomic term conversion to elucidate the mechanisms that led to
11866	3	by rotting velvet worms . it will also allow us to further test a hypothesis developed from ou  pidly. if this pattern is widespread it is an important yet previously unrecognised bias in rec  n important yet previously unrecognised bias in reconstructing the evolutionary relationships o
9868	3	related species of animals, that might be expected to have evolved the same or a different cha  tion to allow them to forage safely. we plan a series of experiments on sticklebacks, using fis  vironmental conditions. the experiments are designed to test an evolutionary hypothesis about h
11537	3	iths should be influenced by their post-fire location on the hydrological gradient. hypothesis   lts will be incorporated into a spatial model that will be used to determine whether the effect  cies distribution observed late in post-fire succession. the sensitivity of the model outputs t
11363	2	inbreeding depression can dramatically alter the outcome of evolutionary processes and the via  n outbred males. we will experimentally investigate the effects of variation in one specific en
10188	2	psea sediments; of these streptomycetes are the most prolific in terms of their secondary metab  ine isolates of streptomycetes, so far, fall in the phylogenetic radiation containing their ter
15401	2	uality by reaching lower bioremediation end-points than those demanded by current legislation.   ation. technology transfer to end-users is considered through the active participation of a rem
11103	4	us nannoplankton are minute and we will be able to test whether these small forms are present a  lly, the separate parts of the sediment can be measured accurately, providing a record of which  h time, and the way these influence and respond to environmental change, such as warming climat   influence and respond to environmental change, such as warming climates.
11202	3	outcome of gene expression, proteomics is conducted most simply when the target genome is know  cted most simply when the target genome is known, a situation that rarely pertains in nerc-dire  earch. this programme is an exploratory study of proteomics applied to problems such as chemica
10511	1	ogical consequence of soil pollution to be linked.
7291	4	old varieties of apples are kept in france by many actors and constitute a rese  s are kept in france by many actors and constitute a reservoir of diversity that it is necessar  titute a reservoir of diversity that it is necessary to better explore for a diversification of  tabase of genetic resource collections, study of the representativeness of heirloom collections
10454	3	recently, it has been shown that ether membrane lipids, typically associ  with archaea and thermophilic bacteria, are considerably more widespread and structurally diver   ether lipid containing prokaryotes and obtain sufficient biomass for lipid isolation, detailed
11523	3	recently, it has been shown that ether membrane lipids, typically associ  with archaea and thermophilic bacteria, are considerably more widespread and structurally diver   ether lipid containing prokaryotes and obtain sufficient biomass for lipid isolation, detailed
6901	9	pecific group of statistical procedures are used in biology at individual, population, communit  em levels. particular studies, however, may have their specific questions on, for instance, the   provide large amounts of data and thus require extensive use of multivariate analysis. most of  unts of data and thus require extensive use of multivariate analysis. most of these data are al   to phd students and postdocs have long been involved in these studies, as demonstrated by thei  ssful completion of the planned project is expected to contribute to the methodology of multiva  lves basic research, whilst its results may receive applications especially in nature conservat   least, two postdocs and two predocs to be invited in the proposed project can continue and com  n the proposed project can continue and complete their work only with further support in form o
10203	23	methane is a potent greenhouse gas, second in importance only to carbon dioxide. most metha  ce only to carbon dioxide. most methane is produced by microorganisms and methane concentration  re had been increasing rapidly, but now is quite variable. this is important to understand as a  e increases in the geological past have been linked to global warming. global methane productio  rgy store, as well as being a sensitive trigger for rapid climate change. surprisingly, we know   rapid climate change. surprisingly, we know relatively little about the methanogens in ocean s  roduce this methane, as only a few have been isolated and studied . also uncultured and little    also uncultured and little understood, are the microbes related to methanogens, which currentl  related to methanogens, which currently remove approximately 80% of all methane produced in sed  methane produced in sediments before it can enter the ocean and atmosphere above. these two gro  ux of methane from sediments. there are even suggestions that anaerobic methane production and   mely important global methane cycle. we intend to significantly increase knowledge of the contr  thane cycle. we intend to significantly increase knowledge of the controls on ocean methane flu  nvestigating methane production in high-pressure systems. these systems mimic sediment conditio  crobial communities are active. we will conduct similar experiments with microbial communities   and a range of marine sediments we will isolate a number of methanogens, many of which may be n  new marine types, as their presence has been indicated by dna surveys. study sites include coas  y significant gas hydrate sediments and mud volcanoes, which have recently been suggested as be   and mud volcanoes, which have recently been suggested as being an important potential source o  nt potential source of methane. we will identify the physiology and metabolism of these methano  m of these methanogens to significantly increase our knowledge of the biodiversity and function  e our knowledge of the biodiversity and function of this important group of microorganisms. thi  iversity and function of this important group of microorganisms. this will include, for the fir
2107	8	it is a well established fact that kelp forest are highly   production about 10 times of what might be found in phytoplankton dominated waters. resent rese  st on the norwegian west coast. it will look closer into different functional groups and compar  er into different functional groups and compare food webs at three different degrees of exposur  fferent degrees of exposure. will there be a higher production of pom in exposed areas, and wil   be higher in pom rich areas will there be more filter feeders in pom rich areas the project wi  in pom rich areas the project will also examine the role of phenols in laminaria hyperborea to   ces are important grazer deterrents and may play a crucial role in preventing bacterial growth
10547	12	ty, from climate change to overfishing, occur over very large areas, yet most of our knowledge   most of our knowledge of marine ecology is derived from rather small-scale studies. to address   tudies. to address this mismatch, there is therefore a pressing need to find ways to scale up l   to scale up local knowledge so that we can gain a better understanding of how biodiversity is   etter understanding of how biodiversity is distributed at scales relevant to international envi  irst step in this direction has already been taken, through efforts to pool the results of loca  such hypotheses. although in general we know much more about terrestrial than marine biodiversi   biodiversity, some of the questions we can address with new marine databases have actually pro  est on land. our results will therefore be of great interest to all ecologists working on large  and a leading marine institute, we will be in an enviable position to communicate the results o  ne institute, we will be in an enviable position to communicate the results of our work to as w   marine biodiversity research, then, we hope also to expand the horizons of marine and terrestr
12268	7	mental change network is to protect and improve the environment, and to integrate the environme  ce the projects inception in 1992. long-term data sets obtained are being analysed to identify    1992. long-term data sets obtained are being analysed to identify and improve the understandin  ined are being analysed to identify and improve the understanding of the causes of environmenta  e causes of environmental change. there are currently 57 ecn sites, located throughout the uk.    most are fresh-water sites but drayton is important among the 12 terrestrial sites, as the onl  g the 12 terrestrial sites, as the only site in the english midlands and the only lowland, mixe
12198	2	an els agreement. importantly, it will enable greater certainty to be placed in the recommenda  ly, it will enable greater certainty to be placed in the recommendations and policy guidance em
7301	2	n of parasitoids, its relevance has not been assessed. our project is approached with a narrow   ance has not been assessed. our project is approached with a narrow combination of genetics, de
14228	15	s and fragmentation of natural habitats are considered to be major threats to biodiversity. due  iguration and environmental conditions, number of habitat characteristic species are expected t  umber of habitat characteristic species are expected to go locally extinct from many historical  ally developed communities. at the same time, human-related environmental changes and blurring   ological dispersal barriers opens a new window for a number of species to colonize deteriorated  tance, both extinction and colonization can be delayed. extinction debt and colonization credit  extinction debt and colonization credit can occur simultaneously in altered habitats and they c  ltaneously in altered habitats and they can be considered as opposite processes – although trig  triggered by the same mechanisms , they act upon different components of total biodiversity. we  mponents of total biodiversity. we will use biodiversity partitioning based on historical speci  species that are novel to community and do not belong to habitat-specific species pool. we will   habitat-specific species pool. we will explore the environmental and anthropogenic factors tha  that increase the derived diversity and propel the extinction of original species. we will stud  extinction of original species. we will study the effects of derived diversity to community pro  d diversity to community properties and relate it with change in taxonomic, functional and phyl
11384	10	nction is important for deciding how we target conservation effort for individual species and,   s of species loss. the majority of what is known about mechanisms of extinction focuses on spec  ion. for example, larger bodied species can suffer greater extinction risk, due to lower reprod  slowing recovery, and also because they are less abundant. this information about what types of  n birth and death rates. however, there are also indirect effects that result from the interact  developing classifications of risk that are used by international agencies such as the wwf, iuc  ents such as those we are proposing. we propose to establish and follow experimental communitie   proposing. we propose to establish and follow experimental communities, under different enviro  ific interactions reduce the predictive power of the classification system, and why poor perfor  sting risk classifications and how they may be improved.
7042	1	during miocene times the evolution and uplift of the alpine orogenic belt created new palaeoge
10958	5	e climatic conditions that had a severe impact on the biosphere. the recovery of geochemically   ristine cretaceous sediments during odp leg l7lb offers a unique opportunity to obtain a detail  on marine biota. with this material, we want to study the evolution of planktonic foraminifera   a to reconstruct their habitat. we will count the faunas, to determine rates of evolution, and   s, to determine rates of evolution, and measure the isotopic composition of all species that ap
14634	7	dy of plant species strategies, as they exhibit a variety of habitats affected by restrictions   nstability, saline spray, strong winds, summer high radiation or high soil surface temperature.  e combination of these factors strongly determine the set of plant morphological and physiologi   existing communities offer an adequate example for the study of the processes that control com  xhibit common traits that allow them to be grouped similar defined functional types, and that t  ed functional types, and that they also develop competition/facilitation patterns that result i  s invasive, so that we could eventually differentiate the specific traits permiting to determin
15455	7	alue is sharply reduced when the antler is broken. antler breakage occurs normally to a certain  ions or particular years, the frequency can reach 55% of the antlers. despite its great importa  the plants . the result of this project may be transferred to game consulting companies or game  sferred to game consulting companies or game managers to reduce the frequency of antler breakag  ncy of antler breakage. in addition, it may also bear importance for medicine, something that h  tler breakage. in addition, it may also bear importance for medicine, something that has been d  rtance for medicine, something that has been demonstrated in previous studies by our group, lea
14646	1	ula and the canary islands. three goals are related to the species-specific traits related to c
14589	6	tically and geographically distant, and bias in the variance of male reproductive success throu  ve shown that these types of management are associated with losing genetic variation in local p  se problems, widely extended in europe, are increasingly reaching the iberian deer subspecies,    vulnerable category due to the serious risk of genetic alteration despite its numerical abunda  ion despite its numerical abundance. it is of great importance to know the degree of introgress  e genetic properties of populations. we aim: to study the processes that cause losing genetic v
14201	4	eous grasslands in northern europe . we analyse the effect of environmental conditions and impa   effect of environmental conditions and impact of traditional management on the species richnes  nal management on the species richness, cover or composition of lichens on estonian alvars. we   ition of lichens on estonian alvars. we intend to relate the total lichen species richness on a
7548	4	1982 in a new collection. agroecosystem is studied creole garden, traditional system of antille  l assess the evolution of diversity. we can evaluate the product of what can be termed farm con  ty. we can evaluate the product of what can be termed farm conservation and have elements to of  hat can be termed farm conservation and have elements to offer a combination of ex situ conserv
13597	4	e key drivers of ecosystem function, it is of particular importance to focus on mechanisms regu  is project will therefore significantly advance our knowledge about bacterial biogeography, reg  ial metacommunity ecology. it will also help us to understand to which degree bacterial communi  e from the environmental conditions and provide insight into the resistance and resilience of b
14624	2	oirs of different age, capacity, depth, channel degree and turn over in periods of mixture and   ge, capacity, depth, channel degree and turn over in periods of mixture and stratification duri
14746	4	nown. ecological factors may positively contribute to species richness because they have promot  cause they have promoted in the past or are now promoting divergence among closely related spec  e fish community of the amazon. we will approach the study by exploring the phylogenetic basis   s of community niche structure. it will use both genetic and proteomic analyses to infer the ph
10294	19	ppm and about 20% of global warming has been attributed to this potent greenhouse gas. it is es  buted to this potent greenhouse gas. it is estimated that 400-640 tg of methane is produced ann  is estimated that 400-640 tg of methane is produced annually by methanogenic bacteria in anaero  robic soils and sediments much of which is oxidised at the aerobic-anaerobic interface in wetla  ch is oxidised at the aerobic-anaerobic interface in wetlands or overlying aerobic soils before  ds or overlying aerobic soils before it is released to the atmosphere, thereby mitigating the g  d 40 tg ch4 per year respectively. this is carried out by aerobic methane oxidising bacteria. b  w on methane as sole carbon source have been obtained from many environments. cultivation-indep  ependent techniques indicate that there are more novel methanotrophs in the environment that aw  solation. generally, methanotrophs have been regarded as obligate, ie only growing on methane .  ti-carbon compounds such as acetate now make it imperative that we develop a thorough understan   acetate now make it imperative that we develop a thorough understanding of how these newly dis  to be widespread in wetlands and soils, regulate their methane oxidation systems and how they c   methane oxidation systems and how they contribute to the global methane cycle. we propose to s  tribute to the global methane cycle. we propose to study the environmental regulation of methan  iting breakthrough is that we will soon have the genome sequence of methylocella silvestris ava  gulate metabolism in this bacterium. we have also developed a number of cutting edge molecular    environments facultative methanotrophs have a competitive edge over obligate methanotrophs and  er obligate methanotrophs and that they make a significant contribution to the cycling of metha
11660	16	star carr, north yorkshire, is the most renowned mesolithic site i              star carr, north yorkshire, is the most renowned mesolithic site in europe. it occu  te in europe. it occupies a pre-eminent position in every synthesis of the period and its inter  rs. the classic excavations of the late sir grahame clark between 1949-51 yielded extraordinary  eaddresses and the few pieces that have been excavated have been demineralised and reduced to m  ew pieces that have been excavated have been demineralised and reduced to mucus like jelly. the  lly. the antler is no longer robust and is found flattened and leather like, and the wood has b  onger robust and is found flattened and leather like, and the wood has been shown to be severel  ened and leather like, and the wood has been shown to be severely degraded at the cellular leve  to be severely degraded at the cellular level with little to no cellulose surviving. overall, 1  tigations are severely deteriorated. it is now vital that the results from these studies are pr  iagenesis. this project brings together expertise from a range of disciplines to try to solve t  oth limited and pressing. urgent action is needed. not only will the project address this parti   particular site, the results will also have far reaching applications for the management of ot  a unique opportunity for the student to be trained in both inorganic and organic geochemistry,   sh heritage. these results will finally enable the student and project team to make an informed
12511	11	ainable farming systems. traditionally, soil quality has been assessed primarily on physical an  ystems. traditionally, soil quality has been assessed primarily on physical and chemical proper  cteristics change slowly over time, and may poorly predict soil functions. biological propertie  ators to assess soil health vary widely even between regions within countries. the aim of this   oaches to dealing with biodiversity and function in relation to soil health, and soil health as  unction in relation to soil health, and soil health assessment in organic farming systems. the   arameters, the ways in which properties are measured, and strategies for interpretation and use  , and strategies for interpretation and use of data gathered. international approaches to manag  anges in management practice, will also be included. the specific objectives are: 1.identify in  th in farming or other relevant systems is conducted 2.review the way in which the data gathere  l health in the systems identified have been interpreted and used. 3.review international appro
12236	6	g recognised the role of the farmer and land manager in delivering environment benefits. there   al management practices. the quality or condition of habitat and associated management will be   e potential environmental benefits that can be delivered with the habitat. phase 3: data analys  our and outcome. this process will also reveal the differences and similarities between perceiv  dience. the research findings will also be disseminated through presentations and conferences a   in addition, the ccri will produce a 2 page summary of the research to add to their research s
12519	3	european core project will develop and test innovative generic communication strategies as a v  in research in organic food and farming are joined. this project will be caried in five europea  ion concerns the contribution of the uk partner to the overall proejct.
15577	12	landscapes occupy 40% of the available land area, and as such play an important role in conser   dedicated to the production of a small number of crop types. what are the effects of these cha  ural lands have higher biodiversity and better ecosystem services than farmlands with less semi  ults have led to policies where farmers are paid to leave semi-natural field margins or insert    to leave semi-natural field margins or insert semi-natural strips into crop fields. such polic  king crop area out of production. there are many situations where this may not be feasible. it    are many situations where this may not be feasible. it has been suggested that, in addition to   where this may not be feasible. it has been suggested that, in addition to the area of semi-na   positively related to biodiversity and provision of ecosystem services. if this is true, then    services. if this is true, then it may be possible to develop new policies for agriculture tha  velop new policies for agriculture that could restore biodiversity and associated ecosystem ser  work packages to collectively build and discuss, on the basis of the above results, acceptable
12600	15	es of soil resources annually. topsoils may be stripped and stored peripherally for re-use, bec  stripped and stored peripherally for re-use, because up to half of development areas are return  because up to half of development areas are returned to vegetated uses, but can become damaged   ed handling. surpluses of topsoil might be exported from site for use elsewhere. subsoils may r  d from site for use elsewhere. subsoils may remain in place but often become compact and imperm  egetated areas but can have impacts off-site such as on flooding, aquifer recharge and water qu  ch as on flooding, aquifer recharge and water quality. the first soil action plan for england,    england, 2004-06 recognises that there is a need to improve soil management practice on constr  ment practice on construction sites and identify opportunities for the sustainable use of soil   ntify opportunities for the sustainable use of soil material. consequently this project will: ·  rial. consequently this project will: · review current practices of soil management on construc  es, · document good and bad practice, · identify constraints to sustainable soil use and re-use  straints to sustainable soil use and re-use, whether economic or planning-related, · describe c  whether economic or planning-related, · describe current best practice, and · make recommendati  · describe current best practice, and · make recommendations on how to improve sustainable soil
14194	6	n-acylethanolamines signaling in wild-type arabidopsis. when nae and aba were applied togethe  wild-type arabidopsis. when nae and aba were applied together, a synergistic growth inhibitory    a synergistic growth inhibitory effect was observed. however, this interaction appeared to be   . however, this interaction appeared to be altered in transgenic plants overexpressing the atfa  o exogenous nae. in this study, we will focus on understanding the mechanism of atfaah-mediated  verify whether a free atfaah c-terminus is required for interaction with aba signaling. a split
10848	11	imited environment and therefore it has been postulated that food availability may well be the   a fish are opportunistic scavengers and show a bigger-deeper trend in distribution. however, st  tic scavengers and show a bigger-deeper trend in distribution. however, studies of the diet of   only reflects single feeding events and are not quantitatively representative. we propose to us  e not quantitatively representative. we propose to use fatty acid and stable isotope analysis a  ative. we propose to use fatty acid and stable isotope analysis as novel approaches to provide   egrated diet over time. fatty acids and stable isotope analysis have been established as tools    acids and stable isotope analysis have been established as tools to investigate foraging. howe  iet of several species of benthopelagic fish to assess the importance of scavenging, seasonalit  ory strategies. this will significantly advance our knowledge of deep-sea foodwebs and so provi  r knowledge of deep-sea foodwebs and so provide excellent opportunities for future research int
14991	3	en collaborating with the fauna iberica project to update the knowledge about polychaetous anne  ts, two volumes of the faib series have been published dealing with a number of families, many   with the work initiated in the previous sub-project.
14562	3	the aim of this subproject is to carry out the study of the most heterogeneous gro  out the study of the most heterogeneous group of tribe macrosiphini and are currently preparing  geneous group of tribe macrosiphini and are currently preparing two additional manuscripts that
14568	7	we propose the study of the taxonomy and the geographic di   their taxonomic problems. the problems are focalized in four genera, and we propose for all ca  ms are focalized in four genera, and we propose for all cases the revision of the taxa includin   of the species of the genus euzonitis, is a priori the most complicated, since non-continuous   tinuous extreme variation in coloration is coupled with a high structural homogeneity. solving   cies will serve to achieve the critical review of the family which will result in the prduction  ult in the prduction of a fauna iberica monograph of meloidae, qualitatively superior to the ot
14565	1	e in the ibero-balearic region. it will include the general aspects of the family, identificati
14566	2	the final objective of this subproject is to write amonograph of the ibero-balearic species of  papilionoidea and hesperioidea. it will include identification keys and a detailed description
15413	8	researchers in polychaete taxonomy have been involved in the iberian fauna project reflecting t  eries of volumes. so far 2 volumes have been published regarding this group of marine invertebr  ine invertebrates; a third is currently being revised and a fourth is in preparation process an  ration process and which will hopefully be completed by the end of 2010. this project, which ai  complete the work begun on the previous project, addresses the conclusion of clades and palpata  a and the families of the archiannelida group of uncertain phylogenetic affinities in the class  s. this will result in completing a new volume of the series, the fifth, which will complete th  d errant polychaetes as well as a large group of sedentary polychaetes in the iberian peninsula
14560	1	he necessary studies and to write a new monograph of the series fauna iberica. this monograph,
14559	6	the ip of this subproject is the coordinator of fauna iberica viii. the subprojec  echanisms that faib viii will use to: 1 achieve its overall objectives, 2 assist other subproje  to: 1 achieve its overall objectives, 2 assist other subprojects to achieve their goals, and 3   bprojects to achieve their goals, and 3 provide the necessary logistical support for the comple   and 3 provide the necessary logistical support for the completion of monographs that were begu  t for the completion of monographs that were begun in previous projects .
10533	8	ope, with particular emphasis on faunal evidence for environments and ages of deposition. it st  case partner, wessex archaeology, which is engaged in providing archaeological evaluation and r  providing archaeological evaluation and rescue excavation of important quaternary palaeolithic   s have been high in recent times. there is a need for geo-archaeological expertise to underpin    there is a need for geo-archaeological expertise to underpin the study of the sediments in whi  , in particular recording, sampling and use of geographical information systems . cambridge zoo   and palaeolithic occupation; both also provide important indications of salinity and therefore  nd therefore sea-level. mollusc fossils can be used for dating, by analysis of changes in their
6882	3	ts of egerian in hungary on the surface can be studied from the buda hills to the surroundings   mations from paleontological aspect has been finished 30 years ago . during our actual investig  he macrofauna of the existing sites, we intend to look for new sites, and we should like to inv
11193	2	stablished a number of outstanding long-term ecological studies of wild bird populations throug  utilising the existing public human and chicken genomics resources.
15249	5	avian scavengers may play an important role in the removal of all kinds   ck operations and game and, at the same time, to contribute to wildlife conservation. in the pr  to investigate whether avian scavengers may do these functions depending on . the potential con  ntial conclusion of the present project may represent an useful tool for environmental, wildlif  l, the results of the proposed research may contribute to the knowledge of the life history, ec
10657	1	olution of millennial- to milankovitch- scale climatic oscillations in the bering sea, the marg
11491	3	understanding the history, cause, and impact of sea level fluctuations is a compel    understanding the history, cause, and impact of sea level fluctuations is a compelling goal o  goal of earth system research. not only are worldwide effects of encroaching shorelines evident
2184	5	. uncertainties derive from unrealistic model assumptions as well as the intrinsic stochasticit  oaches will be both within the bayesian framework, and with models blending functional and corr  ive derived knowledge. finally, we will compare the different sources of uncertainty, ranging f  ment error to process stochasticity and expert opinions on model performance. the project will   e change forecasting by including a phd position in biostatistics and ecological modeling.
13971	9	idly and feeds efficiently on plankton, fish larvae and eggs. a permanent establishment may the  a permanent establishment may therefore be detrimental and in the worst case scenario lead to r   web and environmental interactions. it is not possible to forecast effects of mnemiopsis in sw   based on lessons from other waters. we plan quantitative studies of how mnemiopsis catches pre  erimentally determined clearance rates, field abundances and stomach analyses we will estimate   abundances and stomach analyses we will estimate predation pressure on zooplankton and fish lar  e predation pressure on zooplankton and fish larvae. reproductive potential and survival will b  l boundaries in the baltic. ctenophores do not depend on light for prey detection and may there   depend on light for prey detection and may therefore outcompete fish when light environment ch
13769	2	the introduction of exotic species is considered a major threat to global biodiversity and  iversity and the ongoing climate change could alter species distributions. this project aims to
14303	1	biodiversity and environmental quality, study of the attitude of forest owners towards forest c
15042	6	web dynamics in terrestrial ecosystems is limited by the scarcity of studies including the det  ears as a challenging question to fully understand food web dinamycs. the analysis of mechanism  ent shrub species in an arid system. we pretend to analyse: a the spatial mosaic generated by d  e distribution, and b to experimentally test the effects of macroinvertebrates on the establish  ffects of shrubs on soil properties and soil organisms in fertile islands, none of them have ta  rid ecosystems, a particularly relevant question for conservation and management of these envir
12281	5	commendations for field vegetable crops were revised. further work will be required to finalise  nst data from a recent link project. eu-rotate_n was recently developed with eu and defra fundi  eloped with eu and defra funding but it is currently not available in a particularly user frien  nternational links. it will immediately impact on a related defra project investigating n cycli   to demonstrate the effectiveness of eu-rotate_n as a management tool to plan more environmenta
12235	10	the project will design and code a software patch for incorporating into planet, th  ll allow industry standard nutrient and lime recommendations to be generated for individual gra  rd nutrient and lime recommendations to be generated for individual grassland fields according   nagement `. planet v3 however, will not provide recommendations for grassland since these were   o defra and the science community. this is needed to identify if any changes need to be conside  eded to identify if any changes need to be considered to the new system, and to inform further   rther research requirements. coding and provision of the new grassland recommendations into pla  sation to allow wide, easy and accurate use by farmers. this trend of increasing complexity is   or other crops, suggesting that future `master` rb209 recommendations might move from a paper-b  dations in planet v3 will significantly detract from its value to grassland farmers, the potent
12221	10	the uk government is committed to increasing energy security and reducing  e sources of renewable energy that have been recognised as important are the contributions that   that have been recognised as important are the contributions that are possible from growing bi  emporal effects including the crop age, time in the cutting cycle and timing of cutting. presen   and timing of cutting. presently there is only limited evidence upon which to draw up guidelin  t which plantings are increasing, it is clear that such data are urgently required. this projec  odiversity of miscanthus and src willow is affected by the spatial scale, structuring and manag  d src willow is affected by the spatial scale, structuring and management of the plantings. thi  miscanthus crops for birdlife will also depend on the size of a continous planted area and the    the structure of the crop, and we will investigate the use of both biomass crops by birds in r
10071	21	the project is concerned with measuring the factors which contribut  ral concept of evolutionary biology and is defined by different biologists in different ways. a  different ways. an individual s fitness can be regarded as its contribution to future generatio  ion to future generations. in humans it could be thought of as, for example, the number of chil  n his or her lifetime. for a successful study of fitness it must be possible to know the parent  r a successful study of fitness it must be possible to know the parentage of all of the offspri  and all of the offspring of each parent must be traced and identified. this has only be possibl  be traced and identified. this has only be possible in the last ten years thanks to the use of   d dna fingerprinting. the study species cannot have a lifespan longer than a research grant, ca  are likely to move outside a reasonable study area and cannot be so numerous that it would be i   of using damselflies are that they are big enough to be marked individually, breed in clearly   elflies are that they are big enough to be marked individually, breed in clearly defined places  e big enough to be marked individually, breed in clearly defined places . in practical terms we  ned places . in practical terms we will catch all of the individuals of our study species, the   each of two summers. on capture we will mark each individual with a number on its left hindwing  dwing in waterproof ink and put a small dab of paint on the top of its thorax. we will measure   paint on the top of its thorax. we will measure the left forewing with digital callipers, count  e left forewing with digital callipers, count the number of mites attached, record female type   rs, count the number of mites attached, record female type and remove the left hind leg. this l   mites attached, record female type and remove the left hind leg. this leg will be used for dna  s the plant species into which the eggs are laid. this procedure and the analysis of parentage
7053	16	s are very similar ones which initially can be told apart only with great difficulty. over the   c species is a field ripe for study. we propose a three-step procedure to study the evolution o  ield ripe for study. we propose a three-step procedure to study the evolution of a complex of a   the evolution of a complex of at least seven cryptic ant species. first, the rigour currently   among the three disciplines emerges and cannot be resolved by finding an evolutionary explanati  ion for it, additional disciplines that can be added are geometric morphometrics and near-infra  ate goal of the project. third, we will address three questions about the evolution of the cryp  : relation of morphological to climatic-niche similarity the forces driving the diversification  ecies integrity remain unknown. ecology could be involved and the species could, for example, d  ved and the species could, for example, differ in their climatic niches. characterising the pat   characterising the pattern of climatic-niche similarity in relation to morphological similarit  in relation to morphological similarity could facilitate the cautious inference of a role of ec  e 454-technology-based protocol we will use for developing nuclear sequence loci resolving at t  ocol we will use for developing nuclear sequence loci resolving at the species level will be wi  e identification tools for the internet may assist in developing such tools for other cryptic s  more broadly speaking, the evolutionary-profile analysis could help revealing previously undera
12366	3	key customer purpose to establish a new project to research and support the development of loca  establish a new project to research and support the development of local and regional coastal f  um activities investigate practical and proportionate options for improving the development and
6876	7	ysis of vegetation. we will develop and test a new standard sampling protocol and will develop   ominant-, codominant- and intrinsically subordinate species in a wide range of grasslands. our   sassembly rules along environmental and land-use gradients. patterns of functional plant neighb  mbly rules along environmental and land-use gradients. patterns of functional plant neighbourho  ew standard sampling protocol will also be applicable during restoration of damaged ecosystems    and phd students. furthermore, we will organize theoretical and field courses in the related t  field courses in the related topics. we have collaborations with three foreign universities for
7305	5	west african race borgou is a stabilized cross between taurine cattl                 west african race borgou is a stabilized cross between taurine cattle and zebu t  of taurine origin and / or zebu, having been privileged manner retained in connection with its   the genome to determine the most likely source population of each point of the genome and ident  ulation of each point of the genome and identify signatures of selection
215	4	out the role of fine roots in ecosystem-level carbon and nutrient cycling. the determination, i  izal extrametrical mycelia and of short-root anatomical and morphological parameters by morphot  n two branches of science: mycology and plant ecology, in the field of mineral nutrition of woo  ll increase our knowledge base and also be of practical value in forestry applications.
9931	7	rs of the basidiomycete genus hygrocybe are largely restricted to nutrient-poor grasslands and   tricted to nutrient-poor grasslands and are of significant conservation interest in the uk cont  re all uncultured and virtually nothing is known about their functional ecology. it is proposed  nown about their functional ecology. it is proposed to use species-specific pcr probes to measu  nd local soil variations at sourhope to be quantified. 15n-enriched plant litter buried around   ion with 13co2 pulses in 2002 will also allow isotope tracking over shorter periods. natural ab  ance of these isotopes in fbs will also be measured.
10529	4	y and the british geological survey has been formed to undertake work. of particular importance  key processes affecting du mobility and key constraints on plant acquisition will be determined  ition will be determined. this approach is facilitated by the interdisciplinary skills base of   ombining expertise in plant physiology, soil science and analytical chemistry to identify proce
10457	3	s an important role in the transfer and fate of nutrients through river basins. in recent years  t of lowland permeable catchments there is an urgent need for improved understanding of fine se  ons of sediment in reaches of the frome/piddle catchment.
15505	6	e morphology, taxonomy and phylogenetic structure of plant communities. fire also stamps a gene  communities. fire also stamps a genetic fingerprint on primary producers as it acts as a demogr  e soil environment. in this proposal it is intended to survey the fire-induced shifts in the so  r recurrent wildfires. in particular we aim to: i investigate the physical and chemical paramet  parameters determining the phylogenetic structure of bacterial and ectomycorrhizal to ascertain  o predict how the ecosystem functioning can be altered through the increasing wildfire frequenc
13757	11	structure. fire-ecosystem relationships are altered by changing climate and earlier european fi  y changing climate and earlier european fire regimes are now heavily modified by human activiti  problems. intense or inappropriate fire can wreak enormous damage and following recent extreme   me fire years in parts of europe, there is an urgent need for a co-ordinated european policy on  nning and policy. specifically, we will evaluate societal preferences towards fire and biodiver  ds fire and biodiversity management and develop economic models to explore causes of over-explo  d major outcomes will be characterised ‘base-line fire regimes, local and regional models of fi  biodiversity-climate relationships that are used to explore likely future scenarios and assessm  ose conjunction with local managers and be used to impact policy to favour biodiversity. firema  ty. fireman will help with the european target of halting biodiversity loss by 2010. the europe  perspective, effective fire suppression may threaten species that depend on habitats formed by
9881	7	structure. fire-ecosystem relationships are altered by changing climate and earlier european fi  y changing climate and earlier european fire regimes are now heavily modified by human activiti  problems. intense or inappropriate fire can wreak enormous damage and following recent extreme   me fire years in parts of europe, there is an urgent need for a co-ordinated european policy on  biodiversity-climate relationships that are used to explore likely future scenarios and assessm  nt. fireman will help with the european target of halting biodiversity loss by 2010. the europe  perspective, effective fire suppression may threaten species that depend on habitats formed by
473	11	structure. fire-ecosystem relationships are altered by changing climate and earlier european fi  y changing climate and earlier european fire regimes are now heavily modified by human activiti  problems. intense or inappropriate fire can wreak enormous damage and following recent extreme   me fire years in parts of europe, there is an urgent need for a co-ordinated european policy on  nning and policy. specifically, we will evaluate societal preferences towards fire and biodiver  ds fire and biodiversity management and develop economic models to explore causes of over-explo  d major outcomes will be characterised ‘base-line fire regimes, local and regional models of fi  biodiversity-climate relationships that are used to explore likely future scenarios and assessm  ose conjunction with local managers and be used to impact policy to favour biodiversity. firema  ty. fireman will help with the european target of halting biodiversity loss by 2010. the europe  perspective, effective fire suppression may threaten spe
15569	11	structure. fire-ecosystem relationships are altered by changing climate and earlier european fi  y changing climate and earlier european fire regimes are now heavily modified by human activiti  problems. intense or inappropriate fire can wreak enormous damage and following recent extreme   me fire years in parts of europe, there is an urgent need for a co-ordinated european policy on  nning and policy. specifically, we will evaluate societal preferences towards fire and biodiver  ds fire and biodiversity management and develop economic models to explore causes of over-explo  d major outcomes will be characterised ‘base-line fire regimes, local and regional models of fi  biodiversity-climate relationships that are used to explore likely future scenarios and assessm  ose conjunction with local managers and be used to impact policy to favour biodiversity. firema  ty. fireman will help with the european target of halting biodiversity loss by 2010. the europe  perspective, effective fire suppression may threaten species that depend on habitats formed by
7275	2	the qualitative and quantitative impact of v. velutina on biodiversity will be evaluated  l be done. . future risks across europe can be estimated based on potential expansion highlight
6819	8	during the four-year research we will continue our monitoring-type fish parasitological and f  ier. in the course of this work we will collect data on the fish species of lake balaton, the k  molecular biological techniques we will study the developmental cycle and relationships of myxo  rasites of lake balaton fishes. we will collect data on the dynamics of infection by coccidian   organisms, in addition to oligochaetes, may play a role in the seasonal appearance of nodular c  ecular biological methods. we will also study the intrapiscine development and pathological eff  pathological effects of blood-parasitic fluke species, as well as the occurrence of fluke larva  as possible intermediate hosts. we will pay especial attention to studying the parasites of fis
2209	7	the aim is to develop and refine the theoretical and statistical underpinning of    for detection of population change and impact of human activities, and for risk analysis. adap  ment of natural resources does not only require an efficient management infrastructure, politic  als of this project are therefore to: • identify the most critical sources of uncertainty about  aptively managed system • theoretically explore how alternative harvesting, protection, and mon  , protection, and monitoring procedures can reduce that uncertainty • find rational procedures   rocedures can reduce that uncertainty • find rational procedures to select the best action, giv
11327	12	a fundamental and previously unexpected change to our understanding of the marine inorganic car  get. large amounts of calcium carbonate are produced in the global oceans by marine plankton an  hores and foraminifera. however, recent research by the pi has highlighted the significant addi  cant additional contribution to oceanic carbonate production by marine bony fish. these animals  ish. these animals ingest sea water and are now known to also precipitate calcium carbonate wit  est sea water and are now known to also precipitate calcium carbonate within their guts and exc  calcium carbonate within their guts and excrete these at very high rates as part of their norma   seawater. this previously unrecognised source of marine carbonate is significant in its own ri  n combined with new estimates of global fish biomass, it is clear that it makes a major contrib  estimates of global fish biomass, it is clear that it makes a major contribution to carbonate p  ent of magnesium, these fish carbonates are predicted to be more soluble on the dissolving pote  hers for decades, i.e. the unexpectedly increase in alkalinity in the first 1000 m of depth in
2201	1	ffects of introduced exotic fish it can be of advantage to use experiences and data both from r
6974	3	nd field experience, filling a critical gap in several accredited resulting from the project wo  ct would complete the description of 90 fish species, 21 figures, 90 distribution maps and 100    and contributing to the more efficient use of the book in higher education.
2200	3	1. identify phases of invasion , and characterize species, habitats and fish assemblages whe   and characterize species, habitats and fish assemblages where non-indigenous fish species have  d fish assemblages where non-indigenous fish species have established in the drainage area of t
11677	6	actors low oxygen and chronic pollution can cause the sudden mortality of a species and in some  ire fish population. fish have a strong influence on food-webs in shallow lakes due to the key   ls with the expectation that there will be a detectable post-kill decline in numbers of fish sc  ctation that there will be a detectable post-kill decline in numbers of fish scales. furthermor  ers of fish scales. furthermore we will determine the consequences of effects in terms of the n  ve our understanding of how effectively lake sediments might record fish kills and other food-w
15585	7	in the proposed project fishcon we will investigate the dynamic link between management and fut   changes. limited connectivity may also have positive effects on biodiversity by hindering inva  s for fishes at the catchment scale, we have the unique opportunity to combine detailed lake an  pportunity to combine detailed lake and stream data sets across three countries spanning a lati  inal gradient from 48 to 71 °n. we will use a hierarchical approach, analysing data and predict  48 to 71 °n. we will use a hierarchical approach, analysing data and predicting future fish dis   relevant for local management. we will collaborate with local managers and stakeholders to ide
2133	2	essure. in the present project, we have access to a unique long-term .   ent project, we have access to a unique long-term .
12066	3	xth extinction and this is particularly true for freshwater ecosystems that are among the most    biodiversity patterns and dynamics and play a predominant role in the food webs. fishes are al  ecosystem health and sustainability and provide many economic services. consequently a better u
1996	9	mong birds. rather than being a unitary character, there is much variation in migratory pattern  r than being a unitary character, there is much variation in migratory patterns, both between a  olution of migration patterns primarily rely on a cost-benefit approach: the cost of migration   benefit approach: the cost of migration is traded off against the benefits of breeding in tempe  ropical areas. these costs and benefits may depend on environmental conditions, on the level of  aracteristics of the bird, such as age, sex, body size and competitive ability. empirical measu  t their annual cycle. in this study, we aim to quantify the relationship between migration patt   of individuals throughout the year. we aim to quantify the relationship between fitness compon  espite the fact that costs and benefits cannot be estimated without experimental manipulation,
15507	2	brium should be costly. while empirical evidence in support of this prediction is controversial  s of viability. these studies, however, are incomplete because they have ignored the balance be
15043	8	r determinant of fitness but its effect can be confounded by individual quality. such relations  nship has been little studied in large, long-lived vertebrates and has profound conservation im  ervation implications, which have never been explored quantitatively. the fitness effects of in  ity and their conservation implications can be examined through a framework composed of the fol   fitness consequences of individual and site quality. it will further provide a much needed qua  idual and site quality. it will further provide a much needed quantitative review of studies pu  ther provide a much needed quantitative review of studies published in this field of science. a  am incorporating some of the most world-renown scientists for this kind of analyses will guaran
15044	2	this project contains two parts, which are related. the first one focuses on the benefits of c  selection promotes altruism and we will address the genetic base and phenotypic plasticity of s
2089	4	ng will be performed in different sandy beach localities along the coasts of norway, svalbard a  000 km of shore-line and a considerable part of it is composed of sandy beaches. knowledge abou  hore-line and a considerable part of it is composed of sandy beaches. knowledge about their mic  ges or cysts in their life cycle, which may seed new algal blooms.
2500	18	erns, i.e. residents, partial migrants, short- and long-distance migrants. however, not all mov  residents, partial migrants, short- and long-distance migrants. however, not all movement patte  ents, partial migrants, short- and long-distance migrants. however, not all movement patterns a  e easily classified and the distinction is blurred due to large variability between populations  ranscend such classifications. hence it is important to understand flexibility in the annual cy  nual cycle and how movement affects and is affected by sensitivity to environmental variability  d change. this calls for an integrative approach where animal movement is put into a life-histo  egrative approach where animal movement is put into a life-history context. we will utilize rea  ut into a life-history context. we will utilize readily available long-term data from four mode  text. we will utilize readily available long-term data from four model systems. firstly, migrat   we will utilize readily available long-term data from four model systems. firstly, migration d  . firstly, migration data from numerous bird observatories will form a basis for studying large  es will form a basis for studying large-scale environmental control of movement patterns across   for studying large-scale environmental control of movement patterns across a range of species    histories, and for constructing coarse-scale predictive models. the second model system, with   d flycatchers with the specialized life-style of dippers, with respect to consequences and cont  ppers, with respect to consequences and control of movement strategies. the project bridges gap  uch efforts are necessary to more fully understand the sensitivity of biodiversity to environme
15072	2	ups in our taxonomic treatment, we will explore the monophyly of those infrageneric taxa within  . and schistidium. to this end, we will use both morphological and nuclear and chloroplastic dn
14680	3	since vol. xxi have been published, in this vii phase of the project we sha  l. xxi have been published, in this vii phase of the project we shall edit and publish volumene   phase of the project we shall edit and publish volumenes xii, xiii, xv and xviii . aditionally
14682	1	the last years in previous projects, it is now the aim of our research group in the university
15497	9	e 21 planned volumes. this phase is now being requested is a continuation of the same project.   um 2009-2011, the 12th and 17th volumes were published. the 9th, 11th, and 20th volumes are in   in an advanced stage of editing, and it is estimated to be very likely that they may be publish  s estimated to be very likely that they may be published during the last year of this stage and  f the compositae, which has the highest number of species of vascular plants in the iberian pen  ninsula. this volume has necessarily to be divided into three books because of the high number   ation of the illustrations. at the same time it is expected to advance the study of the family    the illustrations. at the same time it is expected to advance the study of the family graminea  requested to complete this family which is expected to be the last one in the triennium 2015-20
14854	3	cation of the monographic syntheses has been accumulated. in this sixth phase we try to complet  een accumulated. in this sixth phase we try to complete the edition and to approach the publica  ca -- of these delayed monographs; they are the relative ones to the following groups: laboulbe
15447	4	hermaphrodite and zygomorphic, usually have a taxonomically significant 5th stamen reduced to   e that the nectars chemical composition is constrained phylogenetically in the genus, and is in  ined phylogenetically in the genus, and is independent of the commonest type of pollinator on i  us, and is independent of the commonest type of pollinator on its flowers .
6813	4	based on the palaeobotanical research of tertiary sites in hungary a more or less de  ne based on fossil plant localities. it is to be answered as well, whether based on the floras   ed on fossil plant localities. it is to be answered as well, whether based on the floras the de  liminary research the study of the tard clay flora .
222	10	mpany the habitat loss – fragmentation, increase in isolation and increase in edge effect. all   ragmentation, increase in isolation and increase in edge effect. all these processes might have  has gradually increased since 1930-ies, total area of semi-natural grasslands is decrease nearl  be analysed. the comparison of past and present-day landscape structure and floristic compositi  ed newly for species-rich grassland and forest communities. the change in their area over the p  m change in the quality of species-rich plant communities – in their species richness and speci  nd taken into agricultural use. we will compare the stability of floristic composition in habit  habitat speicalists and generalists. we assume that habitat loss will have more negative impact   specialists. for that purposes we will analyse the habitat spcifity of the plants in target co  arget communities of our study. we will investigate the reasons of decrease in distribution and
7318	10	and dependent on local constraints. it is also within the axis 2 /"interdependence production   because sheep breeding systems, meat or milk production standards are likely to affect the avai  the availability of resources that they generate for scavengers. finally, the axis 3, interacti   and biodiversity are complex and there are few examples of situations mutual benefit can be id  w examples of situations mutual benefit can be identified in these interactions. in the previou  sity program, a multidisciplinary study was concerned the role of raptors scavengers in managin  ultures in the causses had specifically been studied. in a context of strong regulatory constra  proved to be a link between herders and factor vulture, while representing an economic alternat  analysis. this will better identify and enhance the ecological service provided by scavengers,   derstand its possible developments, and provide elements for the definition of public policies
10295	5	suspension feeding animas are ubiquitous in aquatic habitats and exert major effe  e hydrodynamic theory as an explanatory tool to predict how organism size and the physical prop  eeding structures and mode on a massive scale across almost all phyla, convergence that we are   s almost all phyla, convergence that we are currently unable to explain because we lack knowled   currently unable to explain because we lack knowledge of the basic physics involved in the fee
11223	5	suspension feeding animas are ubiquitous in aquatic habitats and exert major effe  e hydrodynamic theory as an explanatory tool to predict how organism size and the physical prop  eeding structures and mode on a massive scale across almost all phyla, convergence that we are   s almost all phyla, convergence that we are currently unable to explain because we lack knowled   currently unable to explain because we lack knowledge of the basic physics involved in the fee
11762	5	suspension feeding animas are ubiquitous in aquatic habitats and exert major effe  e hydrodynamic theory as an explanatory tool to predict how organism size and the physical prop  eeding structures and mode on a massive scale across almost all phyla, convergence that we are   s almost all phyla, convergence that we are currently unable to explain because we lack knowled   currently unable to explain because we lack knowledge of the basic physics involved in the fee
10612	4	ntrast to phototrophic dinoflagellates, do not show autofluorescence. the proposed project seek  ject seeks to test if this relationship may be used for discriminating between cysts of phototr  ferences in fossil dinoflagellates, and contribute to answer the questions when and in which gr  t, and to what extent peridinioid cysts may be used as environmental or productivity indicators
10839	2	g of attractive males because they will be more successful than those of unattractive fathers.   of unattractive fathers. attractiveness is thought to signal that a male has superior genes or
7052	1	ystem scale bovoc fluxes. this exercise is thought to represent the ultimate test of our proces
11661	2	n the defra central science laboratory, is important in understanding and engineering against e  en 1990 and 2007, only 26% of the birds were identified to species.
14208	3	ection only and their effectiveness has been criticized for several reasons. we will systematic  several reasons. we will systematically evaluate the potential of focal species for ecosystem m   taxonomic groups, and might ultimately answer how many species are suitable for guiding manage
12329	2	environmental stewardship had recently been carried out by csl. as part of this project, a mod  rt of this project, a modelling process was developed which attempted to estimate the impact of
11155	4	rates of senescence and average lifespan vary greatly within and between animal  tend to live much longer than males and senesce at a slower rate and 2 caloric restriction to d  o determine if these molecules are able reduce cellular damage by ros and therefore rates of ag  hese molecules are able reduce cellular damage by ros and therefore rates of ageing.
13604	2	ral components of aquatic food webs and are crucial for the cycling of carbon and nutrients. mi  on and nutrients. microbial populations are controlled by a combination of abiotic interactions
11269	14	e suffering from hunger by 2015. we are still far from that goal. at the same time, the world b  e still far from that goal. at the same time, the world bank has assessed that economic growth   ability in rainfall. tanzania and kenya are amongst the few african countries where under-nouri  rican countries where under-nourishment is judged to have increased in prevalence over the peri  ions in annual production levels. there is apparent potential in terms of both land and water r  ent potential in terms of both land and water resources, but the reality is that often these su  h support livelihoods and economies. it is therefore necessary to view the potential for agricu  cultural development within the broader frame of other, often over-stressed, ecosystem services  on of irrigated agriculture in tanzania is therefore an urgent task. agriculture expansion and   ble sustainable management of water and land resources, in an era of fast development and chang  rces, in an era of fast development and change, new approaches to assessment are needed. this p  nd change, new approaches to assessment are needed. this project will, therefore, focus on thre  e needed. this project will, therefore, focus on three principal interlinked issues: water, lan   on three principal interlinked issues: water, land and associated ecosystem services for suppo
11416	14	e suffering from hunger by 2015. we are still far from that goal. at the same time, the world b  e still far from that goal. at the same time, the world bank has assessed that economic growth   ability in rainfall. tanzania and kenya are amongst the few african countries where under-nouri  rican countries where under-nourishment is judged to have increased in prevalence over the peri  ions in annual production levels. there is apparent potential in terms of both land and water r  ent potential in terms of both land and water resources, but the reality is that often these su  h support livelihoods and economies. it is therefore necessary to view the potential for agricu  cultural development within the broader frame of other, often over-stressed, ecosystem services  on of irrigated agriculture in tanzania is therefore an urgent task. agriculture expansion and   ble sustainable management of water and land resources, in an era of fast development and chang  rces, in an era of fast development and change, new approaches to assessment are needed. this p  nd change, new approaches to assessment are needed. this project will, therefore, focus on thre  e needed. this project will, therefore, focus on three principal interlinked issues: water, lan   on three principal interlinked issues: water, land and associated ecosystem services for suppo
13369	7	from 1964 to today, collection programs were conducted in almost all areas of turkey. morpholog  n and preliminary evaluation activities were performed on chickpea samples collected from vario  arious provinces and numerous materials were observed in terms of ascochyta blight under artifi  als were observed in terms of ascochyta blight under artificial epidemic conditions, tolerance   ance to lower temperatures and fusarium wilt under natural conditions. characters of grain yiel  n, days to maturity and 100-seed weight were determined to be the main components. moreover, th  vey and collection activities have also been implemented on wild relatives of legumes in differ
14828	5	erogeneity and despotic settlement have been postulated as the main mechanisms of population re  rritories as breeding density increases may cause a decline in the mean per capita productivity  ation. golden eagle populations seem to be regulated by intra-specific competition and density-  r than a curiosity of animal behaviour, is a key ecological process largely overlooked. in spit  f animal behaviour, is a key ecological process largely overlooked. in spite of, many mountain
12467	5	international fisheries governance and identify aspects that could be included in the cfp refo  es governance and identify aspects that could be included in the cfp reform to have a positive   pects that could be included in the cfp reform to have a positive impact on international eleme  heries development policy. it will also involve identification of aspects that can be covered u   involve identification of aspects that can be covered under the cfp .
11501	13	predicting the impacts of global change on rural communities at local to regional scales  ate and economic change. however, it is clear that food security will continue to remain a crit  rity will continue to remain a critical issue in developing countries due to the volatile and u  ices proposal therefore brings together expertise in anthropology and the social sciences, econ  he social sciences, economics, ecology, risk management, spatial planning, climate change and c  e and complexity sciences to design and integrate a suite of existing models and methods to ana   the landscape scale translate to local-level nutritional well-being and welfare. a key focus o   achieving this research will primarily focus around three workshops, to be held in the uk, mal  marily focus around three workshops, to be held in the uk, malawi and colombia. the workshops w  design a new integrating framework that can be tested in 2 local case-study areas in amazonia a  work that can be tested in 2 local case-study areas in amazonia and africa which are characteri  tudy areas in amazonia and africa which are characterised by mosaics of forests and agricultura  to explore the uncertainty, volatility, trade-offs and tipping points associated with managing
9838	3	studies of food webs rarely encompass more than one class of natural enemy. with in  mples. following sequencing of relevant prey genes, molecular markers will be identified that w  le us to compare the role of native and alien predators in food webs.
14836	2	s in mediterranean streams. at the same time, the presence of dissolved microcystins in running  issolved microcystins in running waters was recorded, with maximum levels near 4 ppb evaluating
15310	2	ed side of food as a population driver, is its role in transmitting parasites, considering para  sidering parasites in a broad taxonomic sense, from pathogens and others. furthermore, it will
7620	4	in lapland sami live reindeer husbandry which depend on the lichen in w  the lichen in winter. swedish forestry, soil preparation by following clearcutting, destroys th  ethods for maintaining biodiversity and reduce the impact of forestry practices on livestock. b  scattering techniques to foster growth, study the effects of a lower planting density.
13371	7	the project having continued since 1968 is to collect, multiply, characterize, evaluate and to   ing continued since 1968 is to collect, multiply, characterize, evaluate and to conserve forage  ued since 1968 is to collect, multiply, characterize, evaluate and to conserve forage crop spec  o researchers and to leave rich genetic stock to next generations. the material used in the pro  ral flora of turkey. collected material is multiplied when needed. studies for pre-characteriza  for pre-characterization and evaluation are conducted within the frame work of the project. sum  of legume and grass forage crop species were collected. regeneration of 11.372 accessions whose
210	7	damaging impacts of modern agricultural practice on biodiversity, it is important to understand  ricultural practice on biodiversity, it is important to understand the relative role of local a  ose, the effect of landscape structure, land-use intensity, and habitat diversity on community   the effect of landscape structure, land-use intensity, and habitat diversity on community struc  oraging behaviour and the physiological state of bumble bees. for this purpose, bumble bee fora  state of bumble bees. for this purpose, bumble bee foraging behaviour will be quantified by mea  f discontinuous gas exchange cycles and heart activity of bees poisoned by pesticides. these ne
2106	3	during the next 3 years, we will perform a series of investigations to explore the dynam  c communities of the arctic. we will: 1 complete data collection from our captive bearded seal   includes pressure measurements directly explore benthic community assemblages at, near and outs
9970	4	ey populations. however despite a large body of laboratory work testing prey selection theory,   ion theory, to our knowledge there have been no attempts to test theoretical predictions in fre  prey item consumed, and hence a broader diet, in a relatively unproductive environment compared  g movements of wild dogfish with actual prey consumption across different quality microhabitats
11359	4	ey populations. however despite a large body of laboratory work testing prey selection theory,   ion theory, to our knowledge there have been no attempts to test theoretical predictions in fre  prey item consumed, and hence a broader diet, in a relatively unproductive environment compared  g movements of wild dogfish with actual prey consumption across different quality microhabitats
10659	12	planktonic foraminifers and many are adapted to different environments. genotypes theref  erent environments. genotypes therefore build their shells in different environments from one a  ate changes in the past climate. forams can be carried over great distances in the ocean curren  n the ocean currents and although there seem to be few barriers to dispersal, individual genoty  types do have different adaptations and do not live everywhere. some are more adapted to the he  ion, pooling several genotypes together must impose error into researcher s calculations and cl  es of foram shells in these regions. it is now a high priority to investigate the wind driven u  imate system to determine the genotypic structure of these quite different ecosystems. i propos  e specific water column conditions they live in. i will combine genotyping at different depths    be done in collaboration with a strong team of experts who work on the reconstruction of past   ation with a strong team of experts who work on the reconstruction of past climate both in the   notyped specimens and their location is being compiled which will be made available for use by
14314	5	ter project will bring together a large team of forest researchers to tackle the very relevant    to tackle the very relevant and timely question of biodiversity functionality. the network tha  es will be attracted to the network and be invited to participate in the field experiment. thes  the cluster project will synthesize and disseminate the existing knowledge on the importance of  lishing a unique and novel experimental approach, which will form the basis for long-term top q
11877	1	contribution: to address a critical ke gap between expertise on the mapping, modelling and qua
7145	9	this project follows the previous project: impact of past agricultural practices on plant  s project follows the previous project: impact of past agricultural practices on plant biodiver  us vegetation which might last for very long periods, or even be irreversible on a historical s  a historical scale. in this project, we wish to: * assess the influence of the former land use   l scale. in this project, we wish to: * assess the influence of the former land use on the faun   land use on the faunal biodiversity. * measure the relative incidence of ancient customs and c  ersity of the tree layer. * analyze and model the very long -term sustainability of soil fertil  ree layer. * analyze and model the very long -term sustainability of soil fertility changes ind  yer. * analyze and model the very long -term sustainability of soil fertility changes induced b
7473	6	the main aim of foresttrac is to prepare future coordinated research plans, via a   dinated research plans, via a strategic research roadmap, between europe and north america rega  ic research roadmap, between europe and north america regarding adaptation of forest trees to c  ian partners. for the time being, large scale genomics projects have been conducted and dissemi  ing, large scale genomics projects have been conducted and disseminated widely via the project   ated widely via the project website and key dissemination.
13464	4	reservoirs of enormous biodiversity and contain diverse communities of ectomycorrhizal fungi th  fungi that contribute to the uptake and transfer of different nutrients to their tree hosts and  ver the biodiversity of these organisms is affected by additions of nutrients designed to stimu  to large single doses of fertiliser and are usually attributed to reduced allocation of photoas
404	4	nd duration of effects from operational forest fertilization on forest biodiversity and product  rest biodiversity and productivity, and identify responsible mechanisms. knowledge provided wil  ke informed decisions about the optimal forest management strategy to ensure that both producti  roduction and nature conservation goals are accomplished.
14504	16	treams in catalonia. in this project we want to study the fire effects on the aquatic biota and  a and its recovery process. very little is known on these effects, and most of the studies have  e effects, and most of the studies have been conducted in united states in temperate rivers, wh  d in united states in temperate rivers, while mediterranean rivers reaction to fire is still un   for freshwater biota conservation, and are very sensitive to losses of biodiversity because it  tion due to downstream pollution. so we consider very important to define the effects of fire d  he opportunity of the submitted project is linked to the advantage of having already informatio  of having already information about pre-fire communities in some of the proposed areas; in some  of the proposed areas; in some cases we have continuous data since 1994. this fact will allow u   recognize when the total recovery have been reached. also, we have data from similar streams w  al recovery have been reached. also, we have data from similar streams with unburned watersheds  streams with unburned watersheds, which can be used as control, and from streams with 10-years   stream reaches are of similar order and have similar geology and vegetation conditions. we pret  r geology and vegetation conditions. we pretend to analyse and follow the post-fire evolution o  n conditions. we pretend to analyse and follow the post-fire evolution of general physicochemic   pretend to analyse and follow the post-fire evolution of general physicochemical parameters .
14972	7	st problem today. a lot of forests have been fragmented along the world due to human impact. th  ty. by other hand, if a this problem we add the global change, the effects on the biodiversity   nd, if a this problem we add the global change, the effects on the biodiversity will be increas  eech forests fragmentation on epiphytic lichen communities along a stress gradient. 2. to evalu  o evaluate the edge effect on epiphytic lichen communities. 3. to evaluate the spatial structur  communities. 3. to evaluate the spatial structure of the populations of three threatened specie  ss gradient. 4. to evaluate the genetic structure of the populations of lobaria pulmonaria alon
13459	4	ncreased leaching to freshwaters. there is a lack of knowledge on both short- and long terms ef   to retain excess inorganic n will also be evaluated. the results intend to be used for managem  lso be evaluated. the results intend to be used for management and protection of surface waters  rient export from logged catchments and minimize its affects on water quality and planktonic bi
13873	4	lichens, invertebrates and birds. there is a strong correlation between abundance of epiphytic   cally due to forestry. the same pattern is found for some non-migratory birds, e.g. tits. my hy  ries located in lichen-rich forests and lichen-poor forests. the magnitude of the gud will be u   of the gud will be used as an indirect measure of the territorys quality, since theory predict
11691	13	ct of iron metal corrosion in permeable zero-valent iron barriers, which are a novel remediatio  etal corrosion in permeable zero-valent iron barriers, which are a novel remediation technology  hich are a novel remediation technology being used to decontaminate groundwaters of radionuclid  m solution. the formation of green rust can occur via both abiotic and biotic pathways forming   el synchrotron based techniques we will be able for the first time to monitor these reactions i  ty novel data on the reactions and also minimise the need to prepare the material for off-line   he need to prepare the material for off-line analysis, which may cause oxidation artefacts to o  e material for off-line analysis, which may cause oxidation artefacts to occur. during the proj  ts to occur. during the project we will answer the following questions: 1. how does green rust   ns: 1. how does green rust nucleate and grow 2. what controls the transformation of green rust   ocesses affect green rust formation and trace element speciation 5. under what environmental co  ed land scenarios. for example, it will allow us to perform modelling under the conditions that  imulated nuclear waste repository so we can quantify the affect this phase will have on the mob
9942	13	ct of iron metal corrosion in permeable zero-valent iron barriers, which are a novel remediatio  etal corrosion in permeable zero-valent iron barriers, which are a novel remediation technology  hich are a novel remediation technology being used to decontaminate groundwaters of radionuclid  m solution. the formation of green rust can occur via both abiotic and biotic pathways forming   el synchrotron based techniques we will be able for the first time to monitor these reactions i  ty novel data on the reactions and also minimise the need to prepare the material for off-line   he need to prepare the material for off-line analysis, which may cause oxidation artefacts to o  e material for off-line analysis, which may cause oxidation artefacts to occur. during the proj  ts to occur. during the project we will answer the following questions: 1. how does green rust   ns: 1. how does green rust nucleate and grow 2. what controls the transformation of green rust   ocesses affect green rust formation and trace element speciation 5. under what environmental co  ed land scenarios. for example, it will allow us to perform modelling under the conditions that  imulated nuclear waste repository so we can quantify the affect this phase will have on the mob
10399	14	al europe, so that the forest, far from being closed, was in fact quite open. this is contrast   store sites to their natural ecological state, has been geared towards this assumption. the imp   to their natural ecological state, has been geared towards this assumption. the implications o   of vera s argument are clear: if he is correct, we have been managing these precious sites and  are living in the woodlands will end up being deposited here. these recent fossils will probabl  ere. these recent fossils will probably represent individuals living in the vicinity over the l  ver the last couple of decades. we will know from managment records that the areas sorrounding   anopy structure and management, we will be able to identify a fossil fingerprint of what each s  stics of these types of woodlands which may be found in the fossil record. we have to study rec  h may be found in the fossil record. we have to study recent fossils rather than modern collect  her than modern collected beetles as we are concerned with the interpretation of the fossil rec  na. of course, our study sites will not provide us with a complete range of potential types of   m closed canopy woodland and, possibly, establish the importance of management influences on th  l reconstruction of native wildwood and test whether the natural wildwood was indeed closed or
11632	5	ater seeps down through volcanic rocks, is heated by magma, reacts with the rocks and rises bac  id is very hot, oxygen poor, acidic and full of metals at vent sites with different chemistries  that has occurred on the biological and control material. the new data will allow us to make a   he vent fossil record and substantially increase our understanding of evolutionary patterns in   s in this extreme habitat. it will also enable us to find more ancient vent communities to incr
6921	7	ration with applied research institutes could join in the improvement of hungarian agriculture.  ian agriculture. results of the project could be utilized by saniplant ltd. to develop new, hig  ucts. as cost effective development, we plan to establish a central laboratory to improve the s  to improve the scientific technological level of partner institutes avoiding wasteful parallel   of partner institutes avoiding wasteful parallel capacity development. in case of being approve  rallel capacity development. in case of being approved, inland r&d activities and a favorable s  le scientific policy process would also be supported.
7710	4	oil in the composition of the aroma. we aim to improve the inoculation controlled by managing t  the maintenance of a rural activity. we hope to improve their profitability, biodiversity and s  ng currently empirical methods. we also wish to establish soil production potential indicators,  sfer component to the die and extension is planned
7006	8	although fractal geometry has been applied on various aspects of ecology such as patt  e only recently emerged. fractal models can be used to summarise the response of organisms to e  on. few studies have considered spatial scale-dependent aspects of distribution pattern of diff  body size in benthic animal assemblages may be attributed to non-metabolic constraints such as   straints such as habitat complexity. we aim to examine the implications of substratum surface h  ts fractal characteristics for the body-size distribution of benthic communities. in eight geog  ges across communities. furthermore, we aim to examine if the relation between body-size and po  n density in benthic animal assemblages may be influenced by local, regional and geographic sca
15404	5	habitat loss and fragmentation are thought to be major drivers of the ongoing global b  f this hypothesis are scarce, and there are none at broad geographical scales i.e. the scale mo  vation policies and strategies. here we present a spanish- and european-scale research proposal  stic regression techniques in order to: evaluate methods to optimize modelling of spatially dis  ly used in biogeographical studies, and are relevant to conservation policies involving the for
15383	3	resuscitation of legionella pneumophila is a model that can be applied to other pathogens such    legionella pneumophila is a model that can be applied to other pathogens such as campylobacter  which these organisms live and how they evolve towards greater virulence.
10682	5	there is currently no specific framework for understanding th  ry. however, models of batesian mimicry may provide insights because there are strong parallels  icry may provide insights because there are strong parallels between the two types of mimicry.    success of both cleanerfish and mimics is related to the value to clients of being cleaned. th  s is related to the value to clients of being cleaned. this study will provide the first attemp
10009	4	d are vulnerable to local environmental change, and in many areas uninformed management has inc  ty of streams. whilst much research has been directed at the terrestrial component of moorland,  land, the aquatic habitats they support are rarely investigated. in particular, we know little    rarely investigated. in particular, we know little about the structure of ecological communiti
12038	18	fluenced ecosystems on earth, and there is no doubt that the recent regional and global extinct  ed ecosystems on earth, and there is no doubt that the recent regional and global extinctions o  s of freshwater fauna documented so far are due to human activities. as a result and to give an  reshwater biodiversity in north america is about five times greater than for terrestrial fauna.   for one of the best known taxa, namely fish, habitat loss, flow modification, industrial pollu   known taxa, namely fish, habitat loss, flow modification, industrial pollution, eutrophication   and introduction of non-native species are believed to be among the greatest diversity threats  hreats worldwide. global climate change may further regionally amplify habitat loss through chr  l climate change may further regionally amplify habitat loss through chronic reduction in water  nic reduction in water availability and endanger many more fish species in the near future and   ore fish species in the near future and is thought to represent the most pervasive threats to b   at large spatial extents is a critical step for elaborating predictive models of fish biodiver  nservation questions that are currently being asked by our societies. the way to reach the goal  to reach the goal to reach this goal we build first an original database containing species occ  nd endemism are not fully congruent and result from distinct ecological processes. furthermore,  t ecological processes. furthermore, we show that species introductions are an ongoing driver o  esulting from global climate change. we predict that only few, and narrowly geographically dist  mic groups and implies that there still is a chance to counteract actual and future fish specie
14603	7	rticulate organic carbon has ecological sense because poc goes down by gravity exporting c from  rom surface to deep waters, whereas doc is retained into the water column. traditionally, poc f  olumn. traditionally, poc formation has been associated with phytoplankton biomass growth, negl  er, abiotic doc-poc conversion does not involve a c loss suggesting a higher efficiency of this  erence to protozoa throughout microbial loop vs. microparticles is another goal of this proposa  ory to limnology opens a new scientific challenge more complex and variable than that is starti  x and variable than that is starting to be analysed in oceanography.
11502	12	although it is now widely accepted that human-induced global enviro   of this process is the way individuals are exposed to environmental change in space and time,   ndividuals are exposed to environmental change in space and time, and the implications of this   ed to environmental change in space and time, and the implications of this exposure for individ  xposure for individual fitness. here we propose to explore this important issue by working on t  two species from the south pacific, and inter-specific hybrids. this means the population consi  story. whilst breeding, all individuals are exposed to changing environmental conditions in the  ause breeding coincides with a seasonal drop in sea surface temperatures affects distribution p  ion patterns, exposure to environmental change, and its consequences at the individual and popu   population-levels. to do this, we will bring together an existing long-term, individual datase  we will bring together an existing long-term, individual dataset on demography, with new data o   proposed work is novel because it will allow us to understand how gross differences in an indi
1972	19	es of similar defence compounds. it has been postulated that these varieties originate from the  s originate from the ‘evolutionary arms-race between plants and their enemies. because biologic   is strongly correlated with structure, single-step modifications may yield a compound that pro  ongly correlated with structure, single-step modifications may yield a compound that provides p  th structure, single-step modifications may yield a compound that provides protection against a  cosinolate . due to this single hydroxy group, the compounds and their hydrolysis products may   compounds and their hydrolysis products may have completely different effects on phytophages an  ages and their natural enemies. here we propose to analyse the molecular-genetic basis of this   inolate polymorphism in b. vulgaris and associate this to the ecological consequences for the p  ive arabidopsis thaliana, we will first analyse which gene/enzyme governs the difference betwee  fference between the two chemotypes and design a probe to link differences in gene expression t  n to chemical profiles. second, we will assess whether the two chemotypes differently affect ge   whether the two chemotypes differently affect generalist and specialist shoot-feeding aphids a  and specialist shoot-feeding aphids and root-feeding nematodes. additionally, we will analyse h  eeding nematodes. additionally, we will analyse how the natural enemies of the aphids are affec  e how the natural enemies of the aphids are affected by the difference in glucosinolate type. e  glucosinolate type. eventually, we will analyse whether there are other ecological costs involv  entually, we will analyse whether there are other ecological costs involved by comparing both i   of this chemical polymorphism, we will obtain a comprehensive understanding of several intrins
2539	15	itially feed on flowers, but eventually drop to the ground where they are carried by ants into   ventually drop to the ground where they are carried by ants into the brood chamber of the nest.   they either eat the brood directly, or are fed mouth-to-mouth like cuckoos for the remainder o  the brood directly, or are fed mouth-to-mouth like cuckoos for the remainder of their developme   the some 120 species of lepidochrysops are all thought to be phyto-predaceous. preliminary res  ggest that this may not be true, and we propose to expand our sampling to analyze feeding behav   behavior throughout the genus. we will investigate the evolution of phyto-predation in a phylo  on of phyto-predation in a phylogenetic framework by inferring the evolutionary history of all   up. in making collections, we will also assess distribution patterns of different taxa, and use  ibution patterns of different taxa, and use this information to examine the effects of anthropo  ife histories of african lepidochrysops are very similar to those of palearctic maculinea speci  he butterflies are amongst the first to be threatened when habitat is destroyed as a result of   the first to be threatened when habitat is destroyed as a result of human interference; one spe  rference; one species of lepidochrysops is already recorded as extinct. however, lepidochrysops  on dynamics. our results will therefore be of great interest in a comparative framework, and wi
7385	2	heritage both biological and cultural, articulate the legal instruments for the conservation a   recently put up in brazil and how they meet the concerns of traditional populations. these que
10773	6	ion and abundance of marine mammals has been identified as one of the sofi priority areas to de  bjective criteria that could ultimately be used to advise national and international policy on   rities and constraints for offshore mpa design for marine mammals. this will be of primary inte  ropogenic risk. this software will also lend itself well to public exhibition, illustrating how  rating how management of the open ocean can be achieved. within the oceans 2025 community, this  drivers to enhance decision-support. we aim to forge links with these researchers, and to feed
11115	8	and protection of marine ecosystems. it is recognised that greater communication and co-operati  rs is essential in order to develop and deliver the type of integrated policies and stewardship  integrated policies and stewardship now being advocated in the uk, europe and world-wide. it is  ed in the uk, europe and world-wide. it is important to demonstrate some of the contributions a  nducted in institutes and universities, can offer those charged with a responsibility for envir  rotection. funding, totalling £114,293, is requested on three counts; firstly, to strengthen an  hree counts; firstly, to strengthen and extend recently-forged links with en, ea, universities    en, ea, universities and industry, and develop an effective marine science forum in the south
14745	4	coloration that are colonial and hence subject to intense parasite-mediated natural selection.  natural selection. in addition, we will test whether mbc in these species reliably reflects mig  l and phenotypic manipulations, we will make experimental tests. in addition, we will use the m  xperimental tests. in addition, we will use the marked difference in mbc between house sparrow
9872	20	hunter-gatherer site near scarborough, north yorkshire which dates to the 9th millennium cal.   the importance of the site has recently been recognised by english heritage, who are about to s  een recognised by english heritage, who are about to schedule the site as a national monument.   ntler headdresses, elk antler mattocks, bone scrapers, awls and bodkins, a wooden paddle, amber  unal remains. in the 1980s further work was carried out revealing a timber platform or trackway  d of hewn planks, which is the earliest evidence of systematic carpentry in europe. more recent  eriod: another timber platform/trackway was discovered, evidence for the earliest hut structure  imber platform/trackway was discovered, evidence for the earliest hut structure in britain was   r the earliest hut structure in britain was found and the size of the site and longevity of occ   to being highly mobile. however, there is a major problem: during recent excavations it has be  oblem: during recent excavations it has been discovered that the organic remains which made the  emains which made the site so important are severely deteriorating. the key findings are that:    splitting into planks. however, little is known about the platforms, glimpsed in two 2m wide t  psed in two 2m wide trenches 25m apart: are these parts of one large platform what was it used   ke how long was it used for how does it relate to the artefacts deposited around it how was it   rstanding of these issues will not only answer important questions for hunter-gatherer archaeol  er archaeology in europe, but will also contribute to key debates in later prehistory on the fu  010. such a lowering of the water table is predicted to have further disastrous consequences: i  ecariously fragile worked wood will not be amenable to further analysis beyond this year. there   areas of the timber platform before it is too late.
14661	5	er things, the importance of fruit size is based on the fact that it has been repeatedly report  shape of its distribution at intra- and inter-individual scales. furthermore, alternative hypot  ore, alternative hypothesis have rarely been considered, thus hindering a powerful analysis of    working hypothesis. in this project we aim at studying the selective pressures that could be d  ir relative effect from an evolutionary point of view. finally, well try to relate fruit size t
2195	13	ities, especially fucoids and how these may shift in different areas along the swedish coasts.   g the swedish coasts. • to classify and correlate possible linkages between the occurrence of t  associated assemblages • to compile and describe the large- scale distribution and species dive  es • to compile and describe the large- scale distribution and species diversity patterns of fl  d flora and fauna species and how these may shift in different areas along the swedish coasts.   g the swedish coasts. • to classify and correlate possible linkages between the occurrence of t  una in the fucus biotope. • to test and predict relationships between natural disturbance and b  ersity of fucus biotopes. • to test and predict relationships and selected correlative patterns  n biodiversity patterns in fucoids that can be used in planning and management of these ecosyst  management of these ecosystems. genetic structure • analyze the genetic structure of f. vesicul  f these ecosystems. genetic structure • analyze the genetic structure of f. vesiculosus at diff  genetic structure • analyze the genetic structure of f. vesiculosus at different spatial scales  evaluate the intraspecific variation. • define evolutionary significant units . scientific synt
11592	8	rowth and the carbon cycle. traditional direct measurements of important forest structure param  els of detail. the salca instrument has been tested in laboratory trials, and modelling techniq  y trials, and modelling techniques have been used to understand the recorded response from a ra   regularly through the spring and early summer to assess the sensitivity of lai estimates to se  asonal changes in the forest canopy and examine the variability in reflectance at the two diffe  ai from satellite and aerial sensors to be assessed and will determine the potential of the ins  om the development and testing of salca can contribute to future development and application of   application of multiple wavelength and full-waveform laser scanners on aerial and satellite pl
14685	5	documented in birds. however, there are still large gaps in our knowledge of the evolution of s  lution of sexually selected signals. we know very little about the genetic characteristics that   about the genetic characteristics that are signalled by variation in phenotypic characters. fe  ecies females also exhibit ornaments or perform behaviours with signalling potential. the prese  ion of these signalling behaviours, and understand their interaction with the ecological proces
13753	5	ious diseases. these insects locate and identify suitable hosts using olfactory cues. in the pr   chemoreceptors, as i expect that these are involved in mechanisms regulating female-specific,   r recognition in mosquitoes. genes that may be linked to female-specific olfactory mediated beh   olfactory mediated behaviors will then be used in hek cell-based receptor expression platforms  ss of the putative disruptors will then be established by in vivo electrophysiological and beha
10263	12	of the largest biomes on earth. sea ice can be thought of as a thin blanket covering the ocean   teria, algae, small animals, whales and even humans are influenced by large-scale cycles of sea  , small animals, whales and even humans are influenced by large-scale cycles of sea ice formati  les of sea ice formation. thus, sea ice is recognized as a fundamental component of the system    porous matrix of sea ice. most of them belong to the group of diatoms, which in general play a  l play a key role on earth because they are responsible for 25% of primary fixation of carbon d  ties is not fully understood yet but we know that they are virtually the sole source of fixed c  ly understood yet but we know that they are virtually the sole source of fixed carbon for highe  ale is depend on ice algae because they provide food for young krill when other sources of food  olar sea ice algae virtually nothing is know about their fundamental biology. this is why the u   us department of energy . we will then sequence the transcriptome with high-throughput sequenc   of f. kerguelensis and large and small scale genome analysis will reveal the differences.
7641	4	mbining metagenomics to métaprotéomique is a solution to the functional characterization of the   environments by chloride. it will also be associated with the appropriate choice of a biostimu  degradation and expression and can thus act to stimulate if necessary. after a necessary and in   laboratory microcosms these approaches could be applied in situ
14879	4	maintain its functionality. this has to be done in such a way that the conservation of its natu  ure, the so-called principal ecological structure, as well as to incorporate recommendations fo   out in a coastal area . this framework could be exported to other areas in which similar proce   other areas in which similar processes can be observed.
14880	4	maintain its functionality. this has to be done in such a way that the conservation of its natu  eas network . to fulfil this objective, key conservation elements will be delimited, social per   out in a coastal area . this framework could be exported to other areas in which similar proce   other areas in which similar processes can be observed.
14881	4	maintain its functionality. this has to be done in such a way that the conservation of its natu  eas network . to fulfil this objective, key conservation elements will be delimited, social per   out in a coastal area . this framework could be exported to other areas in which similar proce   other areas in which similar processes can be observed.
14882	4	maintain its functionality. this has to be done in such a way that the conservation of its natu  eas network . to fulfil this objective, key conservation elements will be delimited, social per   out in a coastal area . this framework could be exported to other areas in which similar proce   other areas in which similar processes can be observed.
13836	6	et an example for how field experiments can be combined with new molecular genetic techniques t  tic drift and gene flow for the genetic structure of fragmented plant populations. in one subpr  populations. in one subproject, we will examine the genetic basis and adaptive significance of   ivores. in a second subproject, we will analyze the genetic basis and adaptive significance of   and and alpine populations, and we will examine to what extent this differentiation can be rela  ine to what extent this differentiation can be related to differences in climate and biotic int
10557	2	igh atmosphere. pirozynski malloch s to be quantified. dna-based molecular identification by se  rough common mycelial networks. it will contribute fundamental knowledge and understanding on t
11577	9	e all been to the seaside and we ve all been told by a knowing parent to breathe in that ozone   to breathe in that ozone , because it s good for you . well, firstly, it s not ozone and second  you . well, firstly, it s not ozone and second, it s not terribly good for you. that distinctiv  not ozone and second, it s not terribly good for you. that distinctive aroma is, in fact anothe  nd plants that exude dmsp. we will also look for the genes in some of the bacterial species tha  dy known to be dms producers, but which do not have the genes that we had identified in marinom  s. all this will let us amass a genetic inventory of the different ways in which this climate-c  not-too-distant future, we, and others, can use this information to make molecular tools that w  ools that will allow us to investigate, even more thoroughly, the biodiversity that underpins t
1945	11	he incidence of pests and pathogens and increase the need for chemical crop protection. eu-legi  ral biodiversity measures, so that they improve both above- and belowground crop protection. th  hey improve both above- and belowground crop protection. the aim of the present proposal is to   on natural plant-enemy interactions and farm-scale stake-holder experiments. the interdisciplin  nvestigate how plant species diversity, plant functional diversity, and soil amendments, influe  ersity, plant functional diversity, and soil amendments, influence soil suppressiveness against  ion. with plant research international, end users and stake holders, we evaluate the socio-econ  t research international, end users and stake holders, we evaluate the socio-economic feasibili  tional, end users and stake holders, we evaluate the socio-economic feasibility of enhanced abo  asibility of enhanced above-belowground crop protection by agricultural soil biodiversity measu  wground crop protection by agricultural soil biodiversity measures in relation to farmers incom
10377	7	enera prochlorococcus and synechococcus are abundant components of the marine microbiota and co  components of the marine microbiota and contribute significantly to global productivity. they o  nificantly to global productivity. they occupy environmental niches that typically include olig  upy environmental niches that typically include oligotrophic nutrient conditions, and possess a  e oligotrophic nutrient conditions, and possess a large genetic diversity comprising a number o  ising a number of distinct ecotypes. we have recently identified a protein specifically induced   and whose function remains cryptic. we hypothesise this polypeptide plays a novel role in p me
14197	9	arge and small subunits of the ribosome are joined by a series of bridges , during which peptid  s , during which peptidyl-trna and mrna are translocated in the ribosome. during translocation,  e cycle remain unclear. in our previous work, we analyzed the functions of bridges in a series    and translational accuracy. bridge b2a was found to be involved directly in initiation and elo  ional accuracy. bridge b2a was found to be involved directly in initiation and elongation step   . to clarify the role of the bridges we use systematic mutagenesis of bridging contacts. the im   are the roles of bridges during factor-free translocation 3.which bridges modulate the hybrid-  ion 3.which bridges modulate the hybrid-site formation during translocation cycle 4.how the bri  he translocating ribosome during hybrid-site formation. answers to these questions will help us
15474	4	er, effective functional types have not been yet defined for woody plants. we suggest to improv  t been yet defined for woody plants. we suggest to improve this classification system using int  ctional types with the highest adaptive value against climate change. such approach must be com  e against climate change. such approach must be complemented with empirical studies as the one
2009	5	al forests will be screened for a large number of functional plant traits related to shade and   in avenues of specialisation of plants, highlight their functional differences, and enable to p  light their functional differences, and enable to predict plant responses to environmental chan  allows to model forest communities, and predict species responses to different management scena  narios. key-words: species coexistence, niche differentiation, functional groups, life history
11329	8	climate change. in this application, we propose to investigate the factors responsible for the   nt species grow at different rates, and allocate different amounts of growth to roots vs leaves  mounts of growth to roots vs leaves. we are particularly interested in the role that has been p  cularly interested in the role that has been played by evolutionary transitions between the c3   of variation in plant function that has been invoked to explain significant changes in ecosyste  ally important role in explaining large-scale biogeographical and ecological patterns. in combi  tory to influence plant growth. we will address these major issues by taking a comparative scre   a unified framework. this approach has been opened up through significant recent conceptual an
14136	4	nt functional groups of am fungi. there is limited data on the functional structure of am funga  mbinations of plant and fungal species, soil- based and monoxenic culturing of am fungi, real-t  d monoxenic culturing of am fungi, real-time pcr and plfa based quantification of am fungi, pyr  l implementation will be achieved by in-house, national and international collaboration. the ac
13939	2	ersity in relation to soil horizon have been demonstrated for fungi colonising root tips and fo  s and species distribution at a spatial scale relevant to soil heterogeneity and mycelial size.
7020	11	ecosystems are threatened and transformed at unprecedented rates f  ur planets biodiversity, and this trend is expected to continue over the coming decades. human   ighly complex ecological processes that were shaped over evolutionary times. recent research re  n, the maintenance of water quality and soil fertility, carbon storage, the mitigation of the e   scales is therefore a major scientific challenge of the 21st century. micdif aims at elucidati  ly dealt with plants and animals, there is an urgent need to further develop the functional rol  quatic ecosystems in isolation, we also focus on the functional interactions across these ecosy  nd aquatic expertise. we will gradually move from simple mesocosms to more complex experimental  l systems, and in a last phase, we will transpose experimental knowledge to the field research   research initiatives and will therefore achieve the critical mass to further develop and streng  he critical mass to further develop and strengthen innovative and internationally competitive b
15251	3	te change is perhaps the most pervasive threat for the conservation of current biodiversity. cl  e the impact of warming on organisms it is necessary, moreover, to know what are the optima and  ction and survival, and whether species can assimilate temperatures beyond that limits through
169	2	portant changes in species-rich meadows are related to cessation or restart of management. desp  ich meadows are related to cessation or restart of management. despite the expectation that spe
13738	7	cts biogeochemical processes. the fauna is classified into functional groups in relation to whe  it; altogether 25 functional groups. we hypothesise that biogeochemical processes in marine sed  nd nitrification-denitrification rates, are positively correlated with number of functional gro  ps . in this experimental study we will use both natural and treated sediments from the skagerr  cal processes analysed. for example, we suggest that the mineralisation rate in baltic sea sedi  n baltic sea sediments is significantly lower than in skagerrak sediments, and that this is rel  n in skagerrak sediments, and that this is related to fewer functional groups in the baltic sea
418	4	oning has emerged as a major scientific issue at present. however, few studies have measured in  actions between soil microorganisms and plant diversity. our purpose is to examine the link bet  rsus unfertilized grasslands. the study was carried out in a permanent grassland in northeaster  replicate plots of 100 m2 per treatment could lead to the maintenance of floristic diversity.
7135	2	assland agro-ecosystems. the innovative approach of this project is to better understand the fu  elationship between plant diversity and soil microbial diversity in permanent grassland undergo
14943	6	ical determinats of community gradients is analyzed in pastures dominated by annuals. in parall  nuals. in parallel, several experiments are developed to unravel the main determinants of plant  hanges in soil nutrient levels. we also study several aspects of dispersal capacity of plant sp  ing pasture regeneration. most analyses are carried out under the framework of functional trait  on. the knowledge raised by the project can help the understanding of implications for diversit  of grazing and abandonment, and it will be useful for the prediction of changes in grazing area
10077	1	dissolved organic matter establish and apply a set of assays, in order to determine how differ
1953	9	sexual selection, is instrumental in the evolution of conspicuous seconda  hat disruptive sexual selection, alone, even without disruptive natural selection, can be suffi  ish. in a multidisciplinary approach we study the fuii chain at evolutionary processes, leading  disciplinary approach we study the fuii chain at evolutionary processes, leading from choosy ma  to the origin of species diversity, and test whether sympatric speciation is possible in this s  e in this system. to achieve this goal, close collaboration between several research groups is   oration between several research groups is required. the proposed programme combines the sectio  en. the latter two groups have a strong background in proximate behavioural mechanisms and phys  physiological ecology. together we will unravel the selection dynamics that affect the probabil
12034	12	ectomycorrhizas contribute to forest stability european forests are pre  om increasing stresses from natural and man-made origins that affect not only the trees themsel  ty of ecosystem services. these forests are dominated by social tree species which form mono-sp   which specific sylvicultural practices can optimize ectomycorrhizal communities new tools for    trees the experimental approach chosen was based on ecosystem manipulation and response modell  e functionality of ectomycorrhizas have been measured in an extant network of field experiments  rrhizas have been measured in an extant network of field experiments with various environmental  he project, of new specific methods, it is now possible to explore in situ the functional diver  processes of interest for sylviculture, soil conservation and ladscape management. main results   management. main results of the fundiv project the analysis of all data pooled together shows   rving fungal diversity are therefore to be promoted. however, the more detailed analysis of eac  radation of forest litters have to date been underestimated.
11079	29	of woody plant tissues. every year this is added to as plants photosynthesise, but in balanced   ut in balanced systems a similar amount is broken down to co2 and water, and nutrients are rele  imilar amount is broken down to co2 and water, and nutrients are released. understanding what c  en down to co2 and water, and nutrients are released. understanding what controls this balance    and nutrient cycling, and yet we still have relatively little understanding of how they grow i  tively little understanding of how they grow in wood, how they interact with each other and how  ding of how they grow in wood, how they interact with each other and how different community co  row throughout the wood as mycelium and begin the decay process. later, other fungi, arriving a  later, other fungi, arriving as spores, fight with those already present. preliminary evidence   pecies become established, and how they interact with each other, have a dramatic effect on the   and how they interact with each other, have a dramatic effect on the rates of wood decay and t  teract with each other, have a dramatic effect on the rates of wood decay and thus carbon cycli   wood decay and thus carbon cycling. we have a general understanding of factors affecting the p  , and from felled wood, but felled logs do not reflect the situation in nature as they are not   reflect the situation in nature as they are not already well colonized. in this project we will  wood falls to the forest floor. we will simulate naturally fallen wood by pre-colonising wood s  tached beech branches. firstly, we will determine whether certain species effectively select wh  ine whether certain species effectively select which fungi follow them, by leaving colonized sl   in the field experiment. thus, we will relate the species mix of primary and later colonisers   y rate. as decay in the field will also be affected by climatic variables etc., we will also pe  y climatic variables etc., we will also perform lab experiments on the effect on decay rate of   onisers, by measuring co2 evolution and weight loss. thirdly, we will study how antagonistic in  ution and weight loss. thirdly, we will study how antagonistic interactions between fungi affec  ement of one fungus by another. we will investigate this in detail and also ask whether the out  ill investigate this in detail and also ask whether the outcome of the interaction is related t   whether the outcome of the interaction is related to decay rate, by following co2 evolution du  tion during the interaction. finally we want to know how different numbers of individuals/speci  ter, how communities affect decay rate, provide data for carbon cycling models, and possibly fo  for carbon cycling models, and possibly form the basis for future manipulations of fungal commu
10832	25	ction. in grasses and trees, endophytes can protect the host plant against vertebrate and inver  ree. furthermore, herbaceous endophytes are known to produce a wide variety of toxic chemicals   scaped attention by ecologists. do they exist in a mutualistic relationship with their hosts, p  mical production alternatively, if they cause no symptoms of infection, does this mean they sup  ptoms of infection, does this mean they suppress the plant s defence system, rendering it more   more susceptible to herbivore attack it is the aim of this research to answer these questions,   sing a model system of creeping thistle can affect the numbers of endophytes that infect a plan  hytes that infect a plant. we will also examine the reverse interaction: if endophytes consume   consume plant resources then they might compete for carbon in the plant, thereby reducing the g   we will grow plants that are endophyte-free or infected to see what effects fungal infection h  wing and a galling insect. we will also use the most modern techniques of chemical analysis to   ques of chemical analysis to detect and identify the toxic chemicals produced in infected plant  emicals produced in infected plants and compare them to those in uninfected plants and the fung  potential to change the way in which we think about plant-insect interactions and could lead to   change the way in which we think about plant-insect interactions and could lead to many novel   ink about plant-insect interactions and could lead to many novel forms of pest or weed control.  t least some of the chemicals in plants are produced by these fungi, rather than the plants the  rather than the plants themselves, this could have profound implications for the use of endophy  as insect biological control agents. we could inoculate the fungi into crop plants and so prote  ulate the fungi into crop plants and so protect the plant from the inside out. also, c. arvense  t from the inside out. also, c. arvense is one of the world s worst weeds and all attempts to u  al control agents of it have failed. we think that the presence of invisible, and hitherto unco  ed, endophytes may be the reason. if we show that they protect the plant against insects, then   may be the reason. if we show that they protect the plant against insects, then in weeds, we ca  lant against insects, then in weeds, we can start to manipulate fungal occurrence, so that biol
7293	2	most plants in natural ecosystems are colonized by invisible microscopic fungi that creat  e diversity of metabolites they produce is a challenge to study their interaction with the plan
10187	21	the leaves of virtually every plant are inhabited by a special class of fungi, endophytic f  w limited development in the leaves and cause no visible symptoms. endophylic fungi do not colo  e no visible symptoms. endophylic fungi do not colonise the leaf or reproduce until the leaf is  hylic fungi do not colonise the leaf or reproduce until the leaf is about to be shed naturally.  or reproduce until the leaf is about to be shed naturally. although there are a huge diversity   ut to be shed naturally. although there are a huge diversity of endophytic fungi we know very l  a huge diversity of endophytic fungi we know very little about what they do or how they behave   ngi we know very little about what they do or how they behave in natural populations. however i  y little about what they do or how they behave in natural populations. however it has been sugg   in natural populations. however it has been suggested that these fungi may play a role in prot   it has been suggested that these fungi may play a role in protecting the plant against parasit  sitic fungi that destroy the leaves. we aim to test this hypothesis by comparing the damage don  amage done by parasitic fungi when they attack scots pine needles that either contain, or do no  ts pine needles that either contain, or do not contain endophytes. to make this possible we nee  in endophytes. to make this possible we need to be able to tell whether a needle contains endop  tains endophytes, parasites or both. we are therefore developing a method that identifies the s  es on the basis of its dna sequence. we are also devising methods for genetically fingerprintin   us to recognise different individuals, count the number inhabiting a single needle, see how th   the number inhabiting a single needle, see how they mate with one another and how far their sp  nhabiting a single needle, see how they mate with one another and how far their spores travel w  and other plants against parasites they could be used in biological control of plant disease.
12466	1	uding on cfp reform and the sustainable access to inshore fisheries project; enforcement of mar
10253	3	ps of key soil and vegetation variables can be constructed. computer science tools, e.g. a so-c  p environmental scientist to set up and test the wusn, and a web portal for quality control, se  or quality control, sensor calibration, time series- and geospatial-analysis, parameter estimat
10254	3	ps of key soil and vegetation variables can be constructed. computer science tools, e.g. a so-c  p environmental scientist to set up and test the wusn, and a web portal for quality control, se  or quality control, sensor calibration, time series- and geospatial-analysis, parameter estimat
10754	3	ps of key soil and vegetation variables can be constructed. computer science tools, e.g. a so-c  p environmental scientist to set up and test the wusn, and a web portal for quality control, se  or quality control, sensor calibration, time series- and geospatial-analysis, parameter estimat
11529	3	ps of key soil and vegetation variables can be constructed. computer science tools, e.g. a so-c  p environmental scientist to set up and test the wusn, and a web portal for quality control, se  or quality control, sensor calibration, time series- and geospatial-analysis, parameter estimat
11533	3	ps of key soil and vegetation variables can be constructed. computer science tools, e.g. a so-c  p environmental scientist to set up and test the wusn, and a web portal for quality control, se  or quality control, sensor calibration, time series- and geospatial-analysis, parameter estimat
9994	3	ps of key soil and vegetation variables can be constructed. computer science tools, e.g. a so-c  p environmental scientist to set up and test the wusn, and a web portal for quality control, se  or quality control, sensor calibration, time series- and geospatial-analysis, parameter estimat
10089	8	groups of primitively eusocial animals, direct reproduction through inheritance is probably a k  good chance of inheriting the dominant, egg-laying position when they reach the front of an age  dominant, egg-laying position when they reach the front of an age-based queue. the main aims of  e. the main aims of the project are to: test whether subordinates adjust their helping effort a  to the direct reproductive success they expect in the future. the project will involve large-sc   future. the project will involve large-scale manipulative field experiments and microsatellite  iments and microsatellite-based genetic work on tropical hover wasps, a taxon uniquely suited f  atellite-based genetic work on tropical hover wasps, a taxon uniquely suited for such studies.
14628	3	this project is aimed to deep into the knowledge of the composition,   into the knowledge of the composition, structure, phylogeny and evolution of one of the most c  communities, that associated to cynipid gall-wasps to determine the phylogenetic relationships
10651	8	ganisms live in an uncertain world, and must prepare their offspring for survival in the face o  when mothers make winged offspring, who must fly away into an unpredictable environment, they g  into an unpredictable environment, they give them variable reproductive potential. i aim to dem  i aim to demonstrate that this can only be considered within generation bet hedging, and can on  in generation bet hedging, and can only be favoured by natural selection, if offspring with dif  h different reproductive potential also have different dispersal propensities and dispersal dis  ation between phenotype and environment is created that satisfies the assumption of bet hedging  d extremely variable, environment. this may guide tactics for pest control in a changing climat
15248	2	ing likely real impact of anthropogenic sound on marine environment and marine animal species c   order to identify likely decompressive stress biomarkers associated with or without tissular m
10101	3	gastrointestinal . we will use this protocol, in conjunction with an mhc screening  asites. thus making easier to study and understand than is often the case in other systems, whe  helming complexity of mhc diversity and host-parasite interactions makes investigations extreme
13558	10	bal biodiversity information facility - is an international network to enable free access of gl  y established between vr and nrm. there are five positions within the project, of which one is   08. during the establishment of the new contract, it became clear that vr will not raise funds   aise funds for this position, and there is a risk that the position will be retracted. because   ed. because biodiversity databases have been established for various purposes, they are structu   established for various purposes, they are structured in various ways. data providers need sup  dised protocols. since a support person was employed august 2006, the number of swedish data re  work of publishing data on internet. we point at the immediate need of funding of the database-   on internet. we point at the immediate need of funding of the database-support position and re  ng of the database-support position and refer to previous contacts between gbif sweden and form
6785	2	tions. in the present study, therefore, gender-differences in the qtc interval and repolarizati  , in each group of animals. the results may contribute to dcvelopment of more gender-specific d
14700	11	gender dimorphism is found in approximately 10 % of flowering plant speci   are dimorphic in gender, they can also be dimorphic in secondary sex characters. it has been s  hic in secondary sex characters. it has been said that the ultimate cause of sexual dimorphism    demands on the plants and consequently gender specialization has been interpreted as an evolve   consequently gender specialization has been interpreted as an evolved response that may allow   interpreted as an evolved response that may allow each gender to meet the specific resource dem   with reproduction. in this proposal we focus in gender specialization in physiology. with this  on in physiology. with this proposal we aim to determine the structure of honckenya peploides p  riations in ecophysiological attributes may determine the performance of each sex in different   vival and population structure. we also aim to examine the specific tolerance of the sexes to t  table climatic change. finally, we also intend to investigate the evidences of local adaptation
15185	6	to apply a new theoretical/experimental approach to the study of the consequences of gene flow   l adaptation. for this purpose, we will develop new statistical methods for quantifying long-di  tatistical methods for quantifying long-distance among-population gene flow in real time. using  real time. using these methods, we will obtain gene flow rate estimates among several model tre  lective differentials. finally, we will build stochastic simulation models in order to establis  nal statistical models to estimate long-distance gene flow with sequential field analyses using
15193	3	nteracting process have in the past and continue to shape genetic variation and also, how is af  o shape genetic variation and also, how is affected by antropic pressures remains a key goal of  sular plant species which, in some way, depend of mutualistic agents for gene flow within and a
7437	1	ervatory bailleul. scientific valuation is provided in the form of international publications a
11240	21	antarctic krill form an important part of the oceanic ecosystem, acting as predators on p  sh, sea birds and aquatic mammals. they migrate in a predictable manner each day, moving to the  d visually guided predators. krill also synchronise their spawning and moulting cycles to maxim  es to maximise reproductive success. it is not known how these cycles are controlled, but it is  ccess. it is not known how these cycles are controlled, but it is likely that they are regulate  how these cycles are controlled, but it is likely that they are regulated by clock genes. the c   controlled, but it is likely that they are regulated by clock genes. the circadian clock is an   described in fruit flies but has since been demonstrated in all animals investigated thus far.  nthly spawning-moulting cycles of krill are controlled by clock genes. this will involve a seri   pattern of expression. it has recently been shown that the abundance of krill has dramatically  the last 80 years and that this decline is correlated with a reduction in the extent of the sea  ortance of the species and the apparent threat from changes in climate, it is necessary that we  rent threat from changes in climate, it is necessary that we fully understand krill behaviour s   climate, it is necessary that we fully understand krill behaviour so that we can monitor how t  y understand krill behaviour so that we can monitor how they adapt to climatic changes. in part  haviour so that we can monitor how they adapt to climatic changes. in particular, regular recru  cycle is essential. in our work we will use both standard and state of the art methodologies an   our work we will use both standard and state of the art methodologies and create new resources   and state of the art methodologies and create new resources that we will make available to the  s and create new resources that we will make available to the scientific community. it is likel  ailable to the scientific community. it is likely that other pelagic crustaceans have close seq
11497	21	neral antarctic krill form an important part of the oceanic ecosystem, acting as predators on p  sh, sea birds and aquatic mammals. they migrate in a predictable manner each day, moving to the  d visually guided predators. krill also synchronise their spawning and moulting cycles to maxim  es to maximise reproductive success. it is not known how these cycles are controlled, but it is  ccess. it is not known how these cycles are controlled, but it is likely that they are regulate  how these cycles are controlled, but it is likely that they are regulated by clock genes. the c   controlled, but it is likely that they are regulated by clock genes. the circadian clock is an   described in fruit flies but has since been demonstrated in all animals investigated thus far.  nthly spawning-moulting cycles of krill are controlled by clock genes. this will involve a seri   pattern of expression. it has recently been shown that the abundance of krill has dramatically  the last 80 years and that this decline is correlated with a reduction in the extent of the sea  ortance of the species and the apparent threat from changes in climate, it is necessary that we  rent threat from changes in climate, it is necessary that we fully understand krill behaviour s   climate, it is necessary that we fully understand krill behaviour so that we can monitor how t  y understand krill behaviour so that we can monitor how they adapt to climatic changes. in part  haviour so that we can monitor how they adapt to climatic changes. in particular, regular recru  cycle is essential. in our work we will use both standard and state of the art methodologies an   our work we will use both standard and state of the art methodologies and create new resources   and state of the art methodologies and create new resources that we will make available to the  s and create new resources that we will make available to the scientific community. it is likel  ailable to the scientific community. it is likely that other pelagic crustaceans have close seq
6803	7	we plan to identify germline specific genes in drosophila   iments, first we will carry out a large scale mutagenesis with the gene trapping transposon and  ing strong mutations. most of the genes being expressed in somatic cells will be excluded from   utomatic system. then, we will directly select for germline specific genes by following the exp  f the mutator element. finally, we will determine the homozygous phenotype of homozygous viable  zygous viable mutations and the loss-of-function phenotype of the germline specific genes and s  type of the germline specific genes and select the ones showing germcell-less phenotype. the se
2193	6	high-light general perspectives and goals of the program • e  perspectives and goals of the program • ensure data quality through accurate sampling design an  cosystems and over geographic areas and relate to results of other studies • evaluate the metho  nd relate to results of other studies • evaluate the methodology of marbipp in order to approve  low of information and data among wps • provide information to the public, end-users and scient  ps • provide information to the public, end-users and scientists about marbipp
2011	9	derstanding its generation is a crucial issue in contemporary evolutionary biology. furthermore  oducts of selection with clear adaptive value, and are also amenable to a detailed developmenta  election with clear adaptive value, and are also amenable to a detailed developmental character  evelopmental characterization. however, while developmental biologists have identified genetic   hways involved in pattern formation, we do not know which of the genes contribute to trait evol   contribute to trait evolution. we also know little about how the genetic and developmental bas  patterns within and across species, and are ideally suited to combine intra- and inter-specific  re ideally suited to combine intra- and inter-specific studies for ecologically important trait  velopmental stages when wing pattern is being specified to understand the cellular interactions
9830	8	is a major issue for all organisms and is one that is subjected to ruthless darwinian selectio  issue for all organisms and is one that is subjected to ruthless darwinian selection. however,    poorly understood and where mechanisms are proposed the evidence is usually circumstantial. we   evidence is usually circumstantial. we propose to undertake a genetic quantitative trait analy  i that contribute to cold tolerance. we propose to use the model vertebrate, the zebrafish, dan  lly whose genomic sequence will shortly be available. this will allow genes in the region of th   genes in the region of the qtl loci to be explored using more conventional gene and protein pr  tenance systems for replicated lines to be produced.
7393	1	nitiate an analysis of these practices, identify potential genetic management units and to prop
7167	2	etween australian population b. marinus is a characteristic which promote the rapid and large-s  istic which promote the rapid and large-scale dissemination of the parasites or viruses such co
15305	8	s spread through a new environment they encounter novel selection pressures and challenges, thu  ophila subobscura provided inconclusive evidence of selection. rapid convergent evolution in th  r the american invasion supplied strong evidence that environmental latitudinal gradients do fa   latitudinal patterns. long-term trends were superimposed on the seasonal cycles with southern,  d on the seasonal cycles with southern, low-latitude inversions increasing in frequency thus su   chromosomal inversion polymorphism has been employed to monitor the impact of climate change o  ason length the seasonal climatic cycle can induce constantly recurring seasonal changes in cli  osely related native organisms, we also propose to study the genome-wide transposition rate inc
14126	11	e dog, bovids were the first animals to be domesticated in the world, more than 11 000 years ag  storical collections of bovid materials may store genetic information that can provide otherwis  ials may store genetic information that can provide otherwise unobtainable insights into the pa  story of domesticated animals. here, we propose a multidisciplinary project including ancient d  ciplinary project including ancient dna study in order to investigate the history of sheep and   and cattle in estonia and nearby. there is no adna analyses based on estonian subfossil sheep a  nds the research themes of the project, lead by juha kantanen, finland: finnish archaeogenetics  d cattle and their utilization. we will compare the ancient breeds to extant finnish and estoni   extant indigenous breeds. dna analyses may open new angles to the archaeological study of bone  y open new angles to the archaeological study of bone, leather and textile artefacts. for the s   also more specific data on the age and sex of the animals.
14652	16	s a consequence of habitat destruction, water pollution, climatic change, and emerging infectio   destruction, water pollution, climatic change, and emerging infectious diseases. on the other   ily since the 1950s. the tropical andes are considered the most important hotspot of biodiversi  . many new andean species of frogs have been described in the last decades, but fast declines a  fast declines and extinctions have also been reported. the field of taxonomy is experimenting s   or recognition of many new species has been blamed to create instability in species lists whic  bility in species lists which otherwise are necessary tools for the fields of macroecology and   pejorative term taxonomic inflation has been coined to name this phenomenon. one the other hand  iversity crisis and the fact that there are fewer and fewer taxonomists able to recognize and p  onomists able to recognize and properly identify species has led some authors to point out the   des on which to base a dna-taxonomy has been proposed as a necessity. testing whether the incre  ups of andean amphibians as case study, are to: 1 compare morphological investigate the speciat  ean amphibians as case study, are to: 1 compare morphological investigate the speciation proces   study, are to: 1 compare morphological investigate the speciation processes and phylogeography  ons of genetic material, specimens, and sound recordings at the mncn and other institutions; th  tions; the development of a bioacoustic tool to establish differences and similarities of sound
14541	3	ject proposes concrete activities which are structured in interdisciplinary programmes covering  gement proceeding. the final objectives are centred in: 1 detect and characterize the genetic s  objectives are centred in: 1 detect and characterize the genetic structure and gene flow of nat
10591	2	parental effects and life-history stage is related to the form of selection and the type of par  m of selection and the type of parental effect the trait experiences. data will be used to eval
15238	13	nter and the other part is resident. it is a common phenomenon in wild bird populations, and is  henomenon in wild bird populations, and is considered as the crucial state for understanding th  tions, and is considered as the crucial state for understanding the rapid evolution of migratio  ird populations are experiencing, which are expected to favour residency. selection experiments  viously demonstrated that incidence and amount of migratory activity are two aspects of one tra  phenotypic dichotomy migrant-nonmigrant is caused by a threshold. this migration threshold is p  ions from this model have, however, not been tested yet. here, we propose an integrative approa   however, not been tested yet. here, we propose an integrative approach, combining detailed fie  ed yet. here, we propose an integrative approach, combining detailed field studies with experim  ymorphisms at two candidate loci, which are associated with differences in migratory behaviour,  gratory behaviour, we will specifically quantify the effects these genes have on the expression  ironmental conditions. thereby, we will assess the suitability of these markers for predicting    avian populations in the wild. we will use the results of these different approaches to model
15306	1	a multifactorial trait which expression is modulated by several factors, including genetic infl
15025	2	eeding is an essential tool to face and counteract those probable negative effects. the aim of   f ovotestes in females, 2 the fossorial condition of moles which is the role of cell junctions
11616	6	ntial expression of the other. this has been shown in studies of other polyploid hybrids, but h  ther polyploid hybrids, but has not yet been investigated in intermediate hybrids such as s. x   such as s. x baxteri. secondly, we will use a variety of techniques to determine the mechanisms  the mechanisms by which gene expression is altered in the hybrids, primarily studying dna methy  tudying dna methylation, which has long been known to be part of the gene silencing process. fi  ene silencing process. finally, we will look at the site of expression of genes we have identif
7547	3	ears, studies of environmental bacteria were performed without knowing the identity of bacteria   knowing the identity of bacteria. they have, however, shown the key role occupied by these mic   of bacterial communities and, if there is a relationship between bacterial diversity and bioge
11015	31	rwinian idea of survival of the fittest is central to our understanding of the diversity of lif  individuals perform some sort of costly act to help one another, they run the risk of disruptiv  un the risk of disruptive cheaters that do not pay their fair share of the cost. in other words  r to better understand this problem, we believe that it will first be important to identify the   problem, we believe that it will first be important to identify the nature of the genes and pa  s because, although evolutionary theory may suggest the best strategy, the genetic changes requ  y, the genetic changes required may not be possible. for example, some strategies may not exist  e. for example, some strategies may not exist because any gains may be offset by other fitness   ategies may not exist because any gains may be offset by other fitness costs. alternatively, th  ively, the genes and pathways that they regulate behaviour may be organised in such a way that   d pathways that they regulate behaviour may be organised in such a way that it simply is not be   organised in such a way that it simply is not be possible for evolution to mould them achieve   sed in such a way that it simply is not be possible for evolution to mould them achieve the opt  be possible for evolution to mould them achieve the optimal or favoured strategy. in this grant  or favoured strategy. in this grant, we propose to address each of these problems using a simpl  single celled individuals that grow and divide by feeding on bacteria. upon starvation, however  er, up to 100,000 amoebae aggregate and cooperate to make a multicellular fruiting body consist  d by dead stalk cells. stalk cells thus sacrifice themselves to help the dispersal of spores, r   the question of why selection does not lead to unchecked cheating by individuals that do not p   unchecked cheating by individuals that do not pay their fair share of the cost of stalk produc  oduction. to achieve this goal, we will employ a novel combination of approaches in d. discoide  eum that allow cooperative behaviour to be analysed with great power. we have recently found th  our to be analysed with great power. we have recently found that even within a small number dif  recently found that even within a small number different d. discoideum strains, different socia  um strains, different social strategies could be detected. the work described in this proposal,  s proposal, will allow us to define and classify the number of the strategies within a larger s  n a larger set of strains, because this can be used to determine the number of different ways e  lution has allowed social strategies to be modified. we will then ask whether these correspond   strategies to be modified. we will then ask whether these correspond to distinct molecular or g  ered social behaviour. finally, we will use these data to generate models that will allow us to  erstanding of how cooperative behaviour is maintained and evolutionary outcomes constrained.
9991	31	rwinian idea of survival of the fittest is central to our understanding of the diversity of lif  individuals perform some sort of costly act to help one another, they run the risk of disruptiv  un the risk of disruptive cheaters that do not pay their fair share of the cost. in other words  r to better understand this problem, we believe that it will first be important to identify the   problem, we believe that it will first be important to identify the nature of the genes and pa  s because, although evolutionary theory may suggest the best strategy, the genetic changes requ  y, the genetic changes required may not be possible. for example, some strategies may not exist  e. for example, some strategies may not exist because any gains may be offset by other fitness   ategies may not exist because any gains may be offset by other fitness costs. alternatively, th  ively, the genes and pathways that they regulate behaviour may be organised in such a way that   d pathways that they regulate behaviour may be organised in such a way that it simply is not be   organised in such a way that it simply is not be possible for evolution to mould them achieve   sed in such a way that it simply is not be possible for evolution to mould them achieve the opt  be possible for evolution to mould them achieve the optimal or favoured strategy. in this grant  or favoured strategy. in this grant, we propose to address each of these problems using a simpl  single celled individuals that grow and divide by feeding on bacteria. upon starvation, however  er, up to 100,000 amoebae aggregate and cooperate to make a multicellular fruiting body consist  d by dead stalk cells. stalk cells thus sacrifice themselves to help the dispersal of spores, r   the question of why selection does not lead to unchecked cheating by individuals that do not p   unchecked cheating by individuals that do not pay their fair share of the cost of stalk produc  oduction. to achieve this goal, we will employ a novel combination of approaches in d. discoide  eum that allow cooperative behaviour to be analysed with great power. we have recently found th  our to be analysed with great power. we have recently found that even within a small number dif  recently found that even within a small number different d. discoideum strains, different socia  um strains, different social strategies could be detected. the work described in this proposal,  s proposal, will allow us to define and classify the number of the strategies within a larger s  n a larger set of strains, because this can be used to determine the number of different ways e  lution has allowed social strategies to be modified. we will then ask whether these correspond   strategies to be modified. we will then ask whether these correspond to distinct molecular or g  ered social behaviour. finally, we will use these data to generate models that will allow us to  erstanding of how cooperative behaviour is maintained and evolutionary outcomes constrained.
14543	1	h a simple genetic basis. however, less is known from those cases in which the trait involved h
2549	3	ts relationship to evolutionary change, is a major challenge for evolutionary biologists. varia  s causing phenotypic variation. we will study the role of the y chromosome of drosophila melano   regulatory effects of the y chromosome was discovered in a study published in science in 2008
6724	1	changes in the serum level of retinoids are also involved in the development or these diseases.
10704	32	there is considerable interest amongst the general public and                    there is considerable interest amongst the general public and scientists in u  gh female mate preferences. much recent interest in sexual selection has been directed toward u  recent interest in sexual selection has been directed toward understanding the causes of variat  xity of female preference behaviour. we have already developed an excellent system for quantify  n female mate preference in the african stalk-eyed fly diasemopsis meigenii. in this species, f  enii. in this species, females actively reject unwanted male mating attempts. this has allowed   d us to develop protocols to accurately measure individual female mate preferences. we have pre   individual female mate preferences. we have previously demonstrated that the strength of prefe  evolve. we will carry out the first qtl study of the genetics of preference. this will uncover   erlying variation in preference. it may be that there are one or two genetic factors with major  ion in preference. it may be that there are one or two genetic factors with major effects or al  f genes across the genome. it will also reveal the linkage pattern of preference genes and whet  n of preference genes and whether there is a bias towards the x-chromosome, as some theory pred   some theory predicts. another critical issue that we will investigate is the evidence that pre   quality resources are freely available have different preferences than females reared on poor   resources. for example, in our previous work, we have shown that female stalk-eyed flies with a  ection, if the females with the highest condition not only show the greatest discrimination of   les with the highest condition not only show the greatest discrimination of who they mate with   the greatest discrimination of who they mate with but are also the most fecund. we will investi  h but are also the most fecund. we will investigate the genetics of condition-dependent prefere  ronments which vary in food quality. it is possible that the environmental variation will overw  sponses of male traits to environmental stress, we do not expect this. rather we believe that t  male traits to environmental stress, we do not expect this. rather we believe that the harsh en  tress, we do not expect this. rather we believe that the harsh environment will amplify genetic  some female genotypes will consistently produce strong preference in all environments, whereas   conditions deteriorate. we will further probe this prediction in our qtl study. we have already  be this prediction in our qtl study. we have already shown that the strength of female preferen  ale fertility, two traits that strongly reflect resources available during larval and adult dev  adult development respectively. we will test whether qtl for female preference are located in t   test whether qtl for female preference are located in the same genomic regions as qtl for fema   qtl for female fecundity. this pattern could indicate that the same genes for condition underl
11414	32	there is considerable interest amongst the general public and                    there is considerable interest amongst the general public and scientists in u  gh female mate preferences. much recent interest in sexual selection has been directed toward u  recent interest in sexual selection has been directed toward understanding the causes of variat  xity of female preference behaviour. we have already developed an excellent system for quantify  n female mate preference in the african stalk-eyed fly diasemopsis meigenii. in this species, f  enii. in this species, females actively reject unwanted male mating attempts. this has allowed   d us to develop protocols to accurately measure individual female mate preferences. we have pre   individual female mate preferences. we have previously demonstrated that the strength of prefe  evolve. we will carry out the first qtl study of the genetics of preference. this will uncover   erlying variation in preference. it may be that there are one or two genetic factors with major  ion in preference. it may be that there are one or two genetic factors with major effects or al  f genes across the genome. it will also reveal the linkage pattern of preference genes and whet  n of preference genes and whether there is a bias towards the x-chromosome, as some theory pred   some theory predicts. another critical issue that we will investigate is the evidence that pre   quality resources are freely available have different preferences than females reared on poor   resources. for example, in our previous work, we have shown that female stalk-eyed flies with a  ection, if the females with the highest condition not only show the greatest discrimination of   les with the highest condition not only show the greatest discrimination of who they mate with   the greatest discrimination of who they mate with but are also the most fecund. we will investi  h but are also the most fecund. we will investigate the genetics of condition-dependent prefere  ronments which vary in food quality. it is possible that the environmental variation will overw  sponses of male traits to environmental stress, we do not expect this. rather we believe that t  male traits to environmental stress, we do not expect this. rather we believe that the harsh en  tress, we do not expect this. rather we believe that the harsh environment will amplify genetic  some female genotypes will consistently produce strong preference in all environments, whereas   conditions deteriorate. we will further probe this prediction in our qtl study. we have already  be this prediction in our qtl study. we have already shown that the strength of female preferen  ale fertility, two traits that strongly reflect resources available during larval and adult dev  adult development respectively. we will test whether qtl for female preference are located in t   test whether qtl for female preference are located in the same genomic regions as qtl for fema   qtl for female fecundity. this pattern could indicate that the same genes for condition underl
10923	9	tal weathering which contributed to co2 pull down and a decrease in atmospheric co2 levels. thi   from the break up of surface rock that was brought about partly by the activity of rhizoids in  ecosystem. both rhizoids and root hairs are required for the anchorage of plants to their growt  es in moss, a bryophyte. the bryophytes are considered to be the most ancestral of the land pla  t ancestral of the land plants. here we propose to determine the function of these putative mos  etermine the function of these putative moss regulatory genes. we predict the moss genes contro  hese putative moss regulatory genes. we predict the moss genes control the formation of rhizoid  d root hairs and that this function has been conserved over the past 400 million years. if thes   past 400 million years. if these genes do not control rhizoid development in moss it suggests
10131	24	es. therefore, speciation is a critical process to investigate if we are to understand and mana  a critical process to investigate if we are to understand and manage biological diversity. much  investigate if we are to understand and manage biological diversity. much has been learned abou  d manage biological diversity. much has been learned about the origin of species since darwin b  pecies since darwin but much remains to be found out. this applies particularly to the genetics  s of speciation mechanisms. here, there are many new opportunities because of technical advance  allow rapid sequencing of dna and large-scale determination of genotypes, as well as new insigh  to the process. at one time, speciation was thought to require a period of spatial separation o  separation of populations but now there are both theoretical and empirical studies suggesting t  g that adaptation to local environments can lead towards speciation even without complete geogr  te geographical isolation. one putative example of this process is a periwinkle, littorina saxa  genes over most of their genomes but we have previously shown that about 5% of the genome is pr  ously shown that about 5% of the genome is protected from gene exchange, presumably because the  tation. in the present project, we will ask two questions of general importance in speciation r  e genomic regions involved in the early stage of speciation seen in littorina the same in diffe  e same in different parts of europe, or have the morphs evolved independently in geographically  ction on different shell characters and ask whether these shell characters are influenced by th   and ask whether these shell characters are influenced by the genomic regions that we find to b  fluenced by the genomic regions that we find to be under selection. we will address these quest   we find to be under selection. we will address these questions by initially scanning the genom  t pyrosequencing approach. we will then test divergence in candidate and control genes across t  l then test divergence in candidate and control genes across the uk and also in swedish and spa  o in swedish and spanish sites. we will develop markers in these sequences and genotype large s  uence of local adaptation. we will also develop methods that will be applicable to other specia
11417	24	es. therefore, speciation is a critical process to investigate if we are to understand and mana  a critical process to investigate if we are to understand and manage biological diversity. much  investigate if we are to understand and manage biological diversity. much has been learned abou  d manage biological diversity. much has been learned about the origin of species since darwin b  pecies since darwin but much remains to be found out. this applies particularly to the genetics  s of speciation mechanisms. here, there are many new opportunities because of technical advance  allow rapid sequencing of dna and large-scale determination of genotypes, as well as new insigh  to the process. at one time, speciation was thought to require a period of spatial separation o  separation of populations but now there are both theoretical and empirical studies suggesting t  g that adaptation to local environments can lead towards speciation even without complete geogr  te geographical isolation. one putative example of this process is a periwinkle, littorina saxa  genes over most of their genomes but we have previously shown that about 5% of the genome is pr  ously shown that about 5% of the genome is protected from gene exchange, presumably because the  tation. in the present project, we will ask two questions of general importance in speciation r  e genomic regions involved in the early stage of speciation seen in littorina the same in diffe  e same in different parts of europe, or have the morphs evolved independently in geographically  ction on different shell characters and ask whether these shell characters are influenced by th   and ask whether these shell characters are influenced by the genomic regions that we find to b  fluenced by the genomic regions that we find to be under selection. we will address these quest   we find to be under selection. we will address these questions by initially scanning the genom  t pyrosequencing approach. we will then test divergence in candidate and control genes across t  l then test divergence in candidate and control genes across the uk and also in swedish and spa  o in swedish and spanish sites. we will develop markers in these sequences and genotype large s  uence of local adaptation. we will also develop methods that will be applicable to other specia
10892	4	nts are precarious, because ponds often dry up, become polluted, or in various ways become unin  several generations. this means that we can count the numbers of each type during the course of  l be taken to the lab for the marker to be scored. to test whether the model is plausible, the   ments will use sexual females that have been put through bottlenecks of various sizes, which wi
6828	7	in micropropagation we have to strive after genetic stability and obtain true-  er genetic stability and obtain true-to-type plantlets. at the same time researchers often expe  ain true-to-type plantlets. at the same time researchers often experience morphological irregul  ets. at the same time researchers often experience morphological irregularities of plants cultu  rogeny in all probability. many factors are suspected to play a role in the development of gene  for lack of proper investigations there are no evidences enough to explain the phenomenon satis  phenomenon satisfactorily. therefore it is very important to uncover the background of this in
14438	10	for development of a strategy for long-term gene conservation and management of castanea sativ  ation and management of castanea sativa are based on the inventory of genetic resources, estima  ntially important genotypes for nut and timber production. nevertheless the importance and mult  ive analysis of genetic variability and nut quality of castanea sativa in bulgaria. the informa  fruits characteristics and will help to be established a basis for future researches in the fie  ervation of genetic resources of forest-fruit species. in this connection, the main objectives   o determine nutritional composition and level of contamination of fruits and also to determine   o find out correlations between genetic structure of populations and fruit quality for selectio  en genetic structure of populations and fruit quality for selection of individuals with high-qu  r future management of chestnut stands, forest products quality monitoring and a strategy for c
7523	3	e liberalization of trade in plants, it is now very difficult to source local plants and phenot  plants and phenotypic analysis does not guarantee - including seedlings 2 years - the relevance  ius of 5 km around the site , ➢vérifier good concordance between the gene of plants bought in n
14688	3	pes and pcr and sequencing. finally, we attempt to generate a white-clawed crayfish genetic dat  wed crayfish genetic database and a dna bank that could serve as a reference to anybody interes  sh genetic database and a dna bank that could serve as a reference to anybody interested in the
7525	2	the cypriniformes are the most diverse order of actinopterygians. many sp   the cypriniformes are the most diverse order of actinopterygians. many species to generalize e
10930	17	how perfect should animals be there is little doubt that natural selection can produce anim  rfect should animals be there is little doubt that natural selection can produce animals with s   is little doubt that natural selection can produce animals with startlingly precise adaptation  on can produce animals with startlingly precise adaptations to their surroundings. however, at   heir surroundings. however, at the same time it is well accepted that there are a variety of fo  ame time it is well accepted that there are a variety of forces that can constrain adaptation a  that there are a variety of forces that can constrain adaptation and prevent perfection. these   orces that can constrain adaptation and prevent perfection. these include a changing environmen  genetics, and limits on how individuals can process relevant information about the environment.  to environmental conditions. while this may sound like an esoteric behaviour, it is extremely u  ay sound like an esoteric behaviour, it is extremely useful for our purposes because its relati  omplex ways. interactions between genes can constrain adaptation because they can lead to the s  s can constrain adaptation because they can lead to the same genes being selected for and again  because they can lead to the same genes being selected for and against at different times in an  re. more generally, this work will also provide the fundamental first step in our long-term aim  rom this perspective because we already understand how it relates to darwinian fitness, and the  e mechanisms involved. consequently, we have the potential to link our understanding of this be
1097	11	populations of wild species often grow near areas where their selected relatives are grow  ar areas where their selected relatives are grown. in outbreeding species such as chicory and s  ies such as chicory and sunflower, this can lead to consistent levels of gene flow between wild  ivated forms. on one hand, this process can be exploited as a source of genetic diversity to be  n the other hand, genetic contamination can lead to instability of the same varieties and growi  al populations of chicory spontaneously grow throughout the peninsula, in close proximity with   opulations and varieties occurs, and it is expected that the later are locally derived from the  curs, and it is expected that the later are locally derived from the former. the aim of this pr  een natural populations and the genetic exchange of these with the cultivated forms, making use  ations putatively ancestral to vareties is sought. for sunflower the genetic structure of wild   es is sought. for sunflower the genetic structure of wild populations and of hybrids will be el
10961	2	atterning, growth and distribution, and zone-specific expression. we will: use comparative anal   and zone-specific expression. we will: use comparative analyses to test the role of sexual sel
9979	2	atterning, growth and distribution, and zone-specific expression. we will: use comparative anal   and zone-specific expression. we will: use comparative analyses to test the role of sexual sel
10374	2	ism is short enough. salvia x sylvatica is a likely candidate for such analysis. alternative hy   evaluated to test whether s. sylvatica is a population of f1s, if non-fl genotypes are prefere
11209	3	phenotypic plasticity, short-term evolutionary responses to selection and geog             phenotypic plasticity, short-term evolutionary responses to selection and geographic  o important environmental challenges to be identified and understood in a way hitherto impossib
15297	10	erns are important from an evolutionary point of view because ferns and seed plants share a com  mon ancestral lineage. their life cycle is characterized by two alternate independent phases, i  metophyte. within ferns, however, there are exceptional cases such as that of the species vande  speciosa : mirna, sirna and tasirna. we aim to characterize them in v. speciosa and to identify  generations and between populations. we assume that those srna might be involved in the genetic  ations. we assume that those srna might be involved in the genetic control of the alternation o  e srna might be involved in the genetic control of the alternation of generations. we will look  the alternation of generations. we will look for its mrna targets, specifically those expressed  ease of the knowledge about the genetic control of the development in ferns and in vascular pla  cular plants in general. moreover, they are important for the conservation biology of this spec
10766	10	it is essential for our understanding of biodiversity that  r understanding of biodiversity that we assess the causes of population differentiation and spe  common causes of speciation, but it has been argued that sexual selection / the evolution of fe  new species in animals. recently it has been found that a species of mexican fish with extreme   as been found that a species of mexican fish with extreme differences in male and female morpho  e and female morphology shows virtually complete sexual isolation between geographically disjun  ally disjunct populations. when females are given a choice between males in the laboratory they  en males in the laboratory they usually choose males from their own population over those from   ations. with the resultant data we will be able to assess if a behavioural traits diverge more   ses divergence within this species, and provide data on the genetic diversity within this speci
14219	2	sea originate from hatcheries. however, evidence for lower fitness that have opened new possibi  or studying molecular adaptation in non-model organisms like atlantic salmon. another major goa
14781	9	y. the brine shrimp artemia franciscana is native to the americas but has been introduced into   scana is native to the americas but has been introduced into the iberian peninsula and other me  d on them in hypersaline ecosystems. we aim to characterize the genetic diversity of a. francis  ecies. using the taqman methodology, we aim to develop genetic probes that allow artemia eggs t  netic probes that allow artemia eggs to be identified to species level . using these probes, we  . using these probes, we will initially quantify the proportion of each species present in cyst   dispersal via waterbirds. we will also identify cysts present in the sediments of locations no   to establish which native species have been eliminated by this invader. we will also study the  liminated by this invader. we will also study the ability of a. franciscana to disperse via win
7166	5	riginal Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii, concern because of its toxicity and its ability to inva  eveals that the French strains are very close together and close to other European strains whil  nch strains are very close together and close to other European strains while being distinct st  s are low depth and reduced surface. it is to be connected to the temperature reached by the se  low depth and reduced surface. it is to be connected to the temperature reached by the sediment
220	10	like breeding system and ploidy level, is essential for understanding and conservation of the    lineages of organisms, which sometimes may differ from the delimitation of traditional taxonom  utionary lineages form the theorethical base for envisaging practical activity for the conserva  rvation of biological diversity. it has been shown that the breeding system significantly influ  opulations. generally, the wide-spread, long-lived, wind-pollinated outbreeding species are muc  generally, the wide-spread, long-lived, wind-pollinated outbreeding species are much more genet  iversity and common species vice versa, are also described. this indicates that present theoret  alizations may be too simplified and we need more detailed investigations to exemplify causes a  tribution range and population size and compare the patterns of discovered variation. for bette  ng the patterns of genetic diversity we compare species pairs that are likely to have similar p
2126	7	self-fertilization and sibling mating, are therefore expected to reduce the long-term survival  e therefore expected to reduce the long-term survival of inbred lineages. paradoxically, we do   f inbred lineages. paradoxically, we do find ancient, species-rich lineages in nature which hav  lation genetic processes facilitate and maintain sufficient genetic diversity in such lineages   read bark beetle species that regularly inbreed by within-family mating. the project is novel i  llowing us to focus instead on the long-term evolutionary effects of inbreeding on lineage surv  eep divergence between cryptic lineages may complicate species identification in a dna barcodin
14914	10	ger human african genetic diversity has been explained by the african origin of our species and  ount of genetic diversity within africa is unknown because there is a large number of populatio   within africa is unknown because there is a large number of populations, not analysed in detai  ica is unknown because there is a large number of populations, not analysed in detail, that hav  ions, not analysed in detail, that have been involved in relevant cultural and demographic proc   detail is central . these markers have been shown to be the most informative in order to recon  r phylogeography. mitocondrial snps and control region sequences, and y-chromosome snps and str  350 individuals from bantu-speaking and pygmy populations. the goal is correlate linguistic, ge  genetic diversity of these populations, compare them to other african populations and test demo  e them to other african populations and test demographic hypotheses. if the bantu expansion was
10198	8	it is estimated that picoplanktonic cyanobacteria contribu  duction in lakes. for such an important group of organisms it is surprising how little we know   rganisms it is surprising how little we know about their basic biology. in this study we propos  t their basic biology. in this study we propose to provide answers to some fairly simple questi   fairly simple questions: 1 how diverse is the picocyanobacterial population in an individual w   support a unique collection of taxa or are some taxa widely distributed 3 is priest pot what i  a or are some taxa widely distributed 3 is priest pot what is the underlying genetic structure   iest pot what is the underlying genetic structure of picocyanobacterial populations
6758	2	ty of the central european populations, study of genetic patterns along the studied populations  ions referring to area-geographical and landscape history of this relict species.
7546	1	of wood for the malagasy population. it is to use the assignment tools based on bayesian method
14775	5	is research project aims to genetically characterize two andalusian populations from huelva and  es that have shaped the current genetic landscape of the andalusian region, the variation of y-  ls living in municipalities, which have been selected by using historic and demographic criteri  tic differences between populations and major geographical barriers. this study attempts to eva   analyzed in this research. the allelic structure of genetic diversity of andalusias will be re
7585	2	within each breed, the dog is a unique model to analyze genetic determinism. in this context,   red snps markers on 10 dogs of the same breed, and this on a dozen races. through close collabo
11606	9	the world s biodiversity has been moulded by the quaternary ice ages. these repeated  te caused species to move their ranges, adapt or go extinct. they have also promoted diversific  their ranges, adapt or go extinct. they have also promoted diversification. for temperate europ  nsulas of iberia, italy and the balkans are seen to be particularly important as refugia during  s colonized northward from there. there is much debate currently about the spatial and genetic   zed northward from there. there is much debate currently about the spatial and genetic structur  currently about the spatial and genetic structure of refugia, and the source of colonists for t  balkans, with genetic studies using dna sequence analysis of trees from refugial and non refugi  on refugial sites. the oak and hornbeam are chosen as exemplars of temperate species with good
13765	1	in sweden; one third of the population is killed annually through hunting, and human induced m
2111	6	the most prominent challenge to ge in a sustainable context is how to ensu  e adequately understood and managed. we intend to combine experimental approaches with knowledg  ld be of importance also for regulatory risk assessment. the replacement of traditional fish fe  neration dna vaccines may fundamentally alter the present production systems of fish feed , wil  ject extends and broadens the scope and content of the recently granted fuge project 157157/150  nd content of the recently granted fuge project 157157/150.
15462	1	ictions of the inbreeding depression to be expected in realistic conditions, such as those met
6904	10	systemic lupus erythematosus is an autoimmune disorder with multiple organ involveme  toantibodies. particular autoantibodies may be associated with given manifestations, severity a  sis of the disease. consequently, lupus may appear in different clinical forms. sle, the term f  erogeneous subgroups. our knowledge has been extended concerning the genetic background of lupu  as been extended concerning the genetic background of lupus. genetic alterations, which influen  nfluence the function of immune system, are associated with disease susceptibility or with part  nt study is to characterize the genetic background in different groups of lupus patients, such   ose with active or inactive disease. we use two methods: 1./ analysis of different alleles in p  ne processes in sle. hopefully, results may confirm genetic differences in different subgroups    heterogeneous disease. genetic pattern can be used in the future follow-up of these patients,
14653	8	nses. making the most of the remarkable advance that the molecular detection techniques have ex   polymorphic variants and, so, there is room for novel and important results about the evolutio   as the evolution of a species can only be understood as a whole when the phylogenetic history   nomic regions that evolve independently are integrated. on the other hand, from an epidemiologi  the other hand, from an epidemiological point of view, the project intends to explore and offer  iew, the project intends to explore and offer a detailed phylogenetic study in chromosomal regi  plore and offer a detailed phylogenetic study in chromosomal regions that correspond to genes a   associated to cardiovascular risk, and check the specific role of the diversity found in the s
15183	5	es of zebra mussel . in this project we want to develop a diagnostic protocol based on real tim  liability. a second goal of the project is focused on the identification of molecular markers m  racterization of zebra mussel and asian clam populations. these markers can be used to detect i  d asian clam populations. these markers can be used to detect infestations origins and dispersi   dynamics, and, in a first approach, we suggest a study with samples coming from different loca
15055	2	tion size becomes unavoidable. thus, it is of the outmost interest to obtain predictions referr  unavoidable. thus, it is of the outmost interest to obtain predictions referring to: 1 the inbr
7402	3	on of low effective population. we will check at the molecular level the hypothesis that popula  ulation. we will check at the molecular level the hypothesis that population size influences th  associative overdominance. then we will evaluate a model where people passing cyclically by a s
13973	1	hanisms in plant-virus interactions. we propose an interesting system involving the interaction
10948	2	taxa such as birds. in this project, we aim to develop a statistical model for reconstructing a  e trends using microsatellite data, and apply this model to predict abundance trends over time
11539	10	although social groups most obviously exhibit cooperation, they are also often the scene of c  ost obviously exhibit cooperation, they are also often the scene of conflict. unless group memb  lso often the scene of conflict. unless group members are clones, their reproductive interests   e interests will differ and individuals may benefit by exploiting the cooperative efforts of ot  ferentially rearing brood to which they are more related into reproductive queens rather than s   known to differ between colonies, they are not thought to differ between genotypes. workers ar  distinguish larvae genotypically and so are unable to act nepotistically when rearing brood. on  test the evolutionary theory that there is not the necessary genetic polymorphism for nepotism   ism for nepotism to occur. it will also compare the tags of royal and normal genotypes to deter  ag that tells nursing workers that they are royalty.
13484	4	ing resulted in evolutionary changes we aim at answering these questions by various approaches.  effective population sizes and the long-term genetic impact of stocking activities. local adapt  ulation sizes and the long-term genetic impact of stocking activities. local adaptation will be  cessary for development of biologically sound management strategies.
1098	1	vailable in the consensus map will also allow an indirect validation of the results. the result
15418	5	biogeography, ecology and conservation can be conceived and assessed. our project takes the ca  story, and with scarce phylogenetically close endemic elements; overall, these facts make any s  se facts make any scientifically robust approach to the key questions that we set forth unconce  ous levels of the molecular and genetic structure of the phylogenetically close plant lineages   versification on either insularity type may challenge the established knowledge. consequently,
15419	5	biogeography, ecology and conservation can be conceived and assessed. our project takes the ca  story, and with scarce phylogenetically close endemic elements; overall, these facts make any s  se facts make any scientifically robust approach to the key questions that we set forth unconce  ous levels of the molecular and genetic structure of the phylogenetically close plant lineages   versification on either insularity type may challenge the established knowledge. consequently,
6806	6	obtaining diagnostics on the molecular level for the patients followed. 3. testing for the bra  ted results are the following: - it may be possible to examine the relationship between the cli  the mutations. - the readily available, open international electronic c1 inh mutation database   l allow comparative studies on a larger scale that may help the diagnostic and research efforts  parative studies on a larger scale that may help the diagnostic and research efforts as well.    scale that may help the diagnostic and research efforts as well.
13525	5	anthropogenic activities such as large-scale fisheries affect the genetic profiles of socioeco   degree to which fish genetic resources are depleted is unknown, however, and intraspecific gen  spite of the fact that such information is needed for sustainable management. this research add  patterns and computer modelling we will assess the amount of temporal genetic change in these s  n swedish waters over a 30-year period, estimate their effective population sizes what genetic
10838	4	response of organisms to climate change may be limited by evolution at the range edge. studies   equired of sedentary specialist species may depend on adaptation to exploit a wider range of ha  depend on adaptation to exploit a wider range of habitats, and disperse further to cross areas   anied by genetic changes to use a wider range of host plants at the northern range edge. this p
14496	2	different levels of genetic divergence are made between six populations of decapod crustacean   stacean caridea. the shrimp populations were selected according to their presence in habitats w
6743	3	ies, fertilization distances and clonal structure of populations occurring on different substra  rring on different substrates will also be analysed. all parts of the project cover poorly unde  de many new results which will possibly contribute to effective protection of endangered specie
14553	1	ons, and to know the population genetic structure of the species in the pyrenean distribution t
13847	3	tions dynamics and variation over time, is a population of the collared flycatcher, which is on   in the world where this is feasible.it is possible to follow individually marked adults throug  entire life and, uniquely, also a large proportion of their offspring throughout their life. th
13871	9	nment. small and fragmented populations are signified by low levels of genetic variation and ar   by low levels of genetic variation and are thus less able to adapt. in this project we will fo   able to adapt. in this project we will focus on the detrimental effects of habitat fragmentati  g toad populations of three species. we want to study genetic variation in the unusual way of n  tive quantitative genetic variation. we propose several avenues to address questions about gene  m and divergent selective pressures. we want to understand under what circumstances populations  ces populations go extinct or when they manage to adapt and survive. furthermore, we want to un  e to adapt and survive. furthermore, we want to understand what aspects of genetic variation ar  ient target in biodiversity research or do genetic variation at loci determining ecologically i
6889	6	tion genetics is to analyse the genetic structure of species which are significant for nature c  he carpathian basin and therefore, they are significant both in taxonomy and biogegeography. at  axonomy and biogegeography. at the same time they are not endangered, nevertheless they belong   d biogegeography. at the same time they are not endangered, nevertheless they belong to the vul  y are not endangered, nevertheless they belong to the vulnerable species of europe. the main go  f our study is to compare the level and structure of enzyme polymorphism and morphological vari
6779	7	community. the preliminary results have been published for popular genetic mutation analysis in  spring type of rapeseed. then we import seed because spring type of rapeseed variety not regist  than winter type of rapessed. the yield may increase with using hybrid seed varieties like wint   growing. for hybrid seed production we use male sterile and restorer lines. for making parent   s. for making parent lines of hybrid we use our inbred lines and source lines of male sterile a  ale sterile and restorer lines. we make test hybrids. when a new hybrid was good at the own tri  w hybrid was good at the own trials, we send it to the official testing and starting hybrid see
13580	9	there is an increased interest for commercial use of gm trees  l implications of gm trees have not yet been evaluated. gm forest trees potentially pose ecolog   evaluated. gm forest trees potentially pose ecological problems beyond those faced by transgen  bable. trees also have long life spans, dominate the landscape and define the structure of many   life spans, dominate the landscape and define the structure of many communities. the aim with   hort and long term field trials we will be able to determine if gm trees with modifications of   -modified poplars. furthermore, we will determine if the genetic modification will affect decom  quatic systems, biotic interactions and lead to change in selection pressures on herbivores and  he project will provide vital data that can be used in current development of gm trees and for
11137	19	one group of birds, called white-eyes, are very successful at colonizing islands. on islands i   in the southwest pacific region, there are many forms of these birds and because there have of   forms of these birds and because there have often been multiple invasions of white-eye s, many  hese birds and because there have often been multiple invasions of white-eye s, many islands ha   often been multiple invasions of white-eye s, many islands have two different, but related for   evolutionary ecology is that two forms cannot coexist if they are too similar in their ecologi  s that two forms cannot coexist if they are too similar in their ecological requirements. there  f these birds. other processes may also contribute to diversification such as the amount of tim  ular environment or climates. selection may operate in a gradual manner, slowly causing a popul   causing a population to diverge, or it could operate in a more episodic manner, with burst of   and ecological traits of pairs of white-eye species in new caledonia, vanuatu and fiji. i will   ength to examine how much overlap there is among closely related species in terms of their phys  f their physical traits. this will also allow me to quantify the divergence of the same species   the ecology of each form will likewise be quantified in terms of the types of habitats they ea   of habitats they each use and how they forage in those habitats. if competition between the tw  mportant in causing divergence, then we expect to see a relationship between the degree of phys  lly, i will examine how the behavioural attribute of bird song could influence patterns of dive  ferences in song type among populations can serve to decrease the rate at which matings from di  ferent populations occur, and therefore decrease the genetic similarity between populations.
1995	7	val of the best adapted individuals. it is remarkable that today we still know little about the  s. it is remarkable that today we still know little about the genetic basis of adaptation. how   tic basis of adaptation. how many genes are involved in an adaptive change and how is this acco   understanding to what extent organisms can adapt to a changing environment. this project will   tion in nasonia parasitoid wasps. there exist three closely related nasonia species that are re   genes and the changes at the genotypic level that cause the phenotypic differences within and    understanding of how genotypic changes can lead to phenotypic adaptations, which is the basis
15255	8	drosophila subobscura is found over wide geographical areas in temperate regi  ut the historical records dating as far back as the 1950s have proven to be a valuable source o  recent climate change. as numerous loci are located within drosophila inversions, it is difficu  ocated within drosophila inversions, it is difficult to tease out the particular genes under se  ts observed, although some progress has been made. recent theory suggests that inversions can e  s assumption. our main aims here are we propose to study the genome-wide transposition rate and  up showed that new transposition copies can be detected as aflp bands present in hybrid and bac  ted as aflp bands present in hybrid and backcross offspring but absent in parental species.
10380	4	and parental responses to begging have been studied intensively over the last decade, little i  ntensively over the last decade, little is known about the genetic basis of offspring begging a  basis of offspring begging as an honest signal of need and adjustments in the parents care to v  atives because members of the same line can be exposed experimentally to individuals from a ran
7292	2	ic adaptation of the pea aphid, we will look for the locus involved in the adaptive divergence.  on, potentially responsible for a large part of biodiversity
14547	4	ironmental threats confronting the long-term survival of plant and animal species worldwide. as  habitats, effective management for long-term conservation requires a quantitative understanding  ture for centuries, and, nowadays, they are considered as one of the most threaten and fragment  rds living in steppes and pseudosteppes are a basic link in the conservation of biodiversity th
2552	4	dimethylsulphide , a compound that is produced in several groups of marine phytoplankton.    in phytoplankton are unknown. here, we propose to use functional genomics tools in combination  cling of dmsp and dms in the oceans. we utilise the available genome sequences of three ecologi   effect on the global sulphur cycle and cloud formation in future scenarios.
10800	13	this project is devoted to one of the most enduring questions in bio  ng of the speciation process, the genic view of speciation, suggests that different genes may h  eciation, suggests that different genes may have different capacities to cross the species boun  ies. the genes under positive selection are expected to spread across many closely related spec  osely related species may significantly accelerate the adaptation process. on the other hand, g  ; their ranges broadly overlap and they are known to often form hybrids in areas of contact. ho  dly overlap and they are known to often form hybrids in areas of contact. however, the two spec  ain distinct despite the fact that they exchange genes. this project will specifically focus on  e genes. this project will specifically focus on the maintenance of species boundaries in face   een s. latifolia and s. dioica. we will use a high-throughput genomic sequencer to determine th  this dataset will include a significant proportion of genes in the genome, which will allow us   e between the two species. we will also identify genes under positive selection in either or bo  ween the species. the dataset will also be used to study genome-wide expression differences bet
15441	2	, which, in this case, since the latter are interspecific hybrids of the former, will also repr  ecific hybrids of the former, will also represent a vertical, ancestor-descendant comparison. b
11766	2	satile nature, saccharomyces cerevisiae is an excellent experimental model for biological and m  lyploid origin of the yeast genome have been proposed. the genus saccharomyces includes seven s
10880	1	low genome-wide association analyses to be completed for variation in song, and covariation ana
15299	1	e human genetic diversity analyses have been interested in the high variability found in the af
10097	3	eds via step-by-step changes in form or structure, this occurring at both an organismal and mol   can become so great that the organisms can be considered as a new species. thus the tree of li   ever more derived characters in a step-wise manner over hundreds . these plants will enable us
10844	3	es of chromosomes and genomes over time can be studied by comparative chromosome painting. chro  erefore the fate of the same chromosome can be traced in different species over time. among pla  hromosomal changes in the origin of new plant species.
13730	8	ess by which divergent parental genomes are combined into a single genome, is an important mode  omes are combined into a single genome, is an important mode of instantaneous speciation and so  nt mode of instantaneous speciation and source of novelty in higher plants in recently glaciate  e place. in the former case, polyploids may be regarded as evolutionarily dead ends with little  icance over time, whereas in the latter case polyploids may be components of divergent, phyleti  he widespread orchid genus dactylorhiza are used as study material. genome restructuring in the   detailed origins of the allopolyploids are described by means of plastid microsatellite loci.   lite markers, some equipment, and a 50% position as universitetslektor for the applicant.
10761	9	ria-bacteria that live inside cells and transmit from a female insect, through her egg, to her   l species infected. in some cases, they are essential components of the animal: the filarial wo  ch as river blindness and elephantiasis could be treated with antibiotics. in other cases, they   with antibiotics. in other cases, they are parasites. as parasites, they often interfere with   are parasites. as parasites, they often interfere with host reproduction, creating a bias towar   sequence of the male-killing wolbachia may give us clues to how the bacteria kills its host. t   exploitable in the control of pest and vector species. intellectually, the aspects of pathogen  llectually, the aspects of pathogen and host biology in which they interface are the elements t  nd host biology in which they interface are the elements that will be driven along by natural s
10532	7	bacteria are probably the most abundant group of organisms on the planet and are of pivotal imp  nt group of organisms on the planet and are of pivotal importance in the major elemental cycles  ntities is only exceeded by the viruses may affect the extent of biogeochemical cycling carried  e that infects roseovarius sp. 217, and propose to sequence the genomes of these three phages.   t their life strategy and evolution. it is not clear what these genome sequences will tell us,    life strategy and evolution. it is not clear what these genome sequences will tell us, but giv  gy of roseobacters and their phages and are very likely to give us exciting new insights into t
2501	12	we here aim both at exploring the causal links between growth r   drivers for reduced genome size. there are likely several routes to genome size variability wi  bility within and across taxa. here, we are mainly interested in the observation that meiosis a  on that meiosis and cell division often is negatively correlated with genome size across plant   a. since genome size and cell size also are tightly coupled, both cell and genome size should a  , both cell and genome size should also show a strong negative correlation with developmental t  d genome size should also show a strong negative correlation with developmental time. we hypoth  correlation with developmental time. we hypothesize that this could be related to a phosphorus   opmental time. we hypothesize that this could be related to a phosphorus allocation from dna to  ize in organisms, and how this actually is solved by the organisms. we will study both the role  lly is solved by the organisms. we will study both the role of polyploidy and genome downsizing  ning that high somatic n and p contents may represent a tradeoff between material resources all
11486	1	ens opportunities to apply state-of-the-art genetic tools to such ecological and evolutionary q
11396	8	s and the hybrid material from which it is derived. thus a unique opportunity is presented to a  t is derived. thus a unique opportunity is presented to analyse in detail the genetic basis of   urveys of dna polymorphism over a large number of aflp loci will be undertaken to isolate parts   or balancing selection. due to genetic hitch-hiking , neutral markers flanking adaptive genes   wed distribution of allele frequencies, while the opposite will be the case for loci subject to  guish the three diploid senecio species are flanked by aflps bearing the signature of selection  implicated in divergence and speciation are flanked by aflp loci also bearing the signature of   ture of selection. when such signatures are found we shall conclude that the qtls and candidate
11200	11	we will make metagenomic libraries, using fragments, ca 30 kb i   30 kb in size, cloned in the wide host-range cosmid vector, plafr1. the dna will be obtained d  e, cloned in the wide host-range cosmid vector, plafr1. the dna will be obtained directly from   oils at the unique rothamsted broadbalk experiment which differ in their n fertiliser regimes o  tional genes for several steps in the n-cycle by transferring them into appropriate mutants of   genomes will be analysed. thus, we will identify novel, processes, genes and genomes involved i  volved in this important biogeochemical cycle, even in bacteria that cannot be cultured. we wil  in this important biogeochemical cycle, even in bacteria that cannot be cultured. we will also   eochemical cycle, even in bacteria that cannot be cultured. we will also determine the effects   a that cannot be cultured. we will also determine the effects of long-term environmental differ  will also determine the effects of long-term environmental differences on biodiversity of soil
10692	5	s is the evolutionary importance of dna content composition as well as sequence. our previous w  ition as well as sequence. our previous work on silene latifolia showed that variation in nucle  ia showed that variation in nuclear dna content, attributable to non-coding dna, was negatively  n of non-coding dna elements which have been found to fall into a range of different types . we  ll into a range of different types . we plan to identify, by means of in situ hybridisation ana
10702	4	understanding, at a mechanistic level, the moment-by-moment workings of adaptive evolut  opulations where evolutionary processes can be observed in real time. using populations of the   e bacterium pseudomonas fluorescens, we propose a multifaceted programme of research that combi   fluorescens, we propose a multifaceted programme of research that combines state of the art pr
10739	4	understanding, at a mechanistic level, the moment-by-moment workings of adaptive evolut  opulations where evolutionary processes can be observed in real time. using populations of the   e bacterium pseudomonas fluorescens, we propose a multifaceted programme of research that combi   fluorescens, we propose a multifaceted programme of research that combines state of the art pr
10578	6	nd mutant research animals that need to be held in laboratories. these last two uses are partic  nsgenic and mutant xenopus lines is now being used increasingly and, in the wild, amphibia are    for gamete and embryo cryopreservation are largely species-specific and, even after six decade  ation are largely species-specific and, even after six decades of development, there is little   after six decades of development, there is little understanding of the factors that determine t  el species a well-trained and versatile post-doctoral scientist.
2027	9	t to understand how natural populations can adapt to novel situations that may suddenly arise.   the raw material that natural selection can act on. however, the extent of genomic variation, w  n genomic and sequencing technology, we have the tools available to measure genomic variation a   across related species. the parasitoid-host interaction is particularly suitable for studying    while developing on their bodies. they are important in nearly all terrestrial ecosystems, and  tent immune defences to encapsulate and kill the parasitoid eggs. natural populations of drosop  n their resistance to parasitoids. this can be exploited to find crucial information about evol  nature. moreover, in the laboratory one can select for increased parasitoid resistance. in this   will investigate what genomic features are associated with the rapid and strong evolutionary r
11046	7	s. most of our knowledge of the genomic make-up of such barriers to gene exchange stems from a   ers to gene exchange stems from a small number of model organisms. the recent sequencing of the  rspecific differences in morphological, yield-related, and ecophysiological traits in several p  roductive isolation in european populus can be dissected using approaches related to the concep   in human genetics. the present project is focused on p. alba and p. tremula, two hybridizing,   expected under neutrality. we will also use our molecular genetic dataset to conduct a replicat   a replicated admixture mapping genomic scan for loci controlling leaf morphological difference
11287	7	s. most of our knowledge of the genomic make-up of such barriers to gene exchange stems from a   ers to gene exchange stems from a small number of model organisms. the recent sequencing of the  rspecific differences in morphological, yield-related, and ecophysiological traits in several p  roductive isolation in european populus can be dissected using approaches related to the concep   in human genetics. the present project is focused on p. alba and p. tremula, two hybridizing,   expected under neutrality. we will also use our molecular genetic dataset to conduct a replicat   a replicated admixture mapping genomic scan for loci controlling leaf morphological difference
11243	45	s occurring at an alarming rate, but we do not yet fully understand the effects this will have    alarming rate, but we do not yet fully understand the effects this will have on the living wor  adually moving the ranges in which they live, to stay in environmental conditions to which they   environmental conditions to which they are adapted. for many species in the uk, this means mov  onsequence of this is that some species are forced into close contact with their relatives. thi   this arrangement can work well if they are unable to have sex together, and the two species ca  together, and the two species can often coexist in the same area. but where sex is possible, th  sexual reproduction between two species is called hybridisation, and can result in the two spec  wo species is called hybridisation, and can result in the two species merging into a single new  h is nationally scarce. the two species can hybridise together even when they are far apart, be   the two species can hybridise together even when they are far apart, because they are wind pol  s can hybridise together even when they are far apart, because they are wind pollinated. they p   because they are wind pollinated. they produce hybrids that grow up and hybridise with their p  . they produce hybrids that grow up and hybridise with their parents. as downy birches advance   rf birches have no where left to go. we need to know how long this has been happening in the pa  ckly it is happening in the present. we can get a window on this from historical records, but t  historical records, but these can often be patchy. another way is to look at the dna of the two   look at the dna of the two species and look for signs of past hybridisation. because the speci  h genome will be found inside the downy birch genome wherever the two species have met, even if  nome wherever the two species have met, even if it was a long time ago. this means that we can   was a long time ago. this means that we can discover where the two species first met, and how f   first met, and how far dwarf birch has been pushed back by downy birch. for this to work, we h  ck by downy birch. for this to work, we have to look at very many sections of dna, all over the  he dna sequences of the two species and discover where they differ, then go back and look for t  the two species and discover where they differ, then go back and look for these differences in   ver where they differ, then go back and look for these differences in areas where they have hyb  they have hybridised. for every tree we look at, we can find which sections of the genome are f  bridised. for every tree we look at, we can find which sections of the genome are from downy bi  . looking more closely at that data, we can use mathematics to map which sections of the genome  re not. in another approach to this, we can use our dna sequence data to design sticky tags tha  er approach to this, we can use our dna sequence data to design sticky tags that are targeted t  equence data to design sticky tags that are targeted to one species or the other. when we attac  ed to one species or the other. when we attach these tags to dyes, we can paint the genomes of   . when we attach these tags to dyes, we can paint the genomes of individual plants and use micr  nt the genomes of individual plants and use microscopes to look at the mixtures of the two spec  tain. then we can look even closer, and investigate the function of genes in the sections from   the sections from different species. we expect different sections of the genomes to behave in d  ntegral to a species identity that they cannot part with them. others will be selected by the e  will be selected by the environment and move to wherever they are needed, regardless of the spe  e environment and move to wherever they are needed, regardless of the species. still others wil  dless of the species. still others will be neutral, and drift around at random; these are the b  cies. still others will be neutral, and drift around at random; these are the best markers of h   the question of which parts of genomes can move freely between species, even though we have be  enomes can move freely between species, even though we have been interested in it for a long ti  ly between species, even though we have been interested in it for a long time. so this work wil
9820	9	on. to achieve such an understanding it is necessary to combine knowledge of the genetic basis   nterest are complex, meaning that there are many genetic and environmental factors affecting ph  mple genetic background will accurately predict the evolutionary outcome of selection in a comp  tcome of selection in a complex genetic background, or in multiple environments. here, i propos  utionary change, this project will also provide a valuable means for the discovery of new genet  se two environmental conditions we will be able to investigate the influence of gene-by-environ   analysis will be performed for a large number of life-history traits under both environmental   e correlated responses to selection and trade-offs that could affect the outcome of the experim  ponses to selection and trade-offs that could affect the outcome of the experiment.
10690	2	the bacteriophage s-pm2 is a myovirus which infects strains of the cyanobacteri  with respect to identifying genes which may alter the properties of the host synechococcus cell
11060	9	idely distributed in subsaharan africa, is a particularly striking example, because it expresse  expression of different morphs. here we aim to understand how this control functions on a molec  w this control functions on a molecular level, following up on older proposals that the complex  he complexity of diversity is likely to be controlled by equally complex genetic mechanisms, so  ptively favourable phenotypes. equally, hitch-hiking of neutral sites with these functional sit  ng these functional sites will not only reveal the mechanism of how a gene can regulate the mor  only reveal the mechanism of how a gene can regulate the morphological variation, but also esta  cture of a complex locus on a molecular level, testing intriguing hypotheses from classical gen  ll demonstrate a more widely applicable approach on how to associate differences between living
15478	7	t deals with the study of the bacterial partner of a unique and recently discovered legume-rhiz   of a small geographic area with basic, lime-rich soils in mediterranean eastern spain. our pre  t rhizobia nodulating l. mariae-josephi are highly diverse. these results, together with the ve  ographic distribution of the symbiosis, provide a rare opportunity to investigate the diversity   affordable form. specific questions to be asked are: a what are the phylogenetic and evolutive  ct is successful, the l. mariae-josephi root-nodule, diazotrophic symbiosis will become the mod  ic capabilities by an otherwise diverse group of bacteria, with implications not only on rhizob
9869	18	g genetic diversity within species, and is particularly critical for long-lived sedentary organ  cal conditions is crucial, as they will be in one place for life and that lifetime may be centu  t lifetime may be centuries long. if we are to form reasonable predictions of the likely impact   of the likely impacts of environmental change on tree species, then we must begin to understan  nmental change on tree species, then we must begin to understand the process of local adaptatio  local adaptation at a genomic level and identify the genes, and the mutations in those genes, t   and the mutations in those genes, that are involved in control of tree phenotype. however, sev  s such as extinction and recolonisation may confound local adaptation. therefore, successful de  ne to phenotype to population scale and apply this to a specially selected group of european tr   a specially selected group of european tree species, in which clear adaptive divergence is pre   nuclear genes related to environmental stress, phenology and wood formation, and in the mitoch   to environmental stress, phenology and wood formation, and in the mitochondrial genome in natu  and deployment of a unique experimental design, placing intraspecific adaptive divergence in th  agement of forest genetic resources and tree production quality, particularly under the climate  tree species. project outputs will also be of direct application in science-based conservation,  es responsible for management of the uk forest resource and experience in communicating scienti  anagement of the uk forest resource and experience in communicating scientific outputs to end u  excellent opportunity to take immediate advantage of new genomic data, a ready-made collection
11507	2	environmental conditions can create and maintain the diversity that we see in the natural world  eate and maintain the diversity that we see in the natural world.
10890	20	perature anomaly has shown an anomalous zone of low seismic velocity, extending away from the h  the cause of the anomaly is unknown; it may represent a change in temperature and/or a zone of    mantle upwelling and melting. santiago is the fourth largest island in the archipelago but the  melting. santiago is the fourth largest island in the archipelago but there are very few publis  est island in the archipelago but there are very few published geochemical analyses. the most r  ges in ratios of elements which readily partition in to magmas during mantle melting suggest th   mantle melting suggest that the island is located either above lithosphere that varies dramati  on lavas from santiago where systematic sample collection has already been done by the pi. nume  ystematic sample collection has already been done by the pi. numerical modelling of the chemist  strain the composition, temperature and pressure of melting of the underlying mantle. the resul  read volcanism. the presence of a large body of melt extending from the zone of mantle-plume up  t occurs when these two dynamic systems are juxtaposed. the proposed research will build on the  esearch will build on the pi s previous research on mantle melting. it is novel because it will  previous research on mantle melting. it is novel because it will produce the first integrated g  le melting. it is novel because it will produce the first integrated geochemical and geophysica   integrated geochemical and geophysical model to account for the causes of widespread active vo  ible settings, such as the mid-atlantic ridge, and increase constraints on identifying where pl  gs, such as the mid-atlantic ridge, and increase constraints on identifying where plume-ridge i   constraints on identifying where plume-ridge interactions have occurred in the geological past  n will increase our knowledge of global-scale deep-mantle and earth surface processes.
10286	8	peatlands cover vast areas of the world - around 4 million square  round 4 million square kilometres - and store about as much carbon as do the living plants in t  ibly drier, climate, this stored carbon could be respired back to the atmosphere or leached int  he extra carbon released from peatlands could enhance greenhouse warming further, leading to a   perature. of special concern is the bog-moss, sphagnum, which has a unique chemical composition  ng the full range of variation, we will analyse in detail the chemistry of a wide variety of li  n short cores that provide a historical record of the past 300 years or so. in addition, we wil  t 300 years or so. in addition, we will track how the chemistry of new and old peat changes as
10539	8	peatlands cover vast areas of the world - around 4 million square  round 4 million square kilometres - and store about as much carbon as do the living plants in t  ibly drier, climate, this stored carbon could be respired back to the atmosphere or leached int  he extra carbon released from peatlands could enhance greenhouse warming further, leading to a   perature. of special concern is the bog-moss, sphagnum, which has a unique chemical composition  ng the full range of variation, we will analyse in detail the chemistry of a wide variety of li  n short cores that provide a historical record of the past 300 years or so. in addition, we wil  t 300 years or so. in addition, we will track how the chemistry of new and old peat changes as
11043	8	peatlands cover vast areas of the world - around 4 million square  round 4 million square kilometres - and store about as much carbon as do the living plants in t  ibly drier, climate, this stored carbon could be respired back to the atmosphere or leached int  he extra carbon released from peatlands could enhance greenhouse warming further, leading to a   perature. of special concern is the bog-moss, sphagnum, which has a unique chemical composition  ng the full range of variation, we will analyse in detail the chemistry of a wide variety of li  n short cores that provide a historical record of the past 300 years or so. in addition, we wil  t 300 years or so. in addition, we will track how the chemistry of new and old peat changes as
14524	6	round for huge numbers of extra-iberian land passerines, as well as for many local populations   tree plantations and mountains. we will study farmland bird communities along the 600-km long c  mland bird communities along the 600-km long coastal belt in northern spain, to explore the eff  mmunities along the 600-km long coastal belt in northern spain, to explore the effects of lands  lore the effects of landscape , we will approach the response of individual species to environm  nd geographical features. thus, we will explore the effect of geographical origin, migratory st
15498	5	ait of gibraltar stands out at a global scale by the diversity and singularity of its flora. on   sandstone soils which harbours a large proportion of the endemic flora . finally, it will cont  of the endemic flora . finally, it will contribute to ascertain the role of fire as an intrinsi  red sandstone patches of the nw african side of the strait of gibraltar, and will certainly pro  strait of gibraltar, and will certainly provide a sound scientific basis to help designing mana
14969	5	responses to climatic oscillations have been studied by several disciplines, commonly emphasizi  limatic trends. in this project we will use a fully integrated approach to evaluate plant distr  onmental variation. an array of iberian forest-living species with strongly sensitive, marginal  ental effects, both direct and indirect study of the role of local adaptation and phenotypic pl  retrospective and predictive approaches is expected from this project.
14896	1	lizards provide excellent model systems for documenting patterns of geographical
14168	4	occupies regionally different habitats, are of both theoretical and applied interest and the de   interest and the defence of at least 2 master theses, one phd study will be covered in part. t  ational peer-reviewed journals and they create a basis for distinguishing ecologically adapted   ons and, possibly, cryptic species that can be studied in the future using detailed molecular m
14774	6	this project aims to biosurvey and investigate microbial ecosystems from terrestrial oligi   different lithologies. the habitats to be sampled will span from hypogeous zones, such as the   mplications of their presence, since it is the response of microorganisms in the context of bio  ogical features of the lithic substrate could have on microbial colonization, will provides rel  l diversity of natural environments and are essential for designing future conservation strateg  tion strategies or for biotechnological research efforts such as those related to biomining or
11378	6	egment number between arthropod species must originate from intraspecific variation. yet such v  ific variation in segment number and so form a potential model system for studying this issue.   stood. only one previous study has ever been conducted, and it was based entirely on analysis o  s study has ever been conducted, and it was based entirely on analysis of field-caught broods.   r. this will involve field collections, pair-matings under varied conditions, and comparisons o  chlings with parents. embryos will also be fixed, stained and photographed to allow analysis of
10154	5	antarctic subglacial lakes are expected to contain unique microbial lifeforms and   ich can only take place once a lake has been characterised fully by geophysical methods. of the  ubglacial lakes in antarctica none have been measured to the level required for meaningful dire  l exploration of a 10 km ong subglacial lake in west antarctica . the result of the project wil  he first fully characterised subglacial lake environment and the establishment of a candidate f
10423	10	have attracted considerable scientific interest over the last ten years as they are expected t  nterest over the last ten years as they are expected to contain unique microbial lifeforms and    penetrate into a lake, and measure and sample the lake water and sediment. no lake has yet to    water and sediment. no lake has yet to be explored in this way, however. this form of direct a  sis can only take place once a lake has been characterised fully by geophysical methods , and t  ised fully by geophysical methods , and take on what is arguably the most eagerly awaited and h  uably the most eagerly awaited and high-profile scientific project in the history of antarctic   rly awaited and high-profile scientific project in the history of antarctic science. hence, the  tarctic science. hence, the geophysical work we propose here will be thought of, in years to co  science. hence, the geophysical work we propose here will be thought of, in years to come, as a
11773	10	have attracted considerable scientific interest over the last ten years as they are expected t  nterest over the last ten years as they are expected to contain unique microbial lifeforms and    penetrate into a lake, and measure and sample the lake water and sediment. no lake has yet to    water and sediment. no lake has yet to be explored in this way, however. this form of direct a  sis can only take place once a lake has been characterised fully by geophysical methods , and t  ised fully by geophysical methods , and take on what is arguably the most eagerly awaited and h  uably the most eagerly awaited and high-profile scientific project in the history of antarctic   rly awaited and high-profile scientific project in the history of antarctic science. hence, the  tarctic science. hence, the geophysical work we propose here will be thought of, in years to co  science. hence, the geophysical work we propose here will be thought of, in years to come, as a
14916	2	ess of helminths as biological tags has been analysed in various ecosystems, most frequently ma  nvironmental disaster. this model might be applied in public health, particularly in the contro
10666	23	s to observe our environment in ways we have only dreamt of. we will use a fleet of three robot  in ways we have only dreamt of. we will use a fleet of three robots roaming the ocean near anta   critical to our ability to predict and manage the ocean and its living resources in an era of   cedented change. the robots we will use are called ocean gliders. much like the familiar airbor  ike the familiar airborne gliders, they do not have a propeller. batteries drive a pump to move  ers money since some ocean observations can be done much more efficiently by remotely controlle  ly controlled gliders. gliders can also observe the ocean when we d really rather not be there   e the ocean when we d really rather not be there with ships, such as in winter or in strong win  happens in the southern weddell sea. we think that this might now be happening in a new region,   in a new region, because of the recent collapse of the larsen ice shelf. our gliders will meas  se of the recent collapse of the larsen ice shelf. our gliders will measure the amount of dense  rculation that controls our climate; we need to know if these are changing. this dense water sp  hore, as the dense water changes. we ll try to measure and understand this. these changes in th  water changes. we ll try to measure and understand this. these changes in the ocean currents al  hese changes in the ocean currents also affect the animals living in the waters near antarctica  ggs around the antarctic peninsula, and are then carried across the scotia sea to south georgia  ntarctic peninsula is well surveyed, we don t know how many krill are in the weddell sea, on th   are in the weddell sea, on the eastern side of the peninsula, possibly spending the winter und  r these krill reach south georgia if we can establish that the krill are surviving under the ic  e krill are surviving under the ice and could travel to south georgia, it may be that marine ma  d could travel to south georgia, it may be that marine mammals and the krill fishing industry w  s too in an uncertain future; you never know, the krill pizza may find its way to your local su  future; you never know, the krill pizza may find its way to your local supermarket before long
10668	23	s to observe our environment in ways we have only dreamt of. we will use a fleet of three robot  in ways we have only dreamt of. we will use a fleet of three robots roaming the ocean near anta   critical to our ability to predict and manage the ocean and its living resources in an era of   cedented change. the robots we will use are called ocean gliders. much like the familiar airbor  ike the familiar airborne gliders, they do not have a propeller. batteries drive a pump to move  ers money since some ocean observations can be done much more efficiently by remotely controlle  ly controlled gliders. gliders can also observe the ocean when we d really rather not be there   e the ocean when we d really rather not be there with ships, such as in winter or in strong win  happens in the southern weddell sea. we think that this might now be happening in a new region,   in a new region, because of the recent collapse of the larsen ice shelf. our gliders will meas  se of the recent collapse of the larsen ice shelf. our gliders will measure the amount of dense  rculation that controls our climate; we need to know if these are changing. this dense water sp  hore, as the dense water changes. we ll try to measure and understand this. these changes in th  water changes. we ll try to measure and understand this. these changes in the ocean currents al  hese changes in the ocean currents also affect the animals living in the waters near antarctica  ggs around the antarctic peninsula, and are then carried across the scotia sea to south georgia  ntarctic peninsula is well surveyed, we don t know how many krill are in the weddell sea, on th   are in the weddell sea, on the eastern side of the peninsula, possibly spending the winter und  r these krill reach south georgia if we can establish that the krill are surviving under the ic  e krill are surviving under the ice and could travel to south georgia, it may be that marine ma  d could travel to south georgia, it may be that marine mammals and the krill fishing industry w  s too in an uncertain future; you never know, the krill pizza may find its way to your local su  future; you never know, the krill pizza may find its way to your local supermarket before long
10983	23	s to observe our environment in ways we have only dreamt of. we will use a fleet of three robot  in ways we have only dreamt of. we will use a fleet of three robots roaming the ocean near anta   critical to our ability to predict and manage the ocean and its living resources in an era of   cedented change. the robots we will use are called ocean gliders. much like the familiar airbor  ike the familiar airborne gliders, they do not have a propeller. batteries drive a pump to move  ers money since some ocean observations can be done much more efficiently by remotely controlle  ly controlled gliders. gliders can also observe the ocean when we d really rather not be there   e the ocean when we d really rather not be there with ships, such as in winter or in strong win  happens in the southern weddell sea. we think that this might now be happening in a new region,   in a new region, because of the recent collapse of the larsen ice shelf. our gliders will meas  se of the recent collapse of the larsen ice shelf. our gliders will measure the amount of dense  rculation that controls our climate; we need to know if these are changing. this dense water sp  hore, as the dense water changes. we ll try to measure and understand this. these changes in th  water changes. we ll try to measure and understand this. these changes in the ocean currents al  hese changes in the ocean currents also affect the animals living in the waters near antarctica  ggs around the antarctic peninsula, and are then carried across the scotia sea to south georgia  ntarctic peninsula is well surveyed, we don t know how many krill are in the weddell sea, on th   are in the weddell sea, on the eastern side of the peninsula, possibly spending the winter und  r these krill reach south georgia if we can establish that the krill are surviving under the ic  e krill are surviving under the ice and could travel to south georgia, it may be that marine ma  d could travel to south georgia, it may be that marine mammals and the krill fishing industry w  s too in an uncertain future; you never know, the krill pizza may find its way to your local su  future; you never know, the krill pizza may find its way to your local supermarket before long
11016	23	s to observe our environment in ways we have only dreamt of. we will use a fleet of three robot  in ways we have only dreamt of. we will use a fleet of three robots roaming the ocean near anta   critical to our ability to predict and manage the ocean and its living resources in an era of   cedented change. the robots we will use are called ocean gliders. much like the familiar airbor  ike the familiar airborne gliders, they do not have a propeller. batteries drive a pump to move  ers money since some ocean observations can be done much more efficiently by remotely controlle  ly controlled gliders. gliders can also observe the ocean when we d really rather not be there   e the ocean when we d really rather not be there with ships, such as in winter or in strong win  happens in the southern weddell sea. we think that this might now be happening in a new region,   in a new region, because of the recent collapse of the larsen ice shelf. our gliders will meas  se of the recent collapse of the larsen ice shelf. our gliders will measure the amount of dense  rculation that controls our climate; we need to know if these are changing. this dense water sp  hore, as the dense water changes. we ll try to measure and understand this. these changes in th  water changes. we ll try to measure and understand this. these changes in the ocean currents al  hese changes in the ocean currents also affect the animals living in the waters near antarctica  ggs around the antarctic peninsula, and are then carried across the scotia sea to south georgia  ntarctic peninsula is well surveyed, we don t know how many krill are in the weddell sea, on th   are in the weddell sea, on the eastern side of the peninsula, possibly spending the winter und  r these krill reach south georgia if we can establish that the krill are surviving under the ic  e krill are surviving under the ice and could travel to south georgia, it may be that marine ma  d could travel to south georgia, it may be that marine mammals and the krill fishing industry w  s too in an uncertain future; you never know, the krill pizza may find its way to your local su  future; you never know, the krill pizza may find its way to your local supermarket before long
12043	7	ected areas. to date the most important threat on pelagic ecosystems results from overfishing,   ird to describe pelagic regionalisation was based on a framework that considers water propertie  s succeeded to perform the first global study of the at-sea distribution of 13 species of threa  pecies. glides had important scientific impact with 26 papers already published or in press in   me new restrictions concerning the long-line fisheries activities in the sub-tropical areas and  starting of a new extensive, scientific project to promote the future extensive network of mari  project to promote the future extensive network of marine protect areas in in the southern ocea
14369	19	objectives nowadays, food security and crop production variability become a major concern. mor   the late 1990s, very little change has been observed in the operational systems. a major gap e  ionally used and the current scientific state of the art in eo crop monitoring. there is a lack  of the art in eo crop monitoring. there is a lack of relevant field data over large areas, and   monitoring. there is a lack of relevant field data over large areas, and these data are very mu   for local crop monitoring and the wide-scale operational system requirement. the research will   integrated approach providing area and crop production estimate by combining satellite remote   his is also the reason why a conceptual research effort will then attempt to develop more robus  ring system, i.e. croplands mapping and crop area estimation, eo monitoring, crop modelling and  ll be completed on 3 large sites of 300 x 300 km distributed in northern europe, africa and asi   in each site, a calibration area of 60 x 60 km an interannual comparison. results expected the  me of the research is a pre-operational approach to estimate crop type area based on optical an  ld be more efficient, more general and, last but not least, more robust with regard to unusual   gard to unusual growing conditions. new crop indicators should also be proved to be more robust  itions. new crop indicators should also be proved to be more robust than classical ndvi profile  d to be more robust than classical ndvi profile anomalies or absolute production estimate. besi  he three core sites and the estimate to be delivered, the scientific project outcomes concern m  stimate to be delivered, the scientific project outcomes concern mainly methodological progress  rs in the field, the belgian scientific expertise in the field will be enhanced and its network
10644	11	on coral reefs for their livelihood and source of food. almost all of the ecosystem services pr  he ecosystem services provided by reefs are founded upon living corals which, through a mutuali  rough a mutualism with symbiotic algae, are able to deposit a coral skeleton. unfortunately, th  ses in sea temperature of only 1 degree can result in massive areas of coral dying off. indeed,  ns of living coral cover in the bahamas are strongly associated with the intensity of thermal s  atterns of sea temperature on reefs and generate new hypotheses to follow up. all of the datase  lyses. our results will have widespread impact because they assess the scope for managing clima  ill have widespread impact because they assess the scope for managing climate change on reefs t  hroughout the world. those regions that do not possess great geographic variation in thermal st  ic variation in thermal stress will not lend themselves to a stratification of management for c  m of global climate change. as such, we anticipate a broad impact upon the science of sustainab
10424	3	igh proportion of biodiversity. here we consider three types of hotspot: based on species-richn  derpin their origin and maintenance. we propose to use massive new databases on the spatial dis  erform the first statistically rigorous study of the ecological and evolutionary basis of hotsp
10665	3	igh proportion of biodiversity. here we consider three types of hotspot: based on species-richn  derpin their origin and maintenance. we propose to use massive new databases on the spatial dis  erform the first statistically rigorous study of the ecological and evolutionary basis of hotsp
10683	3	igh proportion of biodiversity. here we consider three types of hotspot: based on species-richn  derpin their origin and maintenance. we propose to use massive new databases on the spatial dis  erform the first statistically rigorous study of the ecological and evolutionary basis of hotsp
9899	3	igh proportion of biodiversity. here we consider three types of hotspot: based on species-richn  derpin their origin and maintenance. we propose to use massive new databases on the spatial dis  erform the first statistically rigorous study of the ecological and evolutionary basis of hotsp
10428	5	biodiversity information; it would also be a platform on which new taxonomy can be published an  lso be a platform on which new taxonomy can be published and new biological information collect   to ensure that the content we generate can be used by the very broadest spectrum of end users.  he way the core of biodiversity science is organised and accessed. we will have radically chang  ence is organised and accessed. we will have radically changed the type of fundamental and appl
10759	5	biodiversity information; it would also be a platform on which new taxonomy can be published an  lso be a platform on which new taxonomy can be published and new biological information collect   to ensure that the content we generate can be used by the very broadest spectrum of end users.  he way the core of biodiversity science is organised and accessed. we will have radically chang  ence is organised and accessed. we will have radically changed the type of fundamental and appl
11014	5	biodiversity information; it would also be a platform on which new taxonomy can be published an  lso be a platform on which new taxonomy can be published and new biological information collect   to ensure that the content we generate can be used by the very broadest spectrum of end users.  he way the core of biodiversity science is organised and accessed. we will have radically chang  ence is organised and accessed. we will have radically changed the type of fundamental and appl
11041	16	organisms, resulting in a catastrophic drop in animal and plant diversity. this crisis is know  ng in a catastrophic drop in animal and plant diversity. this crisis is known as the permian ma  animal and plant diversity. this crisis is known as the permian mass extinction event. while th  ty. this crisis is known as the permian mass extinction event. while the factors underlying thi   still unclear, one aspect of it stands out: life at large suffered a remarkable collapse. this  ction is the most dramatic of all large-scale biological crises that have taken place over the    few survivors of the end permian event are held to have undergone a slow recovery and were res  ning of the mesozoic era. this recovery was accompanied by a major remodelling of animal and pl  ed by a major remodelling of animal and plant communities, resulting in the dominance of certai  y unaffected; others showed a sudden or steady decrese in abundance and went extinct forever be  iation in the lowermost triassic. it is clear that different vertebrates responded differently    from the geological and fossil records can be amalgamated to offer a more precise characteriza  r picture of the extent to which groups are represented even in the absence of direct fossil ev  ntial of fossil vertebrates to uncover, refine or challenge evolutionary models during periods   ossil vertebrates to uncover, refine or challenge evolutionary models during periods of major b  iods of major biotic disaster and large-scale faunal transformations.
428	7	ects of the relationship between global change, animal diversity and human societies in norther  human societies in northern france have been studied over a long period. the first part of this   period. the first part of this project was devoted to documenting biodiversity changes in time  ene period. a synthesis of the data has been carried out to put into perspective the observatio  t the effects of the changes in climate are recorded in the various components of biodiversity,  ed in several stages, some of them very short but part of a process which lasted several thousa  neolithic groups. similar patterns have been highlighted for oxes and aurochs in the recent dan
7144	11	evolutionary sociocultural context. she is also interested in building process and development   cts of the relationships between global change, animal biodiversity and human societies on the   ocieties on the northern part of france were examined in the long term. a first axis of the pro   the biodiversity changes over time and space in relation to environmental fluctuations, for th  d - old holocene. a data synthesis work was carried out in order to put into perspective the ob  show that the effects of climate change are recorded in the various components of biodiversity   f biodiversity but times response times are differentiated according to the components of biodi  rate wildlife we currently inherit. and redial large animals is expressed in several time, some  ently inherit. and redial large animals is expressed in several time, sometimes very short, but  pressed in several time, sometimes very short, but in a process over several millennia. the ini  nfiguration similar to beef and aurochs was seen by others at the recent atlantic in denmark an
7212	10	roject is to study the effect of global change on the biological and functional diversity of so   they contain and the role of agencies, major players soil functioning, is of utmost importance  encies, major players soil functioning, is of utmost importance for the development of the isla   change on the abundance, diversity and function of three main groups of invertebrates: worms,   s of invertebrates: worms, termites and beetle larvae scarabeoidea. a sociological study on tra  tle larvae scarabeoidea. a sociological study on traditional knowledge related to diversity and   wildlife in madagascar soils will also be conducted. this knowledge is a prerequisite to imple  ecosystems. the results of this project could help policy in terms of biodiversity conservation  management of cultivated areas. we also plan to build a database on the diversity of soil macro  ty of soil macrofauna in madagascar and conserve species described in a malagasy conservation u
452	5	oning of soil. the study of madagascars soil diversity, of the biodiversity it encloses and the  main actors in the functioning of soil, is of greatest importance for the development of the is  ères scarabeoidea larva. a sociological study of traditional knowledge linked with diversity an  ty and functions of the fauna will also be carried out. this knowledge is a necessary precondit  atabase on the diversity of madagascars soil macro-fauna and preserving the identified species
15416	1	changes, with or without water deficit, may alter the allocation of photoassimilates among orga
2008	2	climate change at high latitudes is predicted to be greater and more rapid than in any o  r plants to climate change, very little is known about the response of cryptogams . these data
417	9	are most threatened by human activities are found in these tropical forests. moreover these cha  ropical forests. moreover these changes could have important consequences, for instance on the    the composition of species assemblages is related to migration within tropical landscapes frag  agmented tropical forest landscapes, it is essential to develop an integrative approach, which    is essential to develop an integrative approach, which takes into account the mechanisms of sp  ular level of the landscape. this study was carried out in one of the world’s tropical forest l   area. detailed ecological studies have been carried out there for almost half a century, and t  ty years on the dispersion of seeds and forest dynamics delivered some precious knowledge on th  hanisms of biodiversity at this spatial scale, both looking at local diversity . the research p
7134	6	plants and animals in the landscape. it is essential to develop an integrative approach to the    is essential to develop an integrative approach to the study of fragmented tropical forest lan  ics of this landscape scale. this study was conducted in one of the tropical forest landscapes   canal. detailed ecological studies have been conducted there for nearly a half century, and res  last twenty years on seed dispersal and forest dynamics have helped to gain valuable knowledge   hanisms of biodiversity at this spatial scale, both local diversity
15171	15	it is an undisputed fact that the human pressure and the d  own very little on the impact of global change on the mediterranean environment. species indica  ing and understanding how these impacts can affect the dynamics of its ecosystems. these cover   cies that converge in an ecosystem, and allow for analyses that yield general patterns that can  alyses that yield general patterns that can be used by decision-makers. many conservation measu  on the monitoring of bioindicator taxa, assume that these groups largely represent the biodiver   taxa, assume that these groups largely represent the biodiversity of the system and its respon  inst environmental factors have not yet been integrated appropriately in the mediterranean area  esis for this research is that there is overlap between the information provided by birds and b  nd butterflies on the effects of global change on biodiversity, although there is also a part o   change on biodiversity, although there is also a part of this information exclusively explaine  develop a conceptual and methodological framework that allows predicting in a robust way the ch  e changes in biodiversity at a regional scale through the use of data from large scale monitori  grams of different taxa. now, catalonia is one of a few mediterranean regions that possess larg   butterflies. this project will firstly address the factors that determine the spatial and temp
15408	5	effects of global change drivers on the local persistence of plant popula  e change and human-driven fragmentation are expected to interact by both hampering migration ro   outcome depends on climatic conditions is chosen as the main target plant species due to its e  al relevance and to the information and experience available in the research group, which allow  esearch group, which allows a realistic approach to a truly multidisciplinary research. results
14534	10	the palaeonvironmental reconstruction is based on natural phenomena with climatic signals, re  trumental records. the research project is focused in forecasting and modelling the behaviour a  n those records reflecting the climatic change as well as the antropogenic pollution, in which    in which the research team has a borad experience: active and inherited crio-nival environment  ophic peats. in the coasts, the project are focused in the environmental and chronologic charac  n ancient sedimentary accumulations and present dynamics. on mountain areas we want to improve    present dynamics. on mountain areas we want to improve the resolution of the climatic data in    allows forecasting of their behaviour, being also a good record of the atmospheric composition  ng trace elements of lithogenic origin, being a good detector of natural variations in the flux  founded in the nw of iberian penninsula are of global character and so, must be similar in tier
9950	16	football pitch - in north-western peru may contain up to 300 different species of tree. in con   in the whole of northwest europe there are only 50 native tree species ecologists have been tr   the question of just how and why there are so many species of tree in tropical forests for a l  ical forests for a long time and we are still a long way from finding out the answer. it is thi  ong way from finding out the answer. it is this question that my work will consider. one of the  from finding out the answer. it is this question that my work will consider. one of the mechani  aplings of other trees to germinate and grow up to the canopy. if these new trees belong to the  e that originally died then it makes no difference to the diversity of the forest. if, on the o  are able to grow quickly with plentiful light, are the most likely species to grow in the gaps.  e to grow quickly with plentiful light, are the most likely species to grow in the gaps. work a  nt sites, in order to understand why we see these different patterns in different places. i wil  ing, amazonia remains awe inspiring: it is the largest continuous block of tropical forest in t  inspiring: it is the largest continuous block of tropical forest in the world and houses more t  ed over the last 25 years. this pattern may be driven by changes in the atmosphere, such as ris  ve changes in the kinds of species that are found in these forests. understanding what happens   t for understanding why so many species can coexist in the tropical forests now, but also for p
2459	7	economic losses caused by the root and butt-rot pathogen heterobasidion annosum, developments   omic losses caused by the root and butt-rot pathogen heterobasidion annosum, developments of ef  elopments of efficient control measures are warranted. considerable clonal variation has been r  nted. considerable clonal variation has been recorded for norway spruce in resistance towards h  s tremula upon pathogen attack will now be used, and homologues of norway spruce genes to defen  ased on the identified homologues, real-time pcr will be employed to screen the defence respons  efence in norway spruce, knowledge that can be used in a breeding program targeted to resistanc
10824	11	it is now established that catalytic cycles involving reac  tive halogen species such as io and bro are responsible for tropospheric ozone depletion events  eric rhs may be more widespread: io has been detected in air masses with little or no coastal i  llite data indicate a free tropospheric background of bro of about 1-2 pptv. the formation of r  of about 1-2 pptv. the formation of rhs is initiated by photolysis of marine organo-halogens an  n the case of bromine, by autocatalytic release from sea-salt aerosol. open ocean production of  mine, by autocatalytic release from sea-salt aerosol. open ocean production of reactive organo-  ge and highly sensitive instrumentation are required in order to produce accurate emission esti  urface area. with the data provided, we aim to estimate the relative contributions of organo-ha  on. data coverage will span coastal and open ocean regions from the canadian coast to the antar  nd open ocean regions from the canadian coast to the antarctic ocean.
11069	5	ng a range of linked impact modules and impact indicators, representing impacts on water resour   biodiversity and human health and well-being on land, at the coast, and at sea. the project wi  ons, using a variety of approaches, and allow the identification of the risks of specific impac  odology and results of the project also provide a framework for the assessment of the impacts o  e more rapid assessment of a very large number of climate outcomes using regionalised functions
9930	6	we will use a simple model ecosystem to build a global view at   imple model ecosystem to build a global view at the transcriptome level of how interactions bet  uild a global view at the transcriptome level of how interactions between plants . plant and ba  s in all three components of the insect-plant-rhizobacteria ecosystem. we anticipate the discov  nsect-plant-rhizobacteria ecosystem. we anticipate the discovery of potential mechanistic pathw  ere interactions. the project will also produce valuable new tools for the statistical treatmen
13802	7	populations are today affected by large-scale climate changes. in order to understand how birds  d how birds respond to these changes we need to understand how the environment affects differen  ables in wild birds. the major stepping-stone from environmental variables to reproductive life  docrine and endocrine processes, and it is the plasticity in these mechanisms that determine th  ing range enormously to the north. this must have profound implications for the mechanisms by w  em perceives environmental signals, and transduce them into neuroendocrine and endocrine secret  bal warming goes - unless birds rapidly adapt to the new environmental conditions.
15367	10	e biodiversity loss seen today has only been recorded five other times in the whole earths hist  ates, above all amphibians and mammals, are especially vulnerable. the project we propose here   e especially vulnerable. the project we propose here will focus on monitoring mammalian biodive  uring the last 23 millions of years. we concentrate on mammals due to practical reasons since t  als due to practical reasons since they constitute the only group of vertebrates with a fossil    reasons since they constitute the only group of vertebrates with a fossil record suitable to u  to undertake this study and since there is a large and growing body of literature and available  y of literature and available data that must be complemented with other data base. our aim is t  ic and faunal change. moreover, we will ascertain if current faunal changes reflect a unique re  or if these changes fall inside what we could call a background noise in the context of the las
13324	8	that couple high rates of environmental change with strong economic changes, whose collective e  onomic changes, whose collective effect may alter the ability of mountain regions to provide cr  in regions in the 21st century, we will develop an integrative research strategy for detecting   century, we will develop an integrative research strategy for detecting signals of global envir  tecting signals of global environmental change in mountain environments, for defining the conse  duct-oriented workshops dedicated to: 1 long-term monitoring, 2 integrated modelling, 3 process  final open science conference on global change in mountain regions. by gearing the research str   reserves provides ideal natural global change laboratories with core protected mountainous are
13750	4	earch initiative in alpine environments are included at each site. soil temperature loggers are   at each site. soil temperature loggers are deployed at all summits since the start. the swedis  climate station. the first re-inventory was made at 15 of the european sites in 2008, and the p   site will catch up with the others and join a synthesis analysis of observed changes across eu
10064	8	isms, generally microscopic in size and are difficult to sample. in 1931 sir alister hardy set   ze and are difficult to sample. in 1931 sir alister hardy set up the continuous plankton record  n recorder so that a global perspective can be achieved. gacs will be more than the sum of the   m of the individual parts since we will move from a series of disconnected surveys towards a gl  veys towards a global perspective. this is needed to tackle the global challenges of climate, f   secondment of staff will be set up. it is anticipated that gacs will be self sustaining once i  at gacs will be self sustaining once it is set and the way of working has been agreed.   ce it is set and the way of working has been agreed.
11405	8	planning and health protection measures be constructed to pre-empt future health risks from pat  otection measures be constructed to pre-empt future health risks from pathogens in the soil-wat  health risks from pathogens in the soil-water environment to respond to these challenges we req  nment to respond to these challenges we require a broad skills base covering microbiology and t   of pathogen interactions with soil and water; catchment risk assessment; water resource manage  l and water; catchment risk assessment; water resource management; human health and epidemiolog  comes will be: a comprehensive critical review of the current state of the science, risks and p   and at least one proposal for a larger-scale interdisciplinary research consortium based on th
11584	8	planning and health protection measures be constructed to pre-empt future health risks from pat  otection measures be constructed to pre-empt future health risks from pathogens in the soil-wat  health risks from pathogens in the soil-water environment to respond to these challenges we req  nment to respond to these challenges we require a broad skills base covering microbiology and t   of pathogen interactions with soil and water; catchment risk assessment; water resource manage  l and water; catchment risk assessment; water resource management; human health and epidemiolog  comes will be: a comprehensive critical review of the current state of the science, risks and p   and at least one proposal for a larger-scale interdisciplinary research consortium based on th
14492	12	ing sex reversal is necessary in curent research in this field. we have described a case of sex  dentalis, where all females are fertile true hemaphrodites with ovotestes. the testicular tissu  hrodites with ovotestes. the testicular tissue in these ovotestes shows several exceptional fea   shows several exceptional features and may thus be a valuable material for the study of some a  veral exceptional features and may thus be a valuable material for the study of some aspects of  ects of mammalian gonad development. we are currently investigating the expression pattern of t  d in situ hybridisation, but this study must be complemented with quantitative analysis of the   y them. accordingly, in this project we propose the use of quantitative rt-pcr reactions to det  of these genes, a fact that has already been evidenced in some cases. also, we propose to use i   been evidenced in some cases. also, we propose to use immunofluorescence or immunohistochemica   regulation of these genes. finally, we plan to construct two subtrantive libraries which will   way a valuable scientific resource wich may help to identify new genes in future research proje
12367	4	status this project will provide a high-level, non-exhaustive list of elements that constitute   ll provide a high-level, non-exhaustive list of elements that constitute ges, identify a packag  e list of elements that constitute ges, identify a package of generic qualitative descriptors f  ric qualitative descriptors for ges and provide an evaluation of the scope of the initial asses
13889	5	onference on harmful algae. the meeting is organized by a swedish-danish collaboration through   ternational conference on harmful algae is held every other year and is the biggest and most im  mful algae is held every other year and is the biggest and most important of the international   s. the conference will thus effectively emphasize the swedish-danish expertise in its role in r  ffectively emphasize the swedish-danish expertise in its role in research, education, and monit
13408	1	nstitute. phenological, pomological and yield criterias of the collected varieties types will b
12157	9	pastoral-dominated landscapes. ryegrass can produce abundant, large seeds on fertile soils but   is rarely allowed to flower. in a small-scale trial, plots of final cut silage left in situ ove  ilage grass yields the following spring were reduced by an average of 14%, although natural res  d birds on livestock farms. however, it is unclear how seed yield will vary between grass varie   and inputs of inorganic fertilizer. we propose a series of small-plot experimental studies to   ertilizer. we propose a series of small-plot experimental studies to investigate the influence   egrass varieties. the project will also assess the attractiveness to foraging birds of 0.5ha bl  cks of ryegrass allowed to set seed and remain in situ overwinter. the importance of grass seed  ee sward restoration techniques. it may be possible to extend the productive life of ryegrass s
14376	1	rocesses and multiple scenarios testing can contribute to improving the buffalo-cattle contact
2059	11	sheep grazing may influence the critical autumn, winter, and spring r  zing may influence the critical autumn, winter, and spring range conditions for reindeer, but t  yed competition for reindeer on autumn, winter, and spring ranges. to accomplish this, one will  ing preference in setesdal-ryfylke, and relate this to quantity and quality of graminoids and g   a controlled experiment, one will also study how agricultural land in northern norway could be  t, one will also study how agricultural land in northern norway could be used in a dual-species  ow agricultural land in northern norway could be used in a dual-species grazing system for semi  tablishing this system could ultimately improve reindeer production and the socioeconomic and c   farmers. information from this project can provide complementary knowledge towards long-term n  de complementary knowledge towards long-term natural processes and contribute to designing mana  towards long-term natural processes and contribute to designing management models for improving
10475	15	wn is the great race , the spectacular, narrow extension of that flow to the west. on each tida  of that flow to the west. on each tidal cycle, water is injected into the open water of the fir  to the west. on each tidal cycle, water is injected into the open water of the firth of lorn at   the head of the race during each tidal cycle, a clockwise eddy to the north and an anticlockwi  ce during each tidal cycle, a clockwise eddy to the north and an anticlockwise eddy to the sout   eddy to the north and an anticlockwise eddy to the south. these eddies persist for several tid  ersist for several tidal cycles as they evolve, interact and are displaced by newly-formed eddi  dal cycles as they evolve, interact and are displaced by newly-formed eddies, so the great race   stirring rod for the firth of lorn. we plan to use this remarkable natural laboratory to make   is project will use an array of cutting-edge technologies and instrumentation. we will release   the great race, measuring its turbulent structure on the smallest scales, while ship-based surv  -based surveys will paint out the wider picture from above. each of these techniques will contr  re and behaviour of the great race have been determined the key task will be to understand how   y task will be to understand how energy is distributed among eddies of different scales and how  asing distance from the eddy source. it is these features that a successful numerical model wil
7250	20	ild. peri-urban areas of ile-de- france are strategic places of high biodiversity and high traf   the management of 'natural' spaces and determine what could be the consequences of territorial  tion in terms of biodiversity, puisquon are no fewer than 14 000 species, a third of species pr  rall competitiveness of the territorial island -de- france. * several large studies indicate a   the inhabitants of urban areas not only give importance to landscape aspects and the living env  ns very unclear. few work in this field are limited mostly to parks and gardens in city centers  dinary biodiversity management purpose, know what the relationship quentretiennent different gr  l nature parks and with them, the rural crown; * the green valleys and links. share their locat   the most closely related daily a large number of citizens island -de- france with natural spac  ipheral areas and city centers, so they are the biodiversity - key spaces. however, in contrast  in recent years, urbanization oil stain is proven by numerous studies. in short, these suburban  ation to the proposed issue would first be performed. it would be peri-urban areas, located in   en belt. * a spatial approach using gis is expected to locate areas of potential vulnerability   work of a series of in-depth interviews could be considered, to better understand the relations   and their expectations in this area. - face the work of territorial listening, analytical work  rk of territorial listening, analytical work of political and territorial arrangements would ex  rial arrangements would examine the way is taken into account biodiversity in the territorial m  graphic representation tools could well be used for this purpose. by confrontation between thes  ross each territory. it would certainly be a good way to contribute to local ownership and impl  inciples and objectives of the regional charter of biodiversity and natural environments
14773	3	the establishment of sustainable forage rotations based on persistent pasture crops is b  s advise the use of green covers, which are constituted by perennial pasture species or by re-s  eresting species is the annual raygrass are also evident under field conditions. - to determine
6853	1	climate. that is why need the hungarian green peas breeding.
7476	7	tizens, 18% of the european population, live in countries affected by water stress problems; fo  n trends, due to global climate change, add to this already serious situation: according to the   by 2070. the importance of the problem is recognised at the european level, as proven by the s  e problem is recognised at the european level, as proven by the strong common european position  as proven by the strong common european position at the recent fifth world water forum . 65% of  ze during summer with tourist presences are affected by increasing water scarcity due to severa  elines, desalinisation plants and large water vessels are unpractical solutions under technical
12623	24	peatlands hold the uk`s largest single store of carbon. in good c  tore of carbon. in good condition, they can contribute to attempts to offset climate change due  er millenia. on the other hand, if they are destabilised by poor land-management, pollution, wa   hand, if they are destabilised by poor land-management, pollution, warming or drying, they can  ent, pollution, warming or drying, they can release co2 back to the atmosphere, exacerbating cl  warming or drying, they can release co2 back to the atmosphere, exacerbating climate change. in  climate change. in addition, peatlands `leak` some of the carbon they hold into the rivers that  eatlands `leak` some of the carbon they hold into the rivers that drain them, as dissolved orga   carbon , the amount of carbon released can increase if peatlands become unstable, for example   ch as the peak district. at present, we do not know where all the carbon transported from peatl   from peatlands into rivers goes. if it is passively transported down rivers and back into sedi  s passively transported down rivers and back into sediments in lakes, reservoirs or coastal wat  om one secure store to another will not affect the climate. if, on the other hand, it is active   the climate. if, on the other hand, it is actively processed in the river system, and decompos  how much of the total river carbon flux is converted into greenhouse gases, we hope to be able    is converted into greenhouse gases, we hope to be able to complete our understanding of the gr   manage the uk`s peatlands so that they can make a positive contribution to global climate by h  carbon released from peatlands, we will study how the different forms of river carbon are proce  how the different forms of river carbon are processed at a range of critical locations within r  stry, down to the estuary. we will also consider the role of drinking water treatment works whe  water treatment works where this carbon is removed by a variety of methods. the approaches used  from the water, where and how fast they occur, with a parallel programme of field-based experim  cross england and wales. ultimately, we hope to be able to determine what proportion of each of  he land, or water supply systems, which could help to reduce these emissions.
11230	17	icultural greenhouse gas emissions have been estimated at 20% of china s national emissions wit  nal impacts of mitigation policy. there is strong interest in agriculture s mitigation potentia  s of mitigation policy. there is strong interest in agriculture s mitigation potential in sever  policies have yet to present a coherent view on the role of agriculture in china s climate miti  ilitate the development of an efficient budget from the sector and thereby provide a basis for   ient budget from the sector and thereby provide a basis for developing appropriate voluntary an  or developing appropriate voluntary and market-based instruments for the mitigation incentives   ents for the mitigation incentives that can favour the poor. meeting these policy information n  rogramme that improves the research and evidence basis on biophysical, social and economic issu  m objectives encompassing 10 activities are outlined in the project description. these aim to d  t with the aim of developing a coherent programme of follow-on research. since top-class chines  gramme of follow-on research. since top-class chinese researchers are well-funded, it is expect  chinese researchers are well-funded, it is expected that collaborative research can only emerge  ed that collaborative research can only emerge when participation in the consortium provides re   economic and social sciences, and rich experience of research both inside and outside of china   both inside and outside of china. they have ongoing mous with the major research institutes in  ch institutes in china, as well as long-term collaborations with numerous leading chinese resea
9984	2	we propose to develop, integrate and deploy a grid-based s     we propose to develop, integrate and deploy a grid-based system which will allow us: , and a
14154	9	atmospheric humidity and precipitation is expected to accompany the global climate change in s  e gas and absorbing infrared radiation, can create an additional temperature rise. however, onl  ver, only a few scientific studies have been committed about the functioning of ecosystems in a  mary driving force of transpiration. it is hypothesized that increased atmospheric humidity wil  ospheric humidity will result in slower rate of several physiological processes, driven by redu  ration from tree canopy and that slower rate of physiological processes can result in slower tr   slower rate of physiological processes can result in slower tree growth. the applicant has pre  ological processes can result in slower tree growth. the applicant has previously researched ec   practical implications for sustainable forest management will be acquired as the outcomes of t
7311	26	ves this research project will not only progress in the technical mastery imbalances model in t  ard to calibration on the past. it will exceed the current limits of equilibrium models calibra  reconstruction techniques put technical advantage of a set of data and information from differe  fferent fields: macroeconomics, energy, transport , demography. . . . it is a project that the   nergy, transport , demography. . . . it is a project that the success should allow a real break  ds, it comes to producing an analytical tool to clarify the terms of the debate that oppose con  d the economic future. the work program is based on the numerical modeling effort cired around   red around imaclim -r model. this model is based on a modular architecture and recursive. the w  ia, describing economic flows generally balance in multi-year periods considered, interspersed   nd thus leading to model the growth and long-term changes in the economy. modeling structure ad  g short term and long term: - the short-term horizon is less than or equal to the duration of a   the short-term horizon is less than or equal to the duration of a period. it allows economic a   calculated for each period. - the long-term horizon allows reorientation of investment, techno  ling structure from different fields it is to graft the macro core techno-economic or physical    recursive structure creates a scalable model, in which the slow evolution of these systems des  se systems described additional modules are inserted between the static balance of short-term.   he static balance of short-term. it may be the carbon cycle, the whole climate system, a techni  ystem, a technical module on energy and transport infrastructure, or a change in land use modul  d results expected results of the model are placed on three levels: * produce a set of future s  the model are placed on three levels: * produce a set of future scenarios of climate change; *   f future scenarios of climate change; * fuel discussions within the energy modeling forum; * co  ons within the energy modeling forum; * conduct a synergy of efforts with modeling laboratory j  ree consumer-technology-location; * 2 / work on databases to produce harmonized bases around gt  d macroeconomic data; * 3 / theoretical work on long-term balances to see how these aspects can  -term balances to see how these aspects can be treated; * 4 / econometric treatments including   e institute and iiasa shall furthermore be bound
2504	5	a previous study in the lysefjord was the first full-scale experim  tion and production. in this project we hypothesize that this enhanced phytoplankton production  hytoplankton production can efficiently be exploited to mitigate algal toxicity and increase me  xploited to mitigate algal toxicity and increase meat yield in mussels cultured for human consu  ting and applying the deb model we will study how food quantity vs active detoxification proces
7141	4	the mediterranean region is considered a biodiversity hotspot. the ranges of the  change. as part of this project, we set out to assess the impact of paleoenvironmental changes   ronmental changes on some mediterranean tree species, including cedar of the atlas, from sedime  e atlas, from sedimentary sequences and simulate their distributions using a vegetation model
12706	1	a contribution from defra, and it will coincide with a defra commissioned project to define an
12707	1	te to work done in relation to the strp task on extractive industries, and taking account of up
11644	7	the distributions of organisms are not stable in time, but shift in response to factors such a  s of european taxa in general currently share 3 limitations: 1. they focus predominantly on sin   currently share 3 limitations: 1. they focus predominantly on single species rather than the s  ies. do members of a community commonly show similar histories of origin and range expansion th  ly show similar histories of origin and range expansion the development of a multispecies appro   of community structure. 2. they rarely consider the full longitudinal distribution of widespre  robur and sessile oak quercus petraea - have populations extending eastwards into turkey, iran
12677	2	the england biodiversity indicators and contribute to completion of the suite of indicators for  e of indicators for reporting at the uk level to the convention on biological diversity by marc
12669	1	ity for the uk and for england. it will have four phases: 1. investigation of potential data so
12670	2	of the pilot study are to identify and test the most suitable and accepted methodology and dat   of functional habitat connectivity and provide recommendations for further development
14753	7	the last decade has seen an important rise in the study of adaptive radiation. most effort ha   of adaptive radiation. most effort has been devoted to the completion of detailed phylogenies,  d studies of adaptive radiation has not been paralleled by a burst in ecologically-oriented stu  burst in ecologically-oriented studies, even though it is critical to know the ecological mecha  ically-oriented studies, even though it is critical to know the ecological mechanisms behind th  ms behind the process of phenotypic and niche differentiation associated to the adaptive radiat  quilegia variation, the present project may afford an added benefit in terms of management sugg
1932	11	ation and isolation on biodiversity, it is pivotal to investigate the relevant multitrophic int   the multitrophic system as a whole. we want to test the general hypotheses that as a result of  f the participants ii these differences can lead to local absence of the participants with the   est dispersal capacity iii in turn this may lead to overexploitation by species at a lower trop  loitation by species at a lower trophic level iv these processes are enforced by habitat fragme   lower trophic level iv these processes are enforced by habitat fragmentation and isolation. mo  ion and isolation. more specifically we assume that especially parasitoids or predators are sus  ole. therefore, in this project we will concentrate on the sensitivity of the hervbivore to fra  ragmentation. as a model system we will use senecio jacobaea, its specialized herbivore tyria j  d 5 a broad scale inventory for a large number of species will be made. for the selected specie  ndards for different landscape types to be developed in project 2.
11365	1	od webs are scarce. a replicated, large-scale habitat fragmentation experiment involving bracke
9955	7	tches interspersed. most organisms also disperse at some stage in their lives: usually the majo   begins to reproduce. traditionally, we think of dispersal as a process that counter-acts the e  ound their habitat, they effectively re-shuffle the characteristics of the population during ea   if the ability to win this competition is predicted by an individual s characteristics are pro  cted by an individual s characteristics are provided in great abundance. the birds breed less s   between pairs of nests: the birds that are reared in reduced broods grow better and should the  broods grow better and should therefore be more competitive, and able to disperse to better sit
15262	7	habitat loss and transformation. there is a large consensus about the urgent need of predictiv  odels to forecast the effects of global change on species conservation and ecosystem functionin  he importance of this assumption, there is a paucity of research about their validity over diff  cosystems or taxonomic groups. although niche conservatism could be investigated from different  mic groups. although niche conservatism could be investigated from different approaches, there   igated from different approaches, there is a consensus about the high relevace of the physiolog  ies to global change. furthermore, they can be used to design new studies about local adaptatio
2186	6	practices of the forestry in coniferous forest to assess its secondary biological effects. how    at thinning alter the transparency and reduce the quality of the habitat by making searching e  thinning the forest can become a source-sink system, and the presence of a species does not nec  sence of a species does not necessarily show that it can be self-sustained there. the presence   s does not necessarily show that it can be self-sustained there. the presence in low quality ha  orestry extension service. it will also contribute to the development of the environmental qual
13602	11	large resources are invested in habitat restoration in sweden each year  l knowledge are largely lacking. little is known about how efficient these restoration efforts   ient these restoration efforts actually are to enhance biodiversity and functioning. landscape    networks have, although discussed, not been developed and implemented. we will investigate how  been developed and implemented. we will investigate how species community reassembly and recons  nctioning following habitat restoration are linked to the structure of the surrounding landscap  ucture of the surrounding landscape. we focus on plant and insect communities, and on pollinati  nction provided by the insects. we will compare the community reassembly patterns to our curren  ter habitat loss and fragmentation, and assess if the species traits that predict re-colonizati  aboration with key stakeholders we will provide a knowledge base for designing restoration stra   important for managing ecosystems that can buffer against multiple stressors such as land use
2175	12	ypotheses that former kelp forests that were grazed by sea urchins can be restored by artificia  forests that were grazed by sea urchins can be restored by artificially re-introduce three-dime  hins can be restored by artificially re-introduce three-dimensional habitats. this may promote   roduce three-dimensional habitats. this may promote colonization of sea urchin predators that m  lonization of sea urchin predators that may reduce recruitment of sea urchin populations and in  cruitment of sea urchin populations and induce a system phase shift back to the kelp forest sta  oject will investigate if small or meso scale artificial reefs may be used as tools to restore   if small or meso scale artificial reefs may be used as tools to restore kelp forests. we will a  s to restore kelp forests. we will also study the importance of habitat complexity on different  nd areas have persisted for decades and contribute to value creation in northern norway. import  tions to restore destroyed habitats and fish nursery areas, including barren ground areas and i  reas, including barren ground areas and increase primary production and biodiversity on the nor
15139	4	hat their current distributions may not reflect their total capacity for invasion, and thus wil  level, for first time in spain, we will be able to develop risk maps of habitat invasion. we wi   maps of habitat invasion. we will alos generate distribution maps of invasive species for curr  ditions but also for future climate and landscape scenarios predicted for the region.
15084	6	bundance that a given freshwater system can support; therefore it can be used to assess the con  hwater system can support; therefore it can be used to assess the conservation status of popula  n status of populations. however, there are no carrying capacity models for brown trout salmo t  the rate at which the genetic diversity is expected to be lost at each generation. the ne will   ch the genetic diversity is expected to be lost at each generation. the ne will be calculated u   restoration and mitigation measures to be performed at the right time.
6869	10	we investigate the role of spatial heterogeneity in the ma   novel feature in our models is that we couple the dynamics of habitat patches with the dynamic  en the organism and its environment. we wish to identify those spatial structures which can ser   spatial structures which can seriously threaten the survival of a population, and compare the   eaten the survival of a population, and compare the efficiency of various landscape management   iques on an evolutionary time scale, we model adaptation to the abiotic environment and to comp  otic environment and to competitors. we identify the evolutionary stable spatial strategies, an  mpetitors. we identify the evolutionary stable spatial strategies, and evaluate the relative im  utionary stable spatial strategies, and evaluate the relative importance of different selective   this project is basic research, but we wish to outlook for applications at several points in t
10483	18	e water with low productivity and there is likely to be very little natural fall-out of food to  s likely to be very little natural fall-out of food to the sea floor in the form of detritus an  ent used to capture dead specimens that are found in different museums around the world. there   fferent museums around the world. there is a chance that the team may capture the first living    world. there is a chance that the team may capture the first living images of the world s deep  st living images of the world s deepest fish abyssobrotula galatheae thought to occur down to 8  ht to occur down to 8370m. the deep sea is divided into three main depth zones, bathyal down to  zone accounts for 75% of ocean area and is populated by a surprising variety of life including   nail fishes and abyssal eels which have been filmed consuming fish and marine mammal carcasses   l carcasses at depths down to 5900m. it is not known what defines the boundary between the rela  fic ocean extending down to the deepest point on the planet, the challenger deep 10,896m in the  the surface becomes sparser and a point is reached where there is insufficient energy to suppor  rser and a point is reached where there is insufficient energy to support active forms of life.   longer possible. this project will not answer these questions directly but will make compariso   hadal boundary in different areas this may suggest limitation by local food availability. the   baits, their sizes, speeds, numbers and rate of consumption of bait will be measured. compariso   in particular fishes, which apparently do not penetrate the deepest parts of the trench system  undamental laws of life in the deep sea can be tested.
12379	4	r of one or more species in particular, can reach a magnitude at which it is visible through di  ular, can reach a magnitude at which it is visible through discolouration of the sea. some of t  because of the colour of the water have been called red tides'. blooms of some 300 species of t  f some 300 species of the phytoplankton are known as harmful algal bloom use the information ga
13598	5	es/populations propagate is lacking. we use the diatom skeletonema marinoi as a model organism,  ema marinoi as a model organism, and we differentiate populations by microsatellite markers. we  ifferentiated populations of s. marinoi succeed each other in a seasonal manner. the population  azing pressure or competing species. we have also found that for some populations, propagation   ve found that populations of s. marinoi are genetically differentiated. in the second phase of
12388	4	r purpose - why is the r&d needed there is a need to improve the provision of breeding seabird   astal and marine resource atlas of the ‘magic’ website . it is envisaged that this will signifi  ource atlas of the ‘magic’ website . it is envisaged that this will significantly assist mariti   envisaged that this will significantly assist maritime contingency planning and response in re
10162	5	d the type of environment. it will also allow us to test a range of theoretical predictions abo  les - and its variability over time has been affected by the harvesting. this is important for   redicting how harvesting strategies now may affect the populations ability to survive in an env  ing due to global warming. it will also give us some indication about whether, when harvesting   ses, populations return to the way they ware before harvesting started.
2152	8	aquaculture industry has shown a strong increase over the last years in parallel with the incre  ted growth in the fish farming industry is supposed to cause a permanent shortage of marine oil  traditional marine biological recourses are exploited at the highest possible level. in many se  ain growth in the aquaculture industry, cannot be based on the marine resources exploited at pr  marine resources of significant biomass are found at lower trophic levels, comprised by populat   fish. a fishery on plankton should not be developed without quantitative knowledge about stand  , assess keys stocks of zooplankton and quantify ecological consequences of harvesting at lower   role of plankton populations will also form an important knowledge base to the development of
2528	8	aquaculture industry has shown a strong increase over the last years in parallel with the incre  ted growth in the fish farming industry is supposed to cause a permanent shortage of marine oil  traditional marine biological recourses are exploited at the highest possible level. in many se  ain growth in the aquaculture industry, cannot be based on the marine resources exploited at pr  marine resources of significant biomass are found at lower trophic levels, comprised by populat   fish. a fishery on plankton should not be developed without quantitative knowledge about stand  at hand, effects of harvesting plankton can be explored by ecosystem models with respect to pla   role of plankton populations will also form an important knowledge base to the development of
2115	16	ecades norwegian there has been a large increase in the size of norwegian moose populations. ho  . however, large moose populations also represent a considerable cost. thus, the central challe  predetermined population level. our aim is based on a new theoretical framework to derive recom  . our aim is based on a new theoretical framework to derive recommendations about optimal popul  nsity-dependent processes but will also be strongly affected by structural changes in the age-   d by structural changes in the age- and sex-composition because of harvest strategies that are   tion because of harvest strategies that are directed against certain age- and sex-groups. anoth  t are directed against certain age- and sex-groups. another aim with this project will therefor  er aim with this project will therefore be to derive robust harvest strategies that minimize th  ject will therefore be to derive robust harvest strategies that minimize the risk of loss of ge  n within the same region. thus, we will study the decision processes involved when the goals an  elopment of the local moose populations are chosen. this knowledge will be useful for obtaining  uires that local moose managers rapidly obtain information on population fluctuations and are a  ormation on population fluctuations and are able to convert this knowledge immediately into dec  changes in quotas. to shorten this time-delay, a central focus for this project will be by adva  in indexes based on ‘sett elg-data that can be used by local managers for obtaining information
9813	8	it has been suggested that silica-induced abrasiveness in gras  abrasion, the mechanism by which silica is thought to act, directly. we have developed a new te   technique for measuring abrasion so we are now in a position to test the defensive role of sil  ectly for the first time. using our new test apparatus, we will compare the abrasion characteri  . using our new test apparatus, we will compare the abrasion characteristics of grass species k  n their palatabilities and we will also test which other chemical and mechanical factors affect  ts of silica to determine if herbivores are deterred by high silica levels and avoid more abras   are deterred by high silica levels and avoid more abrasive grasses.
14377	6	es, a lot of efforts and resources have been invested to protect the remaining areas, and to pr  ct the remaining areas, and to properly manage them in order to conserve their intrinsic value.  g areas, and to properly manage them in order to conserve their intrinsic value. in belgium, co  gen deposition and desiccation, however remain high, endangering the long-term positive outcome  wever remain high, endangering the long-term positive outcome of these investments. the recent   g as a tool to spatially and temporally investigate the complex interactions between fires and
14679	4	ing the ecology of extreme environments may provide insight into the limits of life and its pos  crobial ecology of extreme environments may provide new information regarding limits of life an  nthetic activity of the algae, and they are also responsible of the greatest part of biomass. h  groups in ambient less extreme. we also analyse the possible biotechnological and bioremediatio
12179	2	f many british landscapes, and can also provide valuable habitats for wildlife and may have his  vide valuable habitats for wildlife and may have historical value. this importance is now widel
14777	1	1998. the fact that the canary islands are considered hotspots for biodiversity in the planet
10027	9	we are very familiar with the concept of measuring the num  at makes blood cells red is heme. hemes are used by nearly all living organisms and are extreme  used by nearly all living organisms and are extremely important to many biological processes. i  obial environment, however, very little is known about hemes. this is of particular concern as   his is of particular concern as a large proportion of the worlds ocean does not have enough iro  proportion of the worlds ocean does not have enough iron to support maximal growth. one potenti  ynthetic and respiratory efficiency and reduce productivity. in this fellowship i will undertak  s into the effect of iron, nitrogen and light on heme levels in specific species of marine plan  populations in this region. i will also investigate the relative importance of hemes to the tot
7217	8	ly studied ecosystems on these islands, while their major role as a source material for neighbo  ource material for neighboring systems, source of biodiversity or pollution buffer has been dem  of biodiversity or pollution buffer has been demonstrated in other regions. more studies in eas  er regions. more studies in east africa demonstrate a multitude of ecosystem services making th  ated uses in the islands, some of which are subjected to strong anthropogenic constraints, dire  ed to strong anthropogenic constraints, direct or indirect. work objectives on meadows are four  objectives on meadows are fourfold: 1 / characterize their intrinsic biodiversity; 2 / quantify  erize their intrinsic biodiversity; 2 / quantify the impact of human impacts on seagrass. the e
9808	1	itive genetic variance for sperm traits is maintained despite selection. i will test two hypoth
7434	3	nal biodiversity of freshwater fish and provide innovative solutions for managers in a context   r to provide assistance to managers and evaluate the management measures tool. the project lead  multiplicity of components of hydro and offer to create a management support tool to answer the
13325	13	hermes is designed to gain new insights into the biodiversity,  ain new insights into the biodiversity, structure, function and dynamics of ecosystems along eu  jor attempt to understand european deep-water ecosystems and their environment in an integrated   an integrated way by bringing together expertise in biodiversity, geology, sedimentology, phys   biodiversity and ecosystem functioning can be understood. study sites will extend from the arc  sity hotspots, such as cold seeps, cold-water coral mounds, canyons and anoxic environments, wh  uids, presence of gas hydrates and deep-water currents. these important systems require urgent    these important systems require urgent study because of their possible biological fragility, u  ble susceptibility to global change and man-made disturbances. past changes, including catastro  rates of methane from the geosphere and calculate how much is utilised by benthic communities,   om the geosphere and calculate how much is utilised by benthic communities, leaving the residua  rsity change in relation to natural and man-made environmental changes by developing the first   ng the first comprehensive pan-european margin geographic information system. this will provide
13340	11	the hermione project is designed to make a major advance in our knowledge of  eved through a highly interdisciplinary approach that will integrate biodiversity, specific ada  ucial, because these ecosystems are now being affected by climate change and impacted by man th  tallations and pollution. to design and implement effective governance strategies and managemen  ance strategies and management plans we must understand the extent, natural dynamics and interc  interconnection of ocean ecosystems and integrate socio-economic research with natural science.  ecosystems and integrate socio-economic research with natural science. the study sites include   ce. the study sites include the arctic, north atlantic and mediterranean and cover a range of e  c, north atlantic and mediterranean and cover a range of ecosystems including cold-water corals  er a range of ecosystems including cold-water corals, canyons, cold and hot seeps, seamounts an  on between a range of stakeholders, and contribute to eu environmental policies.
14730	5	fick-fisher law in such a way that they compete, or mutually predate, in most parts of the terr  ch a way that they compete, or mutually predate, in most parts of the territory, while in the r  redate, in most parts of the territory, while in the remaining regions they might establish som  ile in the remaining regions they might establish some strategic alliances. among the most conc  petitive environment. in particular, it is planned to accomplish the mathematical validation of
2125	11	there is a large visible biological diversity on the surface   ty on the surface of our planet, but it is less known that there are hidden reservoirs of biolo  planet, but it is less known that there are hidden reservoirs of biological diversity underneat  face. even if this subsurface biosphere is estimated to have a biomass of similar magnitude as   n northern temperate and arctic europe, are covered by lichens, the lichen-mineral interface ha  m more than just the fungal kingdom; it is a small ecosystem of bacteria, fungi , and algae. ho  ria, fungi , and algae. however, little is known about the entire biological diversity in these  distribution of organisms may, in part, be controlled by the mineralogy and by the ability of a  d terrestrial lichen covered rocks, and analyse the interaction between this endolithic biosphe   to characterise the related geosphere, while statistical methods will be used to analyse the i   life on earth, as well as an important target for the search for life elsewhere in the solar s
11168	14	climate change has been described as one of the most pressing matters to m  ressing matters to mankind by sir david king, the chief scientific advisor to the government an  o the government and its impacts are to be seen both in terrestrial and marine environments. oc  strial and marine environments. oceanic water circulation controls regional climate change in n  ssociated fisheries are to succeede, we require a highly detailed description of how past clima  es have affected those ecosystems. this can be achieved by examining how climatic variability h  s preserved in chronologically ordered, shallow-water, marine carbonate deposits spanning most   ved in chronologically ordered, shallow-water, marine carbonate deposits spanning most of the h  stratified carbonate deposits targetted are formed by algae and host very diverse communities o  osits targetted are formed by algae and host very diverse communities of associated organisms w  rders of past assemblage structure, yet remain un-utilised in that capacity to date. any change  loped for this investigation, the algal deposit itself. data obtained by this investigation hav  impact marine ecosystems and humans who are the end users of comercially targeted ecosystems. a  rculation, which may feed into a global push to better understand the dynamics of heat transfer
10270	11	vance scientific value upland peatlands offer vital ecosystem services from carbon storage, bio  storage, biodiversity, water provision, flood protection, aesthetic/recreational value, to econ  lood protection, aesthetic/recreational value, to economic value from grouse shooting and grazi  sthetic/recreational value, to economic value from grouse shooting and grazing. due to historic  nt atmospheric pollution, inappropriate land management and wildfires, large areas of peatlands  and wildfires, large areas of peatlands are degraded. peatlands restoration is one of the main    psa targets for biodiversity, soil and water protection in uplands. restoration is of crucial    is of crucial importance to protect uk soil carbon stores, as more than 50% of uk soil carbon   l carbon stores, as more than 50% of uk soil carbon is stored in peat and is rapidly lost. rest  res, as more than 50% of uk soil carbon is stored in peat and is rapidly lost. restoration effo  of uk soil carbon is stored in peat and is rapidly lost. restoration efforts have started to re
10898	5	we know in general terms that in the uk salt marshes occur  we know in general terms that in the uk salt marshes occur between the elevation that correspon   quite short distances. as a result, we do not understand with any precision the relationship b  f the range in predicted rise in global mean sea level over the next century . we will then det  el over the next century . we will then determine the relationship between inundation patterns
13341	9	s, livelihoods, conservation issues and wise-use options at five sites in asia . factors assess  velihoods, conservation issues and wise-use options at five sites in asia . factors assessed wi  ular poor, food-insecure and vulnerable people, will be assessed within a sustainable livelihoo  ll be developed. action plans will then be formulated with stakeholders to: monitor the health   hen be formulated with stakeholders to: monitor the health of highland aquatic resources; devel  tic resources; develop and promote wise-use, and where necessary livelihoods diversification, t  ance poor livelihoods and conservation; integrate sustainable and wise-use, livelihoods diversi  conservation; integrate sustainable and wise-use, livelihoods diversification and conservation   rvation; integrate sustainable and wise-use, livelihoods diversification and conservation with
7481	9	s, livelihoods, conservation issues and wise-use options at five sites in asia . factors assess  velihoods, conservation issues and wise-use options at five sites in asia . factors assessed wi  ular poor, food-insecure and vulnerable people, will be assessed within a sustainable livelihoo  ll be developed. action plans will then be formulated with stakeholders to: monitor the health   hen be formulated with stakeholders to: monitor the health of highland aquatic resources; devel  tic resources; develop and promote wise-use, and where necessary livelihoods diversification, t  ance poor livelihoods and conservation; integrate sustainable and wise-use, livelihoods diversi  conservation; integrate sustainable and wise-use, livelihoods diversification and conservation   rvation; integrate sustainable and wise-use, livelihoods diversification and conservation with
15195	11	nown wetland. even though, the seasonal flood dynamics of the marshes, qualitatively well descr  ation of this project, in which we will use the radiometric data of landsat images to reconstru  es for the last 30 years. in a previous project we developed techniques to analyze the temporal  nd etm+ images. in this project we will validate the models and generate a historical cartograp  project we will validate the models and generate a historical cartography of the marshes. we wi  artography of the marshes. we will also develop new techniques to map aquatic vegetation commun  ion communities, particularly to recent plant invaders, the water fern azolla filiculoides and   others, the use of temporal signatures, texture information derive from synthetic aperture rada  nctions. airborne hyperspectral sensors can increase our capacity to discriminate aquatic veget  ate aquatic vegetation species. we will fly an hyperspectral sensor at different altitudes and   techniques for the doñana marshes, that can be used for the management of this dynamic and sing
15004	22	the charipinae are a group of small hymenopters belonging to the figit  the figitidae family. biologically they are characterised for being hiperparasitoids of aphids   erest. the importance of the charipinae is fundamental because they are part of the trophic lin  ripinae is fundamental because they are part of the trophic line that influences the biological  al because they are part of the trophic line that influences the biological control of aphids a  the reason of this is that many species are confused, because an exhaustive revision of the two   alloxysta and phaenoglyphis, has never been done. besides, many times in these ecological stud   has been broadly studied in europe and north america by several authors, the richness of speci  longing to phaenoglyphis and alloxysta, are necessary in order to be able to establish the tota  sts, the aphids. once this biodiversity is known, some unresolved issues will be tackled. for a   for all this, this project tries to: - analyze the possible polyphily of phaenoglyphis and its  plit in distinct genera, transcendental issue because this is the ancestral genus inside the su  biodiversity of the charipinae comes; - know the real biodiversity of the charipinae outside eu  ty of the charipinae outside europe and north america, especially that concerning the two most    aphids: alloxysta and phaenoglyphis; - determine the biogeographical dispersion and origin and  s present hosts. once these issues have been elucidated, the main objective of the project will  main objective of the project will have been reached: the charipinae, a subfamily that until fo  nomic, phylogenetic and biogeographical level, as well as at a coevolution level concerning its  ical level, as well as at a coevolution level concerning its hosts. after this project, all the  nsable basis to be able to identify and know the charipines with which they work, fact that now  and know the charipines with which they work, fact that now is inaccessible.   nes with which they work, fact that now is inaccessible.
11640	19	ten our remaining species diversity. it is therefore important for conservation biologists to u  ty, and increased inbreeding at the dna level, can increase the chances of a population becomin   increased inbreeding at the dna level, can increase the chances of a population becoming extin  uralists during the last two centuries, are an ideal source of genetic material. museums today   mous for their diversity of plumage and bill-shapes. hawaiian birds are an ideal set of species  ch to study extinction, because a large proportion of hawaiian birds are known to have gone ext  se a large proportion of hawaiian birds are known to have gone extinct, and detailed historical  se comparable genetic material can also be extracted from ancient ceremonial capes, that are co  ted from ancient ceremonial capes, that are constructed of hawaiian honeycreeper feathers, and    of hawaiian honeycreeper feathers, and are dated at more than 230 years old. these capes were   at more than 230 years old. these capes were presented to captain cook upon his discovery of ha  extinct and extant species, we can also examine to what extent some species extinctions were at  ers, such as the striking hawaiian o o, were hunted extensively during the 1800s by european se  eum skins of this species known to have been collected across this time period, we can examine   n collected across this time period, we can examine if extinction of the o o involved a period   er-hunting. this project will therefore sample microsatellite dna diversity in two extinct and   ticular, the results from this research can provide a novel perspective for the us federal gove  most endangered. this project will also serve to emphasise the important contribution that muse  nt contribution that museum collections can make to conservation science, and recovery of endan
14747	2	nown wetland. even though, the seasonal flood dynamics of the marshes, qualitatively well descr  techniques for the doñana marshes, that can be used for the management of this dynamic and sing
2135	13	lakes in the high arctic are characterized by low water temperature, long-term i  characterized by low water temperature, long-term ice cover, low levels of nutrients and low bi   ice cover, low levels of nutrients and low biodiversity. thus, minor climatic changes may be o  f nutrients and low biodiversity. thus, minor climatic changes may be of great importance to ar  c variation and life history parameters may be reconstructed. the circumpolar arctic charr , an  ted. the circumpolar arctic charr , and include anadromous, freshwater resident, and landlocked  heir otoliths provide a highly suitable tool for growth back-calculations, thus presenting an i  ion, as consequences of global warming, are predicted to affect both terrestrial and aquatic co  reases in temperature and precipitation are predicted as consequences of global warming, and in  ctic lakes freeze-up dates, insulation, ice thickness, water temperature, break-up dates, all o  ze-up dates, insulation, ice thickness, water temperature, break-up dates, all of which profoun  tion, ice thickness, water temperature, break-up dates, all of which profoundly would affect th   of svalbard arctic charr using cutting-edge analytical methods and to use svalbard arctic char
10778	4	there is a general perception that corals approaches to quant  al deposition in these samples. between-site comparisons will be made against data collected fr  me species of porites and acropora that were collected from clear water sites at low isles duri  ve and well-catalogued coral repository is stored at the nhm and ct methodologies will allow us
15215	12	st vegetation and environs where it has been established. likewise, the reconstruction of past   nvirons and their evolution until today can give us an idea about what changes have occurred an  ds with greatest climatic stability and is precisely during this period when the humans began t  er european regions, in the canaries it is possible to disentangle without the interference of   il record, spanning the whole holocene, is complicated due to the paucity of deposits with well  rests of the region. in this project we propose to extraction of sediments using specialized ma  in tenerife, so that the whole holocene could be covered and probably reaching the last glacial  y reaching the last glacial maximum. we propose as well the extraction of sediments in the isla  he island of gran canaria which has not been studied with these techniques before. besides foss  d aout. changes found in the vegetation could be related to past changes in climate and these r  of the answer of vegetal communities or single species distribution ranges that may be enhanced  single species distribution ranges that may be enhanced by the coming climate change. the basel
10130	5	he north atlantic region are a critical research priority because they show how changes in key   critical research priority because they show how changes in key aspects of climate that will be   as ice sheet volume ocean circulation, may be translated into phenomena of socio-economic impo  f timing, magnitude spatial pattern. it is imperative to rectify this deficiency in order to ge  ture soil conditions water resources to be predicted using computer models. plan of work this p
10416	5	he north atlantic region are a critical research priority because they show how changes in key   critical research priority because they show how changes in key aspects of climate that will be   as ice sheet volume ocean circulation, may be translated into phenomena of socio-economic impo  f timing, magnitude spatial pattern. it is imperative to rectify this deficiency in order to ge  ture soil conditions water resources to be predicted using computer models. plan of work this p
11698	5	he north atlantic region are a critical research priority because they show how changes in key   critical research priority because they show how changes in key aspects of climate that will be   as ice sheet volume ocean circulation, may be translated into phenomena of socio-economic impo  f timing, magnitude spatial pattern. it is imperative to rectify this deficiency in order to ge  ture soil conditions water resources to be predicted using computer models. plan of work this p
9889	5	he north atlantic region are a critical research priority because they show how changes in key   critical research priority because they show how changes in key aspects of climate that will be   as ice sheet volume ocean circulation, may be translated into phenomena of socio-economic impo  f timing, magnitude spatial pattern. it is imperative to rectify this deficiency in order to ge  ture soil conditions water resources to be predicted using computer models. plan of work this p
11333	9	ning practices into the context of long-term ecosystem dynamics to improve our understanding of  ts will be generated from a region that is understudied from this perspective, the yorkshire da  elsewhere in northern england will also be chosen in order to take advantage of concurrent stud  echnical training in the principles and practice of palaeoenvironmental interpretation. supervi  nmental interpretation. supervision and support of postgraduate research students is well organ  viding an excellent support network and framework for assessment of progress through the resear  l provide the student with an excellent range of facilities including high-quality laboratory a  lity laboratory and office space, world-class analytical facilities, a dedicated pc and access   alytical facilities, a dedicated pc and access to vehicles; the ydnpa will also offer access to
14531	5	bonellis eagle hieraaetus fasciatus is an endangered species that is declining in all europ  ning in all europe. the main population is concentrated in spain but is also in regression spec  art of the country. population decrease is related with a demographic desequilibrium caused by   aused by a high adult mortality. adults are known territorial and sedentary, so this project de  ls about the environmental changes that could influence the eagle occupation territories and th
10231	7	eans that our simulations do not simply copy the movements seen in modern humans but are able t   fossil animals. for validation we will use the full range of modern biomechanical analysis tec  jects and for our non-human subjects we intend to use a combination of radar and thermal imagin  ure heart and breath rate. these values are known to be related to actual metabolic cost and be   breath rate. these values are known to be related to actual metabolic cost and because they ca   actual metabolic cost and because they can be measured remotely they are ideal for use with en  ause they can be measured remotely they are ideal for use with endangered animals such as great
9802	7	eans that our simulations do not simply copy the movements seen in modern humans but are able t   fossil animals. for validation we will use the full range of modern biomechanical analysis tec  jects and for our non-human subjects we intend to use a combination of radar and thermal imagin  ure heart and breath rate. these values are known to be related to actual metabolic cost and be   breath rate. these values are known to be related to actual metabolic cost and because they ca   actual metabolic cost and because they can be measured remotely they are ideal for use with en  ause they can be measured remotely they are ideal for use with endangered animals such as great
14763	8	ng of pcr products. with these data, we could unravel significant genetic differences between n  lso to explore evolutionary models that could explain these differences. second, we are willing  d explain these differences. second, we are willing to retrieve for first time a protein coding  rom the non-codifying hvr1. finally, we want to retrieve single copy nuclear genes that could p  retrieve single copy nuclear genes that could provide information on key adaptive traits of the   and slc4a5, genes involved in hair and skin pigmentation. the results of this study can genera  pigmentation. the results of this study can generate holistic evolutionary hypothesis on the ne  nary hypothesis on the neandertals that can be tested with other sources of evidence, such as t
10924	7	although hopanoids are the most abundant group of biomarker molecules in t  lthough hopanoids are the most abundant group of biomarker molecules in the geosphere, their po  to changes in environmental conditions, give hopanoids particular potential as environmental ma  . the proposed research will critically examine the preservation of such information in the sed   of such information in the sedimentary record, testing the extent of any compositional bias du  testing the extent of any compositional bias due to early diagenesis. the resulting knowledge w  s upon which to explore the sedimentary inventory of hopanoids for characteristics that can be
11781	10	n including the generation of oxidative stress, that is an imbalance between pro-oxidants and a  itional conceptual model sees oxidative stress as having damaging consequences for living syste  siological senescence and death. recent evidence, however, suggests that early exposure to stre  ologically relevant stressors that have been suggested to have hormetic effects: physical activ  l later in life have a better oxidative stress response to strenuous flight or to heat stress c   oxidative stress response to strenuous flight or to heat stress compared to those of individua  s compared to those of individuals that were subjected to more intense physical activity or to   o improving later in life the oxidative stress response to heat stress or strenuous flight, aga  ss response to heat stress or strenuous flight, again in comparison with individuals that exper  sequences of variation in the oxidative stress response and of the role that specific environme
10234	5	most species-rich communities on earth are dominated by plant-feeding insects and the insect p  r several oak gall communities. we will use dna-based population genetic approaches to reveal t  h the populations of generalist enemies are structured among alternative gallwasp hosts, and ex  d among alternative gallwasp hosts, and examine directly the consequences of the population str  equences of the population structure we find on foodweb complexity. more broadly, the use of oa
10433	5	most species-rich communities on earth are dominated by plant-feeding insects and the insect p  r several oak gall communities. we will use dna-based population genetic approaches to reveal t  h the populations of generalist enemies are structured among alternative gallwasp hosts, and ex  d among alternative gallwasp hosts, and examine directly the consequences of the population str  equences of the population structure we find on foodweb complexity. more broadly, the use of oa
15013	1	g key aspects of their life cycles , we intend to obtain conclusions applicable to conservation
10703	14	tween different organisms - symbioses - are widespread and important in the natural environment  ral environment. symbiotic associations can range from being parasitic, where one organism bene   otherwise neither would and parasitism can limit the growth of host populations. these symbios  ant in microbial communities but little is known about how these associations shape the evoluti  versity of microbial symbionts. here we want to understand how the evolution of symbiotic organ  xic mercury contaminated soils. we will exploit the short generation times, and large populatio  olution in action. we will discover and contrast the genetic changes that occur in the genomes   the bacteria and the plasmid as they co-evolve on a continuum of environments that change the s  el because we will, for the first time, study evolution across a parasitic-mutualistic symbiosi  nderstood, in microbial communities and are likely to play an important role in maintaining bio  - our study is powerful because we will use an experimental approach to study evolution in acti  ful because we will use an experimental approach to study evolution in action. - our study is t  . - our study is timely because we will exploit the latest technologies in dna sequencing to di  hnologies in dna sequencing to directly observe evolution of genetic sequences in bacterial and
11428	14	tween different organisms - symbioses - are widespread and important in the natural environment  ral environment. symbiotic associations can range from being parasitic, where one organism bene   otherwise neither would and parasitism can limit the growth of host populations. these symbios  ant in microbial communities but little is known about how these associations shape the evoluti  versity of microbial symbionts. here we want to understand how the evolution of symbiotic organ  xic mercury contaminated soils. we will exploit the short generation times, and large populatio  olution in action. we will discover and contrast the genetic changes that occur in the genomes   the bacteria and the plasmid as they co-evolve on a continuum of environments that change the s  el because we will, for the first time, study evolution across a parasitic-mutualistic symbiosi  nderstood, in microbial communities and are likely to play an important role in maintaining bio  - our study is powerful because we will use an experimental approach to study evolution in acti  ful because we will use an experimental approach to study evolution in action. - our study is t  . - our study is timely because we will exploit the latest technologies in dna sequencing to di  hnologies in dna sequencing to directly observe evolution of genetic sequences in bacterial and
10018	24	een hosts and parasites is an important part of understanding wild populations. despite this, f  ns. despite this, few such studies have been undertaken at a large enough scale to improve our   ith parasites varies markedly in space, even at a local scale in the case of avian malaria in o  their parasites with them wherever they go, so the dispersal of hosts is an important factor in   the dispersal of hosts is an important factor in understanding the spatial heterogeneity of di   long term population of great tits and blue tits at wytham woods, near oxford. avian malaria i  ytham woods, near oxford. avian malaria is transmitted by mosquitoes, and infects 30% of breedi  are individually ringed as chicks so we can track their movements; we can sample around 500 adu  cks so we can track their movements; we can sample around 500 adults of both blue tits and grea  d great tits over a useful geographical scale to examine the influence of local environment and   the influence of local environment and host dispersal on the distribution of avian malaria inf  fe epidemics, such as the 2001 foot and mouth epidemic. interestingly, the avian malaria parasi  phical information sytems to accurately map spatial locations and environmental measurements of  ta loggers mean that we can confidently approach what were, until recently, logistically daunti  cally daunting questions in ecology. we have three objectives: 1. to understand the causes of i  d by natal conditions, maternal status, age or inherited factors we will use a combination of e  tatus, age or inherited factors we will use a combination of existing long-term data on avian m  will use a combination of existing long-term data on avian malaria in tits complemented by data  rom host-driven processes, particularly host dispersal. we will examine the spatial characteris  s, particularly host dispersal. we will examine the spatial characteristics of avian malaria in  s and immigrants to the population, and conduct an experiment to manipulate dispersal by moving   between woodlands. 3. finally, we will employ a mathematical modelling approach to examine the  ting the spatial patterns of disease we see in our study population. these models will concentr   modelling work. these three approaches are made possible by the large and well studied populat
10290	24	een hosts and parasites is an important part of understanding wild populations. despite this, f  ns. despite this, few such studies have been undertaken at a large enough scale to improve our   ith parasites varies markedly in space, even at a local scale in the case of avian malaria in o  their parasites with them wherever they go, so the dispersal of hosts is an important factor in   the dispersal of hosts is an important factor in understanding the spatial heterogeneity of di   long term population of great tits and blue tits at wytham woods, near oxford. avian malaria i  ytham woods, near oxford. avian malaria is transmitted by mosquitoes, and infects 30% of breedi  are individually ringed as chicks so we can track their movements; we can sample around 500 adu  cks so we can track their movements; we can sample around 500 adults of both blue tits and grea  d great tits over a useful geographical scale to examine the influence of local environment and   the influence of local environment and host dispersal on the distribution of avian malaria inf  fe epidemics, such as the 2001 foot and mouth epidemic. interestingly, the avian malaria parasi  phical information sytems to accurately map spatial locations and environmental measurements of  ta loggers mean that we can confidently approach what were, until recently, logistically daunti  cally daunting questions in ecology. we have three objectives: 1. to understand the causes of i  d by natal conditions, maternal status, age or inherited factors we will use a combination of e  tatus, age or inherited factors we will use a combination of existing long-term data on avian m  will use a combination of existing long-term data on avian malaria in tits complemented by data  rom host-driven processes, particularly host dispersal. we will examine the spatial characteris  s, particularly host dispersal. we will examine the spatial characteristics of avian malaria in  s and immigrants to the population, and conduct an experiment to manipulate dispersal by moving   between woodlands. 3. finally, we will employ a mathematical modelling approach to examine the  ting the spatial patterns of disease we see in our study population. these models will concentr   modelling work. these three approaches are made possible by the large and well studied populat
15178	8	individual animals commonly vary in general behavior from investigative, bold and e   explorative to hesitant, neophobic and risk aversive. such differences in personalities can be  sive. such differences in personalities can be maintained through the links between behavior an  e history. differences in host behavior may have consequences for the risk of acquiring parasit  nce for the transmission of disease. we propose to test for interactions between host behavior,   quantify host personality behavior and relate that to natural variation in prevalence and inte  hat bold individuals are more likely to be infected. we will medicate infected individuals to t   the prediction that bold and neophilic host individuals are more attractive to vectors through
9874	7	tly available remote sensing techniques is limited by the fact that prediction is mainly based   d on temperature anomalies and does not consider the above mentioned multitude of stress factor   to bleaching. consequently, approaches are required that analyse the cumulative response of co  the family of gfp that might mask short-term alterations at the transcript level. the proposed   cus on temperature stress as an eminent threat for coral reefs. moreover, examination of the ef  m experiments. our results will greatly facilitate future experiments that will test the repons  ations of different forms of stress and refine the fluorescent protein-based bioindicator syste
14182	1	e diversity of consumers along the food-chain by enabling both niche differentiation and greate
11588	9	disease. however, infections frequently involve more than one parasite, many of which may appea  e more than one parasite, many of which may appear relatively avirulent and thus hard to detect  hese cryptic parasites can nevertheless have important effects on host fitness. furthermore, th  ects on host fitness. furthermore, they may influence the infection success of other, perhaps m  n avirulent bacterial parasite. it will examine if host genotypes and phenotypes differ in resi   to the virulent pathogen. it will also establish if infection by the apparently avirulent para   reduces host immunity. finally it will determine the infection success of the virulent pathoge  n hosts that are either infected by, or free from, the avirulent parasite. together these resul  ether these results will shed important light on the role of more cryptic parasites in the biol
13760	2	tance to attack. next, the volatile and surface chemistry of spruce bark will be assessed to de  ing treatment with methyl jasmonate and compare the survival of these trees to untreated contro
196	9	i. this group provides an exceptionally good opportunity for studying various aspects of coevol  tep in initiating such studies, we will examine, in an evolutionary context, the host range and  ecificity. combined with a phylogenetic study of hypomyces species growing on lactarius spp., w  s species growing on lactarius spp., we aim to test the hypothesis of parallel cladogenesis. fo   cladogenesis. for sphaerostilbella, we examine the phylogenetic relationships of highly specia  ary ecology context, the work will also result in solving several taxonomic problems in hypocre  athered about host-parasite interaction can aid in resolving the intricate phylogenetic structu  in resolving the intricate phylogenetic structure of the host genus russula. in addition, the p  n forest ecosystems, this group has not been regionally revised using contemporary methodology.
13490	8	the potential to control structure and function of microbial communities. as viruses are paras   as viruses are parasites they can only replicate within their host. it is often assumed that v  an only replicate within their host. it is often assumed that viruses have a very narrow host r  llow for simple quanitfication of viral host specificity under in situ conditions as labeled cy   situ conditions as labeled cyanophages could be added directly to lake water samples. besides   will serve the restoration of lakes and water reservoirs, since understanding of cyanophage-ind  e-induced cyanobacterial collapse might be used to control and remove toxic algal blooms.   l collapse might be used to control and remove toxic algal blooms.
14704	4	climate is believed to be the main determinant of species geogr  tributions remain poorly understood. we propose an empirical system to test whether species dis  m to test whether species distributions are limited directly by climate, or indirectly, through  ion and the range of microhabitats that can be exploited by the butterflies at different altitu
13845	8	he loss of alleles due to genetic drift is increased in small populations. to understand evolut   drift. in the present project, we will investigate the threatened uppland pool frog population  tened uppland pool frog population to 1 measure the amount of quantitative genetic variation in  ts within and between subpopulations. 2 determine the importance of natural selection vs. genet  natural selection vs. genetic drift and compare these results to those obtained in the same pon  species with large genetic variation. 3 measure the past evolutionary response and the potentia  tential to adapt to changing climate. 4 compare molecular variation in adaptive and neutral cha   taking place in small populations, and contribute to the discussion on adaptive variation vs.
11381	3	ow disjunct between america and eurasia offer insights into the locations, and lifespans of int  he likely dates at which the bering and north atlantic land bridges were severed, and which tax   bering and north atlantic land bridges were severed, and which taxa might have used each route
13922	12	mpetition hierarchies among boreal ants are regulated by disturbance due to fire and forestry a  portant in terrestrial ecosystems: they are extremely abundant, are involved in many significan  cosystems: they are extremely abundant, are involved in many significant interactions with othe  ant interactions with other species and are able to alter their habitats. competition is though  le to alter their habitats. competition is thought to play an important role in structuring ant  sumption are rare. additionally, little is known about how the effects of competition interact   he abilities of species to successfully compete for resources. recent restoration programs aim   ing from forestry-related disturbances, may also have large impacts on ant assemblages. i will   forestry-related disturbances, may also have large impacts on ant assemblages. i will use large  ts on ant assemblages. i will use large-scale manipulative experiments to examine how competiti  mpetition hierarchies among boreal ants are regulated by disturbances due to forestry and fire   bility to manage forests so that we are better able to conserve natural processes and assemblag
11132	17	adaptive responses by plants when they are subjected to attack by leaf herbivores is the relea  re. these volatile signalling compounds can travel significant distances and are detected by pa  ds can travel significant distances and are detected by parasitoid wasps that use them to locat   leaf herbivores. in many cases, it has been shown that certain parasitoids respond only to par  particular semiochemicals and that they are produced systemically by the plant. this mechanism   od. however, there has been very little research on an intriguing additional dimension to the s  le research on an intriguing additional dimension to the story - that of below ground pathways   oorganisms in the rhizosphere. there is evidence from highly simplified hydroponic systems that   by neighbours. in natural soils, there is the possibility of a direct transfer process of semi   mycorrhizal fungi. these fungi heavily colonise the roots of virtually all land plants and pro   roots of virtually all land plants and produce vast lengths of mycelium that interlink individ  al plants into a common network. it has been suggested that they may be able to act as conduits  rk. it has been suggested that they may be able to act as conduits for transfer of semiochemica  particular ecological components, it is clear that a more holistic approach needs to be underta   that a more holistic approach needs to be undertaken to determine the relative importance of t  the relative importance of top-down and bottom-up controls of plant signalling, and indirect an  s of plant signalling, and indirect and direct pathways of semiochemical transfers .
10063	4	e to changes in individuals . third, we build a model to ask the question why did the observed   ed parental effects evolve. finally, we create experimental populations of hundreds of individu  ion size and structure. the experiments are conducted using an experimental model animal: a soi   has a fast generation time and a small size, allowing experiments on both individuals and popu
11076	4	e to changes in individuals . third, we build a model to ask the question why did the observed   ed parental effects evolve. finally, we create experimental populations of hundreds of individu  ion size and structure. the experiments are conducted using an experimental model animal: a soi   has a fast generation time and a small size, allowing experiments on both individuals and popu
9876	5	f fluvial systems. it can significantly effect: i the flow resistance and thus influence water   he fluvial system. on a smaller spatial scale, vegetation also generates turbulence that drives  anopies. fluvial flow has traditionally been analysed and modelled on a time-averaged, continuu  give a combined eulerian and lagrangian view of coherent flow structures revealed by injecting   flow that allows us to monitor and thus understand both the kinematic of river flow. this will
12255	16	eme introduced in 1992 in which farmers are paid a subsidy to remove land from arable productio  land from arable production. the scheme was introduced as part of eu agricultural policy reform  ase grain surpluses across the eu. land can be managed as rotational set-aside, in which differ  nal set-aside, in which different areas are set-aside each year, or permanent set-aside, in whi   or permanent set-aside, in which there is a commitment to maintain land in set-aside for at le  ast 5 years. large amounts of land have been converted to set-aside, which in the mid 1990s amo  icultural production. many studies have been conducted to investigate the impact of set-aside o  to set-aside on soil organic matter and soil microbial biodiversity. soil organic matter as the  odiversity. soil organic matter as they are an important group involved in soil biogeochemical   ales over which improvements to som and soil biodiversity take place following change to set-as   determine whether management practices can be developed to reduce loss of som following revers  s of losses of co2 to the atmosphere to be made following loss of set-aside. the data could als   loss of set-aside. the data could also allow the effect of loss of set-aside other ecosystem s   ecosystem services mediated by soil to be determined, particularly nutrient loss, and hence wa  , particularly nutrient loss, and hence water quality. the extent to which soil properties and   will determined, allowing judgements to be made on the utility of soil microbes as generic bioi
10820	7	the relative importance of factors that may constrain adaptation remains one of the greatest ch   for addressing this problem because we have an excellent understanding of the selective factor   of the selective factors involved, and can expect a quantitative fit between data and theory.   involved, and can expect a quantitative fit between data and theory. we will carry out experime   determine the importance of a possibly major mechanistic constraint - how individuals process   mation about their environment. we will test how females adjust their behaviour in response to:  will be complemented with observational field data, theory and comparative studies.
10965	2	oning of grassland ecosystems but there is virtually no information on the relationship between   of 13c in phospholipid fatty acids and stable isotope probing, combined with established molec
13797	9	salinity is a decisive factor for the distribution of animals in the marine en  lagic food webs, constituting a crucial link between primary producers and higher trophic level  levels, and many commercially important fish species rely on copepods as food. previous studies  or the majority of species experimental evidence on how salinity affects growth and fitness as   significant species in the baltic sea - north sea corridor. the following questions will be add   how does salinity affect the survival, gross growth efficiency and reproductive success 2 does   copepods as grazers on phytoplankton 3 do copepods exhibit any behavioural responses to salini  linity methods will include traditional bottle incubation experiments as well as the use of hig  the dynamics of copepod communities and facilitate the prediction of fish production in a futur
10911	10	ind out how important photoheterotrophy is in the open ocean - the earth s largest ecosystem, o  ic prokaryotes use light for energy but cannot use carbon dioxide as their sole carbon source a  eir sole carbon source and consequently use organic molecules from the environment to satisfy t  ean is difficult to assess, although it is already apparent that co2 fixation by prokaryotic ce  ochlorococcus cyanobacteria numerically dominate the open ocean because of their photoheterotro  terotrophic rates in the north atlantic gyre with the ones in the southern gyre and the equator   the significance of photoheterotrophic use of light at the ocean scale. in order to meet the a  er to meet the above objectives we will focus on experimental work in the open atlantic ocean c  bjectives we will focus on experimental work in the open atlantic ocean combining isotopic trac  rescence in situ hybridization and nano-scale secondary-ion mass spectrometry in conjunction wi
10980	10	ind out how important photoheterotrophy is in the open ocean - the earth s largest ecosystem, o  ic prokaryotes use light for energy but cannot use carbon dioxide as their sole carbon source a  eir sole carbon source and consequently use organic molecules from the environment to satisfy t  ean is difficult to assess, although it is already apparent that co2 fixation by prokaryotic ce  ochlorococcus cyanobacteria numerically dominate the open ocean because of their photoheterotro  terotrophic rates in the north atlantic gyre with the ones in the southern gyre and the equator   the significance of photoheterotrophic use of light at the ocean scale. in order to meet the a  er to meet the above objectives we will focus on experimental work in the open atlantic ocean c  bjectives we will focus on experimental work in the open atlantic ocean combining isotopic trac  rescence in situ hybridization and nano-scale secondary-ion mass spectrometry in conjunction wi
11401	24	and carbon sequestration. however, they are increasingly under threat from global changes, such  n. however, they are increasingly under threat from global changes, such as habitat destruction  order to maintain natural ecosystems it is vital to understand how they work. trophic interacti  involving one organism eating another - are one of the main factors determining how these ecosy  actors determining how these ecosystems are structured. but the nature of these interactions is   of these interactions is poorly known, even in well-studied systems. one such key trophic inte  d termites. both groups make up a large proportion of the biomass in tropical ecosystems across  opical ecosystems across the world, and are known to be ecosystem engineers i.e. they are one o  own to be ecosystem engineers i.e. they are one of the main contributors to the structure of th  l. ants also move soil around, and also consume a wide variety of animals and some plants. sinc  and moderately nutritious, it has often been assumed that ants eat a lot of termites. however,   lot of termites. however, this has only been demonstrated for a small number of species, as muc   has only been demonstrated for a small number of species, as much predation of termites by ant  tes by ants takes place underground. we propose to quantify the interaction between ants and te  aterial in the guts of ants. we already have collections of ants and termites from soil cores t  ent species of ant present have already been identified morphologically . for each species of a  cally . for each species of ant we will search for termite dna in the guts of up to 30 individu  each termite species has its own unique sequence of base pairs. consequently we can tell not on  sequence of base pairs. consequently we can tell not only that a particular species of ant has   of ant has eaten a termite, we can also tell which species of termite it has eaten. this will a  ree different categories: 1. those that do not eat termites 2. those that do eat termites, but   ites 2. those that do eat termites, but do not have any preference for a particular termite spe  ce for a particular termite species, or group of termite species 3. those that specialise on a   lise on a particular termite species or group of termite species the resulting data will allow
10970	15	honeybees supply man with honey and provide a vital pollination service. however, recently   tion service. however, recently a large number of colonies have died unexpectedly. although the  s ability to transmit honeybee viruses, is a major factor. a hidden problem is that the world-w  is that the world-wide spread of varroa may have permanently altered the viral landscape within   may have permanently altered the viral landscape within which honeybees and other insects now   ects now operate. in areas where varroa is now well established, certain honeybee viral pathoge  almost ubiquitous and, worryingly, have been found in native bees, wasps and bumblebees in seve  versity threat. however, almost nothing is known about the viral landscape before varroa arrive  almost nothing is known about the viral landscape before varroa arrived, since the mite had alr  ar tools required to detect the viruses were developed. the very recent spreading of the varroa  study how varroa is affecting the viral landscape, load and strain virulence. by collecting vir  affecting the viral landscape, load and strain virulence. by collecting viral data from honeybe  time to compare viral patterns pre- and post-varroa at both local and global scales. this will    it will also shed light onto the wider issue of how such invasive pests may threaten biodivers   wider issue of how such invasive pests may threaten biodiversity indirectly, by potentially ch
15450	12	any shorebirds , and how such trade-off is affected by thermal conditions. for this, we will un  y thermal conditions. for this, we will undertake a study, using the kentish plover charadrius   ndrinus as model species. also, we will study whether such a trade-off may be affected by femal   we will study whether such a trade-off may be affected by females condition. this is expected    be affected by females condition. this is expected because the expression of heat shock protei  e the expression of heat shock proteins is increased when cells are exposed to elevated tempera   shock proteins is increased when cells are exposed to elevated temperatures. the cytoprotectio  atures. the cytoprotection of some heat-shock proteins may result from the elimination of haem,  oprotection of some heat-shock proteins may result from the elimination of haem, which is synth  ult from the elimination of haem, which is synthetized from protoporphyrin. this is the main pi   in eggshells of shorebirds. therefore, egg coloration may signal the ability of females to cop  f shorebirds. therefore, egg coloration may signal the ability of females to cope with heat str
2102	9	gy of science, in particular from actor-network theory , we address the questions about how and  rticular from actor-network theory , we address the questions about how and under which precond  w fisheries management works. it starts out with a discussion about how fisheries management an  t fish into a complex cyborg fish which can be managed. the project will describe the knowledge  in this case represented by codfish and cod fishers, from unmanageable objects into manageable   ageable objects under control. next, we describe how a complex network is built around this cyb  next, we describe how a complex network is built around this cyborg fish that is produced and a  k is built around this cyborg fish that is produced and all the translations that take place in  ence and management in society. we also describe the transformations of the cyborg fish that fo
2167	5	the coastal heath ecosystem is classified as greatly endangered under the eu habita  and-use changes resulting in a dramatic decrease in the utilisation of outfields for grazing. t   for grazing. the threatened heathlands are invaded not only by native scrub and trees, but als  tive scrub and trees, but also by large alien coniferous species. the un millennium ecosystem a  cosystem assessment , and the strategic plan to manage alien species.
7721	1	g pests of plants and can significantly reduce pesticide use, meeting the regulatory requiremen
10488	24	africa and around the globe, they have been implicated in a series of extinction events coinci  nts towards the end of the last ice age were followed by extinctions on different islands, as h   arrived there over 5,000 years ago. we are able to recognise these different extinction events  tinct species. these records have often been used at face value to calculate the total number o  re. however, the fossil record does not represent an objective source of information. not only   jective source of information. not only is it far from complete, with animals only being preser  it far from complete, with animals only being preserved under unusual circumstances, but it als   regions are more likely than others to be fossilised. this means that what we think we know ab   be fossilised. this means that what we think we know about past human-caused extinctions needs  lised. this means that what we think we know about past human-caused extinctions needs to be re   past human-caused extinctions needs to be reassessed. can we describe these biases further, an  inctions needs to be reassessed. can we describe these biases further, and is it actually possi  n we describe these biases further, and is it actually possible to use the fossil record to rec  nct rodent genus, showing that there is still much to learn about the area. i intend to determi   the west indian fossil record can then be examined by assessing whether the predicted abundanc  d with the number of specimens actually present in different museum collections. similar compar   with modern island ecosystems can also suggest whether we can identify any west indian islands   ecosystems can also suggest whether we can identify any west indian islands for which undescri  await discovery. these biases will also be studied by researching habitat preferences of hispan  ammal ecology will then show whether it is also possible to identify ecological interactions, s  al equilibrium, an especially important goal for ecologically degraded regions such as haiti. f  ossil record will be compared with what is known about recently extinct mammals and birds from   nt regions. these studies will together allow us to determine the full extent of prehistoric sp  rehistoric species loss, and ultimately use the past to understand ongoing extinctions.
10520	6	diversity, scientists and policy makers must recognise that humans, biodiversity, and ecosystem  ational science or policy forums. there is a dearth of scientific research about habc, so scien  forums. there is a dearth of scientific research about habc, so scientists and policy makers la  rks, knowledge, and tools to project or predict human responses and their actual or potential o  nd feedbacks. indeed, a significant new research effort is required to encourage decision maker  deed, a significant new research effort is required to encourage decision makers to consider bi
11528	6	diversity, scientists and policy makers must recognise that humans, biodiversity, and ecosystem  ational science or policy forums. there is a dearth of scientific research about habc, so scien  forums. there is a dearth of scientific research about habc, so scientists and policy makers la  rks, knowledge, and tools to project or predict human responses and their actual or potential o  nd feedbacks. indeed, a significant new research effort is required to encourage decision maker  deed, a significant new research effort is required to encourage decision makers to consider bi
9951	7	rsity and ecosystem services or that ex-acerbate losses. an unprecedented extinction of species  diversity, scientists and policy makers must recognise that humans, biodiversity, and ecosystem  tional science or policy for-ums. there is a dearth of scientific research about habc, so scien  or-ums. there is a dearth of scientific research about habc, so scientists and policy makers la  rks, knowledge, and tools to project or predict human responses and their actual or potential o  feedbacks. indeed, a significant new re-search effort is required to encourage decision makers   eed, a significant new re-search effort is required to encourage decision makers to consider bi
11477	1	istocene and early holocene. there will be an integration of environmental and archaeological d
13796	10	e, behavior of free-ranging animals and landscape ecology. during the proposed project i create  proposed project i create an impact and risk assessment on several spatial scales with respect    using moose as a case study. important is the broader spatial context to avoid interference in  avoid interference influenced by local, site-specific features. i will test a set of hypotheses   theories of animal resource selection, prey anti-predator behavior, and landscape ecology to a  ction, prey anti-predator behavior, and landscape ecology to assess the effects of both environ  ow avoidance behavior , resulting in a ´landscape of fear´ in space and time. moose is an excel   is an excellent case study, because it is a geographical wide-spread species that range over l  rge spatial scales, and in scandinavia, experience intense human impact. i will analyze moose g  features. to address the spatiotemporal risk for wildlife road-crossings, i will develop a gene
11081	3	introduction coral reefs are regarded as the most species rich ecosystems in the   rich ecosystems in the oceans but they are also probably the most threatened using belt transe  onmental dna and, if additional funding is obtained from the nerc high-throughput molecular fac
15060	2	y needed to maintain genetic diversity, counteract isolation, and prevent the species extinctio  ic diversity, counteract isolation, and prevent the species extinction. this project aims to as
10464	2	ographic trees, allowing the timing and route of migrations and colonisations to be inferred. t  oute of migrations and colonisations to be inferred. this data will be compared to detailed cra
15301	5	nevertheless, its genetic diversity it is not enough well-known. this research group has colle   high level of phylogenetic resolution, major haplogroups of the mtdna and the y chromosome. th  plete sequence of those haplogroups and determine their variants, trying to provide more insigh  f mtdna and y-chromosome haplogroups is being known with enough certainty, and that genetic inf  ative importance and origin of the long-range human migratory movements, the weight of the dive
13342	15	ked to the extent to which conservation can be integrated with the cultural, social and economi  lens through which to examine the wider issue of how people interact with biodiversity. hunting  tens of millions of people globally, it is conducted across a wide range of land tenure and use   across a wide range of land tenure and use systems, and it is an important source of revenue a   of land tenure and use systems, and it is an important source of revenue and protein, particul  and use systems, and it is an important source of revenue and protein, particularly in developi  ularly in developing countries. hunting is embedded in social structures and cultural patterns   he richest to the poorest countries and encompass environments from the arctic to the equator.   ents from the arctic to the equator. we seek to understand what influences attitudes to hunting  ting, how these attitudes influence and determine individual and societal behaviour in relation  ces biodiversity. consequently, we will integrate social, economic and ecological scientific di  d ecological scientific disciplines and engage with a diverse selection of stakeholders to deve  nting and biodiversity conservation and contribute to the global debate about the sustainable u  nservation and contribute to the global debate about the sustainable use of biodiversity.   the global debate about the sustainable use of biodiversity.
2130	12	of hybrids between atlantic salmon and brown trout have recently been detected in rivers vefsn  ic salmon and brown trout have recently been detected in rivers vefsna and driva. both rivers h  vers vefsna and driva. both rivers have been infected by the parasite gyrodactylus salaris sinc  ris since the 1970s, causing a dramatic decline in juvenile salmon densities. reasons for the r  -native salmon. increased hybridisation may cause vulnerable populations to become even less vi  ome even less viable, and this needs to be modeled in a stock-recruitment context for both atla  nt context for both atlantic salmon and brown trout. on top of this ecological effect, high num   brown trout. on top of this ecological effect, high numbers of hybrids may increase the likeli  logical effect, high numbers of hybrids may increase the likelihood of rare events such as back  genes from one species to the other. we have already identified triploid backcrosses in both ri  h rivers, and detailed genetic analyses are needed to investigate whether diploid backcrosses a  investigate whether diploid backcrosses are formed. ongoing investigations in both rivers suppl
15463	4	utionary trees with branches that never reconnect, is more and more obvious that hybridization   ees with branches that never reconnect, is more and more obvious that hybridization between hig  ed selection. the mc1r affects hair and skin pigmentation and could be involved in color patter   affects hair and skin pigmentation and could be involved in color pattern variation in chamois
14939	2	of captivity experiments, whether there is interespecific sperm competition betwee the common q  the non native quail. with this data we could do a more precise diagnose of the real dimension
2092	11	however, hybridization, and subsequent back-crossing, may lead to the transfer of genes betwee  dization, and subsequent back-crossing, may lead to the transfer of genes between species and r  e transfer of genes between species and represent an important factor as a source of new variab  ween species and represent an important factor as a source of new variability in the subsequent  nce of hybridization in vertebrates has been recognized relatively recently and the mechanisms   idirectional, viz. males of one species are paired with females of the other species, but not v  pulations of great tits parus major and blue tits p. caeruleus, because most heterospecific pai   male great tit and female blue tit. we suggest a new hypothesis to account for such mixed pair  e choice caused by competition. we will test the hypothesis by analysing the settlement pattern  lement pattern of the birds in time and space, and by experiment al removal of dominant birds.   removal of dominant birds. we will also analyse the fitness consequences for birds engaging in
170	6	o form mixed species breeding pairs and produce viable hybrid offspring. interbreeding is an im  tted eagle populations in the sympatric part of species' ranges. for implementation of the obje  or implementation of the objectives, we apply molecular methods; we use three types of nuclear   ectives, we apply molecular methods; we use three types of nuclear markers with different sensi   greater spotted eagle, because a large proportion of its population is affected by interbreedi  se a large proportion of its population is affected by interbreeding with the lesser spotted ea
7639	2	drophobic micro have the distinction of being adsorbed on organic or inorganic matrices, reduci  a, following existing preliminary data, is to change the accessibility of these substances and
10441	3	ised in areas of relatively homogeneous grain-size called sediment patches. differences in patc  ovide diverse habitat opportunities and ensure the availability of refugia for macroinvertebrat  te behaviour as flow strength and depth are increased step-wise. flow will be determined using
7658	8	jectives the objectives of the european framework directive on water to achieve good ecological  hemical measurements of micropollutants do not allow to evaluate a potential impact on organism  pact on organisms in so far as sampling can not reflect the temporal variability of contaminati  tamination, invasive species now widely present in temperate aquatic environments and resistant  aromatic hydrocarbons, which are strong diffuse contamination of urban environments. this proje  s of urban development in ile de france network of r2ds. sisteo the project aims to analyze the  , sources of micro and ecotoxicological impact on hydrosystems. the work proposed here is part   t sisteo. it aims to develop a relevant tool for the link between the assessment of chemical co
11271	1	to test whether just cracking of rocks can produce enough hydrogen to feed a microbial populat
10100	5	we propose the analysis of total dissolvable mn in a suite  hydrothermal plumes along the knipovich ridge: 74-78 degrees n, norwegian-greenland sea. the de  venting along this remote and extremely slow-spreading ridge is important to our understanding    be integrated into an soc co-ordinated study which will include complementary investigations o  cal hydrothermal plume tracers: optical back-scattering .
10217	30	we propose to investigate the world s deepest undersea vol  ge for the first time to obtain a vital piece in a global jigsaw puzzle of deep-sea life, advan  sea volcanic ridge where ocean crust is being created in the caribbean sea. in common with all   ith all such ridges examined so far, we expect to find hydrothermal vents on the mcr: hot sprin  volutionised ideas about how ecosystems can be supplied with energy and even provided clues to   ed clues to the origins of life. but we have yet to understand what controls the global distrib  c vents, for example, are home to metre-long tubeworms, but those animals are not known at mid-  e for such patterns. the mcr has a deep-water connection with the atlantic, so its vents may be  nection with the atlantic, so its vents may be inhabited by species related to those of the mid  illion years ago, there was also a deep-water connection with the eastern pacific. the mcr may   ction with the eastern pacific. the mcr may therefore harbour species related to those of the e   eastern pacific. the mcr may therefore harbour species related to those of the eastern pacific   the two oceans. alternatively, the mcr may also host species unlike any found elsewhere, as a   oceans. alternatively, the mcr may also host species unlike any found elsewhere, as a consequen  g its vent communities should therefore reveal the roles of ocean currents, geological history,  ons of vent species. as much of what we know about the dispersal of deep-sea species in general  om analogies with other ridges, we also expect a variety of types of hydrothermal vent on the m  ain where rocks from the earth s mantle may be pushed through the overlying crust. we also anti  ed through the overlying crust. we also anticipate cooler alkaline vents on the ridge, created   s towards the ~6000 m maximum mcr depth are expected to have record high temperatures and unusu   microbes adapted to them. we therefore propose to study the geology and hydrography of the wor   new autosub 6000 autonomous underwater vehicle to pinpoint vents on the seafloor. we will then  int vents on the seafloor. we will then visit those vents with the uk s deep-diving robotic veh  vents with the uk s deep-diving robotic vehicle isis to sample their geology, geochemistry and   hemical processes driving the vents and reveal the evolutionary and genetic relationships of th  rine microbiology and biotechnology and share our discoveries with the wider public through an   an outreach programme. by using cutting-edge technology to investigate this part of our planet   rt of our planet for the first time and answer a key question in deep-sea science, this proposa  dresses nerc s goal of delivering world-class environmental research at the frontiers of knowle  of delivering world-class environmental research at the frontiers of knowledge
10907	30	we propose to investigate the world s deepest undersea vol  ge for the first time to obtain a vital piece in a global jigsaw puzzle of deep-sea life, advan  sea volcanic ridge where ocean crust is being created in the caribbean sea. in common with all   ith all such ridges examined so far, we expect to find hydrothermal vents on the mcr: hot sprin  volutionised ideas about how ecosystems can be supplied with energy and even provided clues to   ed clues to the origins of life. but we have yet to understand what controls the global distrib  c vents, for example, are home to metre-long tubeworms, but those animals are not known at mid-  e for such patterns. the mcr has a deep-water connection with the atlantic, so its vents may be  nection with the atlantic, so its vents may be inhabited by species related to those of the mid  illion years ago, there was also a deep-water connection with the eastern pacific. the mcr may   ction with the eastern pacific. the mcr may therefore harbour species related to those of the e   eastern pacific. the mcr may therefore harbour species related to those of the eastern pacific   the two oceans. alternatively, the mcr may also host species unlike any found elsewhere, as a   oceans. alternatively, the mcr may also host species unlike any found elsewhere, as a consequen  g its vent communities should therefore reveal the roles of ocean currents, geological history,  ons of vent species. as much of what we know about the dispersal of deep-sea species in general  om analogies with other ridges, we also expect a variety of types of hydrothermal vent on the m  ain where rocks from the earth s mantle may be pushed through the overlying crust. we also anti  ed through the overlying crust. we also anticipate cooler alkaline vents on the ridge, created   s towards the ~6000 m maximum mcr depth are expected to have record high temperatures and unusu   microbes adapted to them. we therefore propose to study the geology and hydrography of the wor   new autosub 6000 autonomous underwater vehicle to pinpoint vents on the seafloor. we will then  int vents on the seafloor. we will then visit those vents with the uk s deep-diving robotic veh  vents with the uk s deep-diving robotic vehicle isis to sample their geology, geochemistry and   hemical processes driving the vents and reveal the evolutionary and genetic relationships of th  rine microbiology and biotechnology and share our discoveries with the wider public through an   an outreach programme. by using cutting-edge technology to investigate this part of our planet   rt of our planet for the first time and answer a key question in deep-sea science, this proposa  dresses nerc s goal of delivering world-class environmental research at the frontiers of knowle  of delivering world-class environmental research at the frontiers of knowledge.
11875	11	nics, and has shaped the planet that we live on. yet because we cannot use standard remote sens   planet that we live on. yet because we cannot use standard remote sensing techniques using ele   to study the seafloor, in many ways we know more about the surface of mars than we do about th   more about the surface of mars than we do about the floor of the atlantic over the last 12 yea   seafloor spreading where a significant part of the plate divergence is taken up by slip on lon  ignificant part of the plate divergence is taken up by slip on long-lived, convex upward detach  ence is taken up by slip on long-lived, convex upward detachment faults, rather than mainly by   ed in this way. these detachment faults are associated with large hydrothermal systems producin  ow this to happen these values can then be compared with physical models of permeability based   nd seismicity distributions. because it is hard to observe subsurface geology or fluid flow dir  tic. at the end of this project we will have a better understanding of one of the most importan
14563	1	ecies and 244 subspecies. this richness is considered one of the most important in the world.
7047	24	hypocrea is a genus of the fungal phylum ascomycota. it is parti  nus of the fungal phylum ascomycota. it is particularly well known in its asexual state, tricho   particularly well known in its asexual state, trichoderma, which is one of the principal funga  h. many species of hypocrea/trichoderma have economic and ecological importance, as sources of   f plant pathogenic fungi, but they also pose a serious threat to cultivated mushrooms and to im  nic fungi, but they also pose a serious threat to cultivated mushrooms and to immune-suppressed  ilization of these and new bioresources require their detection in nature and preservation in c  n in collections of living cultures. it is essential to clearly define and characterize the tax  . it is essential to clearly define and characterize the taxonomy and systematic position of th  haracterize the taxonomy and systematic position of the species, to be able to distinguish them  recognize them. while many studies have been carried out on species isolated from soil, little    species isolated from soil, little has been known about the biodiversity and ecology of the ge   above soil level. hypocrea teleomorphs occur commonly on wood, other plant material and variou  terial and various fungi. in a previous project hypocrea was collected in 14 european countries  s fungi. in a previous project hypocrea was collected in 14 european countries. due to limited   ogical variation, identification has to be based on gene sequences. to do this, dna is extracte  ased on gene sequences. to do this, dna is extracted from cultures prepared from ascospores. th  cies instead of ca. 20 expected species were identified, and 30 are new to science. all species  xpected species were identified, and 30 are new to science. all species known to form a teleomo   monograph. despite previous efforts we do not know anything about the genus from warmer region  contain many biodiversity hotspots, but are endangered by increasing drought periods and forest  amorphs from sardinia and tenerife have been conducted, which do not appear to be representativ  and tenerife have been conducted, which do not appear to be representative for the mycoflora ab  is therefore proposed to to analyze and document the ecology of the species collected.
10489	4	s the interface of aquifers and rivers, are important factors controlling the chemical and ecol  ors. an increasing body of research has been published in recent years on processes acting at t  ocesses acting at this interface, which is known as the hyporheic zone , large industrial compa  erface, which is known as the hyporheic zone , large industrial companies, consulting companies
15188	2	corresponding to the orders dicranales is also proposed. an integral part of the project is th  berica, the studies within this project are expected to result in additional publication, such
14748	3	roject, which comprises various phases, is the publication of the iberian bryophytic flora. in   hnales, schistostegales and ditrichales is proposed. 2 fascicles with monographs of 4 genera of  h only one species . as in the previous phase of the project, the proposal is to continue prosp
15412	9	in this sub-project, included in the fauna iberica project, we deal  -project, included in the fauna iberica project, we deal with the study of marine bryozoans fro  cluded in the fauna iberica project, we deal with the study of marine bryozoans from the ibero-  ted area is about 450, and therefore it is necessary to face their study in a fractioned way. t  onal and international level. they will be also the basis of a monograph for the fauna iberica,  raph for the fauna iberica, and we will upgrade the database of the ibero-balear bryozoans attu  s attuned with the criteria of the erms project, for its inclusion in the fauna iberica databas  ca database. to carry out this work, we have an extensive experience in the study of marine bry  rry out this work, we have an extensive experience in the study of marine bryozoa, expresed in
14993	1	consist in a taxonomical and ecological study of iberian and balearic species, including descri
14766	12	ectories and goals of the fauna iberica program, we approach the study of marine bryozoaires fr   goals of the fauna iberica program, we approach the study of marine bryozoaires from the iberi   order to accomplish this study we will elaborate an actualized inventory of the iberian bryozo  ted material of the iberian coasts that is deposited in different collections and museums to co  ms to confirm some doubtful entries and revise the types of some species, we will study the mat  vise the types of some species, we will study the material collected in several campaigns and t  ational and international level we will elaborate a monograph for its possible inclusion in the  in the fauna iberica series and we will prepare a database of the iberiobalear bryozoaires attu  s attuned with the criteria of the erms project for its inclusion in the fauna iberica database  berica database.to fulfil this study we rely upon a vast experience in the study of marine bryo   the study of marine bryozoaires and we hope this project allows the completion of the formatio   of new investigators in this field who can continue with the work done.
15415	1	ill be synthesized in the manuscript to be published in the fauna iberica series of monographs.
14994	7	ography of iberian peninsula orthoptera was written by bolivar the 10 families with 60 genera a  n the original description. at the same time the collections of entifera from public and privat  the whole disperse knowledge that there is of the suborden ensifera in the iberian peninsula, s  ra in the iberian peninsula, so it will be the scientific reference work of the group fro the c  o the country. many species of ensifera are endemic and much of them have been included in the   ifera are endemic and much of them have been included in the red lists of endangered invertebra   crops because of the damages that they produce to them. so, the monography will be the instrum
14992	2	the aim of this subproject is to carry out the study of three aspects of the ibero  bero-balearic fauna of aphids, in large sense, including aphidoidea and phylloxeroidea . the in
14990	6	the ip of this subproject is the coordinator of fauna iberica viii. the subprojec  echanisms that faib viii will use to: 1 achieve its overall objectives, 2 assist other subproje  to: 1 achieve its overall objectives, 2 assist other subprojects to achieve their goals, and 3   bprojects to achieve their goals, and 3 provide the necessary logistical support for the comple   and 3 provide the necessary logistical support for the completion of monographs that were begu  t for the completion of monographs that were begun in previous projects .
14570	3	ceae families and gyalectales order has been completed, with some papers as a result. in this p   final redaction of de following groups is proposed: f.agyriaceae, f.pannariaceae, f. rhizocarp  eae, f.pannariaceae, f. rhizocarpaceae, part of the f. collemataceae, the genus pyrenocollema,
14984	3	cusing to the preparation of an iberian lichen flora are the main objectives of this subproject  e family placynthiaceae: koerberia . we have the following objectives: 1. to revise iberian and  n and european herbaria with iberian or type material. 2. to collect specimens of these genera
14986	6	la. the more important results obteined are: the publication of the second volume of the iberia  ion of the second volume of the iberian lichen flora together with several papers. our main obj  + to finish the study of the marine and fresh-water species of the genus verrucaria, the marine  inish the study of the marine and fresh-water species of the genus verrucaria, the marine ones   . + to start the research of: the fresh-water species of the genera: polyblastia and thelidium,   of the iberian peninsula which had not been previously explored, will be carried out. + the sp
14855	2	this project phase is designed as a continuation of previous, being this t  designed as a continuation of previous, being this the sixth, after 17 years of existence. in p
14486	7	ted in marine benthic samples, but they are practically unknown in the iberian peninsula. the n  emerteans are such neglected and poorly know animals due to the difficulties associated with th   associated with their study: specimens must be studied alive, they are fragile and the histolo  : specimens must be studied alive, they are fragile and the histological procedures used to cla  cal procedures used to classifying them are laborious and time-consuming. nemerteans are ignore  d to classifying them are laborious and time-consuming. nemerteans are ignored or only referenc  aborious and time-consuming. nemerteans are ignored or only referenced as members of the phylum
14864	1	in this project we try to build an informatic database .
14865	1	in this project we try to build an informatic database .
14866	1	in this project we try to build an informatic database .
14567	1	a monographic work on iberian species belonging to the the order rhab
10885	2	cords will provide the data to test and refine climate models and may provide information usefu  a to test and refine climate models and may provide information useful for predicting the futur
1985	11	representative of the marine microalgal class of the raphidophyceae that presently inhabit dutc  ss of the raphidophyceae that presently inhabit dutch coastal waters. raphidophytes have a dish  bit dutch coastal waters. raphidophytes have a dishonorable reputation since they are thought t  ve a dishonorable reputation since they are thought to cause mass fish mortalities in temperate   sea and the skagerak area. f. japonica is believed to be introduced in our waters, for example  agerak area. f. japonica is believed to be introduced in our waters, for example via ballast wa  mariculture activities. on top of this, own physiological research has shown that f. japonica c  ca growth. also, f. japonica growth and winter survival will benefit from climate change relate  talities in dutch coastal waters. there is presently much debate on the biochemical background   coastal waters. there is presently much debate on the biochemical background of f. japonica tox   toxicity. a number of toxic principles are proposed, such as the ejection of highly characteri
15402	5	sis of microbial communities to detect, obtain, and monitor microbial populations with efficien  bial communities to detect, obtain, and monitor microbial populations with efficient degradativ  ng organic phases or emulsions harmless facilitate the mobilization of substrates and serve as   tate the mobilization of substrates and serve as co - substrates in reactions cometabolicas. th  the transfer of technology to end users is raised through the participation of a company of spa
15480	8	and litter are the reservoir of a huge number of microscopic fungi including the hyphomycetes.  mycetes. most fungi of biotechnological interest, or important plant and animal pathogens belon  etes from litter, near 500 species have been described the iberian peninsula, from which 300 ha   iberian peninsula, from which 300 have been identified by our search group mainly due to the c  onservation of these microorganisms. it is worth mentioning that many of these hyphomycetes hav  t many of these hyphomycetes have never been cultured and this is a great limitation for the kn  the spanish islands from which a little is known or unknown at this field. in addition, we will  own at this field. in addition, we will pay especial attention to get cultures with the aim of
7218	4	es have a major ecological and economic interest in the sustainable development of Madagascar a  . their preservation is essential. they are now seriously threatened by natural phenomena, but   agement methods for coastal areas: quen is it of the possibility of setting up an integrated ma  t to answer these questions, this study is based on a systems-type approach, which promotes int
458	3	nes offer a major ecologic and economic interest for sustainable development in madagascar and   servation is essential. at present they are seriously endangered by natural phenomena but also   r to answer these questions, this study is based on a systemic type of approach that favours th
14439	5	of the main objectives of the european plant health strategy. parasitic plants represent some   n response to viroid infection; it will elucidate the possibility for cross-species trafficking  m the host to the parasite; and it will search for some of the protein factors, which carry out  damental findings, the research results can promote a preparation of recommendations, advising    alternative strategy to cure parasitic plant infection. in this way the project could fulfill
15433	5	es, depends on gonad development, which is controlled by several genes. nevertheless, 20 years   se micrornas, mmu-mir-124 y mmu-mir144, are involved in the control of the expression of two im   rspo1 expression. since sox9 and rspo1 are the master regulatory genes in testis and ovarian d  n. accordingly, in this project we will investigate several functional aspects of mmu-mir-124 a  sion in vitro and in vivo. we will also study the degree of evolutionary conservation of these
7379	1	rial genera burkholderia and collimonas are actors of mineral weathering in nutrient- poor fore
10616	3	we will use recently developed behavioural and physiological bi  ne in carcinus maenas. almost unlimited access to sexually active crabs for bioassays and phero   ecology and evolution in future larger follow up studies.
12279	17	water and nutrient-use efficiencies are becoming increasingly important fo  ure increases on global food prices and supply, a balance is needed between food production and  lobal food prices and supply, a balance is needed between food production and the maintenance o  nt factor limiting crop production, and water availability during the uk growing season is pred  ailability during the uk growing season is predicted to decline. water abstraction for field cr  tion for field crop production needs to be balanced with maintaining surface water flows and gr  d phosphorus from soils results in poor water quality. • there have been steep increases in the  ble. existing elite crop varieties have been developed without regard for water and nutrient us  nd nutrient use efficiencies, and there is now a need to develop new varieties that can maintai  ow a need to develop new varieties that can maintain productivity with lower inputs. such varie  le agriculture. in this project we will use a new technique known as genome wide association ma  nome wide association mapping , it will be possible to identify loci that control the traits of  ntrol the traits of interest. once loci are identified, varients at the orthologous loci can be  ified, varients at the orthologous loci can be evaluated in crop plants, and specific gene vari  to see if they confer increased resouce use efficiency. in this 6 month project we will collect  ciency. in this 6 month project we will collect together and organise existing data sets, gener  ms and protocols for data analysis, and perform gwam to identify candiate genes. the approach w
10102	3	de amino acid sequence information that can be used to develop dna probes for identification of   sequence is unknown. we will clone and sequence these genes from a number of marine bacteria.   l provide a database of sequences which can be used in future studies to recognise homologous g
6833	7	sessions. parents are usually healthy, while the frequency of affected individuals among offsp  duals among offsprings is 25%. we carry out molecular genetic screening and provide prenatal di  rry out molecular genetic screening and provide prenatal diagnosis whenever necessary for patie  rent modern dna-diagnostic methods have been worked out for the analysis of mutations occurring   types of inherited disorders. our work may provide opportunity for the detection of unidentifi  with the help of exon amplification and direct dna sequencing methods in family members with fr  mily members with friedreich ataxia and allow characterization of individual mutations, as well
6761	3	sessions. parents are usually healthy, while the frequency of affected individuals among offsp  prings is 25%. during our work we carry out molecular genetic screening and provide prenatal di  rry out molecular genetic screening and provide prenatal diagnosis whenever neccesary for patie
15103	12	s, and turbid phases with phytoplankton were reported . this dynamics contrasts with the classi  s dynamics contrasts with the classical view of the limnology of lakes with periodic and predic   vertical mixing, and constitutes a new point of view for the modelling of ecosystem dynamics.   anktonic states. in 2007 a regime shift was reported, and the lagoon turned into a turbid state  ed, and the lagoon turned into a turbid state after seven years of macrophyte dominance. this p  s of macrophyte dominance. this project is aimed to the identification of both regimes at centu  th a palaeoecological approach. we will analyse the carbon and nitrogen isotope composition in   : oxygen stable isotope composition and trace element geochemistry. alternatively, we will gene  nt geochemistry. alternatively, we will generate another time series of salinity from the simul  is key factor by a dynamic hydrological model that is fed by daily climatic data. another outpu  or by a dynamic hydrological model that is fed by daily climatic data. another output of the mo  rrential water inputs to the lagoon. we intend to contribute to the comprehension of the freque
12613	6	nd regimes. thus, this research project is required to identify the skills necessary for contam   resource management. contaminated land is considered within specific legal contexts; an unders  into any risk evaluation. the situation is compounded by the current economic situation which h  o deliver those roles and, in doing so, identify any skills-gaps along with current initiatives  to address those gaps and, if required, comment on the strengths and weaknesses of these initia  and weaknesses of these initiatives and suggest any further action which may be warrented. evid
11364	1	reducing the likelihood of prejudicial model selection. this project will use recursive estima
13886	5	res are seldom evaluated and because it is unclear where they are most effective. therefore fai  ed and because it is unclear where they are most effective. therefore failures are common. the   g and maintaining biodiversity. because follow-up studies are time-demanding manipulative exper   such systems have high natural values, are usually impacted, are targets for restoration but d  ment and production as indicators. this is made by using phytometers. the project will be desig
14659	2	the y-chromosome genetic diversity has been shown to be useful to ascertain phylogenetic relat  atellite marker set developed by the dr ponce de leons group developing an specific freely down
12406	9	n collision risk to birds from offshore wind installations, 2 id range of existing and novel av  l avian collision mitigation options, 3 estimate the extent to which these options could minimi  tions could minimise bird collisions, 4 contribute to development of a quantitative model for t  ribute to development of a quantitative model for the wind industry to use as a tool to reduce   alities. key customer purpose: as there is little sound evidence to support arguments for or ag  tomer purpose: as there is little sound evidence to support arguments for or against in-combina  al viability of wind farm proposals and could halt the future expansion of offshore wind farms.  fy options to reduce bird collision and develop a quantitative model for the wind industry to r  rd collision and develop a quantitative model for the wind industry to reduce bird fatalities.
12227	10	whilst significant improvements have been made to the fertiliser recommendations for field v  in the new fertiliser manual, there are still many areas that require updating and improving. f  ative impacts on local environments and water quality, and the energy required and carbon dioxi  dioxide evolved in their production and use, will also increase the need to manage p fertiliser   in their production and use, will also increase the need to manage p fertiliser inputs more ca  ore carefully. with over 85% of mined p is used in food production, and field vegetable crops b  mined p is used in food production, and field vegetable crops being very responsive to p supply  being very responsive to p supply there is a need to identify future research requirements to e  ts to ensure its efficient use. we will conduct an in depth review of literature on the p respo   effective p use by vegetable crops and benefit future revisions of the fertiliser manual.
14957	1	he subgeneric subdivision of nemognatha are particularly relevant 6.- to estimate levels of con
9844	22	re of greater than 380 atmospheres, and water temperatures ranging from 1-300oc, pressure-lovin  ater temperatures ranging from 1-300oc, pressure-loving microorganisms known as piezophiles can  ing microorganisms known as piezophiles can be found. piezophiles have adapted to grow optimall  tions, yet the mechanisms by which they do so are poorly understood. to cope with extremes, it    yet the mechanisms by which they do so are poorly understood. to cope with extremes, it is exp  y understood. to cope with extremes, it is expected that piezophiles will produce novel cellula  that these components could potentially be important for industrial processes. thus, there is a  t for industrial processes. thus, there is a need to understand more about the basis of high-pr  understand more about the basis of high-pressure, and in some cases extreme temperature, growth  e, growth of piezophiles. the cold- and pressure-loving bacterium, photobacterium profundum, ha  acterium, photobacterium profundum, has been adopted as a model system to understand piezophile  it grows optimally at high pressure, it can grow at atmospheric pressure. additionally, the seq  y, the sequencing of photobacterium dna is nearly complete and a number of tools have been deve  rly complete and a number of tools have been developed to manipulate the dna. preliminary studi   on the outer surface of photobacterium appear to be important for cold- and high pressure-grow  arch are to characterize photobacterium surface components and to investigate how changes in th   extremes. this study could potentially identify novel surface components, which could be impor  gy. additionally, this study could also provide important insights into the basis of piezophile  ophile growth and, since photobacterium is considered to be a moderate piezophile, it will also   be a moderate piezophile, it will also provide a useful starting point for investigations into  lastly, since pressure sterilization is being developed by the food industry, these studies cou  food industry, these studies could also lead to a better understanding of factors influencing t
10581	4	tion genetic methods for estimating sub-structure within species allow little more than rejecti  anmictic. recent statistical tests have been proposed which partial out the influence of phylog  om contemporary selection pressures, or allow identification of past population vicariance. how  ns largely the result of informed guess-work by the biologist. here we propose developing a nov
11840	15	er under cold conditions. for instance, warm-blooded animals such as species of birds and mamma  h as species of birds and mammals often have larger body size in the colder parts of their geog  ge. this pattern makes sense because it is easier for a large animal to keep warm, since it has  mal to keep warm, since it has a larger volume of heat-producing tissue in relation to the area  rea of the body surface over which heat is lost to the environment. however, it has become appa   animals to changing temperature and we need to understand how they will respond. food animals   derstanding how their growth efficiency is altered by temperature. to do this, we shall focus o   where flies from different populations are grown in the same environment shows that they diffe  in the same environment shows that they differ genetically in size. temperature seems to be a c  itudes, because experiments where flies are allowed to evolve for several years at different te  ent temperatures in the laboratory also result in genetically larger body size at lower culture   lower temperatures, showing that there is a direct, environmental effect of temperature on siz  g that there is a direct, environmental effect of temperature on size. we shall discover the re  e shall discover the reasons for larger size in the cold. first, we shall identify the genes th  cing the genetic variants that we think are critical and checking their effects on body size. w
12640	1	egal use; to identify how conflicts are being resolved; and to identify any other relevant issu
11153	6	he nucleic acids inside microbial cells can be stained with fluorescing dyes which specifically  ith fluorescing dyes which specifically bind to targeted organisms. this technique can stain po  d to targeted organisms. this technique can stain pollutant degrading microorganisms in natural   and enumeration. microbial degradation can break down and detoxify polycyclic aromatic hydroca  icrobial degradation can break down and detoxify polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons , conventiona  ing microscopy. the derived methodology could be used to study in detail and at the microscale
10202	2	er 18th - 20th 2009 cumbria, nw england was hit by an exceptional precipitation event producing  tation event producing an unprecedented total of 372 mm of rainfall. over the 24 h period betwe
10514	9	despite an 82% decline in deforestation rates in amazonia, fires are s  0 has been a year of severe drought and fire in amazonia. over the last months , fire ecologist  ire in amazonia. over the last months , fire ecologists, climatologists as well as forest carbo   this event. working as a team, we will measure the different facets of this drought in multipl  sment of its impacts. we will initially quantify the spatial extent of the drought and associat  fire-affected forests. finally, we will generate the first basin-wide map of the 2010 drought-i  h local governments and communities, we anticipate that this project will not only provide scie  icipate that this project will not only provide scientific information to help understand and d  ific information to help understand and diagnose the impacts of future events, but will also pr
10490	25	resources are limited and must be divided between different funct                resources are limited and must be divided between different functions in the body  her words, you can t have your cake and eat it. this leads to trade-offs that we see in many di  at it. this leads to trade-offs that we see in many different species, for example, you can hav  all babies or few larger babies, or you can mature rapidly and have children at a small size, o  r babies, or you can mature rapidly and have children at a small size, or grow more slowly and   re rapidly and have children at a small size, or grow more slowly and have children at a larger  y and have children at a small size, or grow more slowly and have children at a larger size. th  t a small size, or grow more slowly and have children at a larger size. these trade-offs provid  ting energy into reproducing; organisms can choose to devote limited resources to their offspri  he few organisms, including humans, who engage in costly parental care behaviours. rather than   their fate, most mammals and birds, and even some invertebrates invest time and resources into   r offspring. in these organisms a large proportion of the available resources are devoted to re  e proportion of the available resources are devoted to reproduction, leaving fewer resources fo  ve is the evolutionary outcome that has been selected to provide the highest fitness returns fo  undant. disease is a common threat that could change the amount of care that parents deliver. t  ount of care that parents deliver. they may need to spend more effort on getting healthy and so  d more effort on getting healthy and so neglect their children, or diseased parents may lavish   ect their children, or diseased parents may lavish extra care on their children because they ar  tra care on their children because they are unlikely to survive to have more. studies have show  t manipulating their hormone levels, we can uncover the mechanisms that control the choices par  hat both parents prepare food, feed and care for their offspring. their caring behaviour is ben  o their partners, and how these choices are mediated by hormones. this will provide important i   important insights into how trade-offs are controlled and how they change in a high risk envir   trade-offs are controlled and how they change in a high risk environment.
11543	25	resources are limited and must be divided between different funct                resources are limited and must be divided between different functions in the body  her words, you can t have your cake and eat it. this leads to trade-offs that we see in many di  at it. this leads to trade-offs that we see in many different species, for example, you can hav  all babies or few larger babies, or you can mature rapidly and have children at a small size, o  r babies, or you can mature rapidly and have children at a small size, or grow more slowly and   re rapidly and have children at a small size, or grow more slowly and have children at a larger  y and have children at a small size, or grow more slowly and have children at a larger size. th  t a small size, or grow more slowly and have children at a larger size. these trade-offs provid  ting energy into reproducing; organisms can choose to devote limited resources to their offspri  he few organisms, including humans, who engage in costly parental care behaviours. rather than   their fate, most mammals and birds, and even some invertebrates invest time and resources into   r offspring. in these organisms a large proportion of the available resources are devoted to re  e proportion of the available resources are devoted to reproduction, leaving fewer resources fo  ve is the evolutionary outcome that has been selected to provide the highest fitness returns fo  undant. disease is a common threat that could change the amount of care that parents deliver. t  ount of care that parents deliver. they may need to spend more effort on getting healthy and so  d more effort on getting healthy and so neglect their children, or diseased parents may lavish   ect their children, or diseased parents may lavish extra care on their children because they ar  tra care on their children because they are unlikely to survive to have more. studies have show  t manipulating their hormone levels, we can uncover the mechanisms that control the choices par  hat both parents prepare food, feed and care for their offspring. their caring behaviour is ben  o their partners, and how these choices are mediated by hormones. this will provide important i   important insights into how trade-offs are controlled and how they change in a high risk envir   trade-offs are controlled and how they change in a high risk environment.
14196	5	l unknown. in many cases, pathogenicity can be explained by an immunosuppressive virus opening   ividuals. in this case the host may not be able to respond properly to usually normal viral inf  . we have shown that porcine circovirus type2 based vaccine, the latter approach has also been   d vaccine, the latter approach has also been patented by us. infectious diseases of animals and  a better knowledge of the host response is needed.
7295	3	phenomenon of biological invasions. we want to test the hypothesis of a differential allowance  ve and invasive populations in invasive bird species. given the relative costs and benefits of    of the components of this immunity, it is predicted that invasive populations have lower level
10030	3	all organisms, plant or animal, vertebrate or invertebrate, are afflic   or animal, vertebrate or invertebrate, are afflicted by infectious disease, but in spite of me   of medical and veterinary advances, we remain largely ignorant of the effects of infectious di
10540	3	all organisms, plant or animal, vertebrate or invertebrate, are afflic   or animal, vertebrate or invertebrate, are afflicted by infectious disease, but in spite of me   of medical and veterinary advances, we remain largely ignorant of the effects of infectious di
6887	3	he food intake has been demonstrate. it is organized by long-loop mechanisms including humoral   en demonstrate. it is organized by long-loop mechanisms including humoral and neural inputs to   tides, cannabinoids and their receptors are involved in these regulatory mechanisms. their acti
15343	13	on in waterfowl. although lead shot use was banned in protected spanish wetlands in 2001, spent  ugh the ingestion of pb ammunition, has been reported in many bird species even in protected we  rotected wetlands. however, very little is known about the sublethal effects of pb on these bir  onsequences at a population level. lead is known to affect two important functions in vertebrat  teration of the population dynamics. we present an integrated approach to estimate the effects   ed responses at the organism level that may have a direct consequence on the population status.  onsequence on the population status. pb is known to cause oxidative stress, which will be used    status. pb is known to cause oxidative stress, which will be used as the meeting point among a  since oxidative stress is also known to be related with colour and ornamentation in birds, we h  h colour and ornamentation in birds, we hypothesize that the pb-related alteration of the ornam  s a consequence of pb exposure. we will address this interconnected response hypothesis by cond  bjectives: 1. to assess the immunotoxic effect of pb on birds based on the analysis of the cons  rimentally the involvement of oxidative stress as a mechanism of the effect of lead on inmune r
13733	4	although marine invertebrates are exposed to increasing amount of chemicals immune mo  nce of eutrophication of coastal areas, release from the sediments and convert to its bioaviabl  l areas, release from the sediments and convert to its bioaviable form. recently, we discovered  nting deuterostomes and protostomes. mn effect on maturation of haemocytes will be judged using
10776	4	play a vital role in nitrogen cycling, water quality and ecosystem functioning and are sensiti  r quality and ecosystem functioning and are sensitive indicators of ecosystem health. this is a  ogramme. the project will significantly contribute to our understanding of how mnm chemistry in  ommunities, and how mnm themselves will alter by their interaction with the environment and mic
7175	2	as part of this project, we have i apprehended the spatiotemporal dynamics of larva  the big canalised rivers basin"marl and seine"ii built and validated digital tools for estimati
14779	3	intensification through irrigation and use of both chemical fertilizers and pesticides has all  izers and pesticides has allowed a huge increase in food production in the last 40 years, feedi  is widely recognized as a major serious cause of bird extinction scales explaining biodiversity
7634	3	orm root symbiosis with soil fungi that can access difficult access resources directly to plant  th soil fungi that can access difficult access resources directly to plants but improving their  mineral nutrition and growth. they also contribute to structuring and maintenance of soil ferti
10567	12	diel vertical migration that can track plankton migrations, sediment traps that coll  s that collect plankton and their fecal matter, and temperature and salinity probes to monitor    give useful insights into how ice loss may affect the marine ecology of this sensitive region,   to predict future changes in presently ice-covered locations following ice retreat. this work   mework that will tell us how much fecal pellet production by zooplankton is exported to depth t   fecal pellet production by zooplankton is exported to depth through the process of satiation s  nto the ocean interior to digest, which can occur many times over the day and night. when this   s will remain in the surface layers and be recycled. where zooplankton perform satiation sinkin  icles sequestered in the ocean interior may be increased by 10-25%. the presence of ice and als  o affect satiation sinking, and we will gauge what effect these factors have on carbon sequestr  actors have on carbon sequestration. we have considerable experience working on plankton migrat  rking on plankton migrations and on sea-ice systems. our collaborative efforts here have the po
1084	4	intertidal bottoms between khao lak and ban chao nam, along the thai coast of the andaman sea.   ao lak and ban chao nam, along the thai coast of the andaman sea. this coastal area, stretching  ervations, the effects were moderate or even locally absent. the most prominent features of the  ole and whose actual state is worthy to be considered. 4 soft bottoms of various kind in terms
13890	15	cesses. from the swedish perspective it is important to reveal how different population densiti  ompletely experimental research project was started, where impact of 4 different moose densitie  e impact of 4 different moose densities was simulated in 8 exclosures in young forest stands al  ctivity gradient. the moose food plants are clipped in quantities corresponding to the differen  the different densities both summer and winter, and dung and urine are added. the results so fa  h summer and winter, and dung and urine are added. the results so far clearly show that moose s  e are added. the results so far clearly show that moose significantly can affect the ecosystem,  r clearly show that moose significantly can affect the ecosystem, especially at higher densitie  und and soil living invertebrates. also soil temperature and soil respiration rates have been a  nvertebrates. also soil temperature and soil respiration rates have been affected. effect furth  erature and soil respiration rates have been affected. effect further depends on habitat produc  roductivity, and the same moose density can give opposite effects in poor and rich habitats. th  r and rich habitats. the exclosures now have the optimal age to do further studies on biodivers  ts. the exclosures now have the optimal age to do further studies on biodiversity of plants, mo  and microclimate. the results will also be used to develop ecological models on how changes in
12225	4	d dairyco on forage and grassland. adas have also collated data for pgro on pulses, pgro are co  issues and priorities for attention. it is important that this information is collated and asse  . it is important that this information is collated and assessed so that policy development can  and assessed so that policy development can address the key issues and balance pressures coming
161	8	likely to provoke the climate warming, frequent droughts and other stresses that decrease the    tree species and regions of europe and north america showed long-term variations of tree growt  of europe and north america showed long-term variations of tree growth and site productivity. t  long-term variations of tree growth and site productivity. the case studies reported consistent  n. litter decomposition is an important link in cycling procecces as the source of the majority  rowth of forests in changing conditions is emphasized frequently in literature. according to th  ory data site index of estonian forests was found to have increased during the last decades. th  ecipitation, detected in meteorological time series in estonia may be partly responsible for th
147	16	wetter and summers drier. these changes are attributed to the increasing content of green-house  uted to the increasing content of green-house gases in the atmosphere, which is probably reflec  hydrological changes have the strongest impact in shallow lakes where they cause big changes in  use big changes in the water volume and lake depth. a basic research is planned to study the in  volume and lake depth. a basic research is planned to study the influence of the inflow of subs  solved organic matter on the underwater light climate will be investigated as well. work hypoth  s to be lower in water-rich years. this is caused by the effect of dilution as well as by the l  gher in water-rich years. in the deeper lake where the water column is on the average less illu  rage less illuminated than in shallower lake, the increased concentration of dom weakens the un  ts biomass. higher concentration of dom may favor bacteria while the lower phytoplankton produc  toplankton production in dom-rich years can reduce bacterial biomass if they are dependant on p  rs can reduce bacterial biomass if they are dependant on phytoplankton exudates and degradation  tonian large lakes võrtsjärv and peipsi offer an unique opportunity to study the impact of clim  rtunity to study the impact of climatic change on the ecosystem of shallow lakes. they are amon  on the ecosystem of shallow lakes. they are among few lakes in the world, which water level is   data on phytoplankton from l. võrtsjärv start from the year 1964. also for l. peipsi the data s
12435	3	y objectives to support the ices/globec project office which exists to help with implementing t  to help with implementing the strategic plan of the cod and climate change programme and other   cosystem to physical forcing and global change by developing our understanding of its structure
6961	7	km northward, over short period of time were found. the warmer winters could promote the northw   of time were found. the warmer winters could promote the northward expansion of insects. main   be possible to establish the direction, speed, and variability of spreading. the experiments ar  riability of spreading. the experiments are concentrated on the highways, what are ecological c  ays, what are ecological corridors, and are convenient to place insect traps in different parts  e as a monitoring network. the highways could serve as standard, permanent capillar of the inse  t insect and weed groups in hungary and further in a wider european union project.
7129	11	ween the abiotic and biotic changes, we propose to analyze the consequences of the increase in   . this project has four objectives: 1 / test in competition if the increase of co2 promote inva  t in competition if the increase of co2 promote invasive species over native species in terms o  enology, growth and reproduction. . 3 / determine the effects of increased temperature and redu   some herbaceous and woody species. 4 / predict what changes in distribution areas of the main   ng to different ipcc scenarios and thus determine how global warming may affect biodiversity. i  s and thus determine how global warming may affect biodiversity. in terms of management and tra  iodiversity. in terms of management and transfer to users, this project will assess the change   e of the increase in atmospheric co2: 1 increase or not the phenomenon invasions by species int  mance compared to indigenous species; 2 test a likely deterioration in the efficiency of biolog   plant material. this project will also complement the european system of observatories of phen
7669	3	tropical andes are considered as biodiversity hotspots for conservatio  an ecotone between the tropical forest, sub-andean and savannah ecosystems, where biodiversity   stems, where biodiversity and landscape are controlled by extended seasonal inundations. this a
13725	2	declined or gone extinct. some declines were followed by increased abundances of medium-sized i  plicit population models. further, they may have implications for wildlife management.
11147	2	sal initially funding our component. it is planned, however, that as we gather more information  ent. it is planned, however, that as we gather more information about methanotroph ecology in t
7536	6	egy to scale to a known intermediary we propose to initiate, through the help of brg, an interd   of fragmented forest landscapes south -west france. two workshops -site composed of contrastin  ell characterized for their ecology. we want to make an initial inventory of the genetic divers  t in these landscapes on the scale that was used to characterize the interspecific biodiversity  g chloroplast dna markers and selective effect of estimated environments using morphological ma  cts of forest management on the genetic structure of these populations will be measured using n
544	1	ction in larch for 30 consecutive years could be slowed down by the parasitism of strobilomyia.
7131	1	egeneration of larch forest, forest and give guidelines for sensible management of plots
2149	4	d plasma hormone profiles. in addition, hypo-osmoregulatory ability will be evaluated using sea  ry function due to contaminant exposure can be correlated to impaired downstream migration, gro  e proposal will determine whether there is a causal link between exposure to anthropogenic fact  ill determine whether there is a causal link between exposure to anthropogenic factors during t
427	8	, this phenomenon will probably greatly perturb the distribution of the european species. what   e changes on biodiversity would greatly help to answer these questions. in this context, we dev  ed species, living in the same habitats can have strongly different phylogeographic histories.    factors to explain the phylogeographic structure of the european mammal species turns out to b   complex. moreover, the phylogeographic study of the nematode evidenced that a specific parasit  tode evidenced that a specific parasite can be used as a biological magnifying glass as it high   finally, we showed in a morphometrical study on a. sylvaticus, that rodents could quite quickl  ticus, that rodents could quite quickly adapt their morphology to changes in their environment
10005	2	ate cretaceous to mid-paleogene we will reconstruct the greenhouse world of the past and assess  ct the greenhouse world of the past and assess the impact of dramatic global events on the evol
10523	2	ate cretaceous to mid-paleogene we will reconstruct the greenhouse world of the past and assess  ct the greenhouse world of the past and assess the impact of dramatic global events on the evol
11535	2	ate cretaceous to mid-paleogene we will reconstruct the greenhouse world of the past and assess  ct the greenhouse world of the past and assess the impact of dramatic global events on the evol
1933	9	we experimentally investigate the effects of habitat connectivity on dyna  bivorous insect, and its parasitoid. we hypothesize that pathogen and parasitoid in the model s  to fragmentation than the herbivore and are more frequently absent from isolated patches, and i  n the herbivore and are more frequently absent from isolated patches, and investigate effects t   the participants, ii these differences can lead to local absence of the participants with the   st dispersal capacity, iii in turn this may lead to over-exploitation by species at a lower tro  loitation by species at a lower trophic level, and iv these processes are enforced by habitat f  r trophic level, and iv these processes are enforced by habitat fragmentation and isolation. sp  boration with projects 3 and 4, we will survey the presence of component species in other multi
13592	2	ter quality in nursery grounds. we will use a combination of laboratory, mesocosm-based and fie  act of cyanobacterial blooms on coastal fish populations.
14183	8	lseed rape is an increasingly important crop throughout europe, especially in estonia, and pest  xpanding pest resistance to pyrethroids is a major european problem at present. alternative pes  agement strategies for the crop need to be developed urgently. this project focuses on investig  nd environmentally-sustainable. it will explore, using small plot, larger-scale field and labor  stainable. it will explore, using small plot, larger-scale field and laboratory experiments, ho  t pests and their parasitoids, how they interact with cropping systems and whether their behavi  avioural responses to these host plants can be utilised to develop push-pull strategies using t   plants can be utilised to develop push-pull strategies using trap crops or companion plant str
14983	1	mediterranean coastal wetlands of spain are systems that show a great richness in biodiversity
7554	3	in the genetic diversity of species and alter their genetic structure. in order to develop sust  nagement strategies of biodiversity, we propose to characterize the human practices and analyze  to characterize the human practices and analyze their impact on gene flow and the evolution of
14141	10	een scarcely investigated. air humidity can influence an ecosystem and its components in severa  he intensity of evapo-transpiration and soil moisture. lower transpiration at higher air humidi  er transpiration at higher air humidity can diminish the nutrient supply of plants . every spec  rstory vegetation. the second phase has been designed to complement the aforementioned fahm one  ucted in a growth chamber, where light, air humidity and soil moisture will be controlled. the    chamber, where light, air humidity and soil moisture will be controlled. the monitored variabl  ation rate, stomatal conductance, whole-tree hydraulic conductance, leaf area dynamic and nitra  ance, whole-tree hydraulic conductance, leaf area dynamic and nitrate concentration in root and  ulic conductance, leaf area dynamic and nitrate concentration in root and shoot xylem. the wate  c and nitrate concentration in root and shoot xylem. the water and the nitrogen in the soil wil
14110	1	fferent time scales to cause a putative decline in growth rate in response to elevated rh
14506	3	cies on native species. four points wil be appointed. 1- salmonids and native fishes and amphib  tive fishes and amphibians 2- breeeding bird communities between native forest and afforestion   on of the mink on the native species 4- influence of the wild boar on the egeneration of the na
10305	12	manufactured nanoparticles are being used in a number of ways already in environmental  ations such as bioremediation, and have been mooted as having great potential in fields such as  agriculture. unfortunately, very little is known about the impact such nanoparticles may have o  own about the impact such nanoparticles may have on the strucutre and function of the microbial  particles may have on the strucutre and function of the microbial communities which exist in th  mmunities are essential for the healthy function of soils: they underpin the production of food  for the healthy function of soils: they underpin the production of food and fibre, the cycling   fication of water flowing through them, contribute to soil structural stability and it s abilit  and it s ability to resist erosion, and interact closely with plants to maintain biodiversity,   tially very significant. this programme is aimed at providing some very basic information as to  ion as to if, how and why nanoparticles have any impact on the normal composition and function   ny impact on the normal composition and function of the soil microbial community, using well es
11140	7	apparent as the century progresses. it is likely to affect marine organisms from corals to mic   the student will use a one-dimensional model to assess the importance of ph-induced changes in   trace gases for particle formation and air quality. what is proposed here would add an additio  article formation and air quality. what is proposed here would add an additional dimension to t  s proposed here would add an additional dimension to the nerc/defra ocean acidification researc  amme by not only studying one important impact of seawater ph change on processes in the oceans  ing one important impact of seawater ph change on processes in the oceans but also by linking e
10940	8	eral weathering in forest soils. it has been hypothesised that these micropores are formed by m  been hypothesised that these micropores are formed by mycorrhizae, since the pores are the same  , since the pores are the same size and are frequently occupied by hyphae. this raises question   questions as to what extent weathering is controlled by the interactions of mycorrhiza, trees   e have shown that ectomycorrhizal fungi can excrete large amounts of low molecular weight organ  low molecular weight organic acids . we hypothesise that lmwoas significantly contribute to min  e hypothesise that lmwoas significantly contribute to mineral weathering and micropore formatio   weathering and micropore formation. we propose to study lmwoa dynamics in soil columns with/wi
7497	5	sgenes in wild plants. in the system we propose to study the probability of introgression betwe  ansgenic plants and wild related plants is limited. however, under strong pressure from herbivo  lants is limited. however, under strong pressure from herbivory, flowering wild plants is delay  e from herbivory, flowering wild plants is delayed by damage and phenology converges to that of  t the fertile pollen of wild plants. we offer a series of three experiments to study the impact
165	8	in estonia forest rehabilitation of large open-cast oil-shale mini   estonia forest rehabilitation of large open-cast oil-shale mining areas is carried out every y   large open-cast oil-shale mining areas is carried out every year since 1960. during the last 4  he last 40 years more than 9000 ha have been afforested. it is economically reasonable to conti  e than 9000 ha have been afforested. it is economically reasonable to continue open-cast mining  al and physical characteristics of soil-root contiinuum will be estimated in natural conditions  ns incl new experimental plantations to be created. pot experiments will be used to prove the h  cosystems in calcareous mining detritus is affected by rhizosphere processes and allow giving r
187	11	asting soil and latitude conditions. it is known that the leaf longevity of evergreen conifers   asing environmental stress level, which is accompanied by the decline in photosynthetic capacit   decline in photosynthetic capacity. it is thought that increase in leaf longevity compensates   or declining photosynthesis, as greater leaf longevity enables higher total carbon gain in cond  rbon gain in conditions where resources are limited. in general, changes in leaf longevity are   . in general, changes in leaf longevity are paralleled by changes in other leaf traits, so that  in other leaf traits, so that one trait can be used to predict the value of other traits. howev   however, most of these generalisations are based on inter-specific comparisons but things may   within-species variation in leaf traits is considered. for example, studies of different scots   ed along nutrient availability gradient may have principally different nature than patterns obs  systems and the impact of environmental change on these vulnerable ecosystems.
10004	6	ny calcium carbonate granules . once we have a collection of granules from these experiments we  granules from these experiments we will investigate how long they last in soils. we will carry   ments we will investigate how long they last in soils. we will carry out flow through reactor e  es in acid and monitoring ph change and increase in ca concentration to determine dissolution r  l also put granules in soil columns and monitor dissolution through the change in calcite granu  cite granules to determine whether they are likely to be sufficiently long lasting for their is
10222	1	e productivity of bio-energy crops also occur on similar spatial scales. this localised climati
10662	1	e productivity of bio-energy crops also occur on similar spatial scales. this localised climati
10910	1	e productivity of bio-energy crops also occur on similar spatial scales. this localised climati
10913	1	e productivity of bio-energy crops also occur on similar spatial scales. this localised climati
11171	1	e productivity of bio-energy crops also occur on similar spatial scales. this localised climati
9898	1	e productivity of bio-energy crops also occur on similar spatial scales. this localised climati
15453	1	k being the development of new tools to be applied on environmental assessment, and the descrip
15448	5	different response from herbaceous and tree species, more affected due to its higher dependenc  gime in the last years in the south and center areas of the iberian peninsula, by means of the   studied areas of the iberian peninsula, focus espetial attention in those ones less studied unt  s studied until now, but that also they have a high agricultural, ecological and even sanitary   ave a high agricultural, ecological and even sanitary interest . likewise, the knowledge of the
11818	15	up to hundreds of millions of years it is believed that changes in the magnitude of organic-ca  carbon deposition in deep-sea sediments can influence the chemical composition of the atmospher   in deep-sea sediments must, therefore, be one of the key processes of the life-supporting syst  ing the flux of carbon from the oceanic water column into underlying sediments and the burial o  bon fluxes into deep-sea sediments have been studied. however, to date the impact of submarine   but also to some degree abyssal plains, are structured by submarine hills and mountains. such k  ine hills and mountains. such kilometre-scale seafloor elevations are a major source of environ   influence carbon dynamics at kilometre-scale seafloor elevations we propose to elucidate these   kilometre-scale seafloor elevations we propose to elucidate these three problems by comparing   7degn and the ampere seamount at 35degn have similar open-ocean tidal forcing and can be compar   ampere seamount at 35degn have similar open-ocean tidal forcing and can be compared in terms o  ve similar open-ocean tidal forcing and can be compared in terms of the impact of the geographi  n the eastern mediterranean at 33.5degn are at similar geographical latitude and can be compare  re at similar geographical latitude and can be compared in terms of tidal forcing, with the tid   the tides in the eastern mediterranean being much weaker than the tides in the northeast atlan
7626	11	environmental conditions do not always allow a good development of vegetation on eroded land s  on on eroded land subject to the slope, flood or drought. the objective of the study is to eval  nd biological qualities of the soil and encourage the installation of plants. it is based on ex  ncourage the installation of plants. it is based on experiments placed in two contexts fight ag   fight against erosion bioengineered: 1 slope revegetation by planting herbaceous species, and   ullies by cuttings of woody species. it is planned to evaluate two forms of organic matter: rcw  mpost green waste. the expected results are situated both on a scientific level, through better  sults are situated both on a scientific level, through better knowledge of the impact of organi   on ecosystems and human activities. we know that the pir 2010 vegetation ecological engineerin   2010 vegetation ecological engineering can play an important role in soil protection against s  face erosion at the recovery of organic waste by finding new uses
14440	4	kiya highway traffic . the noise levels are determined by the type and speed of the vehicles, a  e levels are determined by the type and speed of the vehicles, and the loading of the particula  e institutions plan to rehabilitate and broaden the road network. the results of the study coul   road network. the results of the study could be used for the preparation of environmental impa
14223	7	cades. many new elements and structures are superimposed upon the traditional landscapes that b  capes that become highly fragmented and lose their previous identity. there are hundreds of lan  and lose their previous identity. there are hundreds of landscape metrics developed for evaluat  valuation of landscape pattern but they are so far very poorly associated with socioeconomic in  dicators considering roads network, and predict the possible landscape patterns related to the   ns related to the urbanization. we will determine the changes in settlement structure consideri  sed on landscape metrics. also, we will develop scientific knowledge on measuring heterogeneity
13526	12	t decades, we have witnessed a dramatic increase in the occurrence of algal blooms in the balti  ng, both bottom-up nutrient control and top-down grazing control govern phytoplankton developme  ern phytoplankton development. however, while previous studies have investigated cyanobacteria-  ility that zooplankton food selectivity may play a central role for the initiation and persiste  lankton and mysid shrimps to induce and sustain toxic nodularia blooms by selective grazing. th  it combines traditional experiments and field observations with cutting-edge pcr-based diet ana  nts and field observations with cutting-edge pcr-based diet analysis, stable isotope analysis,   h cutting-edge pcr-based diet analysis, stable isotope analysis, rna-based growth assessment, t  owth assessment, toxin measurements and long-term data analyses. our results will shed new ligh  assessment, toxin measurements and long-term data analyses. our results will shed new light on   ata analyses. our results will shed new light on the relationship between zooplankton and toxic  xic phytoplankton blooms, and they will broaden our understanding of toxic cyanobacteria bloom
7128	1	grasslands and rangelands currently hold almost a third of the national territory.
11675	24	like the ones in cumbria in late 2009, are important to forecast because of their economic and  derstand from the viewpoint of how they create new physical habitats and river channels. whilst  channels. whilst recent reports rightly concentrate on the immediate damaging impacts of extrem  of changes in river channel. the latter is important for two reasons. first, large economic cos  . first, large economic costs can often result from changes in flood channel maintenance necess  stments. second, and in contrast, there may actually be benefits arising from changes to physic  sical habitats and river channels which may lessen subsequent flood risk. this is accepted with   may lessen subsequent flood risk. this is accepted within a raft of legislation whereby europe  slation whereby european river managers are required to restore and enhance river channels to m  er managers are required to restore and enhance river channels to meet stringent ecological sta  he changes in habitat and channels that were caused by the extreme floods in cumbria in late 20  spatially limited and expensive, but we aim to demonstrate that extreme floods can provide subs   aim to demonstrate that extreme floods can provide substantial changes in physical habitats an  antial changes in physical habitats and have the potential to deliver channel-scale restoration  d have the potential to deliver channel-scale restoration as demanded by regulators. extreme fl   demanded by regulators. extreme floods are forecast to become more frequent under a range of c  rios in the uk and elsewhere. but there is a lack of knowledge about the frequency, or return t  t extreme cumbrian floods in the recent lake sediments accumulating at the bed of lake bassenth  ished, earlier 20th/21st century floods can be identified in lower sediments and confirmed by f  lood records. deeper sediments can then be analysed to provide a regional record of flood frequ   then be analysed to provide a regional record of flood frequencies and their sizes over severa  centuries. from these data, we can then say more about how common extreme floods are when viewe   directly on assessing appropriate post-flood management of floodplains and channel, and on the  ost-flood management of floodplains and channel, and on the strategic assessment of the likelih
543	17	rising herbaceous and woody species. we describe our novel experimental approach and present re   out in contrasting climates: a montane site in the massif central and a mediterranean site at    the massif central and a mediterranean site at montpellier. we show that aboveground biomass,   a mediterranean site at montpellier. we show that aboveground biomass, community leaf traits an  ound biomass, community leaf traits and grass species phenology in a montane grassland communit  unity respond to elevated temperature , summer drought and elevated atmospheric co2 treatments.  elevated atmospheric co2 treatments. we demonstrate that elevated atmospheric co2 can mitigate   monstrate that elevated atmospheric co2 can mitigate the negative effects of summer drought on   mer drought on aboveground biomass, and may facilitate woody seedling establishment. after one   f study, changes in species composition are limited but there is a trend towards an increased a  ecies composition are limited but there is a trend towards an increased abundance of dicot spec  der elevated co2. work on an artificial plant community at montpellier shows a negative effect   photosynthesis, transpiration rates and total respiration measured at the community level. we a  easured at the community level. we also find a significant increase in leaf decomposition rates  unity level. we also find a significant increase in leaf decomposition rates in response to ele  e to elevated temperature. in contrast, net primary productivity, microbial activity and soil r  ry productivity, microbial activity and soil respiration rates show no significant effects of c
7469	1	act of the various components of global change on the functioning of communities and species. c
11433	5	ning some or all of their nutrients and water from their host plants, through haustoria that pe  r shoots the largest and most important group of these parasites are root hemiparasites in one   c angiosperms in communities where they are abundant our findings will also be of interest to n  hey are abundant our findings will also be of interest to nature conservation bodies concerned    with the conservation of hemiparasitic plant communities threatened by nutrient enrichment fro
10909	7	rient enrichment. these characteristics are reinforced by their ability to trap, filter, and re  re reinforced by their ability to trap, filter, and recycle particulate matter. the processing   d by their ability to trap, filter, and recycle particulate matter. the processing of particula  pended particulate matter , where there is a demonstration project set up by the centre for cat  by the centre for catchment and coastal research, which will provide a logistical infrastructur   environment agency and cefas, who will be important end users of the outputs.   agency and cefas, who will be important end users of the outputs.
10155	18	t measurable changes in seawater ph and carbonate chemistry can be seen. it is predicted that t   in seawater ph and carbonate chemistry can be seen. it is predicted that this could affect the  and carbonate chemistry can be seen. it is predicted that this could affect the basic biologica   can be seen. it is predicted that this could affect the basic biological functions of many mar   of many marine organisms. this in turn could have implications for the survival of populations   with the animals associated with them, play a crucial role in maintaining a healthy and produc  being. given that coastal habitats also harbour incredibly high levels of biodiversity, any env  vels of biodiversity, any environmental change that affects these important ecosystems could ha  that affects these important ecosystems could have substantial environmental and economical imp   urgently needed. in particular we need long-term studies that determine: which organisms are l  er organisms will have time to adapt or acclimatise to this rapid environmental change; and how  acclimatise to this rapid environmental change; and how the interactions between individuals th  ate effective strategies to sustain and protect the marine environment in the face of ocean aci  ion. this consortium brings together 25 key researchers from 12 uk organisations to begin to pr  unified vision to quantify, predict and communicate the impact of ocean acidification on biodiv  ctioning in coastal habitats. they will use laboratory experiments to determine the ways in whi  an ph scenarios on the biodiversity and function of coastal ecosystems. the consortium will als  al ecosystems. the consortium will also act as a focal point for uk ocean acidification researc
10414	18	t measurable changes in seawater ph and carbonate chemistry can be seen. it is predicted that t   in seawater ph and carbonate chemistry can be seen. it is predicted that this could affect the  and carbonate chemistry can be seen. it is predicted that this could affect the basic biologica   can be seen. it is predicted that this could affect the basic biological functions of many mar   of many marine organisms. this in turn could have implications for the survival of populations   with the animals associated with them, play a crucial role in maintaining a healthy and produc  being. given that coastal habitats also harbour incredibly high levels of biodiversity, any env  vels of biodiversity, any environmental change that affects these important ecosystems could ha  that affects these important ecosystems could have substantial environmental and economical imp   urgently needed. in particular we need long-term studies that determine: which organisms are l  er organisms will have time to adapt or acclimatise to this rapid environmental change; and how  acclimatise to this rapid environmental change; and how the interactions between individuals th  ate effective strategies to sustain and protect the marine environment in the face of ocean aci  ion. this consortium brings together 25 key researchers from 12 uk organisations to begin to pr  unified vision to quantify, predict and communicate the impact of ocean acidification on biodiv  ctioning in coastal habitats. they will use laboratory experiments to determine the ways in whi  an ph scenarios on the biodiversity and function of coastal ecosystems. the consortium will als  al ecosystems. the consortium will also act as a focal point for uk ocean acidification researc
10422	18	t measurable changes in seawater ph and carbonate chemistry can be seen. it is predicted that t   in seawater ph and carbonate chemistry can be seen. it is predicted that this could affect the  and carbonate chemistry can be seen. it is predicted that this could affect the basic biologica   can be seen. it is predicted that this could affect the basic biological functions of many mar   of many marine organisms. this in turn could have implications for the survival of populations   with the animals associated with them, play a crucial role in maintaining a healthy and produc  being. given that coastal habitats also harbour incredibly high levels of biodiversity, any env  vels of biodiversity, any environmental change that affects these important ecosystems could ha  that affects these important ecosystems could have substantial environmental and economical imp   urgently needed. in particular we need long-term studies that determine: which organisms are l  er organisms will have time to adapt or acclimatise to this rapid environmental change; and how  acclimatise to this rapid environmental change; and how the interactions between individuals th  ate effective strategies to sustain and protect the marine environment in the face of ocean aci  ion. this consortium brings together 25 key researchers from 12 uk organisations to begin to pr  unified vision to quantify, predict and communicate the impact of ocean acidification on biodiv  ctioning in coastal habitats. they will use laboratory experiments to determine the ways in whi  an ph scenarios on the biodiversity and function of coastal ecosystems. the consortium will als  al ecosystems. the consortium will also act as a focal point for uk ocean acidification researc
10758	18	t measurable changes in seawater ph and carbonate chemistry can be seen. it is predicted that t   in seawater ph and carbonate chemistry can be seen. it is predicted that this could affect the  and carbonate chemistry can be seen. it is predicted that this could affect the basic biologica   can be seen. it is predicted that this could affect the basic biological functions of many mar   of many marine organisms. this in turn could have implications for the survival of populations   with the animals associated with them, play a crucial role in maintaining a healthy and produc  being. given that coastal habitats also harbour incredibly high levels of biodiversity, any env  vels of biodiversity, any environmental change that affects these important ecosystems could ha  that affects these important ecosystems could have substantial environmental and economical imp   urgently needed. in particular we need long-term studies that determine: which organisms are l  er organisms will have time to adapt or acclimatise to this rapid environmental change; and how  acclimatise to this rapid environmental change; and how the interactions between individuals th  ate effective strategies to sustain and protect the marine environment in the face of ocean aci  ion. this consortium brings together 25 key researchers from 12 uk organisations to begin to pr  unified vision to quantify, predict and communicate the impact of ocean acidification on biodiv  ctioning in coastal habitats. they will use laboratory experiments to determine the ways in whi  an ph scenarios on the biodiversity and function of coastal ecosystems. the consortium will als  al ecosystems. the consortium will also act as a focal point for uk ocean acidification researc
10915	18	t measurable changes in seawater ph and carbonate chemistry can be seen. it is predicted that t   in seawater ph and carbonate chemistry can be seen. it is predicted that this could affect the  and carbonate chemistry can be seen. it is predicted that this could affect the basic biologica   can be seen. it is predicted that this could affect the basic biological functions of many mar   of many marine organisms. this in turn could have implications for the survival of populations   with the animals associated with them, play a crucial role in maintaining a healthy and produc  being. given that coastal habitats also harbour incredibly high levels of biodiversity, any env  vels of biodiversity, any environmental change that affects these important ecosystems could ha  that affects these important ecosystems could have substantial environmental and economical imp   urgently needed. in particular we need long-term studies that determine: which organisms are l  er organisms will have time to adapt or acclimatise to this rapid environmental change; and how  acclimatise to this rapid environmental change; and how the interactions between individuals th  ate effective strategies to sustain and protect the marine environment in the face of ocean aci  ion. this consortium brings together 25 key researchers from 12 uk organisations to begin to pr  unified vision to quantify, predict and communicate the impact of ocean acidification on biodiv  ctioning in coastal habitats. they will use laboratory experiments to determine the ways in whi  an ph scenarios on the biodiversity and function of coastal ecosystems. the consortium will als  al ecosystems. the consortium will also act as a focal point for uk ocean acidification researc
11423	18	t measurable changes in seawater ph and carbonate chemistry can be seen. it is predicted that t   in seawater ph and carbonate chemistry can be seen. it is predicted that this could affect the  and carbonate chemistry can be seen. it is predicted that this could affect the basic biologica   can be seen. it is predicted that this could affect the basic biological functions of many mar   of many marine organisms. this in turn could have implications for the survival of populations   with the animals associated with them, play a crucial role in maintaining a healthy and produc  being. given that coastal habitats also harbour incredibly high levels of biodiversity, any env  vels of biodiversity, any environmental change that affects these important ecosystems could ha  that affects these important ecosystems could have substantial environmental and economical imp   urgently needed. in particular we need long-term studies that determine: which organisms are l  er organisms will have time to adapt or acclimatise to this rapid environmental change; and how  acclimatise to this rapid environmental change; and how the interactions between individuals th  ate effective strategies to sustain and protect the marine environment in the face of ocean aci  ion. this consortium brings together 25 key researchers from 12 uk organisations to begin to pr  unified vision to quantify, predict and communicate the impact of ocean acidification on biodiv  ctioning in coastal habitats. they will use laboratory experiments to determine the ways in whi  an ph scenarios on the biodiversity and function of coastal ecosystems. the consortium will als  al ecosystems. the consortium will also act as a focal point for uk ocean acidification researc
11693	18	t measurable changes in seawater ph and carbonate chemistry can be seen. it is predicted that t   in seawater ph and carbonate chemistry can be seen. it is predicted that this could affect the  and carbonate chemistry can be seen. it is predicted that this could affect the basic biologica   can be seen. it is predicted that this could affect the basic biological functions of many mar   of many marine organisms. this in turn could have implications for the survival of populations   with the animals associated with them, play a crucial role in maintaining a healthy and produc  being. given that coastal habitats also harbour incredibly high levels of biodiversity, any env  vels of biodiversity, any environmental change that affects these important ecosystems could ha  that affects these important ecosystems could have substantial environmental and economical imp   urgently needed. in particular we need long-term studies that determine: which organisms are l  er organisms will have time to adapt or acclimatise to this rapid environmental change; and how  acclimatise to this rapid environmental change; and how the interactions between individuals th  ate effective strategies to sustain and protect the marine environment in the face of ocean aci  ion. this consortium brings together 25 key researchers from 12 uk organisations to begin to pr  unified vision to quantify, predict and communicate the impact of ocean acidification on biodiv  ctioning in coastal habitats. they will use laboratory experiments to determine the ways in whi  an ph scenarios on the biodiversity and function of coastal ecosystems. the consortium will als  al ecosystems. the consortium will also act as a focal point for uk ocean acidification researc
11706	18	t measurable changes in seawater ph and carbonate chemistry can be seen. it is predicted that t   in seawater ph and carbonate chemistry can be seen. it is predicted that this could affect the  and carbonate chemistry can be seen. it is predicted that this could affect the basic biologica   can be seen. it is predicted that this could affect the basic biological functions of many mar   of many marine organisms. this in turn could have implications for the survival of populations   with the animals associated with them, play a crucial role in maintaining a healthy and produc  being. given that coastal habitats also harbour incredibly high levels of biodiversity, any env  vels of biodiversity, any environmental change that affects these important ecosystems could ha  that affects these important ecosystems could have substantial environmental and economical imp   urgently needed. in particular we need long-term studies that determine: which organisms are l  er organisms will have time to adapt or acclimatise to this rapid environmental change; and how  acclimatise to this rapid environmental change; and how the interactions between individuals th  ate effective strategies to sustain and protect the marine environment in the face of ocean aci  ion. this consortium brings together 25 key researchers from 12 uk organisations to begin to pr  unified vision to quantify, predict and communicate the impact of ocean acidification on biodiv  ctioning in coastal habitats. they will use laboratory experiments to determine the ways in whi  an ph scenarios on the biodiversity and function of coastal ecosystems. the consortium will als  al ecosystems. the consortium will also act as a focal point for uk ocean acidification researc
9879	18	t measurable changes in seawater ph and carbonate chemistry can be seen. it is predicted that t   in seawater ph and carbonate chemistry can be seen. it is predicted that this could affect the  and carbonate chemistry can be seen. it is predicted that this could affect the basic biologica   can be seen. it is predicted that this could affect the basic biological functions of many mar   of many marine organisms. this in turn could have implications for the survival of populations   with the animals associated with them, play a crucial role in maintaining a healthy and produc  being. given that coastal habitats also harbour incredibly high levels of biodiversity, any env  vels of biodiversity, any environmental change that affects these important ecosystems could ha  that affects these important ecosystems could have substantial environmental and economical imp   urgently needed. in particular we need long-term studies that determine: which organisms are l  er organisms will have time to adapt or acclimatise to this rapid environmental change; and how  acclimatise to this rapid environmental change; and how the interactions between individuals th  ate effective strategies to sustain and protect the marine environment in the face of ocean aci  ion. this consortium brings together 25 key researchers from 12 uk organisations to begin to pr  unified vision to quantify, predict and communicate the impact of ocean acidification on biodiv  ctioning in coastal habitats. they will use laboratory experiments to determine the ways in whi  an ph scenarios on the biodiversity and function of coastal ecosystems. the consortium will als  al ecosystems. the consortium will also act as a focal point for uk ocean acidification researc
11270	8	k brings together data on developmental rate of fish larvae, population genetics, ocean circula  tal temperature regimes varied. we then take this information and add it to individual based mo  ried. we then take this information and add it to individual based models incorporating ocean c  the effects of increased temperature to be placed in context. it will then be possible to make   e to be placed in context. it will then be possible to make predictions about the likely effect  ince climate records from the antarctic show that the waters of the antarctic are warming more   n the global ocean as a whole. not only is this significant for much of the biodiversity that i  o the antarctic, but the southern ocean is known to influence climates globally. ultimately, ou
7420	1	assess dynamics and scale contamination by pesticides in areas hives apple
12571	14	anges within the freshwater environment may modify the production of juvenile salmonids, influe  y the production of juvenile salmonids, influence life-history strategies and regulate the abun  , influence life-history strategies and regulate the abundance of adult fish that return to spa   that return to spawn. this information is required to advise policy customers on the potential  gement options to conserve, restore and enhance salmonid populations. the research will also in  nid populations. the research will also investigate whether experimental techniques routinely u  echniques routinely used to monitor and assess salmonid stocks are robust and free from bias. t  d assess salmonid stocks are robust and free from bias. this information is required to validat  st and free from bias. this information is required to validate and confirm the advice provided  information is required to validate and confirm the advice provided to defra policy customers,   gies, including the nasco implementaion plan for salmon management in england and wales. key cu  nd and wales. the information will also be used to advise policy customers on the consequences   n a changing aquatic environment. there are no aspects that may be considered as sensitive upon   environment. there are no aspects that may be considered as sensitive upon publication.
7429	2	a methodology and tools to quantify and qualify the insect biodiversity across the grain farm.   e covered in cereal area and eventually be able to offer a decision- making tool for farmers
12368	1	n the preparation of a partial ria that can be circulated to stakeholders and through ogds and
15271	5	se ecosystems in the navarra subproject are: to assess the deposition of nitrogen in a holm oak  alley of valdorba, navarra; this forest is subjected to a strong anthropogenic influence in the   is subjected to a strong anthropogenic influence in the form of emissions coming from a high-d   coming from a high-density highway and close-by pamplona city. to characterise the chemical co  ise the chemical composition of wet and dry deposition by means of a number of novel methodolog
2054	10	t management in northern norway. first, forest management in northern norway will be compared w  orest ecosystems due to spruce planting are investigated. these indicators will be used to deve  ed to develop alternative scenarios and assess thresholds for ecosystem change. mobile organism  nisms, such as birds, would most likely respond to habitat quality at stand level and to compos  organisms such as snails and earthworms are used as indicators of fragmentation effects on land  ffects on landscape level. four regions are sampled; each with four landscapes of increasing le  nting. within these landscapes sampling is made according to three strata: spruce plantations,   ling is made according to three strata: spruce plantations, , poor and rich birch forests. dist  d rich birch forests. distance sampling is used to measure density of birds, whereas soil and l   birds, whereas soil and litter samples are used to sample snails and earthworm biomass. the po
10310	4	there is a dissemination problem in biodiversity management a  rience, i.e. decision-making is largely experience-based rather than evidence-based. decision-m  ce when available, but what they gather is not systematic, but incomplete and often biased this  e project is directly relevant to nercs aim of ensuring nerc science contributes advance to the
11026	4	there is a dissemination problem in biodiversity management a  rience, i.e. decision-making is largely experience-based rather than evidence-based. decision-m  ce when available, but what they gather is not systematic, but incomplete and often biased this  e project is directly relevant to nercs aim of ensuring nerc science contributes advance to the
11261	4	there is a dissemination problem in biodiversity management a  rience, i.e. decision-making is largely experience-based rather than evidence-based. decision-m  ce when available, but what they gather is not systematic, but incomplete and often biased this  e project is directly relevant to nercs aim of ensuring nerc science contributes advance to the
11521	4	there is a dissemination problem in biodiversity management a  rience, i.e. decision-making is largely experience-based rather than evidence-based. decision-m  ce when available, but what they gather is not systematic, but incomplete and often biased this  e project is directly relevant to nercs aim of ensuring nerc science contributes advance to the
10032	35	rivers have been described as simply outcrops of groundwater . many  undwater . many of the rivers in the uk are supplied mainly from groundwater sources, especiall  y low. the hyporheic zone is a critical interface between surface and subsurface waters in grou  ting biological and chemical reactions, may exert a lot of control on the water quality of the    so much so that the hyporheic zone has been ascribed pollutant attenuating properties by some.  ater abstraction, effluent disposal and diffuse nutrient pressures - especially nitrogen - may   rient pressures - especially nitrogen - may all compromise the capacity of the hyporheic zone t  ompromise the capacity of the hyporheic zone to influence the water quality of a river. althoug  nored the fact that as well as downward flux from the river into the sediments of the riverbed   diments of the riverbed there will also be upward flows from groundwater through the hyporheic   e hyporheic zone and into the river. we are especially interested in what happens to the chemis  ves through the hyporheic zone. we will look in detail at the relationship between different ni  unt of oxygen in the riverbed sediments is exhausted. these reactions and their relationship wi  mportant because the hyporheic zone has been proposed as a zone in which nitrogen attenuation o  rther the claim that the hyporheic zone can attenuate groundwater contaminants such as nitrate.  dwater contaminants such as nitrate. we want to look much more carefully at the pattern of flow  undwater through the hyporheic zone. we propose that groundwater flux is influenced by the perm   zone. we propose that groundwater flux is influenced by the permeability of the river bed and   ture and topography of the riverbed. we believe that where the permeability of the riverbed is   ermeability of the riverbed is high and flux from groundwater towards the river is high, we wil  ater towards the river is high, we will find different patterns of biogeochemical activity in t  responding to holes in the riverbed. we expect these holes to be quite dynamic as winter storms  opography of the riverbed sediments and rearrange the patterns of pool-riffle and fast-slow flo  arrange the patterns of pool-riffle and fast-slow flow features in the underlying sediments of   n why these flow pathways are important is they may allow hotspots of biogeochemical activity w  ese flow pathways are important is they may allow hotspots of biogeochemical activity within th  ochemical activity within the hyporheic zone that could be important controls on the ecology of  d rivers because they either release or transform nitrogen through processes such as nitrificat  ion. the latter converts nitrate, which can damage the ecology of a river where it is present a  mage the ecology of a river where it is present at high concentrations, into nitrogen gas, whic   nitrogen gas, which is harmless. if we are able to show clearly how important the hyporheic zo  ivers that are groundwater-fed, we will be able to provide evidence that can be used to protect  e will be able to provide evidence that can be used to protect this zone, and can also be used   used to protect this zone, and can also be used in helping the uk meet the requirements of crit   and can also be used in helping the uk meet the requirements of critical european legislation
11842	35	rivers have been described as simply outcrops of groundwater . many  undwater . many of the rivers in the uk are supplied mainly from groundwater sources, especiall  y low. the hyporheic zone is a critical interface between surface and subsurface waters in grou  ting biological and chemical reactions, may exert a lot of control on the water quality of the    so much so that the hyporheic zone has been ascribed pollutant attenuating properties by some.  ater abstraction, effluent disposal and diffuse nutrient pressures - especially nitrogen - may   rient pressures - especially nitrogen - may all compromise the capacity of the hyporheic zone t  ompromise the capacity of the hyporheic zone to influence the water quality of a river. althoug  nored the fact that as well as downward flux from the river into the sediments of the riverbed   diments of the riverbed there will also be upward flows from groundwater through the hyporheic   e hyporheic zone and into the river. we are especially interested in what happens to the chemis  ves through the hyporheic zone. we will look in detail at the relationship between different ni  unt of oxygen in the riverbed sediments is exhausted. these reactions and their relationship wi  mportant because the hyporheic zone has been proposed as a zone in which nitrogen attenuation o  rther the claim that the hyporheic zone can attenuate groundwater contaminants such as nitrate.  dwater contaminants such as nitrate. we want to look much more carefully at the pattern of flow  undwater through the hyporheic zone. we propose that groundwater flux is influenced by the perm   zone. we propose that groundwater flux is influenced by the permeability of the river bed and   ture and topography of the riverbed. we believe that where the permeability of the riverbed is   ermeability of the riverbed is high and flux from groundwater towards the river is high, we wil  ater towards the river is high, we will find different patterns of biogeochemical activity in t  responding to holes in the riverbed. we expect these holes to be quite dynamic as winter storms  opography of the riverbed sediments and rearrange the patterns of pool-riffle and fast-slow flo  arrange the patterns of pool-riffle and fast-slow flow features in the underlying sediments of   n why these flow pathways are important is they may allow hotspots of biogeochemical activity w  ese flow pathways are important is they may allow hotspots of biogeochemical activity within th  ochemical activity within the hyporheic zone that could be important controls on the ecology of  d rivers because they either release or transform nitrogen through processes such as nitrificat  ion. the latter converts nitrate, which can damage the ecology of a river where it is present a  mage the ecology of a river where it is present at high concentrations, into nitrogen gas, whic   nitrogen gas, which is harmless. if we are able to show clearly how important the hyporheic zo  ivers that are groundwater-fed, we will be able to provide evidence that can be used to protect  e will be able to provide evidence that can be used to protect this zone, and can also be used   used to protect this zone, and can also be used in helping the uk meet the requirements of crit   and can also be used in helping the uk meet the requirements of critical european legislation
15135	3	od system to test that role, since they are under an environmental fluctuation regime, their de  al fluctuation regime, their demography can fluctuate intrinsically due to episodic investment   d little resource niche differentiation is expected among species. in this project, coexistence
15521	9	in this project we will focus on the objectives 1, 3 and 5. the objective 1 wil  n woody species in a local and regional scale, exploring a strong drought gradient. we will als  . we will also analise the histological structure of leaves, stems and roots as determinants of  ght in different woody species. we will try to know which functional traits are more related to  tion of abandoned agriculture lands and landscape diversification activities. we want to compar  andscape diversification activities. we want to compare different afforestation techniques and   ues and to know which functional traits could explain the different establishment success. more  stablishment success. moreover, we will try to predict the effect of the climate change on the    reforestation programs. in summary, we try to know which functional traits of mediterranean wo
12659	6	tation and sale of bushmeat into the uk is an issue of widespread concern. bushmeat is known to  n issue of widespread concern. bushmeat is known to contain a wide range of species, of predomi  s, of predominantly african origin, and may include species listed in the annexes to eu regulat  annexes to eu regulation 338/97 imports are confiscated and destroyed without any assessment be  ed and destroyed without any assessment being made of the species involved. this means that it   he species involved. this means that it is not possible to assess the scale of potential breach
14023	4	perspective of the hab problematic that can be summarized in one sentence: knowledge on how the  ge on how the life cycle of toxic algae is regulated allows both predicting and controlling blo  ents. sexual stages in toxic microalgae are not possible to differentiate in routinely monitori  n the sea bottom, a source of recurrent bloom events. for this reason, i will characterize mole
13885	9	are an increasing global problem. they threat native species and cause economic loss in agricu  problem. they threat native species and cause economic loss in agriculture, aquaculture and for  and forestry. to be able to effectively control for invaders, there is a need to reliably predi  effectively control for invaders, there is a need to reliably predict population dynamics in di  r invaders, there is a need to reliably predict population dynamics in different environments i  ty in the population models of invasive plant species, although their inclusion is essential to  ility of population models for invasive plant species. the project will combine an experimental  knowledge of the demography of invasive plant species helping focus management actions. in addi  dition to invasive species, the results can be applied to conservation biology in order to mode
12274	15	ure increases on global food prices and supply, a balance is needed between food production and  lobal food prices and supply, a balance is needed between food production and the maintenance o   ecosystems. high water abstraction and diffuse pollution from fertilisers can have negative im  nt factor limiting crop production, and water availability during the uk growing season is pred  ailability during the uk growing season is predicted to decline, it will be important to have c  season is predicted to decline, it will be important to have crop varieties that can use the av  e important to have crop varieties that can use the available water more efficiently. nitrogen   op varieties that can use the available water more efficiently. nitrogen inputs are a major sou  d phosphorus from soils results in poor water quality. breeding crops that require less fertili  newable nature of phosphorus, there are good economic incentives for reducing fertiliser use in  g fertiliser use in crop production. we are currently using forward genetics to identify and ma  g to water and nutrient acquisition and use efficiency in the brassica a and c genomes , and cu  , and currently have stocks of f1 or f2 seed, depending on the lines. in this project we propos  ending on the lines. in this project we propose to continue crossing lines and identify recombi   propose to continue crossing lines and identify recombinants in the f2 using molecular markers
12458	4	summary objective: model the potential responses of shellfish stocks and e  ntial responses of shellfish stocks and evaluate potential responses of shellfish fishing fleet   and their response to exploitation and evaluate the impact on reproductive potential of crusta  tainable management of shellfish stocks is given.
12239	4	ality. however, many wild plants, which may be considered weeds in cropping situations, are als  onsidered weeds in cropping situations, are also considered to have beneficial roles in the env  lishment in farm practice. we therefore aim to: 1. generate comprehensive data sets concerning   cies through controlled environment and field experimentation. 2. improve understanding of annu
6812	4	d the being xerophilous. that is why we have these points of view in our programme. we chose tw  mme. we chose two of our perspectivious bean phylums, which were at an advanced stage of breedi   were at an advanced stage of breeding, suit the appointed aims and the modern nutrition demand  -2 and the kovácsházi red coded t-4. we recommend the pearlbean for sandy grounds and the red o
12768	4	ated experiment to determine whether it is possible to encourage bats to use new roosting areas  terers bats that roost in churches, and determine whether patterns of selection alter when bats  on alter when bats move roosts. we will quantify habitat quality around churches used as roosts  of our evidence-based research, we will develop an advisory leaflet with english nature and oth
11597	15	of conservation practice. because they are funded differently and work to different agendas, t  because they are funded differently and work to different agendas, there is an ongoing mismatch  ly and work to different agendas, there is an ongoing mismatch between science and practice. pr  ience and practice. practitioners often claim that the science is not meeting their needs, whil  the science is not meeting their needs, while scientists claim that their scientific results ar  herefore required, where research goals are decided jointly by scientists and end-users. equall  s are decided jointly by scientists and end-users. equally, with end-users interfacing more wit  ovide the student with an unprecedented interface with the rest of the global amphibian conserv  whose central mission is to promote and achieve worldwide conservation for animals and their ha  ir habitats . the economic and societal impact of the project will be achieved through a much m  ervation programmes. this will directly benefit the commercial and enterprise activities of zsl  ill directly benefit the commercial and enterprise activities of zsl as an end-user of the rese  er of the research, and will indirectly benefit other conservation organisations who may adopt   it other conservation organisations who may adopt the same processes for assigning priorities.    priorities. the project will therefore achieve rcuk impacts through enhancing environmental su
12548	1	vice. in england and wales this service is provided by the plant health and seeds inspectorate
13418	2	in-situ conservation project was started in 2005 in aydın province.cine çapari sheep   çaparı sheep breed in-situ program has been carried out at the research station. these efforts
13426	1	ck for the southern karaman sheep breed was established in 2001 in center anatolian bahri dagda
10084	2	m a symbiosis with soil bacteria, which are housed in special organs called nodules that grow f  ncluding those based in the cerrado, it is hoped that our research into mimosa spp. and their n
11249	2	m a symbiosis with soil bacteria, which are housed in special organs called nodules that grow f  ncluding those based in the cerrado, it is hoped that our research into mimosa spp. and their n
11638	8	was the origin of the seed. however, it is not know from which plant group they originated or h   origin of the seed. however, it is not know from which plant group they originated or how a si  ngium. the oldest known seed-megaspores are found dispersed in middle devonian rocks. recent wo  olution of seed-megaspores. however, we know nothing of the parent plant. the proposal is to co  rent plant. the proposal is to collect, prepare, describe and reconstruct this most significant  al is to collect, prepare, describe and reconstruct this most significant fossil. we can then p  is most significant fossil. we can then place more fully understand its reproductive biology an  nt fossil. we can then place more fully understand its reproductive biology and seed plant orig
1090	8	ity represents a primary objective that can be achieved by preserving not only individual speci   but also the mutual relationships they establish in the different ecosystems. on these grounds   on these grounds, the proposed project is aimed at investigating the ecological and evolutiona  ocols based on symbiotic and asymbiotic seed germination for the species examined; b the geneti  capacity for symbiotic interactions and release of volatile compounds; c the relationships betw  ows will be carried out on the epigeous portion of the harvested plants and will consider nucle  lastid molecular markers. the hypogeous portion of the harvested plants will be used for the id  f isolation into axenic cultures and/or direct molecular analysis of the its fungal sequences.
15049	11	hemistry of cambridge university and it is patented. we propose that using in vitro evolution o  ridge university and it is patented. we propose that using in vitro evolution of proteins we ca  using in vitro evolution of proteins we can modify the activity of a lepidopteran active cry to   of a lepidopteran active cry toxin and redirect its activity toward non-target insects. to pro  in and redirect its activity toward non-target insects. to prove our hypothesis we will use thr  nsects. to prove our hypothesis we will use three insect models: ceratitis capitata, an importa   important world-wide agriculture pest, easy to maintain in the lab, rhodnius poallescens, inse  chagas disseasse and anopheles gambiae, vector of malarie and an example of insect for that act  le of insect for that active cry toxins are known. positive results from this project will have  rom this project will have an important impact on biological control of insects because they wi  al control of insects because they will represent a powerful tool to select active toxins for a
12035	1	reshold the invertebrates and the fungi cannot access to the leaves buried in the sediment to d
13724	2	our time claimed that there was little evidence that inbreeding contributes to extinction. and  ows that ability to fight pathogens and show tolerance against acidity and uv radiation becomes
10615	4	elevated proportions of abnormal sperm are associated with compromised fertility in animals an  reproductive costs. sperm abnormalities may result from depleted heterozygosity through inbreed   laboratory populations of the european rabbit oryctolagus cuniculus. we will recover and analy  ctolagus cuniculus. we will recover and analyse sperm from natural and domestic populations tha
13825	14	, isolated, and threatened scandinavain wolf population. because it has been monitored since it  inavain wolf population. because it has been monitored since it, through natural immigration, w  lation.ancestry of all breeding animals is determined by combining ecological field data with d  s is determined by combining ecological field data with dna microsatellite analysis. we can thu   inbreeding coefficients, which we will use for analysis of inbreeding depression. we have prel  r analysis of inbreeding depression. we have prelinminary data showing strong inbreeding depres  one important vital rate. . we will now extend these analyses and include more fitness measurem  . we will now extend these analyses and include more fitness measurements to estimate total eff  orm of lethal equivalents. we will also examine inheritance of malformations occurring in the p  ir association with inbreeding. we will use mhc analysis to examine effect of inbreeding on sus  disease in the population. we will also evaluate the usefulness of multilocucus individual hete  individual heterozygosity as an inderct measure of inbreeding levels. ecological field data are  easure of inbreeding levels. ecological field data are obtained by cooperating ecological proje  nbreeding levels. ecological field data are obtained by cooperating ecological projects within
12050	3	new-caledonia is one of the world's biodiversity hot spots. however,   cosystems and human populations as they increase in number, frequency, and area. the inc projec  ural and social practices, climate, and fire, and will develop a geographic information system
13576	2	is that f. radicans might successively replace f. vesiculosus in other baltic areas if cloning  ulosus in other baltic areas if cloning is promoted over sexual reproduction as salinity decrea
15163	2	s and chorthippus parallelus erythropus are two grasshopper subspecies whose distributions over  ons overlap in the pyrenees, where they form a hybrid zone and characterization of the jumping
2468	5	the evolutionary processes that can create two species out of one are still under explo  cal speciation where species divergence may develop as an evolutionary consequence of ecologica  cesses in ecological speciation as they are young in evolutionary time and are replicated many   they are young in evolutionary time and are replicated many times as discrete, but variable ent  pe. data will be retrieved from a large cluster of subarctic whitefish lakes in northern norway
6937	7	molecular genetics, plant breeding and crop production, and results achieved in the frame of t  s achieved in the frame of this network could contribute to developing of the sustainable agric  rs resistant to necrotrophic pathogens, while the aim of the basic research is to examine the g  dentification of known resistance genes is foreseen, highly resistant materials without known g  ping dh populations to map the qtls and develop markers for the resistance breeding program. by  rella graminicola and blumeria graminis could be identified. the market position and competitiv  s will be used and also the environment can be polluted.
10789	14	revolutionised how we conceptualise and analyse the evolutionary history of biological groups,   natomical features of organisms in what are termed morphological cladistic analyses, but more r   analyses, but more recently these have been used only to supplement analyses based on dna sequ   analyses based on dna sequences, which are termed molecular cladistic analyses. in some cases   nary interpretations. one such critical group, the seed plants, originated ca. 363 million year  s ago in the late devonian period; they have an extensive fossil record and dominate modern ter  hey have an extensive fossil record and dominate modern terrestrial ecosystems. living seed pla  er with molecular phylogenies. thus, we aim to employ a whole-evidence approach to reconstruct   led morphological features that may, or may not, unite gnetales with conifers. recent morpholog  ological features that may, or may not, unite gnetales with conifers. recent morphological rean  gned to determine whether the cordaites have fundamental similarities with gnetales. any fundam  theses. any fundamental dissimilarities may return the focus of gnetalean relationships to the   the anthophyte hypothesis, but may also require substantial revision of inferred relationships   or groups within the coniferophytes. we are therefore confident that this project will help to
10407	16	the aim of this ppdg is to build a new trans-disciplinary consortium -funded  -environment relationships in mountain, hill, plain and coastal situations. the rcg will examin   carbon sequestration, flood hazard and water regulation, and the provision of food, materials   nergy. the objectives of the indes ppdg are to: 1. establish a detailed and shared understandin  entify key research and skill gaps that must be addressed in order to take such work forward. 4  chieve these objectives within 6 months is shown in the objectives section of this form. es hav  tween poverty and environment. while it is accepted that strategies for poverty alleviation dep  are still needed. although progress has been made through the world-leading espa initiative, mu  eading espa initiative, much remains to be done in relation to knowledge synthesis, capacity bu  ion will build a platform on which this can be done. the ppdg will scope a full rcg proposal th  cg proposal that will examine, test and apply novel methodologies for negotiating these challen  ed field. the indes team will therefore bring new thinking to the espa programme and contribute   new thinking to the espa programme and contribute to its future strategic development. besides  d the opportunity to develop, apply and test concepts to this globally important problem. the p  g and rcg will be lead by cem, who have been committed to taking the es and sustainable develop   which strategies for poverty reduction are set.
13745	9	re field station since 1990, and we now possess a plethora of long-term data sets on climate, s  , and we now possess a plethora of long-term data sets on climate, snow-melt, plant ecology, et  hora of long-term data sets on climate, snow-melt, plant ecology, etc. our efforts in landscape  of long-term data sets on climate, snow-melt, plant ecology, etc. our efforts in landscape ecol  g-term data sets on climate, snow-melt, plant ecology, etc. our efforts in landscape ecology ha  of biodiversity across scales in space, time, and function. climate change will not only bring    function. climate change will not only bring about changes in species composition; we expect d  bout changes in species composition; we expect drastic changes in ecosystem diversity within la  ndra, with consequences for sustainable land-use and biodiversity conservation. results will be
7484	5	organic and low-input farming systems have been shown to benefit fa  anic and low-input farming systems have been shown to benefit farmland biodiversity although a   king. the biobio project will therefore pursue the following objectives: - conceptualization of   of biodiversity indicators for organic/low-input farming systems; - assessment and validation    biodiversity monitoring in organic and low-input farming systems across europe.
14596	3	ween the factors involved, and the long-term evaluation. the general goals of this project are   ionship between restoration success and stress gradients. from that evaluation, simple environm  ntal indicators will be selected, which may be used for predicting the probability level of res
14719	1	ween the factors involved, and the long-term evaluation. the general goals of this project are
7101	1	ince 1992, europe created an ecological network of sites called natura 2000 aims to conserve bi
512	2	n in the region of poitou-charentes. it is thus a matter of an interdisciplinary programme to e  s thus a matter of an interdisciplinary programme to evaluate the efficiency of the network nat
1095	3	f botanical composition, that generally occur at a point of no-return. the definition of indica  urn. the definition of indicators that, being directly correlated to the evolution of vegetatio  inly studies about leaf traits, as they are related to pastoral management will supply informat
10982	4	yellow-rattle is a parasitic plant that steals resources from other plants by changi  he infected plants for insects. we will investigate which of these effects is the most importan  cts is the most important. we will also test the ability of individual insect species to grow a  f individual insect species to grow and reproduce on plants with and without yellow-rattle pres
15380	1	of appropriate tools to communicate and train non-experts on ibm.
2134	7	project aims to investigate the genetic structure of norwegian salmon populations. the results   ng projects in other european projects, be used to build a common range wide database of salmon  ide database of salmon populations that can be used for assigning salmon caught in the sea to r  f most of these samples are unknown. it is believed that a database of baseline genetic data wi  nified efforts to build such a database are supported by nasco and a network of genetic laborat  , salman, working towards this goal has been established. all laboratories will use a common se  d within a river system to evaluate and quantify the variation. also, more than 2000 samples fr
14499	4	ferent fields of application; the first is concerned with food technology; the other with micro  b/ microbial processes of environmental interest behavior of c and n in soil. our simulation mo  r of the system. composting process. we want to continue the work on modeling the composting pr   water is a complex process where there are many factors involved , with a certain structural s
14477	2	s are heterogeneous when the individual is considered; thus, the individual fitness presents a   th low numbers of animals. this project is focused on the analysis of individual fitness compon
11037	27	ge but also in traits like body size or condition crucially affect the way populations respond   s like body size or condition crucially affect the way populations respond to changes in the en   have realised that evolutionary change can happen much faster than had previously been appreci   happen much faster than had previously been appreciated and that ecological and evolutionary c  that ecological and evolutionary change can happen simultaneously. this means that an ability t  tion dynamics, necessary to predict and manage populations, may require understanding of the wa  s. understanding dynamics may therefore require insight into how ecological and evolutionary pr  w ecological and evolutionary processes are linked. because all ecological and evolutionary cha   all ecological and evolutionary change is determined by differences in birth and death rates b  rates between groups of individuals, we can use data on the survival and fertility rates of ind  n population size. this is what we will do in this grant. what will the work we do deliver take  han just the numbers of adults: it will alter the way the animals compete for resources, allowi  s, allowing smaller individuals greater access, perhaps allowing them to grow or reproduce more  ccess, perhaps allowing them to grow or reproduce more; it is also likely to alter average repr  wing them to grow or reproduce more; it is also likely to alter average reproductive rates as l  eproductive rates as larger individuals may reproduce more, or give rise to higher quality offs  quality offspring. harvesting will also alter the selection pressure on individuals, making it   iduals leaving all others unchanged. we expect that our work will allow us to understand how ho  ze. the approach we will take has never been applied to animals. we will use data from four con   never been applied to animals. we will use data from four contrasting animal species / a monog  ntrasting animal species / a monogamous bird, the silvereye; free-living soay sheep; group-livi  ies / a monogamous bird, the silvereye; free-living soay sheep; group-living meerkats; and labo   the silvereye; free-living soay sheep; group-living meerkats; and laboratory populations of so  tions of soil mites. these systems have been chosen because previous research has provided a go  se detailed data exist and because they have very different life histories and ecologies. by in  of species simultaneously, we will also be able to get a feeling for the generality of our conc   conclusions and the degree to which we need to develop joint understanding of the way numbers
11566	27	ge but also in traits like body size or condition crucially affect the way populations respond   s like body size or condition crucially affect the way populations respond to changes in the en   have realised that evolutionary change can happen much faster than had previously been appreci   happen much faster than had previously been appreciated and that ecological and evolutionary c  that ecological and evolutionary change can happen simultaneously. this means that an ability t  tion dynamics, necessary to predict and manage populations, may require understanding of the wa  s. understanding dynamics may therefore require insight into how ecological and evolutionary pr  w ecological and evolutionary processes are linked. because all ecological and evolutionary cha   all ecological and evolutionary change is determined by differences in birth and death rates b  rates between groups of individuals, we can use data on the survival and fertility rates of ind  n population size. this is what we will do in this grant. what will the work we do deliver take  han just the numbers of adults: it will alter the way the animals compete for resources, allowi  s, allowing smaller individuals greater access, perhaps allowing them to grow or reproduce more  ccess, perhaps allowing them to grow or reproduce more; it is also likely to alter average repr  wing them to grow or reproduce more; it is also likely to alter average reproductive rates as l  eproductive rates as larger individuals may reproduce more, or give rise to higher quality offs  quality offspring. harvesting will also alter the selection pressure on individuals, making it   iduals leaving all others unchanged. we expect that our work will allow us to understand how ho  ze. the approach we will take has never been applied to animals. we will use data from four con   never been applied to animals. we will use data from four contrasting animal species / a monog  ntrasting animal species / a monogamous bird, the silvereye; free-living soay sheep; group-livi  ies / a monogamous bird, the silvereye; free-living soay sheep; group-living meerkats; and labo   the silvereye; free-living soay sheep; group-living meerkats; and laboratory populations of so  tions of soil mites. these systems have been chosen because previous research has provided a go  se detailed data exist and because they have very different life histories and ecologies. by in  of species simultaneously, we will also be able to get a feeling for the generality of our conc   conclusions and the degree to which we need to develop joint understanding of the way numbers
7188	4	by comparing theory and experiment, we analyzed the selection pressures on phen   invasive phenomenon that can radically change the dynamic properties and sensitivity to contro  ogical effects against invasive species may have evolutionary effects exactly contrary to initi  oretically possible to program adaptive control operations targeting mechanisms of the invasive
10151	1	ticularly with respect to resource use, is likely to impede our ability to grasp a suite of eco
11419	1	ticularly with respect to resource use, is likely to impede our ability to grasp a suite of eco
11771	1	ticularly with respect to resource use, is likely to impede our ability to grasp a suite of eco
10521	6	size and population density have rarely been explored. this study will investigate the ecologic  d kalahari meerkats as a model. it will test the prediction that positive correlations between   s and will determine whether group size is limited by increasing rates of dispersal by subordin  females living in large groups. it will explore the effects of regulatory processes at the grou   the population level. finally, it will investigate how group size and population dynamics are    how group size and population dynamics are affected by variation in rainfall, food availabilit
11010	6	size and population density have rarely been explored. this study will investigate the ecologic  d kalahari meerkats as a model. it will test the prediction that positive correlations between   s and will determine whether group size is limited by increasing rates of dispersal by subordin  females living in large groups. it will explore the effects of regulatory processes at the grou   the population level. finally, it will investigate how group size and population dynamics are    how group size and population dynamics are affected by variation in rainfall, food availabilit
11806	6	ion in contributions to cooperation. we propose to investigate whether the fitness costs associ  s associated with cooperative behaviour can explain individual contributions to cooperation. ou  overlooked form of cooperation. we will focus specifically on a novel aspect of burying beetle   r this work because we can quantify and manipulate the fitness costs of this form of parental i  few other study systems would allow. we propose to identify intrinsic sources of variation in t   activity in the anal exudates. we also plan to identify the antibacterial molecules in the ana
10360	8	ogical characteristics of an individual are inherited from its parents but can also be influenc  inherited from its parents but can also be influenced by the environment in which it develops.   species, e.g. fighting and competition, can affect its future growth and development. individua  , albeit slightly, in the way that they function physiologically and how they behave. this vari  others. these fish will consequentially grow faster and this will go on to magnify the differen  ability of some fish better than others do environmental factors within the gravel nests where   in the gravel nests where salmonid eggs are laid affect competitive ability of fish later in li  ping, such as increases in temperature, influence their behavioural and physiological character
1959	6	indirect plant defences act by offering natural enemies of herbi  alized feeders of the brassicaceae, win be studied. pieris rapae is cryptic and solitary, where  ssicaceae, win be studied. pieris rapae is cryptic and solitary, whereas p. brassicae is aposem  ptic and solitary, whereas p. brassicae is aposematic and gregarious. as natural enemies two cl  sely related parasitic wasp species win be investigated, c. glomerata as a generalist and grega  udying these tritrophic interactions we expect to gain insight in the evolutionary significance
13532	3	lga gracilaria vermiculophylla. it will focus on a possible inducible chemical defence in the a  containment. i aim to use a mechanistic approach to study defence responses occurring in g. ver   extracts and purified metabolites that were obtained after the same elicitation treatments and
1967	10	d measures of interaction strength only permit a rather static average point of view, which is   amic and non-linear. consumer densities can fluctuate, and bacteria, plants and animals can res  tuate, and bacteria, plants and animals can respond to the presence and density of their consum  nces have the potential to stabilise or destabilise interactions, thus affecting both populatio  actions, thus affecting both population-level persistence and the integrity of the food web. fu  ore, inducible defences can temporarily decouple or modulate the interaction between trophic le  le defences can temporarily decouple or modulate the interaction between trophic levels, thus a  fences and diversity have a synergistic effect on food web persistence. these predictions will    communities, with species that also co-occur in the field. our consortium of live theoretical   r the freshwater system. he or she will study the dynamics of simple food webs where prey speci
6740	2	e segments into the wheat genome, which can be used for gene mapping with the help of fluoresce  nslocation breakpoints detected by gish are physical landmarks on the chromosomes thus these he
13361	2	genetic research project for industrial crop species is to collection, evalution, regeneration,   and/or diversity of several industrial crop species which are economically important for count
7489	8	ly requires many times more energy than is contained in the final product. thus, using plant ma   in the chemical industry does not only replace the fossil material contained in the final prod  ctive for the chemical industry if they could be obtained at moderate costs in bulk quantities   l designing of vast array of industrial oil qualities in oil crops. since gm technologies that   logies that will be used in the project are met with great scepticism in europe it is crucial t   met with great scepticism in europe it is crucial that ideas, expectations and results are com  al that ideas, expectations and results are communicated to the public and that methods, ethics  lic and that methods, ethics, risks and risk assessment are open for debate. the keywords of ou
10430	6	the large-scale and long-term dynamics of benthic communities are poorly un                 the large-scale and long-term dynamics of benthic communities are poorly underst  unity structure across the seascape. we identify these processes for major reef building commun  ative combination of spatially-explicit patch dynamic models, earth observation and field surve  patially-explicit patch dynamic models, earth observation and field survey. patch dynamic model  tribution of communities. model outputs are compared to natural patterns of community distribut
11788	6	the large-scale and long-term dynamics of benthic communities are poorly un                 the large-scale and long-term dynamics of benthic communities are poorly underst  unity structure across the seascape. we identify these processes for major reef building commun  ative combination of spatially-explicit patch dynamic models, earth observation and field surve  patially-explicit patch dynamic models, earth observation and field survey. patch dynamic model  tribution of communities. model outputs are compared to natural patterns of community distribut
14657	4	lowers of a species based on the gender are known as sexual dimorphism. this frequent phenomeno  two new and alternative hypotheses have been proposed; they include the effect of inflorescence  ive hypotheses have been proposed; they include the effect of inflorescence architecture and th  n. a descriptive and experimental study is proposed to separate the effects of inflorescence ar
7258	1	ory gland. complemented by a behavioral study, this analysis will provide original data on the
15338	5	omplexity, at different spatial scales, is also a critical process, accounting for a major decr  rent spatial scales, is also a critical process, accounting for a major decrease of biological   s. a great amount of european diversity is maintained in these landscapes, so it will become ur  stration agencies with information that could contribute to establish policies related with lan  tablish policies related with land use, crop-land design, conservation strategies and the propo
154	10	nce population dynamics. such knowledge could help to explain the evolution of life histories a  ain the evolution of life histories and illustrate ecological processes thus being valuable in   nd illustrate ecological processes thus being valuable in conservation biology. anthropogenic f  tors change habitat characteristics and may determine the way and /or intensity of biotic inter  en natural populations. these processes could lead to the changes in spatial distribution and p  the changes in spatial distribution and pattern of populations and species distribution in natu  ms behind distribution pattern may only be possible through studying the effects of all possibl  rent project is to study experimentally influence of post dispersal local interactions and habi  tions are: 1. what is the structure and size of historically managed semi natural landscape pla  ation dynamics 3. what type of land-use could maintain vitality of plant populations under stud
13577	5	climate change has been predicted to cause increased river inflow into the  t climate and hydrography. such changes may decrease phytoplankton primary productivity due to   kton primary productivity due to poorer light climate, and increase bacterial productivity due   tivity due to poorer light climate, and increase bacterial productivity due to high input of do   trophic levels, e.g. fish. experiments are planned to study the spatial and temporal variation
7102	3	er bodies. . methodological objectives: define the ecological assessment methods adapted to pon   to ponds, standardizing protocols, and define a method most appropriate evaluation systems for  propriate evaluation systems for ponds, easy to apply and thus to transfer build economic devel
514	3	ter bodies socio-economic objectives: - analyze the technical and socio-economical characterist  lop the territory and its productions - study how the local actors get involved in the preserva  tification methodological objectives: - define the methods of ecologic evaluation that are appr
10132	1	a, alaska and the north pacific we will be able to establish the extent of global climate links
10664	1	a, alaska and the north pacific we will be able to establish the extent of global climate links
15400	4	ervation, and probably the most serious threat to biodiversity. several studies conducted durin  s conducted during the past decades has been noted that one of the most serious consequences of   responsible for these losses appear to be related to progressive changes in the spatial config  guration of fragments: their continuous surface reduction, progressive isolation, changes in ha
191	2	the gulf of finland is one of the most eutrophied parts of the baltic sea a  lankton biomass and species composition can be connected with the internal and external nutrien
7705	5	current concerns as they are expressed during the grenelle of the environment or  le of the environment or under the 2018 plan ecophyto impose rapid and drastic reduction in the  ronment or under the 2018 plan ecophyto impose rapid and drastic reduction in the use of chemic  parasitic risk. this knowledge can then be mobilized to provide environmental management strate  tions offered by the workshop areas and experience of participants to implement experimental de
15047	10	decisive role in the regulation of co2 is what makes it important to preserve and find out abo  kilometres long stretches of coasts and are widely distributed all around the world. these ecos  between the microorganisms and sediment are distributed in layers of a thickness of a few milli  omass of cyanobacteria on a micrometric level without altering the sample. recently, and as the  ntly, and as the result of the previous project, our work group has perfected a methodology bas  ctral clsm to analyse the physiological state of the cyanobacteria. from the results obtained f  s obtained from the present project, we believe we can provide a more accurate determination of  from the present project, we believe we can provide a more accurate determination of the role p   natural environments and whether there is any possibility of this cyanobacterium being used in   any possibility of this cyanobacterium being used in bioremediation and/or as a bioindicator o
15437	5	not generally considered, however, they have a great importance in the maintenance and generati  actors influencing the biodiversity and structure of the saproxylic community at the microhabit  es under different scenarios. the study is undertaken from the point of view of the ecological   t of view of the ecological networks to be applied in mediterranean biodiversity management and  ew. in order to carry out this study we have choosen the two more abundant groups of saproxylic
14171	5	ifferent combinations and severities co-occur in natural environment. however, the majority of   he majority of experiments in past have been focused on the effect of a single environmental fa  de precipitation, soil water potential, air humidity, air temperature and nutrients. the emphas  on, soil water potential, air humidity, air temperature and nutrients. the emphasis will be giv  improve the understanding of how plants can cope with changing climate.
14713	1	antly altered the global biogeochemical cycle of nitrogen will be used to quantify the rates of
14714	8	antly altered the global biogeochemical cycle of nitrogen. a consequence of this alteration is   ence of this alteration is the dramatic increase of dissolved inorganic nitrogen in freshwater   an either limit ecosystem production or favor eutrophication; this in turn, may affect the capa   or favor eutrophication; this in turn, may affect the capacity of the ecosystem to retain and   capacity of the ecosystem to retain and transform this element. nevertheless, in stream ecosyst  e of biofilm communities that basically control n dynamics in these ecosystems. additionally, i  -purification capacity based on easy-to-measure structural parameters, and this index will be v  alidated in the field. finally, we will evaluate the relevance of n nutrient retention capacity
224	7	tial gradients are steep. coastal zones are characterized by enhanced availability of light and  nt for nutrient dynamics in the coastal zone, majority of research studies biological and chemi  udies biological and chemical processes must be taken into account. the present project aims at  l and benthic subsystems in the coastal zone, biogeochemical model based on collected measureme  ors including currents and resuspension can modify internal nutrient dynamics of coastal ecosys  ert on nutrient dynamics of the coastal zone, 3d-ecohydrodynamic model will be constructed, whi  in the coastal zone. further, the model can assist in assessment of coastal ecosystem response
14138	3	partly got its motivation from the esf grant 7609 and combines the studies of coastal sea hydr   increased share of westerly storms and decrease in such storm trajectories which cause strong   hich cause strong northwinds in estonia turn some of the westerly exposed habitats unsuitable f
11631	9	ycorrhizal from their host plants, they have a key role in the global terrestrial carbon cycle.   exploitative capability but because it is the primary interface with the bulk soil and is ther  rimary interface with the bulk soil and is therefore the main conduit through which recent plan  oorly understood. in particular, little is known about the importance of the interactions betwe  n em fungi and other groups of abundant soil organisms for c cycling. using both radioactive an  r c cycling. using both radioactive and stable isotopes of c, this project will determine the r  hways of c flux from plants to soils to be determined in situ. it will also address how enchytr   to be determined in situ. it will also address how enchytraeid worms, collembola and mites, th  lly dominant forest soil invertebrates, disrupt c flux to em fungal mycelium.
10962	5	rhizosphere microbes has a significant effect upon ecosystem function and global carbon biogeo  n and global carbon biogeochemistry. we propose to investigate the effects of differing treatme  which enters the microbial rna pool and characterise the microbial taxa involved in this uptake  ll be established by the use of 13c-co2 stable isotope labelling of plant material during photo  uring photosynthesis and its subsequent transfer to rhizosphere taxa. taxon specific oligonucel
14493	3	the genetic structure of human populations is partly determined by    barriers may limit people movement. it is of interest to study how the changes of national bor  ting pattern and therefore, the genetic structure of a population. with this goal a study on th
14982	9	he importance of their conservation has been reflected on different national or international a  teristic of the mediterranean area have been selected, to ensure a wide applicability of the re  re representative ecosystems of a large number of wetlands and supercial lagoons in europe. the  l lagoons in europe. these systems have been protected by different official figures such as we  al methods based on the sorption and/or clean-up on solid phases and the determination by liqui   determination by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, which will be applied to water, soil  ometry, which will be applied to water, soil, natural vegetation and crops, will be one of the    carried out to verify the presence and fate of the selected contaminants and their relation sh  tation and crops. finally, a global and integrate treatment of data will be applied to propose
7177	1	he project aims to test two hypotheses: is the invasion determined: and the influence of man
15085	3	es have been already identified, little is known about their effect on amphibian population dyn  kers, quantitative genetics studies and landscape genetics analyses in six species of amphibian  s relationship with patterns of genetic structure, the degree of connectivity between populatio
2177	10	the power-law species area relation . if the sar is to be used as  pecies area relation . if the sar is to be used as a predictive tool, it needs to be demonstrat  f the sar is to be used as a predictive tool, it needs to be demonstrated that there is a relat   used as a predictive tool, it needs to be demonstrated that there is a relationship between sp   it needs to be demonstrated that there is a relationship between spatial extent and species ri  erogeneity and sampling effort. we will use the sar to explore diversity patterns in species-ri  he intervening area, the matrix, and we predict that where the matrix is conducive for dispersa  x is not conducive for dispersal. there are three types of matrix around the moist broadleaf fo   on islands in lake victoria, water. we predict that the structurally-diverse agroforestry matr  urally-simple plantation agriculture or water, and that this difference will be detectable in t
15470	22	adverse environmental situations, they adopt the viable but not culturable phenotype . the mos  turable phenotype . the most remarkable feature of this phenotype is the lost of culturability    phenotype is the lost of culturability while they still have physiological activity. our group   lost of culturability while they still have physiological activity. our group has described th   the vbnc phenotype. this behaviour has been described in more than 60 bacterial species, among  e in the vbnc state are live cells that can not be detected by traditional culture-dependent me  that can not be detected by traditional culture-dependent methods, as they are not able to grow  onal culture-dependent methods, as they are not able to grow. this situation, coupled with the    some species, for example v. cholerae, are able to recover their growth ability and colonize w  ble to recover their growth ability and colonize when the environmental conditions become favou  lic health. throughout the year, it has been demonstrated that, during the cold season, the pre  e increases, in the warm season, vibrio is detected again, and some associated disease outbreak  ical and molecular characteristics have been described associated with the behaviour of this ba   harveyi, as an answer to environmental stress, basically the decrease in temperature, and to k   responsible of these changes that also regulate the answer to stress. we will use epifluoresce   regulate the answer to stress. we will use epifluorescence microscopy, flow cytometry, proteom  we will use epifluorescence microscopy, flow cytometry, proteomic techniques, rna profiles and   er the key of the cellular factors that are shown as an answer to an adverse environment. the k  sides allowing us to know the molecular control of vibrio response to stress, the results of th   to stress, the results of this project can have implications in the biomedicine area promoting  ment of new strategies of detection and control of pathogen survival and dissemination in the e  new targets for antibacterial drugs and can contribute to improve the control of bacterial qual
14650	2	s and chorthippus parallelus erythropus are two grasshopper subspecies whose distribution overl  on overlaps in the pyrenees, where they form a hybrid zone verify the potential of wolbachia as
13500	10	nfluenza viruses in its pathogenic form can cause high mortality in wild birds. raptors may be   dswe will investigate pgrine falcon and white-tailed eagle for the presence of current and past  sent and past infections of aiv we will compare the gene pool in those with the aiv found in du  nd other prey birds. we will screen and identify the virus-host cell receptor-binding capacity   . we will screen and identify the virus-host cell receptor-binding capacity in a array of bird   g aiv infections. presence of receptors are determined by imunhistochemistry in tissue from the  te systematic illness. finally, we will study the fitness effects of low pathogenic influenza v  mallards in an experimental setting and contrast this data with data from populations sampled a  these projects will give knowledge that can be used for risk assessment. the h5n1 is originatin   is originating in domestic animals but may have large consequences for wild animals and for bi
13924	14	the flowering plant group sileneae serve as model group for a database project which integ  nomy that is available for the organsim group in question. it is therefore of great importance    for the organsim group in question. it is therefore of great importance that the taxonomy rest  onomy rests on solid ground and that it is easily available. in this project, we combine severa  s easily available. in this project, we combine several gene phylogenies in order to infer phyl  utatively unlinked genes in concert, we are able to detect reticulate phylogenetic patterns, fo  ple ancient hybridizations at homoploid level or allopolyploidy. from the phylogenetic perspect  he evolution of reproductive characters can be studied. our long-term goal is a total taxonomic  pecies in sileneae, and to continuously publish the results via the database. initially, we cho  re the above-mentioned general problems can be studied. cases where reticulate phylogenies are   ied. cases where reticulate phylogenies are suspected are given special attention. continued fu  re reticulate phylogenies are suspected are given special attention. continued funding of a phd   funding of a phd student forms a large part of the project costs, but also lab costs, programm  costs, but also lab costs, programming, guest researchers, etc. need funding.
12219	6	k on grassland flora and grazing, wider research in support of grassland related biodiversity o  s sought. defra seeks to ensure that it is founded on a clear understanding of the impact of th  future research, the study will briefly evaluate the relevance and effectiveness of the researc  n research in the future. this study is being commissioned on the advice of the cross-defra env  vice of the cross-defra environment and landscape r&d working group, informed by the research p  research priorities group report. it is being procured by the dg for sustainable farming and fo
14443	9	ctive substances and their variability, develop a method for analysis and standard of samples o  rned firms, assessment of physiological state, regulation of plant metabolism and gene expressi  ic and mineral nutrition, selection and attempt to introduce the species in agroecological cond  se of species. the methods, intended to be used, are biological and their variability, method f  cies. the methods, intended to be used, are biological and their variability, method for method  hanism of regulation of photosynthesis, plant mineral nutrition, regulation of plant metabolism  rb material, development technology and attempt to introduce the species in cultural circa situ  cies in cultural circa situ and ex situ condition, measures and proposals for conservation and   y to sustainability of conservation and use the natural resources of medicinal plants, includin
6854	5	elongs to the group of barrier diseases is represented as crohn disease will be responsible for  lled following detailed examination and follow-up. snp-determinations will be carried out with   liance. the genetic variants planned to be tested are the following: nod2/card15: r702w, g908r,  planned to be tested are the following: nod2/card15: r702w, g908r, c.3020insc; dlg5: r30q, mdr1  ed to be tested are the following: nod2/card15: r702w, g908r, c.3020insc; dlg5: r30q, mdr1: a89
7483	7	dairying is an important sector of eu agriculture, but intensification has been   eu agriculture, but intensification has been accompanied by an increase in n surplus. this has   rove management of nutrients, waste and water as a start to move to management practices beyond  ve to management practices beyond usual good-farming practice. the objective of rednex is to de  rming practice. the objective of rednex is to develop innovative and practical management appro  to improve the supply of amino acids to be absorbed relative to the quantity and quality of ami   further underpin model development and indicate strategies to reduce n losses. to predict n lo
11194	2	tissues of cirsium arvense and how this can be manipulated. the role of phytophagous insects is  lated. the role of phytophagous insects is emphasised, by studying insect effects on fungal tra
13475	9	l changes can be short or long term and must be met by adaptations at phenotypic or genotypic l  earning to evolution. examples of short-term modulation are the shutdown of host-seeking behavi  ut from other sensory modalities. short-term modulation of behaviour and its neural basis form   r generations through evolution. it can be pre-adapted for e.g. host shifts, or can be modified  be pre-adapted for e.g. host shifts, or can be modified by selection pressures occurring after   aviour, at levels from receptors to cns form a second main focus. in a multi-disciplinary appro  ond main focus. in a multi-disciplinary approach we will study chemical, molecular, neurobiolog  n a multi-disciplinary approach we will study chemical, molecular, neurobiological and behaviou   the systems studied, systems that also are excellent models of general principles in chemorece
12554	19	f many cultivated and wild plants. they play a crucial role in the production of agricultural c  le to pests, diseases and environmental change - threats that have increased over the last five  ts over recent years raises significant concern about our ability to feed a growing population   f appropriate mitigation strategies. it is a joint initiative from the biotechnology and biolog  he scottish government and the wellcome trust, and is funded under the auspices of the living w   government and the wellcome trust, and is funded under the auspices of the living with environ  he partners has a different mission and remit but all share a common agreement that there is an  all share a common agreement that there is an urgent need for innovative research to provide a    there is an urgent need for innovative research to provide a solid evidence base with which to  n insect pollinators to ensure a strong network to apply the outcomes of research. it is clear   o apply the outcomes of research. it is clear at present that there is no single factor causing  arch. it is clear at present that there is no single factor causing the problem. the causes of   r declines are likely to be complex and involve interactions between pollinators, the environme  agricultural crops grown globally1 – it is absolutely crucial that we generate knowledge that c  lly1 – it is absolutely crucial that we generate knowledge that can be applied to strategies ai  crucial that we generate knowledge that can be applied to strategies aimed at reversing the dec   at reversing the decline. some factors may affect all pollinating insects, others only one or   ers only one or two species and it will be important to see this group of species as a whole. w  unding partners helps to bring together top uk researchers across a range of disciplines and br
13728	7	to investigate how insect herbivory and seed dormancy affect fitness and population processes i  ing increasingly well documented, there is an urgent need to predict to what extent acquiring a  s and species distribution. i will also investigate if s. arvensis, b. rapa ssp. sylvestris and  p. sylvestris and raphanus raphanistrum differ in seed germination requirements, and if this ca  d germination requirements, and if this can explain the decline of b. rapa ssp. sylvestris and   gricultural landscape while s. arvensis is abundant. the impact of gene flow from neighbouring    markers. my project adds to the formas project riskbedömning vid användandet av transgena inse
2530	5	compared to shallow-water reefs, cold-water coral reefs and communities have received politic  pots in the deep ocean, and should also be regarded as a natural heritage of the past, due to t  s project will provide new insights and provide guidelines that can be used by policy makers, c  ew insights and provide guidelines that can be used by policy makers, contribute to important s  ines that can be used by policy makers, contribute to important societal debates and decisions
7557	3	itochondrial hétéroplasmies. the rabbit is proposed as a model species to determine the possibi  etic diversity of domesticated mammals. be checked on a large number of descendants of the foun  sticated mammals. be checked on a large number of descendants of the founders and their clones
1087	2	e present taxonomic diversification. we intend to examine a significant sample of case studies,  ion. we intend to examine a significant sample of case studies, in which the different factors
454	13	question is striga asiatica. the latter is responsible for both the strong decrease in producti  tter is responsible for both the strong decrease in production and the bad quality of the grain  lity of the grains of rain-fed rice and corn in madagascar, and in particular in the regions of  ect to particular attention: the grain, being the cause of any new infestation, and the germina   germination, which implies a molecular dialogue of redox type. taking into account the researc  the components of an integrated control are considered in order to try to diminish the pressure  nish the pressure of the parasite. they request: - the selection of varieties of rice and corn    the selection of varieties of rice and corn that are tolerant, if not resistant, to striga - t  soil - the improvement of the microbial soil flora through endemic hyper-mycosis species in ord  terium of the rhizosphere having a pgpr effect on cultivation or an inhibitor effect on the ger  to measure the fullness of the disease, identify entire set of plants hosting striga asiatica a  t of plants hosting striga asiatica and search for other species of scrophulariaceae parasites   ecific to the madagascan problem, which could be used directly by the country.
7214	7	scrophulariacée hemiparasite épirhize, gender striga is top of the list. in this island in the   species is striga asiatica. the latter is responsible for both the sharp decline in production  and french teams, the components of ipm are envisaged to try to reduce the parasitic pressure.    to reduce the parasitic pressure. they involve: - the selection of rice varieties tolerant cor  ion of rice varieties tolerant corn and even resistant to striga; - the valuation of inorganic    estimate the magnitude of the scourge, identify all host plants striga asiatica and the search  on of a network of skills and training, define specific ipm means the malagasy problem directly
6943	8	tested results on ways to conserve and increase biodiversity, which can be applied directly in  nserve and increase biodiversity, which can be applied directly in practical nature conservatio  undation of sustainable development. we work by international scientific standards, thus, this   y and ecology in hungary. one beginning-level postdoc, two phd-students and two students will b  two students will be employed, who will acquire internationally competitive skills in using pro  l produce competitive publications, and can join international collaborations. this study is co  nternational collaborations. this study is conducted in parallel with an eu fp7 research projec  s and monitoring as proposed here. work is based on a monitoring system run for years, thus, im
2099	14	biodiversity may be measured at many different scales from the numbe  opulations. understanding how genotypes are distributed within populations, and how genotypic v  ects individual and population fitness, is necessary in order to predict the effect of environm   to predict the effect of environmental change or human encroachments. mechanisms of evolutiona  rtance of these mechanisms and how they interact in a natural setting is necessary in order to    and what the consequences are. we will study spatial and temporal variation in the genotypes o  in one stream over 3 years. we can then quantify the variability in individual reproductive suc  success, relatedness among individuals, fine-scale genetic structure, and estimate effective po  ss, relatedness among individuals, fine-scale genetic structure, and estimate effective populat  s among individuals, fine-scale genetic structure, and estimate effective population size. then  uals, fine-scale genetic structure, and estimate effective population size. then, we can study   ate effective population size. then, we can study in detail how genetic variation is lost , and  n study in detail how genetic variation is lost , and quantify a number of micro evolutionary p  ail how genetic variation is lost , and quantify a number of micro evolutionary processes.
14444	7	n in most agricultural ecosystems. they are able to form specialized organs, root nodules, in w  ey are able to form specialized organs, root nodules, in which rhizobial bacteria can fix atmos  ot nodules, in which rhizobial bacteria can fix atmospheric nitrogen. over the past decade, two  s, l. japonicus and m. truncatula, have been proposed for molecular genetics research. the toba  tics research. the tobacco element tnt1 is one of the few identified active retrotransposons in  tula an efficient transposition of tnt1 is possible during the early steps of in vitro transfor  s recently developed mutagenesis system was used for the generation of a large collection of tn
7600	2	ear microsatellite markers. the results are used to define an integrated reconciling conservati  ciling conservation of this species and farm management
7201	3	e by 50% the use of pesticides by 2018, subject to the development of alternative methods. in t  ction, the challenge of these developed is reinforced by the withdrawal of many active material  biotel mobilizes expertise in agronomy, plant pathology, nematology, epidemiology and ecology t
7196	6	charentais, today the island of oleron is under strong anthropogenic pressures including summe  en behind the launch of an experimental project of integrated coastal zone management and mappi  erimental project of integrated coastal zone management and mapping standard. the results will   onservation of biological resources, we can expect to acceptance by practitioners of recreation   media work both locally and nationally are planned throughout the program's operations to enha  e other hand the policy as part of iczm scope by the different local actors
7616	2	altered by changes in human activities may influence the structure / function relationships in  ctivities may influence the structure / function relationships in the aquatic communities. more
7403	1	pressures. forest conservation programs were implemented. from data on the genetic diversity of
1104	2	the project is divided into four work packages in a mediterranean a  is of changes of the main environmental pressure indicators. task 4. analysis of hydrological s
403	7	hat extent integrated rice-fish farming could provide a sustainable alternative to rice monocro   of the rice field ecosystem. an unwise use of pesticides, however, increases the production co  nd decreases the yield of both rice and fish by disrupting the ecological balance of an integra  e of pesticides, through ipm practices, are therefore necessary to make rice-fish farming a com  ng. as ipm strategies cannot completely replace the use of chemicals in pest control operations  ations, many chemicals will continue to be used. this project therefore also aims to develop st  ims to develop strategies for a *safer* use of pesticides in integrated rice-fish farming. as a
11776	7	there is currently widespread concern for the survival of man            there is currently widespread concern for the survival of many mammal species in euro   change will cause habitats to shift or contract northwards, and will result in high rates of e  eir distributions accordingly. here, we propose a novel and multi-disciplinary approach to inve   propose a novel and multi-disciplinary approach to investigate the underlying mechanisms that   t tracking in european mammals. we will combine recently developed ancient dna approaches with   g forecasting models to more accurately predict future responses.
472	7	there is currently widespread concern for the survival of man            there is currently widespread concern for the survival of many mammal species in euro   change will cause habitats to shift or contract northwards, and will result in high rates of e  heir distributions accordingly. here we propose a novel and multi-disciplinary approach to inve   propose a novel and multi-disciplinary approach to investigate the underlying mechanisms that   t tracking in european mammals. we will combine recently developed ancient dna approaches with   g forecasting models to more accurately predict future responses.
1946	7	in this proposal we use the concept of ecosystem networks in a region as a   s information, regional decision-makers can consider ecosystem networks as a potential regional  h biodiversity and economic values, and compare alternative design options. the scale level we   tive design options. the scale level we focus on is the regional level , and on costs of develo  scale level we focus on is the regional level , and on costs of developing nature. an attempt w  mpt will be made to relate the economic value to the total area, type and spatial configuration  pected economic and conservation values are made visible for decision-makers.
13810	10	s. the management methods are catch and release for minimization of the effects of fisheries on  f the effects of fisheries on piscivore stock composition and biodiversity, and fish stocking f  ntegration of both into the sustainable-use management. indirect behavioural effects of catch a  er for the conservation and sustainable-use methods to be successfully implemented and allow fo  hods to be successfully implemented and allow for a productive development of the economically,  and ecologically important recreational lake fisheries, the fishing behaviour of recreational f   their views on management, sustainable use, biodiversity and values of ecosystem functions als   and values of ecosystem functions also have to be surveyed. we therefore combine biological in  ues of ecosystem functions also have to be surveyed. we therefore combine biological investigat   also have to be surveyed. we therefore combine biological investigations on fish individuals a
13727	10	we integrate ecological and sociological methodology, and   gical and sociological methodology, and develop a novel approach that can aid in human-related   logy, and develop a novel approach that can aid in human-related conflicts when species re-colo   areas of conflict. as case studies, we apply the resulting tool box to lynx and wolves. althou  wolves. although the integration per se is a novel approach, ecological and sociological method  isciplinary research and management and work in conjunction with on-going biological research.    on-going biological research. we first assess critical habitat factors in the core distributio  n areas for the carni-vores. second, we assess the human attitude towards the carnivores along   ng the distribution gradient. third, we overlay the attitude, biological, geological and physic  aphical information system . fourth, we determine the relative strength of attitudes toward car
14768	1	o human activities and, as consequence, can be regarded as bio-indicator of habitat quality at
12542	16	most diverse eukaryotic lineages. fungi are found in almost all ecosystems and are spread throu   are found in almost all ecosystems and are spread throughout the globe exhibiting huge diversi  fungal pathogens. fungal genus fusarium is hugely important in the context of human well being   axonomic history as it includes a large number of species and sub-species. for example, the f.    includes a large number of species and sub-species. for example, the f. oxysporum . for exampl   f. oxysporum f. sp. rapae has recently been described as a new pathogen on rape in japan. simi   begoniae, a new species f. foetens has been identified as the causal agent of a new disease on  enes to resolve taxonomic conflicts has been recognised. multigene dna barcoding is emerging as  in a synergy of resolution that neither can provide separately in modern fusarium taxonomy. the  s populations associated with the basal rot of onion in the uk as a model to develop the method  in other geographic locations will also be obtained from other researchers. isolates of other m  s available at warwick hri will be also be included in the study. in addition, isolates represe  coding genes applicable for species and sub-species level differentiation in fusarium will be i  r species. these two datasets will then be utilised to test the integrated use of the dna barco  nd biotyping approaches for species and sub-species level differentiation of fusaria. close int   of fusaria. close interaction with and benefit to british onion growers as well as the interna
10536	26	challenges facing biologists today. we want to be able to predict whether a species will be ab  climatic conditions, or whether it will be able to move to new regions as they become climatica  moving northwards as the climate warms, while others appear not to be responding as fast. why m  ards as the climate warms, while others appear not to be responding as fast. why might differen  ferent species behave differently there are many possible reasons, and few of these are current  s consider one species in isolation and use a climate envelope approach - essentially they esta  te envelope approach - essentially they establish the climatic conditions occupied by a species  ditions occupied by a species today and predict that the species will occur wherever that clima  pecies will occur wherever that climate is found in the future. this method provides a good sta  e species may be poor at dispersing and may not be able to alter their range as rapidly as the   s may be poor at dispersing and may not be able to alter their range as rapidly as the climate   as rapidly as the climate change. there are likely to be interactions between species; a butter  teractions between species; a butterfly may have very good dispersal abilities but if its food   ween species; a butterfly may have very good dispersal abilities but if its food plant doesn t,  en the range shifting of the food plant may impose a limitation. evolutionary processes may als  tation. evolutionary processes may also be important, and it is these that this work will inves  processes may also be important, and it is these that this work will investigate. an existing e  olutionary processes. initially we will introduce neutral genetic diversity - that is alternate  iversity - that is alternate genes that do not modify an organisms fitness will be present with  t within different individuals. we will look to see how the degree of neutral genetic diversity  nging their distributions. we will also introduce adaptation to local environmental conditions,  th the change. some species are already being observed to evolve such that they are able to cha  being observed to evolve such that they are able to change their ranges more rapidly. for examp  ved increased dispersal ability as they move northwards through britain. we will use our model   ove northwards through britain. we will use our model framework to investigate how other charac  stigate how other characteristics might be expected to evolve during a period of climate change
9825	26	challenges facing biologists today. we want to be able to predict whether a species will be ab  climatic conditions, or whether it will be able to move to new regions as they become climatica  moving northwards as the climate warms, while others appear not to be responding as fast. why m  ards as the climate warms, while others appear not to be responding as fast. why might differen  ferent species behave differently there are many possible reasons, and few of these are current  s consider one species in isolation and use a climate envelope approach - essentially they esta  te envelope approach - essentially they establish the climatic conditions occupied by a species  ditions occupied by a species today and predict that the species will occur wherever that clima  pecies will occur wherever that climate is found in the future. this method provides a good sta  e species may be poor at dispersing and may not be able to alter their range as rapidly as the   s may be poor at dispersing and may not be able to alter their range as rapidly as the climate   as rapidly as the climate change. there are likely to be interactions between species; a butter  teractions between species; a butterfly may have very good dispersal abilities but if its food   ween species; a butterfly may have very good dispersal abilities but if its food plant doesn t,  en the range shifting of the food plant may impose a limitation. evolutionary processes may als  tation. evolutionary processes may also be important, and it is these that this work will inves  processes may also be important, and it is these that this work will investigate. an existing e  olutionary processes. initially we will introduce neutral genetic diversity - that is alternate  iversity - that is alternate genes that do not modify an organisms fitness will be present with  t within different individuals. we will look to see how the degree of neutral genetic diversity  nging their distributions. we will also introduce adaptation to local environmental conditions,  th the change. some species are already being observed to evolve such that they are able to cha  being observed to evolve such that they are able to change their ranges more rapidly. for examp  ved increased dispersal ability as they move northwards through britain. we will use our model   ove northwards through britain. we will use our model framework to investigate how other charac  stigate how other characteristics might be expected to evolve during a period of climate change
15304	8	nservation value and the fact that they are, in many cases, threatened environments. such habit   predict organismal responses to global change by following the new, integrated, research appro  ngle conceptual framework. here we will integrate physiological, ecological and molecular genet  ferent lineages of aquatic beetles, and explore the vulnerability of populations and species to   phylogeographical patterns and genetic structure of three species within the genus enochrus. h   within the genus enochrus. how do they compare to other saline-adapted lineages 6. to investig   physiological data to predict organism-level responses to different climatic change scenarios.  m-level responses to different climatic change scenarios.
10252	16	ms for forest conservation and the well-being of the poor. in terms of policy, the former group  s recommending market-based approaches, while the latter is recommending a rights-based approac  critical importance of institutions and power as a determinant of forest condition, market pric   of forest condition, market prices and benefit distribution, whilst rights- and justice-focuss  ights- and justice-focussed researchers may neglect the full range of ecological services and t   multiplicity of benefits from forests, while political economists point to tradeoffs between t  sts point to tradeoffs between them. we contend that these two analytical and policy perspectiv   two analytical and policy perspectives must be reconciled if sustainable and pro-poor governan  est ecosystems and their services is to be achieved. we propose to address this challenge in th  nd their services is to be achieved. we propose to address this challenge in this project. fore  ement sites within each region. we will attempt to consider the full range of ecosystem service  sequestration and biodiversity. we will seek to disaggregate the fes value chains and the distr  and the methodological innovations they are based on will also be of relevance to forest policy  innovations they are based on will also be of relevance to forest policy globally ... stakehold  icy globally ... stakeholder engagement is seen as essential and will be achieved through 3 cyc  e stakeholders will contribute into and develop a sense of understanding for the espa issues, o
10425	30	conservation organisations are concerned with the protection of natural habitats a  bitats and species, for their intrinsic value, the services they provide humanity and for their  heir intrinsic value, the services they provide humanity and for their amenity value. under int  al statutes, conservation organisations are obliged to prevent wild habitats from becoming degr  ild habitats from becoming degraded and halt or reverse the decline of species of conservation   tats from becoming degraded and halt or reverse the decline of species of conservation concern.  d genetic diversity . genetic diversity can be found in all species. it is variation among indi  versity can be found in all species. it is variation among individuals in dna sequences that ca  ences in their physical attributes, and is responsible for the familial resemblance among relat   many populations of endangered species are isolated and consist of small numbers of individual   of endangered species are isolated and consist of small numbers of individuals. these populati  of individuals. these populations often have little genetic variation, and this can hamper thei  have little genetic variation, and this can hamper their ability to adapt to changing environme  ly, small or isolated populations often consist of closely related individuals, and mating amon   and mating among these close-relatives can lead to inbred offspring that suffer immediate heal   suffer immediate health problems. this can act as an additional burden on endangered species,   problems. this can act as an additional burden on endangered species, making their populations    to conserve. thirdly, similar problems can occur due to inter-mating between very divergent po  etween very divergent populations. this may occur if human-aided movement of species brings pre  s are relatively well understood, there is no generic framework for assessing which species are   actions. in addition, conservationists may be disinclined to incorporate these genetics proble  ause jargon and terminology in genetics can make the field inaccessible to conservationists wit  oved strategies to conserve species and enable the best use of genetic data in conservation pro  onservation programmes. firstly we will develop a working group consisting of geneticists and c   likely to be useful. secondly, we will evaluate previously published genetic information to fi  oblems are most likely. thirdly we will develop a mechanism to assess the risk of genetic probl  ms faced by any individual species, and link this to a framework recommending the best course t  e these problems. we will then test and refine this approach using species of conservation impo  mals from one place to another. we will develop a system for recording the success and failure   of this information accessible. we will produce user-friendly handbooks aimed at explaining gen
10990	30	conservation organisations are concerned with the protection of natural habitats a  bitats and species, for their intrinsic value, the services they provide humanity and for their  heir intrinsic value, the services they provide humanity and for their amenity value. under int  al statutes, conservation organisations are obliged to prevent wild habitats from becoming degr  ild habitats from becoming degraded and halt or reverse the decline of species of conservation   tats from becoming degraded and halt or reverse the decline of species of conservation concern.  d genetic diversity . genetic diversity can be found in all species. it is variation among indi  versity can be found in all species. it is variation among individuals in dna sequences that ca  ences in their physical attributes, and is responsible for the familial resemblance among relat   many populations of endangered species are isolated and consist of small numbers of individual   of endangered species are isolated and consist of small numbers of individuals. these populati  of individuals. these populations often have little genetic variation, and this can hamper thei  have little genetic variation, and this can hamper their ability to adapt to changing environme  ly, small or isolated populations often consist of closely related individuals, and mating amon   and mating among these close-relatives can lead to inbred offspring that suffer immediate heal   suffer immediate health problems. this can act as an additional burden on endangered species,   problems. this can act as an additional burden on endangered species, making their populations    to conserve. thirdly, similar problems can occur due to inter-mating between very divergent po  etween very divergent populations. this may occur if human-aided movement of species brings pre  s are relatively well understood, there is no generic framework for assessing which species are   actions. in addition, conservationists may be disinclined to incorporate these genetics proble  ause jargon and terminology in genetics can make the field inaccessible to conservationists wit  oved strategies to conserve species and enable the best use of genetic data in conservation pro  onservation programmes. firstly we will develop a working group consisting of geneticists and c   likely to be useful. secondly, we will evaluate previously published genetic information to fi  oblems are most likely. thirdly we will develop a mechanism to assess the risk of genetic probl  ms faced by any individual species, and link this to a framework recommending the best course t  e these problems. we will then test and refine this approach using species of conservation impo  mals from one place to another. we will develop a system for recording the success and failure   of this information accessible. we will produce user-friendly handbooks aimed at explaining gen
11173	30	conservation organisations are concerned with the protection of natural habitats a  bitats and species, for their intrinsic value, the services they provide humanity and for their  heir intrinsic value, the services they provide humanity and for their amenity value. under int  al statutes, conservation organisations are obliged to prevent wild habitats from becoming degr  ild habitats from becoming degraded and halt or reverse the decline of species of conservation   tats from becoming degraded and halt or reverse the decline of species of conservation concern.  d genetic diversity . genetic diversity can be found in all species. it is variation among indi  versity can be found in all species. it is variation among individuals in dna sequences that ca  ences in their physical attributes, and is responsible for the familial resemblance among relat   many populations of endangered species are isolated and consist of small numbers of individual   of endangered species are isolated and consist of small numbers of individuals. these populati  of individuals. these populations often have little genetic variation, and this can hamper thei  have little genetic variation, and this can hamper their ability to adapt to changing environme  ly, small or isolated populations often consist of closely related individuals, and mating amon   and mating among these close-relatives can lead to inbred offspring that suffer immediate heal   suffer immediate health problems. this can act as an additional burden on endangered species,   problems. this can act as an additional burden on endangered species, making their populations    to conserve. thirdly, similar problems can occur due to inter-mating between very divergent po  etween very divergent populations. this may occur if human-aided movement of species brings pre  s are relatively well understood, there is no generic framework for assessing which species are   actions. in addition, conservationists may be disinclined to incorporate these genetics proble  ause jargon and terminology in genetics can make the field inaccessible to conservationists wit  oved strategies to conserve species and enable the best use of genetic data in conservation pro  onservation programmes. firstly we will develop a working group consisting of geneticists and c   likely to be useful. secondly, we will evaluate previously published genetic information to fi  oblems are most likely. thirdly we will develop a mechanism to assess the risk of genetic probl  ms faced by any individual species, and link this to a framework recommending the best course t  e these problems. we will then test and refine this approach using species of conservation impo  mals from one place to another. we will develop a system for recording the success and failure   of this information accessible. we will produce user-friendly handbooks aimed at explaining gen
11167	9	ral to research into climate change and air quality. the description of chemistry in these mode   is becoming increasingly complex as we understand more of the processes and chemical species t  chemical species that are important and need to be included. the validity of such chemical mech   species that are important and need to be included. the validity of such chemical mechanisms r  ual chemical reactions. for many years, expert scientists have evaluated published kinetic data  oach will allow a chemical mechanism to be uploaded to the database, analyzed and updated. this   manual typing errors and significantly speed up the process of updating a model s chemical mec  h more analysis of a chemical mechanism could be done e.g. new components of the reaction schem  . new components of the reaction scheme could be suggested based on new laboratory measurements
14830	6	s of adaptation to local conditions and seem to rise from parallel evolutionary processes in fr  ous hypotheses of the microevolutionary process at this archipelago. we will enlarge the availa  ry process at this archipelago. we will enlarge the available genetic information for the three  nsular populations of lacertid lizards, being its adaptive significance still under debate. in   eir phylogeographical patterns. we will compare these traits using phylogenetic contrasts withi  of each population. to do that, we will employ general linear models to integrate in common ana
14831	5	ous hypotheses of the microevolutionary process at this archipelago. we will enlarge the availa  ry process at this archipelago. we will enlarge the available genetic information for the three  nsular populations of lacertid lizards, being its adaptive significance still under debate. in   eir phylogeographical patterns. we will compare these traits using phylogenetic contrasts withi  of each population. to do that, we will employ general linear models to integrate in common ana
10649	21	as become increasingly apparent that we need novel techniques to complement other techniques th  that are too coarse. at the microscopic scale in a soil, bacteria and their food source or oxyg  d source or oxygen supply, for example, are spatially separated, even at relatively high densit  , for example, are spatially separated, even at relatively high densities of both. fortunately,  exity of soil systems. soil physics and soil chemistry are highly interdependent, with the spat  the role of metal complexes, oxides and clay minerals in the formation and stabilization of agg  il aggregates. advances in the use of x-ray ct, however, enable quantification of the internal   vances in the use of x-ray ct, however, enable quantification of the internal structure of soil  , enable quantification of the internal structure of soils at microscopic scales without physic  ll remain lacking as long as techniques do not advance to microscopic scales. recently, microsc  this. however, these techniques to date are restricted to small samples and often require acces  rogress, however, may be possible if we are able to combine non-invasive and invasive technique   we will make use of state of the art x-ray ct facilities to quantify the soil structure in sit  il samples using sem-edx. first we will make horizontal slices through soil to obtain sequentia  soil to obtain sequential 2-d maps that are quantified with sem-edx. then we will locate this s  e quantified with sem-edx. then we will locate this surface within the 3-d physical structure c  physical structure characterised with x-ray ct, and use statistical modelling to integrate in b  ucture characterised with x-ray ct, and use statistical modelling to integrate in between the 2  rate in between the 2-d planes. we will apply the techniques to soils amended with black carbon  ocesses involved in c sequestration and soil structural dynamics and may provide means to test    will be affected by climate change and soil management.
7461	7	at present there are a number of fixed point observatories that autonomo  d point observatories that autonomously measure biological, chemical and physical variables in   oordinated and fragmented manner. there is no agreed set of basic variables and common data pro  the ocean system. 2: to perform a small number of specific science missions that will, in the f  ence missions that will, in the future, form the basis for greatly improved and novel monitorin  explicitly the vision of geoss. we will address this in the context of the time changing proper  ies of the ocean interior, seafloor and sub seafloor around europe.
1942	2	gement strategies in which biodiversity is promoted and its benefits to society captured. the i  and goals pertaining to the sustainable use of biodiversity , against which the scenarios will
192	6	e mapping methodologies to identify and characterize genomic regions associated with viability,   viability, embryonic development rate, time of emergence, length and weight of fry during earl  ent rate, time of emergence, length and weight of fry during early life stages. the results of   life stages. the results of the project are expected to be of wide scientific interest both amo  t are expected to be of wide scientific interest both among geneticists and ecologists, as the   mental and natural environments has not been applied yet anywhere. information about underlying
14513	5	tion of the environment and sustainable use of the natural resources it is essential to develop  ainable use of the natural resources it is essential to develop methodologies oriented to monit  ynamics and sources of disturbances. it is crucial that these methodologies incorporate remote   nces. to achieve this objective we will develop methodological tools based on the exploitation   rea with high biodiversity, and a large number of endemic species and ecotones, and therefore,
15115	7	nsitive to climate change, land use and forest management. in mediterranean regions, current ch  regions, current changes in fire regime are expected to produce important shifts in community s  raint current species distributions and are likely to do so in the future. the integration of t  s of the different components of global change on bird distribution patterns. our study model w  y wildfires. the specific objectives to be addressed in this project are three fold: objective    the comprehension of the processes and key interactions between fire regime and species bird d  erent fire regimes of a number of focal bird species with different ecological and dispersal ca
14147	4	estimates and recommendations almost on-line for a forest stand or at country level. classical    inventory forest system must therefore be replaced with the methodology that combines the poss  es of geographical information systems, forest growth models, remote sensing and field inspecti  orest growth models, remote sensing and field inspection. the methodology must be capable to ha
7209	2	of the project and expected results we propose to take the nematodes as a unique model for bio  opose to take the nematodes as a unique model for biological research integrated ecological man
15082	12	amphibians are considered as the most highly threatened animal gro  ue to different phenomena that severely affect them globally. thus, research on amphibians has   at severely affect them globally. thus, research on amphibians has become a priority. in additi  s become a priority. in addition, there is a remarkable lack of knowledge on the real diversity  ity. in addition, there is a remarkable lack of knowledge on the real diversity of amphibians a  ty crisis and the threats of the global change, it is urgent to properly inventory and describe  nd the threats of the global change, it is urgent to properly inventory and describe these faun   it is urgent to properly inventory and describe these faunas. on the other hand, taxonomy as a  logeny and classification, the apparent mismatch of new phylogenies and the linnean hierarchy,   oblems are intrinsecal to the taxonomic practice itself. this project is, above all, on taxonom  is of taxonomy too. the goals are to: 1 make a substantial contribution to the knowledge of the  ons of genetic material, specimens, and sound recordings at the mncn and other institutions; a
9882	3	e in the 1990s , we will systematically explore the conservation corollaries of the hypotheses   policy makers and stakeholders, we will explore the ecosystem-level consequences of our finding  eholders, we will explore the ecosystem-level consequences of our findings, alternative managem
480	1	hat these demographic changes, in turn, impact directly on population
14623	5	in the actual global change scenario there is an increasing demand of studie  the actual global change scenario there is an increasing demand of studies to analyse the inter  osystem is a difficult if not hazardous task, because of the complex antagonic and synergic eff  ergic effects of multiple stressors. it is the main objective of this project to study the natu  n lake over a large temporal scale, and short experimental in situ experiments versus controlle
2494	19	there are two main factors driving environmental change in ar   two main factors driving environmental change in arid lands, climate variability and human int  ce. acacia will focus on these factors' effect upon the dynamics and viability of an essential   bility of an essential resource, namely tree populations of acacia tortilis, in a short- and lo  ons of acacia tortilis, in a short- and long-term perspective. contrary to most research on env  f acacia tortilis, in a short- and long-term perspective. contrary to most research on environm  id lands, acacia will focus on the arid core, i.e. the desert environment, and interactions wit  itive question does traditional nomadic land-use increase the viability of contracted tree popu  d tree populations will be raised. this is seen in relation to the long-term desiccation of sah  d. this is seen in relation to the long-term desiccation of sahara that started 5500 bp. alread  lready at that time nomadic pastoralism was established in the area, and acacia will document a   the area, and acacia will document and study the scientific content of traditional ecological    will document and study the scientific content of traditional ecological knowledge among prese  tions of nomads, and to what degree tek is affected by the current trends of change in these so  d by change in land-use and/or climate, can reduce their viability. at the same time they might  can reduce their viability. at the same time they might represent unique genetic diversity whic   viability. at the same time they might represent unique genetic diversity which can be of high   extreme climate. acacia will therefore study the genetic diversity of these populations. furth  me several centuries old, this approach can contribute climatic information over the recent pas
15051	3	the iberian peninsula. this interaction is analyzed taking into account . we propose that there  on is analyzed taking into account . we propose that there should be a direct and discernible e  here should be a direct and discernible effect of the thermal state of the environment on the w
10105	2	ability in settlement/recruitment which may have important implications for local population dy  ct uses manipulation of recruitment and post recruitment processes in a typical and easily stud
13774	5	olfaction has only recently started to be studied. although each modality on its own is suffic  nt to attract the moth, the combination is required for the moth to unroll its proboscis and to  configuration of both cues. it has also been found that some hawkmoths relies on odour at a dis  moths relies on odour at a distance and vision at close range to locate the flower. i will look  sory information. the project will also make it possible to tear apart the different components
13865	7	etlands in agricultural landscapes have been drained to gain arable land. this has resulted in   in the agricultural areas. this project is designed to produce knowledge that is critical for a   ecosystem functioning and biodiversity be optimised in these wetlands plant and macroinvertebr  s composition, and microbial diversity, are investigated in 36 constructed wetlands of similar   nutrient load, but differing in age and plant composition. development of plant species composi   composition and biodiversity will also be followed in 18 experimental wetlands. ecosystem func   for interactions between biodiversity, plant composition and ecosystem functioning. guidelines
2141	6	oevolution. a number of adaptations and counter-adaptations in hosts and parasites have previou   in hosts and parasites have previously been revealed, but few studies have considered dynamics  ce. within the frame of this project we want to study in more detail host-brood parasite intera  ct we want to study in more detail host-brood parasite interactions in an area where the parasi  ost species. more specifically, we will focus on: 1 level of differentiation of local cuckoo ge   more specifically, we will focus on: 1 level of differentiation of local cuckoo gentes in term
14153	9	trends of temperature and precipitation are predicted for different regions of the world. in es   summers will be more cloudy, rainy and air humidity will probably increase. summers may be eve  ooler in average, but extremely hot and dry shorter periods can also occur. the gain in tree ma  so occur. the gain in tree mass can not be higher, than allowed by net carbon uptake by the tre  ects directly cell division, there will be probably less leaf area and stem volume formed and t  ary products of photosynthesis can down-regulate photosynthesis rate. we propose, that direct a  n down-regulate photosynthesis rate. we propose, that direct and photosynthesis-mediated enviro  d environmental impacts on plant growth can be separated by changes in relationships betweeh tr  usly in field experiment. air humidity, leaf wetness and temperature will be manipulated and ch
13826	9	today there is serious concern as to how intensive herbivore browsi                   today there is serious concern as to how intensive herbivore browsing affect o  g by large ungulates . specifically, we target aspen, one of the most valuable trees for biodiv  or biodiversity and how its recruitment is affected by ungulates in relation to tree cutting an  n relation to tree cutting and fire. we aim at quantifying critical thresholds for co-existence   and large herbivores and estimate long-term dynamics of aspen. the project will provide new an  ted with this tree. to achieve this, we conduct comparative studies in landscapes with contrast  ecruitment. a novel approach is that we assess temporal variability in demographic parameters i  ast changes in aspen abundance. we also address the impact of environmental heterogeneity on un
430	1	vegetation during the middle cretaceous are correlated to the main ecological changes.
9849	10	as demonstrated that river sediment bed-form, such as particle courseness and ripple height, ha  d-form, such as particle courseness and ripple height, has a major influence on the behaviour o  e fate of chemical pollutants remain to be elucidated. furthermore, in many developing countrie  harged directly into surface water, and is associated with high levels of suspended solids and   odellers to elucidate the effect of bed-form characteristics on the diversity and pollutant deg  enarios affect interactions between bed-form, microbial community composition and pollutant bio  ribution patterns within river sediment are determined by bed-form 2. bed-form controls microbi  in river sediment are determined by bed-form 2. bed-form controls microbial community structure  on processes following the experimental phase of the work the student will spend six months at   unding to enable establishment of micro-flume experimental systems and the use of cutting edge
7696	3	the french countryside; the three years are involved in ecological monitoring of road and agric  ect will interact with ongoing projects are involved and in which several of the team members,   al equivalence ' of piringecotech, ibis"integrate biodiversity into the operating systems,""exp
14852	11	ation of salinibacter ruber as a unique type of prokaryote within the domain bacteria. studies   r populations. the goal of this projetc is the study of the interactions between salinibacter a  w why bacteria and archaeal populations are kept almost constant and why the dominant populatio  onstant and why the dominant population is maintained. our approach is, first, the study of the  ions. the halophage community will also be characterized with a metagenomic approach. we will a  ed with a metagenomic approach. we will avoid the use of culturable halophages and focus on the  id the use of culturable halophages and focus on the environmental assemblage. on the other sid  g a description of our model system, we aim at obtaining information that could be of general a  lly, and as a extension of our previous project, we will complete our study on salinibacter int  ension of our previous project, we will complete our study on salinibacter intraspecific divers  but focusing, by means of a metagenomic approach, on the non-cultured fraction.
7204	1	owledge will be invaluable to build and deploy sustainable resistance in cultivated poplar. - a
14929	1	n evolutionary biology. in this call we regroup the research team incorporating two lecturers t
15194	5	tory but also on whether these elements can be immobilized. studies have been and are being mad   immobilized. studies have been and are being made on inorganic processes affecting the migrati  ability of microbes in these formations were performed. studies on microbial biodiversity in th  priate waste treatment, remediation and long-term management strategies.   e waste treatment, remediation and long-term management strategies.
7146	3	e-elle une singularité environnementale comment les angiospermes ont-elles conquis les milieux   u le sont-elles devenues secondairement comment peut-on expliquer la régression d’un grand nomb  s cuticulaires seront mises en évidence par l’exploration morpho-anatomique et ultrastructurale
13940	3	ferentiation according to brown-rot and white-rot fungi as well as niche differentiation with r  iation according to brown-rot and white-rot fungi as well as niche differentiation with respect  mical quality differences in spruce and wood oak. the research is furthermore designed to evalu
15500	19	e basis of morphological approaches are being revised in the light of the data obtained from mo  te of the numerous studies realized, it is not yet possible to generalize on the causes that ha  s of bryophytes. the genus orthotrichum is one of the most numerous and complex groups of mosse  groups of mosses, and offers a suitable field for the study of phylogeny and biogeographic patt  and biogeographic patterns. its members are found in all continents and exhibit a wide range of  members are found in all continents and exhibit a wide range of distributional areas, since the  phylogeographic approaches to correctly interpret both the systematics and several aspects of t  arge disjunctions. with these tools, we intend to assess if, as it is supposed in most cases, t  se tools, we intend to assess if, as it is supposed in most cases, these populations at both ex  t the same taxa, or conversely, if they are distinct species for which morphological characters  owing for their discrimination have not been found. moreover, the proposed work can bring an an  been found. moreover, the proposed work can bring an answer to classical questions in biogeogra  is indetermination, such as: how can we explain the disjunctions among bryophytes is the long-d  sjunctions among bryophytes is the long-distance dispersal so generalized how important is the    dispersal so generalized how important is the remote fragmentation of continuous areas are the  s pulchella, have provided with a large number of case studies, on which we intend to use techn  rge number of case studies, on which we intend to use techniques of molecular analysis to asses  lysis to assess genetic variability and reconstruct the evolutionary history of this group. thi  solve pending taxonomic questions , and bring an answer to the numerous biogeographic questions
6863	16	he reconstruction of past epidemics. we propose a multidisciplinary study of 256 naturally mumm  d bodies came to light in the dominican church of vác, hungary. previous studies have shown the  ve shown the usability of laparoscopic, x-ray, ct and adna studies on them. with the study of a   shown the usability of laparoscopic, x-ray, ct and adna studies on them. with the study of a p  ation lived before the era of extensive use of antibiotics and modern medicines, we aim to lear  of antibiotics and modern medicines, we aim to learn about polymorphism related to disease susc  ibilities and some pathogens frequently occur in chronically ill patients. our project is uniqu  large population restricted to a rather short period, incorporating its degree of infection by   f the archaic mummy samples ancient dna content, topics include: - level of mannose binding lec   ancient dna content, topics include: - level of mannose binding lectin polymorphism, - level o   mannose binding lectin polymorphism, - level of ccr5 hiv coreceptor gene polymorphism, - isola  an mtdna and haplotyping human mtdna, - study of human y-chromosomal str markers. as the select  romosomal str markers. as the selective effect of modern medical treatments did not affected th   today the natural progress of diseases can be postulated, which makes possible to study the re  al biological studies. the rather large number of contributors and their extensive experiences   ementation of the designed experimental work, so does the availability of the infrastructural b
11527	6	ce necessary to develop the methods and research capacity required to address those valuation k  urrent proposal represents an important step in addressing this underlying research capacity an   and integrated methodology problem. it is the product of an internationally renowned team of n  ral, economic and social scientists who have an established track record of high quality resear  cation in peer reviewed journals; a pan-network synthesis report for which an offer of publicat  h an offer of publication as a book has been received.
1949	4	that competitors are not all alike but may differ in competitive ability complicates matters a   implies that rather detailed knowledge is needed in order to arrive at reliable predictions of  e general case, where food availability can be characterised by the density of the standing cro  ensity of the standing crop in a patch, are extremely rare. the proposed project aims to study
11211	7	on earth, there are strong connections between living things and their   living things and their environment. we are increasingly aware that not only do environments sh  we are increasingly aware that not only do environments shape organisms, but also that organism  s, but also that organisms collectively control critical global processes. for instance, throug  spiration, plants and microbes more and better data, particularly from the new generation of sa  e of fields from all over the world. we aim to do that, and in doing so to ensure that the uk m  ernational community, to make it a more complete player and leader in terrestrial c cycle scien
11561	8	although the sub-seafloor biosphere has been estimated to contain a large proportion of the wor  e has been estimated to contain a large proportion of the worlds living organisms and the major  ms and the majority of all bacteria, we know little about these bacteria as few can be cultured  know little about these bacteria as few can be cultured. biodiversity estimates based on dna an  ased on dna analysis disagree markedly, even at the highest level than previously estimated. th   disagree markedly, even at the highest level than previously estimated. these problems may be    an international sample comparison has been set up. cardiff university is the only uk laborato  tions in other terrestrial sediment and soil environments, as well as subsurface environments o
10707	3	many of the challenges we face in earth system science require not only the repre   with climate. additionally, the global research community will require components that allow i  ration of scientists to be increasingly cross-cutting as will be required by the future of eart
7378	2	gricultural biodiversity in vietnam. it is to measure the real impact of these new intellectual  roperty rights in the domestic economy, research in plant breeding, on the evolution of farming
12614	7	erate and the role of devolving case-by-case decision making to a regulator. to estimate the ef  ch countrys means of deciding what land is contaminated. this will involve assessing how propor   is and how the countrys modus operandi is perceived internally and by external observers. to d  l observers. to determine each countrys estimate of the scale of the task facing it. this will    each country. the project will largely be literature based with targeted structured interviews  en because of the breadth of input they can provide as they are all heavily involved in formula  eadth of input they can provide as they are all heavily involved in formulating and/or implemen
11468	7	s mcmc, the em algorithm and others, it is now possible for dynamical stochastic models to be f  ible for dynamical stochastic models to be fitted to observations of population processes withi  statistical framework. these models now play an enhanced role in the interpretation of data on    epidemics or ecological processes, and allow observations to be related directly to the underl  al processes, and allow observations to be related directly to the underlying processes in a mo  ogical questions - such as experimental design for nonlinear stochastic systems - have received   forward effectively and to promote and extend its impact in epidemiology and ecology.
6956	7	isation between closely related species is supposed to be a process that allows horizontal gene  llows horizontal gene transfer and thus may have a significant impact on the evolution of speci  ransfer and thus may have a significant impact on the evolution of species. the saccharomyces s  bilisation process leading to a smaller mosaic genome composed of elements of two or more speci  elements of two or more species. now we propose a research project to elucidate the mechanism h  g species, electrophoretic karyotyping, array-cgh, etc. the examination of the natural hybrids   on of the natural hybrids will possibly show the terminal types of the stabilisation process ta
15089	6	ects are a diverse functional group and are sensitive to any alteration of their habitat. previ  oxylic biodiversity are complex, and it is necessary to direct our attention to the biotic fact  s information in mind, this project has been designed with the aim of establishing a method of   k with mediterranean mature forests has been selected as our study area; the scarabaeoidea sapr  d the saproxylic diptera syrphidae have been selected as the groups of species interperformers.  tions of the microhabitat in which they develop, will be analysed as well as their effect on th
10938	3	we will use the recent invasion of american lobsters into europ  t to investigate if h. gammarus females are attracted to and mate with dominant h. americanus r  . gammarus females are attracted to and mate with dominant h. americanus rather than subordinat
10777	11	al lifestyles. this may be particularly true of bacteria that cause diseases is used as a biolo  ly true of bacteria that cause diseases is used as a biological pesticide. it is applied agains  s is used as a biological pesticide. it is applied against pests in horticulture, forestry and   nst pests in horticulture, forestry and fruit productionan and against mosquito larvae. it has   an excellent safety record, it does not harm humans, animals or beneficial insect predators and  mals or beneficial insect predators and is licensed as an organic spray. while bt pesticides ar  des are efficient at killing pests they are relatively poor at being transmitted as a disease f  lling pests they are relatively poor at being transmitted as a disease from pest to pest after   n maintains cooperation could therefore be vital to understanding how to improve its use. bt is  nderstanding how to improve its use. bt is closely related to the bacteria that causes anthrax,  operate to exploit hosts may eventually be of medical significance.
11165	11	al lifestyles. this may be particularly true of bacteria that cause diseases is used as a biolo  ly true of bacteria that cause diseases is used as a biological pesticide. it is applied agains  s is used as a biological pesticide. it is applied against pests in horticulture, forestry and   nst pests in horticulture, forestry and fruit productionan and against mosquito larvae. it has   an excellent safety record, it does not harm humans, animals or beneficial insect predators and  mals or beneficial insect predators and is licensed as an organic spray. while bt pesticides ar  des are efficient at killing pests they are relatively poor at being transmitted as a disease f  lling pests they are relatively poor at being transmitted as a disease from pest to pest after   n maintains cooperation could therefore be vital to understanding how to improve its use. bt is  nderstanding how to improve its use. bt is closely related to the bacteria that causes anthrax,  operate to exploit hosts may eventually be of medical significance.
14502	4	in the present project we will study the main interpopulation variations in life histo  s that rule its distribution on a large scale: rainfall, minimum extremes temperatures and succ  ures and successional dynamics. we will develop a population model for the species where we wil  ion model for the species where we will explore the effects of such interpopulation variation i
10623	3	new methodological advances are required to estimate changes in the prevalence of i  ations. this project will establish and verify the use of amino acid specific stable isotope en  ic fluctuations of field voles. we will characterise the trophic relationships between most ver
11094	3	the division of labour within them, we need to understand the causes of variation in breeding   es breeding in each group and her young are reared by other group members, variation in breedin  elopment and behaviour of the two sexes is adapted to differences in the selection pressures op
15067	2	ntiation at the intra and interspecific level among the species of the genus. in some well esta  ific groups of species. furthermore, it is proposed to establish a relationship between these i
6874	3	, the role of prokaryotic symbionts has been investigated in some cytological research objects    pathogenic protozoans, however, it has been neglected in other freeliving species. thus, i wou  olymorphism in different amoebal clones may achieve a further progress in the research of the c
2512	13	n free-living species. one factor which may exert a powerful constraint on the rate of energy e  d which currently receives considerable interest, is oxidative stress. it has been suggested th  rrently receives considerable interest, is oxidative stress. it has been suggested that increas  e interest, is oxidative stress. it has been suggested that increased energy expenditure leads   f reactive oxygen species which in turn may lead to increased somatic damage and consequently t  ost of reproduction. in this project we propose an experimental approach to test the hypothesis  this project we propose an experimental approach to test the hypothesis that oxidative stress c  h to test the hypothesis that oxidative stress constraints the field metabolic rate and mediate  pring, respectively, and simultaneously measure energy expenditure, oxidative damage, antioxida  y measure energy expenditure, oxidative damage, antioxidant capacity and telomere length. survi  eding seasons. by this approach we will be able to determine the relationship of metabolic rate  ionship of metabolic rate and oxidative stress, and fitness consequences associated with increa  ant infrastructure and methods. it will contribute significantly to our understanding of the ph
7280	3	region of choice for biogeographers. we propose a new approach, cladistic, for the study of the  ce for biogeographers. we propose a new approach, cladistic, for the study of the area around t  the study of the area around the famous line wallace, placing us in the paradigm of vicarious w
15322	7	estigate key mechanistic processes that may enable invasive species to establish in the face of  imp artemia franciscana and the asiatic shrimp palaemon macrodactylus are species of particular  e asiatic shrimp palaemon macrodactylus are species of particular importance due to their stron  ces of gene expression. furthermore, we propose to characterise parasitic infection in the wild  ise parasitic infection in the wild and measure the levels of gene expression of genes such as   enes such as the prophenoloxidase which is known to be involved in the response to parasitism.    the prophenoloxidase which is known to be involved in the response to parasitism.
2040	6	we want to develop and test a simple conceptual model of i                   we want to develop and test a simple conceptual model of invasions of marine e   connection between the two regions has been established and that this will decrease gradually.  pecies on ships hulls from the atlantic coast of north america to the atlantic coast of europe;   coast of north america to the atlantic coast of europe; b.the introduction of ponto-caspian sp  to estimate numbers of species still to be expected in nw-europe by sampling along the danube.
7564	1	een the analysis of the spatial genetic structure in intra- population demes. this point will b
7602	8	alculating resilience and viabilitépour assess the impact of decisions. the viability of models  t of decisions. the viability of models are based on the study of socio- ecosystem dynamics to   type national parks simparc. this tool, type of serious game, allows players to negotiate diffe  rks simparc. this tool, type of serious game, allows players to negotiate different local manag  cal management decisions of a fictional park, relying on technical pir ecological engineering i  use of simparc. this approach will also be compared to the traditional approach individual-base  ill also be compared to the traditional approach individual-based simulation. territorial manag  ased simulation. territorial management was perceived in the past as a compromise between diffe
15578	1	urope and the us to investigate how law can promote the use of economic valuation of b&es in na
12151	2	ities which inhabit those areas are not stable, and could be very susceptible to invasions. the  pecies in lithuania - the american mink may have important implications on spread and naturaliz
14279	2	biological invasions are considered an increasing threat to biodiversity, bu  t is to develop an improved mechanistic framework to 9 264 62 24- province west-flanders
7180	16	species in the world. in this study, we focus on two ornamentals, Cortaderia selloana surroundi  ges. Unlike c. selloana, b. halimifolia is little used as an ornamental in our study area. howe  n 70 colonizing stations b. halimifolia were found mainly in reedbeds, natural habitats of high  of the population and an effective long-range of the species. b. halimifolia therefore a risk t  s to raise the following questions: Who are the actors involved in the management of these two   ial, economic and symbolic and finally, quest that the public knows or does not know of invasiv  quest that the public knows or does not know of invasive species our sociological research is b  asive species our sociological research is based on qualitative research, mainly conducted thro  ogical research is based on qualitative research, mainly conducted through interviews. intervie   closely linked to changes in taste and is influenced by fashion. This is for example the case   ine. This result, from the sociological survey directly feeds the biological question of latenc  e of social actors that play a role of "taste makers", particularly landscapers. interviews wit  ws with the inhabitants of the Camargue show that they do not know or little the biological inv  abitants of the Camargue show that they do not know or little the biological invasion process.   cal invasion process. many of them even think that c. selloana is a typical local species. on t  any of them even think that c. selloana is a typical local species. on the contrary, the invest
13594	7	a large number of nordic lakes have during the last decades bec  ters, thereby reducing the recreational value of lakes and water quality. despite being classif  ing the recreational value of lakes and water quality. despite being classified as a nuisance a  lue of lakes and water quality. despite being classified as a nuisance alga, almost no research  , almost no research effort has to date been focused on this species, or invasion by phytoplank  general. the aim of this project is two-fold: and the species’ effect on biodiversity in aquati  s project is two-fold: and the species’ effect on biodiversity in aquatic communities.
15316	1	invasive species can pose a major threat to the biotic diversity and int
10497	7	we will combine theoretical and experimental approaches to expl  the experimental core will monitor long-term populations of competing moth species and their in  ies. using mathematical and statistical time-series models, we will investigate the underlying   statistical time-series models, we will investigate the underlying mechanisms that generate the  hat generate the observed patterns, and explore the link between dynamics and dimensionality; e  and hosts with tightly coupled dynamics are predicted to increase the dimensionality of the sys  e and promoting coexistence; those that do not increase dimensionality will fail to do so.
10580	7	we will combine theoretical and experimental approaches to expl  the experimental core will monitor long-term populations of competing moth species and their in  ies. using mathematical and statistical time-series models, we will investigate the underlying   statistical time-series models, we will investigate the underlying mechanisms that generate the  hat generate the observed patterns, and explore the link between dynamics and dimensionality; e  and hosts with tightly coupled dynamics are predicted to increase the dimensionality of the sys  e and promoting coexistence; those that do not increase dimensionality will fail to do so.
10996	7	we will combine theoretical and experimental approaches to expl  the experimental core will monitor long-term populations of competing moth species and their in  ies. using mathematical and statistical time-series models, we will investigate the underlying   statistical time-series models, we will investigate the underlying mechanisms that generate the  hat generate the observed patterns, and explore the link between dynamics and dimensionality; e  and hosts with tightly coupled dynamics are predicted to increase the dimensionality of the sys  e and promoting coexistence; those that do not increase dimensionality will fail to do so.
7183	2	then there are still no regulations for the import of forest seeds in   auna. . . european legislation does not involve systematic monitoring of the possible infestati
7169	10	esser extent. few snails, some of which were studied in this project, have invaded fresh waters  fresh waters of the tropics, where they settle in density and become the dominant elements of t   well known thiaridés. respondents also know badly enough in what environment live molluscs vec  nt live molluscs vectors and thiaridés, do not know how long they are on the island and do not   nd thiaridés, do not know how long they are on the island and do not know if they are harmful o  now how long they are on the island and do not know if they are harmful or helpful. basically,   e on the island and do not know if they are harmful or helpful. basically, how to behave in the  ve in the fight against schistosomiasis were included, but the invasion by the thiaridés concur   of bilharzia went almost unnoticed. it is possible that this is partly due to the low attendan  secuted and / or have given rise to new research perspectives
7165	2	in 2003 and 2004, two other manuscripts were submitted and the results concerning the genetic p  panied by scientific communications and outreach, and the training of students in research
7184	1	d into shellfish basins of the atlantic coast: gastropods crepidula fornicata ocinebrellus inor
7243	4	cologically, invasions by alien species can lead to reduced species diversity in invaded sites,   obtained from the two previous points, face an ethnological study of users and stakeholders in  o previous points, face an ethnological study of users and stakeholders in urban environmental   ir uses and their means of action - 3 / deduce management measures to control invasions. stages
15331	4	errestrial ecosystems. particularly, we aim to analyse the impact of exotic leaf litter, whose   ter, whose physical-chemical properties may differ from the native leaf litter, on the structur  ative leaf litter, on the structure and function of the edaphic and freshwater communities of i  g the results of the three aims we will be able to assess the risk of exotic trees naturalized
10011	1	development plan, the student will also be required to take relevant modules from the well-esta
14841	5	invasion by nonindigenous species is recognized as a major threat to global biodiversity.   to global biodiversity. management and control of nonindegenous species is perhaps the biggest  degenous species is perhaps the biggest challenge that conservation biologists will face in the  species has been relatively unexplored, even though the genetic traits of nonindegenous species  genetic traits of nonindegenous species is regarded as fundamental to its invasive success and
14840	2	loss and a leading mechanism of global change, particularly in freshwater ecosystems. mosquito  stand the effects of river zonation and water regime on the life history and the population eco
7018	4	ustrial enzymes. particularly important is the genus trichoderma, which is one of the principal   genus belong to the genus hypocrea and occur commonly on wood, other plant material and variou  ates prepared from hypocrea teleomorphs is essential in addition to morphological characterizat  xonomic basis for further studies which may involve enzymology and antibiotic and/or growth pro
12477	17	akeholder views and will complement and build upon the natural environment evidence base specif  the main aims of the projects are to: - provide recommendations on which sources of social and   y of data for the natural environment - provide recommendations on the potential use of the evi  system services it provides to people - highlight any gaps and issues with the currently availa  the currently available evidence base - report on new approaches and integration of the data-se  ct a number of specific objectives have been set: - objective 1: develop a data framework to id  bjectives have been set: - objective 1: develop a data framework to identify a wide range of so  fy a wide range of social and economic ‘evidence relevant to the natural environment in england   environment in england. - objective 2: compile a list of potential data-sets and methodologies   detailing their characteristics, which could be used in the ecosystem services approach - obje  system services approach - objective 3: indicate the usefulness’ and ‘robustness’ of the availa  em services it provides. - objective 4: compare the reviewed inventory of social and economic d  plied by other countries - objective 5: recommend how an integrated approach using the economic  l and natural environment evidence base can be used to assess the state of the natural environm  es it provides to people - objective 6: provide regular reports on the progress of the project   o the social and economic datasets that can contribute to the ecosystem approach the outputs of  l and natural environment evidence base can be used to assess the state of the natural environm
6764	3	al, mesohalin aquatic conditions, there are special zooplancton and bentic assemblages in the w  e water. the invertebrates provide very good, potential food resource for different aquatic bir   parallel these investigations, we will convert the quantitative data into mass and energy. the
2199	8	eriments with introduced species are to be carried out unless the species in question already i   unless the species in question already is established in the area. characterization of areas a  nisms the applicant will study. thus it may either include comparisons between the different ba  sms with a pelagic life strategy are to be studied they are well disposed for further dispersal  shwater system. studies may than rather be directed towards risks of dispersal from brackish to   pelagic system, in all type of waters, may also for shorter periods harbour larvae of introduc  . the temporary role of these, however, is less well-known. from a risk perspective they are hi  ell-known. from a risk perspective they are highly important as a dispersing phase in the life
10024	3	response of organisms to anthropogenic change-melanization of peppered moths after industriali  ns in response to natural environmental change as well, although the tempo of the response is l  well worked out. in this study, we will examine an ongoing selective response to a naturally oc
11314	3	response of organisms to anthropogenic change-melanization of peppered moths after industriali  ns in response to natural environmental change as well, although the tempo of the response is l  well worked out. in this study, we will examine an ongoing selective response to a naturally oc
2481	1	harvesting and aquaculture. the project is aimed to investigate ecosystem structure and dynamic
11624	3	w genetic record. at each site, we will focus on whether the dna relates to the layers of sedim  na relates to the layers of sediment it is found in, or whether water movement may have carried   of sediment it is found in, or whether water movement may have carried it up or down the profi
10491	5	microscopic plants, or phytoplankton, use the sun s energy to combine atmospheric carbon diox  pheric carbon dioxide habitats as these are considered to be the most important areas for globa  eabed c turnover. my research will also provide information on the relative roles that bacteria  n elemental cycling in shallow and deep-water habitats, a topic that currently remains hotly de  t step towards being able to accurately represent the role of marine sediments in global climat
12552	7	ng microsatellite markers which already exist in the literature. honey bees from england and wa   colonies to the known races. such data may indicate a possible genetic link to efb resistance.  ch data may indicate a possible genetic link to efb resistance. 2. alternative non-chemical app  r action against shb. if successful, it is anticipated that this work would result in a novel l  s work would result in a novel lure and kill system for shb control. 4. monitoring the impact o  l of the pathogen quantified using real-time pcr. apiaries testing positive for nosema apis wil  ting positive for nosema apis will also be sampled for a comparison of pathogenicity. also, tre
10605	4	ncrease habitat availability would also increase species ability to track climate change. howev  ange. however, such changes have rarely been considered. this project will examine butterfly ov   butterfly life history traits. it will determine whether such effects may contribute to rapid    it will determine whether such effects may contribute to rapid rates of butterfly range expans
11542	8	tionary changes or relatively few large-scale ones. in theory we can study the fossilized remai  vely few large-scale ones. in theory we can study the fossilized remains of animals to discrimi  previously hidden details of fossils to be studied and illustrated, providing new data on the r  e. this project is important as it will help us uncover the morphology and relationships of ext  g their evolution into modern forms. it may also help to infer the pattern and process of deep,  volution into modern forms. it may also help to infer the pattern and process of deep, fundamen   may also help to infer the pattern and process of deep, fundamental events in animal evolution  of enquiry and lines of evidence can we achieve an optimal understanding of organismal evolutio
10124	3	pahs are natural components of fossil fuels, and are classif  natural components of fossil fuels, and are classified as priority persistent pollutants , and   to degrade nas and hmw-pahs in situ and optimise strategies/consortia for increasing biodegrada
12563	3	summary objective: determine and compare the population structure and relative productio  different habitats across river basins; investigate relationships between habitat and eel produ  oor river basins. key customer purpose: further our understanding of the relationship between h
13876	5	although a great number of studies have been performed the past decades on the relationship bet  t different frequencies leading to them being in different successional stages both among plant  ent decomposer richness the effect of 1 litter species richness, 2 decomposer species richness,  oser community, on decomposition rates, can be investigated. the project will give important in  ant insights into how changed diversity may affect ecosystem functioning in natural systems. su
11349	4	the histories of phosphorite formation, water-column denitrification and productivity are linke  column denitrification and productivity are linked on upwelling margins and to assess whether o  high-resolution records of changes in p-total, delta 15n, c-org and opal on glacial-interglacia  res collected from the eastern tropical north pacific .
10860	8	bridization, where two species mate and produce offspring is being increasingly recognised as h  cies and even groups of species. it has been implicated in the evolution of the hawaiian cricke  s , and nuclear genes, for which a copy is inherited from the father and the mother. the relati  relationships between species will then be determined using differences in these dna sequences.  d be present at nuclear genes, and this may allow the evolutionary history of which species hav  ve hybridised to produce new species to be determined. microsatellite markers will also be used  mined. microsatellite markers will also be used to investigate the minimum ploidy level of each   whether the genome of each species has been doubled in its evolutionary history.
11189	8	bridization, where two species mate and produce offspring is being increasingly recognised as h  cies and even groups of species. it has been implicated in the evolution of the hawaiian cricke  s , and nuclear genes, for which a copy is inherited from the father and the mother. the relati  relationships between species will then be determined using differences in these dna sequences.  d be present at nuclear genes, and this may allow the evolutionary history of which species hav  ve hybridised to produce new species to be determined. microsatellite markers will also be used  mined. microsatellite markers will also be used to investigate the minimum ploidy level of each   whether the genome of each species has been doubled in its evolutionary history.
6911	13	the heterogeneous group of idiopathic inflammatory myopathies consists of  anism has remained unknown; although it is assumed that in genetically susceptible patients env  eptible patients environmental exposure may provoke abnormal immune process. the polymorphic ge  ocess. the polymorphic genes of the mhc are among the strongest genetic markers associated with  f myositis, the 8.1 ancestral haplotype was found to be more frequently. this haplotype is comm  d to be more frequently. this haplotype is common in the northwestern european population and c  f myositis patients. based on a genetic background, different autoantibody profiles determine h   idiopathic inflammatory myopathies. we examine the genetic background of the hungarian patient  tory myopathies. we examine the genetic background of the hungarian patients with myositis. ass  ed. with advanced bioinformatics, genes can be clustered based on functional characteristics an  d the interrelationships of these genes can be pinpointed. furthermore, with the simultaneous g  , intramuscular gene expression pattern can be determined. the advantage of microarray technolo  age of microarray technology is that we obtain huge information of genes.
6965	1	the efficiency of the selection process can help in the breeding of new varieties having resist
6814	6	rrelated with habitat structure, and it is the habitat selection that separates small mammal po  ing. biodiversity monitoring programmes were started in hungary at the end of the 1990s. still,   still, few hungarian case studies have been performed on small mammal communities, especially   d microtus oeconomus méhelyi in hungary are regarded as relict populations from the last glacia  bution of this holarctic species. there are three distinct regions with scattered populations o  as areas of fertõ-hanság, szigetköz and lake balaton.
14445	3	tives like propylenglycol and so on. we expect significant increasing of the number of the repo   in real working environment. they will acquire basic skills in analysis of the scientific data  small mammals included in the bulgarian law on biological diversity – annexes 2 and 3 will be e
12622	10	peatlands are large stores of carbon to see which restoration mea  me location from which laboratory cores were obtained at the national trust owned migneint blan  ed at the national trust owned migneint blanket peatland in north wales. the experiments will b  ned for late 2010 / early 2011. we will measure how much co2, ch4 and n2o is emitted from the v   will measure how much co2, ch4 and n2o is emitted from the various types of restored peatland   fication of the mechanisms by which ch4 is produced and consumed. we will reference the emissio  h ch4 is produced and consumed. we will reference the emissions of co2, ch4, and n2o from the d   of near-natural peatland and will also compare them with fluxes from an area that is still act   minimising ghg emissions. we will also evaluate the potential of mitigation options, including  nt and sulphur amendment, to reduce ch4 release from restored peats.
11451	5	ffers a unique opportunity to study and record the skeletal changes of vitamin d deficiency usi  ation of juvenile bone of this date has been made and adult bone has never previously been inve  ade and adult bone has never previously been investigated in this way. skeletal indicators of v  lism of vitamin d means that deficiency is linked to the socio-economic status of individuals a  ution so the development of the disease can be used to interpret changing environments and life
14111	6	alarmone concentration mediated by rela/spot homologue proteins. we propose a holistic approach  ted by rela/spot homologue proteins. we propose a holistic approach for investigation of the st  mologue proteins. we propose a holistic approach for investigation of the stringent response by  nation of biochemical, phylogenetic and single molecule microscopy methodologies. biochemical i  activity – a regulatory phenomenon that was discovered in our laboratory recently. phylogenetic  r laboratory recently. phylogenetic and sequence analysis will map the sequence conservation pa
11197	5	to date there is a distinct lack of information regarding the control              to date there is a distinct lack of information regarding the control of osmoregula  sed study will investigate the hormonal control of the functional, cellular and molecular mecha  regulatory tissues including the gills, gut, kidney and rectal gland by hormones such as aii, a   used to investigate the expression and tissue distribution of na, k-atpase alpha and beta subu
6864	5	from a genetic point of view asthma is a multifactorial disease. this   or for identifying new drug targets, it is necessary to know the genes playing role in the path  estigation of the genetic and molecular background of asthma we would like to use two systems.   ng system in vitro and also in vivo. we utilize genes from our first system and results from th  s playing important roles in asthma. we search for sirna able to reduce significantly the expre
2505	6	to investigate the influence of larval drift on the population structure and dynamics of shrim  hrimp. microsatellite loci have already been developed by swedish partners and tested in a pilo   is a cooperation between the norwegian institute of marine research, the university of oslo, t  iological laboratory, and the greenland institute for natural resources. the results are expect  tute for natural resources. the results are expected to be useful for shrimp fishers, the indus  nterest by the international scientific shrimp milieu.
13385	1	he different types of the species which are found widely in the black-sea region, to collect in
168	3	rative analysis of performance in large number of marked individuals among botrychium, carex, c  s, and solidago. using the considerable experience of our group in ecology of terrestrial orchi  he effect we are going to study has not been considered in common models of population dynamics
12633	2	most soil surveys and classifications are based on soil geomorphic, physical and chemical pro  properties. the microbial properties or soil biological quality indicators distributed across g
10126	2	ding analysis by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry and microbiological techniques, as we  btain training in molecular techniques, sample preparation and analysis from scri.
217	2	tion of avian eggshell-pigmentation has been discussed without agreement since first half of 19  d eggshell patterning could potentially allow to use this trait in judging about of the qualita
10715	11	tem on earth. despite this, very little is known about many aspects of their basic biology. for  of their basic biology. for example, we know neither the number nor the distribution of species  system is a practical idea. i will also relate different aspects of diatoms biology to the patt  toms are able to inbreed whereas others have mechanisms that force them to outbreed and some di   at the bottom of lakes, whereas others live as plankton in the water column. i will relate the  es. very few previous such studies have been conducted. the research described will be carried   atoms and other microalgae, though they provide half of the oxygen we breathe, play a vital rol  ough they provide half of the oxygen we breathe, play a vital role in controlling climate, and    provide half of the oxygen we breathe, play a vital role in controlling climate, and are very    vital role in controlling climate, and are very important as indicators in environmental monit  indicators in environmental monitoring, are currently understudied compared to plants. by worki
10396	17	sea ice is found in frozen polar seas and covers approximately   t for a host of organisms, particularly single celled algae. their biological activity results   igh amounts of dissolved organic matter being produced in the brine channels, and both this mat   this material and the cells themselves are available as a food resource for other organisms. i  od resource for other organisms. it has been found that the dissolved organic compounds in sea   s forming slimes or gels. this material is called eps . eps are important because they can modi  gels. this material is called eps . eps are important because they can modify the environment s  ed eps . eps are important because they can modify the environment surrounding a cell. it is th   the environment surrounding a cell. it is throught that sea ice eps help prevent freezing dama  ce eps help prevent freezing damage and exclude the high concentrations salts solutions which w  s salts solutions which would otherwise damage cells. in this proposal, we will analyse the che  damage cells. in this proposal, we will analyse the chemical composition of eps taken from vari  ring 2004-05 in the antarctic ocean. it is expected that algal will make more complex eps as th  w cells survive in harsh conditions and understand how eps structure can be modified to provide  itions and understand how eps structure can be modified to provide useful environmental protect  king in other environments, where cells are stressed and wrap themselves in eps.   ironments, where cells are stressed and wrap themselves in eps.
10798	6	the soil microbial process of denitrification produces nitrous oxide , and  rification produces nitrous oxide , and is therefore hypothesised to result in different quanti   complete denitrification through to n2 is unknown, and so is currently ignored in predictive m  cation through to n2 is unknown, and so is currently ignored in predictive models. this project  2 production during denitrification and relate this to c utilisation by the microbial community   into predictive models which currently ignore the contribution of root-c flow.
11499	6	egy for helping in a social insect, and ask whether it can be explained in terms of an insuranc   in a social insect, and ask whether it can be explained in terms of an insurance policy. socia  e pros and cons. for example, you might deliberate whether it is worth investing in stock and s  xample, you might deliberate whether it is worth investing in stock and shares at a time when t  rmoil. in a similar way, social animals may weigh up the costs and benefits of helping. for exa  igh mortality, then the costs may often outweigh the benefits of being able to switch investmen
11127	11	ill be the first study to determine and compare the impacts of n deposition on the distinctive   n within the major plant types. it will determine the impacts of n deposition on plant p supply  s of n deposition on plant p supply and determine whether these impacts can drive species chang  ply and determine whether these impacts can drive species change. it will also determine whethe   can drive species change. it will also determine whether vegetation can recover from these imp   will also determine whether vegetation can recover from these impacts on p supply when n depos  d preservation of biodiversity. it will inform policy makers of the impacts of pollutant n load   the impacts of pollutant n loading and allow us to better predict pollutant n impact on ecosys  the mechanistic understanding will also provide important insight into how other related system   other related systems around the globe may respond to pollutant n loading, particularly other   ms where p supply is the most important factor in determining plant growth.
11341	7	insect-specific baculoviruses. genetic exchange between baculoviruses is promoted by many as a   genetic exchange between baculoviruses is promoted by many as a mechanism whereby these pathog   as a mechanism whereby these pathogens may acquire traits beneficial to their ecological fitne  cological fitness. the theory, however, is not supported by significant experimental data, othe  ombinants between baculoviruses that co-infect a common host. this proposal outlines a new stra  outlines a new strategy whereby genetic exchange between two baculoviruses is achieved artifici  etic exchange between two baculoviruses is achieved artificially. genes from a baculovirus with
10448	3	s and pseudofaeces enhances the organic content of the substrate, thereby coupling planktonic a  enthic food webs. here, we specifically address the hypothesis that freshwater pearl mussel ext  ebrate assemblages by modulating seston transport in rivers, through a reduction in water clari
15080	6	ty to face environmental challenges and survive as a species. skin pigmentation shows a straigh  in pigmentation shows a straightforward value, as it provides direct photoprotection against su  ntation. similarly, this trait can also help us understand the genetic architecture of complex   cture of complex phenotypic traits, and reveal how despite our general similarity at the genomi  e our general similarity at the genomic level, a reduced set of genetic variants can determine   evel, a reduced set of genetic variants can determine a substantial phenotypic diversity.
13522	13	some sites in southern sweden hold a high proportion of temperate deciduous trees, e.   which host many red-listed species. it is suggested that the hotspots are too few and fragment  to survive in the long run – that there is a so called ‘extinction debt. the empirical evidence  ies are scarce. in this project we will study two temperate deciduous forest hotspots in southe  ing ‘normal production forest . we will combine fossil beetle analysis with pollen analysis to   ysis to get data both on the historical beetle populations and on the historical forest composi  eetle populations and on the historical forest composition. a pilot study from one of the hotsp  ed-listed wood-dependant beetle species were found. of these, no fewer than 16 are now extinct    were found. of these, no fewer than 16 are now extinct from the area. we will test the followi   are now extinct from the area. we will test the following hypotheses: 1. the forest and beetle  following hypotheses: 1. the forest and beetle composition was similar in the matrix and in the  matrix and in the hotspots before large scale anthropogenic induced changes began 200-500 years  00 years ago. 2. the hotspots, although still diverse compared to the matrix, have experienced
10679	1	ar thousands of green turtles . we will test the idea that turtles use wind-borne cues to locat
10170	8	blished claim is that colour vision has been tuned to the particular visuo-ecological condition  each animal species operates. but there are many cases in which such tuning appears imperfect.   such tuning appears imperfect. we point out that the goodness-of-fit between colour vision and   fect. we point out that the goodness-of-fit between colour vision and the environment might dep  on population size and stability. there is preliminary evidence that some island populations of  tions of bumblebees, bombus terrestris, have red receptors, unlike any other species of social    of social bee. in this pilot study, we wish to perform intracellular recordings from the colou  ical approach will provide a wholly new angle to the question of why animals see the world how
10955	5	we propose to develop and operate, as a facility for gener                we propose to develop and operate, as a facility for general use by nerc supporte  ing microbes from seafloor hydrothermal outflow, subsurface formation fluids, seafloor sediment  sequent research projects to obtain and process previously unculturable samples, and in future   s between seawater, formation fluid and vent fluid chemistry, p-t regime and microecology for c
10805	23	s and sea levels are rising faster than can be explained through natural changes, and that poll  e relationship could be enormous. there is enough ice frozen in antarctica to raise global sea   ea levels by 65 m if it were to rapidly melt, a change that would flood 13 of the worlds 20 lar  at the antarctic peninsula, the warmest sector of antarctica, due south of chile and argentina.  early explorations in the 19th century, show a warming of more than 5 degrees c during the past  , giant sections of the floating larsen ice shelf - larsen-a and /b, each about the size of cor   tomorrow, were truly catastrophic, and are probably the only natural disaster ever to be under  bably the only natural disaster ever to be understated in a hollywood movie. more importantly,    to what caused them and how they might affect our future climate. in the wake of each collapse  e of each collapse, new embayments have been revealed where the floating larsen ice shelf used   been revealed where the floating larsen ice shelf used to exist, and glaciers inland of these b  f experiments, combining satellites and field exploration, to solve the mystery of larsen ice s  oration, to solve the mystery of larsen ice shelf collapses. our measurements will identify whe  r the atmosphere were to blame. we will use a sensitive radar system / similar to road speed ca   of about 0.1 mm per hour. we will also drill through the top layers of the ice shelf and extra  t cores of ice, which, like tree rings, tell us how climate has changed over the past century.   r the ocean beneath the floating larsen ice shelf is warmer than expected, or whether summertim  ed. once the cause of the collapses has been identified, we will build a computer model of the    collapses has been identified, we will build a computer model of the ice shelf to investigate   e ice shelf to investigate how it might fracture in the future. our experiments will identify t  fy the cause of the catastrophic larsen ice shelf collapses in 1995 and 2002. they will also de  lapses in 1995 and 2002. they will also determine whether the remaining larsen-c section will b  rs. and, most important of all, we will predict how fast global sea levels will rise if the lar
10406	6	kes are both aesthetically pleasing and are increasingly used for recreation purposes. the only   used for recreation purposes. the only time when such systems are unavailable to the general p  able to the general public is when they develop a pea-green soup appearance, due to the presenc  ms and degrees of toxicity. the ones we are concerned with are those which are non-toxic, but t  are those which are non-toxic, but they perform an essential role in freshwater systems, as pri  ystems, as primary producers, i.e. they convert inorganic carbon on the most likely predators o
10330	2	new developments in 2d micron-scale measurements in sediments of trace metals and sul  ements in sediments of trace metals and sulfur by dgt processes in the localised remobilisation
11511	2	new developments in 2d micron-scale measurements in sediments of trace metals and sul  ements in sediments of trace metals and sulfur by dgt processes in the localised remobilisation
6941	8	enchytraeids are an important saprophagous soil mesofauna family wit  hytraeids are an important saprophagous soil mesofauna family with a worldwide distribution. du  were the most species-rich, the highest number of new, northern species was found in the zemplé  highest number of new, northern species was found in the zemplén mts. with problematic species   ibed a new achaeta species from the sas hill, which i also found in the villányi mts. later. th  ilation of the enchytraeidae of hungary volume in the pedozoologica hungarica book series makes  y volume in the pedozoologica hungarica book series makes the study of previously unsurveyed ar  ds and adjacent grasslands. the project is expected to produce internationally important, valua
15495	9	e 21 planned volumes. this phase is now being requested is a continuation of the same project.   um 2009-2011, the 12th and 17th volumes were published. the 9th, 11th, and 20th volumes are in   in an advanced stage of editing, and it is estimated to be very likely that they may be publish  s estimated to be very likely that they may be published during the last year of this stage and  f the compositae, which has the highest number of species of vascular plants in the iberian pen  ninsula. this volume has necessarily to be divided into three books because of the high number   ation of the illustrations. at the same time it is expected to advance the study of the family    the illustrations. at the same time it is expected to advance the study of the family graminea  requested to complete this family which is expected to be the last one in the triennium 2015-20
15496	5	the objective of this subproject is the publication of one of the three parts planned fo   of the cardueae, whose taxonomic works are expected to be finished by the end of 2011. from th  , whose taxonomic works are expected to be finished by the end of 2011. from then, and in the f   the framework of this project, we will start the editing stage of the volume which includes th   for the whole family. moreover we will work on the taxonomic revision of the genus festuca, pr
10879	6	the mare aux songes of mauritius is a marshy tract of land composed of peat deposits tha   this iconic bird. the site is about to be developed for tourism, including housing and a golf   se. consequently, the site will largely be destroyed and certainly will not be avaible for scie  ely be destroyed and certainly will not be avaible for scientific investigation after august 20  nce of small vertebrates is lacking. it is the aim of this project to sample vertebrate fossils   undertaken a scientific archaeological style excavation prior to the sites commercial developm
10568	1	oduction and consumption of atmospheric trace gases in the sea surface microlayer under defined
11325	1	oduction and consumption of atmospheric trace gases in the sea surface microlayer under defined
11856	1	oduction and consumption of atmospheric trace gases in the sea surface microlayer under defined
11695	12	lives. valuation of ecosystem services can contribute to ecosystem conservation and human well  overty alleviation, however, scientists must tackle the relationship between ecosystem services  han others. can those winner and losers be identified and their responses anticipated can the i  pated can the involved social tradeoffs be mapped, just as ecological tradeoffs between competi  gical and social tradeoffs is a crucial precondition for just ecosystem management, i.e. ecosys  g goal by developing a novel conceptual framework to guide research and practice. its specific   , india and central africa. the project is intended to influence future research conducted in m  d to underlying social inequalities and capture ecological tradeoffs. in this way, the research  just ecosystem management will directly benefit poor and socially excluded people dependent upo   excluded due to differences in wealth, race, gender, etc. just ecosystem management will facil  ded due to differences in wealth, race, gender, etc. just ecosystem management will facilitate   akeholders to recognise, deliberate and respond to ecological, social and socio-ecological trad
2173	2	hins, changing climate interactions and develop predictive models for kelp forest structure and  nd analysed in relations to current and wave exposure models. a set of candidate statistical mo
14907	3	previous results of the group, we will emphasize on some processes found relevant in the liter  f factors such as rainfall variability, soil resource availability for plants, and herbivory at  w turnover rates. long data series also allow us to study disturbances and controls acting at d
11009	20	ganisms age, i.e. grow feebler, as they grow old is a central topic in evolutionary ecology. si  evolutionary ecology. since bodies self-repair, why cannot every organism constantly renew itse  r, why cannot every organism constantly renew itself and remain at peak condition despite its c  ry organism constantly renew itself and remain at peak condition despite its chronological age   eak condition despite its chronological age the evolutionary theory of ageing answers this ques  natural selection. accidents inevitably ensure that there are fewer old individuals than young    accidents inevitably ensure that there are fewer old individuals than young ones. this means t  nly the unrelated conspecifics who gain access to the resources it leaves behind. but in a popu  ired by an offspring to breed . we will test the two central predictions of the hypothesis. the  st is that workers harass the queen and commit matricide when they assess that they will gain g  he queen and commit matricide when they assess that they will gain greater fitness from offspri  tricide when they assess that they will gain greater fitness from offspring production than fro  pproaching the threshold when the queen is selected to cede control of the nest to workers, que  ve workers. to test the second, we will confirm that genes known to be indicators of ageing in   likewise in b. terrestris. we will then test whether, in queens being harassed by workers, thes  s. we will then test whether, in queens being harassed by workers, these genes show changes in   the focal hypothesis has not previously been tested, and nor has a combined behavioural and gen   has a combined behavioural and genetic approach to investigating such issues been implemented.  c approach to investigating such issues been implemented. it is fundamental because of the theo  gating such issues been implemented. it is fundamental because of the theoretical and practical
11232	20	ganisms age, i.e. grow feebler, as they grow old is a central topic in evolutionary ecology. si  evolutionary ecology. since bodies self-repair, why cannot every organism constantly renew itse  r, why cannot every organism constantly renew itself and remain at peak condition despite its c  ry organism constantly renew itself and remain at peak condition despite its chronological age   eak condition despite its chronological age the evolutionary theory of ageing answers this ques  natural selection. accidents inevitably ensure that there are fewer old individuals than young    accidents inevitably ensure that there are fewer old individuals than young ones. this means t  nly the unrelated conspecifics who gain access to the resources it leaves behind. but in a popu  ired by an offspring to breed . we will test the two central predictions of the hypothesis. the  st is that workers harass the queen and commit matricide when they assess that they will gain g  he queen and commit matricide when they assess that they will gain greater fitness from offspri  tricide when they assess that they will gain greater fitness from offspring production than fro  pproaching the threshold when the queen is selected to cede control of the nest to workers, que  ve workers. to test the second, we will confirm that genes known to be indicators of ageing in   likewise in b. terrestris. we will then test whether, in queens being harassed by workers, thes  s. we will then test whether, in queens being harassed by workers, these genes show changes in   the focal hypothesis has not previously been tested, and nor has a combined behavioural and gen   has a combined behavioural and genetic approach to investigating such issues been implemented.  c approach to investigating such issues been implemented. it is fundamental because of the theo  gating such issues been implemented. it is fundamental because of the theoretical and practical
14666	4	er project, dealing with the sistematic study of a phylum of invertebrate animals from the bent  s. after the cantabric platform we will study the northwest coast, roughly corresponding the th   experience in high standard zoological research as well in the particular methodology for this  ethodology for this kind of studies. we hope to obtain biogeographical conclusions about the di
15175	7	r projects, dealing with the sistematic study of a phylum of invertebrate animals from the bent  cantabric platform and the northwestern coast we will study the south coast, from huelva to alm  form and the northwestern coast we will study the south coast, from huelva to almeria. our aim   obviously to the spanish fauna. also we intend to characterize the meiofaunal communities inclu  ncluding kinorhynchs from an ecological point of view. the research team counts on the collabor   experience in high standard zoological research as well in the particular methodology for this   of study shows special biogeographical interest because its condition of transition zone betwe
13343	5	, on the global as well as the european scale, there is a failure to communicate the knowledge   al as well as the european scale, there is a failure to communicate the knowledge gained into t  as a whole. such communication efforts, must ensure that all relevant knowledge is accessible a  communities and other knowledge holders are involved in a network structure that is linked to d  re involved in a network structure that is linked to decision making bodies. the overall object
7219	6	the archipelago of the comoros is characterized by a rich and unique biodiversity, wit  radations, a network of protected areas was created and mayotte is planned on three other islan  protected areas was created and mayotte is planned on three other islands. gold or the impact o   higher vertebrates, which nevertheless constitute quune small part of biodiversity. relying on  ich nevertheless constitute quune small part of biodiversity. relying on little-known groups, a  ty. relying on little-known groups, and part of the samples collected shall be deposited in loc
7468	3	regional seas . we have developed a new approach of decision space analysis to investigate mism  n causes. new research will examine and model economic and social impacts of changes to ecosyst  ill determine conflicts of interest and examine governance as well as stakeholder values and pe
459	7	the archipelago of comoro is characterized by a rich and original biodiversity, w  ations a network of protected areas has been set up in mayotte and is at planning stage on thre  ed areas has been set up in mayotte and is at planning stage on three other islands. still, nei   of the network of protected areas have been evaluated other than on other groups of superior v  n other groups of superior vertebrates, even though these only represent a small part of the bi  ior vertebrates, even though these only represent a small part of the biodiversity. relying on   ven though these only represent a small part of the biodiversity. relying on less known groups
10544	3	euticals in the environment potentially have wide reaching deleterious impacts on wildlife and   ts on wildlife and possibly humans, and are at the top of the environment agency s agenda for e  harmaceutical industry. it will further facilitate an enhanced understanding in academia of the
7015	18	web is greatest during in the fall and winter, when primary production is minimal and the food  n it is well established that predation can alter the diversity of prey communities, and this c  diversity of prey communities, and this can reduce the impact of predators on total prey biomas  the competitively dominant prey species are grazed down. recent work has proposed that this int  the system. in less productive systems, moderate predation pressure will have less of a positiv  a positive impact on prey biodiversity, while at very low productivity, the same predation pres  act on prey biodiversity, while at very low productivity, the same predation pressure may actua  he same predation pressure may actually reduce biodiversity. it is often difficult to show stro  re may actually reduce biodiversity. it is often difficult to show strong connections between t  rk by the applicant showed that in late fall, removing almost all ciliate biomass through preda  cilia larvae of krill had no measurable effect on the trophic levels beneath ciliates. a possib  but not in the community as a whole. it is proposed to test these hypotheses during the late au  uring the late austral summer and early fall, as primary productivity is declining. the applica  take part in the polarstern ant xxiii/4 cruise to the amundsen and bellingshausen seas, from 10  edators on the entire prey community to be measured. moreover, this will allow predator effects  w predator effects on prey diversity to be measured over a broad range of predation pressures.   diversity within the microbial food web can be examined. the proposed experiments will give ins   and classic food webs in the antarctic are connected, on how krill larvae use hetrotrophic foo
14599	4	ring the last years, jellies blooms has been observed in different places along the mediterrane  he specific steps to ensure the trophic control of the mar menor should start from a deep knowl  ting models which allow to describe and predict the dynamic of the mar menor, as in hydrodynami  r menor, as in hydrodynamic aspects and water quality as in trophic aspects, using the wide inf
10033	8	holocene atmospheric radiocarbon record is provided by tree rings and is considered to be based  on record is provided by tree rings and is considered to be based on terrestrial material, most  ided by tree rings and is considered to be based on terrestrial material, mostly deciduous tree   suigetsu, japan. the project will also produce quantitatively reconstructed climate changes of  phra layers. the project will therefore contribute to international scientific endeavour in usi   contribute to international scientific endeavour in using radiocarbon-based information to det  bal carbon cycle. the project will also contribute to hypothesis testing about the causal mecha   relative timing of d/o events in asia, north atlantic, antarctica and many other marine and te
10783	8	holocene atmospheric radiocarbon record is provided by tree rings and is considered to be based  on record is provided by tree rings and is considered to be based on terrestrial material, most  ided by tree rings and is considered to be based on terrestrial material, mostly deciduous tree   suigetsu, japan. the project will also produce quantitatively reconstructed climate changes of  phra layers. the project will therefore contribute to international scientific endeavour in usi   contribute to international scientific endeavour in using radiocarbon-based information to det  bal carbon cycle. the project will also contribute to hypothesis testing about the causal mecha   relative timing of d/o events in asia, north atlantic, antarctica and many other marine and te
11559	8	holocene atmospheric radiocarbon record is provided by tree rings and is considered to be based  on record is provided by tree rings and is considered to be based on terrestrial material, most  ided by tree rings and is considered to be based on terrestrial material, mostly deciduous tree   suigetsu, japan. the project will also produce quantitatively reconstructed climate changes of  phra layers. the project will therefore contribute to international scientific endeavour in usi   contribute to international scientific endeavour in using radiocarbon-based information to det  bal carbon cycle. the project will also contribute to hypothesis testing about the causal mecha   relative timing of d/o events in asia, north atlantic, antarctica and many other marine and te
10751	20	ate phages, where lethal gene functions are repressed, may integrate into and remodel bacterial  re lethal gene functions are repressed, may integrate into and remodel bacterial genomes and ca  s are repressed, may integrate into and remodel bacterial genomes and can transmit non-viral ge   into and remodel bacterial genomes and can transmit non-viral genes by transduction or phage c  ion or phage conversion phenomena. they play an equivalent, if not greater role in the evolutio  double-stranded dna through consecutive strand breakage and rejoining. they are crucial for gen  ive strand breakage and rejoining. they are crucial for genome maintenance and plasticity, allo  lowing rapid responses to environmental change, notably where they promote genome rearrangement  nvironmental change, notably where they promote genome rearrangements or genetic switching. pha  pe dna integrase of this family. others maintain plasmid copy number and eliminate chromosome d  others maintain plasmid copy number and eliminate chromosome dimers, modulate surface component  esponse to environmental conditions, or are involved in the integration and excision of conjuga  lies with identifiable functions and/or sequence motifs can be identified in both gram-positive  fiable functions and/or sequence motifs can be identified in both gram-positive and -negative b  e identified in both gram-positive and -negative bacteria and used potentially as markers for m  ion of mobile genetic elements. we will ask the following questions: can int genes be used to m   the following questions: can int genes be used to monitor the activity and diversity lysogenic  st pot will be used as the experimental site, since it is a relatively enclosed environment and  used as the experimental site, since it is a relatively enclosed environment and we already hav  ely enclosed environment and we already have extensive data, stored cultures and dna samples fr
11475	20	ate phages, where lethal gene functions are repressed, may integrate into and remodel bacterial  re lethal gene functions are repressed, may integrate into and remodel bacterial genomes and ca  s are repressed, may integrate into and remodel bacterial genomes and can transmit non-viral ge   into and remodel bacterial genomes and can transmit non-viral genes by transduction or phage c  ion or phage conversion phenomena. they play an equivalent, if not greater role in the evolutio  double-stranded dna through consecutive strand breakage and rejoining. they are crucial for gen  ive strand breakage and rejoining. they are crucial for genome maintenance and plasticity, allo  lowing rapid responses to environmental change, notably where they promote genome rearrangement  nvironmental change, notably where they promote genome rearrangements or genetic switching. pha  pe dna integrase of this family. others maintain plasmid copy number and eliminate chromosome d  others maintain plasmid copy number and eliminate chromosome dimers, modulate surface component  esponse to environmental conditions, or are involved in the integration and excision of conjuga  lies with identifiable functions and/or sequence motifs can be identified in both gram-positive  fiable functions and/or sequence motifs can be identified in both gram-positive and -negative b  e identified in both gram-positive and -negative bacteria and used potentially as markers for m  ion of mobile genetic elements. we will ask the following questions: can int genes be used to m   the following questions: can int genes be used to monitor the activity and diversity lysogenic  st pot will be used as the experimental site, since it is a relatively enclosed environment and  used as the experimental site, since it is a relatively enclosed environment and we already hav  ely enclosed environment and we already have extensive data, stored cultures and dna samples fr
2171	12	we will use the framework of current food web theory for elucid  erabundance in finnmark. one cascade we predict to be induced by loss and fragmentation of ripa   in finnmark. one cascade we predict to be induced by loss and fragmentation of riparian willow  osystem functions. the other cascade we predict to be induced by a temporal subsidy of reindeer  ctions. the other cascade we predict to be induced by a temporal subsidy of reindeer carrion to   result from reindeer overabundance, we predict to induce a top-down cascade, working though in  edation. the two cascades are likely to be coupled and thus need to be studied simultaneously.   cades are likely to be coupled and thus need to be studied simultaneously. we will adopt a comp  e likely to be coupled and thus need to be studied simultaneously. we will adopt a comprehensiv  d to be studied simultaneously. we will adopt a comprehensive empirical project design consisti  ical project design consisting of large-scale hypothesis-targeted surveys, combined with in dep  in an international context the project may lead to insights which may help counteracting the c
7259	2	web freshwater antilles to show that it is based a significant part on exogenous organic inputs   to show that it is based a significant part on exogenous organic inputs from the watershed. it
13984	6	their terrestrial surroundings. streams are fueled by autumnal leaf fall and terrestrial insect  s will be used as model organisms. they develop in running waters and adult females of 90% of t  blood meal to develop eggs. when rivers are regulated for hydropower blackfly breeding habitats  r hydropower blackfly breeding habitats are destroyed, this provides a unique opportunity, as a  ies contribute to pollination will also be investigated. bilberries are important nectar produc  s. their pollinators, bumblebees, might be forced to visit many more flowers when the numbers o
2471	13	ng and angling as elements in a broader trend toward expansion of nature-based tourism, and to   e manifest and potential conflicts that can result from it. the partial objectives are firstly   iting actors and the way in which these are inscribed with meanings that connects to a wider fi   with meanings that connects to a wider field of social relations and social change. secondly,   lations and social change. secondly, it is an aim to explore in what way particular and diverse  esources - and the manner in which they are practiced and conceived of - can be of relevance in  tentials of this type of tourism, there is also a fear of increased prizes, pressure upon the r  ere is also a fear of increased prizes, pressure upon the resources and managerial restriction   s will threaten local participation and control over nature resources and the landscape one ide  ikely vary. in some cases, the problems may exist mostly at the level of perceptions that is no  modernist. some of these will probabaly be at play simultaneously, making conflicts into a comp  lding of common access rights will also be of central importance. methodologically the research  methodologically the research primarily be based on semi-structured interviews with a sample of
2525	12	dieback of european ash, caused by a fungus presumably introduced to europe  ure and disease resistance of norwegian ash populations. no prior information is available abou  ormation is available about the genetic structure of norwegian ash populations. therefore, char  bout the genetic structure of norwegian ash populations. therefore, characterizing the present   in these fragmented populations. danish field trials have implicated a genetic component in hos  s in many ash populations, we will also test if spatial variation in susceptibility to ash dieb  iation in susceptibility to ash dieback is related to certain family groups. identification of   dentification of such superior families can be employed in breeding programmes. in addition the  ent of the host developmental stage and tissue through which the infection takes place. we will  the infection takes place. we will also develop a high-throughput diagnostic assay for detectio  d down to the management authorities to be used in developing sustainable management plans for   le management of ash stands and disease-free propagation of the tree.
2543	10	ild grazing herbivore in norway, but we do not know how important the grazing factor it is for   now how important the grazing factor it is for the development of patterns and processes in nor  ncerns that the growing deer population may harm biodiversity and ecological processes. such kn  ge efforts and investments have already been made in experimental design and data collection wh  nefit the current project. twelve sites were established in 2001 across the island svanøy. the   ross the island svanøy. the experiments were created by establishing a grazing exclosure and an  gulate grazed control area per site. we have also estimated a gradient in grazing intensity by    indirect density measures of deer that cannot be attained by experimental data alone. detailed  ne. detailed sampling of vegetation has been performed in permanent plots since 2001. informati   of a dominant and ecological important plant species in relation to grazing and resources and
2519	11	ised with high level of conflicts.there are strong tensions between the local and national leve  elop new knowledge on local managament, compare local management models and develop models for   velop models for adaptiv management. we ask: what forms of local management approach is to be f  orms of local management approach is to be found in international literature what are the advan  anagement manage to solve conflicts and find a sustainable balance between protection and devel   solve conflicts and find a sustainable balance between protection and development how can new    is mulit-disiplinary. in the empirical research we will compare different management models su  nary. in the empirical research we will compare different management models such as local regio  management in switzerland. the research is organized in three modules: a critical approach to d   organized in three modules: a critical approach to different management models; a comparison o  ice in norway and sweden; where we also learn from adaptive models in switzerland; development
2155	1	we propose to further develop two unique experimental stud
2544	13	identify how international issues have been addressed so far within the current management reg   reforms of the management regimes have been finalized. on this basis, the project will analyze  nd norwegian international commitments, explain why such gaps have occurred or are likely to oc   explain why such gaps have occurred or are likely to occur, identify possible measures that ca  s have occurred or are likely to occur, identify possible measures that can be taken to bring t   occur, identify possible measures that can be taken to bring the management regimes into compl  imes. one part of the project will thus address the current status and future development of no  itutions and international law, it will focus on issues of particular interest to norway. on th  nt elements of internationalization has been reflected in the existing norwegian management reg  e existing norwegian management regime, examine whether there are gaps within the existing regi  re gaps within the existing regime, and identify options for the balancing of local and interna  rests through the management regime. we intend to carry out comparative studies in order to lea  d as a basis for identifying lessons to be learned from the perspective of the international re
2520	6	we propose to establish a multidisciplinary project to und  gside this increase in deer density, it is a common perception that the ticks increase in abund  l migration by red deer may potentially play a key role for tick distribution. equally true, th  key role for tick distribution. equally true, the role of parasites for partial migration patte  en largely ignored. ticks can carry and transmit agents of human colonization of higher altitud  ry behavior and performance. in wp3, we link disease in ticks to migratory behavior and perform
2521	5	the new wild reindeer regions. it will examine whether regional planning is a sufficient tool   . the up-scaling from local to regional level management are a formidable challenge with the ul  ional level management are a formidable challenge with the ultimate goal of striking a balance   ing institution, but have been recently strengthen by the potential for approving legally bindi  is is a large scale experiment where we can examine how such national policy and interventions
2545	10	a key role in our climate and needs to be protected. norway contributes financially to several  istent cloud cover in the tropics often prevent reliable monitoring by optical sensors. the mai  ite imagery to detect deforestation and forest degradation. norut is involved in several tropic  restation and forest degradation. norut is involved in several tropical forest monitoring proje  nitoring projects are in orbit. we will evaluate these and future sensors by their operational   ance for rainforest monitoring. we will collect historical optical and sar satellite data, anal  lite data, analyzed satellite products, wall-to-wall mosaics and ground observation to study mo  establish statistical relationships and look-up tables. these will then serve to develop new de  tection methods using change detection, feature detection and classification techniques that wi  d in the projects and several workshops are planned in the involved developing countries.
2540	10	ment tools and economic incentives have been used to reduce the increasing agricultural damage   aging in europe. most schemes appear to be coordinated locally on an ad hoc basis without prior  t prioritizing the most cost-effective, long-term and regional management that safeguards goose  management and lessons learned have not been systematically collated and made available to tune  pulation management. in this project we aim to provide input to a framework for a more holistic  mework for a more holistic and adaptive approach to management, where scientists, managers and   anagement decisions. similarly, science is focused on hypotheses about the system responses to   pt management which will then, in turn, form the basis for a revised set of hypotheses to be te  asis for a revised set of hypotheses to be tested. the project consists of 4 work package linke  ive management of conflicting migratory goose populations in norway. using a suite of accountab
2524	12	in spite of extensive amount of forest biodiversity research in fennoscandia,  ause of species becoming threatened. we plan to identify the demographic and genetic processes   s of aphyllophorous fungi that have and have not responded negatively to forest management and   e ecology and distribution of many dead-wood dependent fungal species is deficiently known, and  round 20% of all aphyllophorous species are classified as threatened or near-threatened. we wil   threatened or near-threatened. we will study the variables that affect the occurrence of the s  cus on how species' life-history traits are linked with their vulnerability to the effects of f  ffective conservation measures. we will study the occurrence of dead-wood dependent fungi as fr  s. we will study the occurrence of dead-wood dependent fungi as fruit bodies, mycelia and spore  nd well-connected forests. we will also examine the variation in intraspecific genetic diversit   mycelial and dispersal stages. we will produce systematic and unbiased information on the dist  ire fungal community, including a large number of threatened and deficiently known species.
2523	8	there is an urgent need for long-term biodiversity data to as         there is an urgent need for long-term biodiversity data to assist in the prediction of f  nges in response to global change. long-term ecological data such as pollen assemblages preserv  assemblages preserved in lake sediments can provide quantitative estimates for the last 8000 ye  al traits of ecosystems. such estimates are biased, and this project develops and tests new met  tempts to calibrate pollen richness and plant-species richness and to synthesise, interpret, an  ant-species richness and to synthesise, interpret, and model the biodiversity patterns in space  hness and to synthesise, interpret, and model the biodiversity patterns in space and time.
13571	5	agricultural landscape. however, little is known about the effects on the genetic composition o  among species. in this project, we will use the perennial herb primula farinosa to examine fact  genetic composition influences the long-term viability of plant populations. primula farinosa h  ts the risk of grazing damage, but also seed predation and pollination intensity. we will condu  this kind of viability analysis has not been carried out previously.
2074	10	, biodiversity, ecosystem function, and long-term change of forest ecosystems are complex and o  ge of forest ecosystems are complex and occur at different spatial- and temporal scales. analys   analyses of such complex relationships must be focused and at the same time require expertise   nary modeling involving forest ecology, forest history, archaeology, quantitative palaeoecology  ogy, population biology, economics, and stake holder involvement. observationally and experimen  nformation on present-day ecosystem and landscape properties. combinations of several retrospec  ethods will provide information on long-term natural changes, human settlement, timber logging,  an well-being. the project will thereby be able to analyze patterns in biodiversity and ecosyst  esses in relation to human land-use and landscape history. the project will study forest landsc  t as regards the value, management, and use of the forests. the modeling approach enables us to
2087	10	, biodiversity, ecosystem function, and long-term change of forest ecosystems are complex and o  ge of forest ecosystems are complex and occur at different spatial- and temporal scales. analys   analyses of such complex relationships must be focused and at the same time require expertise   nary modeling involving forest ecology, forest history, archaeology, quantitative palaeoecology  ogy, population biology, economics, and stake holder involvement. observationally and experimen  nformation on present-day ecosystem and landscape properties. combinations of several retrospec  ethods will provide information on long-term natural changes, human settlement, timber logging,  an well-being. the project will thereby be able to analyze patterns in biodiversity and ecosyst  esses in relation to human land-use and landscape history. the project will study forest landsc  t as regards the value, management, and use of the forests. the modeling approach enables us to
13986	7	versity patterns. however, this has not been verified using historical species patterns, as the  g historical species patterns, as there are hardly any historical records. this project will us  ionally unique material with historical plant data from islands in the baltic archipelago that    the baltic archipelago that have never been geographically analysed before. it is a cross-disc  been geographically analysed before. it is a cross-disciplinary project covering human and phys  g on how people and livestock have, and are, influencing vegetation patterns and dynamics in or  odiversity conservation and theoretical landscape ecology in all types of landscapes.
15458	6	ck grazing is an ecologically important type of land use, since it facilitates the maintenance   y to ensure highly diverse systems that can respond to changes and disturbances. in recent deca  nt decades, the economic importance and land area used for extensive grazing has declined. chan  s: farming systems either intensify, or are abandoned, resulting in communities with low levels  diterranean ecosystems. to this end, we propose a multiscale approach, combining the study of p  s. to this end, we propose a multiscale approach, combining the study of processes that operate
12610	11	al and social costs and benefits may or may not be suitable to their use. the study will includ  ocial costs and benefits may or may not be suitable to their use. the study will include descri  or example, land use restrictions might be applied to ensure a site is not used for a sensitive  ourage smarter remediation solutions to be used in practice and will help industry to identify   olution which may be very expensive and have high environmental and social impacts. a number of  ique available in england and wales. it is expected that this information will enable the ident   changed over the last decade, and also suggest likely future technology trends. the research w  ne including what further work needs to be done to bring them into use and any added benefits i  esearch and development, which may also attract investment, both of which will be of benefit to  ugh the planned questionnaires, it will be possible to ascertain what currently drives techniqu  efra and industry as a whole as it will give an indication of the state of the industry as it r
12638	10	the landis, or land information system, reference site is a national e  ta and spatial and descriptive semantic soil property data for england and wales, in addition t  of related agro-meteorological and peri-soil thematic datasets. these data are used widely by a  peri-soil thematic datasets. these data are used widely by a broad range of stakeholders in the   diverse resources. the landis facility is managed and operated by cranfield university on beha   regular maintenance and to enhance and improve its relevance to government objectives. to effe   management. policy-relevance of landis is achieved through the provision of a secure informati  ce site is for the public good. it will assist government in meeting its responsibilities for t  nformation and in support of policy and practice for the sustainable use of the nations land re  policy and practice for the sustainable use of the nations land resources.
13723	6	landscapes are structurally diverse and support high species diversity. rationalization of agri  nts of diversity in fragmented habitats are limited by a lack of historical data on landscape s   project focusses on a mosaic, cultural landscape where we have detailed data on landscape stru  ss and gene diversity/allelic richness; investigate relationships between levels of gene divers  within present-day grassland fragments; explore associations between present diversity and prop  ies of the present and past landscapes; use our results in discussions with stakeholders.
15032	5	an-induced change of natural landscapes is considered to be a major cause of biodiversity losse  ird-dispersed trees at a fine scale, we seek to demonstrate that the spatial position of indivi  we seek to demonstrate that the spatial position of individuals of different species in a fragm  mography of a perennial herb at a wider scale, we predict that the landscape configurations tha  f a perennial herb at a wider scale, we predict that the landscape configurations that promote
439	6	growing demand for tools to predict and evaluate the effect of changes on landscape connectivit  e connectvity, we tested the predictive power of the migration area on the occurrence data of a  sistance value for meadows but no value was selected for the urban area. the validation stage s  he migration area has a good predictive power on occurrence data : it explains 20% of the model  rative variable has a better predictive power than the proportion of forest around ponds, which   of forest around ponds, which does not yield a lot of information. so this study highlights th
10411	19	of ecosystems that humans purposefully manage to obtain provisioning ecosystem services , such  iber, and biofuel. in the process, they depend upon a wide variety of supporting and regulating   es rely on how agricultural ecosystems are managed at the site scale and on the structure, com   rural poor whose livelihoods typically rely more on agriculture. agricultural land use interac  to provide sufficient es offers a vital approach to sustainable agricultural growth and has the   of rural poverty. while es have always been critical to the success of agriculture, there has   cess of agriculture, there has recently been a surge in studies on the relationship between es    evidence begins to emerge, it needs to be put into socio-economic and development perspectives  land endowment. this accomplishment has been achieved primarily by increasing the level of mode  from the 1960s to early 1990s, stagnant yield potential has been the recent trend characterizin  ractices would be difficult. tremendous research effort is needed to understand how practices c  e difficult. tremendous research effort is needed to understand how practices can be modified t  t is needed to understand how practices can be modified to manage the critical es provided to a  lities of agriculture. investments also may be required in key areas of the rural sector to pro  y be required in key areas of the rural sector to protect the resource base, such as the natura  port agriculture, and how those effects are channeled to human welfare and poverty reduction ou  tical tools to assist making strategic, evidence-based decisions on managing land use in agricu  agricultural landscapes that explicitly account for the effects of es provision on poverty redu  nce to china, where most of the poverty is concentrated in its rural population and the agricul
10123	14	environmental and social change. if we are properly to predict the interactions between enviro  een environmental change and human well-being in a highly dynamic system, and manage for sustai  l-being in a highly dynamic system, and manage for sustainability, then these feedbacks must be  and social change but the system itself is relatively homogeneous; a rangeland with a single do  ch climate warming and landscape change could influence saiga movement patterns - to develop sp  edict the effects of climate change and gas exploration on rangeland condition and saiga distri  certainties and ecological and economic trade-offs involved in biodiversity offsetting in the r  diversity offsetting in the region, and provide policy advice to stakeholders based upon these   ses the fundamental and globally urgent issue of the inter-relationship between humans, animal    environment at a time of environmental change; and is relevant both to the climate systems and   at a time of environmental change; and is relevant both to the climate systems and biodiversit  nterrelationships between environmental change, species conservation and landscape management p  mental change, species conservation and landscape management policy in the past, the near and f  he past, the near and far future. there is also an unusually high degree of stakeholder involve
11390	6	ith the zoological society of london s, institute of zooology and conservation programmes depar  genetic sampling to analyse the genetic structure of this species across its range - concentrat  d on four other sites where the species is known to be present, and will combine dna profiling   tudent will quantify dispersal and gene-flow within virunga national park the student will atte  out the species range in the drc. large-scale population structure and past demographic process  y genetic diversity estimates will also be carried out for the first time throughout the range.
10314	29	, temperature and rainfall patterns are being altered at an alarming pace. such rapid change th  r example, increased temperature. there are limited options for how an organism can respond to   are limited options for how an organism can respond to a changing environment, but of particula  ation. adaptations occur at the genetic level but the nature of the genetic alterations in resp  uch understanding about genetic changes is based on laboratory studies, and recent research has  d that laboratory results do not always translate to how wild populations respond. thus, to und  by changing environments, we critically need information about how natural populations may adap  formation about how natural populations may adapt to environmental changes and the genetic caus  etic causes of such adaptation. here we aim to identify adaptive genetic responses to natural t  uit fly, drosophila subobscura. we will establish outdoor enclosures of flies along a temperatu  ful temperatures, hot and cold, we will sample males from these captive populations and measure  ales from these captive populations and measure what genes are turned up or turned down in resp  tive populations and measure what genes are turned up or turned down in response to these tempe  onse to these temperatures. we can then compare populations for differences in these genes. we   ions for differences in these genes. we predict that populations in the north will be more cold  south and that therefore the genes that are changed in response to hot and cold stress will be   ress will be different. because we will measure these genes using technology that identifies th  ntifies their written code, we can also test whether the code itself differs between population   between populations. natural selection is thought to result in such coding changes so we will   esult in such coding changes so we will test that prediction here. finally, we will look for th   that prediction here. finally, we will look for the locations on the genome where these genes   cations on the genome where these genes are changed. there are areas of the genome which are re  me where these genes are changed. there are areas of the genome which are resistant to random a  t to random alterations of where a gene is located on a chromosome. such areas are thought to b   is located on a chromosome. such areas are thought to be important in sheltering genes that pr   environmental conditions. we will also test that prediction. this triad of genetic responses h   triad of genetic responses has neither been examined in one system before, nor in wild populat   provide valuable background to a large number of conservation groups and ngos that have partic  s - climate change and evolution - that can be used to address the nature of science and scient
14121	9	vation. until recently biodiversity has been viewed on the level of species richness. however,   ith the measures of species richness we fail to assess true biodiversity on the level of variou   of distantly related species or it can be phylogenetically poor or clustered, i.e. consisting   se communities have high conservational value since they comprise high diversity of evolutionar  ve high conservational value since they comprise high diversity of evolutionary lineages. it is  versity of evolutionary lineages. it is still unknown under which circumstances communities of   ferent phylogenetic diversity occur. it is also unclear which ecological processes increase or    which ecological processes increase or decrease phylogenetic diversity in natural communities.  ic diversity in natural communities. it is generally accepted that environmental filtering favo
7530	3	andidate genes in germplasm collections can contribute to validate their function and lead to t  ntribute to validate their function and lead to the identification of alleles of interest for t  methods for high speed typing will then be developed to estimate the frequency of these polymor
10468	5	osatellites remain a largely unexplored feature of non-eukaryotic genomes. we propose to conduc  d feature of non-eukaryotic genomes. we propose to conduct a comparative genomic study of the g  ropose to conduct a comparative genomic study of the genomes of bacteria, viruses, plasmids, an   control repeat evolution. we will also collect population-level data on repeats in h. influenz  lution. we will also collect population-level data on repeats in h. influenzae that control the
14621	4	tion of different biodiversity patterns may be analyzed now in mammals and birds, since molecul  , since molecular sequences for a large proportion of species are present in databases for thes  brate classes. in this project, we will study all sequences from mammals and birds the relation  birds in which several individuals have been sequenced will be collected, with the purpose of a
2036	10	ain species in this respect, the eider, are poorly known. from the differences in the life hist  ish prey one would expect that the long-term exploitation of the shellfish stocks by the shellf  rage stocks. to test this hypothesis we propose an ambitious study, including cage experiments,  this hypothesis we propose an ambitious study, including cage experiments, field studies and la  ge-scale surveys to further develop and calibrate two coupled models for the eider. the first m  ider. the first model, to which we will refer as deplete, describes for a given initial prey di  urvive. this survival rate of the birds is input to the second model, to which we will refer as  t to the second model, to which we will refer as largepop, which yields the long-term changes i  elds the long-term changes in the large-scale population of the birds from the assembled demogr  o-economical models of the fishery that must take the needs of the protected species of birds i
2114	3	help address human-wildlife conflicts, research activity on large carnivores . the differences  f human-wildlife conflict. we will also examine to what extent management practices in one coun  e other. throughout the project we will interact with managers at all levels from both sides of
10725	8	nental shelf seas provide a transistion zone between estuaries and the ocean across which carbo  , nutrients, sediments and contaminants are exchanged. whilst the currents and mixing on the co  nts and mixing on the continental shelf are dominated by the tide interacting with the sea bed,  ratified fluid is poorly understood and is also underrepresented in numerical models. the curre  t proposal aims to exploit state-of-the-art computer modelling and analysis tools in the invest  tion between mixed layer turbulence and wind-driven inertial oscillations in the tidally-strong   the thermocline will exceed a critical shear threshold leading to catastrophic loss of stabili  ct on the shelf sea ecosystem will then be investigated by looking at the nutrient flux into th
12743	9	in the built environment. it will also provide practical guidance for architects, designers, s  e for architects, designers, surveyors, house-builders and construction professionals on the pl  elopments. the main objectives are to: •provide an evidence base of the economic benefits of la  act of roots on foundations •review and demonstrate the benefits trees in the built environment  benefits trees in the built environment can have in adapting to climate change. •sign post all   ce on the subject in doing so it will:- improve the awareness of the funding sector about the b  dscape trees for the built environment; encourage the inclusion of large trees in the built env  f large trees in the built environment; help the technical sector understand the different issu  fferent issues related to trees for new build; and improve understanding between different prof
13935	2	at different oceanographic environments can result in different behavioral adaptations within a  ng a combination of behavioral studies, time-series analyses, field surveys, and oceanographic
10326	5	ance of settlement, pre-settlement, and post-settlement processes driving marine intertidal com  ine intertidal community structure have been hindered by the lack of a convenient means of quan   and robust means of quantifying larval flux for barnacle larvae that is effective in wavecrash  crash environments. comparative studies are proposed here on larval supply and settlement of th  alanoides and balanus crenatus to small-scale variations in hydrodynamic regime will be underta
11084	1	estoring lowland rivers and floodplains is based on inadequate data. this project will provide
6865	3	a significant focus of present-day palaeontological research is the f  n, climate and environment are going to be followed. the results of the programme are going to   e results of the programme are going to be published in a monograph which would comprise the ta
11489	24	in the highlands of northern ethiopia, is the source of the blue nile, one of the world s grea  great rivers. surprisingly, very little is known about the age and history of this lake: one es  one estimate from the 1930 s is that it was formed 10,000 years ago by a lava dam. similarly, l  rs ago by a lava dam. similarly, little is known about the climatic history of the wider region  despite the fact that the nile has long been recognized as critical to the resources of ancient  t and modern egypt. new geophysical and core data, obtained by us in october 2003 and september  tober 2003 and september 2004 with nerc support, show that the lake may be at least 40,000 year  3 and september 2004 with nerc support, show that the lake may be at least 40,000 years old. ou  ast 40,000 years old. our new data also show that the lake dried out at around 16,000 years ago  he later stages of the last ice age. it is possible that the lake dried because of intense drou  wo hundred years, and that the droughts were caused by disruption of africa s monsoon climate w  f africa s monsoon climate when iceberg-laden meltwater from north america flooded the north at  heinrich events. in this new palaeotana project, we aim to test these hypotheses by drilling a   nts. in this new palaeotana project, we aim to test these hypotheses by drilling a sediment cor  l be scanned at high resolution using x-ray fluorescence, x-ray and colour imagery, geophysical  gh resolution using x-ray fluorescence, x-ray and colour imagery, geophysical and magnetic core  ion using x-ray fluorescence, x-ray and colour imagery, geophysical and magnetic core-scanning   olour imagery, geophysical and magnetic core-scanning technology, without damaging the sediment  arison to sediments of the known drying-out event at 16,000 years ago. dating the sediments by   will allow inferences about the global- scale mechanisms of abrupt climate change. the data can  brupt climate change. the data can also be used to test climate models, and thus to help judge   derstanding both regional environmental change, because of the influence of the nile on ne afri  iterranean, and global climate. it will contribute to understanding how future changes in ocean  egions of africa and asia. it will also have significance for understanding the later stages of
11518	24	in the highlands of northern ethiopia, is the source of the blue nile, one of the world s grea  great rivers. surprisingly, very little is known about the age and history of this lake: one es  one estimate from the 1930 s is that it was formed 10,000 years ago by a lava dam. similarly, l  rs ago by a lava dam. similarly, little is known about the climatic history of the wider region  despite the fact that the nile has long been recognized as critical to the resources of ancient  t and modern egypt. new geophysical and core data, obtained by us in october 2003 and september  tober 2003 and september 2004 with nerc support, show that the lake may be at least 40,000 year  3 and september 2004 with nerc support, show that the lake may be at least 40,000 years old. ou  ast 40,000 years old. our new data also show that the lake dried out at around 16,000 years ago  he later stages of the last ice age. it is possible that the lake dried because of intense drou  wo hundred years, and that the droughts were caused by disruption of africa s monsoon climate w  f africa s monsoon climate when iceberg-laden meltwater from north america flooded the north at  heinrich events. in this new palaeotana project, we aim to test these hypotheses by drilling a   nts. in this new palaeotana project, we aim to test these hypotheses by drilling a sediment cor  l be scanned at high resolution using x-ray fluorescence, x-ray and colour imagery, geophysical  gh resolution using x-ray fluorescence, x-ray and colour imagery, geophysical and magnetic core  ion using x-ray fluorescence, x-ray and colour imagery, geophysical and magnetic core-scanning   olour imagery, geophysical and magnetic core-scanning technology, without damaging the sediment  arison to sediments of the known drying-out event at 16,000 years ago. dating the sediments by   will allow inferences about the global- scale mechanisms of abrupt climate change. the data can  brupt climate change. the data can also be used to test climate models, and thus to help judge   derstanding both regional environmental change, because of the influence of the nile on ne afri  iterranean, and global climate. it will contribute to understanding how future changes in ocean  egions of africa and asia. it will also have significance for understanding the later stages of
15481	4	ld be noted that the advances that have been accomplished in recent decades on the knowledge of  n mediterranean, presents a significant gap in the duero basin, particularly in its western are  interpretation has been . the work that is covered in this proposal could also represent a sign   is covered in this proposal could also represent a significant contribution to the knowledge o
12530	4	phytophthora ramorum . it is anticipated that this will be considerably cheaper t  erial. a suite of new species specific, easy to use test kits will significantly enhance the ab  asy to use test kits will significantly enhance the ability to identify trees and shrubs infect  t effective manner. the tools will also be available and suitable for use by industry and other
7225	5	estern islands of the indian ocean have been identified as a global biodiversity hotspot. we pr  ed as a global biodiversity hotspot. we propose to explore the ecological and historical mechan  e studied group: bryophytes. ecological study of the diversity and distribution of this group i   diversity and community structure, and operate at local and regional scales. . bryophytes are    issues and evolving by their ubiquity, ease of dispersion among partners pérenniseront these r
466	6	the southwest of the indian ocean have been listed as hotspots for global biodiversity. we pro  as hotspots for global biodiversity. we propose to explore the ecological and historical mechan  ss, by focusing on a group that has not been the subject of many studies: the bryophytes. the e  y studies: the bryophytes. the ecologic study of the diversity and dispersal of this group on t  al factors underlying the diversity and structure of communities and acting on local and region  nd regional scales. the phylogeographic study of the latitudinal gradient, including the island
14935	10	on in waterfowl. although lead shot use was banned in protected spanish wetlands in 2001, spent  veral studies have shown that lead shot are ingested by waterfowl when they confuse it with the  hot are ingested by waterfowl when they confuse it with the grit needed for their gizzard, and   bsorption of lead through the intestine is affected by the competitive presence of calcium in t  , or by the presence of phosphates that can form insoluble lead phosphates and thence reduce le  ee of plasticity. with this in mind, we propose to evaluate the use of artificial supplements o  nce of lead poisoning, and consequently improve the meat quality of these game species that cur  ty of these game species that currently show high lead concentrations in their tissues. in orde  different grit supplement mineral types are used. 3. assess whether supplementation, with the g  tration of lead and other elements, and observe temporal trends based on comparisons with studi
15361	2	unlike aquatic food webs, we currently lack accurate quantitative data describing complex terr  ribing complex terrestrial food webs or low
12270	6	we will establish a vegetable genetic improvement network . add  der organisations and results will also be disseminated through grower articles and scientific   es and scientific publications. we will continue to build upon our successful record of jointly  l continue to build upon our successful record of jointly funded projects with the breeding ind  projects with the breeding industry and seek additional funding for ‘follow up projects from in  dustry and seek additional funding for ‘follow up projects from industry and government sources
7654	1	sible to classify consumer behavior and help businesses define the best technological innovatio
2474	2	mework to prevent over-exploitation and give incentive for protection of biodiversity. there is  e for protection of biodiversity. there is uncertainty about what types of legal framework are
14797	14	endophyte. in this case, the advantage may take the form of a secondary metabolite produced by  e actinomycete. whether these compounds are involved in plant growth promotion or as biocontrol  , a number of endophytic actinobacteria were isolated from healthy wheat roots with the major g  osporangium and microbispora and it has been suggested that this endobiota contain an important   has been suggested that this endobiota contain an important antimicrobial activity potential a  nt antimicrobial activity potential and may play an important role in crop protection. in the p  n. in the present research proposal, we intend to work on the idea that the high numbers of mic  f micromonospora, whether this organism is involved in improving the life of l. angustifolius b  ngi in the rhizosphere still remains to be known. our goal in the present proposal is to study   raphical regions in spain. moreover, we intend to confirm the presence of this bacterium in the  ch belongs to the phylum actinobacteria is known to fix nitrogen, it may be that a select group  cteria is known to fix nitrogen, it may be that a select group of actinobacteria, such as micro   actinobacteria, such as micromonospora may be added to this list. in conclusion, this study ma  to this list. in conclusion, this study may reveal information for a novel plant-microbe intera
14809	12	earth climate is changing at a global scale as a result of human activity. such changes have   terranean biota, namely the pleistocene ice-ages, may shade light on the future impact of globa  lobal warming on current ecosystems and can help to predict the sensitivity of particular areas  ationships and population structure and provide the temporal framework for the occurrence of ev  controversial. traditionally, they have been considered to have promoted speciation by fragment  der genera harpactocrates and parachtes provide an excellent model for the study of the effect   ates and parachtes provide an excellent model for the study of the effect of past climatic chan  sity in the western mediterranean. they are both endemic to the region, and their species have   nd the larger islands of the region. we suggest that the diversity and distribution ranges of t  f pleistocene climatic oscillations and post-oligocene tectonic movements. we propose to study   d post-oligocene tectonic movements. we propose to study these spider genera to identify the fa  for its conservation. moreover, we will provide the scientific community with information to ca
7040	13	biodiversity can be assessed at different scales: as the number of h  tion of a species. in addition, species can act as hosts of other organisms and thereby represe  as hosts of other organisms and thereby represent habitats themselves. in an integrative approa   habitats themselves. in an integrative approach, this project investigates diversity of lichen  resently known number would suggest. we plan to explore diversity of lichens and allied fungi u  urope. among them, some foliose species can occur in large and genetically diverse populations,   genetically diverse populations, which may reflect both old and also recolonizing genotypes. w  nd also recolonizing genotypes. we also expect that a diversity of associated fungi can coloniz  ct that a diversity of associated fungi can colonize those foliose lichens, when they can achie  lonize those foliose lichens, when they can achieve high individual ages in undisturbed forests  ts. this little explored niche may also include hitherto undiscovered species. we argue that th  clude hitherto undiscovered species. we argue that the southern dinarides are a treasure case o  s. we argue that the southern dinarides are a treasure case of fungal diversity, due to the lan
14857	11	the present sub-project is intended to increase our knowledge on the molecular   olated and symbiotic photobiont we will perform a comparative study in both organisms. in addit  ve oxygen levels which provoke cellular damage, especially at the photosynthetic apparatus; the  synthetic apparatus; therefore, we will study on the main components of the antioxidant system,  of lichen biology. in addition, we will study the effects of stress conditions on the photosynt  odifying genes. within this context, it is noteworthy that recent evidences from valencia unive  cells of c4 plants. these chlroroplasts are currently under study by the alcala university grou  hotobiont and bundle sheet chloroplasts are associated with similar physiological features. fin  tures. finally, to identify the highest amount of stress-related proteins , we will compare the  nt of stress-related proteins , we will compare the isolated algal and lichen proteomes subject   we will compare the isolated algal and lichen proteomes subjected to dehydration and other abi
14856	7	this sub-project is intended to increase our knowledge on the morphologi   either isolated or in symbiosis. there are few studies dealing with the diversity of photobion  udies on lichen photobionts variability are based on nuclear its sequences. our main objective   ain objective is to obtain experimental evidence to establish relationships among genetic, morp  gainst constraining conditions. we will perform a sampling design which must include a broad ge  we will perform a sampling design which must include a broad geographical and/or environmental   d and cultured ramalina farinacea algae could confirm the hypothesis that these chloroplasts sh
15040	10	s comprise over 2000 known species, and further species are continually being discovered and th  es, and further species are continually being discovered and the real number on earth may be as  many belong to fungal genera which only include lichenicolous species. these fungi are extremel   and many are evidently ancient and not easy to place in the overall classification of fungi. i  ystematic placement of these fungi have been frustrated by the difficulty of securing sufficien   the project will build on the previous experience of the principal investigator in developing   ure, using freshly collected material. -second, and in parallel, the project will focus on the   lved from lichenicolous fungi will also be tested by including newly generated sequences of hyp  ce of a modern comprehensive key, a new key to the identification of the approximately 550 spec  on of the approximately 550 species now know from great britain, ireland, and the iberian penin
14985	2	this project is aimed to the continuity of the work of preparation,   sula and balearic islands . the project is centered in calicioid lichens, physciaceae, bacidiac
14155	11	clonal plants can propagate both clonally and sexually, because both   ire resources, a trade-off between them is inevitable. numerous studies have described trade-of  ew in natural conditions. heterogeneity is recognized as a fundamental aspect of ecosystems and   heterogeneity on plant growth has also been rarely addressed in natural conditions. wooded mea  nditions. wooded meadow is a remarkable example of heterogenous ecosystem with extremely high s  s concerns in nature conservation as it is associated with species loss. considering that vast    depend on environmental conditions and are affected by management would enable to predict whic  gy of these habitats. in this study, we aim at estimating the trade-off between sexual reproduc  th in natural heterogenous habitats and evaluate the role of architectural plasticity on this t  l be the main focus of the study and we approach these by both field observations and manipulat   manipulative experiments. we will also address the effect of this trade-off and of plasticity
14159	6	selection between number and size of clonal offspring as well as between sexual and   though the effect of the latter has not been explored yet. one could expect that larger nutrien  e latter has not been explored yet. one could expect that larger nutrient limitation inhibits g  th responses of plants to environmental change; that in disturbed conditions number over size o  vored. however, all these relationships could be modified by clonal growth form of species and   . regulation of clonal growth in plants must affect the fate of a populations in changing condi
14579	1	the albufera des grau , baltic sea and north sea.
11722	14	it is now widely appreciated that, while animals may appea       it is now widely appreciated that, while animals may appear to recover from periods of poo   widely appreciated that, while animals may appear to recover from periods of poor food quality  d in early development, adverse effects may occur later in adult life. such effects can influen  occur later in adult life. such effects can influence the performance of complete cohorts of an  nce of complete cohorts of animals, and have important consequences for population dynamics. th  ing a period of shortage, animals often grow rapidly and may appear to catch-up. the period of   hortage, animals often grow rapidly and may appear to catch-up. the period of early poor early   t accelerated growth, could potentially be responsible. these have not been separated. however,  entially be responsible. these have not been separated. however, it is important that we unders  se have not been separated. however, it is important that we understand whether compensatory gr  rated. however, it is important that we understand whether compensatory growth does carry long-  te and life history strategies. we will study the long-term consequences of variation in early   tory strategies. we will study the long-term consequences of variation in early growth trajecto
150	11	the theory - optimality models - often incorporate quite general phenomenological assumptions   eral phenomenological assumptions which do not rely on proximate biological mechanisms. there a   in which such an abstract approach has been justified but there are cases where this is defini   body size in insects; i.e. it does not facilitate optimality analysis of reaction norms for si  analysis of reaction norms for size and time at maturity. to develop an optimality approach sui  uitable for insect growth schedules, we need to pay more attention to physiology-based constrai  arval growth curves, as well as we need better knowledge about size-dependent mortality pattern  llowing the approach outlined above, we ask what do larval growth curves of ecologically and ph   the common elements - the invariants - represent the likely constraints on insect growth curve  th curves. these principles should then be incorporated in the more realistic optimality models  istic optimality models with a stronger case-specific predictive power. another aim is to obtai
2010	6	human consumption of animal protein and employ over 35 million people. but with 47% of fish sto   on the concept of ‘maximum sustainable yield’ because it ignores two basic features of the exp  the effect of harvesting in particular, do not explicitly account for the ecological role of in  esting in particular, do not explicitly account for the ecological role of individual life hist  tured population models that explicitly account for individual life history and its influence o  on of exploited fish stocks increase or decrease their vulnerability to catastrophic collapses
11095	7	o choose for this analysis because they have relatively consistent life history patterns which   fic ways. furthermore some species have been studied in considerable detail. all seals are cons  udied in considerable detail. all seals are constrained by the need to give birth out of the wa  d. the food supply of different species may vary in seasonality and predictability. we wish to   y in seasonality and predictability. we wish to understand how the differences in life cycles e  ating the trade-offs which female seals must make between foraging and caring for their offspri  including predation on the one hand and access to resources on the other.
2457	11	roduction and mortality, formed by long-term evolutionary processes and by immediate responses   . this project has 3 main objectives: 1 evaluate the patterns of lifetime reproductive success   ccess of male and female brown bears; 2 evaluate the differences in life-history patterns among  . the basis of this project is the long-term individual-based data set of the scandinavian brow  tal differences in their ecology, which may be reflected in their life history patterns. compar  olutionary and biological knowledge and may improve the management of those species. it will be  nagement practices affect a species. it is suggested that the loss of certain individuals has l  tain individuals has little demographic impact, whereas the loss of certain other individuals c  ation size. also, human harvest may not be random, but select for certain life-history traits,   ertain life-history traits, which again may influence populations. understanding these aspects   the management of large populations and aid in the conservation of endangered populations.
231	1	iming of adult eclosion. the inevitable source data for the pcm – reliable phylogenetic tree of
13926	6	on ecology and evolutionary biology. it is also highly relevant for more applied fields of ecol   success. life history models typically assume that reproductive success increases indefinitely  dult size and that this fitness benefit is balanced by mortality costs during juvenile developm  hich suggests that reproductive success may increase enormously with very limited extensions of  erflies , that contain one species that is threatened in sweden and western europe. in particul  sects that would improve the predictive power of life history theory.
10866	5	hip between growth rate and fitness. it is known that the evolution of life history traits nece  mmunocompetence. in poikilotherms, this is based on the assumption that sub-populations living   rowth, since positive associations have been shown between size and over-winter survival. conve  s have been shown between size and over-winter survival. conversely, warmer habitats require in  ifferential selection of genotypes that are adapted to localised habitat temperature.
15396	13	limate change and habitat fragmentation are considered the most important key pressures on biod  different scenarios, global temperature is predicted to increase between 1.8 and 4 ºc during th  ges in one species can often indirectly affect to others along the food chain, promoting mistma  ll disappear at that location unless it is able to adapt to the new conditions. under this scen  enetic or physiological adaptations, or do they respond by finding a better place an overall co  r physiological adaptations, or do they respond by finding a better place an overall contractio  l contraction of the distribution range is expected particularly in areas with relatively high   and the size of the subpopulations have been shown to be important for the levels of genetic va  ude extreme of the species geographical range, to understand the potential risks of climate cha  isks of climate change to a species, we must consider the dynamics of the metapopulations in co  solated populations. however, empirical evidence for causal relationship between loss of geneti  e specific objetives of this subproject are: 1. to document temporal changes in fecundity, recr  ival of insectivorous birds which might be related to climate warming. 2. to determine the effe
12228	12	ally and in the uk, weeds cause greater yield losses than any other crop pest and vast sums are   than any other crop pest and vast sums are spent on weed control annually, often with a signif  40 years, agricultural weed control has been dominated by herbicides. more recently, however, e  cology and adaptation in agroecosystems is a basic requirement for integrated weed management.   gement will need to integrate judicious use of remaining herbicide options with advances in phy  ds are predominantly technology-led and focus on removing weeds from the crop sometimes resulti  ral weed management, on the other hand, is biologically-driven and attempts to limit weed impac  n to the seed bank. cultural management is driven by ecological principles and can only be reli  n by ecological principles and can only be reliably achieved if we can understand, predict and   and can only be reliably achieved if we can understand, predict and manipulate the timing of ke  ieved if we can understand, predict and manipulate the timing of key life history events. weed   itions coincides with or avoids pivotal crop management practices help to predict future weed p
14500	1	lective pressures may have produced and maintain the observed pattern of intraspecific life-his
10676	3	ion of cellular life on earth must have been preceded by the formation of primitive membranes c  icals in extant micro-organisms has not been made, but significantly, alkenes with identical st  ructures and double bond positions have been identified recently by the pi in 17 species of dia
9864	3	med with complex life, the land surface is considered to have been essentially barren. it wasn   ppears. why was there such an extensive lag before the invasion of the land by complex multicel  t terrestrial biota and how much did it influence the environment through early terrestrial-bas
11724	4	l for od to occur, but a natural system must be used to determine its actual occurrence. in thi  al occurrence. in this pilot project we wish to develop microsatellite markers for paternally,   ntally inherited genomes that will then be used on chronosequences of the tree abies balsamea t  as the progeny of non-local pollination are selected out.
13344	5	data and observatories will be a large-scale european research infrastructure bringing togethe  vatories will be a large-scale european research infrastructure bringing together: -a system of  observatories; -common access to a huge amount of interlinked, distributed data from databases   ruction phase. a range of policy issues are resolved with respect the organisation of the distr  gement and quality control. the project is planned to take three years. a policy and science bo
14687	6	phytochromes operate through intermediates which amplify and transdu  f movements of robinia pseudoacacia and nitrate reductase photocontrol of de-etiolated c.sativu   will be studied. moreover experimental work on the effect of an external supply of nitric oxid  um independent protein kinases, that we have previously obtained in this cotyledons, will be co   this cotyledons, will be completed and search on their possible implication on nitrate reducta  ctase circadian rhythm of c.sativus and leaf rhythmic movement of r.pseudoacacia will be done
7618	2	osal is to develop a method of struggle"green"focused strictly on the argentine ant. this proje  tive to insecticide control methods. it is based on
14720	2	ween the factors involved, and the long-term evaluation. the general goals of this project are   ntal indicators will be selected -which may be used for predicting the probability level of res
15586	3	reports suggest that freshwater species are lost at a rate higher than in any other biome in or  r to further integrate the program, and provide european added value, we will launch a post-doc  d provide european added value, we will launch a post-doc training program.
2485	5	ding site for dengue mosquitoes. little is known of the role of stored household water for the   d key vector producing container types, quantify fecal contamination and its effect on mosquito  elected study communities identified; 2 key container types identified from which the majority   rom which the majority of aedes aegypti emerge; 3 total coliforms and e. coli detected and quan  the majority of aedes aegypti emerge; 3 total coliforms and e. coli detected and quantified in
7194	4	mos to better manage the biogeochemical cycle c in agro-ecosystems. this project should also en  ro-ecosystems. this project should also enable the development of decision support tools to ide  ity of our environment; in other words, produce more and pollute less   nment; in other words, produce more and pollute less
10118	8	there is a general perception that saline lakes are of less v  of less value than freshwaters yet they are of almost equal volume on a global scale. climatic   nately large because of their typically shallow depth. the extreme chemical conditions of salin  pauperate in terrestrial production but may rely heavily on aquatic subsidies e.g. emergent ins  kes via fluctuating volume and salinity may have subsequent, strong effects on the wider catchm  ts on the wider catchment. lake bogoria is a kenyan soda lake with a simple aquatic community d  ree objectives will close a significant gap in our knowledge of the importance of saline lakes   saline lakes with respect to their arid-land catchments.
10469	1	y genes , which are both co-adapted and have extraordinarily high polymorphism. sequences of bo
14692	6	ood web dynamics in terrestrial systems is limited by the scarcity of comprehensive studies tha  namics in terrestrial ecosystems, there are currently no field studies that have approached thi  stion. to accomplish this objective, we plan to measure above- and belowground net primary prod   plan to measure above- and belowground net primary productivity in an arid ecosystem, estimati  stimating the amount of production that is incorporated as standing biomass in plants, the amou  lands of productivity. finally, we will analyse the role of spatial and temporal variability, t
2026	15	logists have become aware that, despite being separated in space, aboveground and belowground o  , aboveground and belowground organisms can influence each other via changes in plant quality a   other via changes in plant quality and plant defense compounds. most aboveground-belowground s  ated plants. in nature, however, plants are associated with multitrophic communities, but how a  boveground and belowground interactions are expressed under natural conditions is not known. mo  r, in natural conditions plants usually coexist in mixed plant communities and interactions bet  unities associated to individual plants are influenced by host plant quality and the surroundin  ies associated to the plant ragwort and elucidate how multitrophic interactions on this plant a  multitrophic interactions on this plant are influenced by plant quality and by the surrounding   dy the relationship between vegetation, soil biodiversity and aboveground invertebrates, and in  ng plant community, and carry out plant-soil feedback studies to determine the effects of plant  und, i will focus on flower-feeding and leaf-mining insect communities and construct quantitati   and leaf-mining insect communities and construct quantitative interaction foodwebs. soil organ  ted approaches. by combining molecular, plant chemical and ecological approaches this project w  s and aboveground invertebrates as they occur in natural conditions.
13868	10	e able to understand how climate change may affect the timing and duration of the clear water p   eutrophic lakes and how this, in turn, affect the potential for macrophytes to get re-establis  spring. lakes with abundant macrophytes support a high diversity of both plants and animals, an  versity of both plants and animals, and have a good resistance against increasing nutrient load  mate change; changes that may otherwise turn the lake into being turbid, having low biodiversit  ing turbid, having low biodiversity and being dominated by phytoplankton. how shallow north tem  akes will respond to global warming has been debated in recent years. i will concentrate on the  tation and open water, 2 experimentally determine the timing of events including both consumpti   fish and zooplankton, 3 experimentally determine how cascading behavioural and consumptive int   zooplankton spring dynamics using long-term abiotic and biotic data.
15127	2	under climate change scenario, average atmospheric and sea surface temperature are inc   the level of acidification. despite it is generally agreed that climate change determine how t
11404	7	mvented these limitations, because they bypass the need for laboratory cultivation, and they ha  majority . many groups of microbes have been discovered which have no representative in laborat  ues recently predicted that crenarchaea may have a central role in the oxidation of ammonia in   ammonia oxidising crenarchaea has since been isolated in the laboratory. as crenarchaea are a m  lated in the laboratory. as crenarchaea are a much more abundant than previously characterised   erised ammonia-oxidising bacteria, they may represent the most important ammonia-oxidising orga  organisms and to determine whether they possess distinct ecophysiological characteristics and e
14281	1	h land conversion for human activities, are recognised as a major driving force in this dramati
478	9	of europe, roughly 117 million ha, and are important reservoirs of genetic diversity, playing   ive pressures. in this project, we will use a combination of high-throughput sequencing/genotyp  effects in natural forests. at the same time, we will characterise the environmental conditions  ural forests. at the same time, we will characterise the environmental conditions to which the   s to which the populations investigated are exposed and elucidate differences in morphological    environmental conditions. we will also analyse the spatial distribution of phenotypes and geno  ological variability, in model european forest systems. to better generalise our findings and e  . to better generalise our findings and ensure practical applications, we have selected widespr  uate the impact of future environmental change on european forests, using modelling platforms a
10684	3	daphnia are small shrimp-like crustaceans , we will be able to investigat  small shrimp-like crustaceans , we will be able to investigate how daphnia, and many other wild  w daphnia, and many other wild animals, cope with parasites in the long term.
14137	3	salmonid populations worldwide are threatened by various anthropogenic factors includi  ver-fishing. during recent years, there is also a rising concern of increased pathogen load as   ure regimes. the results of the project are expected to provide important information about the
1975	5	for many years, ecology was dominated by studies of communities focussing on ab   above-ground systems, whereas the soil was viewed as a black box. much of the early research a  iewed as a black box. much of the early research also concentrated on bi-trophic interactions e  toids and hyperparasitoids in the field is affected by the amount of feeding damage by bg herbi   bg herbivores as these affect host and plant quality.
10085	21	the tropical forests of borneo are dominated by more than 250 tree species in one fami  f borneo are dominated by more than 250 tree species in one family, the dipterocarpaceae, many   carpaceae, many of which have a similar form, architecture and ecology. because of these simila  of these similarities among species, it is uncertain what prevents a small number of species fr  , it is uncertain what prevents a small number of species from dominating the forest and drivin  ces in fruit production between species are minimized by biotic interactions that we don t yet   inimized by biotic interactions that we don t yet understand. for example, we have found that t  of them, and vice versa. this trade-off could equalize the average number of offspring produced  duced by different species, and thereby prevent a small number of species from dominating the f  nt species, and thereby prevent a small number of species from dominating the forest, but this   uits and established seedlings. we will investigate how flower size compensates for flower numb  fruit production among species. we will focus on two potential costs for small flowers: , and t   from the father to the mother tree. we know that thrips can only fly very short distances, whe  ther tree. we know that thrips can only fly very short distances, whereas giant honey bees can   ort distances, whereas giant honey bees can travel a few tens of km in search of food, and we w  rees. furthermore, because dipterocarps are large-seeded and poorly dispersed, the movement of   sal of pollen than fruits. therefore we predict that neighbouring individuals of species pollin  nated by large, mobile insects. we will check for evidence of inbreeding depression by hand pol  h whether flower size and flower number are linked to pollinator size and mobility, the dispers  new way of thinking about how diversity is maintained in an important tropical forest community  ies where plant-pollinator interactions are disrupted by changes in mean distance between flowe
14739	2	ting in this proposal have considerable experience in the study of these traits in these plant   y of the approach adopted in this study is related to neither the traits nor the species involv
2023	5	in biogeochemical cycles. we currently have substantial knowledge about microbial mediated pro   a range of ecosystems. however, it has been proven difficult to relate processes and community  in our basic knowledge on structure and function relationships in microbial communities is a fi  n the present proposal, we will further explore the possibilities of a lipid biomarker techniqu  omarker with a recently developed probe-capture method. this will enable us to define the activ
11763	3	it is necessary to determine the effect of changes in micr   microbial diversity with management or land-use change on n2o emissions to increase our abilit   be achieved using a cross disciplinary approach in which stable isotope techniques will be use
13714	2	predictions from experimental research can be tested in a monitoring programme, and how monito  onitoring programme, and how monitoring can be used to create hypotheses for experimental testi
15439	5	al regeneration and the spatial genetic structure of the adult population. habitat loss and fra  ulation. habitat loss and fragmentation may determine the composition and behaviour of avian se   the composition and behaviour of avian seed dispersers and limit the outcome of dispersal cont   behaviour of avian seed dispersers and limit the outcome of dispersal contribution in the seed  . assess the fine scale spatial genetic structure of adult populations. 7. check the inter-annu
10001	9	example their seed sizes, how fast they grow, and their responses to various environmental stre  hese different aspects of plant biology are linked is important for understanding why some spec  to know if the observed differences in, say growth, are simply a consequence of size, or if oth  he observed differences in, say growth, are simply a consequence of size, or if other aspects o  ents to explore how growth and survival are related to size, so allowing us to determine whethe  g the experimental results we will then be able to determine whether at a common size, fast gro  t the best seed size, and so the one we expect species to produce in the field. currently the u   models make assumptions and so we will produce more general models incorporating realistic asp   ones when competing for resources, and explore how this alters the predictions of the models.
2132	10	ral decisions taken during reproduction may induce spatial variation in intensity of density de  ility of suitable habitats. thus, there is a clear requirement for further advances in our unde   understanding of how maternal behavior may influence population productivity through effects o  veniles. in the present project we will quantify how spatial decisions taken by atlantic salmon  al populations to test how productivity may vary among populations and within populations over   rsion of spawners. furthermore, we will test how the distribution of spawners relates to availa  ats and population density and if there is selection against spatial aggregation during breedin  ation during breeding. finally, we will examine how the total amount and the spatial distributi  ivity. these studies complement smaller scale experimental work that has focused on causal mech  s complement smaller scale experimental work that has focused on causal mechanisms, and will gi
2044	6	ecosystem managers frequently need a simple indicator of the well-being of ecological  tly need a simple indicator of the well-being of ecological systems in order to assess human im  undance of species. yet, no information is used on the type of species, and two areas with tota   totally different species compositions may have the same structural diversity. in the last dec  st decade the field of macroecology has been put in the forefront of ecology. this approach emp  ion a functional biodiversity index and link this index with a classical structural index.
15105	3	eld data collected during flood events, is envisaged as an important tool in order to get an ac  od events, is envisaged as an important tool in order to get an accurate quantitative knowledge  ethods to predict water level profiles, discharge variations and solute transport in hydraulic
15104	1	odels, taking advantage of the prcedent experience of an international team of researchers.
15457	5	re necessary to provide a more accurate picture of the functioning of terrestrial plant-based f  elow ground. most of these interactions are known to involve important feedback systems that re  y associated to detrital food webs also affect trophic interactions between plants and the orga  mplexity of the food webs. to do so, it is necessary to identify the interactions, and the mech  poser interactions. once the mechanisms are discovered and the nature of the interactions betwe
14721	6	tion of different biological indicators are distributed in the landscape is essential for the r  o evaluate the overall biodiversity and establish relationships between both levels on which th   both levels on which the structure and function of the natural and semi-natural ecosystems is   the natural and semi-natural ecosystems is expressed. as a result, the best biodiversity indica  ltiple functions of ecosystems and thus safeguard a sustainable, rich and diverse flow of goods  feguard a sustainable, rich and diverse flow of goods and services for society. the methodology
14581	6	y will be calculated at landscape level are distributed in the landscape is essential for the r  o evaluate the overall biodiversity and establish relationships between both levels on which th   both levels on which the structure and function of the natural and semi-natural systems is exp  of the natural and semi-natural systems is expressed. as a result, the best biodiversity indica  ltiple functions of ecosystems and thus safeguard a sustainable, rich and diverse flow of goods  feguard a sustainable, rich and diverse flow of goods and services for society. the methodology
14582	6	y will be calculated at landscape level are distributed in the landscape is essential for the r  o evaluate the overall biodiversity and establish relationships between both levels on which th   both levels on which the structure and function of the natural and semi-natural systems is exp  of the natural and semi-natural systems is expressed. as a result, the best biodiversity indica  ltiple functions of ecosystems and thus safeguard a sustainable, rich and diverse flow of goods  feguard a sustainable, rich and diverse flow of goods and services for society. the methodology
14722	6	tion of different biological indicators are distributed in the landscape is essential for the r  o evaluate the overall biodiversity and establish relationships between both levels on which th   both levels on which the structure and function of the natural and semi-natural ecosystems is   the natural and semi-natural ecosystems is expressed. as a result, the best biodiversity indica  ltiple functions of ecosystems and thus safeguard a sustainable, rich and diverse flow of goods  feguard a sustainable, rich and diverse flow of goods and services for society. the methodology
15570	9	of europe, roughly 117 million ha, and are important reservoirs of genetic diversity, playing   ive pressures. in this project, we will use a combination of high-throughput sequencing/genotyp  effects in natural forests. at the same time, we will characterise the environmental conditions  ural forests. at the same time, we will characterise the environmental conditions to which the   s to which the populations investigated are exposed and elucidate differences in morphological    environmental conditions. we will also analyse the spatial distribution of phenotypes and geno  ological variability, in model european forest systems. to better generalise our findings and e  . to better generalise our findings and ensure practical applications, we have selected widespr  uate the impact of future environmental change on european forests, using modelling platforms a
7294	2	ve yielded encouraging results. we will apply this new method on a large temporal and spatial s   method on a large temporal and spatial sample of rainforest of western ghats india. automatic
9957	25	interests. our approach differs: 1 poor people s environmental needs are at the centre of our r  tre of our research strategy; 2 we have been in extensive contact with individuals, communities  h strategy; 2 we have been in extensive contact with individuals, communities and research grou  incipal direction to this proposed espa work, and 3 our consortium is formed around african ins  roposed espa work, and 3 our consortium is formed around african institutions and people that a   formed around african institutions and people that are working daily in ecosystem contexts of   ands these three ecosystems potentially provide poor people with their livelihoods and resilien  ree ecosystems potentially provide poor people with their livelihoods and resilience. various a   have made clear three areas where they believe northern participation in espa is essential to:   believe northern participation in espa is essential to: improve scientific understanding of th   participation in espa is essential to: improve scientific understanding of the ecosystem servi  osystem services provided by the above; increase the resilience of poor peoples to human and an  eoples to human and animal disease; and build capacity at all levels to ensure implementation,   mate change. we in the south seek a ppd grant to enable collaboration with uk researchers and o  n innovations, in ecosystem management; identify priorities for investment in natural and socia  for improving ecosystem management; and engage policy stakeholders so that the enabling conditi  d be an opportunity for poor people. we are also in contact with many other institutes and indi  : the principal activity will be a week-long workshop of the research partners and complementar  ded by a summary of both scientific and grey literature on research status and needs, and the p  by the current consortium. overview: we aim to scope a research strategy that will fulfil all f  ulfil all four espa objectives. we will work across a range of dryland southern and eastern afr  thin each country, as well as extensive experience of working on various problems associated wi   problems associated with es and pa. we plan to assess and prioritise among the six thematic ar  d with es and pa. we plan to assess and prioritise among the six thematic areas identified in t  es research and pa strategies that have been developed already in consultation with southern pa
15229	10	a third of the worlds land surface and are characterized by their aridity. the sahara, the mai  , the main arid region in north africa, is by far the biggest desert in the world, covering som   in north africa, is by far the biggest desert in the world, covering some nine million square   rt occurs to the east of the sahara and is about an eighth in size. in spite of the harsh envir   raises the question of how such biotas are gained and maintained, something that can be explor  e gained and maintained, something that can be explored using reptiles, one of the commonest ki   inhabitant. in the present project, we propose to use molecular phylogenies from multiple rept   1.- to understand how deserts gain and maintain their endemic faunas; 2.- to infer the age of   al desert lineages, and 4.- to test and improve the current taxonomy of the groups concerned. t  taxonomy and conservation. it will also make an excellent historical, systematic, and comparati
15268	4	in reptiles, being ectotherms, temperature is one of the primary det   decreases with increasing altitude, it is presumably that extrinsic mortality in reptiles incr  roduction. as resources for an organism are limited, an increase in reproductive investment sho  ing to this reasoning, these hypotheses are propounded: h1: reproductive investment should incr
14944	3	en experiments on plant populations. we consider the metapopulation of wild pear, pyrus bourgae  n the doñana national park experimental assay of local adaptation of wild pear seeds to physica  daptation at different phases of a same plant reproductive cycle. second, it focuses on a speci
7406	2	we want to start a reflection face of future climate chang  s such as ash phenologies. for this, we consider the polymorphism of quantitative traits using
14548	6	des. gypsum soils which occurs patchily are high in calcium and low in others essential macronu  occurs patchily are high in calcium and low in others essential macronutrients. these harsh soi   has one of the temperate zones richest gypsum floras, with near 50 taxa restricted to gypsum s  ndamental construct of biogeography. it is widely believed, at least among biogeographers and e  e other hand, species communities often exhibit nestedness, i.e. species in species poor-sites   ess and biological distinctiveness also make spanish gypsum outcrops suitable for testing curre
7038	7	agriculture and forestry strongly depend on the perception, interpretation and the reacti  rience and therefore of the interactive man-environment relation. it is the aim of the research  nteractive man-environment relation. it is the aim of the research project to make available th   and other local experts about soil and weather in the regions of osttirol and pinzgau. by usin  ttitudes is it connected, - how does it influence the behavior of local people in their managem  institutional network / context does it exist, - which dynamics is the local system of knowledg  rding its potential for the sustainable use of natural resources, and the possible areas of its
7709	10	the project aims to analyze o2la and support the agriculture relocation process, and especia  n process, and especially livestock. it is to promote ruminant farming methods enhancing and de  al resources are essential because they contribute to product differentiation and a more respec  t differentiation and a more respectful use of the environment by enhancing the local ecologica  s in the agricultural aims to adapt and produce the knowledge, tools and devices including expl  researchers and bio- technicians to co- develop in partnership innovations in management and se  neticists and sociologists to study and accompany technical and social transformations at work   enges of this project is to explore and explain the consequences and inter -disciplinary analys  xplore and explain the consequences and inter -disciplinary analysis and guidance for the manag  rsity and cultivated at the territorial level: what changes in production methods knowledge and
11215	12	the water - to - land transition made by vertebrates during the devonian  swimming musculature in water to robust weight-bearing struts and cantilevers for walking and r  or patterns. over the last few years we have a gained a much improved fossil record of the anim  ga as a sturdy land-going quadruped has been shown to be quite erroneous: in fact it was highly  rentiated musculature as in mammals. we want to test both these diverse models of early tetrapo  ttempts were unable to do. this we will do by subjecting the specimens to recently developed hi   this for the first time. next, we will examine the range of movements of the skeletons to asse  he vertebral column as well as internal bone architecture. for this, we will compare particular  al bone architecture. for this, we will compare particular parts of the skeleton - centra, neur  ition from water to land and ultimately lead to greater understanding of how modern tetrapod sk  d skeletons evolved. this will not only enhance our understanding of the transition from water   er to land, but lay the foundations and establish the starting conditions for the eventual appe
11713	12	the water - to - land transition made by vertebrates during the devonian  swimming musculature in water to robust weight-bearing struts and cantilevers for walking and r  or patterns. over the last few years we have a gained a much improved fossil record of the anim  ga as a sturdy land-going quadruped has been shown to be quite erroneous: in fact it was highly  rentiated musculature as in mammals. we want to test both these diverse models of early tetrapo  ttempts were unable to do. this we will do by subjecting the specimens to recently developed hi   this for the first time. next, we will examine the range of movements of the skeletons to asse  he vertebral column as well as internal bone architecture. for this, we will compare particular  al bone architecture. for this, we will compare particular parts of the skeleton - centra, neur  ition from water to land and ultimately lead to greater understanding of how modern tetrapod sk  d skeletons evolved. this will not only enhance our understanding of the transition from water   er to land, but lay the foundations and establish the starting conditions for the eventual appe
11735	6	t. excavations at the roman and islamic port at quseir al-qadim, egypt, offer a rare opportunit  islamic port at quseir al-qadim, egypt, offer a rare opportunity to study this question in deta  ation during both the roman and islamic rule of egypt make it a critical site, providing a uniq  oth the roman and islamic rule of egypt make it a critical site, providing a unique chance to t  slamic rule of egypt make it a critical site, providing a unique chance to test the effect of l   it a critical site, providing a unique chance to test the effect of long-distance trade in foo
10148	11	ble regions on earth and there is clear evidence that its ecosystems are changing rapidly. thes  nt global warming, the effects of which are enhanced in this region. lakes are an important com  ny changes seen in the lakes could also be explained by increases in fertility caused by atmosp  ibute to an international focus on long-range atmospheric pollution transport. finally, these m   us understand the causes of ecological change throughout the arctic. sw greenland is typical o  nge throughout the arctic. sw greenland is typical of much of the arctic in terms of lake densi  pitation patterns and vegetation. if we establish that lakes in this region have become more pr  ome more productive recently, there are clear implications for large areas of the arctic which   e experienced recent warming since long-range n transport is a global phenomenon. it is likely    n transport is a global phenomenon. it is likely that warming and n enrichment act in a simila  ing. for example, enhanced n deposition may release bacteria from nutrient limitation, increasi
10418	11	there is now unambiguous evidence that ecosystems in the arct                 there is now unambiguous evidence that ecosystems in the arctic are changing. th  in this region. in this project we will test the hypothesis that long-range atmospheric deposit  t we will test the hypothesis that long-range atmospheric deposition of nitrogen to establish l   understanding of drivers of ecological change throughout the arctic. sw greenland is typical o  nge throughout the arctic. sw greenland is typical of many parts of the arctic both in terms of  pitation patterns and vegetation. if we establish that lakes in this region have become more pr  ive over the last ~150 years, there are clear implications for large areas of the arctic which   rienced 20th century warming since long-range n transport is a global phenomenon. it is likely    n transport is a global phenomenon. it is likely that warming and n enrichment act in a simila  ing. for example, enhanced n deposition may release bacteria from nutrient limitation, increasi
10908	11	ble regions on earth and there is clear evidence that its ecosystems are changing rapidly. thes  nt global warming, the effects of which are enhanced in this region. lakes are an important com  ny changes seen in the lakes could also be explained by increases in fertility caused by atmosp  ibute to an international focus on long-range atmospheric pollution transport. finally, these m   us understand the causes of ecological change throughout the arctic. sw greenland is typical o  nge throughout the arctic. sw greenland is typical of much of the arctic in terms of lake densi  pitation patterns and vegetation. if we establish that lakes in this region have become more pr  ome more productive recently, there are clear implications for large areas of the arctic which   e experienced recent warming since long-range n transport is a global phenomenon. it is likely    n transport is a global phenomenon. it is likely that warming and n enrichment act in a simila  ing. for example, enhanced n deposition may release bacteria from nutrient limitation, increasi
11751	11	ble regions on earth and there is clear evidence that its ecosystems are changing rapidly. thes  nt global warming, the effects of which are enhanced in this region. lakes are an important com  ny changes seen in the lakes could also be explained by increases in fertility caused by atmosp  ibute to an international focus on long-range atmospheric pollution transport. finally, these m   us understand the causes of ecological change throughout the arctic. sw greenland is typical o  nge throughout the arctic. sw greenland is typical of much of the arctic in terms of lake densi  pitation patterns and vegetation. if we establish that lakes in this region have become more pr  ome more productive recently, there are clear implications for large areas of the arctic which   e experienced recent warming since long-range n transport is a global phenomenon. it is likely    n transport is a global phenomenon. it is likely that warming and n enrichment act in a simila  ing. for example, enhanced n deposition may release bacteria from nutrient limitation, increasi
15525	1	of local stocks. conservation measures are predicted to affect directly the conservation statu
11742	6	oil spills frequently cause the death of large numbers of seabirds and incide  eabirds and incidents such as the erika spill in the bay of biscay in december 1999 have been e  the bay of biscay in december 1999 have been estimated to kill a very substantial proportion of  e common guillemot uria aalge on skomer island, wales. the bay of biscay is a major wintering a  skomer island, wales. the bay of biscay is a major wintering area for guillemots, and birds fro  igate the long-term impact of the erika spill on the skomer population and to assess the relati
12165	2	nnuals are now the most critically rare group of plants in britain. eleven arable plants are pr  hese and several other uncommon species are targeted in the environmental stewardship trial wil
12630	3	is to: 1. maintain in good agricultural condition the long-term sludge cake, metal-amended liqu  in good agricultural condition the long-term sludge cake, metal-amended liquid sludge and metal  al condition the long-term sludge cake, metal-amended liquid sludge and metal salt experimental
12629	5	ective of this project is to retain and maintain in good agricultural condition the long-term s  etain and maintain in good agricultural condition the long-term sludge cake, metal-amended liqu  in good agricultural condition the long-term sludge cake, metal-amended liquid sludge and metal  al condition the long-term sludge cake, metal-amended liquid sludge and metal salts experimenta  itain, selected metal-rich sludge cakes were applied between 1994 and 1997 . additionally, plan
2120	11	ral traits such as species recognition, mate choice and social dominance. i propose a project t  long term consequences of interspecific cross-fostering in the wild in terms of such behavioura  ural traits. since 1995, great tits and blue tits have been reciprocally cross-fostered in the   ts and blue tits have been reciprocally cross-fostered in the field, providing unique data for   ating the consequences of interspecific cross-fostering. i will look at the potential long term  ences for parental investment will also be considered. further, i will investigate the species   irst, how do cross-fostered males sing; second, how do the sons of cross-fostered males sing, a  eterospecifics and conspecifics. i also propose a review article on early learning. this projec  article on early learning. this project may yield fundamentally new insights into the determina  gnition and social dominance. moreover, cross-fostering is used in conservation biology as a me  al dominance. moreover, cross-fostering is used in conservation biology as a method to save end
2101	14	ording to a precautionary principle has been invoked for the oil and gas industry. there is a s  nciple has been invoked for the oil and gas industry. there is a strong official requirement to  ked for the oil and gas industry. there is a strong official requirement to avoid long term env  such activities in these regions has to be expanded. since regular discharges will practically   nce regular discharges will practically be prohibited, the possible environmental spill scenari   prohibited, the possible environmental spill scenarios on the marine environment from the oil   nly focused on accidental spills. these may include large as well as small repeated discharges    e.g. trapped in sea ice. at present it is difficult to express the probability for the occurre  ntal risk, so a scenario based approach is used to identify relevant research targets. the sele  research targets. the selected scenario is related to oil drift into ice margin, and the projec  e margin community of trapped oil. this may occur as oil trapped underneath the sea ice or as f  he sea ice. potential long term effects are determined by results of experiments. from the resu  ght will be included as an experimental factor due to the combination of large amounts of sunli  n arctic amphipods funded by the german research council.
12288	9	ble crops have bceome commonplace. they are generally more productive and uniform than conventi   they are generally more productive and uniform than conventional open-pollinated varieties. hy  -pollinated varieties. hybrid varieties are produced by crossing two contrasting and usually in  nsity of the labour inputs required and are expected to result in different amounts of seed wit  ing f1 hybrid brussels sprouts can then be chosen. mathematical models based on this data will   accessions. the results of this project could be transferred to other crops where f1 hybrids ar  sferred to other crops where f1 hybrids are based on self-incompatibility as in other crucifero  iferous vegetables such as cauliflower, cabbage, broccoli and radish. the project will enable t  d accessions, that can then continue to be made available to end users.
12580	4	long-term experiments have been carried out over the last 10 years to study the ef  ts, on soil microorganisms and how they function within the soil. the experiments were carried   nction within the soil. the experiments were carried out at nine sites across britain and were   ed out at nine sites across britain and were designed to test the effects of individual metals
12510	11	cant areas of hill and upland in the uk were converted to organic production. in the short term  nic production. in the short term, this was driven by the downturn in conventional prices for b  egrate hill and lowland production, and address some of the problems of infrastructure e.g. org  ty for hill livestock. decoupling of eu support from production, through the single farm paymen  ct the financial performance and longer-term sustainability of both organic and conventional pr  tion systems. by altering the scale and type of production on conventional farms, cap reform al   and indirectly, on the development and long-term prospects for organic farming in the hills an  and financial performance from the long-term data collected on the upland organic units at adas  peiran.the project will consolidate and interpret the data collected at redesdale up to march 2  ore widely by means of an e-booklet, to be produced by 31 march 2007.   s of an e-booklet, to be produced by 31 march 2007.
11849	17	d of terrestrial environment. they also store vast amounts of greenhouse gases in their trees a  40% of all these remaining forests, and is therefore of enormous global importance for protecti   humid tropical forests do not normally burn, yet their future is becoming increasingly uncerta  s. human activities such as logging and forest fragmentation open up the forest habitat and mak  entation open up the forest habitat and make it more flammable, while agriculture in areas adja  est habitat and make it more flammable, while agriculture in areas adjacent to remaining forest  r of fire incidents. furthermore, there is now convincing evidence that regional climatic chang   changes predicted for the next century could make the amazon both dryer and hotter, increasing  for the first time flame heights rarely exceed 30-40 cm, and the fire moves through the leaf li  fires appear relatively innocuous, they are actually highly destructive as most rainforest tree  rees larger than 10cm in diameter. they are also the first step in positive feedback cycle, whe  80% of their trees 10cm in diameter. we are only beginning to understand the implications of wi  ions remain. for example, we cannot yet explain why rates of tree mortality vary from 8 to 40%   pending on the region of forest, and we have almost no information on the longer-term effects o  ts of fire on tropical forest trees. we need more information on how long forests take to recov  neration after fire in transitional and core amazonian forests. this information will improve o  long time periods. furthermore, it will provide information essential for assessing the resilie
14670	14	heterogeneous environments may strongly influence the immediate and lifetime reproductive succe  sessing habitat quality to subsequently choose an habitat. this is based on the fact that consp  to subsequently choose an habitat. this is based on the fact that conspecifics share ecological   is based on the fact that conspecifics share ecological needs and, thus, they may show habitat   share ecological needs and, thus, they may show habitat suitability. thus, information coming   information coming from heterospecifics is likely to be so valid as that coming from conspecifi  gical requirements. this hypothesis has been called the heterospecific habitat copying hypothes  eeding habitat selection context and it is valid even for competitors since the stronger the ov  bitat selection context and it is valid even for competitors since the stronger the overlap in    different contexts. in this project we aim to test this hypothesis assessing the role of inter  ompetition and to investigate which cue is used when acquiring public information. we will perf  n acquiring public information. we will perform manipulations of the local reproductive success  mpetition by exclusion. further we will do behavioural observations of prospecting in nest incl  h type of treatment patches and we will measure individual quality in order to separate between
12065	13	will we really lose a third, a quarter or half of the species by the m  or half of the species by the middle or end of the century, if sending 250-750 years taxonomist  the planet , what strategies should you implement to make museum collections a response tool fo  is is neither charismatic nor media: it is essential for small and rare invertebrates, which no  ived scientific names and / or nont not been targeted research in the field for 30, 50 or even   ted research in the field for 30, 50 or even 100 years. thereby"biodiversity crisis"and"sixth e  iodiversity crisis"and"sixth extinction"are expressions that are based on evidence incredibly t  d"sixth extinction"are expressions that are based on evidence incredibly tenuous. the losers fi  ology and philosophy of science. but it is also an open project on non- academic society with t  nction on a group of invertebrates, and offer the theoretical and practical framework of a corp  at of molluscs. it has the advantage of being represented in both oceans on earth, and provide   epresented in both oceans on earth, and provide historical and modern data quality through an e  odern data quality through an extensive network of observers.
226	7	habitat loss and habitat fragmentation are considered to be the primary causes of human-induce  r, species with metapopulation dynamics may have a delayed response to environmental changes du  tic diversity, phylogenetic diversity – respond to habitat loss and fragmentation and how they   tat loss and fragmentation and how they are related to the extinction debt. finally, by compari  ction debt in different studies we will give a general value for the length of the time before   he species diversity decreases. we will go to fieldworks to acquire species lists and environme  , genetic and phylogenetic data we will use several databases and the works at the laboratory.
13804	2	tors and on stigmas. specialization has been suggested to be an important trait to predict resp   of specialization and its consequences is needed.
12468	7	project . this project will review and analyse the data collected by the 30 vessels equipped w  ng system. the analyses will focus on 5 key areas. 1. data quality and robustness assessment 2.  uipped with the low-cost vms system. it is anticipated that this work will benefit and influenc  cipated that this work will benefit and influence the potential future implementation of a low-   existing over 15m vms system will also provide previously lacking insights into the validity o  his data to estimate fishing effort. it is anticipated that results will be disseminated throug  ommunication channel. the work may also be presented at relevant national or international conf
12282	12	systems and to identify techniques that could contribute to low carbon farming. this should ide  ntify where reductions in carbon inputs could be achieved without compromising yield and qualit  hout compromising yield and quality and inform the development of low carbon production systems  in areas where reductions/substitutions could be made. it will also be used to identify the mai  bstitutions could be made. it will also be used to identify the main areas of water use. techni  ain areas of water use. techniques that could contribute to low carbon farming will be identifi  w carbon farming will be identified and key positive and negative interactions between techniqu  will be identified and key positive and negative interactions between techniques will be explor  chieved through a literature review and use of an expert panel. the role of decision support to  luated to identify where current models can have a positive impact and where there are gaps. th  ed and the extent to which resource use can be extended by manipulating the gene pool will be d  temperature, rainfall and co2 will also be considered. comment will be made on the biological,
7046	8	solved oxygen who will help work up and interpret the samples and images/films. this project wi  rstanding anoxia as a key, and growing, threat to shallow coastal ecosystems. it will put an ec  l ecosystems. it will put an ecological framework on past hypoxia-tolerance experiments and con   past hypoxia-tolerance experiments and contribute to the ongoing debate on valid tolerance thr  ed by dead zones worldwide. the results can be used by coastal managers to make informed decisi  s to avoid catastrophic mortalities and promote recovery, and provide criteria for determining   c mortalities and promote recovery, and provide criteria for determining the location and borde  roatian and italian waters can directly benefit by being able to better judge the local impact
11654	4	rigins of the lusitanian biota in south-west ireland remain uncertain after more than a century   lusitanian biota in south-west ireland remain uncertain after more than a century of debate. i  tury of debate. in this project we will obtain mitochondrial dna d-loop sequences of the natter  samples in western europe. we will then analyse these data to test hypotheses concerning the or
6770	4	butterflies, was also discovered. there is no hypothesis for this phenomenon. investigating the  ies originating from the oreal biota we test the hypothesis of oreal discoloration experimental   oreal discoloration experimentally. we search for characters, which are help to describe and u  racters, which are help to describe and understand the boreal discoloration via hypothesis cons
12332	3	ive: on 11th july 2008, 10% of lyme bay was declared a marine protected area and permanently cl  ocal/indicator species; to quantify and assess any potential affects to the scallop population;   management and conservation objectives could be integrated.
7181	2	that in recent years its proliferation is weakened particularly due to the development of aphi  nvasion groundsel. the species does not appear as a species as"dangerous"gave the impression th
7522	9	in recent years, yeast producers and manufacturers select bacteria on cr  ities. raw genomic data s. thermophilus indicate that a large genetic variability is linked to   dicate that a large genetic variability is linked to loci coding for particular functions that   sferable ecosystems. conversely, a very low genetic variability is linked to the loci which cod  versely, a very low genetic variability is linked to the loci which code for the metabolic func  the team systematic genome analysis, we want to establish an appropriate methodology to assess   ic diversity of strains of s. . we will evaluate different complementary techniques and offer t   different complementary techniques and offer the best combination to identify the diversity in  aptable to all bacteria for which there is a challenge for the diversity of knowledge
13327	5	macis will review and meta-analyse the existing projections of climate change impa  change impacts on biodiversity. it will assess the available options to prevent and minimise ne  ive impacts for the eu25 up to 2050 and review the state-of-the-art on methods to assess the pr   up to 2050 and review the state-of-the-art on methods to assess the probable future impacts of   that address biodiversity impacts, and are capable of calculating the consequences of the chan
12445	2	summary objective: improve our understanding of population biology and eco  o such variation. key customer purpose: provide the biological knowledge necessary to improve t
15242	4	polymorphism within populations, which was described several centuries ago, and that has fasci  d evolutionary biologists since darwins time, because it is a mechanism that and depict the rol  ologists since darwins time, because it is a mechanism that and depict the role of pollinators   ime, because it is a mechanism that and depict the role of pollinators in those pollen transfer
13356	3	to favourable ecological conditions. it is determined that there have been 2400 identified macr  tions. it is determined that there have been 2400 identified macro fungus species in turkey and  n turkey and 100 of which poisonous. it is also determined that totally 10 of poisonous macro f
2197	1	some of these algae or vascular plants may pose a threat to the biodiversity of the marine com
183	3	macroecology is a newly defined scientific branch between ecology, e  roecology is a newly defined scientific branch between ecology, evolution and biogeography, aim  macroecological processes . finally, we connect the theoretical macroecological studies to the
14470	3	ving in them, and their effect in large scale macroevolutionary and macroecological patterns. t  re species of aquatic coleoptera, which are known to preferentially occupy one of two contrasti  tera, which are known to preferentially occupy one of two contrasting habitat types , to test f
10159	6	animal species are invertebrates and it is estimated that as few as 10% of these have been desc  imated that as few as 10% of these have been described to date. this contrasts with the mammals   groups at equal rates. finally we will test the prediction that generalists are more easily ab  le to colonise new regions because they are more likely to be able to locate a suitable host th   likely to be able to locate a suitable host there, and we will relate this to global continent  cate a suitable host there, and we will relate this to global continental movements during and
15407	4	pecially if range-wide analyses have to be conducted, in such a way that novel extensive proced  ed on a local basis. in this project we address the geographical variation of traits involved i   clusters. measures of leaf morphology, leaf chemistry, herbivore load and herbivore damage wil  ore load and herbivore damage will then be compared among population clusters to test for histo
11059	22	rehensive understanding than has so far been possible of how ecology and environments shape the   over millions of years, species arise, change, give rise to new species and then go extinct. t  ies and then go extinct. there is clear evidence that the speed with which these things happen   the fossil record shows that there have been times when the risk of extinction has been particu  r and others worse. for most groups, we know most about present-day diversity, so can relate nu   particular characteristics, like small size or being able to fly. such analyses, however, don   lar characteristics, like small size or being able to fly. such analyses, however, don t tell u  ng able to fly. such analyses, however, don t tell us whether those characteristics affect the   istics affect the rate at which species are formed, the rate of extinction, or both. nor can th  te of extinction, or both. nor can they give us direct information about how the processes shap  rect information about the past, but it is often too patchy to tell us much about detailed proc  d lineages. the planktonic foraminifera have probably the best fossil record of any group over   ngle-celled, often beautiful, organisms are found in vast numbers in seas throughout the world.  etail. their evolutionary relationships can be pieced together, and each species characterised:  cies characterised: physical dimensions can be measured, and ecology inferred from chemical ana  iments, and other sources of data, also tell us when each fossil lived, and what its world was   possible to understand in unprecedented detail the rules governing foram evolution. how have ra  oes high diversity suppress speciation, cause extinction, neither, or both do individual specie  xt slice of time depend on how old they are which ecological characters shape speciation and ex  ogical characters evolve over time, and is the rate of their evolution tied up with rates of di   to stable some of these questions have been tackled before in some groups of organisms, but pl  s looking at macroevolution, because it is not possible to look at most of these questions rigo
11304	22	rehensive understanding than has so far been possible of how ecology and environments shape the   over millions of years, species arise, change, give rise to new species and then go extinct. t  ies and then go extinct. there is clear evidence that the speed with which these things happen   the fossil record shows that there have been times when the risk of extinction has been particu  r and others worse. for most groups, we know most about present-day diversity, so can relate nu   particular characteristics, like small size or being able to fly. such analyses, however, don   lar characteristics, like small size or being able to fly. such analyses, however, don t tell u  ng able to fly. such analyses, however, don t tell us whether those characteristics affect the   istics affect the rate at which species are formed, the rate of extinction, or both. nor can th  te of extinction, or both. nor can they give us direct information about how the processes shap  rect information about the past, but it is often too patchy to tell us much about detailed proc  d lineages. the planktonic foraminifera have probably the best fossil record of any group over   ngle-celled, often beautiful, organisms are found in vast numbers in seas throughout the world.  etail. their evolutionary relationships can be pieced together, and each species characterised:  cies characterised: physical dimensions can be measured, and ecology inferred from chemical ana  iments, and other sources of data, also tell us when each fossil lived, and what its world was   possible to understand in unprecedented detail the rules governing foram evolution. how have ra  oes high diversity suppress speciation, cause extinction, neither, or both do individual specie  xt slice of time depend on how old they are which ecological characters shape speciation and ex  ogical characters evolve over time, and is the rate of their evolution tied up with rates of di   to stable some of these questions have been tackled before in some groups of organisms, but pl  s looking at macroevolution, because it is not possible to look at most of these questions rigo
6737	1	ords are several decades old, and there are taxonomic groups with only a few or no records . pr
7163	2	s on french hydrosystems. these results are intended to improve our understanding of the underl  lying mechanisms invasive processes and characterize invasive species as well as the most invad
2194	8	patterns and threats • describe the precent large-scale distrubution and aboun  nd threats • describe the precent large-scale distrubution and aboundance of zostera marina and  ted fauna. processes generating genetic structure • reveal processes generating genetic structu  e • reveal processes generating genetic structure in a main macrophyte species. • predict short   short and long term changes in genetic structure in a main macrophyte species. • assess levels  c synthesis and management guidelines • establish a current discussion and co-ordination of the   and guidelines for management tools. • compile literature reviews and results of wps 1.x.x to   aphic region along the swedish coast. • produce management tools that both describe the motive
11611	5	ch a pattern is unknown, but appears to be linked to phosphate sites on the bacterial surface t   the bacterial surface that selectively adsorb some of these elements. this project will combin  n of ph will be used to calculate metal-site stability constants with each site on the surface   ments from ree-spiked fluids which have been contacted with, or in the presence of bacteria wil  this combined macroscopic and molecular level analysis will provide a mechanistic basis for ree
12205	6	nd multi-disciplinary practitioners who are uniquely placed to deliver the maintenance and cura  rvices team teaching and training. . it is our intention to develop the national fruit collecti   activities. this will be achieved by: •use of the national fruit collections as a central them  undergraduate and postgraduate levels. •use of the collections as a resource for undergraduate   or undergraduate and msc project work. •publicise the national fruit collections as a key part   ctions as a key part of the universitys research in crop/molecular genetics, diversity and phys
7579	2	n evolutionary biology. recently it has been shown that the choice of the sexual partner can be  of the sexual partner can be a powerful process, among others, of maintaining genetic diversity
12203	1	the work in this project is targeted at maintaining the national fruit collectio
12204	4	eding. the conservation and sustainable use of genetic resources are cited as contributing dire  nd sustainable use of genetic resources are cited as contributing directly to defra`s objective  ticrop passport descriptors has already been loaded into the uk national plant inventory of ex-  lant inventory of ex-situ resources and is accessible via the defra supported uk genetic resour
181	7	tic system of the nearctic dolerini has been proposed. however, this is insufficiest for creati  learctic lineages were not included. we intend to add even more diverse palearctic members of t   members of the group and using the dna sequence data to work out a phylogenetic classification  holarctic dolerini. the tribus dolerini is selected as a model group of exophagous tenthredinid  h feed on more advanced plant families, is selected for phylogeographical comparisons. defining  heir larvae is also intended. the study is expected to reveal phylogenetic relationships in the  tern palearctic. - creating a taxonomic expert system accessible in the internet that aids to i
10716	40	there is an evocative gas, called dimethyl sulfide - dms for                     there is an evocative gas, called dimethyl sulfide - dms for short - which mo  which most of us have smelled, since it is a component of the smell of the seaside. but it is f  ent of the smell of the seaside. but it is far more important than that. around 300 million ton  tant than that. around 300 million tons are made each year by marine microbes, around 10% of wh  ck memories of days by the sea, but dms is chemically modified in the air to compounds that cau  dms attracts different marine animals - fish, penguins and tiny crustaceans all swim, fly or pa  penguins and tiny crustaceans all swim, fly or paddle towards it as fast as they can. the reaso  s and tiny crustaceans all swim, fly or paddle towards it as fast as they can. the reason is th  s all swim, fly or paddle towards it as fast as they can. the reason is that they know that whe  st as they can. the reason is that they know that where there is dms there is food. this is bec  ason is that they know that where there is dms there is food. this is because dms is a by-produ  they know that where there is dms there is food. this is because dms is a by-product of biochem   dms there is food. this is because dms is a by-product of biochemical processes that occur whe  - dimethylsulfoniopropionate. this dmsp is made in prodigious amounts by tiny plankton organism  microbes can further transform this gas are studied. we use molecular biology, gene cloning and  ther transform this gas are studied. we use molecular biology, gene cloning and dna sequencing   a whole range of microbes that let them undertake these reactions. for both processes, we found  und that some very unexpected organisms can make or can break down dms and that they can do thi  e very unexpected organisms can make or can break down dms and that they can do this in complet  ake or can break down dms and that they can do this in completely different and surprising ways  studies are on purified strains that we grow in the lab. this lets us identify the genes and th  r individual functions, but it does not tell us which are the most important pathways and which  ut here in the natural world have never been cultured. luckily, some very recent techniques let  t trick, invented by professor murrell, is to feed natural populations of microbes with a versi  such a heavy molecule, the heavy carbon is incorporated into its molecules, including dna. by p  and fungi that used the dms or the dmsp can be identified and the mechanisms by which they do s  tified and the mechanisms by which they do so can be inferred. we will do these experiments on    and the mechanisms by which they do so can be inferred. we will do these experiments on mud fr  ich they do so can be inferred. we will do these experiments on mud from the salt marshes of no  ant is also important because it is has been spread by human hand across the world and is now a  read by human hand across the world and is now a serious pest on many coasts all over the world  native species. not surprisingly, there is a lot of dmsp around spartina roots, which teem with  with bacteria and fungi that consume or make dms. we will therefore conduct a census of these m   consume or make dms. we will therefore conduct a census of these microbes, some of which may b  heer numbers of microbes mean that they affect our environment more than most of us realise. gi  e environmental consequences of the dms gas, it is important to know which types of bacteria an  nmental consequences of the dms gas, it is important to know which types of bacteria and fungi   which of the various potential pathways are involved. this may help us model how environmental   s potential pathways are involved. this may help us model how environmental changes such as cli
11704	40	there is an evocative gas, called dimethyl sulfide - dms for                     there is an evocative gas, called dimethyl sulfide - dms for short - which mo  which most of us have smelled, since it is a component of the smell of the seaside. but it is f  ent of the smell of the seaside. but it is far more important than that. around 300 million ton  tant than that. around 300 million tons are made each year by marine microbes, around 10% of wh  ck memories of days by the sea, but dms is chemically modified in the air to compounds that cau  dms attracts different marine animals - fish, penguins and tiny crustaceans all swim, fly or pa  penguins and tiny crustaceans all swim, fly or paddle towards it as fast as they can. the reaso  s and tiny crustaceans all swim, fly or paddle towards it as fast as they can. the reason is th  s all swim, fly or paddle towards it as fast as they can. the reason is that they know that whe  st as they can. the reason is that they know that where there is dms there is food. this is bec  ason is that they know that where there is dms there is food. this is because dms is a by-produ  they know that where there is dms there is food. this is because dms is a by-product of biochem   dms there is food. this is because dms is a by-product of biochemical processes that occur whe  - dimethylsulfoniopropionate. this dmsp is made in prodigious amounts by tiny plankton organism  microbes can further transform this gas are studied. we use molecular biology, gene cloning and  ther transform this gas are studied. we use molecular biology, gene cloning and dna sequencing   a whole range of microbes that let them undertake these reactions. for both processes, we found  und that some very unexpected organisms can make or can break down dms and that they can do thi  e very unexpected organisms can make or can break down dms and that they can do this in complet  ake or can break down dms and that they can do this in completely different and surprising ways  studies are on purified strains that we grow in the lab. this lets us identify the genes and th  r individual functions, but it does not tell us which are the most important pathways and which  ut here in the natural world have never been cultured. luckily, some very recent techniques let  t trick, invented by professor murrell, is to feed natural populations of microbes with a versi  such a heavy molecule, the heavy carbon is incorporated into its molecules, including dna. by p  and fungi that used the dms or the dmsp can be identified and the mechanisms by which they do s  tified and the mechanisms by which they do so can be inferred. we will do these experiments on    and the mechanisms by which they do so can be inferred. we will do these experiments on mud fr  ich they do so can be inferred. we will do these experiments on mud from the salt marshes of no  ant is also important because it is has been spread by human hand across the world and is now a  read by human hand across the world and is now a serious pest on many coasts all over the world  native species. not surprisingly, there is a lot of dmsp around spartina roots, which teem with  with bacteria and fungi that consume or make dms. we will therefore conduct a census of these m   consume or make dms. we will therefore conduct a census of these microbes, some of which may b  heer numbers of microbes mean that they affect our environment more than most of us realise. gi  e environmental consequences of the dms gas, it is important to know which types of bacteria an  nmental consequences of the dms gas, it is important to know which types of bacteria and fungi   which of the various potential pathways are involved. this may help us model how environmental   s potential pathways are involved. this may help us model how environmental changes such as cli
12727	6	is short term project is to collate and compile information from other recent reviews to achiev  views to achieving the short and medium-term solutions; •identify options for the work required  g the short and medium-term solutions; •identify options for the work required to overcome thes  k required to overcome these barriers; •use this assessment of the actual and potential applica  ity. *for the purposes of this project ‘earth observation and geoinformatic approaches’ include  and their integration both with a wider range of gi datasets and techniques and data derived fr
10854	9	wolbachia is a genus of inherited bacteria that manipulate the re  mportant in driving host evolution, and could be used in the control of insect vectored disease   control of insect vectored disease. we propose to investigate one wolbachia phenotype, male-ki  f two species where over 95% of females are infected with male-killing wolbachia. we will addre  ed with male-killing wolbachia. we will address three questions: 1. why do the bacteria reach s  ch high prevalences two hypotheses that could account for the extreme prevalences will be teste  s will test whether female reproduction is limited by shortage of males. 3. effects on sexual s  cording to the population sex ratio, or do they choose uninfected females   to the population sex ratio, or do they choose uninfected females
10586	8	we will test a currently fashionable hypothesis that female bir  eness of their mate. to do this we will experiment upon captive female canaries using male song  ures which females find most attractive are known and can be cut and pasted into experimental s  ales find most attractive are known and can be cut and pasted into experimental songs. female c   varying attractiveness. they will then be allowed to copulate with a stud male and breed. thes  xposed to more attractive songs will: 1 manipulate the sex ratio to produce more male offspring  ratio to produce more male offspring, 2 produce larger eggs, and 3 produce more testosterone in  offspring, 2 produce larger eggs, and 3 produce more testosterone in their eggs.
14561	4	the main objective of this subproject is to write a monography devoted to lice ischnocera obt  nd relationship with the host will also be compiled and comprobated. at the same time the ischn  e compiled and comprobated. at the same time the ischnoceran collection of national museum of n  properly reviewed and organized. a data-base of the ibero-balearic fauna of mallophaga will be
11686	3	ce or climate change. tetraploids often have different characters to their parent species and m   characters to their parent species and may live in different habitats. many plants of economic  ance are tetraploids species have since been found. the objectives of this project are to use d
15275	2	ir environments, inbreeding depression, use of genetic markers obtained with the new technologi  with molecular markers. in parallel, it is intended to address experimentally, using the pilot
15276	2	ir environments, inbreeding depression, use of genetic markers obtained with the new technologi  with molecular markers. in parallel, it is intended to address experimentally, using the pilot
14632	9	the present project aims to study and analyse the conservation status and possible management  ies. the main objectives of the project are connected with a research started by the research t  am previously. the reed bunting decline is believed to be associated with the alteration of its  the reed bunting decline is believed to be associated with the alteration of its habitat due to  . the loss and fragmentation of habitat may affect resource availability, demographic parameter  arameters and environmental factors; 5- analyse the genetic structure of the population , using  nmental factors; 5- analyse the genetic structure of the population , using mtdna and microsate  agmentation or dispersal to the genetic structure at present. we will also use the information   etic structure at present. we will also use the information e.g. to trace changes in the effect
14577	2	males of the mating site. we will also study the genetic structure of the male groups in the t  ng site. we will also study the genetic structure of the male groups in the traditional breedin
7487	6	s with high levels of uncertainty, they are generally vulnerable to overfishing and sustainable  els of exploitation are low. ecosystems are impacted by fishing due to the removal of target sp  trol rules and management strategies to be used in the short term, making better use of availab  formation gaps to achieve reliable long-term management requirements. this work will be develop  wo case studies outside the ne atlantic are selected to give a wider perception of the manageme  ns as applied both through a short- and long-term framework will be examined for selected fishe
2049	6	orld farming communities experience and react towards the change and influence imposed by incre   one where the green foundation has not been active. a more comprehensive understanding of how   sive understanding of how globalisation is experienced and inducing changes in agricultural bio  field. the knowledge obtained will also contribute to cover the need for experience and experti  te to cover the need for experience and expertise by norwegian state institutions, which partic  r experience and expertise by norwegian state institutions, which participate in debates and ne
7617	7	. it is based on the piloting of dynamic trajectories using   erranean oaks system. two dining tracks are exploited. the first is to regenerate and diversify  existing formations dominated by aleppo pine alone by introducing quercus ilex seedlings, querc  xperiments allow to explore the plant - plant interactions and plant - environment and propose   lore the plant - plant interactions and plant - environment and propose forest restoration meth   methods. mediterranean landscapes have been shaped by a long history of natural and anthropoge  ngineering can help promote sustainable forest management based on the regeneration of settleme
12526	1	her non-biological indicators will also be investigated for suitability for monitoring the sani
13808	9	n important aspect of forest areas that are used for recreation, exercising, hunting, etc. we f  ecreation, exercising, hunting, etc. we focus on the effects on biodiversity by three types of   ualities of the forests by urban people are studied. knowledge about effects by management on e  ecological mechanisms and social values are needed for developing sustainable strategies for su  e effects on biodiversity by management are examined for three trophic levels, i.e. trees and s  s, and birds. three types of management are evaluated: a mosaic of 1 and 2. the responses by th  e responses by the public on management are investigated by questionnaires and interviews. in g  r adjusting the management. in this new approach, we will integrate scientific results and valu  nagement. in this new approach, we will integrate scientific results and values perceived by th
15244	5	continuation and expansion of the cicyt project: diversity and ecological significance of mycor  f mycorrhizal symbiosis in gypsophilous plant species; for this project we propose the establis  lous plant species; for this project we propose the establishment of the diversity of mycorrhiz  reasing the number of plant species and gypsum areas studied. the overall objective of the coor   physical, chemical and microbiological soil properties. 2. implement methods for reproduction
15243	5	continuation and expansion of the cicyt project: diversity and ecological significance of mycor  f mycorrhizal symbiosis in gypsophilous plant species; for this project we propose the establis  lous plant species; for this project we propose the establishment of the diversity of mycorrhiz  reasing the number of plant species and gypsum areas studied. the overall objective of the coor   physical, chemical and microbiological soil properties. 2. implement methods for reproduction
12156	18	there have been widespread and severe population declines of breed  lsewhere in europe. these declines have been associated with the loss and degradation of breedi  sland management. whilst there is clear evidence that appropriate sward and hydrological manage  ls of predation on wader nests or young may prevent population recovery even where habitat cond  ch as foxes. however, the key predators do not specialise on wader nests and it is likely that   do not specialise on wader nests and it is likely that nests are consumed as they are encounter  wader nests and it is likely that nests are consumed as they are encountered opportunistically    likely that nests are consumed as they are encountered opportunistically rather than being act   abundance is lower. predator abundance can be reduced by lethal predator control but this is n  l but this is not a cost-effective long-term solution and is unlikely to be favoured as an agri  a cost-effective long-term solution and is unlikely to be favoured as an agri-environment optio  e long-term solution and is unlikely to be favoured as an agri-environment option. thus, findin  e, disturbed ground or short swards and close to areas of surface water. we will exploit these   lose to areas of surface water. we will exploit these preferences to encourage birds to nest in   densities away from field edges, which is expected to result in higher rates of nest survival.  er rates of nest survival. we will also examine the effect of this manipulation on the distribu  lication of fertiliser to promote early grass growth. 2. creation/maintenance of wet features i   therefore an opportunity for landscape-scale restoration of wader populations under reduced le
2210	8	e project is on wildlife species, which can have a significant impact on other renewable forest  e species, which can have a significant impact on other renewable forest resources and where th  a significant impact on other renewable forest resources and where the impact is or is expected  st resources and where the impact is or is expected to be a part of the management process. as   , the project will produce a scientific base for a development of adaptive management systems.   s are to: • develop models of wildlife- impact relationships on which to base the iterative tes  al and temporal variation. we will also consider the possibility to identify areas with particu   explore how such changes and practices can be integrated into an adaptive manegemnet system. c
13715	14	ainst reducing its nitrogen load. dense surface accumulations can cover the sea surface, make b  rogen load. dense surface accumulations can cover the sea surface, make bathing impossible and   ea surface, make bathing impossible and harm coastal recreation and tourism. blooms are toxic a  ation and tourism. blooms are toxic and increase baltic eutrophication by fixing 200-400 kton n  y fixing 200-400 kton nitrogen/yr. they are natural to the baltic, and the nitrogen they fix li  al to the baltic, and the nitrogen they fix likely supports baltic fish yield. to eliminate blo  ooms would be costly, and could greatly change the baltic ecosystem and reduce fish yield. stud  n the open sea and the coastal area and use the long time series from stockholm universitys eco  s from stockholm universitys ecological research, and cover: 1. factors causing and regulating   lm universitys ecological research, and cover: 1. factors causing and regulating blooms, 2. pre  of blooms, especially for fish food and fish larvae, 4. fate of the nitrogen fixed by blooms wh   nitrogen fixed by blooms where does it go, how quickly is it lost by conversion to nitrogen ga  by blooms where does it go, how quickly is it lost by conversion to nitrogen gas 5. cost-benefi  t by conversion to nitrogen gas 5. cost-benefit analysis for society of bloom reduction. the ma
10902	20	governments to improve livelihoods and reduce poverty. for east african countries such as rwan  coffee forms 50% of export earnings and even for larger economies in uganda, for example, it ma  ting prices and other market risks have been shown to enhance services like pollination to leve  s like pollination to levels where they have a direct economic benefit to farmers. as the regio  evels where they have a direct economic benefit to farmers. as the region will be influenced by  y future climate and land use change it is important to understand how to optimally manage serv  age services now and in the future, and identify novel cropping systems for the future. we prop  vel cropping systems for the future. we propose to develop a research programme which aims to i  e the way coffee systems in east africa are managed now and under future climate change so that  ange so that the income farmers receive is increased and rural livelihoods improved. using work   developing new research tools, we will design a programme of activities which will bring toget  social sciences so that we can properly understand how all the components of the system interac  e components of the system interact and affect each other. by understanding how ecosystem servi  em services affect coffee production we can develop knowledge to allow better management of the  services so that livelihoods of farmers are improved. one part of this process is making sure t  is making sure that scientific findings are translated into forms which can be used to directly  indings are translated into forms which can be used to directly advise farmers on how to improv  nto forms which can be used to directly advise farmers on how to improve the management of coff  e management of coffee growing and also help decision makers develop new policies and support s  ecision makers develop new policies and support systems to help guide farmer at a wider scale.
10986	20	governments to improve livelihoods and reduce poverty. for east african countries such as rwan  coffee forms 50% of export earnings and even for larger economies in uganda, for example, it ma  ting prices and other market risks have been shown to enhance services like pollination to leve  s like pollination to levels where they have a direct economic benefit to farmers. as the regio  evels where they have a direct economic benefit to farmers. as the region will be influenced by  y future climate and land use change it is important to understand how to optimally manage serv  age services now and in the future, and identify novel cropping systems for the future. we prop  vel cropping systems for the future. we propose to develop a research programme which aims to i  e the way coffee systems in east africa are managed now and under future climate change so that  ange so that the income farmers receive is increased and rural livelihoods improved. using work   developing new research tools, we will design a programme of activities which will bring toget  social sciences so that we can properly understand how all the components of the system interac  e components of the system interact and affect each other. by understanding how ecosystem servi  em services affect coffee production we can develop knowledge to allow better management of the  services so that livelihoods of farmers are improved. one part of this process is making sure t  is making sure that scientific findings are translated into forms which can be used to directly  indings are translated into forms which can be used to directly advise farmers on how to improv  nto forms which can be used to directly advise farmers on how to improve the management of coff  e management of coffee growing and also help decision makers develop new policies and support s  ecision makers develop new policies and support systems to help guide farmer at a wider scale.
12187	1	ire dales, and in a controlled mesocosm study
11231	24	deforestation and land degradation contribute significantly to human-indu  uced greenhouse gas emissions. how land is used and managed is therefore vital in determining h  re vital in determining how much carbon is stored or released into the atmosphere. payment syst  ms encouraging particular land uses and land management practices that help to store organic ca  g increasingly popular. however, little is known about the risks and gains this produces for th   to support food production, nor how it could affect the livelihoods of the poor. this lack of   e is especially apparent in dryland and sub-humid systems, as much more attention has focused o  ention has focused on tropical forests, even though poverty problems are often less acute than   f managing land for carbon is an urgent challenge that requires the cooperation of a large team  hat requires the cooperation of a large team, working across traditional disciplinary and secto   boundaries. as such, this proposal has been developed by a multidisciplinary group of natural   c of managing land for carbon . we will focus on study areas in namibia, botswana, zambia and m  s and losses and the ways in which they are measured for both soil and vegetation; b identify t  the livelihood activities that the poor pursue in the study areas and the groups of people that  udy areas and the groups of people that could benefit from payments associated with managing th  f land in relation to nutrient cycling, water, and food production, with a view to assessing ho  essing how managing the land for carbon could alter these wider services; and d evaluate existi  ld on the current research base yet, we extend it by assessing organic carbon in both soil and    carbon in both soil and vegetation and link this with social and economic analyses to enable m  ups of people and organisations need to be involved in the larger proposal. this will ensure it  ives of the poor across southern africa while also increasing the carbon stored in the environm  ivities, the project addresses the espa programme objectives by: 1 contributing towards an impr  namics and management and the ways they can help to reduce poverty; 2 developing innovative, mu  multidisciplinary south-south and south-north partnerships that help enhance the capacity of so
13718	15	our traditional single disciplinary approach to understanding the cause      our traditional single disciplinary approach to understanding the causes and consequences o  ate, urbanization, and contaminants. it is no surprise that our efforts to reduce nutrients are  rbanization, and contaminants. it is no surprise that our efforts to reduce nutrients are not b  our efforts to reduce nutrients are not being rewarded with a healthier baltic sea. an improved  ct of these multiple stressors will not be achieved unless we engage in a multi-disciplinary ef  tressors will not be achieved unless we engage in a multi-disciplinary effort to understand and   effort to understand and to ultimately manage the marine environment sustainably. we have asse  ustainably. we have assembled a diverse group of talent to combine paleo-based approaches, ecol  he past, the present and the future. we aim to increase our understanding of the relationships   t, eutrophication, and climate. we will contribute to development of the baltic sea action plan  ment of the baltic sea action plan, and disseminate our research to management authorities. wor  es. working from this platform, we will generate knowledge that is critical to the sustainable   anagement of the marine environment and create the multi-disciplinary expertise to help solve t  nment and create the multi-disciplinary expertise to help solve tomorrows emerging problems.
13764	14	, resource management will increasingly have to deal with the quantity, quality, and spatial ar  se these coastal areas. the aim of a no-take marine protected area is twofold. from a commercia  ofold. from a commercial perspective it is to increase population density outside of a closed a  export of individuals from inside. this is called spill-over effect. if such spill-over is not    closure the incitement for the closure is lost. there is today no consensus on how well ntmpas  citement for the closure is lost. there is today no consensus on how well ntmpas work to increa  s today no consensus on how well ntmpas work to increase stock biomass in surrounding areas. nt  ock biomass in surrounding areas. ntmpa may also exist for a conservation initiative. in such a  ss in surrounding areas. ntmpa may also exist for a conservation initiative. in such a case, sp  onservation initiative. in such a case, spill-over may be a positive side effect. lobster is a   d decreasing stocks, the call for ntmpa is raised. lobsters are long-lived and migration distan  ng-lived and migration distances rarely exceed 2 km. however, the pelagic larval stage of 1-2 w  of 1-2 weeks is potentially a more long-range mode of dispersal. hence, adults are immobile eno  the role of ntmpas for conservation and spill-over effects. setting up an individual-based mode
10276	5	ical cycles is well understood, a large number of putative lithotrophic processes has so far be  ative lithotrophic processes has so far been overlooked but are assumingly widespread and impor   the biogeochemical cycles. as nitrogen is removed from the system and not available for primar  is type of anaerobic ammonium oxidation may play an important role in avoiding eutrophication,   e sedments and aquifers they might also provide a basis for life for the deep biosphere .
10300	7	fested at the scale of the food web. we propose to manipulate a well characterised quantified f  erised quantified food web for which we have highly resolved data, by altering the availability  f the web. this complements the data we have already obtained on a top-down manipulation of the  e same system where we introduced a new top predator. the proposed research will stimulate alga  onous pathways in the food web. we will explore a range of responses across multiple levels of   hole stream metabolism. further we will use these empirical data to inform and develop new theo   use these empirical data to inform and develop new theoretical models that link metabolic theo
11684	7	fested at the scale of the food web. we propose to manipulate a well characterised quantified f  erised quantified food web for which we have highly resolved data, by altering the availability  f the web. this complements the data we have already obtained on a top-down manipulation of the  e same system where we introduced a new top predator. the proposed research will stimulate alga  onous pathways in the food web. we will explore a range of responses across multiple levels of   hole stream metabolism. further we will use these empirical data to inform and develop new theo   use these empirical data to inform and develop new theoretical models that link metabolic theo
9997	4	we are probably all familiar with the basic principle that  fe in these rivers. in summary, we will combine the traditional river ecology expertise of hild  of trimmer in a new collaboration to re-appraise how productivity in our rivers is governed.   appraise how productivity in our rivers is governed.
1923	21	ary production, evapo-transpiration and soil nutrient turnover. but recent studies also show th  rient turnover. but recent studies also show that different plant and animal species have major  rocesses. thus, changes in biodiversity can alter ecosystem processes, which may have important  ty can alter ecosystem processes, which may have important feedback effects on the species comp  s on the species composition. there are still large gaps in our knowledge about these feedback   in pastures withdrawn from agriculture, plant species diversity still did not increase, even af  , plant species diversity still did not increase, even after 20 years. apparently, there are im  ecies diversity still did not increase, even after 20 years. apparently, there are important bo   even after 20 years. apparently, there are important bottle-necks during the restoration proce   years. apparently, there are important bottle-necks during the restoration process. such bottl  priate abiotic conditions, but may also be caused by the low dispersal abilities of many plant   ly studied, but almost no attention has been paid to effects of the introduction of soil organi  lant species diversity in the field. we propose to investigate if the introduction of above- an  ral pastures is an important additional measure for restoring ecosystem processes. we will carr  and garden experiments in which we will introduce vascular plant species, small and large above  nts in which we will introduce vascular plant species, small and large above-ground grazers, be  rs to low diversity ecosystems. we will test the hypotheses that the introduction of these diff  ease in plant diversity will positively affect the diversity of the various groups of soil orga  f soil organisms. subsequently, we will test whether the introduction of these organisms may he  her the introduction of these organisms may help to overcome the bottle-necks that are faced du   help to overcome the bottle-necks that are faced durin the restoration of biodiversity in past
14277	14	in general, it has become increasingly clear that inputs via the headwaters exceed outputs to   acent coastal sea. for nutrients, there is strong evidence for retention and transformation dur  tal sea. for nutrients, there is strong evidence for retention and transformation during transp  chments of the basin. a specific recent feature in the upper catchments of the scheldt basin, e  dt basin, especially in the nete basin, is the enhanced development of macrophytes during summe  biomass can cause water levels to rise, even to the brink of flooding, but on the other hand it  k of flooding, but on the other hand it can act as a biological filter with respect to dissolve  particulate matter. the other important group of primary producers, phytoplankton, usually domi  e where macrophytes thrive. both groups can attain quantitatively equivalent and important year  nt and important yearly productions. it is the aim of this project to understand and quantify t  e aim of this project to understand and quantify the factors controlling the appearance and dev  ring synthesis of and on the subsequent fate of the organic matter will be followed via stable   e river system and used as a predictive tool to assess the effect of various management options  nt fluxes the project results will also support decision making for basin management, especiall
10732	4	global climate change and the large-scale loss of the tropical forests are probably the mos  ormation. this process has an important influence on the global carbon cycling by affecting veg  ing feedbacks to the atmosphere, but it is thus far poorly quantified. the lack of systematic i  nformation a decision tree method, that can be implemented by combining information about the f
10810	4	global climate change and the large-scale loss of the tropical forests are probably the mos  ormation. this process has an important influence on the global carbon cycling by affecting veg  ing feedbacks to the atmosphere, but it is thus far poorly quantified. the lack of systematic i  nformation a decision tree method, that can be implemented by combining information about the f
10987	9	phere of activity, this partnership and project development proposal will draw together a trans  will draw together a trans-disciplinary team capable of: quantifying and mapping the links betw  system services and the health and well-being of the people who depend upon them modelling the   health and well-being of the people who depend upon them modelling the impacts of changes to th  pa health theme. the trans-disciplinary approach of this project will enable researchers from d  earchers from different disciplines and key actors to develop a common vision, while preserving  ying out parallel studies whose results are pooled only at the end. the integration of knowledg  ake place during the development phase, while the research problems are being defined.    phase, while the research problems are being defined.
6878	4	in gene, denoted mstncmpt-dl1abc, which can be considered as a major gene responsible for the h  loci, an intersubspecific f2 population was generated. significant association with hypermuscul  icant association with hypermuscularity was found for markers on chromosomes 3, 5, 7, 11, 16 an  , 7, 11, 16 and x. the strongest effect was detected on chromosome x. the aim of the present pr
171	3	the coastal waters and its changes that are caused by anthropogenic impact. monitoring of benth  . monitoring of benthic communities has been carried out in six study areas since 1995 in the f  ng. image archives, going back to 1972, is also an advantage of using of remote sensing since i
6881	5	varieties of high quality, at the same time resistant to fungal diseases is one of the most im  s several new cultivars of high quality were involved, which derive from franco-american hybrid  uch as dzandzal kara and kismis vatkana are highly resistant to powdery mildew. molecular basis  dery mildew. molecular basis of powdery mildew of kismis vatkana and its hybrid will also be ex  kismis vatkana and its hybrid will also be examined in the frame of this project.
2131	4	the marine phase is assumed to have the major influence on variations in  tions of a few southern populations has been obtained. however, little or no comparative inform  sts from northern populations, but they are hypothesized to have different migration behavior b  e management of salmon populations, and contribute to a better understanding of the oscillation
12343	4	pawning and nursery ground maps need to be updated to take account of new survey data. this pro  ed to be updated to take account of new survey data. this project will allow an update to be ma  a. this project will allow an update to be made for a number of fish species which are also bei  a number of fish species which are also being considered as part of the designation of marine p
12340	5	ndition and extent of bedrock and stony reef within the prawle point to plymouth sound and eddy  edrock and stony reef within the prawle point to plymouth sound and eddystone candidate special  annex i reef in the sac. it will better inform the mmo and the ifcas to set management measures  measures to ensure that activities that could damage the annex i habitats are prevented. the ba   that could damage the annex i habitats are prevented. the bathymetry would provide greater cla
12339	4	ndition and extent of bedrock and stony reef within the lyme bay and torbay candidate special a  annex i reef in the sac. it will better inform the mmo and the ifcas to set management measures  measures to ensure that activities that could damage the annex i habitats are prevented. the ha   that could damage the annex i habitats are prevented. the habitat map would provide greater cl
13328	4	wledge on marine biodiversity in europe is fragmented within and between disciplines. the appro   the effects of increased anthropogenic pressure on marine biodiversity has hitherto been ad ho  ure on marine biodiversity has hitherto been ad hoc and local. in particular, to understand how  ut also new industries that explore and commercialise marine genetic and chemical products.
6933	11	apatric sister species/subspecies often overlap or contact here. marginal populations of numero  ter species/subspecies often overlap or contact here. marginal populations of numerous species   s have demonstrated the double refugial effect in some regions of the carpathian basin which we  ons within the major glacial cycles. we consider that we could identify as extra-mediterranean   jor glacial cycles. we consider that we could identify as extra-mediterranean refugia even thos  those areas where rear edge populations could survive the lgm period. based on these general co  erations a four-step research programme can be outlined: 1. palaeo-ecological reconstruction an  gent populations and/or phylogeographic rendezvous' with or without hybridisation in the carpat  nes in the carpathian basin on climatic change scenarios. which are the probable reactions of t  al in a traditional' vs modern cultural landscape comparative aspects of phylogeographic patter  mately connected with the expansion and retreat of populations. these theoretical consideration
2518	18	xploitation and climatic conditions and combine these models with economic models. to ensure an  ls. to ensure an outstanding scientific level in each of these areas, the project brings togeth  hese areas, the project brings together key competences in operational multispecies modelling,    in operational multispecies modelling, stock recruitment relationships, population dynamics of  in sustainable ecosystem management, it is crucial to account for the fact that increasing the   species models have historically mainly been applied to northatlantic areas but within this pro   areas but within this project, we will increase the coverage to include the aegean sea and for  fy relevant multispecies indicators and suggest methods for estimating reference points. to und  ar variation in recruitment, both large scale temporal patterns, variability in the production    variability in the production of eggs, sub-stock structure and survival of eggs and larvae mus  ructure and survival of eggs and larvae must be considered. the project will identify the main   n the fishing process on bycatch of non-target species will be assessed by identifying suscepti  nomic yield. options for protecting non-target species will be evaluated using management strat  c, social and biological indicators and relate directly to the benefit for the society. the ann  tispecies models. further, a stochastic approach to economic indicators will be investigated si  delivering maximum sustainable economic yield under selected climatic scenarios will be analyse  reas where the amount of data available is insufficient to construct similar models. finally, w  e general public to ensure that results are used in practical management.
11208	5	informatics resources held at ccap, and assist in improving the flow of information from fundam   and industrial customers in the uk and further afield. the collection has a unique range of al  her afield. the collection has a unique range of algal strains, many of which are well document  he 20th century with new strains having been added continuously since then. the addition of alg  of the collection and enables the wider research community and biotechnology sectors to access
10201	4	e earth system and have ensured that it is habitable for all life. the early earth had no oxyge  elements in the biosphere is the way it is because of the activity of bacteria. and all life on  cted programme. important advances have been made in 4 main areas: in understanding microbial b  n discovering how microbes interact and communicate with each other and higher organisms in the
9823	6	the deliberate large-scale alteration of nearshore marine environments occur  tion schemes, such as artificial reefs, are constructed. to be effective such constructions hav  uctions have to be on a major scale and possess the potential to change significantly physical   ystem. industrial investment in a large-scale experimental matrix combined with the collation o  rs the opportunity to develop, test and modify predictive models of the effects of large-scale   edictive models of the effects of large-scale artificial marine interventions in northern tempe
13573	9	olutionary mechanisms that generate and maintain bacterioplankton diversity and how the mechani  y and how the mechanisms of coexistence are influenced by critical abiotic factors such as temp  nd community functioning can evolve and be maintained under under environmental variability and  nutrient loads and toxic pollutants. it is also likely that the baltic is particularly prone to  ants. it is also likely that the baltic is particularly prone to be influenced by climate chang  hat the baltic is particularly prone to be influenced by climate change because of its close co  nt, especially in systems with a strong influence by input of energy and matter from land and r  strong influence by input of energy and matter from land and rivers, like the baltic. our knowl  ng of the marine bacteria are, however, still very incomplete.
167	5	mber of spatial and temporal scales. we estimate whether and when the process-pattern relations  e estimate whether and when the process-pattern relationships are temporally persistent. most o  erimental manipulations but rather they are descriptive and model based. however, the links bet  osystem elements and processes can only be tested experimentally. the effects of spatial and te  rarely addressed. during the project we clarify the role of various ecological processes in the
12663	1	possible. this information will need to be collected, analysed and presented in a format that a
10128	2	of temperature and co2 for which we can be most and least confident in our predictions. the out   managing change in marine systems, and provide important information for policy makers concern
12649	1	ide an estimation of the total economic value in an attempt to gain a true appreciation of the
10245	9	cycles and ecosystems are an important part of the earth system - the set of interlinked physi  y ocean biogeochemistry and how it will respond to changes in climate and ocean circulation, th  t the penalty that many more parameters must be known in order to specify the system. it is not  nown in order to specify the system. it is not necessarily clear how to validate such models -   ecify the system. it is not necessarily clear how to validate such models - that is, to tell ho  ketched above. in marquest they will co-operate, comparing the predictions of their models and   ferences and similarities. we will also examine more fundamental modelling approaches to the pl  tem, with the aim of clarifying what we can expect from the current types of model. new researc  lation into which ecosystem simulations can be embedded. this will enable detailed comparison o
10512	9	cycles and ecosystems are an important part of the earth system - the set of interlinked physi  y ocean biogeochemistry and how it will respond to changes in climate and ocean circulation, th  t the penalty that many more parameters must be known in order to specify the system. it is not  nown in order to specify the system. it is not necessarily clear how to validate such models -   ecify the system. it is not necessarily clear how to validate such models - that is, to tell ho  ketched above. in marquest they will co-operate, comparing the predictions of their models and   ferences and similarities. we will also examine more fundamental modelling approaches to the pl  tem, with the aim of clarifying what we can expect from the current types of model. new researc  lation into which ecosystem simulations can be embedded. this will enable detailed comparison o
11471	9	cycles and ecosystems are an important part of the earth system - the set of interlinked physi  y ocean biogeochemistry and how it will respond to changes in climate and ocean circulation, th  t the penalty that many more parameters must be known in order to specify the system. it is not  nown in order to specify the system. it is not necessarily clear how to validate such models -   ecify the system. it is not necessarily clear how to validate such models - that is, to tell ho  ketched above. in marquest they will co-operate, comparing the predictions of their models and   ferences and similarities. we will also examine more fundamental modelling approaches to the pl  tem, with the aim of clarifying what we can expect from the current types of model. new researc  lation into which ecosystem simulations can be embedded. this will enable detailed comparison o
11520	9	cycles and ecosystems are an important part of the earth system - the set of interlinked physi  y ocean biogeochemistry and how it will respond to changes in climate and ocean circulation, th  t the penalty that many more parameters must be known in order to specify the system. it is not  nown in order to specify the system. it is not necessarily clear how to validate such models -   ecify the system. it is not necessarily clear how to validate such models - that is, to tell ho  ketched above. in marquest they will co-operate, comparing the predictions of their models and   ferences and similarities. we will also examine more fundamental modelling approaches to the pl  tem, with the aim of clarifying what we can expect from the current types of model. new researc  lation into which ecosystem simulations can be embedded. this will enable detailed comparison o
11796	9	cycles and ecosystems are an important part of the earth system - the set of interlinked physi  y ocean biogeochemistry and how it will respond to changes in climate and ocean circulation, th  t the penalty that many more parameters must be known in order to specify the system. it is not  nown in order to specify the system. it is not necessarily clear how to validate such models -   ecify the system. it is not necessarily clear how to validate such models - that is, to tell ho  ketched above. in marquest they will co-operate, comparing the predictions of their models and   ferences and similarities. we will also examine more fundamental modelling approaches to the pl  tem, with the aim of clarifying what we can expect from the current types of model. new researc  lation into which ecosystem simulations can be embedded. this will enable detailed comparison o
9981	9	cycles and ecosystems are an important part of the earth system - the set of interlinked physi  y ocean biogeochemistry and how it will respond to changes in climate and ocean circulation, th  t the penalty that many more parameters must be known in order to specify the system. it is not  nown in order to specify the system. it is not necessarily clear how to validate such models -   ecify the system. it is not necessarily clear how to validate such models - that is, to tell ho  ketched above. in marquest they will co-operate, comparing the predictions of their models and   ferences and similarities. we will also examine more fundamental modelling approaches to the pl  tem, with the aim of clarifying what we can expect from the current types of model. new researc  lation into which ecosystem simulations can be embedded. this will enable detailed comparison o
12437	5	broadly those identified in the barange report under the headings of: • module 1: long term var  : • module 1: long term variability and change • module 2: regional ecosystems functioning • mo   has on marine biodiversity loss. there are indications that we are impairing the ocean`s capac  ovide food, maintain water quality, and recover from perturbations, and that if current trends   in the marine area. defra, nerc and frs agree that this is a key time for an initiative of this
2110	4	he influence of climate variability and change on the energy transfer in the marine pelagic eco  h arctic region. climate change effects can be studied in kongsfjorden because of high variabil  and energy-rich zooplankton and pelagic fish in order to raise their chicks successfully. clima   masses would be expected to indirectly affect these seabirds through changes in their prey bas
2138	4	nt the oxygen store in the swim bladder can be used for extending the time that can be spent in  can be used for extending the time that can be spent in hypoxic water. the alternative hypothes   hypothesis that overwintering habitats are selected based on favourable feeding conditions wil  favourable feeding conditions will also be addressed
7459	2	meece is a scientific research project which aims to use a co  t questions and the knowledge base that can help to address those questions. a strong knowledge
2178	1	anges in marine climate . these drivers are hypothesised to have a significant degree of contro
12381	6	ong term data on the marine environment are limited, however this data a necessity to meet fort   summary objectives the aim of the mecn is to coordinate and sustain a network of long term dat  he aim of the mecn is to coordinate and sustain a network of long term datasets. it provides a   at under normal circumstances would not be available without considerable expense. the project   pense. the project aims to; promote and expand the marine environmental change network, seek fu  venues for new measurements, expand and develop the mecn website and database. the project will
10588	4	this project seeks to develop and test theory linking life histories with population dyna  ation dynamics, making use of the large body of data or exploited marine populations. theoretic  d statistics will be used to critically evaluate criteria currently in use, or under considerat  inction. this research should therefore lead to a better fundamental understanding of populatio
13329	8	ll aim of this project is to set up and develop a european network of excellence, referred to a  ect is to set up and develop a european network of excellence, referred to as marine genomics,   rganisms. marine genomics will promote, develop, and spread throughout the european union a bro  ne organisms. with this aim in view, we propose to group and network experts in genomics, prote  ific communities will establish europes lead in marine genomics. the j.e.r. of marine genomics   genomics. the j.e.r. of marine genomics is broken down into comparative, functional and environ  fish and shellfish nodes. this research can be applied to the management of marine ressources ,  ement of marine ressources , create and develop a knowledge and communication system. spreading
13833	4	piders on the shore-line and indirectly increase spider densities, while algal detritus either   d indirectly increase spider densities, while algal detritus either fertilize plants or increas  gal detritus either fertilize plants or increase terrestrial detritivore densities. to examine   e importance of these pathways, we will use; a spider removal experiment to examine effects on
1994	13	e lakes are unique marine habitats that could provide researchers with new insights into comple  her scarce and unknown marine ecosystem is found in several disconnected island nations and com  tion to each other and to the open sea, offer unprecedented opportunities for fundamental studi  olution in marine taxa, which typically lack fossil records. approximately 200 marine lakes are  records. approximately 200 marine lakes are thought to be distributed worldwide, of which jelly  imately 200 marine lakes are thought to be distributed worldwide, of which jellyfish lake in pa  common in the surrounding reef area. we propose to document the unique sponge faunas of indones  area. we propose to document the unique sponge faunas of indonesian marine lakes in order to in  nd outside of the lakes. in parallel we wish to conduct molecular analyses to assess the level   xon to use in the proposed research. we expect to conduct fundamental work towards a general un   anticipated results will, furthermore, provide information that can be applied for selecting t  , furthermore, provide information that can be applied for selecting the most effective and app  ed for selecting the most effective and appropriate conservation measures for these vulnerable
12573	7	ummary objectives: to build on previous work , looking at archived fish scales from more rivers  s of ocean productivity and growth, and use satellite-based observation data and ocean models t  the salmon from each river go when they get to the ocean, we may be able to predict and manage   r go when they get to the ocean, we may be able to predict and manage the population, seen to b  he ocean, we may be able to predict and manage the population, seen to be declining, better. we  n to be declining, better. we will also be able to better predict how salmon stocks will respon  dict how salmon stocks will respond and be affected by climate change.
12430	1	d marine environment. the descriptor to be researched in this project is: amount and compositio
12431	11	ethylene and polyvinyl chloride are now present on shorelines worldwide. production of plastics   because conventional plastics will not biodegrade it seems inevitable that the quantities of t  . because of their size these fragments can be ingested by a range of organisms including inver  ht case physical and / or toxicological harm to the creatures that ingest them. key customer pu   which contaminants are of concern, and are they made bioavailable at levels which may cause si   they made bioavailable at levels which may cause significant ‘harm above background concentrat   at levels which may cause significant ‘harm above background concentrations. 2. to establish w  the marine environment and whether they are made bioavailable on ingestion and as such have the  establish whether and how microplastics are passed on through food web interactions and what th   the physical presence of microplastics can cause significant ‘harm and in what quantities. 5.   sh whether new ‘biodegradable plastics’ differ in their potential ‘harm impacts.
10099	4	we propose to develop a novel telemetry system for use wit  r use with coastal marine mammals which may be used to answer fundamental biological and conser  ata rates and location accuracy at sea, sub-optimal energy efficiency and high cost. our dual d  rage in between offshore trips. fastloc is a hybrid gps sensor that can, almost instantaneously
11370	6	marine emission of dimethyl sulfide , is the major source of atmospheric dms, whose oxidation  eric dms, whose oxidation products have been shown to affect cloud formation and influence glob  een shown to affect cloud formation and influence global climate. however, only ca. 10% of the   a. 10% of the dms produced in the ocean is emitted to the atmosphere, and up to 90% is rapidly   mitted to the atmosphere, and up to 90% is rapidly oxidised by bacteria. the biological pathway  ved in dms oxidation and to develop and use functional gene probes based on key enzymes to stud
11042	5	molecular biological methods will then be applied to characterise the species composition of b   of dms-assimilating bacteria will also be carried out by applying a new microscopy technique t  pplying a new microscopy technique that can detect cells that assimilated heavy isotopes. in su  ganisms in the environment will greatly enhance our understanding of how marine bacteria have a  ave an effect on the amount of dms that is emitted from the oceans which is important for the r
12333	5	servation zones ; to ensure these sites are based on the best scientific data available; to rel  they become available; to review webgis access systems currently available for marine data disp  e selection of mczs to ensure that they are based on the best available science. the data will   t available science. the data will also be useful in taking forward marine planning, and thus b  aking forward marine planning, and thus be of use to the forthcoming marine management organisa
12391	4	ionships between statutory agencies and volunteer recorders by: developing exportable survey pr  eer recorders by: developing exportable survey protocols that provide a structured recording me  ovide a structured recording method and generate contextual data. promoting regular, systematic  lls base summary objectives clarify and strengthen the links between statutory monitoring agenc
12408	8	determine impacts and benefits of large-scale marine renewable energy projects to enable defra   n science in the energy arena: lead and deliver the environmental science needed to inform mari  wave energy sector in particular. there are critical questions which must be addressed as devel  lar. there are critical questions which must be addressed as development of renewable energy re  fe supporting services when wave energy is extracted from the marine system 2 what is the magni  ergy extraction on ecosystem services 3 is there a balance to be struck.   tion on ecosystem services 3 is there a balance to be struck.   system services 3 is there a balance to be struck.
10392	1	ecosystem functioning, the sustainable use of the marine and coastal environment s natural res
10335	18	the most striking archaeological evidence for extensive marine food consumption in prehi  e marine food consumption in prehistory is observed in shell middens seen in many parts of the   h bones are often small and fragile and do not survive well at many sites, while the carcasses    and do not survive well at many sites, while the carcasses of marine mammals would likely have  ses of marine mammals would likely have been processed away from settlements. moreover, fishing  arming, hence other sources of evidence must be sought. the most widely used approach to assess  e analysis of human bones using the you are what you eat principle . the approach draws on the    human bones using the you are what you eat principle . the approach draws on the fact that oce  ve different stable isotope values that are recorded in the bone biochemicals of the people eat  ever, this work has raised considerable interest because of the high levels of protein in the d  n of these stable isotope methods there is a lack of understanding of the biochemical and metab  al in human bone collagen. our proposal is stimulated by a belief that the stable isotope compo  sotope composition of collagen needs to be understood at the level the individual amino acids.   e individual amino acids. indeed recent work on prehistoric humans from south africa by our gro   of collagen. this will be achieved by: undertake an animal feeding experiments in which pigs w  content such that the compositional and stable isotope data obtained can be used to construct m  tional and stable isotope data obtained can be used to construct mathematical models from which  termined. the enhanced understanding we obtain through the above research will be used to expla
15300	10	living in rivers with access to the sea may stay in the river or migrate to the sea at a given   ess to the sea may stay in the river or migrate to the sea at a given moment of their life. nei  ntal factors influencing this behaviour are known. the recovery of trout populations requires a  answer an extremely practical question: is the migratory behaviour of the adult trout diminishe  ring the early stages of life this work is focused on the adult stage because the juvenile one   age because the juvenile one is already being studied. the second purpose of this project is to  iour of the brown trout. this character can be influenced by both several genes and environment  causes, but epigenetic factors may also have an influence on this behaviour. this project inten   behaviour. to reach this goal, we will study specimens of brown trouts of the same families sh  erify whether the degree of methylation is related or not to the character.
12425	3	summary objective: to identify and prioritise defras marine seabed survey priorities again  urvey activities. the outputs will also be of use in taking forward marine planning policy prop  he marine management organisation which is anticipated to come into operation at towards the en
12664	2	s: to produce a uk marine trophic index is listed for development in the eu/cbd focal areaecosy  ommittee has also agreed to develop and report on marine ecosystem integrity. the work will all
2470	3	nd the netherlands to assess, model and further the predictive understanding of changes in the   nges in the trophodynamic structure and function within the north sea relative to the different  their different expertises will closely cooperate with each other to achieve the goals.
2469	23	the patterns of marine animal and plant geographical distribution along the shores of wes  of western europe and the mediterranean are fairly recent. during glacial phases, the sea surfa  e where a succession of ranges begin or end along the stretch of coast comprised between the me  limits along this latitudinal gradient, while the cold temperate species have their southern li  at predicted for the global warming, we are to expect local extinctions of the less warm adapte  last decades, both types of shifts have been documented with warm water organisms being increas  n sea surface temperature will not only affect the occurrence of particular species but also th  t change dramatically. the geographical range of many temperate marine species is therefore con  terms, the present situation of decadal-scale climate regime changes provides a unique opportun  e differences in intra-specific genetic structure between the leading edge of advancing populat  zone. indeed, although much insight has been gained on the processes of range shift and range e  ned on the processes of range shift and range expansion with studies on terrestrial organisms,   nstruction of pleistocene scenarios, we know much less about the corresponding processes in mar  ng processes in marine organisms. if we are able to capture this signature, it will be in all p  able to capture this signature, it will be in all probabilities, a highly valuable tool to dete  hly valuable tool to detect at an early stage, the signs of a population that is beginning to b  ntain its presence at a given latitude, while at the same time getting a better understanding o  of several species, a process which has been interpreted as a likely indication that the postgl  ation of stable hybrid zones, are still being questioned when marine organisms are concerned. t   being questioned when marine organisms are concerned. the large population sizes of many marin  carrying large masses of eggs larvae or even mobile adults, are among the factors that raise co  s of eggs larvae or even mobile adults, are among the factors that raise concerns about the gen  oducibility of the results. at the same time the project will search for changes in distributio
7580	6	s well as accessions of heritage value, is the challenge raised by the many collectors and mana  nagers often a problem of resources and space, and streamlining collections. otherwise, the div  such. to streamline the collections and enhance their representativeness, it is necessary, in a  nd enhance their representativeness, it is necessary, in addition to solve the problems of syno  he problems of synonymy and duplicates, analyze this diversity in collections and wild populati  osa genres, malus, prunus and fragaria, provide elements to meet these expectations, taking int
6946	7	also representing an important genetic reserve for the producing stocks, due to their diversit  onment. in the light of these facts, it is not surprising that the importance of animals and st  nservation is not only our duty, but it is our interest. the poultry gene bank of the institute   serving this purpose. in our tender we intend to determine the genetic diversity of six indige  the mitochondrial cytb gene. additional aim of the project is to create an up-to-date sperm ban  im of the project is to create an up-to-date sperm bank in order to insure the long term and sa  of male gametes of indigenous hungarian fowl species.
7398	2	of the seed supply in west africa. they are central to the conservation of biodiversity. the ob   model validation based on an iterative process with a rebuttal early consideration of other sh
10140	12	there are a number of distinct types of data which environmen  order to increase our understanding and minimise errors associated with modelling the earth sys  d with modelling the earth system. this can take a number of forms such as model validation, da  atellite data. although these processes are recognised as scientifically desirable, they are of  nised as scientifically desirable, they are often technically difficult, tedious, or time-consu  ften technically difficult, tedious, or time-consuming due to a lack of harmonization across da  g conventions, means of data access. we propose to develop a proof-of-concept web portal which   ddition, users will be able to securely upload their own data in a range of formats for compari  a set of observations and a model. they may then visualise the results of this either on a map,  observations and a model. they may then visualise the results of this either on a map, or on a   ocation through time. finally, the user may opt to download datasets in a choice of formats in   ed in two different areas of scientific research as examples: ocean biogeochemistry and the for
11810	12	there are a number of distinct types of data which environmen  order to increase our understanding and minimise errors associated with modelling the earth sys  d with modelling the earth system. this can take a number of forms such as model validation, da  atellite data. although these processes are recognised as scientifically desirable, they are of  nised as scientifically desirable, they are often technically difficult, tedious, or time-consu  ften technically difficult, tedious, or time-consuming due to a lack of harmonization across da  g conventions, means of data access. we propose to develop a proof-of-concept web portal which   ddition, users will be able to securely upload their own data in a range of formats for compari  a set of observations and a model. they may then visualise the results of this either on a map,  observations and a model. they may then visualise the results of this either on a map, or on a   ocation through time. finally, the user may opt to download datasets in a choice of formats in   ed in two different areas of scientific research as examples: ocean biogeochemistry and the for
10784	3	the external appearance of many species is influenced by selection for reduced ability of preda  h purposed designed experiments we will attempt to identify the reasons for this often-dramatic  ify the reasons for this often-dramatic change in appearance.
10559	3	the external appearance of many species is influenced by selection for reduced ability of preda  h purposed designed experiments we will attempt to identify the reasons for this often-dramatic  ify the reasons for this often-dramatic change in appearance.
10941	27	animals have to both eat and avoid being eaten. any animal that stays hidden or that watch  stays hidden or that watches constantly is unlikely to get caught by a predator, but then such   e way, any animal that feeds constantly is not likely to starve, but may be caught by surprise   constantly is not likely to starve, but may be caught by surprise by a predator. animals theref   considers is its risk of starvation or being eaten. in birds, how an individual views both sta  e away from avoiding predators and once fat, a bird s ability to fly quickly away from an attac  ckly away from an attacking cat or hawk is reduced. therefore we tend to find fatter birds when  ng cat or hawk is reduced. therefore we tend to find fatter birds when starvation risk is relat  ither starvation risk or predation risk is complicated involving a lot of detailed field measur  earch aims to do is to establish how we can use the weights of birds to assess starvation and p  ss starvation and predation risk and so draw conclusions about how they may be determining the   ion size of birds. an example of how we can do this is provided by the house sparrow. house spa  birds. an example of how we can do this is provided by the house sparrow. house sparrows have d  e reason for this is not well known but was thought most likely to be due to decrease in availa   we analysed the weights of over 10,000 house sparrows that were caught as part of the british   ghts of over 10,000 house sparrows that were caught as part of the british trust for ornitholog  that were caught as part of the british trust for ornithology ringing scheme, where birds are m  ornithology ringing scheme, where birds are marked by enthusiastic amateurs to determine their   e under greater predation risk and this was confirmed because we found that weights of sparrows  eights of sparrows in areas where there are no hawks were higher than in hawk areas. house spar  s of reduced food supplies because they cannot afford to put on extra fat as insurance because   use sparrow population decline. what we propose to do now is to expand our research to analyse   tion decline. what we propose to do now is to expand our research to analyse weights from 30 sp  f easily collected weights, we can then provide a general tool that will allow us to tell why p  y populations might be declining and so take conservation steps. with the house sparrow, for ex  ple recommendations of increasing dense cover to act as refuges for sparrows on farmland, or of  ls on cats to warn urban sparrows, that are suggested by our research may be sufficient to addr
11375	1	h diverse kinds of spatio-temporal data can be processed into new knowledge, and to support stu
7503	2	genetic resources. however, this method is developed in very few species, and seems particularl  domestic species where cryopreservation is underdeveloped, geese and guinea fowl. this requires
10366	2	y, evolution and conservation. emphasis is placed on fundamental principles, quantitative skill  esearch problems. this grant supports 4 full studentships for three years.
2467	5	we intend to study ecosystem functioning using the match-m  y ecosystem functioning using the match-mismatch hypothesis as a framework and three different   arents sea and the benguela upwelling - are highly sensitive to climate variability, and the tw  climate variability, and the two latter are important fishing areas and thereby also subject to  mportant fishing areas and thereby also subject to anthropogenic constraints. the present propo
11368	8	deel, a small, eel-like, shoaling fish, is at the centre of the north sea food web being a majo  r consumer of plankton and an important prey for many seabirds, large fish and marine mammals.   large fish and marine mammals. sandeels are also the target of the north sea s biggest fishery.   of the north sea s biggest fishery. it is therefore of great concern that sandeels off the eas  the last 30 years. the decline does not seem to be due to the fishery, rather changing climatic  ry, rather changing climatic conditions may have adversely affected the early development of sa  nge on the north sea ecosystem and also be of use to the sandeel fishery. the project is theref  o nerc s three priority research areas: earth s life support systems, climate change and sustai
10629	2	ive mate choice. specifically, we will: determine whether mating behaviour and mating success w  ur and mating success with other clones is related to the genetic similarity between the clones
11608	4	h maternity of the offspring so that we can look at the causes of the variation in sex ratio an  components of fitness. in particular we aim to a tease apart paternal from maternal effects on   aternal effects on offspring growth and sex, b investigate the mechanism underlying sex ratio c  c investigate the effect of the genetic mix of parents at the mhc on fertility and offspring gr
10323	5	f maternal investment. however, mothers could impose a high degree of social control within the  ferential investment in each egg, which may influence offspring behaviour, and thereby paternal  iments to assess the extent of maternal control in captive canary families and free-living blac   control in captive canary families and free-living blackbird families, in environments manipul  our empirical work will both inform and test theoretical analyses of maternal effects in the re
10932	4	it. if a pup is to survive it must also be able to defend itself against a wide variety of path  uring lactation and those that fast. it may be expected that feeding females are less energetic  ness of the pups. in this study we will add to a project investigating the energetic consequenc  fects on the female s fitness will also be determined.
7307	1	of parameters or initial conditions. it is also a vector processing parameters and calibration
11082	3	cation and dynamical systems theory and include many evolutionary aspects that modern mathemati  hat modern mathematical models have not been able to capture. this study aims to explore the ro   evolutionary branching of are going to be studied.
11600	3	cation and dynamical systems theory and include many evolutionary aspects that modern mathemati  hat modern mathematical models have not been able to capture. this study aims to explore the ro   evolutionary branching of are going to be studied.
11827	1	interface of ecology and evolution and is focused around two key questions in evolutionary eco
10634	3	al sciences, to show how this knowledge can be used in the analysis of specific environmentalis  sis of specific environmentalissues and equip students with the communication and interpersonal  orative research. this grant supports 6 full studentships for three years.
11741	11	honey bee males, known as drones, occur un two sizes: normal large males, which are reare  un two sizes: normal large males, which are reared in large-diameter hexagonal cells . honey be   mating has favoured large males, which can fly faster thanks to their larger body with larger   h can fly faster thanks to their larger body with larger flight muscles. worker bees in colonie  uch more abundant this suggests that it is not worthwhile for workers to lay eggs in worker cel  it not worth the cost in food needed to be reared. the project will quantify the relative succe  ire peak district. queen bees will then be taken to the valley, each in her own hive, and allow  ing and in the number of offspring they have when they do mate. honey bee queens normally mate   they do mate. honey bee queens normally mate with 10-20 males so most queens will be mated to b  ill be tested. the sperm from the males is stored in the queen s body and is sufficient for her  males is stored in the queen s body and is sufficient for her to lay fertilised eggs for the re
10127	7	the proposed research is concerned with evaluating how the mating decisions t  r potential to respond to environmental change, as a result of changes in genetic diversity res   that is normally outcrossing unrelated reference loci that can be used to test population gene  tcrossing unrelated reference loci that can be used to test population genetics models about ch  it. since the plants used in this study are restricted to habitats that have been fragmented as  dy are restricted to habitats that have been fragmented as a result of human population growth,  t of human population growth, the study could have implications for predicting how changes in b
12607	2	continuing measurements on the bleaklow plateau of greenhouse gas and carbon fluxes of peat in   of moorland restoration on the bleaklow plateau on the carbon balance of the system.
10088	6	ing extinctions of others. currently we do not know how to predict the effect of changes in one  as on the other species. however, there is no consensus on how to measure the strength of inter  ese interaction strengths represent. we propose to measure the strength of interactions among t  teractions among the species of a small stream in several different ways, namely measures calcu  ecosystem function. in this way we will enable more accurate models of the consequences of spec  ecies loss or invasion on ecosystems to be constructed.
10224	6	ing extinctions of others. currently we do not know how to predict the effect of changes in one  as on the other species. however, there is no consensus on how to measure the strength of inter  ese interaction strengths represent. we propose to measure the strength of interactions among t  teractions among the species of a small stream in several different ways, namely measures calcu  ecosystem function. in this way we will enable more accurate models of the consequences of spec  ecies loss or invasion on ecosystems to be constructed.
2464	16	en different mating system metrics have been advocated to best measure patterns of mating. one   im of this project is to experimentally evaluate these metrics in a study of sexual selection i  dress effects of population density and sex ratio on mating system measures and the intensity o   populations at different densities and sex ratios, and use molecular parentage analysis to res  different densities and sex ratios, and use molecular parentage analysis to resolve the genetic  all proposed mating system measures and provide insights into the measurement of mating systems  urement of mating systems. it will also further our understanding of the roles of density and s  ing of the roles of density and spatial structure in the sexual selection process, topics that   ual selection process, topics that have been understudied in behavioural ecology. we also aim t  studied in behavioural ecology. we also aim to explore consequences from a recent change in pip  m to explore consequences from a recent change in pipefish habitat due to eutrophication and gl  s well as female pipefish make adaptive mate choices, but many offspring are lost during a male  aptive mate choices, but many offspring are lost during a males pregnancy, possibly due to unfa  e choice may be beneficial. we will mhc type males and females, mate them in various combinatio  al. we will mhc type males and females, mate them in various combinations and follow embryo fat  , mate them in various combinations and follow embryo fate, to further elucidate this mating sy
10829	5	it is widely presumed that the need for energy efficiency   ost of inefficiency remains unclear. we intend to measure the fitness consequences of wasted en  s extremely metabolically expensive and is therefore lost rapidly when not needed we will explo  re lost rapidly when not needed we will explore the relationship between fitness and efficiency  ss and efficiency in terms of selective disadvantage per wasted atp molecule.
11291	8	damental issue in evolutionary ecology, assume that social behaviour is influenced by genes. th  y ecology, assume that social behaviour is influenced by genes. this critical assumption has ra  es. this critical assumption has rarely been tested, and very little is known about the genes u  has rarely been tested, and very little is known about the genes underlying social traits. expe  nomic techniques, can help pinpoint and identify genes for these traits. in future, my group se  ability of sex ratio has not previously been measured in any social insect. for this reason, an  ead to a future project that would also be novel and fundamental, the proposed research should    proposed research should substantially advance the field.
1974	3	nases and other lytic enzymes that have been shown to lyse living fungal hyphae. therefore such  logous to so-called mycoparasitism that is known for certain soil fungi. however, so far no inf   defined genus of bacteria, collimonas, can grow on living hyphae in soil microcosms. the colli
14805	4	mage coloration signals body condition, experience or dominance status of individuals. this is   hy in many bird species this coloration is used as a main criterium for mate choice or to choos  ysiology, biochemestry and genetics. we use as a main hypothesis that different kinds of colour  ties of the individual. we additionally test for the effects of plumage coloration on proceses
10081	5	or left-handed forms of amino acids and right-handed sugar biomolecules is a defining character  ids and right-handed sugar biomolecules is a defining characteristic of biological systems. sim  biological systems. similar preferences are shown for other key biomolecules. the origins of th   minerals that make up the solid earth, are not chirally blind . selective adsorption of one en  o a detailed examination of the atomic- scale interactions between organic molecules and minera
10048	19	in many animals males and females may live apart for some or most of their lives termed s  med sexual segregation. sex segregation may occur when the sexes use different parts of their e  sential if we are going to conserve and protect species and habitats. for example, if sex segre  ample, if sex segregation occurs it may be necessary to protect different habitats for males an  tats for males and females. however, we have to understand why and how this behaviour occurs to   in recent years many explanations have been proposed, of which three are probably important. t   that in many species males and females are attacked at different rates by predators. males may  s by predators. males may be larger and be equipped with weapons such as the antlers, which may  with weapons such as the antlers, which may allow them to use habitats with increased predation  nd idea suggests that males and females may differ in their nutritional requirements, for examp  ts, for example due to pregnancy, which may lead to the sexes selecting different habitats to m  les to reduce this harassment. previous work on sex segregation has generally focused on hoofed  large size and the amount of space they need to roam, scientists have generally been able to do  need to roam, scientists have generally been able to do little more than describe patterns of s   the proposed study will experimentally test these hypotheses using a small species of freshwat  y face. furthermore, guppies can easily be kept in the laboratory, making them particularly sui  rly suitable for this investigation. we know that guppies living under high predation risk segr  r of guppies in the laboratory where it is possible to measure the level of sex segregation in   gregation in a standard environment and test the factors thought to drive sex segregation in is
10226	19	in many animals males and females may live apart for some or most of their lives termed s  med sexual segregation. sex segregation may occur when the sexes use different parts of their e  sential if we are going to conserve and protect species and habitats. for example, if sex segre  ample, if sex segregation occurs it may be necessary to protect different habitats for males an  tats for males and females. however, we have to understand why and how this behaviour occurs to   in recent years many explanations have been proposed, of which three are probably important. t   that in many species males and females are attacked at different rates by predators. males may  s by predators. males may be larger and be equipped with weapons such as the antlers, which may  with weapons such as the antlers, which may allow them to use habitats with increased predation  nd idea suggests that males and females may differ in their nutritional requirements, for examp  ts, for example due to pregnancy, which may lead to the sexes selecting different habitats to m  les to reduce this harassment. previous work on sex segregation has generally focused on hoofed  large size and the amount of space they need to roam, scientists have generally been able to do  need to roam, scientists have generally been able to do little more than describe patterns of s   the proposed study will experimentally test these hypotheses using a small species of freshwat  y face. furthermore, guppies can easily be kept in the laboratory, making them particularly sui  rly suitable for this investigation. we know that guppies living under high predation risk segr  r of guppies in the laboratory where it is possible to measure the level of sex segregation in   gregation in a standard environment and test the factors thought to drive sex segregation in is
10896	22	degradation stem from the unsustainable use of the marine resources, for example over fishing,   over fishing, and other activities that may destroy habitat, pollute, warm and acidify the ocea  er activities that may destroy habitat, pollute, warm and acidify the ocean. maintaining human    may destroy habitat, pollute, warm and acidify the ocean. maintaining human well-being into th  idify the ocean. maintaining human well-being into the future requires finding ways of sustaini  stems that are resilient to change, and have the ability to continue to provide important servi  thinking the way that natural resources are managed, taking a whole ecosystem perspective, unde  t, and governance practices. there have been many attempts to reverse the impacts of environmen  ronmental degradation on the people who are reliant on marine goods and services. historically,  . historically, individual efforts have been addressed in isolation, and in doing so, have larg  ddressed in isolation, and in doing so, have largely ignored the huge range of interactions tha  doing so, have largely ignored the huge range of interactions that take place between the drive  they operate. a more holistic framework is needed to understand: 1 the current status of the ma  es of change and scales over which they operate; 4 the implications of such changes for environ  rvices on the livelihoods of people who are dependent upon them. the proposed project seeks to   ural induced changes to marine life and contribute the information and knowledge required for a  tion of observations and data analysis, model parameterisation and development, and scenario de  em services are of interest to them and have preferences for management issues and aspirations   studies in which empirical research and model development will be conducted to underpin the oth  to underpin the other work packages and test the generic understanding gained in wps 1-3. wp5 p   - will act as a vehicle to advance and facilitate integration across all the disciplines, sect  across all the disciplines, sectors and research foci.
1981	6	cal seasonal butterfly bicyclus anynana is eminently suitable for studying the mechanisms of ad  ociated with temperature adaptation. we understand how genetic and phenotypic correlations amon  elations among life history traits have been shaped by natural selection and how these traits r   the association with rainfall, we will study the mechanisms of adaptation at three levels. our  on at three levels. our research will , determine whether variation in candidate genes identifi  plasticity herein. furthermore, it will address the issues of potential constraints in adaptive
2077	7	rapid climatic changes may signifiantly affect the regulation of the rhytmicity of growth and w  ulation of the rhytmicity of growth and winter dormancy in forest trees and other perennial spe  emperate zone. the growth potential and winter survival of such species are directly related to   temperature climate. the light climate is known to play an important role in regulating bud se  d set before the winter and temperature is known to be an important determinant of dormancy rel  n is scarce, although such interactions may explain some of the annual variation in dormancy-re  pruce by the use of microarray and real-time pcr technology, as well as by the use of transgeni
11443	6	tion is incorrect, and animals actually evaluate alternatives relative to the range of options   y a predator in one environment may not predict straightforwardly the preferences of the same p  references of the same predator when it is faced with a different range of prey species. there    different range of prey species. there are several possible mechanistic explanations for why c  echanistic explanations for why context may affect choice. we propose to use foraging wild rufo  s for why context may affect choice. we propose to use foraging wild rufous hummingbirds to dis
14129	6	dation in bacteria. to this end we will measure ribosome degradation in e. coli strains, which   pe of finding strains where degradation is reduced. direct measurment of ribosome degradation w  osome degradation. in addition, we will test different toxins coded in the e. coli genome for p  ing mutagenesis of ribosmal rna we will try to determine what triggers ribosome degradation. we  gers ribosome degradation. we will also study the possible role of ribosome degradation in the   ibition of various antibiotics. we will determine the kinetics of degradation of various riboso
6931	12	in this study, we plan to investigate the factors influencing the rate an  te the factors influencing the rate and control of mutations in the genome of escherichia coli.  he genome of escherichia coli. a unique tool, e. coli strain mds42, engineered in our laborator  scherichia coli. a unique tool, e. coli strain mds42, engineered in our laboratory is readily a  tic elements, and thus allows the tight control of the type and copy number of such elements re  d on plasmids or on the genome. we also wish to study the changes in the mutation rate after de  prone dna-polymerases. finally, we will attempt to decrease the rate of deletions forming in th  y higher genetic stability. this strain could prove to be advantageous in dna-cloning and prote  mpared to present day host strains, and could serve as their replacement within a time scale of  standing of basic mutational mechanisms can have practical benefits in applications related to   r, györgy pósfai, would indirectly also benefit from the grant. our working conditions will be   y the installation of a polyacrlylamide-gel electrophoresis system equipped with blotting modul
9846	1	use experiments to compare the leaf and root longevity among species. my second study will test
7124	9	it is increasingly clear that the current global warming i                       it is increasingly clear that the current global warming influences ecosys  cement of 30 km on average european and north american species. among lepidoptera, gender colia  th american species. among lepidoptera, gender colias is a model organism to study adaptation t  ecies. among lepidoptera, gender colias is a model organism to study adaptation to climate chan  croclimatic niches. this phenomenon has been demonstrated for a species of north american butte  erican butterflies. in this program, we aim to verify possible generalization of this mechanism  with broad distribution that is to say, present both in the alps and the rocky mountains, but a  the genre even lepidoptera at large. we believe that the multidisciplinary approach and mechani
15132	3	we aim to reveal mechanistic links between life history, e   ecological, and behavioral develop and test novel approaches to incorporate vulnerability trai  ng our ability to predict which species may be affected by changes before declines occur.
218	17	alfalfa is used in its breeding. m. falcata is natural in west-  lfa is used in its breeding. m. falcata is natural in west- and north-estonia on calcareous soi  ing. m. falcata is natural in west- and north-estonia on calcareous soils, while m. sativa arri   and north-estonia on calcareous soils, while m. sativa arrived in estonia at the break of 18th  es. tetraploid m. sativa and m. falcata mate freely under natural conditions, producing fertile  rids. m. falcata and m. sativa can well be distinguished by morphology. however, their hybrids    both di- and tetraploids of m. falcata occur in north-estonia. however, their distribution, lo  y and morphological variability need to be studied more thoroughly. morphological variability o   chromosome races of m. falcata has not been analysed sufficiently: in m. falcata only pollen d   in m. falcata only pollen diameter has been used to discriminate tetraploids and diploids, whi   discriminate tetraploids and diploids, while in m. sativa s.l. the diploids have been recogniz  ile in m. sativa s.l. the diploids have been recognized as a separate taxon. clarification of t   as well as between and within the taxa is needed for improving the presently uncertain classif  cal distinctness from m. falcata has to be specified – if and to what extent has gene flow caus  hanges in the characters of m. falcata, do sicle medics growing in mixed populations differ fro  s and to study if changes in characters can be found in mixed population in comparison with pur  oid complex will be presented that also contribute to the solving of actual questions of taxono
10620	1	over. for high resolution studies there are some limitations in the current data-sets, and the
7707	6	for land, viticulture and olive growing must ensure their sustainability in a qualitative frame  mework landscapes play a major role. 1- analyze the landscape of vines and olive trees and thei  s to promote the landscape heritage and serve as a basic document for preservation actions. 3-   c document for preservation actions. 3- analyze the landscape of vines and olive trees and thei  itage landscape of vines and olives and preserve within terroirs. the project intends to integr  tems by focusing on quality landscapes, guarantee sustainable development and biodiversity for
14834	8	the main objective of this project is focused on a medium and long term study, assessing t   for this purpose, these research tasks are based on a previous project which is due to finaliz   research tasks are based on a previous project which is due to finalize in 2006. this project   roups that are presenting this proposal is entitled as: alteraciones de calidad ambiental en su  d in the previous mentioned project, we consider neccessary to extend the basis of the short-te  r as medium-long term effects. thus, we plan to continue with the research about the effects in  cts on soil microbiology, as well as we want to include a soil quality index developed by us in  y index developed by us in the previous project with the aim of contribute in the decisions abo
14835	8	the main objective of this project is focused on a medium and long term study, assessing t   for this purpose, these research tasks are based on a previous project which is due to finaliz   research tasks are based on a previous project which is due to finalize in 2006. this project   roups that are presenting this proposal is entitled as: alteraciones de calidad ambiental en su  d in the previous mentioned project, we consider neccessary to extend the basis of the short-te  r as medium-long term effects. thus, we plan to continue with the research about the effects in  cts on soil microbiology, as well as we want to include a soil quality index developed by us in  y index developed by us in the previous project with the aim of contribute in the decisions abo
14165	11	d to identify key soil properties which can serve as indicators of soil health has become a maj  h has become a major issue for food and timber producers and for land managers throughout the w  xploited oil shale deposit in the world is located in north-east estonia. today, two opencast m  in operation. opencast oil shale mining is preferred for economics and social reasons and it is  for economics and social reasons and it is considered that afforestation is the most suitable f   be different from that of the eventual climax community. the development of ecosystem and thei   understanding of ecosystem development must include above- and below-ground components of the   components of the developing system and consider a range of biotic and abiotic parameters. new   idly colonized by pioneer species which may be replaced by others as the succession progress. a  ophic levels and in soil food webs they are often allocated to functional groups based on their  n of main groups of mesofauna hills and post-mining reclaimed and non-reclaimed landscapes.
11603	2	ental manipulation in a lowland coastal study area in the welsh severn estuary between 6500-350  mental evidence . these data and highly precise timescales of coastal environmental change will
13840	12	we suggest that the disappearance of the wolf from the fen  hat effects a removal of a mesopredator can have on an arctic ecological community. within sefa   ecological community. within sefalo we remove red foxes in three experimental areas of about 6   control areas of similar size. we will monitor predator and prey populations during winter and  ilar size. we will monitor predator and prey populations during winter and summer using well do   documented methods in experimental and control areas. our main question for predators is if th  main question for predators is if there is an effect from a mesopredator on smaller predators:   east weasel and stoat. specifically, we expect the density of small predators to increase when   ll predators to increase when red foxes are removed due to intra guild predation. for prey popu  ns, ducks, waders and passerines. there are both direct and indirect effects that could affect   e both direct and indirect effects that could affect the dynamics of small rodents. a generalis  lation cycle, the reappearance of these could result in a higher small rodent dynamics with pro
6935	8	n mesozoic benthic assemblages and they are nearly always present in smaller or larger number i   assemblages and they are nearly always present in smaller or larger number in cenozoic samples  rly always present in smaller or larger number in cenozoic samples, too. this project want to s  pods from mesozoic samples. significant part of the material has already been collected from di  ficant part of the material has already been collected from different ages and from different p  or turkey. the most significant results can be expected from the following subtopics: diverse s  fauna of the totes gebirge; geochemical study of brachiopods around triassic-jurassic boundary;  hiopods from the north sea; geochemical study of miocene phosphatic-shelled brachiopods of the
7419	1	rms with two larzac plateau. objective: identify role messicoles auxiliary plants in crop conse
2038	4	complex marine ecosystem. the approach can support the design of an effective and broadly acce  hod, so that both use and nonuse values can be assessed, and the consistency of the value estim  estimates obtained by different methods can be tested. special attention will be devoted to the  distinctive knowledge, familiarity, and experience with respect to the effects of marine ecosys
11146	8	rom, the environment. we will primarily use rna as our template, both for identification of the  and to focus on genes that are actually being expressed in the biofilm and responsible for degr  s to design the tools that we will then apply to the identification of larger genetic fragments   are truly novel. in some cases, it may be possible to express these genes and overproduce cell   be possible to express these genes and overproduce cellulases for characterisation but in tand  acterisation but in tandem we will also attempt to isolate and cultivate the species responsibl  dem we will also attempt to isolate and cultivate the species responsible for their production   dition to redressing this imbalance, we hope to identify new sources of cellulases with commerc
14885	3	ots and the surrounding soil areas . we are also interested in the detection of variants of the  e enzymatic landscape involved in heavy-metal resistance.another important aspect of this proje  anisms from our samples. in summary, we hope with this project to contribute to a better unders
7289	2	cellular life. however, studies mainly concern temperate marine environments and our knowledge  f atypical viral forms in a hypersaline lake tropical justifies this application, whose purpose
10554	17	mption of carbon dioxide by very small, single celled organisms, which are referred to as the p  y small, single celled organisms, which are referred to as the photosynthetic picoplankton. mar  enera prochlorococcus and synechococcus are the prokaryotic components of the photosynthetic pi  etic picoplankton. current and previous work in my lab has demonstrated that the in situ commun  rld s oceans, allowing them to grow and photosynthesise under a broad range of environmental co  ular ecological studies can effectively map the spatial distributions of specific genotypes, th  stributions and physiological states we are essentially assessing changes in the rates of bioge  received previous attention still there is a relative dearth of data on factors controlling pic  position. certainly, little if anything is known of the role of trace metals in this process. t   trace metals in this process. thus, we hypothesise that in oceanic ecosystems genetically dist   genetically distinct picocyanobacteria are restricted to specific niches by their ability to a  ior flow cytometric sorting, icp-ms and x-ray microanalysis techniques. in so doing we will als  r flow cytometric sorting, icp-ms and x-ray microanalysis techniques. in so doing we will also   is techniques. in so doing we will also obtain, for the first time, a real indication of picocy  f picocyanobacterial cell physiological state over large spatial scales / in effect using eleme  g in situ / and hence can realistically begin to determine those macro and trace elements that   ally begin to determine those macro and trace elements that are potentially depleted in situ an
10558	17	mption of carbon dioxide by very small, single celled organisms, which are referred to as the p  y small, single celled organisms, which are referred to as the photosynthetic picoplankton. mar  enera prochlorococcus and synechococcus are the prokaryotic components of the photosynthetic pi  etic picoplankton. current and previous work in my lab has demonstrated that the in situ commun  rld s oceans, allowing them to grow and photosynthesise under a broad range of environmental co  ular ecological studies can effectively map the spatial distributions of specific genotypes, th  stributions and physiological states we are essentially assessing changes in the rates of bioge  received previous attention still there is a relative dearth of data on factors controlling pic  position. certainly, little if anything is known of the role of trace metals in this process. t   trace metals in this process. thus, we hypothesise that in oceanic ecosystems genetically dist   genetically distinct picocyanobacteria are restricted to specific niches by their ability to a  ior flow cytometric sorting, icp-ms and x-ray microanalysis techniques. in so doing we will als  r flow cytometric sorting, icp-ms and x-ray microanalysis techniques. in so doing we will also   is techniques. in so doing we will also obtain, for the first time, a real indication of picocy  f picocyanobacterial cell physiological state over large spatial scales / in effect using eleme  g in situ / and hence can realistically begin to determine those macro and trace elements that   ally begin to determine those macro and trace elements that are potentially depleted in situ an
7664	3	among agencies of ibgn, gammarus is an organization that is a good candidate for biomoni   a good candidate for biomonitoring: it is ubiquitous in the french waterways, relatively resis   context the objectives of the european framework directive on water
11283	9	nces is the composition of the core. we know from seismic and cosmochemical constraints that th  cosmochemical constraints that the core is made of a nearly pure iron in iron - light element s  is made of a nearly pure iron in iron - light element systems. these data further help constrai  ermodynamic models. in summary, we will use an experimental approach to measure how iron - ligh  in summary, we will use an experimental approach to measure how iron - light element alloys mel  rimental approach to measure how iron - light element alloys melt and from this data we will de   alloys melt and from this data we will develop a multi-component thermodynamic model that will   of possible core liquids. we will then compare the model with actual observations to deduce th  s to deduce the identity of the elusive light elements in the molten outer core.
10309	10	rches have tried to develop models that can describe how simple organic molecules could have at  omplexity observed in even the simplest form of living organisms. currently there is no model t  rm of living organisms. currently there is no model that can adequately describe a genetic path  living organisms. currently there is no model that can adequately describe a genetic pathway fr  y there is no model that can adequately describe a genetic pathway from simple primitive organi  tained as necessary using synchrotron x-ray diffraction. in the second phase of experiments we   the second phase of experiments we will add either single crystal clay minerals or idp directly  nic starting material of interest. high-pressure-temperature experiments are made in externally  . high-pressure-temperature experiments are made in externally heated diamond anvil cells at th  experiments will allow us to accurately assess the contribution of primordial organic molecules
10019	20	abitat loss and climate change together represent a great threat to biodiversity because specie  sity because species face the difficult task of shifting their distributions across human-domin  ead types of vegetation. new approaches are needed to understand and predict accurately the res  approaches are needed to understand and predict accurately the responses of species to these en  vironmental drivers of change when they act in combination. the complication is that climate ch  ibution in england. as such, it used to be restricted to exceptionally hot microclimates . the   ers to allow the species to survive and extend its distribution. as the climate changes, this i   loop between climate and the landscape-scale distribution of habitat has not been incorporated  e-scale distribution of habitat has not been incorporated in any scientific modelling framework  cientific modelling framework, but this is required before believable and testable projections    of species responses to climate change can be made. we will develop a new approach using a pop   to climate change can be made. we will develop a new approach using a population model that in  se models will be developed using large-scale data on the british distribution, habitat and pop  riod 1982 to 2001. the models will then be used to predict post-2001 changes, and we will test    predict post-2001 changes, and we will test our projections against new information on changes  hanges in species distributions as they respond to climate change, and the importance of climat   determine whether conservation actions can alleviate the effects of climate change on biodiver  conservation to climate change. we will make the software that we develop available to other sc  ange. we will make the software that we develop available to other scientists, policy-makers an  practitioners, allowing our approach to be applied to the conservation of the many other rare s
11572	20	abitat loss and climate change together represent a great threat to biodiversity because specie  sity because species face the difficult task of shifting their distributions across human-domin  ead types of vegetation. new approaches are needed to understand and predict accurately the res  approaches are needed to understand and predict accurately the responses of species to these en  vironmental drivers of change when they act in combination. the complication is that climate ch  ibution in england. as such, it used to be restricted to exceptionally hot microclimates . the   ers to allow the species to survive and extend its distribution. as the climate changes, this i   loop between climate and the landscape-scale distribution of habitat has not been incorporated  e-scale distribution of habitat has not been incorporated in any scientific modelling framework  cientific modelling framework, but this is required before believable and testable projections    of species responses to climate change can be made. we will develop a new approach using a pop   to climate change can be made. we will develop a new approach using a population model that in  se models will be developed using large-scale data on the british distribution, habitat and pop  riod 1982 to 2001. the models will then be used to predict post-2001 changes, and we will test    predict post-2001 changes, and we will test our projections against new information on changes  hanges in species distributions as they respond to climate change, and the importance of climat   determine whether conservation actions can alleviate the effects of climate change on biodiver  conservation to climate change. we will make the software that we develop available to other sc  ange. we will make the software that we develop available to other scientists, policy-makers an  practitioners, allowing our approach to be applied to the conservation of the many other rare s
13772	7	on colonisation and extinction rates it is possible to predict current and future occurrence pa  ion dynamics from snapshot studies have been developed but have rarely been evaluated. in this   ies have been developed but have rarely been evaluated. in this project i will make such evalua  ew dead wood items in every generation, while other may occur in the same tree for > 100 yrs. o   items in every generation, while other may occur in the same tree for > 100 yrs. occurrence da  tion, while other may occur in the same tree for > 100 yrs. occurrence data will be used to par  e age of individual habitat patches and assume different dispersal functions. the predictions f
10887	11	we are probably all familiar with the basic principle that  of the sun s rays. these organisms were being fuelled, not by light, but by chemical energy fro  ave demonstrated that this may actually be the case. we measured the stable carbon isotope valu  e in stagnant lakes but not in pristine chalk rivers. of course, methane is a powerful greenhou  powerful greenhouse gas and the more we know about how it is produced and cycled in the environ  e gas and the more we know about how it is produced and cycled in the environment, the better.    formed thousands of years ago. here we ask a simple question: is there or is there not an anci  ars ago. here we ask a simple question: is there or is there not an ancient signal in the inver  e we ask a simple question: is there or is there not an ancient signal in the invertebrates fro  nal in the invertebrates from ch4 if we can show that a typically 1 year old invertebrate is ma  hat a typically 1 year old invertebrate is made up in part by 100+ year old carbon, then this w
11236	3	etween these groups, broaden links, and establish a prioritised research agenda to include the    to gel. two specialist journal volumes are planned and novel outputs include use of the websit  website to disseminate videos of talks, short news items and blogs of researchers engaged in fi
455	1	evelopment. this project links a fofifa team with a team from ird, the two having already a col
12020	2	f production systems should, therefore, be publicized before taking any development measures ai  omponents. the microbes program did not provide the opportunity to disseminate these results. t
7486	10	h respect to microbial interference, we need to make use of the natural mutualistic symbiotic r   and the microbial community. hence, we need to understand the mutual and reciprocal interactio  eciprocal interactions between them and use these interactions to the benefit of the viability   ure conditions. this join them approach is contradictory to the traditional beat them strategy   ibuted to some important methodological break-throughs that can be used in the study of host/mi  tant methodological break-throughs that can be used in the study of host/microbe interactions a   study of host/microbe interactions and can help to disentangle the complex interplay between t  quaculture ecosystem. the work packages are directed towards the systematic gathering of novel   nformation in relation to the axis host-host microbial community-system microbial community. it  ommunity-system microbial community. it is anticipated that this novel information will allow d
13938	9	interesting clues to explain ecological question such as biogeographical distribution of bacter  netically engineered microorganisms and transport of alien organisms. there is however a surpri  and transport of alien organisms. there is however a surprisingly large gap in information rela  . there is however a surprisingly large gap in information related to airborne microorganisms w  plemented with samples near the ottenby bird observatory. the latter sampling location is chose  servatory. the latter sampling location is chosen due to the implication of airborne transport   osen due to the implication of airborne transport of viruses transmitted by birds. the suggeste  urn will allow target microorganisms to be detected as disturbances in the normal pattern. micr  ce of risk analysis related to airborne transfer of microorganisms.
15373	8	hypersaline environments are considered as excellent models of extreme habitats    factors such as the temperature or ph, may influence the biodiversity of the organisms that ar   the biodiversity of the organisms that are adapted to such extreme conditions. studies carried  tics or biotechnological potential have been carried out. however, hypersaline environments are  pendent studies, based on a metagenomic approach, on a hypersaline environment, a multi-pond so  ar saltern located on the mediterranean coast that has been used for numerous previous studies.  ted on the mediterranean coast that has been used for numerous previous studies. a metagenome w  tion strategies in order to isolate and characterize new groups of halophilic microorganisms fr
13523	5	alisation was strongly correlated. this may occur because plants adjust their plant belowground  round c allocation in relation to the n-supply; i found that tree-girdling, which terminates th  iz. a 37-year-old n-loading experiment, tree-girdling, and a new n-fertilization experiment, in  ates, and hence the belowground c flux, is labeled with 13c, with the variations in community s  ng a natural forest nutrient supply and plant productivity gradient. at these sites and experim
10633	2	and mortality. set within an ecological framework, this case studentship will focus on the comm   archaeal and eukaryotic organisms also have a role to play in disease in pulmonary exacerbatio
172	2	ion carries the sedimented material and are greatly enriched in organic and inorganic nutrients  y attached to resuspended particles and free-living microbes in the water column of a shallow l
11761	9	antarctica is the most southerly continent and it covers the south  vers the south pole. most of antarctica is covered by ice, but in many places around the edges   ds in the ocean around antarctica there is some ice-free land. this ice-free land includes part  er and drier, and this has an important effect on the numbers, the different types and the acti  , which become very rare and eventually disappear in the south, and microorganisms, including b   soils of the different sites, how they live together in the different communities and how they   the different communities and how they are affected by changes to environmental factors such a  liquid water. knowing how the organisms are affected by changing environmental factors is impor  sponding fastest to climate changes and is an important indicator of change for the rest of the
14936	8	nditions, yet physiological adaptations are limited. in this type of environments, the slightes  his type of environments, the slightest change in the external conditions, as may derive from a  t change in the external conditions, as may derive from a change in climate, could result in th  as may derive from a change in climate, could result in the extinction of the microbiota. in th   of the microbiota. in this project, we intend to study lithobiontic, microbial ecosystems in e  fe in such micro-habitats. we will also study the presence and preservation of traces of life w  arkers. the proposed research will also provide continuous and detailed climate data in areas v  inally, this multidisciplinary research may contribute to the commercial exploitation of extrem
10719	14	neral audience: in 1986, a natural cave was discovered in romania near to the black sea. movile  ea. movile cave is an extremely unusual cave system which had been sealed off from the outside   extremely unusual cave system which had been sealed off from the outside world for many thousan  e of eyes, elongation of appendages and lack of pigment, indicating a long history of evolution  tory of evolution underground. the cave is fed by thermal sulfide water from deep underground a  ater from deep underground and no light can enter the cave. therefore this rich ecosystem has t  e. therefore this rich ecosystem has to be driven by primary production of organic carbon made   he cave. in preliminary studies, it has been shown that microbial mats on the surface of the un  od chain, where these bacteria grow and release nutrient for other bacteria and fungi to grow.   nd fungi to grow. in turn, the bacteria are grazed on by worms and other invertebrates and fina  g other invertebrates. this environment can be considered an extreme environment . on top of th  extreme environment . on top of this we can detect in the same fish-labelled cells the heavy, 1  n top of this we can detect in the same fish-labelled cells the heavy, 13c from methane and car   our test c substrates and over time we can follow the course of the carbon through the microbi
2486	3	d real time pcr. results from headspace gas measurements, metabolite turnover, analysis of acti  t to integrate studies on structure and function of microbial communities in high arctic enviro  n high arctic environments. the project is expected to contribute to more reliable soil-atmosph
15475	1	bacteria a unique framework to correlate microbial ocean pangenomes with
15247	1	the present project can be regarded as the continuation of the previous thr
11734	2	rts of shell of hydrothermal gastropods were laid down. this data will be used in relation to v  stropods in relation to temperature and identify if the larva of vent gastropods develop in amb
1091	4	the present project is aimed to assess the effects of climatic changes in t  ns of marine invertebrates from coastal shallow-water habitats. a number of modifications of de  rine invertebrates from coastal shallow-water habitats. a number of modifications of demographi  have been already documented in a large array of organisms. in our project two meiobenthic anne
9918	3	ntial. research on the microfossils has been impeded because there are few reports from the cri  ofossils has been impeded because there are few reports from the critical ordovician period and  ally unknown at this time. this project is based on newly discovered microfossils exceptionally
7019	7	s that all life inside the earth, if it were brought to the surface from as much as 5 km down,   eir water from reservoirs in the rocks, are in contact with the subterranean biosphere and can   act with the subterranean biosphere and can transport members from these environments to the su  he central alps near salzburg, austria, is known for its thermal mineral springs, which contain  emical element composition. the results are expected to provide information about the impact of  fe forms, if present there, will likely occur below the surface, where they are sheltered from   ely occur below the surface, where they are sheltered from radiation and harsh space conditions
10391	2	our micropalaeontology msc course is designed to provide the specialist training for stud  icropalaeontology this grant supports 3 full studentships for three years.
12428	6	summary objectives: there is a need to build up our evidence base to understand w  work directive . this literature review can be shaped to fit policy needs to better understand   erstand current scientific thinking and determine any significant evidence gaps. key customer p  mark of current scientific research and determine if there are evidence gaps which may need to   ermine if there are evidence gaps which may need to be addressed   ere are evidence gaps which may need to be addressed
12559	10	gardens within the uk contain a unique heritage collection of plants introduc  r gardens across the uk and for a wider range of at-risk genera and species that may benefit fr  ross the uk and for a wider range of at-risk genera and species that may benefit from microprop  ange of at-risk genera and species that may benefit from micropropagation methods. whilst proto  pagation methods. whilst protocols have been developed successfully for rhododendron, there is   ed successfully for rhododendron, there is a pressing need to broaden the expertise within the   tion facility at rosewarne to routinely process a wider range of at-risk plant material identif   rosewarne to routinely process a wider range of at-risk plant material identified by individua  tophthora ramorum / kernoviae. the rare plant conservation programme that this project will sup  will support has provided an invaluable link for gardens to conserve important specimens within
10368	2	nts are both ecologically important and prime candidates for tests of sociobiological theory. h  rmy ant eciton burchelli. in the longer term, these developments will enable us to determine th
14169	5	s, and how climate change alters these, are of particular importance to stand development. comp  mics and growth of post-disturbance and advance natural regeneration will be determined. the re  tion, nutrient cycling and decay fluxes may help to analyse regeneration dynamics during a long  s important as decision making in multi-purpose forestry must be based on a model having reliab  cision making in multi-purpose forestry must be based on a model having reliable predicting cap
10278	2	new methods will be useful only if they are effective that emerges. furthermore resistance is g  ty of this approach is that it does not try to block evolution, but relies on the difference be
7455	5	objectives and content the use of high efficiency power devices based   nd optoelectronic devices differ and it is not yet clear which is the most appropriate growth t  tronic devices differ and it is not yet clear which is the most appropriate growth technique. w   with bulk gan not yet available, there is also the issue of the choice of substrate. the conso  s technology for these materials, which is expected to reflect extensively the expertise within
10566	3	ecently pseudosporochnalean plants have been shown to have formed forests in the mid devonian.   eopteridalean, named svalbardia. little is known about the architecture, morphology and anatomy  hnalean trees. from this material whole-plant concepts of the early archaeopteridaleans will be
1955	7	nsect-abundance, and most, but not all, bird-species have advanced their egg-laying dates over   ng-dates, since climate changes may not occur on their wintering grounds. these birds may not h   wintering grounds. these birds may not have the right cues to start spring migration at the ap  te time when climate changes, and hence may arrive too late in their breeding areas to profit f  limate changes at temperate regions. we aim to study both genetic and phenotypic effects determ   after arrival and in the next years we expect that these birds face the problem that they arri   these birds face the problem that they arrive too late to have a high reproductive success.
14738	3	e impact of threats such as longlining, oil pollution and off shore wind mills, which kill hund   gadfly petrel species are too small to be instrumented, their migratory movements will be inve  mediterranean sectors. finally, we will investigate the impact of spanish longliners on the sea
6900	1	l morphological taxonomy of millipedes, include a taxonomical groundplan, systematic revisions
12211	3	aim of initiative: to develop and demonstrate a technology that uses weed detection and t  s and carrots. commercial and technical background: losses resulting from 91/414 eec pesticide   he point that for some situations there are no products available. for example, the essential u
12520	3	ms in the participating countries. this is expected to enable adaptation of animal health plann  different european regions. the project is divided in 5 work packages, 4 of which comprise rese  e research activities. one work package is focused on coordination and knowledge transfer, thro
6742	7	miocene non marine sediments in hungary are regarded as deficient in fossils. during the last d  earing up of new localities. the faunas are collected by mechanical washing of tones of sedimen  g of tones of sediments. our localities are connected to the zagyvapálfalva clay formation, the  ies are connected to the zagyvapálfalva clay formation, the fót formation and the sajó valley f  formation. the most fruitful localities were excavated in the felsõtárkány basin. during the sc  c elaboration of the fossil material we give new data for the development of the continental fa  environment in the carpathian basin. we establish the regional correlation between the traditio
7041	5	ocene ecosystem changes in the e-alps - leaf assemlages johanna eder-kovar 28.06.1999 in easter  rine complexes developed during neogene time in basins characterized by different evolutionary    plant-bearing localities, some. having been known since the 19th century, some only being disc  known since the 19th century, some only being discovered during the past decade. modem geodynam  urse of the sedimentological-geodynamic project of this cluster.
13874	12	ose contact with the peat substrate and are therefore sensitive indicators of the environment.   requirements of peatland bryophytes and develop methods for their use in environmental monitori   these new data and methods, indicators can help to explain the reasons for recent changes in p  cent changes in peatland vegetation and strengthen the monitoring in the natura 2000 network. t  ura 2000 network. the approach can also be used in reconstruction of past changes from macrofos  ive and at best semiquantitave. we make use of a network of international contacts to assemble   lar plants, the bryoflora in n american is similar to the european and respond similarly to env  american is similar to the european and respond similarly to environment, and n american data c  rly to environment, and n american data can be included. for a selection of species . we also d  d. for a selection of species . we also develop a protocol for experimental screening of specie  h primitive statistical methods, and we want to explore how prediction of environmental conditi   prediction of environmental conditions can be improved by the use of more advanced methods and
15510	6	mistletoes how is modified the vegetation diversity, spatial structure   in general and mistletoe in particular are based on laboratory experiments and on applied stud  en parasitic plants and other organisms may be determined by different biotic and abiotic facto  fferent biotic and abiotic factors, and may induce different direct and indirect effects on the   and indirect effects on the community, is important to obtain results under controlled conditi   experimental approximations as we will perform with this project. from an applied standpoint,
14139	1	sts will include the usage of ahd's and seal-proof netting material for fyke nets. the delivera
15155	1	e results found previously for the same type of tumours.
15356	10	gastropods form the most diverse class of mollusks. these animals have successfully adap  water and terrestrial environments, and are an excellent model system to study and understand t  rial environments, and are an excellent model system to study and understand the evolutionary m   an excellent model system to study and understand the evolutionary mechanisms that are involve  rstand the evolutionary mechanisms that are involved in the generation of biodiversity over lon  ish a statistically robust phylogenetic framework, which should be most useful in any comparati  astropoda and neritimorpha. we will pcr amplify, clone and sequence the complete mitochondrial   imorpha. we will pcr amplify, clone and sequence the complete mitochondrial genomes of 18 speci  eses will be compared. finally, we will reconstruct the main phylogeny of gastropoda, by adding  n a previous project. moreover, we will determine mitochondrial gene order rearrangements durin
12061	1	ucture affects organisms is a difficult task, and consequently, predicting how changes in habit
12021	6	the way of wildlife population are distributed, results from individual or collective   l project objective was to identify and assess, at different scales, the driving parameters of   ent, using african buffalo and european bear as models. a total of 28 buffalo indicate a high m  eous, coupled with the effects of inter-herd competition for space. contiguous but overlapping,  either in time nor in space, home range could be resulted from this inter-herds interaction. be  ty phases for the pyrenees, the project could propose a management tool based upon maps of habi
1951	4	selfish genetic elements have been defined as genetic elements that will spread throu  ough populations despite the costs they may inflict on their hosts. the paternal sex ratio the   ay inflict on their hosts. the paternal sex ratio the mode of action psr: what molecular produc  r structures cause the effect of psr we propose to reach these objectives through a combination
2003	1	ween palaeo-ecologists and experimental plant ecologists provides unique opportunities for impr
438	6	ed on two given problems. the first one is related to the management of farmland habitats by gr  armland habitats by grazing activities, while the second refers to protected areas for the pres  ract, an inter-disciplinary network has been reinforced inducing many scientific productions, t   and contribution value of species have been exhibited. more specific recommendations have been  ted. more specific recommendations have been obtained for case studies : intensity and timing o  nd timing of grazing in poitevin marsh, size of the marine protected area in new-caledonia.
7192	2	plants during the last five decades has been based on improving the yield potential of cultivat  y detailed in the collective scientific expertise pesticides, agriculture and environment. in c
7679	1	ores are components of biodiversity and provide important ecosystem services , statisticians wi
10408	16	velihoods; and how governance solutions can be developed to help manage those changes in countr   changes in countries of the amazon and sub-saharan africa. this research will generate new dat  veloping country capacity to design and implement policy relevant research on the impacts of cl  to design and implement policy relevant research on the impacts of climate change on ecosystem    in most cases, national economies, and are at risk of major disruption from climate change. th  iver landscape in tanzania; the nyungwe forest in rwanda; the madidi landscape of bolivia; and   he nyungwe forest in rwanda; the madidi landscape of bolivia; and the flooded forest landscape    landscape in mamiraua, brazil. we will develop systems dynamic models of climate, ecosystem se  al livelihoods in these landscapes, and combine these with participatory assessments of governa   permit an exploration of synergies and trade-offs in these ecosystem services under various ma  le to other locations in the amazon and sub-saharan africa. combined, the site will allow us to  h quantitative modeling and qualitative research with the greatest effectiveness and efficiency   partners will initiate a participatory process to design a research program to assess the impa  ihoods. through webex sessions, we will host virtual meetings to exchange ideas that will lay t  ta and capacity building priorities and estimate the level of funding required to support the p  th exchange of skills and knowledge and build the collegial relationships needed for future joi
11413	16	velihoods; and how governance solutions can be developed to help manage those changes in countr   changes in countries of the amazon and sub-saharan africa. this research will generate new dat  veloping country capacity to design and implement policy relevant research on the impacts of cl  to design and implement policy relevant research on the impacts of climate change on ecosystem    in most cases, national economies, and are at risk of major disruption from climate change. th  iver landscape in tanzania; the nyungwe forest in rwanda; the madidi landscape of bolivia; and   he nyungwe forest in rwanda; the madidi landscape of bolivia; and the flooded forest landscape    landscape in mamiraua, brazil. we will develop systems dynamic models of climate, ecosystem se  al livelihoods in these landscapes, and combine these with participatory assessments of governa   permit an exploration of synergies and trade-offs in these ecosystem services under various ma  le to other locations in the amazon and sub-saharan africa. combined, the site will allow us to  h quantitative modeling and qualitative research with the greatest effectiveness and efficiency   partners will initiate a participatory process to design a research program to assess the impa  ihoods. through webex sessions, we will host virtual meetings to exchange ideas that will lay t  ta and capacity building priorities and estimate the level of funding required to support the p  th exchange of skills and knowledge and build the collegial relationships needed for future joi
10543	27	n the ecosystem. in particular, we will focus on the implications of changes in the management   nagement of the marine environment that are outlined in the white paper on the proposed marine   er on the proposed marine bill. we will use an operating model approach that describes three di   operates; the way in which this system is managed; and the way in which data from the system a  d the way in which data from the system are collected and analysed. we will extend this approac  tem are collected and analysed. we will extend this approach to provide additional insight into  n and numbers. because operating models can take explicit account of the major sources of uncer  ause operating models can take explicit account of the major sources of uncertainty in our know  ty in our knowledge of the system, they are therefore particularly useful for evaluating the ri  he relationship between the consumption/catch of cod, haddock, whiting and herring and their ab  in which information on their behaviour is collected. they all derive relatively well-defined n  fined net benefits from their prey that are determined by the balance between the value of what  h and the cost of obtaining it. we will focus on a subset of the predators whose foraging is co   subset of the predators whose foraging is constrained by the need to return at regular interva  regular intervals to a relatively small number of well-defined locations to haul out and breed,   well-defined locations to haul out and breed, in the case of seals, or to land their catch and  se of seals, or to land their catch and refuel, in the case of the fisheries. we will evaluate   , in the case of the fisheries. we will evaluate their benefits and costs in a common economic   benefits and costs in a common economic framework that uses the fishing/foraging trip as the ba  ng trip as the basic time unit. we will base these models on the large body of data on seal mov   we will base these models on the large body of data on seal movements collected by the sea mam   north sea collected under the european commission s mafcons project. we will fit these combine  n commission s mafcons project. we will fit these combined models to data on fisheries landings  lony in the north sea. finally, we will model the way in which new management regimes for marin   regional management, proposed by defra are likely to be implemented. we will then use scenario  gement, proposed by defra are likely to be implemented. we will then use scenario analysis to p   likely to be implemented. we will then use scenario analysis to predict the likely impacts of
7277	3	nue to multiply along the mediterranean coast to counter this erosion and maintain resource sus  anean coast to counter this erosion and maintain resource sustainability. in this context, we p  rce sustainability. in this context, we propose to model the evolution of the mediterranean ich
13586	3	ity will be protected when forest areas are set aside in different manners. this is necessary t  rent set-aside types but these have not been used for this purpose before and therefore need te  es of set-asides, and in a method which can be used to address similar questions in other lands
13767	6	ment. however, most of these approaches are focused on improving the provision of a single or a  ng the provision of a single or a small group of ecosystem services, for example carbon sequest  sideration of how changes in management can alter the supply of other ecosystem services, such   h africa. the landscapes in these cases are composed on agriculture, human settlements, forests  culture, human settlements, forests and water, making them representative of much of the landsc  in addition, these models will directly contribute to future ecological assessments that contin
11838	38	million km2 of the earth s surface and support a fifth of its human population and most of its  se of their large spatial extent - they cover an area greater than that occupied by boreal or t  d by boreal or temperate forests / they play a significant role in influencing local, regional   icularly altered precipitation regimes, is predicted to be a major threat to the ecological fut  ing the impacts of future environmental change on savannas is critical to their effective manag  critical to their effective management, be it for their sustainability or their role as global   cologists have tended to emphasize tree-grass competition for water, fire-induced bottlenecks t  asize tree-grass competition for water, fire-induced bottlenecks to tree establishment, and lar  re. yet, savanna models that explicitly account for these have failed to recreate patterns obse  l mechanisms for the same. an important factor which has thus far been overlooked is the role o   an important factor which has thus far been overlooked is the role of tree-tree competition. t  far been overlooked is the role of tree-tree competition. there is a growing recognition that s  he role of tree-tree competition. there is a growing recognition that such interactions might b  luding such processes in models if they are to be useful in predicting savanna responses to fut  to future environmental changes. little is currently known about the nature and importance of c  ons between trees in savannas. in large part this is due to impediments imposed by the event-dr  h to encapsulate such effects. however, long-term aerial photos exist for many savanna regions   encapsulate such effects. however, long-term aerial photos exist for many savanna regions which  rovide a convenient way around the time-scale problem. in the proposed study, we will use a com  problem. in the proposed study, we will use a combination of field work, image analysis and mod  e will use a combination of field work, image analysis and modeling to investigate long-term tr  -term tree demography in selected large-scale experimental plots in the savannas of kruger nati  nal park, south africa where fires have been manipulated for over 50 years. importantly, the ex  ears. importantly, the experiments have been replicated in sites underlain by coarse and fine-t  icated in sites underlain by coarse and fine-textured soils in both high and low rainfall areas  nd fine-textured soils in both high and low rainfall areas, with recent herbivore exclusion tre  ded, making it one of the most thorough long-term data sources presently available for isolatin  making it one of the most thorough long-term data sources presently available for isolating the   for isolating the effects of rainfall, soil properties and disturbance on savanna tree demogra   tree demography. specifically, we will investigate how vegetation spatial structure and local   infall, fire and geomorphology. we will use these data to develop a spatially explicit model of  se data to develop a spatially explicit model of savannas that integrates the effects of spatia  disturbance on tree demography. we will use the model to explore how future changes in precipit  how future changes in precipitation, as is predicted by many climate models, might influence th  insights into the importance of spatial pattern for savanna ecology, and will help define which  y, and will help define which processes must be included in comprehensive models of savanna veg  ls of savanna vegetation dynamics if we are to successfully predict their responses to future e  tion dynamics if we are to successfully predict their responses to future environmental change.
15234	6	of valencia as a case of study. we will follow closely the clear water phase events that are pr  osely the clear water phase events that are produced in this lake after emptying the rice field  sity of the plankton community. we will deepen in the study of the carbon cycle by analysing th  ses and the importance of the microbial loop in the system. we will look at the changes induced  e microbial loop in the system. we will look at the changes induced by flushing in the trophic   munity composition. we will additionaly make a reconstruction of the historical eutrophication
7680	4	is under european legislations, the onf is in charge to overcome the loss of this habitat and i  agement plans to maintain heathland and eliminate young regrowth of birch and pine. these activ  ine. these activities do not completely halt the progression of the forest on the heathland. fu  mapping of the plants' dynamics. it has been done manually in the past decade. work undertaken
13330	8	ne ecosystems:1to assess, forecast, and mitigate the risks of traditional and recently evolving  provide a better understanding of cause-effect-relationships between changes in biodiversity an  the scientific knowledge on an european level in the field of impact assessment of environmenta  e including the estuary and the coastal zone, for modelling effects on higher levels of biologi   identification of key modes of action, key toxicants and key parameters determining exposure.    key modes of action, key toxicants and key parameters determining exposure. the developed tool  d in case studies representing european key areas including mediterranean, western and central   tool selection and appropriate risk and site prioritisation.
7676	1	ituent of wild plant biodiversity. they are a particularly interesting biodiversity case study
13609	10	r algae, given that much of this theory is linked to the biology of plants. marine algae do not  fence and a new theoretical perspective is needed for algae. without a conceptual understanding  understanding of algae function it will be difficult to recognize and predict the effects of en  n it will be difficult to recognize and predict the effects of environmental change on algal co  nd predict the effects of environmental change on algal communities and associated species. thi  efences are costly for macroalgae, and, investigate the role of growth, plant size, and environ  and modelling approach and from this we aim to develop a new theoretical framework of chemical   his we aim to develop a new theoretical framework of chemical defence that is based explicitly   ical framework of chemical defence that is based explicitly on the biology of seaweeds. from a   ral perspective, this is integral if we are to understand the responses of marine algae to envi
10828	3	of climate and habitat variables on uk plant species distributions. the first method involves   ets on bioclimatic modelling efforts to be investigated. the models will then be used to projec  o be investigated. the models will then be used to project plant distributions under varying cl
10120	4	dynamics. the woodchester park project was initiated in 1976 and is a unique combination of lo   park project was initiated in 1976 and is a unique combination of longitudinal demographic stu  dardised clinical sampling. the project is based on the histories of 3000 individual badgers an  sampling events. it has resulted in 100 peer-reviewed publications.
13972	12	seagrass meadows are considered important biotopes for many organisms in  l zone including commercially important fish species. however, the extension of seagrass decrea  vergrowth of macroalgae. eutrophication is regarded as driving force in this process, but inves  ations have also shown that overfishery can result in cascadic interactions in the ecosystem th  adic interactions in the ecosystem that may work synergistically with eutrophication and result  synergistically with eutrophication and result in decreased grazing and increased overgrowth of   our overall hypothesis is that trophic cascade from decreased occurrence of top predators in c  ilable since 1980´s. in this project we intend to focus on dynamic inter- and intratrophic proc  ic processes in these biotopes. we will develop a model that describes an undisturbed system. t  odel simulation where we systematically perturb the consumer pressure and resource supply. to i  e able to do realistic perturbations we suggest a few complementary investigations in the field  gations in the field and laboratory. we believe that the results from this project will provide
2063	2	plague is caused by the bacterium yersinia pestis and is trans  ed by the bacterium yersinia pestis and is transmitted from rodent to rodent by a flea , as wel
2183	2	nomic and societal consequences that it is urgent to investigate. here we propose to develop a   at it is urgent to investigate. here we propose to develop a complete matrix community model fo
13771	8	ulation dynamics. the simulation models are meant for pva of metapopulations that have slow dyn  for species that have slow dynamics. we have earlier shown that it should be enough to use data  ngle survey to develop a metapopulation model for a species with slow dynamics. however, data o  ta on the fire history of the landscape is required. within the project, the fire history of th  ject, the fire history of the landscape is planned to be mapped. i also plan to collect data fo   history of the landscape is planned to be mapped. i also plan to collect data for evaluating w  ndscape is planned to be mapped. i also plan to collect data for evaluating whether the model d  short-cut method is successful, it will be a cost-efficient and quick way to develop metapopula
14125	6	rch and decision support in sustainable forest management. the stand level forest growth models  , the estonian stand level models which are based on chronosequences of forest inventory data w  odel will be elaborated on the estonian network of forest growth permanent monitoring plot data  earch plot re-measurement data. the new type estonian forest growth model will enable to predic  measurement data. the new type estonian forest growth model will enable to predict dynamics of   dict dynamics of tree distributions and effect of forest management treatments and natural dist
2119	9	here we apply for trond kristiansen to visit woods hole for a p   of 5 months during 2005. there he will collaborate with members of the us globec team on appli  llaborate with members of the us globec team on applications and testing of a model of larval c  sing the model with data from ponds and land-locked fjords. the best data available to use is f  t data available to use is from georges bank, gathered by the extensive us globec field program  d kristiansen to come to woods hole and apply his model of larval cod on these data. this opens  oods hole and apply his model of larval cod on these data. this opens a wide range of opportuni  arval distribution, foraging abilities, prey characteristics and physical variables on the feed  cess of both cod and haddock larvae. we believe that such collaboration with us globec will ben
14227	11	võrtsjärv, one of the most intensively long-term studied lakes in europe, is very large but sh  vely long-term studied lakes in europe, is very large but shallow in certain years and seasons,  he conceptual ecosystem model, we carry out a critical review of published literature on võrtsj  cosystem model, we carry out a critical review of published literature on võrtsjärv and synthes  f published literature on võrtsjärv and synthesize the results in the light of fw interactions.   special attention in case of võrtsjärv are the large range of climate-related water level fluc  tion in case of võrtsjärv are the large range of climate-related water level fluctuations causi  utrients through the ecosystem, we will quantify their budgets using the data on incomes and lo   research projects on nutrient loading, gas emissions, and sediment accumulation. to model the   . to model the ecosystem metabolism, we use high frequency data of dissolved oxygen. the intern   the internal carbon cycle of võrtsjärv is modelled and its climate sensitivity tested by integ
11614	1	orest, why is it so diverse and will it survive global warming to answer these questions we pro
13722	3	amics in changing environments. we will apply such models to five herb species, typical for woo  d polygonatum multiflorum. we will also use several methods to assess the accuracy of predictio  as applying these actions at an earlier stage of population decline.
14808	1	el and the role of the life history, we pursue to gain a more coherent knowledge about the effe
13763	6	species-richness in grasslands. recent land-cover and land use changes threatens biodiversity    and functionally more isolated. little is known on how spatial patterns interact with past and  ct a model platform will be created and plant dispersal will be modelled at a landscape scale.   ted and used for modelling if dispersal is inhibited or promoted in different types of landscap  ationally unique historical species and landscape data will be used for model validation. resul  odiversity conservation and theoretical landscape ecology in all types of landscapes.
13951	3	al ecological process. nevertheless, it is poorly understood, particularly concerning the ecolo  cerning the ecologically most important long-distance dispersal quantify immigration rates by p  ng the ecologically most important long-distance dispersal quantify immigration rates by popula
11273	8	in the future it has been predicted that the climate will change somewhat. i  he idea that rainfall patterns will not be as they are now, but rather that there might be more  t rainfall patterns will not be as they are now, but rather that there might be more rain in th  ey are now, but rather that there might be more rain in the winter and less in the summer. as r  wn as the residence time, may well also change in the future, at least for lakes with relativel   the source of nutrients to the lake we can study how a lake will respond to these sorts of cha  pond to these sorts of changes. we will study two different lakes with two different typical re  nt typical residence times to ensure we have a good overview of the likely response of lakes to
12593	20	le soil functioning and properties, and are often adapted to the present day soil conditions. u  hanges in temperature and precipitation may influence the structure and functioning of soils, m  rs. changes in soil conditions may also have other effects. changes in physical structure may a   effects. changes in physical structure may alter the hydrological regime, by, for example alte  of landslips and soil cracking may also change, with consequences to housing and infrastructure  ical and biological processes typically respond to changes in soil moisture and temperature. of  potential to enhance global warming, so is particularly important. an understanding of the magn  to temperature and water budget changes is known in general, we can make predictions of the eff   budget changes is known in general, we can make predictions of the effect of the specific chan   climate change. our existing knowledge is built into process models which are constructed from  edge is built into process models which are constructed from experimental and survey measuremen  h are constructed from experimental and survey measurements made under field and laboratory con  field and laboratory conditions. models are constructed at a range of scales, depending on the    information available. models commonly include a causal or correlative chain relating variable  les, the individual links in this chain being tested by experiment and survey. temperature and   tors driving the causal mechanisms, and are included as driving variables in models. the respon  ate simulations of changes in important soil properties under the climate change scenarios gene  lar space and time scale, and there may be a need to modify them to suit the driver scale requi  es. changes in compaction, for example, are likely to be model by scaling up from process repre  se of identified threats, but will also simulate responses to other threats for which another m
7681	2	iving communities. an interdisciplinary team of french and australian modellers, ecologists, ec   economists and social scientists will, produce, via numerical simulations, integrated assessme
12359	2	module will be applied to model the in-water-column dispersion of marine pollution such as cou   dispersion of marine pollution such as could arise from a damaged container. a scenario will b
12378	2	d applying an appropriate mix of tools, provide defra with the best available evidence on wheth  , provide defra with the best available evidence on whether nutrients arising from the uk river
10927	5	d numerical models. work will initially concentrate on the largest, and best known, subglacial   the largest, and best known, subglacial lake, called lake vostok. datasets from lake vostok inc   lake vostok. datasets from lake vostok include airborne radar the planned exploration of europ  anned exploration of europa, the jovian moon, where a lake vostok analogy is expected.   ovian moon, where a lake vostok analogy is expected.
6967	8	a baseline of vegetation ecology. they can form the basis of climate change modelling and can   e basis of climate change modelling and can assist effective nature conservation and habitat re   types potentially present have not yet been implemented. partly because of the lack of appropr   models for hungary based on the unique landscape ecological vegetation database & map of hunga  dscape ecological vegetation database & map of hungary , which allows country-scale predictions  & map of hungary , which allows country-scale predictions in exceptional detail. recently new p  tial vegetation modelling, but have not been tested on such subject yet. i plan to use such a t   in their co-occurrence. this will also provide nature conservation and ecological restoration
12260	5	biodiversity of agricultural landscapes is determined by the spatial arrangement of land use ty  edict how the decisions made about land-use, based on economic, land characteristic, landscape   made about land-use, based on economic, land characteristic, landscape and management factors,   stic, landscape and management factors, affect biodiversity within agroecosystems, with a focus  with a focus on how economic incentives could be utilised to optimise biodiversity enhancement
10493	20	algal blooms. globally, western europe is regarded as a hot spot of riverine nitrogen flux and  e nitrogen flux and some of the highest nitrate concentrations are found in uk rivers, particul  e of the highest nitrate concentrations are found in uk rivers, particularly the river thames.   cale land-use and management change has been demonstrated, and suggested to be of potentially g   suggested to be of potentially greater water quality significance than projected climate chang  minated river catchments exhibit a long-term in order to fully understand the rate and magnitud  s exhibit a long-term in order to fully understand the rate and magnitude of land to river tran  w perspective on the importance of long-term catchment function, but alarmingly, in england, th  tion, but alarmingly, in england, there are few data from before the establishment of the water  ecords to construct the world s longest water quality time series comprising monthly average ni  luences over the period, the timing and character of catchment responses to changing land use a  ment responses to changing land use and land management policy, and comparison of the magnitude  s of climate change over a sufficiently long period. the proposed research will use this thames   proposed research will use this thames record to develop new methods and models, coupled with   t concentrations in both the short- and long-term. this will allow the rates at which groundwat   policymakers to prioritise actions and make decisions. it will also show the ways in which mon  ctions and make decisions. it will also show the ways in which monitoring programmes need to be   in which monitoring programmes need to be managed to provide appropriate data, and the ways in  nd the ways in which those data need to be interpreted if we are to manage our natural resource  those data need to be interpreted if we are to manage our natural resources effectively and sus
7154	3	global changes including climate risk, take into account uncertainty and arrival information.   uncertainty and arrival information. we must integrate the respective complexity of ecological   linary research project is to build and develop mathematical models stylized and integrated seq
14479	2	communications of some researchers have been found, with contradictory results and no scientifi  re and ulterior handling. these species are captured with increasing frequency nowadays, and mo
12062	4	e desert of sahara, the whole diversity is estimated to be over 31,000 species, 11% of which ar  10% of its overall biological diversity is threatened and the bulk is constituted of plants . i  al diversity is threatened and the bulk is constituted of plants . in terms of cultural evoluti  eriods, did modern humans have a strong influence on the environment
15423	4	the river are the reason why the tinto is one of the most interesting ecosystems for the study  crobial ecology of extreme environments may provide new information regarding limits of life an  tosynthetic activity of algae, and they are also responsible for most of the biomass. however,   ed in the iberian pyritic belt. we will study the possible application of acidic microalgae in
7516	1	n genetic structures of populations and identify ancient introgression episodes distinguishing
11299	14	. in addition, many oomycetes seriously impact upon the ecology of natural populations. in coas  tems, the oomycete eurychasma dicksonii is thought to contribute to shaping populations of brow  own algal species tested so far, but it is also the most prevalent eukaryotic pathogen in natur  ulations. remarkably, virtually nothing is known about many fundamental aspects of pathogenicit  . dicksonii. as part of the oceans 2025 core strategic program, we are currently developing too   part of the oceans 2025 core strategic program, we are currently developing tools to study the   oceans 2025 core strategic program, we are currently developing tools to study the impact of e  g why e. dicksonii has such a wide host-range, what makes this pathogen so successful, and what   on how natural brown algal populations are affected by epidemic outbreaks of e. dicksonii, and  inants of host specificity will further be correlated to the genetic and biogeographical backgr  ated to the genetic and biogeographical background of the pathogen from sites around the world.  ld. at the completion of this study, we expect to demonstrate that e. dicksonii is secreting ef  ii is secreting effector molecules that may be translocated into the host cells, and that are u  at are under diversifying selection. we hope to generate precise hypotheses on their role in th
11540	14	. in addition, many oomycetes seriously impact upon the ecology of natural populations. in coas  tems, the oomycete eurychasma dicksonii is thought to contribute to shaping populations of brow  own algal species tested so far, but it is also the most prevalent eukaryotic pathogen in natur  ulations. remarkably, virtually nothing is known about many fundamental aspects of pathogenicit  . dicksonii. as part of the oceans 2025 core strategic program, we are currently developing too   part of the oceans 2025 core strategic program, we are currently developing tools to study the   oceans 2025 core strategic program, we are currently developing tools to study the impact of e  g why e. dicksonii has such a wide host-range, what makes this pathogen so successful, and what   on how natural brown algal populations are affected by epidemic outbreaks of e. dicksonii, and  inants of host specificity will further be correlated to the genetic and biogeographical backgr  ated to the genetic and biogeographical background of the pathogen from sites around the world.  ld. at the completion of this study, we expect to demonstrate that e. dicksonii is secreting ef  ii is secreting effector molecules that may be translocated into the host cells, and that are u  at are under diversifying selection. we hope to generate precise hypotheses on their role in th
11630	11	government departments that monitor and regulate the levels of chemicals in the environment can   levels of chemicals in the environment can check to see if disease is caused in fish and can l  environment can check to see if disease is caused in fish and can look for possible polluting c  to see if disease is caused in fish and can look for possible polluting chemicals but what we r  that might be harmful in fish before it is too late and disease occurs. in recent years there h  ease occurs. in recent years there have been fantastic scientific advances that allow researche  il. this new area of biological science is called the omics . this project involves a transfer    as the environment agency so that both can learn about how this technology can be used to impr  oth can learn about how this technology can be used to improve the assessment of animal health   causing harm in the environment.we will have a workshop where the scientists will decide on wha  here the scientists will decide on what is needed and how to do it and then workers will exchan
14448	4	r new probiotic strains with beneficial effect on the health of consumers. meanwhile, in bulgar  ducts and in the gastrointestinal tract is foreseen in the project. a major result of the proje  molecular basis of the immunomodulating effect of selected bulgarian lactic acid bacteria, dete  cientific novelty in bulgaria. the long-term objective of the consortium is the beneficial futu
10463	1	allow contributions of heterotrophs to be assessed. outputs will provide information for mecha
10328	3	s within the cheilostomate bryozoa have been documented in some detail but the phylogenetic rel  between families is poorly resolved. we propose to investigate phylogenies within the cheilosto  eciation in this diverse and widespread group of organisms. the study will involve the use of f
11385	25	s food, shelter and mates, when limited can lead to high levels of aggression between individua  apparent and dependent upon position or rank within the hierarchy; this determines the probabil  n terms of survivorship . the dominant, rank 1, tends to obtain exclusive or priority access to  ive or priority access to resources and can limit the access of lower rank members to these res  members to these resources. hierarchies can be composed of a highly aggressive dominant, aggres  nt rank and that these differences also extend to the level of genes. microarray technology, wh  sion of thousands of genes at one time, was used to assess if genes differ between three ranks   . individual fish held under growth and stress regimes enabled the identification of genes sole  ance status. three candidate genes have been identified that correlate with rank position: map   fied that correlate with rank position: map kinase which has previously been linked to stress r  sition: map kinase which has previously been linked to stress responses; gaba a which has been   d to stress responses; gaba a which has been implicated in aggression and anxiety; and ependymi  nd anxiety; and ependymin which has not been linked to aggression but serves a role in learning  etween a number of hierarchies and this may explain why physiology differs between the ranks. t   therefore, animals of different status may respond in a different way or at a different rate w   subject to simulated drought or spate, rank 2 ended to lose its position to rank 3. rank 2 has  rank 3. rank 2 has the least favourable position since it loses weight, has high stress levels    stress levels in terms of cortisol and stress-related gene expression so may be unable to cope  mstances and thus loses position. i now aim to understand if the candidate genes are active at   ce status. modern technology shall also be adopted to understand if there is a metabolomic sign   also be adopted to understand if there is a metabolomic signature correlated with rank positio  rank position and, if so, can dominance be predicted by analysing blood metabolites from indivi   this will explore whether metabolomics can be used as a diagnostic tool to predict dominance r  onse to ecological change and why there are intraspecific differences with certain individuals   owing an adaptive response while others are unable to cope.
15078	1	ory of human populations. to do this we propose the analysis of three genomic regions the fist
6852	4	esistance gene-pool. furthermore, there is a bi-directional traffic of all of these organisms b   furthermore, there is a bi-directional traffic of all of these organisms between the environme  stigate the incidence, linkage to multi drug resistance, the molecular background and transfera   extraintestinal pathogenic strains. it is anticipated that these results will contribute to th
14606	4	revious results from our lab and others show that a key protein involved in this adaptation is   scana, which is invasive in eurasia. we propose to test whether the multiple alleles at a1 repr  test whether the multiple alleles at a1 represent an adaptation to environments characterized b  ysico-chemical properties . besides, we plan to use our data to investigate the phylogenetic re
14810	7	almost all the immunology that we know is founded on studies of animals, mostly from mouse or   om mouse or rat models. however, little is known about the molecular bases or mechanisms involv  ucidate new molecular mechanisms, which could be found in the immune defense, we should look ca  hogens and toxins found in its food, it is a good exemplar for the study of its molecular immun  e unique immune molecular mechanisms we could learn from with the aid of the modern immunologic  biology techniques, the present project is intended to study the natural immunity of vultures a  dy the natural immunity of vultures and answer all these questions. the information obtained fr
10963	4	zinc treatments. genes whose expression is correlated with either tolerance or accumulation wil  segregating f2 family of the a. petraea x a. halleri cross. qtl analysis will also be used to d  . halleri cross. qtl analysis will also be used to determine whether there are any genes which   also be used to determine whether there are any genes which are not detected by transcriptional
15484	1	aily rhythms will help in our study. we believe that our results may be relevant not only to ga
6858	2	consequence, dilated cardiomyopathy. we believe that these patients, who went through cardiac t  iac transplantation at the vascular and heart transplantation clinic of semmelweis university a
11344	3	r ecology and hydrology, windermere, we plan to analyse cellulose baits colonised in the water   n a single catchment area. cellulolysis is an important driver of the biodegradation cycle in l  biodegradation cycle in lakes yet there is a paucity of information on the subject, which this
6807	5	ip of myxosporeans and the evolutionary background of host-parasite interactions. in the presen  nteractions. in the present project, we plan to continue the molecular biological studies on my  ological studies on myxosporeans, which was started in our institute four years ago. by the exa  tion of further myxosporean species, we plan to expand the phylogenetic analysis of these paras  ill the appearance of mature spores. it is important particularly in the case of sphaerospora r
6857	10	atpa2 gene and coded protein of serca2 was found in the background of dd. this protein is a p-  e background of dd. this protein is a p-type atp-ase located in the sarcoplasmatic reticulum. t  erminals and the tissue expressions. it is known that the ca2+ in the citoplasm takes part in t  es and in the celldifferentiation, this can explain the role of ata2 gen in the pathogenesis of  tion, this can explain the role of ata2 gen in the pathogenesis of dd. the mutation of atpc1 ge  nesis of dd. the mutation of atpc1 gene was found in the background of hhd with positional clon  d with positional cloning. this protein is located in the golgi apparat. extrinsic and intrinsi  ent genetical and environmental factors are found in the background of the pathogenesis. it is    the background of the pathogenesis. it is a clinical observation that severe atopic dermatitis  ties are not revealed till today. there are some studies which could have found any connection
11618	7	e a ubiquitous, abundant, hyper-diverse group of ecological importance and, theoretically, shou  logical monitoring. unfortunately, they are difficult to work with because they are microscopic  are difficult to work with because they are microscopic, have uncertain species definition char  work with because they are microscopic, have uncertain species definition characterised by phen   phenetic morphological characters, and are largely undescribed outside of north-west european   re largely undescribed outside of north-west european coastal waters. their identification into  hological species requires considerable time, money, and taxonomic expertise. this project will
14544	3	ystems. most of these bacteria have not been cultured and characterized yet and their physiolog  nknown. so far, only three species have been described within the division acidobacteria acidob  teria acidobacteria cells. we will also attempt to culture the most abundant acidobacteria whic
7494	2	l bacteria, alternative techniques have been developed based on the extraction of microbial dna   biodiversity rate. the gains will also be used to develop mycorrhizal fungi cdna libraries fro
6907	5	tivars selected for disease resistance, fruit quality or tree growth characteristics etc. the e  or disease resistance, fruit quality or tree growth characteristics etc. the emergence of pcr-b  rs has created the opportunity for fine-scale genetic characterizations of germplasm collection  ing and cultivation, ssr fingerprinting can be used for cultivar differentiation. some plant re  ers linked to resistance genes in apple is planned to achieve using degenerate primers designed
10074	16	of the oceans this production of oxygen is dominated by very small, single celled organisms, wh  n of oxygen is dominated by very small, single celled organisms, which are referred to as the p  y small, single celled organisms, which are referred to as the photosynthetic picoplankton. mar  yote taxa. in addition, we will use dot-blot hybridisation, fluorescent in situ hybridisation a  ry since different algal classes likely have different cell specific c fixation rates. thus, es  g satellite imagery, which utilise only surface chlorophyll measurements, may underestimate pro   only surface chlorophyll measurements, may underestimate productivity by not accounting for th   this photosynthesis at depth and which may contribute a significant proportion of the total. s   and which may contribute a significant proportion of the total. similarly, it is clear that si  oportion of the total. similarly, it is clear that since the species composition of pelagic foo  he oceans not just the carbon cycle, it is necessary that for models to adequately predict the   necessary that for models to adequately predict the flow of elements through marine ecosystems    individual components of this food web be known. thus how organisms like ppes function and rea  us how organisms like ppes function and react to short-term change, and ultimately evolve throu  ct to short-term change, and ultimately evolve through genetic change, is crucial to understand  timately evolve through genetic change, is crucial to understanding how the marine ecosystem re
7368	1	partial resistance to leaf rust the. we wish to study the molecular diversity of this region in
9814	8	marine synechococcus have a ubiquitous distribution in oceanic waters, respo  nowledge comes from analysis of a small number of clonal isolates and little if anything is kno   clonal isolates and little if anything is known of the dominant genotypes in situ, or of the s   the genus. in order to address this we propose here to use molecular techniques to assess the   e clades, in several ocean systems, and correlate these distribution patterns with physical and  rties of the water column. we will also examine various physiological properties of recently is  e specific clades, in order to directly assess the phenotype-niche adaptation relationship in t   order to directly assess the phenotype-niche adaptation relationship in this ecologically impo
10186	3	idely used as an industrial solvent and is also released in large amounts into the biosphere fr   biosphere from natural sources. little is known about the biogeochemistry of this potent ozone  ies and in environmental samples. a new stable isotope probing technique based on the incorpora
11087	2	ers in the legume root-nodule symbiosis is mediated by species-specific chemical signals. we ai  y species-specific chemical signals. we aim to understand how the diversity of signals from its
11470	4	igate its selective importance. we will focus on variation in vernalization requirement and res  nalization requirement and response and aim to characterize molecular variation in known and ne  e in phenotypic variation. we will also aim to understand the ecological significance of the ph  caused by defined molecular changes and examine the selective forces on the alleles through exa
7595	1	iversity on resistance to pathogens. we propose to evaluate the allelic diversity presented by
14926	13	nimal pollinator as a directional force can be appreciated in the convergent pollination syndro  nt origins. however, so far very little is known about the molecular evolution underlying flora  aptacion to particular pollinators. nor is it known to what extent convergence in pollination s   level. in antirrhinum majus , which it is specified by the myb-related transcription factor di  region and the throat of the tube there are three specialised cell types that make of the petal  x structure. these three types of cells are specified by another myb-related transcription fact  ulator div may have evolved at the same time as zygomorfic floral structure in antirrhinum and   d at the same time as zygomorfic floral structure in antirrhinum and other members of scrophula  the function of ml1- and div-like genes could be linked to the evolution of asymmetric specilis  lised personate flower is the ancestral condition which has been lost in some of the lineages.   er is the ancestral condition which has been lost in some of the lineages. in the second, the a  f scrofulariaceae and lamiales, we will limit the duplication events that gave rise to these ge  es with different morphologies, we will be able to address the direction of the evolutionary tr
15045	13	nimal pollinator as a directional force can be appreciated in the convergent pollination syndro  nt origins. however, so far very little is known about the molecular evolution underlying flora  aptation to particular pollinators. nor is it known to what extent convergence in pollination s   level. in antirrhinum majus , which it is specified by the myb-related transcription factor di  region and the throat of the tube there are three specialised cell types that make of the petal  x structure. these three types of cells are specified by another myb-related transcription fact  ulator div may have evolved at the same time as zygomorfic floral structure in antirrhinum and   d at the same time as zygomorfic floral structure in antirrhinum and other members of plantagin  the function of ml1- and div-like genes could be linked to the evolution of asymmetric speciali  lised personate flower is the ancestral condition which has been lost in some of the lineages.   er is the ancestral condition which has been lost in some of the lineages. in the second, the a  ntaginaceae and other lamiales, we will limit to either of the mentioned groups the duplication  es with different morphologies, we will be able to address the direction of the evolutionary tr
10843	6	erring ecological character differences are expected to segregate in interspecific hybrids. hen  uilibrium present in hybrid populations can be utilized for genetic association studies. this a  nterspecific character differences, and good genomic resources. members of the genus populus ce   members of the genus populus certainly lend themselves to this purpose. here, we propose to id  nd themselves to this purpose. here, we propose to identify and characterize recombinant hybrid  rpose. here, we propose to identify and characterize recombinant hybrid genotypes in natural hy
6811	3	of the material and the most important item for the healthy food is not the low quantity of fa  e hungarian goose and turkey breeds and colour varieties will be investigated using the dna mic  enetic distance between breeds and they can be used also in every day work of preservation of g
7004	10	cockchafers, summer- and garden-chafers . in a further step, we will                 cockchafers, summer- and garden-chafers . in a further step, we will estimate wh  en-chafers . in a further step, we will estimate which of the identified predators will be pote  dentified predators will be potentially key-elements for the regulation of scarab larvae. the f  ngs of the present project will finally contribute to the development of more efficient and eco  opment of more efficient and ecological control strategies. white grub predators will be identi  tified by specific dna-sequences, which can be found in the gut of the predators after consumpt  r consumption of scarab larvae. we will use a new molecular approach, which will enable us to s  rab larvae. we will use a new molecular approach, which will enable us to screen predators simu  prey species. our methodology will also be of importance for future studies dealing with trophi
11109	7	epizoic bivalve lissarca notorcadensis is one of the most abundant species in antarctic waters  c shelf and scotia arc islands. we will investigate its colonisation success and population str  s and population structure by using dna sequence data from mitochondrial regions. from these we  tochondrial regions. from these we will estimate the level of variation for each region of dna   of variation for each region of dna and select polymorphic regions for further analysis. the an  . the analysis of these genes will also confirm whether the studied species is truly monophylet  allow us to examine the spatial genetic structure of specimens collected from different antarct
7304	1	ns and the centromere repositioning. we propose to search the genomes, a cytogenomics approach
14101	2	concerns have been expressed that some synthetic chemicals, released   get organs, cellular effects of dioxins are mediated by the ah receptor a possible mechanism fo
14210	16	res on the surfaces of plant leaves and stem that control plant gas-exchange. they are surround  m that control plant gas-exchange. they are surrounded by pair of guard cells which play a cent  ant in situations where water resources are limited. accordingly, understanding molecular mecha  f tremendous agronomic significance. we have recently identified slac1 protein and showed that   tified slac1 protein and showed that it is essential for stomatal closure in response to most k  howed that it is essential for stomatal closure in response to most known stimuli involved in s  ubunit for guard cell plasma membrane s-type anion channel function or regulation. it has been    channel function or regulation. it has been shown that guard cell anion channels are regulated  en shown that guard cell anion channels are regulated by number of regulatory proteins such as   otein kinases and phosphatases. thus it is very likely that different regulatory proteins are a  overlapping goals. in the first we will address upstream signaling of slac1 protein and in the   slac1 protein and in the second we will use our arabidopsis gas-exchange measurement system for   the second we will use our arabidopsis gas-exchange measurement system for semi-high-throughpu   second we will use our arabidopsis gas-exchange measurement system for semi-high-throughput sc   signaling pathways leading to stomatal closure in response to co2, ozone, humidity-change, and  ure in response to co2, ozone, humidity-change, and light/darkness transitions. collectively, t
6777	1	pseudoxanthoma elasticum are responsible for the development of pxe, that is tra
15459	3	f lichen-forming fungi currently in use were developed in the 1970s, and largely based on a com  te the populations not forming ascomata have an ancient clonal structure reflected in their cur  he basis of the account of the genus to be prepared for the flora liquenologica iberica project
10104	5	nities. subsequently, the symbiosis has been recognised in a range of shallow-water marine anim  s been recognised in a range of shallow-water marine animals. of the marine bivalve molluscs de  biosis, members of the family lucinidae are by far the most diverse, live in the greatest range   lucinidae are by far the most diverse, live in the greatest range of habitats and are geograph  e in the greatest range of habitats and are geographically the most widespread. the objectives
15007	3	lutionary studies. to reach that aim it is also needed to have groups of model organisms for wh  of the species, populations, races, etc reflect their evolutionary history . the results from t  red phylogeographical analyses can also help to optimize conservation efforts.
14590	3	mountains and the caucasus. at present, chamois populations are grouped into two species: rupic  ucasus. at present, chamois populations are grouped into two species: rupicapra pyrenaica with   s, some of which have suffered a severe decline over the last few years. from the comparison of
14912	9	conform the largest and most successful class of mollusks. these animals have successfully adap  water and terrestrial environments, and are an excellent model system to study and understand t  rial environments, and are an excellent model system to study and understand the evolutionary m   an excellent model system to study and understand the evolutionary mechanisms that are involve  rstand the evolutionary mechanisms that are involved in the generation of biodiversity over lon  ish a statistically robust phylogenetic framework, which should be most useful in any comparati  ealing with these mollusks. we will pcr amplify, clone and sequence the complete mitochondrial   ollusks. we will pcr amplify, clone and sequence the complete mitochondrial genomes of 21 speci  anchia and pulmonata. moreover, we will determine mitochondrial gene order rearrangements durin
14535	5	recommendation to aeromonas, because it is a genus with a great ecological diversity and it is   ith a great ecological diversity and it is not well-defined taxonomically. in our opinion, this  he species within it. we will partially sequence ten genes in a representative collection of st   aeromonas species. five of these genes are involved in essential cellular functions . finally,  lular functions . finally, we will also try to apply the biological species concept obtained wi
14811	4	in this project we try to set up a robust molecular phylogeny of the subfa  nd secondarily on some neotropical , to be added to the 23 just checked mostly from the palearc  y from the palearctics. the findings to be obtained will be discussed in relation with hypothes  erify whether their genetic divergences are corresponded or not with the paleogeography of the
15435	12	phylogeographical and up-to-date genetic population analyses are key to understand   ve rise to the biodiversity patterns we observe nowadays and how biotic and abiotic factors aff   should we restore lost biodiversity or help the landscape to recover. in this project we propo  andscape to recover. in this project we propose to follow-up previous projects in which we have   atlantic forest. as model organisms we propose a group of platyhelminthes, freshwater and terr  habitually in phylogeographic studies . being specialized and low-dispersal taxa planarians are  graphic studies . being specialized and low-dispersal taxa planarians are better models than ge  istorical habitat stability. namely, we want to characterize the factors promoting animal diver   animal diversification and at the same time the effect of asexual vs sexual reproduction in th  l vs sexual reproduction in the genetic background of species and on their success as colonizer  hy of diverse species of planarians, we want to focus in a few cases that we think are especial  t to focus in a few cases that we think are especially relevant to answer not only questions of
15167	2	tetraclinis is a genus of evergreen coniferous trees in the cypress  the cypress family or, on the contrary, have an recent anthropic origin. all these consideratio
10352	9	al soil is present in a bound form that can be utilized by some bacteria, but not by plants. we   plants. we have identified a bacterial strain that can mobilize this sulfonate fraction, and t  have identified a bacterial strain that can mobilize this sulfonate fraction, and that leads to  onate fraction, and that leads to a two-fold stimulation in the growth of tomato seedlings. thi  correlated with the amount of sulfonate-sulfur in the soil in which the plants are grown, and t  -sulfur in the soil in which the plants are grown, and the ability of the bacterial strain to m  grown, and the ability of the bacterial strain to mobilize this sulfur. the genetic basis of gr   the results of this analysis will then be used to search for other natural bacterial strains w  t-microbe-soil interface, but will also be of immense practical value in developing systems to
14631	8	the helicodontidae are considered by most specialist the basal group of th  considered by most specialist the basal group of the helicoidea. many authors disagree about th  this family mostly because its taxonomy is based on shell morphology and the anatomy of the rep  ent interpretations. with this study we want to include the new molecular methods, dna sequenci  between the different taxa involved. we want to get to know the apomorphies and plesiomorphies   n order to know the sinapomorphies that could be used to describe the monophyletic groups. to e  with the morphological data, which have been used in the traditional taxonomy. we want also to   en used in the traditional taxonomy. we want also to characterize by molecular methods all the
15030	7	the helicoidea is the most important group of the west-palaearctic ter     the helicoidea is the most important group of the west-palaearctic terrestrial molluscs in t  perfamily mostly because their taxonomy is based on shell morphology and the anatomy of the rep  ent interpretations. with this study we want to include the molecular methods, particularly dna  between the different taxa involved. we want to identify the apomorphies and plesiomorphies of   n order to know the sinapomorphies that could be used to describe the monophyletic groups. to e  ed in the traditional taxonomy. we will use different phylogenetic inference methods to constru
12410	14	sumamry objective: noise is addressed by the eu marine framework strategy direct  duction of energy, including underwater noise, is at levels that do not adversely affect the ma   of energy, including underwater noise, is at levels that do not adversely affect the marine en  ise, is at levels that do not adversely affect the marine environment.` continuous low frequenc  ect the marine environment.` continuous low frequency sound has been identified by the eu commi  nt.` continuous low frequency sound has been identified by the eu commission as one indicator f  ncy sound has been identified by the eu commission as one indicator for measuring good environm   environmental status and member states are asked to provide information on trends in ambient n  nt noise is still in its infancy and it is therefore difficult to implement the requirements of   uk and existing sea observatories that can be used to deploy data recorder. in a pilot project  tion about the current state of ambient noise in uk marine waters to identify baseline values f  ental conditions. the results will also be used to test the applicability of the ambient noise   o test the applicability of the ambient noise indicator as set forth by the directive. key cust  itoring effort necessary for underwater noise within the directive, including the location of m
14523	7	effects of contamination on mosses, it is the intracellular concentrations of contaminants tha  n dose and effect. to date, there still remain many unknowns regarding the dynamics of intracel  also to evaluate the possible extensive use of the technique in regional-scale surveys. we also  ique in regional-scale surveys. we also aim to determine, under laboratory conditions, the rela  relationships between the intracellular content of various metals and the physiological effects  ntracellular concentrations and thereby allow us to make a more realistic assessment of the eco  s than previously possible. finally, we suggest the possibility of making an advancement in the
12403	5	with analytical chemistry and ecology, provide powerful investigative tools for assessing the   of all hazardous substances present and can discriminate chemical insult from other factors e.g  ther factors e.g. physical changes that may impact ecology. this project has 5 main aims: 1 dev  cology. this project has 5 main aims: 1 develop a road map for change under the wfd. this proje  taminant-related effects monitoring and provide the opportunity to develop within the csemp a m
13708	5	. trophy hunting is the most profitable form of consumptive wildlife utilization and this indus  rived from hunting, while assuring long-term sustainability, accurate census data are of fundam  ation parameters, the prospect of short-term economic yields may prevail, leading to over-explo   prospect of short-term economic yields may prevail, leading to over-exploitation and resource   chers in tanzania, and thereby directly promote sustainable resource use, preservation of biodi
15392	5	es and biodiversity are changing. there are two main factors responsible for such processes, wh  s responsible for such processes, which are supposed to continue in the future: the fast evolut  global warming . a thorough exploratory study of the whole flora of the region will help us to   yrenees. a straightforward experimental design in a reduced group of such species, representing  tes responsible for populations trends- are structured along the gradient, and their resilience
15024	15	the survival of hgh mountain flora and plant communities is threatened by diverse factors, all  gh mountain flora and plant communities is threatened by diverse factors, all of them of anthro  uped in the so called global change. it is a flora with a high degree of endemicity and / or, i  tic and abiotic characteristics has not been realized or it is not enough accurate, with regard  acteristics has not been realized or it is not enough accurate, with regard to the degree of ex  e degree of existing threat. for it, we try to approach a multidisciplinary study of the high s   of the high spanish mountains. we will apply a standardized protocol following the european in  bitat that these plants occupy, we will study the microclimate and also the microsoil, for this  the microsoil, for this reason, we will obtain microclimatic information of temperature, relati  ion and also bareground, but capable of being colonized: nutrients, texture, etc. finally, we w   capable of being colonized: nutrients, texture, etc. finally, we will carry out distribution m  ze their response to different climatic change scenarios; it will suppose the sampling of a reg  rent climatic change scenarios; it will suppose the sampling of a regular mesh to obtain inform  ese so singular spaces and, at the same time, so fragile and in danger, they will have new tool  me, so fragile and in danger, they will have new tools of conservation of the plant biodiversit
15110	2	poral changes in marine vegetation have been related to episodic natural or anthropic events, a  al or anthropic events, as well as long-term gradual changes in water quality of g. sesquipedal
12609	1	previous figures for sales during 2007 is available at: http://www.defra.gov.uk/evidence/scien
14967	2	re the ascomycete, which are the sexual state of an important number of fungi of biotechnologic  ch are the sexual state of an important number of fungi of biotechnological importance, of plan
7002	2	the spathidiidae are a group of ciliates, single-celled organisms, the b  e spathidiidae are a group of ciliates, single-celled organisms, the best known of which is the
7024	1	roject is an extension of my former fwf grant , mainly to finance a postdoc, a graduate student
7031	7	oup of the spirotrichs. at present they are very likely the best-studied group of ciliates, bes   group of ciliates, besides the typical model organisms paramecium and tetrahymena. the present  ample, in the water quality management, need not waste a lot of time to search for the many ind   the water quality management, need not waste a lot of time to search for the many individual p  ch for the many individual papers which are distributed in many journals from throughout the wo  rom throughout the world. the monograph is written in english and therefore usable for everyone  efore usable for everyone worldwide. it is published by springer in the book series monographia
7000	1	research project p 14778 monograph of the urostyllids , tierwelt deutschlands, 2
7054	4	e three major groups of the spirotrichs need not waste a lot of time to search for the many ind  ajor groups of the spirotrichs need not waste a lot of time to search for the many individual p  ch for the many individual papers which are distributed in many journals from throughout the wo  rom throughout the world. the monograph is written in english and therefore usable for everyone
13814	10	dependent on the preservation of small landscape elements, such as stonewalls, field islets, d  landscape elements, such as stonewalls, field islets, ditches, etc. these are subject to signif  bject to significant agri-environmental support, but the cost-effectiveness of these schemes—in  tem service benefits to society—has not been rigorously evaluated. our overriding aim is to dev  im is to develop an ecological-economic model that is suitable for evaluating the cost-effectiv  l be achieved through transdisciplinary research where ecologists and economists will work toge  easuring the benefits provided by small landscape elements and estimating the costs to farmers   s for assessing the importance of small landscape elements for threatened species and as refuge  e the effect of landscape structure and landscape history on species diversity in these habitat  iversity in these habitats. finally, we expect to provide policy recommendations for achieving
7265	2	strategies, the project will seek to: - explore the interrelationships between development, bio  ent, biodiversity and climate change; - mobilize naturalists local knowledge through a network
13370	4	the project is to characterize the faba bean populations originated from turkey at morphologica  vels. 225 landrace accessions of turkey were used in this study to evaluate 26 qualitative and   orphological characters. the characters were analyzed by using principle component analysis. pc  mponent analysis. pcr-based rapd method was used to determine the differences among populations
14732	13	it is commonly accepted that the cardiac outflow tract of   an fish consists of a single myocardial chamber, the conus arteriosus, which connects the ventr  tinopterygian species, a non-myocardial chamber, the bulbus arteriosus, which has been proved t  amber, the bulbus arteriosus, which has been proved to be of cardiac origin and which acts as a  and which acts as an elastic reservoir, is interposed between the conus arteriosus and the vent  t teleost species, the conus arteriosus is considered to be reduced in size or even absent, a f  , the conus arteriosus is considered to be reduced in size or even absent, a fact which is conc  osition to this classical viewpoint, we suggest that both the size and structural arrangement o  bulbus arteriosus of the chondrichthyes are strongly related with the adaptation of each specie  to decide whether the bulbus arteriosus is an evolutionary novelty of vertebrates or whether it  inated in the agnatha. finally, we will study the process leading to the reduction of the conus  during many years. moreover, they might throw new light on the assessment of morphogenetic proc  y years. moreover, they might throw new light on the assessment of morphogenetic processes that
15365	5	pseudo-nitzschia form frequent blooms, being a dominant component of the phytoplankton. a more   to the p. delicatissima complex and it was observed the presence of new underscribed genotypes  ogy and land uses makes of this coastal zone an area of great interest to gain insight into the   of mating experiment among strains. we are also interested in prove if the genetic variability  ted in prove if the genetic variability is associated to pigment variability and if the differe
13358	10	untries for plant genetic resources and plant diversity in the world. many agricultural plant s  versity in the world. many agricultural plant species are either a part of the native anatolian  omesticated 7000-3000 year ago, or they have gradually been introduced in cultural exchanges he  0-3000 year ago, or they have gradually been introduced in cultural exchanges held with other c  ilizations during the old times. though home country of cowpea is uncertain and it is believed   e country of cowpea is uncertain and it is believed that cowpea originated in africa, where it   t cowpea originated in africa, where it is grown throughout the tropics and subtropics, after t  ction of its cultivation into anatolia, have also been distributed to almost whole of the count  ts cultivation into anatolia, have also been distributed to almost whole of the country. the la  iverse cowpea land races have gradually been developed during the times. the goal of this proje
11479	4	an animal s body which fossil hominin is the closest relative of our own genus, homo these qu  resting in their own right, but have to be answered, in order to correctly interpret the sequen  e to be answered, in order to correctly interpret the sequence in which important characteristi  ortant characteristics of a species, or group of species, evolved and, ultimately, are key to d
7278	2	ertain populations of nigella damascena have a floral dimorphism focus on the presence of necta   petals. . the results of this new non- model species, integrated with the data available in ot
15179	2	duration . finally, excavation methods are applied for the recovery of anthropological materia   will contribute to the development and transfer of data to different areas, including medicine
11254	11	lar cyanobacteria are the most numerous part of the phytoplankton. these cyanobacteria are cont  tinually growing and dividing, but they are also continuously being consumed. there are two maj  ividing, but they are also continuously being consumed. there are two major processes that cont  also continuously being consumed. there are two major processes that contribute to the consumpt  nsumption of these cells. firstly, they can be infected and killed by viruses and secondly they  and killed by viruses and secondly they can be used as food by small single celled grazing anim  ondly they can be used as food by small single celled grazing animals called protists. it is th  led grazing animals called protists. it is the interaction between these two processes of morta  nattractive as food for the grazers. it is also possible that viruses alter the cells that they   nutrients for the cyanobacteria and it is important to find out how starvation affects their s  rvation affects their susceptibility to being grazed and infected by viruses.
11494	11	lar cyanobacteria are the most numerous part of the phytoplankton. these cyanobacteria are cont  tinually growing and dividing, but they are also continuously being consumed. there are two maj  ividing, but they are also continuously being consumed. there are two major processes that cont  also continuously being consumed. there are two major processes that contribute to the consumpt  nsumption of these cells. firstly, they can be infected and killed by viruses and secondly they  and killed by viruses and secondly they can be used as food by small single celled grazing anim  ondly they can be used as food by small single celled grazing animals called protists. it is th  led grazing animals called protists. it is the interaction between these two processes of morta  nattractive as food for the grazers. it is also possible that viruses alter the cells that they   nutrients for the cyanobacteria and it is important to find out how starvation affects their s  rvation affects their susceptibility to being grazed and infected by viruses.
11029	17	thesis. these tiny one-celled creatures are called phytoplankton , and their photosynthesis dra  e bringing great advances, but we still cannot estimate biological processes like competition a  ng how much phytoplankton will grow. it use to be assumed that phytoplankton could divide indef  much phytoplankton will grow. it use to be assumed that phytoplankton could divide indefinitely  it use to be assumed that phytoplankton could divide indefinitely i.e. that they were functiona  d that population losses came only from being eaten by zooplankton, infected by viruses or sink  ng out of the sunlit waters. but now we know that phytoplankton are mortal, and that they will   plankton are mortal, and that they will grow old and die, or die because they cannot grow. we d  mortal, and that they will grow old and die, or die because they cannot grow. we do not know ho  and that they will grow old and die, or die because they cannot grow. we do not know how often   ie, or die because they cannot grow. we do not know how often this happens, because it is diffi  know how often this happens, because it is difficult to recognise death in unicellular organism  ms and a one size fits all rule may not apply because phytoplankton are highly diverse - some a  her than humans are to trees, and there is also great variation in form, function and life-hist  may be dead. dead cells cannot grow and divide, but may still contain chlorophyll, so it seems   may be simplistic. the research that we propose here aims to better understand how populations   tions of phytoplankton grow, divide and die in the vast expanses of our blue planet.
7474	6	untain.trip is to provide stakeholders, end-users and practitioners with readily accessible and  archers. eu research projects generally focus on elucidating truths, not on communicating these  erested public. research projects often produce valuable results, methods, tools and instrument  . furthermore, research results usually exist in forms recognized by the research community but  he gap that currently exists between eu project findings and the needs of policy- and decision-  rators, non governmental organisations, end-users, and other members of groups representing the
10117	5	the mres programme was instituted in academic year 2000/2001 as a way of p  ts wishing to pursue a research career, while at the same time retaining the benefits of select  up alongside a large and successful msc programme, we can afford to maintain a small and select   large and successful msc programme, we can afford to maintain a small and selective research t  relevant modules. this grant supports 3 full studentships for three years.
10393	1	iversity of york. this grant supports 6 full studentships for three years.
10857	3	the proposed degree programme, which is based on the existing nerc-funded msc ecology progra  for those seeking careers in ecological research, this grant supports 4 full studentships for t  logical research, this grant supports 4 full studentships for three years. conservation and man
9850	1	s with both a theoretical grounding and state of the art research training in the molecular and
11664	1	entific sections. this grant supports 5 full studentships for three years.
9854	4	in the post-genome era there is a growing need in industry and academia for scientis  mia for scientists with both a thorough background in quantitative genetics and experience in r  background in quantitative genetics and experience in relevant advanced statistical and molecul   methodologies. no undergraduate course can provide this potent combination. this grant support
10110	3	the course provides methodological background, quantitative skills, practical skills in mo  niques of taxonomy and systematics, and experience with computer applications. this grant suppo  ter applications. this grant supports 4 full studentships for three years.
11659	1	linary solutions. this grant supports 6 full studentships for three years.
10871	2	major areas of human concern - judicial reform, political economy, spatial planning, poverty al  sity and ecology. this grant supports 4 full studentships for three years.
10109	4	the aims of this msc are to train both biology graduates and archaeology gra  r archaeology, to provide training that can act as a foundation for continued research at phd l  oundation for continued research at phd level or for employment in the field of biomolecular ar  ssional positions this grant supports 3 full studentships for three years.
10386	2	the course advocates a holistic approach to understanding the functioning of river basi  ctive management. this grant supports 6 full studentships for three years.
10373	3	e aims to train graduates to critically analyse the principles, policies and practices of natur   them with the skills to constructively appraise the merits of different approaches to achievin  he uk and abroad. this grant supports 3 full studentships for three years.
10876	3	n the fields incorporated within the ei remit of nerc, or gain direct employment with organisat  rect employment with organisations that are engaged in the production or application of environ  ntal information. this grant supports 3 full studentships for three years.
11133	4	elling and management provides advanced-level multidisciplinary training in research, technical  t will allow graduates to undertake phd research or directly secure employment within all three  s to undertake phd research or directly secure employment within all three of the nerc priority  tainable future . this grant supports 4 full studentships for three years.
10864	5	n their fields, whether in consultancy, research, government bodies, ngos, industry or commerce  ssues, integrating science, technology, law, economics, policy and management, with an in-depth  lution management, global environmental change policy, health risk assessment policy and manage   risk assessment policy and management, water management, energy policy, environmental economic   the environment. this grant supports 6 full studentships for three years.
10872	1	onmental studies. this grant supports 4 full studentships for three years.
11374	1	rcial job market. this grant supports 4 full studentships for three years.
11639	1	fined limits, suitable for students who wish to acquire skills necessary for a range of careers
11549	3	g from upland catchments to the coastal zone ; the importance of integrating ecology with hydro  ; consideration of temporal and spatial scale; the design and application of aquatic monitoring  diction purposes. this grant supports 3 full studentships for three years.
11649	3	g from upland catchments to the coastal zone ; the importance of integrating ecology with hydro  ; consideration of temporal and spatial scale; the design and application of aquatic monitoring  diction purposes. this grant supports 3 full studentships for three years.
11648	2	n and communication skills so graduates can interact with their peers, other members of a team,  enior management. this grant supports 3 full studentships for three years.
9848	3	t graduates, and for practising coastal zone managers who require knowledge of modern scientifi  or practising coastal zone managers who require knowledge of modern scientific techniques and t  niques and tools. this grant supports 5 full studentships for three years. this grant supports
11126	1	on, biodiversity-related informatics or survey, or for careers in biodiversity research and bio
11131	1	dlife management. this grant supports 4 full studentships for three years.
9855	1	des instruction . this grant supports 5 full studentships for three years.
10394	2	e the uk s edge in marine environmental research, environmental science teaching and business d  astal management. this grant supports 5 full studentships for three years.
1082	3	populations such as methylotrophs, that can utilise methane or other c1 compounds such as metha   as methanol and methylated amines that are correlated with marine invertebrates metabolism, an  nts will be performed to assess whether mud volcanoes ecosystems create environments that favou
7110	6	and biodiversity are complex and there are few examples of situations mutual benefit can be id  w examples of situations mutual benefit can be identified in these interactions. . one of the c  ultures in the causses had specifically been studied. in a context of strong regulatory constra  proved to be a link between herders and factor vulture, while representing an economic alternat  analysis. this will better identify and enhance the ecological service provided by scavengers,   derstand its possible developments, and provide elements for the definition of public policies
536	8	is to investigate the effects of global change on the biodiversity of aphid communities in west  ies in western europe. biodiversity has been examined at 3 levels: total number of species, phe  enology and reproductive strategy. data was provided by examine, the european suction traps net  or 35 years. 392 different species have been identified. at each location, the total number of   arly increasing, one additional species being caught every 1 or 2 years depending on the locati  general trend of increasing density has been detected, but phenological prematureness of almost   almost all species phenology of aphids is expected to advance and their abundance to increase   enemies to regulate abundant species is being discussed.
14363	6	s where two or more vegetation types or plant species co-exist, the success of remote sensing a  re vegetation types or plant species co-exist, the success of remote sensing and multi-temporal  and multi-temporal image classification is evaluated. it is anticipated that by assimilating bo  l image classification is evaluated. it is anticipated that by assimilating both techniques the   in intimately mixed vegetation systems can be addressed effectively. a multi-temporal unmixing  pectral mixture problem can effectively be mitigated by integration of iterative mixture analys
13974	9	e likely to have evolved from a diverse range of free-living saprotrophic fungi. however, multi  narily dynamic character. in our recent study, saprotrophic basidiomycetes, including widely us  finding indicates that some saprotrophs are able to form mycorrhizal structures with living tre   project is to examine how saprotrophic wood-decay fungi interact with healthy roots of forest   ect is to examine how saprotrophic wood-decay fungi interact with healthy roots of forest trees   forest trees, something that has never been done before. for this, more that 200 species of sa  d the biotrophic association is in wood-decay fungi. it will also provide new insights into fun  on is in wood-decay fungi. it will also provide new insights into fungal ecology and evolution,   into fungal ecology and evolution, and contribute to our better understanding about human impa
7698	4	ting computerized data mining and large-scale simulation. it will aim to help the decision on l  ing and large-scale simulation. it will aim to help the decision on land use planning and in pa  litics tvb. university laboratories and research department gathered on this interdisciplinary   ment gathered on this interdisciplinary project with the expertise of the different levels requ
1086	8	human activity is the most important source of modification and threat to vertebrate populat  st important source of modification and threat to vertebrate populations. for this reason, we c  our and reproductive rate. such species can represent useful models to outline management polic  n loggerhead turtle caretta caretta and fallow deer dama dama as reference species. effects of   find correct management policies, which can assure at the same time the long-term conservation    policies, which can assure at the same time the long-term conservation of vertebrate species a  ch can assure at the same time the long-term conservation of vertebrate species and the sustain   vertebrate species and the sustainable use of natural resources.
12483	8	for the integrated management of land, water, and living resources that promotes conservation   t promotes conservation and sustainable use in an equitable way. the approach places human well  ble way. the approach places human well-being as the central focus for assessment, while recogn  g that biodiversity and ecosystems also have intrinsic value and that people take decisions con  systems based on considerations of well-being as well as intrinsic value. within their five yea  . within their five year strategy defra pledge to adopt an integrated and strategic . 4.to eval  rea and to demonstrate a prioritisation framework for balancing policy objectives against the v  d potential impacts that takes data and model uncertainty into account.
15260	1	ct is both an extension of our previous research on the evolution and systematics of aveneae/po
15261	1	ct is both an extension of our previous research on the evolution and systematics of aveneae/po
14491	2	ally. however, numerous new species are being described continuously within the genus. the acce  tical bioinformatic tools for the multi-sequence-based identification of pseudomonas species.
522	13	se the ovine farming systems of meat or milk, and the production standards might affect the ava  the availability of resources that they generate for the scavenger birds. finally it is also pa  ate for the scavenger birds. finally it is also part of axis 3, interactions between economic p  the scavenger birds. finally it is also part of axis 3, interactions between economic policy, s  eciprocal profits of these interactions can be identified are rare. during the precedent agricu  ity programme a pluridisciplinary study was devoted to the role of scavenger birds in the quart  fferent quartering methods, which do or do not summon vultures in areas where these species are  d to the treatment of herds appeared to be restricted. finally, the behavioural studies showed   to these practices. with this target we propose a modelling work relying on the pursuit of inve  ’ to changes in practices. we will thus present a pluridisciplinary approach aiming, in direct   g, in direct continuity of the previous programme, to the creation and use in real management o  previous programme, to the creation and use in real management of a tool to support simulation   source management differs. it will also be adapted to cases of similar species, black and egypt
15130	6	ns, and yet no infra-specific taxa have been identified so far. evidence on genetic variation a  kers used. such widespread distribution can be explained by a great capacity to reach and colon  lained by a great capacity to reach and colonize new areas, and the ability to live in a wide r  ve is to study whether this flexibility is achieved either though rapid local adaptation, leadi  typic variation is and whether there is evidence of local adaptation. 3.- to determine the cont   4.- to determine how common gynodioecy is in this species, its variation in time and in relati
15050	6	ch has focused on multiple signals that are perceived through visual sensory systems alone, whe  ry systems, such as chemorececption. we predict that different types of traits might evolve to   ultiple signals, with similar messages, can be perceived under different sensory channels. we w  der different sensory channels. we will examine experimentally 1 the fucntion and interaction o  tal conditions in different populations may drive evolution of signals to maximize efficiency u   under local conditions, and eventually lead to population divergence and speciation processes.
13966	3	ffects of multiple stressors on shallow-water sediments and to study the nature of their intera  ill be on the microscopic food webs and key ecosystem processes driven by them. complementing s  ses driven by them. complementing small-scale laboratory experiments, using natural sediments,
13735	6	e sensitivity and resilience of shallow-water sediments at exposure to polyaromatic hydrocarbon  t exposure to polyaromatic hydrocarbons are governed by the dense communities of auto- and hete  cro-organisms in the sediment. we still lack knowledge about how multiple stressors affect the   tural sediments will be studied in long-term outdoor outdoor experiments in flow-through mesoco  and molecular biology. effect variables are evaluated by multivariate analysis to assess an int  r experiments will be verified by short-term laboratory experiments.
14527	2	tem functioning. use of stable isotopes can be used as indicators of the energy flow through an  o other systems. in particular, we will investigate the relationship between life forms and deg
14712	8	and rich ones in biodiversity in europe being its conservation highly priority. this landscape   es. only in some areas wild herbivorous exist, whilst in the major part of the territory cattle   regression. considering those data, we propose this project with the aim of establishing a met   biology and functional importance have been selected will be also analyzed; the pattern of ans  cent areas with a similar mediterranean landscape but with different uses and management have b  with different uses and management have been selected: a natural area that corresponds to a nat   habitats will be characterised we will select those species susceptible to be used as biologic  ill select those species susceptible to be used as biological indicators of possible changes of
11278	9	spatial as well as temporal scales, and train the student to refine and apply such methods. the  es, and train the student to refine and apply such methods. the overall goal will be to ascerta  collections of ecosystem processes, and quantify the different scale effects of eutrophication   d climate change. the project will also aim to quantify biological interactions between species  , once the external driving forces have been accounted for. the marine monitoring data is provi  counted for. the marine monitoring data is provided by sahfos, the designated project partner.   nated project partner. sahfos will also provide the necessary ecological expertise to guide the  l also provide the necessary ecological expertise to guide the developments of the project, nec  uitable statistical methods information can be extracted from this rich and complex collection
14362	19	l distribution of vector-borne diseases is tied to environmental conditions in two ways. first,  s in two ways. first, vectors will only thrive under certain habitat conditions. these can be d  under certain habitat conditions. these can be defined in terms of appropriate microhabitats, b  thogen distribution, for the disease to be transmitted to humans, there must be an overlap with  to be transmitted to humans, there must be an overlap with the spatial distribution of human ac  f human activities. land use will often reflect accurately the spatial distribution of human ac  an activities, which both influence and are influenced by the landscape.tick-borne diseases are  seases are currently the most important vector-borne diseases in europe. a dramatic upsurge in   or-borne diseases in europe. a dramatic upsurge in the incidence of tick-borne encephalitis was  he incidence of tick-borne encephalitis was observed during the 1990s. lyme borreliosis current  opean countries. many explanations have been suggested for the observed increases, but a thorou  gh, quantitative explanation remains to be found. climate trends have been widely incriminated,  , but recent evidence indicates that it cannot account for the diverse dynamics found across re  le of tick-borne diseases in europe, we propose to fill this gap in the use of remotely sensed   demiology. in order to achieve this, we plan on using statistical techniques that allow combini  emiology, for which combining high- and low-resolution has not been achieved yet. - an improved  bining high- and low-resolution has not been achieved yet. - an improved understanding of the e  ology of two highly concerning european vector-borne diseases, carried by the main european dis  ude: - the strengthening of the belgian expertise in remote sensing and spatial epidemiology --
15355	3	ology and a more applied one. first, we study the interactions among the species of the communi  stand its trophic structure. second, we want to use the acquired ecological knowledge to improv  l knowledge to improve pest control and crop productivity. the project aims to be a long-term r
10942	5	colonization of plants by am fungi is known to alter the growth and survival of foliar-fee  ms to examine if these effects are also manifest in a higher trophic level, namely insect paras  s are also manifest in a higher trophic level, namely insect parasitoids. a model system of leu  eriments in the field. specifically, we ask whether amf affect parasitoid performance through c  field. specifically, we ask whether amf affect parasitoid performance through changes in plant
11745	2	teria that have adapted to tolerate and degrade these compounds. by elucidating the diversity a   assessment of site parameters, we will construct a model .
10371	6	how perfect should a behaviour be there is little doubt that, given sufficient time, and geneti  t should a behaviour be there is little doubt that, given sufficient time, and genetic variatio  nd genetic variation, natural selection can produce organisms with startlingly precise adaptati   can produce organisms with startlingly precise adaptations to their surroundings. however, var   a major challenge for biology. we will estimate the importance of one of these fundamental con  is depends upon the rate of mutation we are already carrying out the required complementary res
542	16	we are studying the impact of global change on two specific insect-plant mutualisms. our app  of global change on two specific insect-plant mutualisms. our approach combines correlative met  implying only a low cost to one partner may confer a great benefit to the other. because they c  reat benefit to the other. because they can lead mutualist partners to respond differently to r  respond differently to rapid ecological change, the biological differences that are fundamental   are fundamental to mutualisms may also make them vulnerable. imbalances thereby introduced can  lnerable. imbalances thereby introduced can disrupt the functioning of the mutualism. by compar  fig/wasp pollination mutualisms and ant-plant protection mutualisms—we aim to characterize the    and ant-plant protection mutualisms—we aim to characterize the diversity of reactions of mutua  by identifying common features, we also aim to propose robust generalizations about the reactio  lizations about the reactions to global change of specific obligate mutualisms, an important an   plant partners has resulted in greater impact of climatic fluctuations on ant/plant protection   impact of climatic fluctuations on ant/plant protection mutualisms: species-distribution patte  and expansion of lowland and submontane-forest climate zones led to disruption of ant-plant mut   climate zones led to disruption of ant-plant mutualisms, as ants were more affected by climate  tudy of these changes, which could also lead to imbalances affecting the functioning of mutuali
15371	8	in this project we plan to explore the hypothesis that parasitism selectio  ive traits of birds that breed in risky hole-nest environments. importantly, ectoparasites in t  raits of birds that breed in risky hole-nest environments. importantly, ectoparasites in the ne  tly, ectoparasites in the nest can also affect environmental conditions of nests including bact  ected in hole-nests. in this project we plan to study several nest building behaviours as poten  fspring and adult birds in the nest. we hypothesise that , and thus will test the effects of th  ther degradation. similar to subproject number one, this subproject includes a very intense wor  this subproject includes a very intense work in the lab characterizing bacterial communities of
14672	2	this project phase of one year is designed as a continuation of previous three-year pe  orological data for the genus lactarius is initiated with a project of a doctoral thesis. besid
11096	19	ast area of the northern hemisphere and is of immense importance both ecologically and economic   of all c in terrestrial ecosystems and is the world s major source of softwood timber. a defin   trees are conifers such as pine but we have recently shown that at least some fungi can form m  recently shown that at least some fungi can form mycorrhizas on both. this is exciting because   ed in photosynthesis by the trees might be used by the fungi to support nutrient uptake by the   were the case it would alter the way we think about carbon and nutrient cycling in boreal fores   and nutrient cycling in boreal forest, affect our predictions of how these forests respond to    forests respond to global warming, and influence the way that forest managers view the underst  m the importance of our observation, we need to find out whether sharing mycorrhizal fungi is w  l fungi is widespread in the field, and get more information of how the shared mycorrhizal syst  rhizal system works. to do this we will go to scottish native pinewoods and use dna fingerprint  ill go to scottish native pinewoods and use dna fingerprinting methods to check for the presenc  ots and the roots of blaeberry. we will culture these shared fungi on artificial media in the l  the laboratory, and then use them to re-infect seedlings of pine or blaeberry growing on peat i  in special clear perspex boxes where we can see how they colonise the root systems. we will the  perspex boxes where we can see how they colonise the root systems. we will then use isotopes of  colonise the root systems. we will then use isotopes of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus to conf  form connections between the plants, we can investigate how much of the fungus carbon is derive  vestigate how much of the fungus carbon is derived from each host, and how that influences how
14177	5	of the applicant name: pecoraro lorenzo address: via tommaso albinoni 100 – 00052 cerveteri . w  mobilitas postdoctoral research grant i could work for two years in the prestigious research gr  vited me in her laboratories, since she believe in my research project. it would be the best wa  of orchids and to realize an innovative study that would give me the possibility to write impor  e fulfilment of a dream and the turning-point of my career. the applicant dr. lorenzo pecoraro
12201	13	ls, especially wheat, by fusarium fungi can lead to contamination of grain, and hence grain pro  ad to contamination of grain, and hence grain products, with mycotoxins that are a hazard to th  ntiating the experimental findings, and make an essential contribution to risk analysis. risk a   analysis. risk analysis will therefore be based on completed epidemiological information, incl  rom overseas, together with previous uk survey data and up-to-date monitoring of crops and weat   grain produced in the current year, or risk of severe disease in the current or following seas  urrent or following seasons crops. this is expected to contribute to policy and planning, and w  ading, at best, to toxin-free grain and grain products. the relevance of the proposed research   vance of the proposed research to defra is in its contribution to the protection of the human a  ble agriculture in the uk. the findings are expected to make an immediate contribution to polic  the farm, to crop management advice and practice for minimising ear blight and mycotoxins. the   e situation in north america has had to be dealt with retrospectively, whilst in the uk we are   etrospectively, whilst in the uk we are still in a position to take preventive action.
14107	3	project myosins of arabidopsis thaliana is to thoroughly characterize the functions of plant my  f arabidopsis thaliana is to thoroughly characterize the functions of plant myosins in organell  first plant with fully sequenced genome are switched off what is the function of organelles fas
6827	2	brids differed in efficiency traits and yield when grown in the field with low and high n. more  rain yields, n applied to the soil, and total n taken into the aboveground plant. the traits ev
14976	6	rs that take up sodium and chloride and use them as osmolytes which let them thrive in hypersal  nd use them as osmolytes which let them thrive in hypersaline media. some species of this genus  aline media. some species of this genus can be found in the palmones river estuary and their ro   palmones river estuary and their roots are anchored in a sediment with shows anoxic and alkali  like ammonium and inorganic phosphorous are high whereas nitrate and potassium concentrations c  edium where these species develop, that can inhibit the activity of high-affinity potassium tra
11579	3	of nanoscale zerovalent iron . we will see how the nzvi particles behave in soil by using an e  g an electron microscope. also, we will apply to use the synchrotron super-microscope , a new f  at nzvi agglomeration in an undisturbed soil situation.
15063	4	egree of natal dispersal and philopatry are basic components in invasion and colonization patte  lonization patterns, and in the genetic structure of animal populations. however, inherent diff  , probably because males can obtain and defend more easily a breeding territory near the natal    male intra-sexual competence, and thus subordinate, juveniles and low condition individuals ar
15489	1	ine the tendency to return to the natal place for reproduction and the quality of the habitat
12604	2	om ongoing monitoring could potentially be used in the context of a uk soil monitoring network.  %2f%2fwww.sniffer.org.uk%3a80%2fproject-search-results.aspx%3fsearchterm%3dlq09&selectedtab=com
13887	9	over time. initially, invasive species may reach very high population densities, but many inva  s adapt to changes at the food base and start to consume the new resource. timing and extent of   invasive species. despite this, little is known about how native predators interact with invas  i will study how different guilds .this is done in aquaria and field enclosures in ne usa where  ent guilds .this is done in aquaria and field enclosures in ne usa where 13 aquatic mollusks ha  distributions, which allow predators to be caught that are naive, previously exposed or that ha   area. this research will substantially increase our understanding of the processes that underl  es that underlie species invasions and, provide important clues to how species invasions can be  mportant clues to how species invasions can be managed in a sustainable way.
12144	6	to the vulnerability, productivity and structure of forest stands. the trends of long-term cha   changes of the native tree species and stand productivity, and acting environmental factors wi  rowth rhythm, the genetic diversity and condition, the frequency, periodicity and risk of the m  ndition, the frequency, periodicity and risk of the main forest tree species vulnerability due   ivity will be carried out. it will then be developed cost-effective measures/recommendations in  s/recommendations in order to breed and create a better and more sustainable condition stands o
7112	2	ularly in the relationship between what is built in such consultation mechanisms and framework   ilt in such consultation mechanisms and framework of public action
525	2	mplementation. such an obligation is to be found in numerous european policies that were implem  ound in numerous european policies that were implemented during the last decade in agriculture
6849	3	rape agrobacterium interactions it will allow us generating disease-tolerant grapevine plants u  tic engineering technologies. this work can generate publications and promote international col  this work can generate publications and promote international collaborations as well.
10282	23	tion and why individuals behave as they do, it is essential to understand how evolution occurs.  d why individuals behave as they do, it is essential to understand how evolution occurs. over t  s affect reproductive success and hence drive evolution. for instance, studies of darwin s finc  nder particular climatic conditions. we propose to add a completely new field system to the han  ons. we propose to add a completely new field system to the handful of mammals and birds which   f mammals and birds which have thus far been thoroughly studied in nature. we will use a networ  n thoroughly studied in nature. we will use a network of digital video cameras and microphones    in the laboratory, revealing that they have complex forms of sexual selection whereby females    and so forth. however, although we now have many insights into the behaviour and physiology of  ology of crickets in the laboratory, we have almost no idea how important these various aspects   very important in wild populations and may create new pressures; for instance, it may be that   ate new pressures; for instance, it may be that males that sing louder get more mates in the la  , it may be that males that sing louder get more mates in the lab, but in the field such males    field such males may be more likely to be eaten by birds. these issues with crickets are share  en by birds. these issues with crickets are shared with almost all other model systems: without  n that such a study is now possible. we propose to use 80 cameras to monitor the majority of ac  s 3. is male mating success due to them being attractive to females or good at fighting with ot   to them being attractive to females or good at fighting with other males 4. do males that devo  o related insects ever meet and if they do, do they mate with one another answering these quest  lated insects ever meet and if they do, do they mate with one another answering these questions  sects ever meet and if they do, do they mate with one another answering these questions in cric  ill provide insights across species and provide crucial insights into the validity of a central  digm of modern biology which is that we can do behavioural ecology in the lab.
9932	4	al gene transfer mean that no inference can be made about the phylogeny of the organism from se  and new search and discovery strategies are needed. the design of such strategies needs a much   econdary metabolite biosynthesis genes, are distributed across that biodiversity and the enviro  evel exactly the same questions need to be asked about other functional genes which contribute
11746	14	. current methods to control biofouling rely on toxic chemicals to kill the fouling organisms -  ng organisms - but these compounds also have detrimental effect on the wider marine ecosystems.  t these compounds also have detrimental effect on the wider marine ecosystems. there is a stron  t on the wider marine ecosystems. there is a strong need foor novel ways to control biofouling.  er marine ecosystems. there is a strong need foor novel ways to control biofouling. we have iso  vel ways to control biofouling. we have isolate a number of marine bacteria that have the inter  ive stages of ulva - a major biofouling green alga. that is, this is a fatal attraction . one o  al attraction . one of our strains have been identified by 16s rrna sequencing as a rhodoccus s   that the attraction/algicidal proporty is not a common feature of rhodococcus; our isolates ap  es appear to have unique properties. we propose to purify and characterise the chemical molecul  ue properties. we propose to purify and characterise the chemical molecules that are responsibl  es prove to be stable, we will actively engage industrial partners in knowledge transfer to dev   solve the problem of marine biofouling stable, we will actively engage industrial partners in   ine biofouling stable, we will actively engage industrial partners in knowledge transfer to dev
10934	4	h west of england, a metal rich region, show tolerance to the non-essential metal silver, and c  t have remarkably high liver ag levels, indicate that waterborne ag is bioavailable and influen   ag levels, indicate that waterborne ag is bioavailable and influences toxicity. the identifica  etallogenic regions and if ag tolerance is linked to the sile like protein. this provides valua
10507	4	we propose to study the genetic basis of selection for gig  non that has stimulated much ecological debate but has not been investigated in a quantitative   ated much ecological debate but has not been investigated in a quantitative fashion. our study   se in wild vertebrate populations, they promise to revolutionise the study of selection.
10928	4	we propose to study the genetic basis of selection for gig  non that has stimulated much ecological debate but has not been investigated in a quantitative   ated much ecological debate but has not been investigated in a quantitative fashion. our study   se in wild vertebrate populations, they promise to revolutionise the study of selection.
14178	4	ts stay in one place and unlike animals can not move away from unfavourable growth conditions.   ditions such as extreme temperatures or lack of water. conventional methods for finding and cha  nes involved in defence responses often rely on creating mutant versions of genes that are non-  types will be used to map, identify and characterize genes and gene networks that function in d
12671	3	improve access to existing information, deliver biodiversity information to a wider range of st  ver biodiversity information to a wider range of stakeholders, generate wider public engagement  ation to a wider range of stakeholders, generate wider public engagement with biological record
10096	4	it is proposed to establish a network of earth observation  he proposers recognise the considerable progress that has been made in other areas of the disci  nise the considerable progress that has been made in other areas of the discipline in respect o  tatives from the ocean, atmospheric and microwave communities.
10964	5	neanderthal populations by making them appear more cold adapted than the incoming anatomically  ing anatomically modern humans. we will focus on the part of the neanderthal world that experie  orth and east of the black sea - for it is in such a region that the environmental preferences   14c chronological methodologies to late middle palaeolithic assemblages we aim to identify spat  late middle palaeolithic assemblages we aim to identify spatial and temporal patterning which,
12398	7	ainst which the impact of the directive could be measured. this will involve assessing the exis  arios based on this assessment. it will focus on the detail of how each could be used in an imp  it will focus on the detail of how each could be used in an impact assessment and outline the s  uld be used in an impact assessment and outline the strengths and limitations of each proposed   narios for what range of measures might be required in order to achieve good environmental stat  rticular the study should focus on what may be required above and beyond the environmental impr  provements which are already planned to be delivered through other legislation and policy commi
10656	3	veloping approaches that simultaneously provide ecological stability and livelihood security, e  t types of ecosystem services . it will use a process of expert-led modelling of ecological and  ver resource use, which will ultimately help policy makers develop better strategies for pro-po
11839	9	es better, in evolutionary terms, if it can reduce its own effort at the expense of its partner  rtner. thus, in species with biparental care there is sexual conflict over how hard each parent  , in species with biparental care there is sexual conflict over how hard each parent should wor  es with biparental care there is sexual conflict over how hard each parent should work at feedi  ividual parents to assess nestling need may vary between species, within species through the re  gging calls to just that parent when it is alone at the nest during the nestling period and the   offspring and from a partner will also be investigated experimentally. `this will be the first  ally. `this will be the first empirical test of a hypothesis that extends our understanding of   ent of evolutionary theory, i.e. sexual conflict over parental investment. the findings will be
9940	4	we propose a study of miocene benthic foraminifera from an   an odp sites in the fram strait-yermak plateau region will be used as biostratigraphic and pal   and palaeoceanographic indicators, and direct comparisons will be made with neogene foraminife  diversity and origin of polar dwaf, and provide essential biostratigraphic information for futu
15427	1	is project, this group of organisms has been studied from arid regions of both the northern hem
186	3	on offspring fitness, relatively little is known about behavioural and physiological mechanisms  e growth processes. in this project, we use a novel approach by examining the impact of environ  y examining the impact of environmental stress on nestling growth patterns through changes in p
15369	7	in this projet we plan to explore the hypothesis that parasitism selectio  ive traits of birds that breed in risky hole-nest environments. importantly, ectoparasites in t  raits of birds that breed in risky hole-nest environments. importantly, ectoparasites in the ne  tly, ectoparasites in the nest can also affect environmental conditions of nests including bact  ected in hole-nests. in this project we plan to study several nest building behaviours as poten  fspring and adult birds in the nest. we hypothesise that mutualistic association with bacteria   c infections by microorganisms. we will pay special attention to mutualistic bacteria living in
13948	1	ationships including nonlinearities. it is thus interesting to develop neural networks for disc
10648	17	t also required the brain and senses to be developed to cope with life off the ground. to fly,   unction in balance, this size variation may relate to certain kinds of flying behaviour. the va  ing behaviour. the variation might also relate to the habitat in which a species lives, because  ls to flying over open ground. modern x-ray micro-ct techniques now allow us to see inside the   d. modern x-ray micro-ct techniques now allow us to see inside the skull of both living and fos   ct analysis, the size of the flocculus can be determined in dinosaurs and living and extinct b  pe - and that of the brain as a whole - is impressed on the inner surface of the skull. the lik  lus size and flying behaviour has never been tested. it might be that the dimensions of the bon  haviour has never been tested. it might be that the dimensions of the bony pocket that houses t  ight be that the dimensions of the bony pocket that houses the flocculus are an overestimate of  e flocculus and the bone. it might also be that the size of the flocculus is related to the ove   also be that the size of the flocculus is related to the overall size of the bird rather than    virtual brain models from the internal space that housed the brain in life. the volume of the   istically to find out if flocculus size can be used to predict flying behaviour and/or habitat,  ong relationships are not found we will know that palaeontologists should avoid speculating on   s size. alternatively, if relationships are found, our test will have provided palaeontologists  rent ideas about the evolution of avian flight, and the transition from dinosaurs to birds.
13925	8	drosophila melanogaster is a pest of stored fruits as well as the model of inse  ng its olfactory signalling cascade, it is unknown what makes natural blends and the synthetic   rate patterns similar to ‘banana, which can be tested behaviorally. interestingly, the blend od  e model’s power, i will physiologically characterize orns with additional odor sets, and perfor  ize orns with additional odor sets, and perform a sensitivity analysis of ‘attraction through s  asses the tedious and often ineffective route of research on attractants, and will provide an e  hs. in addition, the project will cross-fertilize basic research by providing a wealth of infor  ttractants or repellents, an unresolved piece of the basic research
10929	18	ll of fish is exquisitely sensitive and precise with the ability to detect and identify hundred   precise with the ability to detect and identify hundreds of chemicals in minute concentrations  emicals in minute concentrations. it is clear that migratory salmon use their sense of smell to  n use their sense of smell to help them find their way back to their natal streams since fish w  sh with this sense impaired bilaterally are unable to perform this feat. however, it is unknown  nable to perform this feat. however, it is unknown what particular smells the homing fish are a   what particular smells the homing fish are attracted to, nor how their nervous systems detect,  eir nervous systems detect, analyse and process this information. it may be chemicals released   se and process this information. it may be chemicals released into the water by closely related  onmental factors such as day length and water temperature and the increased levels of thyroid h  become temporarily highly sensitive and form or imprint, unconditional memories of the smells p  emporarily highly sensitive and form or imprint, unconditional memories of the smells present i  t to establish whether returning salmon are attracted to their kin or to the general chemistry    releasing them into either their natal stream or an adjacent tributary of the same river syste  rdings from selected fish. we will also establish populations of hatchery reared fish imprinted  hemically or fish conditioned water and assess their preferences for these odours using a labor  laboratory y-maze. these fish will then be used for physiological recording experiments in whic   recording experiments in which we will attempt to establish any differences in the sensitivity
13528	5	it is becoming increasingly clear that successful management of natural populations  ver, most conservation geneticists only use molecular marker traits, yet these may not reflect   ecular marker traits, yet these may not reflect the adaptive potential of populations. measures  populations and how well this potential is reflected in neutral molecular markers. it will also  neutral molecular markers. it will also lead to direct recommendations for the maintenance of g
11085	12	y is now of wide concern to society, we know surprisingly little about the general principles o  the general principles of how diversity is generated and maintained. are there general rules wh  hness of biodiversity in an area can we make any predictions from these rules, to establish for  in traditional models. while plausible, proof for the theory is based largely on computer simul  . while plausible, proof for the theory is based largely on computer simulations, not the real   d. this project will make use of recent progress in dna technology to test if a particular stud  uatic beetles in the family dytiscidae, conform to these neutral expectations. a fundamental is  al to test these questions because they occur in well defined freshwater habitats with discrete  avily on dispersal than others. we will compare these groups carefully, studying entire communi  dels. because we are working on the dna level, this work will also provide new knowledge about   g on the dna level, this work will also provide new knowledge about how biodiversity is distrib  de new knowledge about how biodiversity is distributed at the level of genes, rather than speci
11457	5	nyctiphanes norvegica. many euphausiids are assessed acoustically. echo intensity data from aco  ho intensity data from acoustic surveys are converted to species numerical density using target  bundance estimation. measurement of tts is a newly emerging technology that enables multi-frequ  enables multi-frequency observations to be made of live organisms, giving much improved knowled  ility to identify species acoustically, aid ecosystem studies and assessment and management of
14452	4	of exposure to different stressors and can be used as early –warning indicators of environment  ly –warning indicators of environmental effect of contaminants. new innovative methods will be   applying modern molecular cytogenetical approach: fish, differential staining of chromosomes, c  odern molecular cytogenetical approach: fish, differential staining of chromosomes, comet assay
10367	2	errestrial ecosystem function could not be assembled until now because data on the major predat  sing innovative techniques in reflected-light microscopy; palaeontological data will be combine
10287	6	rnover of the don pool. this is what we wish to test in this study, our overarching hypothesis   plants, and the ability of co-exisiting plant species to partition the soil n pool based on che  il n pool based on chemical forms of n, is greatest in low productivity ecosystems where don do   don dominates the soil n pool. we will take a holistic, field based approach to test this hypo  that allow us to track the turnover and fate of components of don in these ecosystems. we belie  mponents of don in these ecosystems. we believe that our data will provide new insights into te
10298	6	rnover of the don pool. this is what we wish to test in this study, our overarching hypothesis   plants, and the ability of co-exisiting plant species to partition the soil n pool based on che  il n pool based on chemical forms of n, is greatest in low productivity ecosystems where don do   don dominates the soil n pool. we will take a holistic, field based approach to test this hypo  that allow us to track the turnover and fate of components of don in these ecosystems. we belie  mponents of don in these ecosystems. we believe that our data will provide new insights into te
12242	6	rns about greenhouse gas emissions, and diffuse pollution of waterways have strengthened the ne  tprints is essential if this need is to be met. new roles for grasslands have also been identif  met. new roles for grasslands have also been identified including the protection of land and wa  ed including the protection of land and water quality and their potential for carbon sequestrat  ect soil hydrology. genotypes will also be selected for increased water use efficiency under ti  ied research through into farming. iger is also committed to playing a strong role in knowledge
11560	4	e algal blooms can develop. since these cannot be seen from space, these layers have been much   r and this plankton production may also be important in sustaining fish growth. this proposal s  seeks support to study these layers and use the information gained to assess their significance  ation in the north sea and we will also assess the impacts of such changes on phytoplankton pro
15468	16	. this microbial population can neither be isolated nor characterized taxonomically using class   biodiversity found in this habitat has been studied previously by the group applying for this    is a continuation of the earlier ones, is to isolate and characterize unculturable prokaryotic   of the earlier ones, is to isolate and characterize unculturable prokaryotic taxa from the ram   from the rambla salada. to this end we intend firstly to perfect various new culture technique  e intend firstly to perfect various new culture techniques that will elucidate the diversity an  s that will elucidate the diversity and structure of the hitherto unculturable prokaryotic comm  fferent temperatures. secondly, we will undertake taxonomic and phylogenetic analyses of the ne  ribe so-far unknown halophilic taxa and study their distribution. finally, given that extreme e  t extreme environments are an important source of microorganisms with potential applications in  cations in biotechnology, our team, who have wide experience in this field of research, will ch   biotechnology, our team, who have wide experience in this field of research, will choose strai   new techniques to isolate, culture and characterize hitherto unculturable prokaryotic halophil  otic halophilic microorganisms and thus bring to fruitful completion a series of studies that o  a series of studies that our group have been involved in since 2005. the end product will be th   of new taxa and strains will hopefully contribute to modern medical and biotechnological devel
12019	7	lyse the consequences of ongoing global change on the functioning of biodiversity. this require   challenges. to access generality, 1 we need a sufficient number of similar communities to be a  milar communities to be available, 2 we need to provide biologists with a tool allowing them to  se species within the communities, 3 we need to establish a phylogenetic history of all the mem  he members of the communities, and 4 we need to study the biology of a sufficient number of com  sing evolutionary plasticity. hence, we show globally that it is feasible, on a short time scal  ticity. hence, we show globally that it is feasible, on a short time scale, using modern techni
10560	14	possible origin of life on earth as far back as 4 billion years ago, but tests of this idea, an  f the early evolution of the biosphere, are few and far between. the earliest forms of life wer   forms of life were definitely simple - single-celled and, probably restricted to prokaryotes w  , probably restricted to prokaryotes we have already produced the first nickel isotope data for  he only samples that have pronounced ni stable isotope variations are those where biology has p  re methanogens, to investigate how they incorporate ni and modify ni isotopes. we will then ext  investigate how they incorporate ni and modify ni isotopes. we will then extend this to natural  ni and modify ni isotopes. we will then extend this to natural samples where methanogens are im  is to natural samples where methanogens are important components of the biomass - lacustrine, e   this research program is to develop ni stable isotopes as a marker for ancient life. we see th  otopes as a marker for ancient life. we see the full realisation of this objective as beyond th  e as beyond the present proposal but we seek to begin here the search for ni stable isotope var  we seek to begin here the search for ni stable isotope variations in the early earth through an   stable isotope variations in the early earth through an array of organic-carbon-rich samples a
14229	5	se has a passive or adaptive nature. we have three main hypothesis to prove: 1. the intensity o  to prove: 1. the intensity of the night-time transpiration increases on well-watered trees in d  tance of its components vary seasonally being highest within the period of rapid growth when th  roots and foliage. furthermore, we will move towards the mechanisms conducting the night-time w   of fast growing economically important tree species allowing to evolve science-based economy m
14498	3	een species of the mediterranean forest are subjected to stress periods with high irradiance co  igh irradiance combined with drought or low temperatures. the imbalance between light energy ab  mpare antioxidant systems in winter and summer during holm-oak regeneration by resprouting afte
10176	5	ure coefficient of r exhibited in short-term measurements can be used to model future rates of    r exhibited in short-term measurements can be used to model future rates of r. however, there   erm changes in temperature. acclimation can result in plants maintaining constant daily rates o   acclimation will require an additional supply of nitrogen. this research project will establis  respiration is dependent on an adequate supply of nitrogen. to provide a more mechanistic under
13613	6	ecology, and in the forest industry. we plan to use a variety of isotope labeling experiments a  er litter inputs from the most nitrogen-use-efficient ericaceous shrub whether this litter - n   investigating the mechanisms by which n is partitioned among these species, we believe we will    is partitioned among these species, we believe we will be in a strong position to provide a gr  among these species, we believe we will be in a strong position to provide a greatly improved k  cies, we believe we will be in a strong position to provide a greatly improved knowledge for n
15113	3	antly altered the global biogeochemical cycle of nitrogen and the environmental consultancy urs  y urs-españa s.l. whose representatives are interested in the knowledge we will acquire from th  are interested in the knowledge we will acquire from this project.
15114	3	antly altered the global biogeochemical cycle of nitrogen and the environmental consultancy urs  y urs-españa s.l. whose representatives are interested in the knowledge we will acquire from th  are interested in the knowledge we will acquire from this project.
10051	4	d change is unknown. in this project we aim to characterise the water column at selected sites   st if the ratio of n2 to n2o production is fixed or flexible , screen for n2 production coupled  o n2o production is fixed or flexible , screen for n2 production coupled to organic matter and   roduction coupled to organic matter and analyse the active bacteria involved in the metabolism
11581	4	d change is unknown. in this project we aim to characterise the water column at selected sites   st if the ratio of n2 to n2o production is fixed or flexible , screen for n2 production coupled  o n2o production is fixed or flexible , screen for n2 production coupled to organic matter and   roduction coupled to organic matter and analyse the active bacteria involved in the metabolism
13936	5	nomical problems. cyanobacterial growth are estimated to constitute about one fifth of the tota  the third largest input after river and land-run off and atmospheric depositions. my aim is to   rogen in nodularia spumigena. nodularia is one of the dominant cyanobacteria in the summer bloo  esults of this study will significantly refine our understanding of the effect of eutrophicatio  a, and will be of valuable assist if we are to find effective ways to manage the baltic sea blo
2535	15	pments in non-invasive genetic sampling are bound to change the future of wildlife monitoring.   e the future of wildlife monitoring. it is at this forefront of conservation research where the   improvement of advanced analytical and field methods, as well as basic research to develop new  sic research to develop new methods and fill ecological knowledge gaps in two regions, scandina   of methodological focus and ecological scope, and will be tied together through technical and   gether through technical and analytical support from two research groups in france. the project   groups in france. the projects success is ensured through national and international collabora  ethodological distinctions, the project can be divided into 2 main parts, each consisting of 3   isting of 3 studies. in part i, we will use substantial existing data sets on scandinavian brow  on scandinavian brown bears to explore, validate, and expand on the analysis of non-invasive ge  n brown bears to explore, validate, and expand on the analysis of non-invasive genetic sampling  ke place in northern pakistan, where we intend to field-test cutting-edge molecular methods ass  , where we intend to field-test cutting-edge molecular methods associated with non-invasive gen   of the proposed project, and will also involve the use of camera traps to validate and complem  the use of camera traps to validate and complement non-invasive genetic monitoring.
2071	9	ny plantations of non-native trees have been raised. these plantations have several impacts on   veral impacts on local biodiversity and landscape, especially if they begin dispersing from the  n the experiment. the project will also perform a landscape analysis for two different areas, f   what vegetation types that have mainly been used for plantation. this will test a hypothesis t  on. this will test a hypothesis that it is the most species-rich areas that have been used for   s the most species-rich areas that have been used for plantation. furthermore the project will   tic analysis of a large population that is known to originate from switzerland, but was brought  nown to originate from switzerland, but was brought to norway in 1800 from scotland. this popul  ted to have dispersed considerably, and may serve as a model for what genetic changes that foll
12692	1	o assess changes in the rate, scale and impact of non-native species introductions to great bri
2108	8	the overall goal of nessas is to quantify the impact of climate variability on the  limate variability on the structure and function of the barents sea marine ecosystem in order t  going projects as well as undertake new research to address some of the gaps in our knowledge r  em responses will be used to extend and improve the existing models before making quatitative p  ny of the models that will be used have been developed under previous projects and will be modi  ific issues within nessas. the economic impact of the expected changes in the fish stocks under   the fish stocks under various chlimate change scenarios on the value of the fisheries , fleet   plant processing capabilities will also be addressed. in addition, comparisons with other sub-a
2156	2	an red list . the project will directly contribute to our understanding, sustainable use and ef  cientists and general public with up-to-date information about the status of the most vulnerabl
7464	6	arily inactive. rather, such a receptor can mediate two different signalling pathways, dependin  athways, depending on whether or not it is bound by its ligand. in the absence of ligand, signa  xpressing such a receptor can therefore be seen as dependent on the presence of the ligand, hen  he concept of dependence receptors' and use the general concept of drs to select and perform pr  he general concept of drs to select and perform pre-clinical testing of novel anti-cancer drugs  unication and dissemination activities/ project management.
11819	20	since the late 1980s it has been known that dna is sometimes preserved in the bones  e late 1980s it has been known that dna is sometimes preserved in the bones and other remains o  and that in some cases this ancient dna can be retrieved from specimens up to 50,000 years in a  the study of ancient dna has had a huge impact in zoology, enabling researchers to obtain dna s   50,000 years. potentially, ancient dna could have an equally great impact in archaeology, for   ps between groups of human skeletons to be traced and by charting the migrations of prehistoric  ulations. sadly, this potential has not been realized, for the simple reason that specimens suc  th modern human dna by handling, and it is difficult to distinguish this contamination from the  ely successful. our best attempt so far is based on the fact that ancient dna is chemically dif  r is based on the fact that ancient dna is chemically different from modern dna because the anc  ules in a bone extract should therefore pinpoint which ones are ancient dna. but there is a com  t which ones are ancient dna. but there is a complication: it turns out that even the contamina  . but there is a complication: it turns out that even the contaminating dna is degraded to a ce  rns out that even the contaminating dna is degraded to a certain extent, because usually it is   to a certain extent, because usually it is deposited on a specimen during excavation, and this   or years before the dna in the specimen is examined, enough time for the contaminating dna to b  than simply identifying which molecules are degraded, we must distinguish the ones which are mo  ifying which molecules are degraded, we must distinguish the ones which are most degraded , whi  fferent dna molecules, and we therefore believe that spex will enable us to distinguish the gen   human bone, to see if our expectations are fulfilled.
12538	7	in compliance with both national and eu plant health legislation. thus either the total budget   us either the total budget will need to be increased or the cost per sample reduced to achieve   themes using pests of current statutory concern as model systems: further development of molecu  ent statutory concern as model systems: further development of molecular field-testing and deve  stems: further development of molecular field-testing and development of novel methods for labo  l be performed to meet 6 objectives and be applied in support of mycology, virology, bacteriolo  of mycology, virology, bacteriology and invert id. theme i: field testing
6924	6	hungarys most important bread cereal is wheat. the increase of profitability of   risks imposed by the use of pesticides can be achieved by developing cultivars resistant to pa   functional analysis of plant genes. we aim to introduce vigs technology into wheat breeding. w  technology into wheat breeding. we also intend to use rna silencing to develop durable resistan  velop durable resistance agaist powdery mildew by inactivating the mlo gene. moreover we propos   inactivating the mlo gene. moreover we propose to develop field and glass house testing method
6922	4	viruses with positive, single-stranded rna including human. with this research  including human. with this research, we can fill up and continue the virtual table where the ro   with this research, we can fill up and continue the virtual table where the rows represent the  we can fill up and continue the virtual table where the rows represent the genera or species of
12313	7	mental safety. one compound has already been registered for predator control in new zealand. if  or uk farmers, feed stuff manufactures, waste disposal contractors, the food industry and for g  d for grey squirrel management. the new class of compounds have the potential benefit of minimi  minimising or removing the risk of food-web residue contamination and minimising the risk of se   the risk of secondary poisoning of non-target species. the present project will build on exist  ild on existing research investment and define whether these compounds, analogues or related co  w compounds will enable the safer broad-scale management of rats and other rodents.
15190	2	evious project study of the nuclear dna content in algae, with special reference to phaeophycea  e to phaeophyceae cgl2005-02330/bos. we are committed to continuing to work in this field due t
14640	8	hysiological and ecological matters, it is now emerging as a powerful research tool in the fiel   two basic objectives. firstly, we will develop a method to measure the nuclear dna content in   lop a method to measure the nuclear dna content in algae using fluorimetric techniques, with th   to provide new data on the nuclear dna content of phaeophyceae, a group that has received litt  ide, and about which no information has been published for mediterranean species. twenty specie   and intra-species levels. we will also attempt to correlate the c value and the ploidy level w  alue and the ploidy level with the size/volume of the cell and the number of nuclei per cell. w   the number of nuclei per cell. we also propose to relate the c value and the ploidy level of e
7562	2	ctive is to develop a method of nuclear transfer from frozen somatic cells in fish. the term ai   still blank in somatic cells. cells to be used as nuclear donor will fibroblasts obtained from
173	1	roject are: publications in intentional peer-reviewed journals and books for distribution of re
10291	10	is, meaning that terrestrial ecosystems are thought to be a sink for atmospheric carbon dioxide  c carbon dioxide, slowing the continual rise in carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere.  ere. about 80% of respiration from land is thought to come from trees, so understanding what de   of the world. for example, although we know that the most important nutrients for plant growth  phosphorus - limit plant metabolism, we have almost no information on how phosphorus deficiency  , and hence the carbon balance. we also know only a little about how plant respiration responds  s about this that may be wrong. when we consider that: to quantify the influence of phosphorus   ependence of plant respiration. we will be able to link our results to existing work on the rel  st to this project. this work will also link directly into existing research programmes funded   art. the project will fill a signficant gap in our understanding of global ecology and the func
11285	8	is, meaning that terrestrial ecosystems are thought to be a sink for atmospheric carbon dioxide  c carbon dioxide, slowing the continual rise in carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere.  oncentration in the atmosphere. a large fraction of the total respiration from land is thought   tion of the total respiration from land is thought to come from trees, so understanding what de   of the world. for example, although we know that the most important nutrients for plant growth  ependence of plant respiration. we will be able to link our results to existing work on the rel  st to this project. this work will also link directly into existing research programmes funded   art. the project will fill a signficant gap in our understanding of global ecology and the func
12512	4	ctive, the most substantial piece of eu water legislation to date. the primary purpose of the w   of the work will be to investigate and monitor strategies that reduce nutrient leaching in uk    nutrient leaching in uk dairy systems, while not affecting productivity, will significantly im  tivity, will significantly improve farm-gate nutrient use efficiency and pathogen control. this
14658	9	studies consider adult population, and are based on the height/weight relationship but there a  population, and are based on the height/weight relationship but there are few papers in which b  he height/weight relationship but there are few papers in which body composition indexes have b   in which body composition indexes have been used. also, general criteria have been assumed to    been used. also, general criteria have been assumed to be valid for any human group without ta  lation variation concerning the genetic structure or the existence of adaptative processes rela  analyzed populations and to give, if it is possible, an internationally acceptable definition o  cifying the measurement and the age and sex specific cut off points. to reach these objectives   ter a critical revision of the results, reference standards will be develop, and indexes of gen
10667	3	we propose a programme of observations, combined with anal  onal-up-to-decadal time scales. we will address the atlantic, uk shelf and slope waters, and se  et against the background of intra- and inter-annual variation.
10916	4	we propose a programme of observations, combined with anal  onal-up-to-decadal time scales. we will address the atlantic, uk shelf and slope waters, and se  carbon uptake, and from which ph trends can be derived. estimation of decadal trends change wil  et against the background of intra- and inter-annual variation.
11174	4	we propose a programme of observations, combined with anal  onal-up-to-decadal time scales. we will address the atlantic, uk shelf and slope waters, and se  carbon uptake, and from which ph trends can be derived. estimation of decadal trends change wil  et against the background of intra- and inter-annual variation.
11403	4	we propose a programme of observations, combined with anal  onal-up-to-decadal time scales. we will address the atlantic, uk shelf and slope waters, and se  carbon uptake, and from which ph trends can be derived. estimation of decadal trends change wil  et against the background of intra- and inter-annual variation.
146	2	the life of the coming generations, it is necessary to develop new sustainable technologies in  ides should be significantly limited or even entirely given up will be used. the establishment
13776	5	ge, but one that is equivalent to a 30% increase in acidity. by the year 2100 it is reliably es  ncrease in acidity. by the year 2100 it is reliably estimated that oceanic ph will be ~ 0.4 uni  cts of this change have barely begun to be understood, however it is clear that many species wi  y begun to be understood, however it is clear that many species will have extreme difficulty in   coastal ecosystems. this can, in turn, inform future strategies for the management and conserv
10894	5	d the ongoing acidification of seawater is seen in observational records at various sites where  at various sites where time-series data are collected. the changing chemistry of seawater due t  ation is mostly well understood and not subject to debate. what is much less well known is the   the atmosphere to influence climate. we propose to run a carbonate chemistry facility to undert  he uk ocean acidification programme who lack the appropriate expertise and instrumentation.
10003	7	d the ongoing acidification of seawater is seen in observational records at various sites where  at various sites where time-series data are collected. the changing chemistry of seawater due t  ation is mostly well understood and not subject to debate. what is much less well known is the   tmosphere to influence climate. we will look to investigate these questions in terms of how the  to ocean acidification. most of what we know about biological impacts, and the source of the cu  ch individual organisms as the seawater is made more acidic. a major strength of such studies i  ts on the naturally-occurring community may represent more accurately the future response of th
10153	7	d the ongoing acidification of seawater is seen in observational records at various sites where  at various sites where time-series data are collected. the changing chemistry of seawater due t  ation is mostly well understood and not subject to debate. what is much less well known is the   tmosphere to influence climate. we will look to investigate these questions in terms of how the  to ocean acidification. most of what we know about biological impacts, and the source of the cu  ch individual organisms as the seawater is made more acidic. a major strength of such studies i  ts on the naturally-occurring community may represent more accurately the future response of th
11687	7	d the ongoing acidification of seawater is seen in observational records at various sites where  at various sites where time-series data are collected. the changing chemistry of seawater due t  ation is mostly well understood and not subject to debate. what is much less well known is the   tmosphere to influence climate. we will look to investigate these questions in terms of how the  to ocean acidification. most of what we know about biological impacts, and the source of the cu  ch individual organisms as the seawater is made more acidic. a major strength of such studies i  ts on the naturally-occurring community may represent more accurately the future response of th
11824	4	servational evidence of ocean planetary wave propagation between the antarctic and the equator   hanges in antarctic conditions. we will achieve this by using a state-of-the-art numerical ocea  ll achieve this by using a state-of-the-art numerical ocean model in conjunction with satellite  e-based observations of sea-ice and sea-surface height and in situ hydrographic data.
14987	4	the invasion of alloctonous species is considered as one of the main threats for the rare a  ne of the main threats for the rare and menace species of a system, at the same time that for t  menace species of a system, at the same time that for the integrity and functioning of the syst  ith other key organisms and of how this can be affected by the gradual global warming are key t
7397	3	proaches where local animal populations are linked to product quality or origin, are accompanie  re linked to product quality or origin, are accompanied by a complexity of management bodies an   qualification criteria. they therefore require a multidisciplinary confrontation combining bio
12361	4	the uk is an island nation with a long coastline and as such t  high and with this comes the inevitable threat from oil and chemical spillages as a result of s  xicity in the sea test when dispersants are added as type 2 or 3. establish new separate pass/f  ype 2 or 3. establish new separate pass/fail assessment criteria for dispersant approval for th
11452	8	group-living mammals must maintain a common group-odour without loosing the   isement. the transition between the two can be compared to olfactory puberty . in badgers, the   des individual-specific information and group-membership. all adults use the secretion for mark  use the secretion for marking, but cubs do not produce secretion until 4-6 months old. this is   cal as cubs suffer from infanticide and group-odours have been shown to reduce aggression. here   from infanticide and group-odours have been shown to reduce aggression. here, we plan to monit  en shown to reduce aggression. here, we plan to monitor the olfactory development from weaning   ation of stable social groups, and thus contribute to understanding the evolution of sociality.
6768	3	nowadays we have to face up to the fact that a drastic decrease of   e to face up to the fact that a drastic decrease of terrestrial biodiversity caused mainly by h  ersity caused mainly by human impact is being recorded. one of the most suitable means for the
2547	11	atform at cees we will characterize and compare the transcriptomes of the hybrid species and it  ciation event. the sequencing will also provide the necessary snp-markers for the project. we w   sample of these snp markers on a large number of birds to reconstruct the phylogeographic hist  brid zones between the species. we will include markers from genes showing signals of being aff  e markers from genes showing signals of being affected by selection in either species along wit  ly favorable hybrid genotypes will also be looked for. the second part of the project is concer  ked for. the second part of the project is concerned with investigations of barriers against ge  ong sparrows bred in captivity. we will maintain six mixed-species populations in the lab and a  ixed-species populations in the lab and allow them to mate and breed. all adults and nestlings   check paternity. pattern of assortative pair formation and fertilization will be investigated,   eproductive isolation. finally, we will investigate whether species recognition is genetically
14635	7	ogical research. the subterranean fauna is understood as those occupying habitats deprived of l  light such as: interstitial of streams, water in caves and the anquialine habitat. it is still   caves and the anquialine habitat. it is still unknown: - which environmental variables affect t  ariables affect this fauna and how they correlate to do it. - the phylogenetic origin of the su   subterranean environment - which model could offer a good historicalo-functional explanation f   the anquialine habitat. - morphologica study beyond the needs of identification and descriptio  hological trends with habitat change. - pattern of biodiversity and distribution at various tax
15421	1	it has been predicted that, as a consequence of global warming
15176	5	. the theoretical perspective aims to 1 deal in detail on the nature of observation associated   servation associated with the taxonomic work, 2 the bayesian character of taxonomic hypothesis,  with the taxonomic work, 2 the bayesian character of taxonomic hypothesis, 3 social dependence   ity. from a practical point of view, we pursue the modelization of the visualization and repres  d representation steps in any taxonomic work, with advanced tecniques of confocal microscopy an
2058	1	into the energetic pathways and trophic structure of this ecosystem and its stability versus se
12451	9	summary objective recover, digitise, store and make accessible long-term datasets    objective recover, digitise, store and make accessible long-term datasets arising from scienti  er, digitise, store and make accessible long-term datasets arising from scientific research sur  igitise, store and make accessible long-term datasets arising from scientific research surveys   ted the distribution of fishing effort, fish abundance and food-web structure. specially, impli   customer purpose utilise existing long-term datasets to: map changes in the distribution of ca  shing fleet over the last 100 years and use this to infer factors influencing changes in the di  the distribution and abundance of fish; use biological data from scientific surveys to provide   o provide knowledge on how the size and age of fish and their relative abundance has changed an
10227	13	evolution is expected to occur when natural selection acts on a t  cess depend on body size, a trait which is known to be determined, at least in part, by an indi  on body size, a trait which is known to be determined, at least in part, by an individual s gen  y an individual s genetic makeup. if we can measure the way that selection is acting and also q  e way that selection is acting and also quantify the amount of variation in the population that   genetic basis, then theoretical models can be used to predict how the trait will evolve over t  isting theoretical models do not really capture the true complexities of wild systems. in parti  ies of wild systems. in particular they tend to ignore changes that may occur over ontogeny , a  icular they tend to ignore changes that may occur over ontogeny , and consequently it represent  onsequently it represents an ideal case-study for examining ontogenetic and environmental influ  d the nature of natural selection on it may all change with age and environment, it is expected  ture of natural selection on it may all change with age and environment, it is expected that th  all change with age and environment, it is expected that this work will provide great insights
14370	1	of optical properties of phytoplankton, impact of bottom reflectance and adjacency effects in r
10020	22	first integrated theoretical-empirical study of a major feature of almost all ecologies: namel  need of potential prey to avoid attack, is also one of the most pervasive causes of co-evolutio  ommunities. although great strides have been made in understanding the mechanistic functioning   ning of anti-predator defences, here we take a more ecological view, seeking to explore whether  efences, here we take a more ecological view, seeking to explore whether general trends can be   eking to explore whether general trends can be seen in variation in the extent of such defences   of their costs. in particular, we will focus on the taxonomically and ecologically widespread   xonomically and ecologically widespread case of toxins and other chemical defences. chemical de   the distribution of such defences have been considered both taxonomically and geographically.   ally and geographically. however, there is currently no predictive theory on optimal levels of   which such empirically-derived patterns can be interpreted. this stands in contrast to the inte   maintenance of aposematic signals that can warn potential predators of such chemical defences.  s. however, existing aposematism theory can make no predictions about variation in optimal leve  tic manner as fixed traits that are not subject to selection. the small number of previous work  are not subject to selection. the small number of previous works that have sought to determine   stitutive secondary defences implicitly assume that although chemical defences act to reduce pr  iological cost of such defences is only manifest as reduced fecundity in the adult stage. howev  dity in the adult stage. however, there is abundant empirical evidence that acquisition of toxi  e. however, there is abundant empirical evidence that acquisition of toxins can slow juvenile g  cal evidence that acquisition of toxins can slow juvenile growth rates. hence, the key trade-of   the chance of surviving an attack, but may increase exposure to attacks by slowing growth rate  te these predictions using existing and purpose-collected comparative data. specifically we wil
11044	22	first integrated theoretical-empirical study of a major feature of almost all ecologies: namel  need of potential prey to avoid attack, is also one of the most pervasive causes of co-evolutio  ommunities. although great strides have been made in understanding the mechanistic functioning   ning of anti-predator defences, here we take a more ecological view, seeking to explore whether  efences, here we take a more ecological view, seeking to explore whether general trends can be   eking to explore whether general trends can be seen in variation in the extent of such defences   of their costs. in particular, we will focus on the taxonomically and ecologically widespread   xonomically and ecologically widespread case of toxins and other chemical defences. chemical de   the distribution of such defences have been considered both taxonomically and geographically.   ally and geographically. however, there is currently no predictive theory on optimal levels of   which such empirically-derived patterns can be interpreted. this stands in contrast to the inte   maintenance of aposematic signals that can warn potential predators of such chemical defences.  s. however, existing aposematism theory can make no predictions about variation in optimal leve  tic manner as fixed traits that are not subject to selection. the small number of previous work  are not subject to selection. the small number of previous works that have sought to determine   stitutive secondary defences implicitly assume that although chemical defences act to reduce pr  iological cost of such defences is only manifest as reduced fecundity in the adult stage. howev  dity in the adult stage. however, there is abundant empirical evidence that acquisition of toxi  e. however, there is abundant empirical evidence that acquisition of toxins can slow juvenile g  cal evidence that acquisition of toxins can slow juvenile growth rates. hence, the key trade-of   the chance of surviving an attack, but may increase exposure to attacks by slowing growth rate  te these predictions using existing and purpose-collected comparative data. specifically we wil
11334	8	ising carbon footprint, and at the same time, minimising capital and operational costs. this ge  sation to achieve, not only compliance, process robustness and resilience but also to reduce as   field of biological processes and also be able to deploy methods and techniques that balance s  rch programme at severn trent they will receive business training relating to effective project  ide a better understanding of a robust, low energy technology for achieving increasingly tighte   industry. the project will necessarily entail the implementation of research methods from vari  del and thus improved rbc operation and design that is robust not only in terms of treatment pe  r biological fixed film processes which can be applied to thousands of sites to optimise pollut
13601	9	managed rivers and streams will likely need to be re-evaluated to meet ecosystem needs. most f  lteration in swedish rivers and streams is related to hydropower production. present environmen  ard riverine ecosystems. however, there is no standardized model for environmental water alloca  no standardized model for environmental water allocation, nor is there any direct scientific li  for environmental water allocation, nor is there any direct scientific linkage between prescrib  escribed flows and the ecosystem. flows are kept more or less constant, lacking many of the hyd  ystem and often extreme low flow levels are used. scientific knowledge about the importance of    a possibility to improve environmental water allocation. the aim of this project is to evaluat  or variables representing structure and function of riparian ecosystems. i will do this by comp
15285	4	in the current global change scenario, it is necessary to develop agropastora   the current global change scenario, it is necessary to develop agropastoral management strateg  ods provided. in the proposed study, we develop an integrated analysis of the mechanisms and pr  and processes involved in the diversity-function relationship, and its transmission across trop
15286	4	in the current global change scenario, it is necessary to develop agropastora   the current global change scenario, it is necessary to develop agropastoral management strateg  ods provided. in the proposed study, we develop an integrated analysis of the mechanisms and pr  and processes involved in the diversity-function relationship, and its transmission across trop
7544	4	ungal disease from land causing serious damage to oil palm in southeast asia, first area of ​​p  ic control is to date the most relevant track to contain the impact of this disease. . therefor   impact of this disease. . therefore it is particularly important to develop early resistance t  ity of local populations. using the brg is requested for this project
12616	4	tential benefits, remediation resources can be targeted more effectively helping maximise welfa  ing maximise welfare. benefits may also be expressed and captured in monetary terms which helps  in monetary terms which helps resources be allocated efficiently in the overall economy. this r  diation and allowing different sites to be compared. the design of the methodology needs to add
12261	1	ork through to the applied studies that are derived from collaborations between the strong uk r
188	5	the proposed research is aimed to analyse ecosystem changes of large shallow   ould be achieved: 1. estimation of long-term dynamics of dissolved organic matter . identificat  om l. peipsi and l. võrtsjärv sediments is expected to give new knowledge to understand eutroph  hange impact analyses. few studies have been done on paleolimnological aspects of large shallow  t investigations for estimation of long-term ecological changes of such lakes, as well as for m
14872	2	soils can be source and sink of carbon, then soils contribute to carbon cycle r  quences on climate change. land use and soil management influence soil organic carbon content a
14453	10	passerine migrants have extensively been used to study the functional characteristics of an  nimal compasses, but also to study long-distance navigation. to further test the possibility th  y changing the angle of inclination and field intensities around the experimental cages. in par  ticular the alternatives by which birds can detect longitude by use of geomagnetic declination   riments using emlen-funnels to directly test the migratory direction of the two separate subspe   trochilus migrating in southern sweden are expected to migrate towards south-west to winter qu  n are expected to migrate towards south-west to winter quarters in west africa, while the north  west to winter quarters in west africa, while the northern subspecies p. t. acredula are expect   the northern subspecies p. t. acredula are expected to migrate towards south-east to east and   low warbler passing through the eastern part of the balkan peninsula, their migratory direction
15057	12	ecological, physiological and metabolic point of view and thus have been isolated from very div  d metabolic point of view and thus have been isolated from very diverse habitats. furthermore,   rse habitats. furthermore, many of them are of interest for biotechnological applications due t  s, using methods based upon traditional culture techniques that a large percentage of isolates   echniques would seem to suggest that it is not a dominant genus, leaving it open to doubt wheth   it is not a dominant genus, leaving it open to doubt whether the methods and tools used to dat  al and biotechnological standpoints, it is of vital importance that we should obtain reliable d  line and other habitats. to this end we intend to direct this project towards studying the dive  ools for this genus in this way we will be able to discover the origin, presence and ecological  abundant and within which habitats they tend to predominate. all of this will help us to find n  al and/or biotechnological interest and select species that may be used as bioindicators.   ogical interest and select species that may be used as bioindicators.
15138	4	genetic analsysis. in addition, we will conduct a historical reconstruction of the parasite-hos  storical reconstruction of the parasite-host associations in the family brachycladiidae and ogm   morphometric analysis. in addition, we intend to elucidate their patterns of diversification.   e their patterns of diversification. we expect that the project will provide important findings
7559	3	of the teams of cirad and inra and afd are to clarify the structure of complex species of the   d species of these species. the studies are based on plant material in large part already avail  es are based on plant material in large part already available and analysis of the nuclear and
10796	1	d across the continents. this will also supply a spatial/temporal template for understanding th
14977	2	asis of relevant evolutionary novelties is proposed, from a phylogenetic perspective, in groups  taining no model organisms. the project is focused on morphological characters related to flora
11465	8	unities in their intestinal tract which may contribute to digestion, nutrition and emission of   s ch4, co2 and h2. methanogenic archaea are more abundant and emit more ch4 in gut communities   hanogenic archaea are more abundant and emit more ch4 in gut communities of soil-feeding as opp  as opposed to wood-feeding termites. we propose to use a molecular phylogenetic approach to tra  propose to use a molecular phylogenetic approach to track the distribution of methanogenic arch  ogenic archaea in guts, faeces and food-soil of the soil-feeding termite cubitermes fungifaber   gradient. results will indicate whether gut methanogens are ingested with soil as the animal fo  s will indicate whether gut methanogens are ingested with soil as the animal forages, or vertic
11557	3	pendent occasions; and the evolutionary sequence in which the different components of the air s  present in the ancestral archosaur, and support alternative hypotheses suggesting a later origi  n of air sacs. however, if pneumaticity is identified in primitive archosaurs this project will
11858	7	ncient dna - enables these questions to be addressed in a completely new way. the aims are thre  cies identification of archaeobotanical cotton - currently not possible through visual examinat  xamination. different species of cotton are associated with different cultural groups, so ident  h cultures of the past influenced early cotton cultivation. secondly, to add an extra dimension  o address several hypotheses of genomic change over the past three thousand years. the whole ge  xperienced genomic expansion, and there is some evidence that this process is ongoing. the pale  ins from qasr ibrim and januária. there are large quantities of archaeobotanical material at th
10322	4	we plan to investigate the evolution of parasite life cycl   life cycle complexity for a ubiquitous group of organisms found in a range of habitats and in   rms, with over 6000 recognized species, are metazoan parasites found in diverse organisms and h  verse organisms and habitats. they have obligate parasitic and brief free-living stages and few
10000	16	search aims to develop a new ecological model for crop domestication, integrating the roles of    integrating the roles of environmental change, plant traits, and human agency, under the const  ting the roles of environmental change, plant traits, and human agency, under the constraints o  ceding fully agricultural societies. we propose a research programme with parallel experimental  e the evidence necessary to develop and refine this new model. our ecological model is formulat  ne this new model. our ecological model is formulated within the archaeologically documented fr  , widespread origin of agriculture, and is based on the proposition that different elements of   stication traits: larger grain size and seed indehiscence, and sees these as consequences of di  ess. our focus is on the former, and we argue that specialisation on a limited range of large-s  ts which, through ecological processes, favour some species as crops over others and, through e  rs and, through evolutionary processes, select for large-seeded genotypes of these crop species  ded genotypes of these crop species. we advance the model through the discussion of four hypoth  rated that at least two of these phases can be recognized in the archaeobotanical record via th  n be recognized in the archaeobotanical record via the presence of non-food species representin  r the wild communities from which seeds were gathered, or weed assemblages. empirical archaeobo  assemblages. empirical archaeobotanical evidence, in the form of the plant spectrum, grain size
12394	4	summary objective: to coordinate and draft the climate change contribution for the ospar qsr  010. key customer purpose: this project is designed to lead the production of section 3.1 of th   on the north-east atlantic ecosystem`, link into the production of chapters 2 and 3.2, and con  e production of chapters 2 and 3.2, and contribute to the drafting of the uk charting progress
11843	40	many animal species have been transported across the globe by human activities.   me of these have become established and damage the species that naturally live in the area they  d and damage the species that naturally live in the area they invaded. invasive predator specie  f prey are particularly problematic and are held responsible for the extinction or catastrophic  species. if those native species are to be preserved, conservationists must intervene, often by  s are to be preserved, conservationists must intervene, often by actively removing individuals   s. removing the last individual however is only possible on islands. elsewhere, it will be nece  possible on islands. elsewhere, it will be necessary to continue controlling those invasive spe   future. this is expensive and can only be done in areas selected for their conservation value,   such as national parks or reserves. it is also important that conservationists learn to contro  ible, so that the native species really benefit, but also in order to be able to protect as lar  the impact of that fragmenting habitats may have on the likelihood of species not causing the e  nction of other species. ecologists now realise that indirect interactions between two species   wo species mediated by a third species, may play an important role in the success and mitigatio  ccess and mitigation of invasions. they have also devised equations to predict how the rate at   he abundance of a prey population. they have also gained a better understanding of the conditio  ldlife resources that will use predator-prey theory and new empirical data to devise a science-  y declining mammal, the water vole that is subjected to predation by the invasive american mink  on the fringe of the uplands. first, we need to know how fast the number of immigrants arriving  led areas. this is important at it will tell us how large an area must be controlled to keep th  nt at it will tell us how large an area must be controlled to keep the mink population low in i  on low in its centre. for this, we will remove mink from sections of rivers for a time and moni   from sections of rivers for a time and monitor recolonisation as it takes place. second, we wi  tion as it takes place. second, we will consider how the success of trappers changes as mink be   scarce. we will find out whether there is a density below which trappers are no longer interes  are no longer interested in trapping or are ineffective. given the different motivations of par  ferent trapping success. third, we will ask if the presence of rabbits in some valleys does sub  mink populations that prey on them, and may then move on and prey on water voles elsewhere in a   prey on them, and may then move on and prey on water voles elsewhere in a valley. this may res  water voles elsewhere in a valley. this may result in rabbits and water voles not being found i  y result in rabbits and water voles not being found in the same valley, even though rabbits cer  les not being found in the same valley, even though rabbits certainly do not eat water voles if  e valley, even though rabbits certainly do not eat water voles if mink require rabbits to breed  may be very effective. finally, we will integrate our results in models that can be used to exp  ll integrate our results in models that can be used to explore the relative merits of different  fective in trapping mink even when they are scarce 2. increasing the number of those trappers o  ppers only in the centre of the area we wish to protect 3. expanding the area where mink are tr  rotect 3. expanding the area where mink are trapped downstream from the national park, even tho  pped downstream from the national park, even though fewer people are interested in trapping min  national park, even though fewer people are interested in trapping mink in those areas 3. contr
11245	11	d by the initial open-water volume they inherit upon their formation. oxbows that inherit a lar   formation. oxbows that inherit a large open-water volume have substantial storage space and ma  lume have substantial storage space and may persist as aquatic habitat for centuries. in contra  n contrast, oxbows that inherit a small open-water volume often become completely filled by nat  olume. such an understanding has yet to be achieved, however, due to the absence of a mechanist  and numerical modelling; d. develop and validate a model capable of predicting the initial open   this project will, for the first time, explain the mechanistic details of the origin of oxbows  f river channels. the results will also allow for the development of a quantitative model capab  w for the development of a quantitative model capable of predicting oxbow persistence as aquati  stence as aquatic habitat and will thus have significant impact on wider management needs expre   habitat and will thus have significant impact on wider management needs expressed in the water
10037	7	ill integrate ground-based and airborne field measurements of surface fluxes and atmospheric co  and atmospheric composition of reactive trace gases and particles with modelling studies of che  ticles in the lower atmosphere. we will do this using a consortium of eight of the leading memb  borne atmospheric measurement s bae 146 research aircraft, the resources of the uk s university  surements, the malaysian meteorological service s global atmospheric watch station at bukit atu  rted danum valley field centre. we will bring significant added-value to nerc resources by the   centre. we will bring significant added-value to nerc resources by the active participation of
10039	7	ill integrate ground-based and airborne field measurements of surface fluxes and atmospheric co  and atmospheric composition of reactive trace gases and particles with modelling studies of che  ticles in the lower atmosphere. we will do this using a consortium of eight of the leading memb  borne atmospheric measurement s bae 146 research aircraft, the resources of the uk s university  surements, the malaysian meteorological service s global atmospheric watch station at bukit atu  rted danum valley field centre. we will bring significant added-value to nerc resources by the   centre. we will bring significant added-value to nerc resources by the active participation of
10293	7	ill integrate ground-based and airborne field measurements of surface fluxes and atmospheric co  and atmospheric composition of reactive trace gases and particles with modelling studies of che  ticles in the lower atmosphere. we will do this using a consortium of eight of the leading memb  borne atmospheric measurement s bae 146 research aircraft, the resources of the uk s university  surements, the malaysian meteorological service s global atmospheric watch station at bukit atu  rted danum valley field centre. we will bring significant added-value to nerc resources by the   centre. we will bring significant added-value to nerc resources by the active participation of
10296	7	ill integrate ground-based and airborne field measurements of surface fluxes and atmospheric co  and atmospheric composition of reactive trace gases and particles with modelling studies of che  ticles in the lower atmosphere. we will do this using a consortium of eight of the leading memb  borne atmospheric measurement s bae 146 research aircraft, the resources of the uk s university  surements, the malaysian meteorological service s global atmospheric watch station at bukit atu  rted danum valley field centre. we will bring significant added-value to nerc resources by the   centre. we will bring significant added-value to nerc resources by the active participation of
11055	7	ill integrate ground-based and airborne field measurements of surface fluxes and atmospheric co  and atmospheric composition of reactive trace gases and particles with modelling studies of che  ticles in the lower atmosphere. we will do this using a consortium of eight of the leading memb  borne atmospheric measurement s bae 146 research aircraft, the resources of the uk s university  surements, the malaysian meteorological service s global atmospheric watch station at bukit atu  rted danum valley field centre. we will bring significant added-value to nerc resources by the   centre. we will bring significant added-value to nerc resources by the active participation of
11306	7	ill integrate ground-based and airborne field measurements of surface fluxes and atmospheric co  and atmospheric composition of reactive trace gases and particles with modelling studies of che  ticles in the lower atmosphere. we will do this using a consortium of eight of the leading memb  borne atmospheric measurement s bae 146 research aircraft, the resources of the uk s university  surements, the malaysian meteorological service s global atmospheric watch station at bukit atu  rted danum valley field centre. we will bring significant added-value to nerc resources by the   centre. we will bring significant added-value to nerc resources by the active participation of
11570	7	ill integrate ground-based and airborne field measurements of surface fluxes and atmospheric co  and atmospheric composition of reactive trace gases and particles with modelling studies of che  ticles in the lower atmosphere. we will do this using a consortium of eight of the leading memb  borne atmospheric measurement s bae 146 research aircraft, the resources of the uk s university  surements, the malaysian meteorological service s global atmospheric watch station at bukit atu  rted danum valley field centre. we will bring significant added-value to nerc resources by the   centre. we will bring significant added-value to nerc resources by the active participation of
11834	7	ill integrate ground-based and airborne field measurements of surface fluxes and atmospheric co  and atmospheric composition of reactive trace gases and particles with modelling studies of che  ticles in the lower atmosphere. we will do this using a consortium of eight of the leading memb  borne atmospheric measurement s bae 146 research aircraft, the resources of the uk s university  surements, the malaysian meteorological service s global atmospheric watch station at bukit atu  rted danum valley field centre. we will bring significant added-value to nerc resources by the   centre. we will bring significant added-value to nerc resources by the active participation of
15212	5	and genetic influences on evolutionary trade-offs, particularly in key life-history traits and  tudies emphasized the role of oxidative stress as an important physiological mediator of life-h  breeding effort and growth on oxidative damage in biomolecules in both germ and somatic line. m  erm and somatic line. moreover, we will test the genetic architecture of life-hitory traits and  oobies breeding at isla isabel, mexico, was established in 1981 by the laboratorio de conducta
13481	12	ledge on ecosystem functioning. we will build a model of the dynamics of a number of key compou  ferent parts of the baltic sea. we will do this by documenting plankton food quality and follow  y documenting plankton food quality and follow the transfer to fish during eight offshore exped   status, a measure of the physiological condition of organisms, of different trophic levels of    project combines all factors that have been found to be correlated with the occurrence of a se  nes all factors that have been found to be correlated with the occurrence of a serious reproduc  e in baltic fish know as m74: oxidative stress, astaxanthin, thiamine and fatty acids. one of o   a pelagic regime shift caused by large-scale environmental changes, notably eutrophication. in  ly eutrophication. in 2006-2008 we will study mechanisms at the cellular level in ecological ex  e will study mechanisms at the cellular level in ecological experiments with functional proteom  ion of field data and experimental data is designed to obtain quantitative measures of ecosyste  ntifically interesting, no such studies are reported in literature.
12531	12	considerable progress has been achieved in developing strategies for the eradicat  ted host material and contaminated leaf/plant debris. monitoring carried out over the last two   trated that when eradication action has been taken promptly, and vigilance maintained on treati  lysis has also shown that the pathogens can persist in the environment, particularly in soil, p  ng to accumulate that residual root and stump material may also harbour the pathogen. on affect  sidual root and stump material may also harbour the pathogen. on affected nurseries there has b  hogen from the site. however, there are still a significant number of nurseries on which p. ram  nurseries on which p. ramorum can still be detected or where recurrent outbreaks continue to oc  reak sites where eradication action has been taken. levels of contamination will be investigate   of contamination in each situation and give a more accurate measure of changes in inoculum lev  each situation and give a more accurate measure of changes in inoculum levels over time. follow   time. following quantification of base-line inoculum levels, treatments and strategies to achi
14414	17	sapes is a research environment combining ecological and soci  s between farmers choices, agricultural land-use, biodiversity and ecosystem services, and to c  ween farmers choices, agricultural land-use, biodiversity and ecosystem services, and to create  em services, and to create state-of-the-art decision support tools to aid adaptive governance o  r aim is to understand how land-use and farm management affect farmland biodiversity and thus,   ersity and thus, ecosystem services. we are also interested to learn more about the factors inf  sion making. this information will then be used to generate agri-environment schemes that are b  nd ecosystem services. finally, we will provide decision-makers with support tools that can be   decision-makers with support tools that can be used to guide the development towards more appli   that benefit ecosystem services. sapes is a collaboration between lund university, stockholm u  ural university in uppsala. together we develop a strong research environment working for a sus  n uppsala. together we develop a strong research environment working for a sustainable agricult  ere biodiversity and ecosystem services are managed as assets to society. sapes as a strong res  as assets to society. sapes as a strong research environment is financed for the five-year peri   sapes as a strong research environment is financed for the five-year period 2010-2014 by the s  ve-year period 2010-2014 by the swedish research council formas and involves about 30 researche   from ecology, agronomy and economy. we welcome you to browse through this webpage and to learn
11447	3	ediacaran-age fossils occupy a critical ecological and evolutiona   a critical ecological and evolutionary position between the terminal proterozoic glaciations a  ciations and the cambrian explosion. we propose to examine the palaeoecology of these organisms
14757	5	extinction, the study of the origin and long-term dynamics of mediterraneity, the location of g  ction, the study of the origin and long-term dynamics of mediterraneity, the location of glacia  n in the palaeorecord. finally, we will consider corolaries for conservationist and forest mana  ider corolaries for conservationist and forest management policies. through the analysis of pos  riod. to achieve part of these goals we rely on the construction of a database, an information
9939	4	we propose a study of the ecological context of the earlie  tterning of the very earliest movements must consider not only the archaeological and human ske  y the archaeological and human skeletal evidence within a clearly established chronological fra  hin a clearly established chronological framework but also the larger context of human dispersi
6885	5	of the subfossil zooplankton community can be reconstructed by its remains. it also provides a  s an opportunity to make a quantitative approach, which helps to infer trophic level and water    which helps to infer trophic level and water quality. comparison between recent and ancient cr   diversity of microcrustacean community can be realised. hatching of daphnia ephippia from the   ent supplies specimens for the allozyme study to reconstruct population genetic structure and m
7149	2	the goal was to"hang"of the recordings of global climate changes in the  he indochinese zoogeographic subregion, while its southern provinces are part of the subregion
432	10	the aim of the project was to « catch » the record of global climatic shift in tropical  « catch » the record of global climatic shift in tropical environment that is said to be neutra  atic shift in tropical environment that is said to be neutral to this recording. due to its par  ing. due to its particular geology that can trap faunal and vegetal remains the choice of thail  iland was efficient. this area was also appropriate because nowadays it belongs to the indo-chi  ronment. we undertook an archaeological approach of the site of ban fa suai that we discovered   shiftings from pleistocene but we still need to precisely appreciate what is the chronological   istocene but we still need to precisely appreciate what is the chronological resolution of each  act of volcanic events on climate as it is suggested that the role of volcanism has the major e  ace around the isotopic stages 5a and 4 is a good opportunity to do so.
10219	5	ng how early humans interacted with and were affected by their environments is finding accurate  mpacted on early humans in the area. we are particularly interested in whether climatic changes   interested in whether climatic changes were involved in the extinction of homo floresiensis wh  y creating longer term records, we will identify other climatic and environmental events that t  what additional tipping points may have been needed to trigger extinction.
10905	5	ng how early humans interacted with and were affected by their environments is finding accurate  mpacted on early humans in the area. we are particularly interested in whether climatic changes   interested in whether climatic changes were involved in the extinction of homo floresiensis wh  y creating longer term records, we will identify other climatic and environmental events that t  what additional tipping points may have been needed to trigger extinction.
7450	19	arbour thousands of useful plants which are harvested and used in subsistence economies or trad  n tropical american forests and we will study the effect of extraction and trade of palms on fo  will study the effect of extraction and trade of palms on forest in the western amazon, the and  andes and the pacific lowlands. we will determine the size of the resource by making palm commu   in the different forest formations and determine the number of species and individuals of all   iduals of all palm species. the genetic structure of useful palm species will be studied to det  its populations, and whether extraction can be made without harm. we then determine how much pa  ction can be made without harm. we then determine how much palms are used for subsistence purpo   harm. we then determine how much palms are used for subsistence purposes by carrying out quant  rrying out quantitative, ethnobotanical research in different forest types and then we study tr  ntries and continents. palm populations are managed in various ways from sustainable ones to de  ones to destructive harvesting; we will study different ways in which palms are managed and pro  ill study different ways in which palms are managed and propose sustainable methods to local fa  ent ways in which palms are managed and propose sustainable methods to local farmers, local gov  her interested parties. finally we will study national level mechanism that governs extraction,  palm products, to identify positive and negative policies in relation to resilience of ecosyste  elation to resilience of ecosystems and use this to propose sustainable policies to the governm   variety of ways, depending on need and stake holders, from popular leaflets and videos for far  proposal represents 10 universities and research institutions in europe and northwestern south
13346	19	arbour thousands of useful plants which are harvested and used in subsistence economies or trad  n tropical american forests and we will study the effect of extraction and trade of palms on fo  will study the effect of extraction and trade of palms on forest in the western amazon, the and  andes and the pacific lowlands. we will determine the size of the resource by making palm commu   in the different forest formations and determine the number of species and individuals of all   iduals of all palm species. the genetic structure of useful palm species will be studied to det  its populations, and whether extraction can be made without harm. we then determine how much pa  ction can be made without harm. we then determine how much palms are used for subsistence purpo   harm. we then determine how much palms are used for subsistence purposes by carrying out quant  rrying out quantitative, ethnobotanical research in different forest types and then we study tr  ntries and continents. palm populations are managed in various ways from sustainable ones to de  ones to destructive harvesting; we will study different ways in which palms are managed and pro  ill study different ways in which palms are managed and propose sustainable methods to local fa  ent ways in which palms are managed and propose sustainable methods to local farmers, local gov  her interested parties. finally we will study national level mechanism that governs extraction,  palm products, to identify positive and negative policies in relation to resilience of ecosyste  elation to resilience of ecosystems and use this to propose sustainable policies to the governm   variety of ways, depending on need and stake holders, from popular leaflets and videos for far  proposal represents 10 universities and research institutions in europe and northwestern south
10647	10	ness of summer sea ice. the loss of ice is predicted to increase in the coming years as a conse  sequence of climatic warming. there may be no summer sea ice in the arctic by 2030. critically,   regular the migration behaviour is and relate this to the biological communities that are pres  nd the amount of sea ice cover. we will use this knowledge to improve models of how zooplankton  to depth. understanding zooplankton dvm is important for many reasons. quantifying dvm behaviou  e might alter changes in the way carbon is captured and stored in the productive arctic seas. i   in the productive arctic seas. it will give us a greater insight into how and why animals unde   and how the timing of these migrations is controlled. by relating the acoustic data with speci  acoustic data with species data we will be able to understand the role of zooplankton in arctic   plankton-dependent fish species are to be made.
12070	8	sed by the proliferation of microalgae, are the most visible effects of recent global changes o  hytoplankton. these high biomass blooms can lead to severe damages, including oxygen depletion,  re damages, including oxygen depletion, decrease of light penetration, losses in habitats, and   inated ecosystem. if a lot of works has been done to understand and predict optimal conditions   f works has been done to understand and predict optimal conditions that favour these toxic alga  hese toxic algal blooms, almost nothing is known about the resilience of the contaminated marin  ys suggested that some toxic microalgae may produce recurrent and intense proliferations during   proliferations during years to finally reach lowest and non toxic cell concentrations. recent
15061	3	sh the importance of coevolutionary and host-switching events in shaping contemporary component  ommunities. the results of this project can contribute substantially to community ecology, fish  lets at different scales, this proposal can provide, new valuable information about how local,
15145	5	edge of the parasite fauna where little is known about parasites of this type of vertebrate hos  vertebrate hosts, mostly of the records being referred to domestic species. the project, with a  ic species. the project, with a similar structure to others already developed in the balearic i  d of tenerife. interesting results have been obtained till the present, basically due to the fa  e case of ecosystems perturbed by fire, constitute the main objectives of the present project.
10147	2	ts because, by making animals ill, they alter how those animals interact with other species in   important problems by improving what we know about the effects of parasites in natural communit
11674	2	ts because, by making animals ill, they alter how those animals interact with other species in   important problems by improving what we know about the effects of parasites in natural communit
11697	2	ts because, by making animals ill, they alter how those animals interact with other species in   important problems by improving what we know about the effects of parasites in natural communit
14519	9	ses in wild animals can be an important handicap in their health status, as it can affect the p   handicap in their health status, as it can affect the production and the reproductive capacity  ctive capacity of their hosts, and also can transmit several infections from animals to man , a   knowledge of parasites of red deer has been made by casual findings during hunting season and   is animal, but the information about it can be considered very scarce. the aim of this project   oclimatic conditions. for this study it is absolutely necessary the collaboration of three diff  ate project which allows the continuous exchange of information and scientific material. in the  tific material. in the proposal project are included several aspects of study, like faunistic,   s free of parasites, and their products can be classified like ecological products.
14521	9	ses in wild animals can be an important handicap in their health status, as it can affect the p   handicap in their health status, as it can affect the production and the reproductive capacity  ctive capacity of their hosts, and also can transmit several infections from animals to man , a   knowledge of parasites of red deer has been made by casual findings during hunting season and   is animal, but the information about it can be considered very scarce. the aim of this project   oclimatic conditions. for this study it is absolutely necessary the collaboration of three diff  ate project which allows the continuous exchange of information and scientific material. in the  tific material. in the proposal project are included several aspects of study, like faunistic,   s free of parasites, and their products can be classified like ecological products.
14520	1	the european union, by both variety and number of animals. among the factors limiting the wealt
11339	1	young cuckoos cuculus canorus are raised by several host species, each with distincti
15345	1	in the red deer , for which we will try to replicate the results in order to advance toward
6732	1	ation of paria, the inca administrative centre of the region, mainly through archaeological rec
7271	2	s and services from the ground, it will look in the 1,200 identified species, indicators of ove  on points where no previous measurement was made navait
10985	21	this project is designed to develop a framework and associated tools  arios and environmental change. we will achieve this by combining modelling and participatory p  poverty alleviation in particular, have been limited by various challenges. these challenges of  ious challenges. these challenges often stem from the inability for es frameworks to take accou  understanding on how es will ultimately translate into poverty alleviation. particularly, we kn  o poverty alleviation. particularly, we know that es benefits depends not only on institutions   arkets, but also on capital, knowledge, expertise, technology and labour - something that poor   l, knowledge, expertise, technology and labour - something that poor groups often lack. also, w  g that poor groups often lack. also, we know that it is important to understand the inter-linka  roups often lack. also, we know that it is important to understand the inter-linkages between d   es benefits to different groups. there is a need for es frameworks that account for trade-offs  y processes to understand, document and deliberate on trade-offs between es benefits to the wel  plex social-ecological systems. we will test the framework in a case study of coastal environme  f coastal environment of kenya. we will develop quantitative and semi-quantitative models to ex  odel development and data collation, we propose to conduct five workshops in east africa with s  ientists, managers and stakeholders to: develop conceptual and methodological tools, plan scena  op conceptual and methodological tools, plan scenarios, obtain model parameters, conduct multi-  lan scenarios, obtain model parameters, conduct multi-criteria analysis, and reflect and dissem  dy trade-offs in ecosystem services and facilitate the discussion of sharing of costs and benef  lp increase the recognition of the poor-group in policy discussion related to ecosystem service  related to ecosystem services, and thus contribute to developing policies that alleviate povert
10782	1	matical models. the results will thence be incorporated into ecosystem models that will examine
11318	1	matical models. the results will thence be incorporated into ecosystem models that will examine
13841	11	ross-disciplinary merging geography and plant ecology. present-day plant species diversity and   ity and patterns in the rural landscape is investigated. the species patterns are analysed with  e is investigated. the species patterns are analysed with regard to past land-use change as wel   the landscape . twelve landscapes have been chosen in southestern sweden representing differen  ion. historical data on land-use change is interpreted from old cadastral maps from the 17th an  nd 18th century. present-day vegetation is interpreted from aerial photographs and field invent  a future landcape scenarios is going to be used to model plant spieces survival and pattern dep  tern depending on landuse intensity and landscape configuration. the models will be developeded  dscape configuration, both in space and time, on plant species patterns. further, it can provid   on plant species patterns. further, it can provide relevant conservation plans for protecting    for the future. this project will also contribute to bridging some of the gaps between landsca
10265	24	easing carbon dioxide . atmospheric co2 is predicted to steadily increase in the coming decades  tmospheric co2 is predicted to steadily increase in the coming decades, reaching 450-550 ppm by  ases, so does the rate at which it will dissolve in seawater, forcing the ph of the surface oce  f the surface ocean lower and lower. it is likely that ocean ph will reach values seen only rar  day have never experienced such a large change in all their evolutionary history. is this impor  dic and will eventually dissolve. if we fail to control co2 emissions to keep ocean ph change w   control co2 emissions to keep ocean ph change within the limits calcifying organisms can cope    within the limits calcifying organisms can cope with in the future, we may see dissolution of   ganisms can cope with in the future, we may see dissolution of their shells, slower growth, fai  anisms over an ecological precipice and cause extinctions. so what is going to happen in the fu  sands to millions of years to adapt and evolve in response to global environmental change. alth  ange. although the global environmental change we are causing now is many hundreds of times fas  environmental change we are causing now is many hundreds of times faster, it would still take l   to ocean acidification. by the time we know the answer, it may be too late luckily, there is a   by the time we know the answer, it may be too late luckily, there is an alternative path; one   swer, it may be too late luckily, there is an alternative path; one that lies hidden in rocks.   at lies hidden in rocks. the geological record, stored in the mud at the bottom of the ocean is  d in the mud at the bottom of the ocean is packed with millions of microfossils that record how   samples of ancient sediments that have been drilled from the ocean floor, analyse these sample  have been drilled from the ocean floor, analyse these samples using a range of state-of-the-art  e samples using a range of state-of-the-art techniques involving detailed laboratory analyses,   lving detailed laboratory analyses, and apply complex computer models to help make complete sen  t changes in marine ecosystems we might expect in the future if we do not make much greater eff  ems we might expect in the future if we do not make much greater efforts to curtail our greenho
10791	24	easing carbon dioxide . atmospheric co2 is predicted to steadily increase in the coming decades  tmospheric co2 is predicted to steadily increase in the coming decades, reaching 450-550 ppm by  ases, so does the rate at which it will dissolve in seawater, forcing the ph of the surface oce  f the surface ocean lower and lower. it is likely that ocean ph will reach values seen only rar  day have never experienced such a large change in all their evolutionary history. is this impor  dic and will eventually dissolve. if we fail to control co2 emissions to keep ocean ph change w   control co2 emissions to keep ocean ph change within the limits calcifying organisms can cope    within the limits calcifying organisms can cope with in the future, we may see dissolution of   ganisms can cope with in the future, we may see dissolution of their shells, slower growth, fai  anisms over an ecological precipice and cause extinctions. so what is going to happen in the fu  sands to millions of years to adapt and evolve in response to global environmental change. alth  ange. although the global environmental change we are causing now is many hundreds of times fas  environmental change we are causing now is many hundreds of times faster, it would still take l   to ocean acidification. by the time we know the answer, it may be too late luckily, there is a   by the time we know the answer, it may be too late luckily, there is an alternative path; one   swer, it may be too late luckily, there is an alternative path; one that lies hidden in rocks.   at lies hidden in rocks. the geological record, stored in the mud at the bottom of the ocean is  d in the mud at the bottom of the ocean is packed with millions of microfossils that record how   samples of ancient sediments that have been drilled from the ocean floor, analyse these sample  have been drilled from the ocean floor, analyse these samples using a range of state-of-the-art  e samples using a range of state-of-the-art techniques involving detailed laboratory analyses,   lving detailed laboratory analyses, and apply complex computer models to help make complete sen  t changes in marine ecosystems we might expect in the future if we do not make much greater eff  ems we might expect in the future if we do not make much greater efforts to curtail our greenho
2534	4	at present little is known pertaining to how governmental management poli  ditions, such as population density and influence individual production strategies in the reind  oject aims at generating knowledge that may have important management implications and that may  ortant management implications and that may increase our understanding of nomadic pastoral adap
530	1	the entire project is based on the scientific and methodological assets re
2187	12	tures in the agricultural landscape. we evaluate consequences for species diversity of day-flyi  h relatively well-known ecologies, they are suitable for studies of population processes in rel  in relation to landscape structures. we focus on the value of semi-natural pastures in a landsc  s in a landscape perspective. first, we investigate the occurrence of extinction thresholds, i.  ss of semi-natural pastures. second, we evaluate how the quality of the surrounding matrix affe  nce in semi-natural pastures. third, we evaluate the consequences of presence of semi-natural p  ted linear habitat elements. fourth, we evaluate consequences of different management regimes o  rn for red-listed species in sweden, it is important to optimise the use of resources aimed at   reserving these and the landscapes they are situated in. this project will give insight into ho   viability of declining populations and may therefore have direct consequences for strategies t   studied species. the project will also contribute to the understanding of population processes   biology, i.e. how population viability is affected by landscape structures.
6730	3	reditary gene mutations, which probably play an important role in a considerable proportion of   lay an important role in a considerable proportion of patients with apparently sporadic pheochr  as, will be determined and compared. it is assumed that elucidation of genomic and somatic gene
15122	4	we propose to study the pathways of river water distributi  m sub-diurnal to seasonal. we will also study what biomass changes in the smallest fraction of   dy what biomass changes in the smallest fraction of the phytoplankton community are triggered i  fraction of the phytoplankton community are triggered in response to changes in nutrient fluxes
11448	7	recent theoretical work into the effect of spatial pattern on population d  retical work into the effect of spatial pattern on population dynamics and the pattern-generati  local competition and limited dispersal could prevent competitive exclusion and hence promote s  prevent competitive exclusion and hence promote species richness. we propose to use a model sys   and hence promote species richness. we propose to use a model system of annual plants to test   on should occur more quickly when seeds are scattered randomly than when they fall locally.   s are scattered randomly than when they fall locally.
2048	8	, but such participation warrants a far better information management than the one maintained a  ations. the information should not only be physically available and adequate, but it should be   tial distribution patterns of the fish, stock dynamics and the impact of the fishery relative t  hree objectives of this study therefore are: 1. assessing patterns in resource availability in   s in resource availability in space and time as they are perceived by fishermen, administrators   availability in space and time as they are perceived by fishermen, administrators and scientis  he different perceptions from the type, content, availability and accessibility of the informat   the various stakeholders by which they understand the dynamics in resource availability as a p
2100	6	while, indicating that deep-sea fishes may respond different to harvesting than most shallow-w  this difference include slow growth and low productivity of deep-sea fishes, and possibly that    fishes, and possibly that popoulations are more confined geographically beacause of the sedent  environment. because little if anything is known on population structure in deep-sea fishes, co  es, competing hypotheses abound, and we propose a comparative genetic study, based on statistic  ng such a comparative approach, we will delineate the various mechanisms that are important for
2091	6	t of the pelagic food web. experimental work in laboratory and mesocosms experiments combined w  the same ecosystem. particular interest is directed to the relationship between size- selective  hip between size- selective grazing and host - specific virus that factors which both maintains  s opposed to unstable fluctuations pair are linked together in chains, parallel, or or nested i  ons pair are linked together in chains, parallel, or or nested into each other will be explored   defense mechanisms of exchange / hosts are expected to stabilize systems
14164	8	n to the biological importance of large-scale hydrological processes. the regulation of primary  e regulation of benthic communities has been investigated by a few recent studies in oceanic co   studies in oceanic coastal ecosystems, while there is no available data from estuarine or non-  oceanic coastal ecosystems, while there is no available data from estuarine or non-tidal ecosys  graphy-related exposure of marine areas is connected to a complex combination of environmental   ted attempt to quantify the interactive impact of upwelling and exposure on the simultaneous re  ut patterns of ecological processes and enable to go further in revealing causalities behind th  results are essential to understand and predict the consequences of eutrophication or community
15387	15	in only 7% of its territory. a massive research effort has been dedicated to studying the caus  erritory. a massive research effort has been dedicated to studying the causes behind the striki  ions have such elevated biodiversity it is essential that we first acquire more detailed unders  diversity it is essential that we first acquire more detailed understanding of the factors infl   tropical taxa. in this project we will examine the intrinsic and extrinsic drivers of diversif  at both a micro- and macro-evolutionary scale, providing an essential step forward in the under  y 15% of known vertebrate diversity and include more than 6300 described species. furthermore,   t the american tropics, but very little is known about the factors that influence tropical dive  becomes increasingly alarming as it has been estimated that nearly one third of amphibian speci  t nearly one third of amphibian species are threatened with extinction. we will test whether ra  are threatened with extinction. we will test whether rates of phenotypic evolution increase wit  aptive radiation scenario, we will also analyze the influence of ecological diversity, geograph  e mechanisms driving speciation we will study the relative importance of vicariance, peripatric  ivergence events. further, we will also analyze the influence of geographical barriers and land  ological requirements. finally, we will investigate genomic signatures of the speciation proces
15390	3	southeast asia is one of the most important hotspots for biodiversity   mate changes affected in the past. this could provide some clues on the impact that future glob  n the impact that future global changes could be expected to have on the evolution of the diver
14938	7	of strategic plans for its sustainable use, particularly concerning threatened species and hab  erning threatened species and habitats, is one of the main national and international prioritie  ur project proposal on taxus baccata l. is designed to cover these specific issues and needs. t  cific issues and needs. to this end, we aim at assessing the levels and distribution of genetic  stic dna-based polymorphisms. the study is planned at two spatial scales: 1 across its distribu  performed on a national-wide geographic scale, has the following objectives: and genetic dynami  f landscape fragmentation. the proposal is designed to understand the significance of the speci
11111	18	ts and animals vary in many traits that are controlled by genetic variation. finding the genes    basic science. evolutionary biologists are interested to know what the genes are that control   pests and their relatives. here we will study a classic system in evolutionary biology, the mim  ropical heliconius butterflies. we will use modern molecular techniques to investigate a geneti  trols a geographic variation in mimetic pattern in the butterfly heliconius melpomene and a wit  ly-defended prey share warning colours, is an ecologically well-understood adaptive trait with   hin populations of the same species and are involved in speciation. the p locus in h. numata is  in speciation. the p locus in h. numata is found in the same genome region as the n-yb-sb locus   the mimicry locus. variation will then be screened in wild populations of h. numata in order t  ta in order to search for variants that are associated with the pattern phenotype of the butter   and a g at a particular locus, we will investigate whether there is a tendency for the butterf  ocus, we will investigate whether there is a tendency for the butterflies with a particular win  quency than expected at random. we will use high throughput, cost-effective genetic techniques   tive genetic techniques that accurately estimate the association of each variable marker with c  rther localize the region, and possibly identify the gene, that is responsible for dramatic mor  ity have the same wing pattern, we will investigate whether there is a region that shows reduce  tern, we will investigate whether there is a region that shows reduced variation or a high freq  sight into the effect of rapid adaptive range expansion on associated genetic variation.
9837	18	ts and animals vary in many traits that are controlled by genetic variation. finding the genes    basic science. evolutionary biologists are interested to know what the genes are that control   pests and their relatives. here we will study a classic system in evolutionary biology, the mim  ropical heliconius butterflies. we will use modern molecular techniques to investigate a geneti  trols a geographic variation in mimetic pattern in the butterfly heliconius melpomene and a wit  ly-defended prey share warning colours, is an ecologically well-understood adaptive trait with   hin populations of the same species and are involved in speciation. the p locus in h. numata is  in speciation. the p locus in h. numata is found in the same genome region as the n-yb-sb locus   the mimicry locus. variation will then be screened in wild populations of h. numata in order t  ta in order to search for variants that are associated with the pattern phenotype of the butter   and a g at a particular locus, we will investigate whether there is a tendency for the butterf  ocus, we will investigate whether there is a tendency for the butterflies with a particular win  quency than expected at random. we will use high throughput, cost-effective genetic techniques   tive genetic techniques that accurately estimate the association of each variable marker with c  rther localize the region, and possibly identify the gene, that is responsible for dramatic mor  ity have the same wing pattern, we will investigate whether there is a region that shows reduce  tern, we will investigate whether there is a region that shows reduced variation or a high freq  sight into the effect of rapid adaptive range expansion on associated genetic variation.
15492	4	ative comparison of patterns of genetic structure, comparatively little progress has been made   ture, comparatively little progress has been made on the study of evolutionary processes genera  plied disciplines. in this proposal, we aim to produce new insights in our knowledge about the   es in the iberian herpetofauna and thus design management programs that take into account areas
10899	9	ene peat splice undertake shipboard and post-cruise calcareous nannofossil biostratigraphy for   eat splice undertake shipboard and post-cruise calcareous nannofossil biostratigraphy for the e  phy for the eocene-miocene interval and integrate these data with those from other peat stratig  atic optimum the early to middle eocene saw a rise in nannofossil diversity to a cenozoic maxim  imum. i will investigate the timing and structure of this increase and examine whether climatic  ming and structure of this increase and examine whether climatic shifts played a significant ro   if early eocene hyperthermal intervals are recovered i will investigate the nannofossil respon  an extension of objective 4 and we will collaborate with peat nannofossil biostratigraphers who   peat nannofossil biostratigraphers who have this interval as a primary objective.
7719	5	ices programs are expanding rapidly and are considered an instrument for preserving endangered   ially in developing countries where pse are presented as tools against poverty. in their proces   institutionalization, architecture and use of pse are influenced by a large number of system f  nalization, architecture and use of pse are influenced by a large number of system forming acto  nd use of pse are influenced by a large number of system forming actors and instruments tailore
10409	25	the aims of peatbog are, firstly, to understand how the biodiversity and ec  em functions of peatlands across europe are impacted by nitrogen pollution and climate change,   e are major global sinks for carbon and support a unique biological community. climate change a  iological community. climate change and air pollution, however, threaten the structure and func  mate change and air pollution, however, threaten the structure and function of these ecosystems  on, however, threaten the structure and function of these ecosystems. aerial deposition of reac  utants has already caused a significant drop in diversity and functioning of peatlands in parts   of peatlands in parts of europe. there is also evidence that climate change will disturb peatl  lands in parts of europe. there is also evidence that climate change will disturb peatland hydr  d ecosystem properties of peatlands. we hypothesize that above critical thresholds of nitrogen   olds of nitrogen deposition, there will be reductions in the diversity of all species, with bry  g a loss of sensitive types, there will be replacement by more nitrogen-loving species and both  se gases released to the atmosphere. we anticipate that these negative responses to nitrogen po  all. to address these concerns, we will determine the relationship between peatland species ric  er water table and temperature, we will measure the nature of the interaction between nitrogen   s and across survey sites. we will also identify the associations between vegetation richness a  iations between vegetation richness and soil microbial diversity, and how these are affected by  soil microbial diversity, and how these are affected by nitrogen pollution and climate change.   nd climate change. for example, we will be able to better account for climate change in the set  tical loads thresholds, and conversely, assess more accurately how nitrogen pollution affects t  ands to specific degrees of warming and summer drought. this is the first study investigating t  surveys and associated nutrient assays, field manipulation studies and laboratory experiments i  ues. the study will adopt an innovative approach in using relational databases and gis to stren  and gis to strengthen data analysis and facilitate communication of the results with the stakeh  of the results with the stakeholder and end-user community.
13611	25	the aims of peatbog are to understand how the biodiversity and ecosystem fu  em functions of peatlands across europe are impacted by nitrogen pollution and climate change,   e are major global sinks for carbon and support a unique biological community. climate change a  iological community. climate change and air pollution, however, threaten the structure and func  mate change and air pollution, however, threaten the structure and function of these ecosystems  on, however, threaten the structure and function of these ecosystems. aerial deposition of reac  utants has already caused a significant drop in diversity and functioning of peatlands in parts   of peatlands in parts of europe. there is also evidence that climate change will disturb peatl  lands in parts of europe. there is also evidence that climate change will disturb peatland hydr  f these stresses, and whether they will act independently or synergistically. we hypothesize th  ct independently or synergistically. we hypothesize that above critical thresholds of nitrogen   holds of nitrogen deposition there will be reductions in the diversity of all species, with bry  se gases released to the atmosphere. we anticipate that these responses to nitrogen pollution w  te change, and under extreme conditions may lead to a breakdown in the ecosystem and mass carbo  ead to a breakdown in the ecosystem and mass carbon and nitrogen loss. to address these concern  oss. to address these concerns, we will determine the relationships between peatland above- and  er water table and temperature, we will measure the nature of the interactions between nitrogen  s and across survey sites. we will also identify the associations between vegetation richness a  iations between vegetation richness and soil microbial diversity, and how these are affected by  soil microbial diversity, and how these are affected by nitrogen pollution and climate change.   mate change. on a national and european scale, this will allow us to identify the most vulnerab  surveys and associated nutrient assays, field manipulation studies and laboratory experiments i  ues. the study will adopt an innovative approach in using relational databases and gis to stren  and gis to strengthen data analysis and facilitate communication of the results with the stakeh  of the results with the stakeholder and end-user community.
15571	25	the aims of peatbog are to understand how the biodiversity and ecosystem fu  em functions of peatlands across europe are impacted by nitrogen pollution and climate change,   e are major global sinks for carbon and support a unique biological community. climate change a  iological community. climate change and air pollution, however, threaten the structure and func  mate change and air pollution, however, threaten the structure and function of these ecosystems  on, however, threaten the structure and function of these ecosystems. aerial deposition of reac  utants has already caused a significant drop in diversity and functioning of peatlands in parts   of peatlands in parts of europe. there is also evidence that climate change will disturb peatl  lands in parts of europe. there is also evidence that climate change will disturb peatland hydr  f these stresses, and whether they will act independently or synergistically. we hypothesize th  ct independently or synergistically. we hypothesize that above critical thresholds of nitrogen   holds of nitrogen deposition there will be reductions in the diversity of all species, with bry  se gases released to the atmosphere. we anticipate that these responses to nitrogen pollution w  te change, and under extreme conditions may lead to a breakdown in the ecosystem and mass carbo  ead to a breakdown in the ecosystem and mass carbon and nitrogen loss. to address these concern  oss. to address these concerns, we will determine the relationships between peatland above- and  er water table and temperature, we will measure the nature of the interactions between nitrogen  s and across survey sites. we will also identify the associations between vegetation richness a  iations between vegetation richness and soil microbial diversity, and how these are affected by  soil microbial diversity, and how these are affected by nitrogen pollution and climate change.   mate change. on a national and european scale, this will allow us to identify the most vulnerab  surveys and associated nutrient assays, field manipulation studies and laboratory experiments i  ues. the study will adopt an innovative approach in using relational databases and gis to stren  and gis to strengthen data analysis and facilitate communication of the results with the stakeh  of the results with the stakeholder and end-user community.
12376	2	towards eutrophication in remote areas cannot be shown to be insignificant the uk could be obl  not be shown to be insignificant the uk could be obliged to take remedial action. this would re
11804	9	one belt in south africa. the barberton is one of the only two places where sedimentary and vol  e sufficiently well preserved that they retain a reliable record of the conditions on the young  egin the sedimentary rocks at barberton provide a 320 m.y. record of conditions on the land sur  rn analytical techniques. this can only be done by drilling. in addition, the material offers a  billion year time scales. this can only be done by robust microbiological contamination control  trol. the pi led the geomicrobiological study of the icdp chesapeake bay impact crater, the fir  peake bay impact crater, the first icdp project to include microbiology. one objective is to ap  e to the barberton project. the project is supported by scientists from 13 countries in five co  n industry. in this project proposal we seek to gain support from nerc for a contribution to dr
15220	9	we have now clear signs that human activities and resultin  ting global changes are having a strong impact of marine ecosystems. pelagic seabirds are one o  al to determine when and where seabirds are exposed to human impacts. tracking the movements of  iophysical traits of the marine habitat can help us to locate feeding areas, build habitat suit  at can help us to locate feeding areas, build habitat suitability models and identify important  s, build habitat suitability models and identify important bird areas to be protected. the info  itability models and identify important bird areas to be protected. the information on foraging  ls and identify important bird areas to be protected. the information on foraging movements can  ormation on foraging movements can also be combined with the analysis of some tissues and feath
7222	1	ve to characterize the biodiversity and ensure its follow-up. the project will establish an inv
12535	8	pepino mosaic virus within the eu and laboratories in other co  ies with a proven track record of pepmv research, with extensive plant virus and plant health e  ecord of pepmv research, with extensive plant virus and plant health expertise from all member   esearch, with extensive plant virus and plant health expertise from all member states where pep  . adoption of the new pra will allow eu plant health services to develop a consensus on appropr  ork milestoned in the eu-funded pepeira project, further defra plant health division work will   toned in the eu-funded pepeira project, further defra plant health division work will be carrie  u-funded pepeira project, further defra plant health division work will be carried out on impro
7173	8	their skin. returned to the wild, they do not compete with native species. the first has focus  acter. . . spend poisoning trapping, it is ultimately keep a technician approach increasingly s  nd poisoning trapping, it is ultimately keep a technician approach increasingly standardized, o  ian approach increasingly standardized, out of step with the many representations associated wi   as a curse but as sympathetic animals, close, natural, wild, etc.. these different representat  , etc.. these different representations may be expressed simultaneously from one group or one p  the questions: with which animals do we want to live in our modern society and what does their   rn society and what does their identity is attributed
7199	1	rfcom aims to assess on agro innovative low-input systems in conventional or organic farming, t
12688	2	a set out in article 4 of the statutory framework of the world network of biosphere reserves an  world network of biosphere reserves and prepare a report on the findings to defra, and detail p
15358	3	to modern climate change are likely to be determined largely by population responses at range   y has been little acknowledged. here we propose to study a set of 19 low-latitude marginal popu  d. here we propose to study a set of 19 low-latitude marginal populations of quercus robur hybr
6944	1	the current lichenological project is focused on hungarian herbarium material collected in
11395	14	o live alongside others with which they compete for resources. many biologists would maintain t  ent species in the community. this view was supported by charles darwin, who wrote in 1859 `whe  rles darwin, who wrote in 1859 `when we look at the plants and bushes clothing an entangled ban  d bushes clothing an entangled bank, we are tempted to attribute their proportional numbers and  re or `common because of purely random, chance events. this theory has been remarkably successf  e in many natural systems. however, not even hubbell himself would claim that the `assumption o  ologically equivalent, when this is not true this project will address this question by studyin  y equivalent. while similar models have been studied before, they are so complicated that they   r models have been studied before, they are so complicated that they cannot be solved mathemati  fore, they are so complicated that they cannot be solved mathematically, which makes it difficu  s relatively simple, and its properties can be studied in great detail. however, by studying mo  y slightly different from hubbell s, we can use the exact solution to hubbell s model to calcul  of piggy-backing on an exactly solvable model to study an unsolvable one is a well-established   eefs. in this way, we shall measure and distinguish between the different processes that make t
13347	3	utes the development of a unified cross-reference system and provides of high quality taxonomic  europe-based nomenclatural services and link the planned joint european taxonomic e-infrastruct  pean taxonomic e-infrastructures middle-layer to the global e-gateway.
457	9	ong needs for transfer of knowledge and support for policy-makers and users. nonetheless the ph  at are barely studied on these islands, even though their important role as source of material   e of material for neighbouring systems, source of biodiversity or even as pollution buffer has   ring systems, source of biodiversity or even as pollution buffer has been proved in other regio  versity or even as pollution buffer has been proved in other regions. moreover, studies carried  , studies carried out in eastern africa show a multitude of ecosystem services, which make thes  ts. the work objectives on these plants are divided in four categories: 1/ to characterize thei  rsity; 2/ to quantify the anthropogenic impact on the plants . the expected outcomes are, in ad  ases, tools for activity management and help for decision-making, but also the reinforcement of
7208	2	common to the species life history and own biological rhythm: the apical bud budding trees and  in all three types of organizations. we propose to measure the synchronization in different for
2083	3	able effect of global warming in norway is a transition in the seasonal vegetation cycles. chan  bserved in central and southern norway, is likely to increase biomass production and accelerate   reindeer, and thereby a socio-economic impact on the såmi people and culture. the project will
15426	14	such as reproduction. in an analytical sense, it can be considered as a dimension of natural h  eproduction. in an analytical sense, it can be considered as a dimension of natural history tha  cts organisms and populations. even, it is possible that some organisms are distinguished from   ven, it is possible that some organisms are distinguished from others on this dimension. thus,   s dimension. thus, from an evolutionary point of view, variability in reproductive phenology ma  , variability in reproductive phenology may lead to genetic differentiation within a population  hin a population living in simpatry and cause an allochronic speciation process in certain case  may occur provided two basic conditions are met: heritable reproduction timing and time-based a   met: heritable reproduction timing and time-based assortative matings. under these conditions,  der these conditions, genetic structure may arise in a population, especially in small ones, wi  rgence in relation to reproduction time is required for stabilising isolation by time. we hypot  d for stabilising isolation by time. we hypothesize that such divergence could arise even at th  ginning of genetic divergence, if there are local adaptations examine the existence of inbreedi   existence of inbreeding depression and see the biological efficiency in relation to the degree
15002	5	we have a poor understanding of the biochemical and physio  ow many genes, what type or how do they interact to produce adaptation or speciation are nowada  swer as 30 years ago. some progress has been achieved for understanding the genetic basis of po  nown from an ecological or evolutionary point of view. in this project, we propose to use a wel  nary point of view. in this project, we propose to use a well-known case of incomplete ecologic
7226	2	f the formation of species because they provide exceptional opportunities to analyze the role o  ogeography is now better understood. we propose in this project to analyze the action of evolut
467	3	study of species formation because they offer exceptional occasions to analyze the role of geog  understanding of genetic processes that are involved in speciation. these islands constitute an  henceforth improved. in this project we aim to analyze the action of evolutionary forces .
15486	8	day in a thermoneutral environment and post-absorptive state. recent studies have showed that   te. recent studies have showed that bmr is a highly flexible trait which is influenced by sever  at bmr is a highly flexible trait which is influenced by several environmental factors. therefo  uences of up- or down-regulation of bmr is essential to evaluate the individual metabolic adapt  , in natural conditions animals usually have to face several constraints simultaneously that ma  several constraints simultaneously that may impose a trade-off between conflicting energetic de  tween conflicting energetic demands and generate opposite phenotypic responses compared to when  s is that phenotypic flexibility in bmr is a significant component of metabolic response of mig
6741	10	able we established that chemotaxonomic survey concerning wild growing species and infraspecifi  raspecific taxa of thymus there has not been published in hungary in the past decades. the stan  the whole indigenous genetic basis, nor fit to the up-to-date analytical possibilities existing  ous genetic basis, nor fit to the up-to-date analytical possibilities existing abroad and in hu   gene resources has become an important task, taking the variability and the drug quality into   uality into consideration. a multilevel research activity is necessary from the biological sour  personal as well as the infrastructural background necessary to this work is provided at the de  tural background necessary to this work is provided at the department of medicinal and aromatic  tic plants, szent istván university. we are aimed at improving the knowledge regarding wild-gro  emotaxa with perspectives. moreover, we have a purpose to reveal the genetic and ecological rea
14953	6	and population dynamics. in lakes much is known on phosphorus, particularly after the research  reased. despite this knowledge, when we move away from the systems submitted to strong human in  submitted to strong human influence and concentrate on natural phosphorus levels, still there i  ncentrate on natural phosphorus levels, still there is much to study for understanding the biog   natural phosphorus levels, still there is much to study for understanding the biogeochemical a  tic factors that directly or indirectly control the relevance of the phosphorus loading form ou
10301	4	because elevated p concentrations have been linked to increased rates of plant growth, changes  thic algae in rivers. such rivers often fail to meet the standards of the eu water framework di  ation measures. these measures can only succeed if we understand the processes controlling the   . these measures can only succeed if we understand the processes controlling the ecological hea
11290	3	aign, a fieldtrip to barrow for a small amount of money. the fieldwork will last 21 days. the f  tive transfer model of the snow and sea-ice to estimate these fluxes with simple mathematical f  e these fluxes with simple mathematical function for other users.
15454	11	primary source of soil nutrients and it is also a fundamental component of the global carbon cy   of the global carbon cycle. litter and soil organic matter pools contain important amounts of   obal carbon cycle. litter decomposition is controlled mainly by litter quality, temperature and  ly, the process of photodegradation has been identified as the main process of litter decomposi  ecomposition in semiarid ecosystems. it is a process by which solar radiation breaks down direc  r components releasing co2 and thus, it is a direct loss of carbon from the ecosystem to the at  the ecosystem to the atmosphere without being incorporated into the soil organic matter pool. h  on balance in a mediterranean shrubland site where net ecosystem exchange is being measured. mo  nd site where net ecosystem exchange is being measured. moreover, it will investigate the role   ge is being measured. moreover, it will investigate the role of photodegradation in both ground  oject is to develop such a chamber that can be used at the different sites to obtain the first
15399	6	ddition to daily rhythms . we will also analyse the expression of these genes under different p  der different photoperiodic regimes. we plan to investigate oscillations in the hormone melaton  in its synthesis. additionally, we will study intra- and inter- specific variability in these g   additionally, we will study intra- and inter- specific variability in these genes that migh co  ic variability in these genes that migh correlate with observed variation in the seasonal respo  siphon pisum will help in our study. we believe that our results may be relevant not only to ga
14767	10	ous photosynthetic efficiency, and this could compensate the advantages derived from an enlarge  eaf. in order to clarify this topic, it is necessary to estimate the photosynthesis integrated   us and evergreen woody species. we will measure the variations in photosynthesis along the leaf  edict the impacts of climate change. we hypothesize that in a seasonal climate the percentage o  leaf life under unfavourable conditions must increase with leaf longevity. if climate change le  es during the whole year, will probably respond with morphological changes that favour leaf sur  iciency. by contrast, deciduous species may respond with phenological adjustments that couple t  cycle to the duration of the favourable season, thus avoiding morphological changes and variati  c efficiency. these different responses may change the competitive relationships among species.   species. for this reason, we will also analyse the morphological differences associated with t
11099	7	h constraints, most notably the in situ light environment and nutrient availability, restrict s   environment and nutrient availability, restrict specific picocyanobacterial lineages to a part  s to a particular niche. however, it is key elements of cyanobacterial physiology which must un  ents of cyanobacterial physiology which must underlie these growth constraints. the component o  ent light regimes is photosynthesis. we propose that photosynthetic performance as a function o  nisms. in order to address this we will perform various photophysiological and biochemical tech  hococcus lineages.we will also directly assess the affect of nutrient depletion on photosynthet
148	1	the project envisages to continue and extend the studies of evolution and systematics in the
11347	2	males and females often disagree over reproduction. females produce few but lar  uce few but large gametes but will also advance our understanding of social behaviour, life-his
10811	6	ist of complex networks of species that are linked via feeding interactions. descriptions of th  actions. descriptions of these networks are called food webs. just like other networks from an   ly well characterised food web that has been collected over a period of 10 years. we will use d  cted over a period of 10 years. we will use dna sequences to resolve the phylogenies and we wil   to resolve the phylogenies and we will use these to test hypotheses on the organisation of thi  his food web. in the future we can then formulate hypotheses on how this community will respond
14744	3	red as sect. esula subsect. pachycladae constitute two different examples of african-mediterran  th and tropical africa, with which they conform the subfamily cardueae; second, we shall explor  ch they conform the subfamily cardueae; second, we shall explore the relationships of the dendr
14930	18	suitable for systematic studies. there are also may physiological adaptations, although less a   for systematic studies. there are also may physiological adaptations, although less apparent.   s, although less apparent. most species are known to have a high fat metabolism, extended lifet  ifications in their life cycle. here we propose the investigation of the evolution of the life    cycle of cave beetles of the speonomus group of genera . species of this group are endemic to   ompressed life cycle the number of eggs is reduced, and in some just one large egg is laid at a  reduced, and in some just one large egg is laid at a time, while other species of the group sti  e just one large egg is laid at a time, while other species of the group still lay many small e  anism of the life cycle modification we propose two main approaches. first, we will build a mol  ose two main approaches. first, we will build a molecular phylogeny at the species level, to id  hylogeny with geological events it will be possible to estimate a time frame for the origin of   mental changes. the phylogeny will then be used to identify closely related species with signif  ypical representative of the k-, r- and intermediate strategies will be compared morphologicall  ogical changes during the developmental process to a change in life cycle.. the second focus of  nvestigation of alterations of hormonal control mechanisms regulating the development. in holom  on of these regulatory hormonal network is required to change the developmental timing and the   since the profiling of the hormones has been done for a wide range of insects, including beetle  ofiles are available for comparison. it can be assumed that the developmental programs for clos
216	2	in this project we plan to concentrate on the taxonomic and ecological res  entrate on the taxonomic and ecological research of european usnea species, and in lesser exten
10598	7	netic species-area relationship - which can provide a key to understanding both: across lineage  ented correlates of diversity typically explain very little. we propose to document the phyloge  rsity typically explain very little. we propose to document the phylogenetic species-area relat  rsification has proceeded. we will then simulate simple candidate processes to see whether they  date processes to see whether they give rise to macroecological and macroevolutionary patterns   , hypothesis testing and simulation, we aim to unify phylogenetic imbalance with species-area r   species-area relationships and thereby contribute to the synthesis of macroevolution and macro
10087	13	ees of species as phylogenies, and they are one of the principal means by which biologists inve  y millions of years, meaning that there is no written record of them, and the fossil record is   incomplete. because of this, biologists must infer phylogenies by studying the similarities and   the difficulties facing biologists who wish to infer phylogenies from gene sequences is that t  ces is that two closely related species can appear quite different because they have evolved th  , and the small hyrax species of africa is the closest living relative to the elephants these d  tive to the elephants these differences can confuse the process of inferring phylogenies, placi  p mathematical models of evolution that can detect when pairs of species differ in the way that   of species differ in the way that they evolve their genes. this will mean that we will be able  heir genes. this will mean that we will be able more accurately to infer the true phylogenies o  th, and also to the many scientists who use phylogenies in their research. currently, phylogeni   their research. currently, phylogenies are used in nearly all branches of the life sciences, t  of the movement of plants, animals, and people around the world.
2477	11	ms. discovery of these changes however, are often made long after extensive loss of biodiversit  n available resourses is increasing, we extend our operations towards sensitive ecosystems that  nsitive ecosystems that have previously been protected from resource extraction. it is therefor   protected from resource extraction. it is therefore particularly important to monitor these ne  ese new areas to detect, understand and remediate environmental responses to a particular envir  ograms are not well adapted to this. we propose to initiate the development of the worlds most   itoring system through environomics. we aim to conduct a metagenome sequencing on current emp s  genes. with the same technology we will monitor biodiversity of several sensitive marine areas    monitoring we will further develop and evaluate microarray technology, using 30 indicator spec  is technology becomes available it will generate new knowledge of human impacts on marine ecosy  e ecosystems particularly the short and long-term effects that exploiting petroleum resources h
14844	10	ly lumbricidae as the outgroup. we will use maximum likelihood, maximum parsimony and bayesian   w a trend to reduction in both size and number, following the phenomenon of parthenogenetic deg  e earthworms even lack spermathecae and are apparently parthenogenetic. the establishment of th   in the phylogeny of the group. we will apply phylogenetic methods to the allolobophora caligin  rms with a very controversial taxonomic position, to delimitate their species. the proposed act  mbricids evolution using a phylogenetic approach after more than one hundred years of earthworm  ed years of earthworm research. it will cover all the genera and many of the species included i  generated data and results will greatly advance our knowledge and understanding of earthworm ev  n earthworm systematics because it will provide a new phylogenetic framework for classifying lu  ause it will provide a new phylogenetic framework for classifying lumbricids reflecting evoluti
15014	13	verted composition: the tribe eucosmini is placed in a transitional position between olethreuti  e eucosmini is placed in a transitional position between olethreutini and grapholitini. this pr   most relevant genera in eucosmini that are supposed to be distributed into two main lineages.   enera in eucosmini that are supposed to be distributed into two main lineages. the starting hyp  e starting hypothesis is that eucosmini is a paraphyletic group with respect grapholitini. at t  sis is that eucosmini is a paraphyletic group with respect grapholitini. at the same time the o   with respect grapholitini. at the same time the origin of the group could be poliphyletic from  eral alternative outgroups will have to be included in this research. in this project, molecula  e classical characters as genitalia, we may remark the evolution of the wing pattern, that we p   evolution of the wing pattern, that we pretend to generalize to the whole lepidoptera order, a  erial comes from separate localities or even in some simpatric situations. the use of simple mo  ns. the use of simple molecular markers may help to a correct assignation of males and females   les to the same species and at the same time to get a sequence that help to interpretate the ph
14701	3	in that sense, succulent chenopodiaceae are abundant in the iberian salt-marshes, ecosystems dr  nopodiaceae are abundant in the iberian salt-marshes, ecosystems dramatically threatened by hum   are continuously loosing extension and are nowadays severely fragmented.
10971	9	ilar, then under the competition model, close relatives are less likely to coexist, and species  ted. under the habitat-filtering model, close relatives should be more likely to coexist, as th  ould be more likely to coexist, as they share similar habitat preferences. other predictions ab  tic community structure follow it there is little or no link between phylogenetic relatedness a  rs of mammal communities worldwide, and plant communities within britain, and search for any sy  d plant communities within britain, and search for any systematic large-scale variation with sp  in, and search for any systematic large-scale variation with spatial scale and across geographi  and the assembly of communities to fine-tune predictions about expected phylogenetic community   of phylogenetic community structure and give new insights into the processes governing communit
14454	1	ng of their scientific productivity and career development
7022	2	trichoderma section longibrachiatum ; and susceptibility towards fu  bout the biodiversity of this important section, both for its biotechnological application as w
2066	5	s of species and lineages of organisms, is directly related to geographic migration and isolati  organismal phylogenies that have so far been produced. barriers to plant migration have been cr  duced. barriers to plant migration have been created and lifted alternately throughout the tert  ill utilize members of the monophyletic mint subfamily lamioideae to uncover phylogenetic evide  mily lamioideae to uncover phylogenetic evidence for episodic environmental changes, particular
15196	9	cyperaceae is one of the most diverse families within the angiospe  ed, the phylogeny of the tribe cariceae is not completely resolved, and there is much work to b  e is not completely resolved, and there is much work to be done. in this project, we will analy   completely resolved, and there is much work to be done. in this project, we will analyse some   ely resolved, and there is much work to be done. in this project, we will analyse some european  rk to be done. in this project, we will analyse some european and african members, which consti  uction, we will carry out a cytogenetic study of the genus schoenoxiphium and those of the trib  ed for the two tribes. finally, we will test the dna barcode regions proposed for cyperaceae. t  s proposed for cyperaceae. this project is included in a number of works devoted to clarify the
200	2	this proposal is divided into three topics: 1 we plan to analyse brow  osal is divided into three topics: 1 we plan to analyse brown bear third topic involves phyloge
14793	7	the project is aimed to study the phylogeny and the phylogeography    the nested clade analysis approach. it is expected that the project will bring about important   of microevolution within an ecological framework, suitable to be studied in future research li  in an ecological framework, suitable to be studied in future research lines. finally, the concl  ovide the rationale for a new taxonomic scheme of the subgenus, which shows at present many dif  ties because of the scarce phylogenetic value of morphological characters and geographic data c  ntly used. these last characters hardly inform about phylogenetic relationships among populatio
7399	2	or groups of plant pathogenic bacteria, identify cohesive forces maintaining the integrity of s  rgence of new pathogenic mechanisms. we propose to produce a fine and robust phylogeny based on
7597	2	or groups of plant pathogenic bacteria, identify cohesive forces maintaining the integrity of s  rgence of new pathogenic mechanisms. we propose to produce a fine and robust phylogeny based on
15010	16	phylogenies of closely related species can be used to understand the genetic variability assoc  tion processes. in addition, gene trees can help in species delimitation. however, stochastic p  ck of species monophyly for some genes, make advisable the use of several genes to obtain the c   have a great resolving power, but they behave as a single linkage group, which makes necessary  elated species. in this project we will try, first, to exploit mammalian genomic information in  seful in phylogeny. to do this, we will select 100 introns of fast evolution and which, in addi  tion and which, in addition, are single-copy genes, have an adequate length, and are flanked by  ch, in addition, are single-copy genes, have an adequate length, and are flanked by exons that   opy genes, have an adequate length, and are flanked by exons that allow primer design. this wil  logenetic studies. furthermore, we will amplify some of these introns in a panel of mammalian s  the intron sequences. secondly, we will study the usefulness of these introns for studies of ph  d. in this part of the project, we will study how intron trees differ with respect to the known  e to stochastic population effects, and even if they are not monophyletic for each species, we   ic population effects, and even if they are not monophyletic for each species, we will apply ph   monophyletic for each species, we will apply phylogenetic techniques based on the coalescent t  t likely species tree. thirdly, we will analyze molecular dates obtained with coalescence based
14508	2	we will build a phylogenetic hypothesis of the major monophylet  over morphological characters will also be revised critically a posteriori on the basis of mole
14542	3	the tribe senecioneae is the largest in the family asteraceae and yet, as com  as compared to the remaining tribes, it is very poorly known from a systematic and phylogenetic  nown from a systematic and phylogenetic point of view. by focusing on this tribe, the topic of
15379	9	a common speciation process, and there are a number of species complexes that include a polypl  id and its parents. this complexes have been studied from different points of view, although mo   focussed on systematic problems. there are few researchs carried out for ecological and phytog  ative purposes. in this project we will try, using microsatellites as molecular markers, to kno  e recent history of the allotetraploid, locate its origin, and deduce the long distance dispers   allotetraploid, locate its origin, and deduce the long distance dispersion events, comparing t  new designed field experiments, we will identify the ecological requirements for the establishm  enetic and the ecological data, we will be able to test if there is a relationship among popula   data, we will be able to test if there is a relationship among population genetic variability
14475	1	using a phylogeographic approach, this project aims at analyzing the evolutiona
14648	3	species. the importance, direction and effect of postglacial colonisations in eurasia are bare  of postglacial colonisations in eurasia are barely known. previous studies have been focused on  are barely known. previous studies have been focused on a few species with high dispersion capa
15329	18	n the western mediterranean region, and contribute to the conservation of plant diversity. we p  the conservation of plant diversity. we propose to develop a biosystematic , where vicariance i  elop a biosystematic , where vicariance is the dominant speciation mechanism, this generating h  the selected taxa are mostly of stenoic character, and grow in relatively small isolated areas   xa are mostly of stenoic character, and grow in relatively small isolated areas surrounded by e  ed areas surrounded by environments not appropriate for their development, the situation can be  te for their development, the situation can be described as habitat-islands within continental    comparable environments: the classical island-biogeography theory, the classical metapopulatio  ur aim is to provide reliable data that may contribute to the development of such hypotheses, b  fragmentation and connectivity. we will check whether any consistency can be found between the   . we will check whether any consistency can be found between the patterns of genetic structure   opulation models. additionally, we will try to describe the genetic dynamics of the populations  int of the conservation of habitats and plant species, we remark that some species are under di  ation of habitats and plant species, we remark that some species are under different threat lev  s are under different threat levels and grow in habitats that are in decline. therefore, it is   tats that are in decline. therefore, it is also our aim to provide data to prioritize and devel  r aim to provide data to prioritize and develop strategies for effective conservation in the me  in relation to the climate changes that may occur in the future.
6940	8	oject is to infer the phylogeographical pattern of two amphibian species within the carpathian   asin, to analyze the population genetic structure of a newly discovered s. salamandra populatio  ulations. our phylogeographical studies could contribute to the understanding of the complex bi  standing of the complex biogeographical pattern of the carpathian basin, and the reconstruction  c variance of the salamander population could get an insight into the evolutionary processes of  ed in a very disturbed environment, and could help successful conservation management of the ar   within hungarian amphibian populations could map the distribution of chytridiomycosis in centr  port young researchers in the hungarian research area.
14697	4	ntiation, as contrasting those with low-land species. recent studies from mountains in central   ountains in central and northern europe reveal postglacial isolation of populations, which faci  ring at different altitudinal optima to be addressed with similar molecular techniques and infe  ry consequences. with this approach, we intend to interpret the evolutionary history of populat
14698	4	ntiation, as contrasting those with low-land species. recent studies from mountains in central   ountains in central and northern europe reveal postglacial isolation of populations, which faci  ring at different altitudinal optima to be addressed with similar molecular techniques and infe  ry consequences. with this approach, we intend to interpret the evolutionary history of populat
15512	6	nd macaronesian regions that very often is located in isolated populations that correspond to e  cold moors or windy areas. j. turbinata is of great interest from the point of view of conserva  view of conservation since this species can be found in habitats given priority in the european  ion of this species, however, there are still other aspects that need to be tackle. therefore,   f juniperus turbinata and their genetic structure, as well as to elucidate the existence of his  ence of historical processes that might be involved in the origin of this genetic variation and
15326	9	sudan and algeria are the two largest countries in africa, while sudans e  re the two largest countries in africa, while sudans ethnic diversity is enormous with more tha  erbers and arabs. geographically, sudan is an obliged step for the out of africa of homo s. sap  homo s. sapiens by the levantine route, while algeria is for his return in paleolithic and neol  s by the levantine route, while algeria is for his return in paleolithic and neolithic periods.  n paleolithic and neolithic periods. it is intended to sample at least 30 individuals by ethnic  l lineages to investigate whether there are in sudan l3* clades especially related to m and n,   ddition to haplogroups m1 and u6, there are other lineages in algeria that also trace the later  are other lineages in algeria that also trace the later human return to africa from asia.
14913	7	t distributions in these areas and they are members of the families cobitidae and homalopterida  oad distribution in the selected areas, low dispersal abilities derived from their morphologica  erance to salty waters that exclusively permit their continental dispersion. the biological mea  hylogeography serves as the theoretical framework to evaluate traditional historical scenarios   ion patterns. therefore, phylogeography place into a broad temporal and spatial context differe  ution in a comparative phylogeograhical framework between the different groups studied. in the   ty. therefore in this proposal, we will address the ichthyological diversity using independent
14608	5	o have the pattern of diversifications, is to know the real system of phylogenetic relationship  rganisms where morphological characters do not supply enough information to solve the phylogene  cular phylogenies, especially when they are the result of an exhaustive sampling, give us an in  e the result of an exhaustive sampling, give us an indirect evidence of the evolutionary events   and the genetic variability intra- and inter-populations, to infer new hypothesis on the antiq
6886	6	gall wasps are important model systems in many subject areas ranging from ecolog   to induce galls themselves but instead develop inside the galls of other cynipids. this almost  ies, synergus umbraculus . this species is specialized to oak hosts and shows high level of gen  gh level of genetic differentiation. we have much more information about their wasp hosts inclu  e scale structure of modern populations may be explained by their history. alternatively, high   lternatively, high level of variability may rise simply from life history. for example, among h
12060	8	d research area. however, species never live alone, and always within communities. similarly, s  r fixed over geological time scale, and shift, expand, or shrink. a community is a local assemb   over geological time scale, and shift, expand, or shrink. a community is a local assemblage of   to climatic oscillations is an immense research domain, where most of developments remain to b  n, where most of developments remain to be made, and are well beyond a single project. this pro  l beyond a single project. this project is focused primarily on the role of climatic oscillatio  e of climatic oscillations on trees and tree – phytophagous insects interactions. but this very   very topic as well is far too broad to be studied in detail within a single project. a necessa
13453	6	zing the genetic diversity patterns. we hypothesize that physical dispersal barriers are import  netic differentiation, but cannot alone account for the patterns observed, and that differentia  tion among microalgal populations might be explained by so called founder effects. founder or p  at arrive first to a new habitat. these are enhanced by short generation time, rapid local adap  ew immigrants. in field studies we will study gene flow among populations that span across a ra  ratory and mesocosm experiments we will test priority effects and if invasion sequence matters.
10570	6	of all sizes, a range of plant species can influence river form and dynamics, providing a mech  nts potential consequences of climate - flow regime change for the above to do this we combine   gime change for the above to do this we combine four research components. 1. analysis of nation  ctories of biogeomorphic and ecological change along gradients of stream power and sediment cha  tablish plant mechanical properties and process dynamics associated with the biogeomorphic mode  amics associated with the biogeomorphic model 4. air photograph analysis to define temporal dyn
11052	6	of all sizes, a range of plant species can influence river form and dynamics, providing a mech  nts potential consequences of climate - flow regime change for the above to do this we combine   gime change for the above to do this we combine four research components. 1. analysis of nation  ctories of biogeomorphic and ecological change along gradients of stream power and sediment cha  tablish plant mechanical properties and process dynamics associated with the biogeomorphic mode  amics associated with the biogeomorphic model 4. air photograph analysis to define temporal dyn
11504	6	of all sizes, a range of plant species can influence river form and dynamics, providing a mech  nts potential consequences of climate - flow regime change for the above to do this we combine   gime change for the above to do this we combine four research components. 1. analysis of nation  ctories of biogeomorphic and ecological change along gradients of stream power and sediment cha  tablish plant mechanical properties and process dynamics associated with the biogeomorphic mode  amics associated with the biogeomorphic model 4. air photograph analysis to define temporal dyn
13946	6	n to variations in plankton production, are important. the bioavailability of fe to phytoplankt   bioavailability of fe to phytoplankton is influenced by its physico-chemical speciation. howev  iltration and field flow fractionation, be used for the physico-chemical speciation of fe. furt  ation of fe in the surface water. there is very little information on trace metal:c ratios in f  es and marine ecosystem dynamics. there is a urgent need to bridge the gap between the relative  hin the natural ecosystem. this project can contribute in bridging this gap.
14503	20	plants synthesize and emit thousands of volatile organic compounds . vocs can  ds of volatile organic compounds . vocs can be stored in specialized structures or can be emitt   be stored in specialized structures or can be emitted to the atmosphere, where their rapid rea  ersial and largely unknown. stored vocs can have a role as defensive compounds, deterring herbi  and pathogenic attacks. non stored vocs can contribute to plant adaptation to adverse condition  nt adaptation to adverse conditions and can protect against abiotic stresses often exacerbated   emissions. in a first approach, we will complement previous studies and projects that focused i  ctors such as temperature, irradiation, water availability, co2 and o3. we will study the respo  water availability, co2 and o3. we will study the response of diverse species to biotic stress   factors such as eutrophication. we will investigate the mechanisms by which vocs act with a com  nvestigate the mechanisms by which vocs act with a combination of biochemical and ecophysiologi  biotic factors. in this project we will introduce the study of emissions at the community level   modelling the emissions at ecosystemic scale, to obtain a measure of vocs atmospheric biodiver  es, one of the big components of global change that can have a more important effect on the cha  he big components of global change that can have a more important effect on the changes in vocs  l change that can have a more important effect on the changes in vocs emissions. the parametriz  on environmental factors, land uses and type of ecosystem will be improved with the results obt  ill contribute, thus, to the scientific advance with potential applications on plant protection  hanges. finally, this project will also be innovative in the use of new technologies of vocs an  f vocs analyses such as proton transfer-mass spectrometry and the techniques based on diode las
9947	8	marine biogenic trace gases play critical roles in global biogeochemica   roles in global biogeochemical cycles, have significant effects on atmospheric chemistry and i  nt effects on atmospheric chemistry and influence climate through the production of aerosols. d  d as the models for the research field, embark upon a molecular path to understanding dms produ  ath to understanding dms production and investigate linkages between the sulphur and nitrogen c  tion at the physiological and molecular level, and thereby improve knowledge of how trace gases  ogical and molecular level, and thereby improve knowledge of how trace gases currently influenc   knowledge of how trace gases currently influence global biogeochemical cycles and whether this
14512	2	off, exerting their toxic action on non target phototrophic microorganisms. the main scientific   the consecution of these objectives it is proposed the utilization of non conventional techniq
12558	7	hora ramorum and phytophthora kernoviae are exotic plant pathogens first found in the uk in 200   native heathland species in the uk and cause serious disease on a wide range of garden shrubs   ustry. in england and wales, there have been over 250 outbreaks of p. ramorum or p. kernoviae o   outside of nurseries , for which there is no previous evidence of susceptibility to pr and pk.  series , for which there is no previous evidence of susceptibility to pr and pk. subsequent inf  w tolerance to pr and pk, and therefore have potential as species for replanting in situations   re. this research project will directly support the defra phytophthora disease management progr
15203	13	er, at present, many aquatic ecosystems do not have the desirable quality status. therefore any  . the fact that some aquatic ecosystems can show alternative states is well known: a a clear wa   it. conservation and restoration goals are focussed on stabilizing the systems in b, that is o  g the environmental complexity does not exist yet. it is not known whether the trend in predict  ental complexity does not exist yet. it is not known whether the trend in predicted global chan  l affect these interactions and how. it is not known, for example, whether the increase in ultr  systems like coastal lagoons, and if it is so, whether this fact influences the success of aqua   aquatic vegetation over microalgae. it is necessary to know whether allelopathy is an importan  ction plays among these competitors. it is necessary to know whether the previous interactions,  ther the previous interactions, if they happen, are affected by the eutrophication gradient. it   previous interactions, if they happen, are affected by the eutrophication gradient. it is esse  cted by the eutrophication gradient. it is essential to know to what extent the sediment vegeta  onship and to determine what macrophyte structure or composition is less vulnerable, but more e
2513	16	the basis of the marine food chain and are crucial players within the global biogeochemical cy  n, but also its taxonomic diversity and size distribution, determines the efficiency by which f  es the efficiency by which fixed carbon is transferred to higher trophic levels and into the de  tmospheric co2 and lowering of ocean ph may disrupt primary productivity in the future oceans.   iments on coccolithophores, a prominent group of calcifying marine algae, have shown that the p  es. however, these observations greatly complicate our predictions of how marine algae may adap  ate our predictions of how marine algae may adapt to future climatic scenarios. we propose to u   adapt to future climatic scenarios. we propose to use a comprehensive approach to study the ad  ve response of marine algae to climatic change across ecological and evolutionary time scales.   l and evolutionary time scales. we will combine observations in the fossil record and laborator  e series of adaptive evolution of algal size around an optimal state. the models will test the   onmental variables on this optimum, and determine how fast the species are evolving towards the   several key coccolithophore clades, we expect to gain novel insights into species- and genotyp  lgae have adapted to past environmental change, and help predict how they may adapt to climatic  ental change, and help predict how they may adapt to climatic change in future.    predict how they may adapt to climatic change in future.
14133	4	n and mineralization. this trophic feed-back mechanism to eutrophication within the plankton fo  overlooked mechanism why we empirically witness consistent nitrogen limitation of primary produ  physical-chemical data, the data series is analyzed for trends and possible regime shifts in nu  sponse. an existing data set of 6 large-scale mesocosm experiments with contrasting grazer comm
12041	1	on natural eukaryotic communities have been obtained.
9917	1	ch energy derived from absorbed photons are conveyed to the psii reaction centre, a key factor
10795	20	still have little idea of why, where or even how it occurred, and what were its early consequen  ts early consequences for humankind. it is one of the principal keys to understanding human civ  ing human civilization and, at the same time, provides an ideal model to study evolutionary cha  g up from archaeological sites and they hold important clues to many of the unanswered question  tions. new scientific techniques, which can explore ancient genetic signals from these ancient   netic signals from these ancient bones, are now beginning to provide unique insights into the b   as farmers moved into new areas. it is clear that agriculture was introduced to europe by the   new areas. it is clear that agriculture was introduced to europe by the earliest farmers moving  ved through hunting and gathering. also present in europe were some of the same wild animal spe   by early farmers through europe can we see if wild boar in europe were then domesticated we wi  n europe were then domesticated we will use two different methods to study ancient pig remains   ild or domestic status. we will firstly employ geometric morphometrics, a sophisticated shape a  chnique that assesses dental shapes and can tell us about the degree of domestication, as well   ifferent individuals. secondly, we will extract dna from the teeth, which, when compared with d  ompared with dna from modern specimens, can inform our understanding of evolutionary relationsh   origins and dispersal routes, but also glean insights into other aspects of human dispersal an  to other aspects of human dispersal and pig domestication. for example, we will be able to answ  pig domestication. for example, we will be able to answer whether independent pig domestication  on events from different wild ancestors are reflected in the shape of the pig s teeth. the data  rock upon which modern civilization has been built.
9943	20	still have little idea of why, where or even how it occurred, and what were its early consequen  ts early consequences for humankind. it is one of the principal keys to understanding human civ  ing human civilization and, at the same time, provides an ideal model to study evolutionary cha  g up from archaeological sites and they hold important clues to many of the unanswered question  tions. new scientific techniques, which can explore ancient genetic signals from these ancient   netic signals from these ancient bones, are now beginning to provide unique insights into the b   as farmers moved into new areas. it is clear that agriculture was introduced to europe by the   new areas. it is clear that agriculture was introduced to europe by the earliest farmers moving  ved through hunting and gathering. also present in europe were some of the same wild animal spe   by early farmers through europe can we see if wild boar in europe were then domesticated we wi  n europe were then domesticated we will use two different methods to study ancient pig remains   ild or domestic status. we will firstly employ geometric morphometrics, a sophisticated shape a  chnique that assesses dental shapes and can tell us about the degree of domestication, as well   ifferent individuals. secondly, we will extract dna from the teeth, which, when compared with d  ompared with dna from modern specimens, can inform our understanding of evolutionary relationsh   origins and dispersal routes, but also glean insights into other aspects of human dispersal an  to other aspects of human dispersal and pig domestication. for example, we will be able to answ  pig domestication. for example, we will be able to answer whether independent pig domestication  on events from different wild ancestors are reflected in the shape of the pig s teeth. the data  rock upon which modern civilization has been built.
11342	6	parasitic sex ratio distorters are an important selective force d  erstand how this selection operates, it is critical to determine the mechanisms of srd. in cont  hich 2 diverse species of microsporidia feminise gammarus duebeni, we must first develop tools   tion in future studies of environmental sex determination and parasitic sex ratio distortion 2.  nmental sex determination and parasitic sex ratio distortion 2. test the hypothesis that srds d   test the hypothesis that srds directly manipulate androgen gland signalling
12434	2	mary objectives: to provide full scale, pilot evaluation of the application of genetic egg iden  valuation of the application of genetic egg identification methods to a full annual survey of g
10381	2	but the species composition appears to be dominated by nitrogen-loving taxa. the review and as  tudy will for the first time critically examine the relationship between corticolous lichen and
11114	20	just like humans, algae are plagued by diseases caused by fungi, bacteria or vi  er ways. also seaweeds, like ourselves, have defenses resembling aspects of our immune system t  bling aspects of our immune system that are produced response to infection. among the chemical   g the chemical compounds involved, some may display some useful properties from a biotechnologi   are scarce. during the last few years, major technical improvements have been made in the fiel  ears, major technical improvements have been made in the field of large scale protein and chemi  ts have been made in the field of large scale protein and chemical identification. furthermore,  fication. furthermore, the complete dna sequence of a brown alga named ectocarpus will soon be   a brown alga named ectocarpus will soon be deciphered. this will be the very first seaweed of w  etween those two algal strains, it will be possible to determine which proteins and exactly whi  om the existing studies, it can already be inferred that algae share some very old defence mech  echanisms with them, but that they also have some particularities. among those, the most widely  thogen attack will be monitored using x-ray absorption spectroscopy, a physical technique that   n in marine organisms. also, there will be insight about the actual infection mechanism of eury  mitive member of this mostly pathogenic group of organisms, of the oomycetes, this will shed mo  e and potato. finally, since eurychasma cannot survive without infecting seaweeds, it must have   the world and trying to infect a large number of algae from different geographical origins, we  different geographical origins, we will try to understand how the pathogen and the algae might   e pathogen and the algae might possibly have co-evolved. this knowledge of the biological diver  oth the alga and its parasite will also be useful for future studies on epidemics in natural ha
10460	1	and how energy transfer in the plankton is affected by temperature and productivity.
12734	4	this is envisaged as a joint project or series of projects w  of biodiversity offsets policy. it will include a survey of the implementation of current polic  y at a local level which will primarily be data collection. a more detailed analysis of the des  of alternative offset options will also be necessary.
14526	3	ns across secondary succession. we will use a multiple methodological approach including observ  studies, mensurative field experiments, landscape descriptive analyses and manipulative, proces   descriptive analyses and manipulative, process-oriented, small scale experiments.
14478	3	the species of the genus urocystis have been chosen because they parasite monocots . to test th  e monocots . to test this hypothesis we need to achieve the following goals: 1.- to locate gi i  ture and distribution of gi introns 7.- design a web page to spread the results obtained
7014	2	ons about the influence of land use and land management on short-term controls on c-sequestrati  ls on c-sequestration of grasslands and contribute to an understanding of feedbacks between lan
12515	6	ese older varieties are often no longer appropriate for current market requirements and there i  r current market requirements and there is a potential need to produce regional varieties which  eet modern market requirements but also fulfil current policy ambitions for lowering inputs. pr  oduction of regional varieties does not fit within the strategic aims of most, larger internati  es while small regional/local companies may have difficulties finding the time or resources to   s producing ‘global’ varieties. we will assess the constraints imposed by the current national
14211	5	prevalent theory on species coexistence is based on niche limitation: species coexist when thei  mmunity models. we shall use most up-to-date methods, e.g. plant small-scale coexistence will b  st up-to-date methods, e.g. plant small-scale coexistence will be described both above and belo   and tight links to graduate studies we expect novel and interesting results publishable in hig  ng paradigm in ecology and our findings can be used in nature conservation and management.
15008	10	ogical and ecological processes need to be known in order to determine the functioning of the p  ability of the species. these processes are described by means of key functional characters tha  ers that predict the climate change and can be used as ecological indicators. the aim of the pr  change in sierra nevada . sierra nevada is the ecosystem of a high mountain with a great floris  e species. the aims are to identify and analyse the variation of the different functional types  onal biodiversity. the study would also aim at describing the spatio-temporal adaptive dispersa  ecies with long range dispersal ability could migrate to most alpine areas and move the most vu   could migrate to most alpine areas and move the most vulnerable and consequently originate cha   along the climatic gradient would also be taken into account to determine the specific phenolo   distribution of plant functional types can be used to predict the future changes and can be ex
13367	5	nificant number of map species habitats are degraded or destroyed. hence, those species, some o  se aims, the distribution areas of maps are determined. maps is collected from those areas, sub  tion areas of maps are determined. maps is collected from those areas, subsequently they are ch  ted from those areas, subsequently they are characterized, evaluated and conserved. in addition  luated and conserved. in addition, they are multiplied if needed in this project.
15506	4	e morphology, taxonomy and phylogenetic structure of plant communities. fire also stamps a gene  communities. fire also stamps a genetic fingerprint on primary producers as it acts as a demogr  e soil environment. in this proposal it is intended to survey the fire-induced shifts in the ge  o predict how the ecosystem functioning can be altered through the increasing wildfire frequenc
12527	4	phytoplasmas are bacteria-like pathogens that infect plants. spread    make them extremely hard to detect and identify; in particular they cannot be cultured in the   detect and identify; in particular they cannot be cultured in the laboratory , was that defra p  ured in the laboratory , was that defra plant health division ensured a supply of young scienti
12545	7	reat britain over the last 40 years and pose serious plant health risks. the plant health direc  over the last 40 years and pose serious plant health risks. the plant health directive requires  diseases of pome fruits is an important case in point. other alternaria pathogens have also bee  t. other alternaria pathogens have also been intercepted on plant material in the uk recently .  h community. close interaction with and benefit to the alternaria community will be ensured thr  nation activities. warwick hri and fera are also part of a newly established uk research group   tivities. warwick hri and fera are also part of a newly established uk research group to co-ord
202	2	rience heat stress during dry and sunny summer periods. the sensitivity of photosynthetic react  photosynthetic reactions to heat stress can differ between species or clones of the same specie
2461	5	sses for example insects, pathogens and plant nutrients. presence of these myrosin cells is a t  eristic of brassicaceae family. gls-myr plant defence system also referred to as the mustard oi  lso referred to as the mustard oil bomb is associated with these myrosin cells. here we propose  iated with these myrosin cells. here we propose to use plants genetically engineered in such a   ed in such a way that the myrosin cells are programmed to undergo programmed cell death to inve
12287	1	es sclerotinia disease on more than 400 plant species including both important crops and wild p
10981	12	als live in tropical forests, and there is considerable interest in the ecological processes ma  ical forests, and there is considerable interest in the ecological processes maintaining this e   a few highly competitive species might be expected to dominate the forest, rather than the hun   hectare that are often observed. if we can explain the high diversity of tropical trees, then   die when close to their parent tree and close to other seedlings of the same species. this puts  he same species. this puts locally rare plant species at an advantage, preventing any one speci  pecies from reaching high abundance. it is widely suspected that fungus-like plant pathogens ar  tantial, and their effects on the wider structure of tropical forest communities have not been   of tropical forest communities have not been explored fully . we will test the hypothesis that    have not been explored fully . we will test the hypothesis that plant pathogens maintain high   ite in belize, central america. we will address five key outstanding questions: does mortality   e will carry out the first experimental test of the hypothesis that pathogens promote plant div
15011	7	ince abiotic stress . for this, we will determine the levels of several biochemical and enzymat  years of the project. even though there are many studies related to partial aspects of our prop  al aspects of our proposal, the project can be considered as original due to the establishment   to stress in their natural environment, may contribute to the improvement of our knowledge on s  s in this field, which use non-tolerant model species and laboratory or greenhouse artificial c  itions. on the other hand, we will also get data which may help to avoid the loss of biodiversi  other hand, we will also get data which may help to avoid the loss of biodiversity, defining co
11469	9	range extends so far but no further, we need to deduce what properties of the environment at a   an evolutionary context: if the species can adapt to local conditions, why don t distributions    changes in climate or land use we will examine ecological, physiological and molecular respons  tural environmental challenges. we will test for local adaptations by populations growing near   the species latitudinal and elevational range, and look for evidence of ongoing evolutionary ch   latitudinal and elevational range, and look for evidence of ongoing evolutionary change in the   model species arabidopsis thaliana, we have many modern tools at our disposal and we can test   any modern tools at our disposal and we can test whether well-studied stress responses found in  ed in its close relatives. we will also examine a group of other closely related species with c
9978	9	range extends so far but no further, we need to deduce what properties of the environment at a   an evolutionary context: if the species can adapt to local conditions, why don t distributions    changes in climate or land use we will examine ecological, physiological and molecular respons  tural environmental challenges. we will test for local adaptations by populations growing near   the species latitudinal and elevational range, and look for evidence of ongoing evolutionary ch   latitudinal and elevational range, and look for evidence of ongoing evolutionary change in the   model species arabidopsis thaliana, we have many modern tools at our disposal and we can test   any modern tools at our disposal and we can test whether well-studied stress responses found in  ed in its close relatives. we will also examine a group of other closely related species with c
14212	21	he ability of plant roots to detect and distinguish between neighbours of different identities   responses to the presence of neighbours may be explained by depletion of nutrients by neighbour  ct inhibitory effect on root growth has been demonstrated in several study systems. however, th  on have been relatively little studied, even less is known about the role of co-evolution in de  en relatively little studied, even less is known about the role of co-evolution in determining   n evolutionary history can dramatically alter the outcome of plant competition. the root exudat  petition. the root exudates of invasive plant species may have a strong inhibitory effect on th  root exudates of invasive plant species may have a strong inhibitory effect on the growth of na  lants in an invaded range. by contrast, plant species that naturally co-occur with invasive spe  ntrast, plant species that naturally co-occur with invasive species in their native ranges show  r native ranges show little response or even an increase in growth in response to the same exud  th in response to the same exudates. we propose that co-evolution may lead to exudates that ori   exudates. we propose that co-evolution may lead to exudates that originally had toxic properti  es that originally had toxic properties being used by other plants as cues about the presence a  sidering soil biota. soil pathogens and root symbionts are generally host-specific and soil mic  hogens and root symbionts are generally host-specific and soil microbial composition has been s  mbionts are generally host-specific and soil microbial composition has been shown to change rap  ific and soil microbial composition has been shown to change rapidly in response to plant ident  ses to neighbour identity may therefore be mediated by microbial communities. in this project,   l communities. in this project, we will merge different fields of research to investigate the i  , and the function of root exudates and soil biota as mediators of plant responses to neighbour
15035	2	yledons will be also performed. we will study the no effect on the activity of the pks that we   obes obtained from rpphya gene which we have just obtained and characterized. a further goal wi
10549	7	concept that virus-infection in grasses can enhance the ability of pollen to stimulate allergic  ate allergic reactions, a collaboration is proposed between two institutions with complementary   . the hordeivirus can be pollen-borne, while the potyvirus expresses abundant proteases. all o  fensive proteins. all these alterations can occur in flower organs so pollens from infected pla   of grass pollen allergic subjects, and compare responses elicited with pollen from virus free   on on the extent to which plant viruses may alter the potential of pollens to induce sensitisat  tal determinants of pollen allergy, and could open the way for new approaches to reduce the bur
11047	7	concept that virus-infection in grasses can enhance the ability of pollen to stimulate allergic  ate allergic reactions, a collaboration is proposed between two institutions with complementary   . the hordeivirus can be pollen-borne, while the potyvirus expresses abundant proteases. all o  fensive proteins. all these alterations can occur in flower organs so pollens from infected pla   of grass pollen allergic subjects, and compare responses elicited with pollen from virus free   on on the extent to which plant viruses may alter the potential of pollens to induce sensitisat  tal determinants of pollen allergy, and could open the way for new approaches to reduce the bur
12047	4	helian region, agro-pastoral activities are structured in complex systems based on a large pane  red in complex systems based on a large panel of domesticated species and landraces which ensur   social and economic functions but also allow farmers to cope with environmental constraints. h   manage the trade-off between intra and inter-specific diversity at the farm level, to face env
14339	1	ion where visitors can make queries and print the results. this facility expands the number of
7682	4	land biodiversity in the face of global change, and to design good mitigation measures in terms   the landscape and regional scales, and confront our predictions for plants to the known plant   se new modelling tools in hand, we will analyze different scenarios of change in farming practi  p design public policies to efficiently mitigate the threats associated with global change.
14662	9	iterranean ecosystem degradation, there is an urgent need to know the effects that climate chan  tic composition and community richness, plant morphological and functional traits and soil char  morphological and functional traits and soil characteristics related to plant colonization and    aridity, and to identify which species are advantaged or disadvantaged by these processes and   adient, in order to obtain a predictive model of plant functional types that allows the selecti  on, in order to be able to identify and validate a set of soil indicators of the state and tren  set of soil indicators of the state and trend of both processes. and moreover to identify criti  to account geomorphological factors and plant characteristics. the expected results of this pro  aned to restore degraded ecosystems and fight desertification by providing useful criteria for
13364	2	determine of the genetic resources that can be used as ornamental plant and to collect and cons   as ornamental plant and to collect and conserve the defined species.
10292	7	we live in a zoologically impoverished world from which ma  ese uniquely detailed records will then be compared with our maps and charts for megafaunal his  r correlations between events, and thus test the various explanations for the cause or causes o   or causes of extinctions. we will also look at the histories of several ice age large mammals   n eurasia, e.g. red deer, reindeer, and horse, comparing them with the extinct species to see i  al for survival, or extinction. we will reconstruct the ecologies of the extinct species from d   climate, where megafaunal remains have been found reliably associated with other fossil materi
11086	7	we live in a zoologically impoverished world from which ma  ese uniquely detailed records will then be compared with our maps and charts for megafaunal his  r correlations between events, and thus test the various explanations for the cause or causes o   or causes of extinctions. we will also look at the histories of several ice age large mammals   n eurasia, e.g. red deer, reindeer, and horse, comparing them with the extinct species to see i  al for survival, or extinction. we will reconstruct the ecologies of the extinct species from d   climate, where megafaunal remains have been found reliably associated with other fossil materi
7475	6	d the generation of new knowledge which is focused on specific policy objectives. in substantiv  e terms, the project responds to recent work on sustainable consumption, which has provided com  ensibilities, reasoning and action that are incorporated into the development of policy. the pr  icy-specific environments. it will also generate important insights into the mechanisms by whic  by which different sources of knowledge are utilised in the practical activity of policymaking;  soning and everyday activities, as they relate to the sustainability of their patterns of consu
2185	2	alue-based policy measures. the project is expected to contribute to the aim of the programme b  agri-environmental payment schemes that could enhance the efficiency of policies to improve the
14889	11	e same or similar biochemical processes can occur in the mucosa of sensitized patients and may   n the mucosa of sensitized patients and may induce allergic reactions. although this mechanism   for symptoms of rhinoconjunctivitis, it cannot explain the occurrence of allergic asthma during  n is not always close and pollen counts do not reflect the allergenic activity of airborne part  ne particles because allergens may also be carried in a microaerosol suspension smaller than po   pollen grains. moreover, aeroallergens present as sub-micronic particles exist in the atmosphe   our group works in this line . we will know the suitable sampling volume with the results obta  according to these results. at the same time we will continue with routine pollen and spore cou  these results. at the same time we will continue with routine pollen and spore counts to compar  ore counts to compare. finally, we will study pollen grains and others particles present in the  tudy pollen grains and others particles present in the samples collected by cyclone by means of
14887	14	known problem by people of all ages who are affected in an important way by lots of symptoms kn  own as pollinosis. for these people, it is of high importance to exactly know the moments of po  le, it is of high importance to exactly know the moments of pollination, and the factors that m  native process takes place. at the same time this proteins can also act as aeroallergens involv  at the same time this proteins can also act as aeroallergens involved in the allergy processes.  rosol particles in the air with smaller size than pollen grains, as before as during or after t  of the inmunolocation of the allergenic charge of the atmospheric aerosol in comparison with th   project, to develop in three years, we intend three aims: 1 to establish a correlation pattern  muno analysis the content of allergens, cup a 1, ole e 1, pla a 1, pla a 2, poaceae and par j 1   ole e 1, pla a 1, pla a 2, poaceae and par j 1-par j 2 presents in the atmospheric bioaerosol,  , pla a 1, pla a 2, poaceae and par j 1-par j 2 presents in the atmospheric bioaerosol, by usin  s, plants that require special cold and heat periods in their development. the masculine phenop  lopment, maturation and deshiscence. we try to evaluate the effect that temperature exerts in t  ession of some of its proteins. will we use anti-profiline antibodies in betula and anti ole e
14849	12	f this project a methodology tuning has been developed, by using an indirect elisa technique th  the daily and seasonal samplers. it has been tested, and corroborate through statistical analys  sonal samplers. it has been tested, and corroborate through statistical analysis, that there is  hrough statistical analysis, that there is a significant correlation between pollen concentrati  moreover, specific pollen proteins have been detected before and after the flowering of these p  new ways of study regarding air quality are proposed, by using the methodology developed in the  s registered during the period pre- and post- flowering of the different taxa will be study. fi  nt taxa will be study. finally, it will try to study the adjuvant action of the atmospheric pol  ing biotic contaminants. although there are many studies related to the human origin air pollut  ndustrialized societies, however, there are only a few researches focused in the air quality ev  ing to biological particles. even if we have into account that a fourth part of the total solid   the air since 13 years ago at regional level, a rigorous and useful information for more than
14850	12	f this project a methodology tuning has been developed, by using an indirect elisa technique th  the daily and seasonal samplers. it has been tested, and corroborate through statistical analys  sonal samplers. it has been tested, and corroborate through statistical analysis, that there is  hrough statistical analysis, that there is a significant correlation between pollen concentrati  moreover, specific pollen proteins have been detected before and after the flowering of these p  new ways of study regarding air quality are proposed, by using the methodology developed in the  s registered during the period pre- and post- flowering of the different taxa will be study. fi  nt taxa will be study. finally, it will try to study the adjuvant action of the atmospheric pol  ing biotic contaminants. although there are many studies related to the human origin air pollut  ndustrialized societies, however, there are only a few researches focused in the air quality ev  ing to biological particles. even if we have into account that a fourth part of the total solid   the air since 13 years ago at regional level, a rigorous and useful information for more than
14851	12	f this project a methodology tuning has been developed, by using an indirect elisa technique th  the daily and seasonal samplers. it has been tested, and corroborate through statistical analys  sonal samplers. it has been tested, and corroborate through statistical analysis, that there is  hrough statistical analysis, that there is a significant correlation between pollen concentrati  moreover, specific pollen proteins have been detected before and after the flowering of these p  new ways of study regarding air quality are proposed, by using the methodology developed in the  s registered during the period pre- and post- flowering of the different taxa will be study. fi  nt taxa will be study. finally, it will try to study the adjuvant action of the atmospheric pol  ing biotic contaminants. although there are many studies related to the human origin air pollut  ndustrialized societies, however, there are only a few researches focused in the air quality ev  ing to biological particles. even if we have into account that a fourth part of the total solid   the air since 13 years ago at regional level, a rigorous and useful information for more than
14886	9	the fertilization of flowering plants is initiated with pollination when the desiccated polle  en grains land on the receptive stigma, adhere, hydrate, germinate and produce a pollen tube th  s land on the receptive stigma, adhere, hydrate, germinate and produce a pollen tube that elong   stigma, adhere, hydrate, germinate and produce a pollen tube that elongates directionally to p  goes hydration, its metabolic machinery is activated, which is essential for successful fertili   during this period, the expression and release of different proteins and glycoproteins take pl  of these proteins are aeroallergens and are also involved in the allergenic process. with this   llergenic process. with this project we propose to find labelling patterns that will allow us t  tection. with these techniques, we will obtain new information about their cellular localizatio
15027	4	tions in fragmented landscapes does not preclude incoming pollen flow in small and isolated pat   low number of effective pollen sources may lead to reduced fitness in progenies. moreover, the  an pollination system of the species we propose to evaluate the quantity and quality of pollen   w in this study system and specifically answer the following questions: what are the effective
15363	5	mals . in the case of j. cedrus we will study how the seed dispersal system is organised, and p  ill study how the seed dispersal system is organised, and particularly those aspects that are r  ed, and particularly those aspects that are related to long distance dispersal events after the  its limited distribution and population is related to either the seed dispersal or post-dispers  related to either the seed dispersal or post-dispersal phases, or both. a novel aspect in the s
2067	4	is whereby the diversity of pollinators is declined due to human interference. if real, this de  system diversity and function. to truly assess any consequences of a pollination crisis for nat  on crisis for natural ecosystems, there is an urgent need for more substantial and complete kno  an urgent need for more substantial and complete knowledge of plant-pollinator relationships an
11445	8	ical specialisation is a hazardous dead-end street. in this view, if the ecological conditions   ons change, specialists cannot cope and are therefore faced with extinction. a recent theory by  vided that such specialisation does not interfere with the benefits conferred by more efficient  ds, plants may be cryptic generalists , while their phenotype seems to match predictions of ada  ith orange-red flowers, which appear to be specialised to bird pollination. yet there are no to  cialised to bird pollination. yet there are no to tackle this question, we propose a quantitati  here are no to tackle this question, we propose a quantitative approach to identify the relativ  his question, we propose a quantitative approach to identify the relative values of different p
14941	4	the evolution of floral traits. we will focus on two types of traits: nectar secretion rate and   secretion rate is important because we expect that the effect of predators on the behaviour of  n the amount of nectar that pollinators can expect to obtain at flowers. flower colour and shap  ur and shape are important because they affect the probability that pollinators detect ambushin
1931	3	dscapes, values for nature conservation are concentrated in habitat fragments, which are highly  ether populations of plant species that are meant to be conserved or restored , thus providing   ions of plant species that are meant to be conserved or restored , thus providing a basis for s
7418	1	tinuity. this project aims to study and identify ways of managing borders of the most favorable
475	25	the aims of peatbog are to understand how the biodiversity and ecosystem fu  em functions of peatlands across europe are impacted by nitrogen pollution and climate change,   e are major global sinks for carbon and support a unique biological community. climate change a  iological community. climate change and air pollution, however, threaten the structure and func  mate change and air pollution, however, threaten the structure and function of these ecosystems  on, however, threaten the structure and function of these ecosystems. aerial deposition of reac  utants has already caused a significant drop in diversity and functioning of peatlands in parts   of peatlands in parts of europe. there is also evidence that climate change will disturb peatl  lands in parts of europe. there is also evidence that climate change will disturb peatland hydr  f these stresses, and whether they will act independently or synergistically. we hypothesize th  ct independently or synergistically. we hypothesize that above critical thresholds of nitrogen   holds of nitrogen deposition there will be reductions in the diversity of all species, with bry  se gases released to the atmosphere. we anticipate that these responses to nitrogen pollution w  te change, and under extreme conditions may lead to a breakdown in the ecosystem and mass carbo  ead to a breakdown in the ecosystem and mass carbon and nitrogen loss. to address these concern  oss. to address these concerns, we will determine the relationships between peatland above- and  er water table and temperature, we will measure the nature of the interactions between nitrogen  s and across survey sites. we will also identify the associations between vegetation richness a  iations between vegetation richness and soil microbial diversity, and how these are affected by  soil microbial diversity, and how these are affected by nitrogen pollution and climate change.   mate change. on a national and european scale, this will allow us to identify the most vulnerab  surveys and associated nutrient assays, field manipulation studies and laboratory experiments i  ues. the study will adopt an innovative approach in using relational databases and gis to stren  and gis to strengthen data analysis and facilitate communication of the results with the stakeh  of the results with the stakeholder and end-user community.
11110	1	e earth s surface. despite its size, it is only during the latter half of the 20th century that
11130	9	g the respective benefits. cyclostomata is a phylogenetically ancient order of bryozoans, which  ence of polyembryony in three suborders was corroborated by the extensive work of borg, with ev  rders was corroborated by the extensive work of borg, with evidence of the same process in the   work of borg, with evidence of the same process in the two remaining extant suborders. it is re   the two remaining extant suborders. it is reasonable to infer that the enlarged brood chamber,  f cyclostomes except the cinctiporidae, is associated with embryonic budding. nevertheless, the  lf-fertilization, or of parthenogenesis cannot be dismissed without knowing the genotypic compo  ct is whether brood chamber development is induced by the presence of water-borne allosperm, as  esence of water-borne allosperm, as has been found in the cheilostome celleporella hyalina bryo
9829	1	ion wrong, yet it persists in a diverse range of organisms. the project investigates cyclostome
212	7	in animals, there are several advantages of large body size, of which the  ly observed. body size being relatively stable evolutionarily, one would expect the presence of  ommonly expected cost of becoming large is increased cumulative mortality, which is the consequ  ssumption of this hypothesis, has often been challenged. accordingly, the main goal of the curr  riod in insects. in particular, we will investigate whether, and to what extent prolongation of  for studying reaction norms for age and size at maturity and the ecological context of growth .  ecause such cases allow one to directly investigate the costs and benefits of a decision to pro
7573	4	g techniques genomic s. . however, they are difficult to implement, very expensive and their as  ot naméliore discrimination strains. we propose to study, using the polymerase chain technology   animal food and to identify those that could be used as markers genetic diversity of strains a  s and achievable at low cost by a large number of laboratories
12028	2	oning because whole genome duplications are accompanied with important genetic and epigenetic c  re the results obtained in this project were presented.
14307	2	water is needed in all aspects of life has a dual function in  liege and the national botanical garden are associated partners.
7390	1	. our goals are to identify and analyze, on a positive note, the strategies of supplier
11149	6	vidual fish in the competing groups and try to relate this success to their sexual physiology.    the final part of this project we will investigate the underlying genetic health of wild roach  ility of roach populations in uk rivers may be impacted. this work is intended to greatly impro  in uk rivers may be impacted. this work is intended to greatly improve the assessment of the he  acted. this work is intended to greatly improve the assessment of the health impacts of exposur  n the regulation of discharges and thus is of very wide interest to the government regulatory b
11696	6	vidual fish in the competing groups and try to relate this success to their sexual physiology.    the final part of this project we will investigate the underlying genetic health of wild roach  ility of roach populations in uk rivers may be impacted. this work is intended to greatly impro  in uk rivers may be impacted. this work is intended to greatly improve the assessment of the he  acted. this work is intended to greatly improve the assessment of the health impacts of exposur  n the regulation of discharges and thus is of very wide interest to the government regulatory b
2164	6	erienced by salmonids within freshwater may have a direct impact on the survival of the fish on  t on the survival of the fish once they enter the marine environment. 2 furthermore, the mortal  the mortality of atlantic salmon smolts can exceed 60% during the transition period from freshw   3 additional marine mortality may also occur after departure from coastal waters as the result  ive of the project is to understand and describe the factors limiting salmon populations during   of these mechanisms will significantly contribute to the future sustainability of atlantic sal
15156	5	in the present project we will address the viability of populations in fragmented land  dynamics and genetic structure. we will use the populations of the endangered terrestrial torto  s case study. for this purpose, we will build a individual-based spatial-explicit population mo  lation viability and population genetic structure in both simulated and real landscapes, with d  use intensification. from a theoretical point of view, this project will allow to deepen our kn
14820	9	genetic variability of populations and identify the factors that account for that variability.  lity. although both research lines have been developed separately, there is nowadays a trend to  s have been developed separately, there is nowadays a trend to unify them for the comprehensive  he quantitative genetics of a. thaliana is very advanced, there is an enormous gap of knowledge   of a. thaliana is very advanced, there is an enormous gap of knowledge on the population perfo   is very advanced, there is an enormous gap of knowledge on the population performance in the s  etermine the species annual cycle which is expected to differ across an altitudinal gradient. t  wn demographic and genetic features. it must be noted that this project merges ecology and gene  ovel research line and pursues to fully understand how evolutionary change works.
11383	18	the ability of an animal or plant to survive is dependent on their ability to deal   ognize changes in the habitat that they live in and change accordingly. these may include thing  es in the habitat that they live in and change accordingly. these may include things like how a  y live in and change accordingly. these may include things like how active an animal is, how mu   how active an animal is, how much they eat, how fast they grow, how many offspring they have,   al is, how much they eat, how fast they grow, how many offspring they have, or even how they de  fast they grow, how many offspring they have, or even how they develop. for example, when water   grow, how many offspring they have, or even how they develop. for example, when water fleas gr   fish are present they develop head and tail spines that make it harder for a fish to eat them,  ey do depending upon their surroundings is called phenotypic plasticity. how plastic can an ani   unlimited plasticity could potentially live anywhere. however, this is not what we generally o  distribution of most plants and animals is constrained to some degree. moreover, plants and ani  hese costs of plasticity are. before we can do this, we first have to define what a plastic ani  ty are. before we can do this, we first have to define what a plastic animal is. this is not as  n reduce their body size i can directly compete plastic and non-plastic clones against each oth  f a particular clone in any environment can be measured as its ability to replace another clone  s i will examine whether plastic clones can replace non-plastic clones in a variable environmen  ironment and whether non-plastic clones can replace plastic clones in a constant environment as
13835	5	n. short-lived species show the fastest decline in abundance in the initial stages of degradati   the dynamics at the local and regional scale how synchronised are the dynamics of local popula  ferent scales and how plant populations are affected by local conditions or landscape changes,   ndscape changes, such as fragmentation, is of importance both in a general ecological context a  sation ability of the species. there is still little data on this important population process.
2052	3	the project has access to two unique long-term time series of capture-mark-recapture . furth  unique long-term time series of capture-mark-recapture . further, both systems have good data o   on demographic processes may therefore be tested. due to the interspecific differences in impo
10537	3	ssments of sea turtle population trends are based on adult females at the nesting beach and the   females at the nesting beach and there is a paucity of information available on the status and  gulate harvest. in the turks and caicos island s .
10297	15	local populations are composed of individuals that have been subject to v  tive models of population dynamics have been restricted to reproductive traits, and been based    restricted to reproductive traits, and been based mostly on populations inhabiting enclosed sy   no or limited dispersal. yet, not only is dispersal an influential demographic trait but it is  an influential demographic trait but it is also increasingly recognised as key to understanding  mental change. in this project, we will investigate variation in individual quality and its rol  roductive and dispersal traits. we will achieve this using a unique, large, long-term study of   ill achieve this using a unique, large, long-term study of ringed tawny owls specifically desig  ial scales is challenging. this project is made possible thanks to a uniquely extensive and ver  tors since 1980 over 600 km2 in kielder forest, in northern england. reproduction of tawny owls  england. reproduction of tawny owls has been measured annually since 1979 in a large area where  ince 1979 in a large area where a large fraction of chicks are also ringed. these data are high  , and guided by empirical data, we will clarify the relationship between dispersal behaviour an  tem under study has experienced marked, season-specific changes in prey dynamics, namely loss i  te change. as such, it serves as a rare model system for investigating the response of a predat
6745	7	f population-ecology and metapopulation structure of these rodents are in the focus of the proj  ation sizes of these species in hungary are not known. at the end of the project we will presen  nown. at the end of the project we will present an accurate range-map. the common hamster is a   the project we will present an accurate range-map. the common hamster is a characteristic speci  e and the steppe of the hungarian great-plain cold pannonicum, whose connections of the populat  ed. after finishing the project we will know more about the ecology of these rodents and we wil  r the plant protection experts. we also hope that the research help to save these species.
15328	8	viating the fact that these assemblages are formed by distinct species with diverse evolutionar  oughput pyrosequencing. fourth, we will aim at isolating specific viruses for the two cultured   c viruses for the two cultured taxa and study viral genomics, estimate viral abundances in the   cultured taxa and study viral genomics, estimate viral abundances in the sea and infer the vira  stimate viral abundances in the sea and infer the viral impact on natural populations of flagel  undances in the sea and infer the viral impact on natural populations of flagellates. fifth, we  ulations of flagellates. fifth, we will take the preliminary steps in genome projects of the cu  ther in disentangling the structure and function of microbial assemblages in nature.
13472	7	nt recognizes that forest fires need to be reintroduced. however, it is unclear whether the eco  es need to be reintroduced. however, it is unclear whether the ecological memory of the ecosyst   focus wood fungi confined to burned or fire-influenced dead pines. their occurrence is tempora  ale as succession progress. it can thus be hypothesized that this group of fungi are patch trac  life history. the current project is to be viewed as a part pf a larger ongoing attempt to unde  links to metapopulation models and thus provide management with tools for efficient planning at  ial stages after forest fire; ii fungal spore availability in different landscapes; iii relatio
6870	2	l localisation of native silver poplar, gray poplar and aspen populations, and signation of plu  ethod for propagation of silver poplar, gray poplar and aspen.
6805	2	the importance of unrelated stem cell transplantations in the therapy of certain he  enetic characteristics of the hungarian bone marrow donor registry focusing on the ethnic minor
11355	5	fied a polymorphism within the timeless clock gene of d. melanogaster that generates two tim is  nal distribution within europe. we will study the functional significance of this polymorphism,  titudes in natural populations. we will investigate the effects of temperature and photoperiod   f diapause in females, which appears to be determined by tim, and also determine the properties  pears to be determined by tim, and also determine the properties of the two tim protein isoform
11152	7	although we generally accept that natural selection has shaped the appearance   appearance and behaviour of organisms, pin-pointing cases where a change in dna sequence corre  sequence corresponds to an advantageous change in anatomy, physiology or behaviour remains a pr  logy. one of the rare cases in which we can identify a clear link between dna sequences and phy   by examining how small genetic changes can influence individual fitness, we will better unders  ence individual fitness, we will better understand how natural selection can drive and maintain  and how natural selection can drive and maintain biodiversity in natural populations.
13582	4	genetic markers such as microsatellites are used in fisheries science to identify stock boundar  n ecological timescales . meanwhile, it is assumed that these independent stocks reflect discre  pes. although this may well be thrue it is rarely investigated in specific cases. recent advanc  ity transition and skagerrak fjords, we propose to investigate the relationship between pattern
11392	21	the global cycles of matter and energy, provide nutrients, decompose waste and clean up polluti   provide nutrients, decompose waste and clean up pollution. of course, some of them also make u  pollution. of course, some of them also make us ill or destroy our crops. now that we know the   ourse, some of them also make us ill or destroy our crops. now that we know the complete dna se  s ill or destroy our crops. now that we know the complete dna sequences of hundreds of differen  s of hundreds of different bacteria, we can see that nearly all these diverse functions are car  that nearly all these diverse functions are carried out by accessory genes . bacteria are like   nes . bacteria are like computers: they have a basic genome that keeps the system running and i  enome that keeps the system running and is much the same in all bacteria, rather like the hardw   goal of our project is to describe and understand how the patterns of occurrence of accessory   nce of accessory genes . to do this, we make a microarray by printing thousands of tiny spots o  rescently-labelled dna from a bacterium is washed over the slide, the spots become fluorescent   le helix. the fluorescence of each spot can be measured in a special reader, so in this way we    in a special reader, so in this way we can check hundreds of bacterial strains to see what acc  accessory genes they have installed. we expect that even those bacteria that belong to the same  ria that belong to the same species and have essentially the same basic genome will differ in t  ccessory genes that they carry. we also expect to see the same accessory genes turn up in diffe  p in different bacterial species. there are already many examples that show that these things h  umbers of genes and bacteria so that we can draw some strong general conclusions and begin to u  raw some strong general conclusions and begin to understand what properties of a gene determine  ies of a gene determine whether it will be widespread or restricted in distribution.
15256	1	performed in collaboration with the ub, is to relate population traits continental shelf
13740	9	f the population structure. in a recent study we have investigated the genetic structure among    study we have investigated the genetic structure among 14 adult and 4 juvenile aggregations an  f local populations along the skagerrak coast as well as extensive and variable larval transpor  s well as extensive and variable larval transport between offshore and coastal areas. using mic  satellite dna markers and mitochondrial sequence variation, we propose to address the following  nd mitochondrial sequence variation, we propose to address the following issues: 1. the tempora  mporal stability of spatially divergent cod populations in skagerrak and kattegat. 2. the phylo  egat. 2. the phylogeography of atlantic cod throughout its range. 3. the relative contribution    relative contribution of local and off-shore spawners to coastal juvenile aggregations. the re
11006	3	scale and interaction between virus and host immunity. permitting a rigorous empirical test of   munity. permitting a rigorous empirical test of the widely debated theory of immune mediated cl  e parameters obtained. as an additional benefit, the study design will enable an assessment of
11206	3	scale and interaction between virus and host immunity. permitting a rigorous empirical test of   munity. permitting a rigorous empirical test of the widely debated theory of immune mediated cl  e parameters obtained. as an additional benefit, the study design will enable an assessment of
11709	1	bal marine fisheries have collapsed, or are at record low levels of abundance. continuing explo
10028	1	bal marine fisheries have collapsed, or are at record low levels of abundance. continuing explo
13969	11	e applied project we will elaborate and implement a method for producing realistic forecasts of  he most serious threats to biodiversity are associated with long-term trends in environmental f  contrast, current tools to diagnose and predict the long-term viability of population are appli   tools to diagnose and predict the long-term viability of population are applicable only to con  ves to fill this important gap. it will facilitate efforts to forecast population declines in c  etter guide management actions. we will use extensive field data, experiments, and new modellin  nagement actions. we will use extensive field data, experiments, and new modelling techniques t   a set of plant species. first, we will link the performance of plant individuals and populatio  hird, based on this information we will assess population viability under different scenarios o  f environmental change. fourth, we will implement methods in practical conservation to forecast   the viability of red-listed plants and suggest management options.
15098	3	sm, represented by five extant species, are ideal models to evaluate the effects of environment  nvironmental change. this environmental change of global reach results for human activities tha  world fauna in general. in the previous project for representative populations from five specie
6802	7	of ecosystems. these approaches rarely meet adequately in ecology. in the analysis of food web  ontext represents extreme views. but we believe that using reasonable structural indices and si  he dynamics of logical situations still can help the understanding of this classical problem. w  of this classical problem. we study and quantify the positions of species having large effects    on community dynamics in real webs. it is an interesting question whether it is possible to ch  t is an interesting question whether it is possible to characterise structuraily the dynamicall  f important species based on the aboves could help a lot in outlining quantitative approaches t
14799	7	eristics and mechanisms conferring post-fire persistence. in these ecosystems, the two main per  at population level. in this project we aim to analyse the ecological and evolutionary conseque  rranean basin species. specifically, we aim to test three hypotheses: h1. in species presenting  esenting the two persistence mechanisms is designed for compiling information on life history a  ction for the experiments and will also include the final results of the other tasks. furthermo  he information compiled in t6 will also be used, when possible, to test some of the hypotheses   under a larger spatial and phylogenetic scale than the experiments, although without the robust
11633	3	iation in male reproductive success and is one of the most powerful but least understood evolut  ion. variation in fertilisation success is determined by two factors: . determining the mechani   and speciation. this project will also have important implications for the breeding and welfar
15502	2	ecies undergo rapid evolution when they invade a new environment has gained support in the scie  sic aspects of biological invasions and provide information on the functioning of natural syste
7268	1	de post larvae of the mediterranean and give economic value tracks the species caught
10078	2	anti-viral post-transcriptional gene silencing . we also propose t  ranscriptional gene silencing . we also propose to determine seasonal variations of plant av-pt
14734	8	yana region, in northern south america, is among the more pristine, biodiverse and with more pe  re characteristic and enigmatic biomes, is currently under official protection against direct h  equences of the global warming have not been considered yet. the main objectives of this projec  te the potential extinction of vascular plant species as a consequence of the projected tempera  arance. additional secondary extinction is expected to occur due to the disappearance of keysto  a, such extinctions would significantly affect global biodiversity. in order to estimate the ma  ing the bases for impact evaluation and risk analysis, which are needed to classify the endange  act evaluation and risk analysis, which are needed to classify the endangered species by their
12243	4	e land currently occupies approximately seven million hectares rotational sequences. it will al  ares rotational sequences. it will also address opportunities dependent upon semi-permanent and  reak crop for dried feedstock will also be considered. the final collated project report to def  e above and recommend further empirical research, where needed, to enable application of grassl
11073	11	long distances in the atmosphere before being deposited back to the ground surface where the ni  from around the northern hemisphere and is very sensitive to it. twenty years ago we began an e  thrived. the results of this experiment were used to set the critical load of nitrogen for tund  ber for how much nitrogen the ecosystem can tolerate before it is damaged. critical load values  en the ecosystem can tolerate before it is damaged. critical load values for all european ecosy  load values for all european ecosystems were taken into account in the development of internati   not recovered. in this project we will return to the experiment to measure how much recovery h  en oxide emissions across europe and we need to understand what the potential is for ecosystems   to recover once the amount of nitrogen being deposited on them decreases. should the results s   the results show that recovery is very slow, it is possible that the critical load of nitrogen  lts show that recovery is very slow, it is possible that the critical load of nitrogen for tund
12612	19	contamination of land and the risks it can pose to peoples health and the environment. local a   and the environment. local authorities are required to identify contaminated land and ensure t  uired to identify contaminated land and ensure that significant risks are dealt with. the legal   land and ensure that significant risks are dealt with. the legal definition of contaminated la   under the land are causing significant harm or have significant possibility to cause harm as w  he land are causing significant harm or have significant possibility to cause harm as well as l  ters. harm with respect to human health is assessed using quantitative risk assessment which co  n health is assessed using quantitative risk assessment which considers: concentrations of cont  taminants; the dose of contaminant that may be taken up by humans; and the health response that  by humans; and the health response that may be imparted by that dose. this research project wil  f health impacts from contaminated land do not quantify the very large uncertainties associated  alth impacts. instead, this uncertainty is compensated through the use of conservative estimate  r-protective of human health. they will identify the most important areas of uncertainty and th  important areas of uncertainty and thus help to target data collection and future research acti  th impacts via the two sources and thus inform a debate about the relative costs and benefits o  eline analysis from which policy debate can be initiated. the overall aim of this project is to  f contaminated land on human health and compare the risks of suffering ill health due to land c  alth impacts from contaminated land and undertake quantitative uncertainty analysis for four ca   the potential health implications that may arise from labelling land contaminated.
14780	7	manence gradient along which the latter are distributed. the permanence gradient affects in tur  in these areas. montane aquatic systems are regarded as particularly threatened by climate chan   achieve the projects main goal we will analyse the influence of the permanence gradient upon e   populations 3 community composition, 4 impact of exotic species and 5 impact of emerging disea  ition, 4 impact of exotic species and 5 impact of emerging diseases. generally, we will proceed  f emerging diseases. generally, we will proceed by initially highlighting covariation patterns   s through field sampling. next, we will test the role of those mechanisms through field experim
13469	7	ll answer the following questions which are related to climate change: 1 is there less genetic    which are related to climate change: 1 is there less genetic variation at range margins compar  the centre of a species’ distribution 2 are northern species more vulnerable to climate change   erable to climatic change. it will also tell conservation biologist how realistic laboratory ex  simulating climate change are and if it is possible to extrapolate predicted life history respo  sons will be made. 11 dragonfly species are protected by the european bern convention, and 22 a  by the european bern convention, and 22 are on the red list of europe. an alarming pattern is t
11163	36	r problems and challenges - a view that is repeated in many developing countries. alleviating p  g poverty and raising standards of well-being among the rural poor is often seen in terms of in  ards of well-being among the rural poor is often seen in terms of inequalities in individual op  equalities in individual opportunities, land tenure and market imbalances. but increasingly sci  dividual opportunities, land tenure and market imbalances. but increasingly scientists are argu  rguing that rural development must also proceed alongside proper management of the natural envi   negative consequences for food supply, water quality, biodiversity and other aspects of the en  nd upon, so-called ecological services, are severe. there are countless examples of how agricul   ecological services, are severe. there are countless examples of how agricultural development   aused signficant and often irreversible damage to the natural fabric that supports society. the  sions made now will lead to sustainable use of the land for decades to come conventionally, com  ossibility that the natural environment can change in unpredictable ways. we know that natural   nt can change in unpredictable ways. we know that natural environments can change in complex wa  ways. we know that natural environments can change in complex ways, as with flooding and forest  ooding and forest fire, but when humans are involved these changes can be even more unpredictab  ctable - and many of the current models do not deal with this well. there is the danger that ex  odels do not deal with this well. there is the danger that existing models are providing a fals  dresses this problem in a novel way. we argue that contemporary rural landscsapes are the produ  gue that contemporary rural landscsapes are the product of their history, and that we can learn  e product of their history, and that we can learn much from analysing how the mixture of human   ffectively evolved to the state that we see today. this is no idle thought. many studies have s  sses to change is often over relatively long timescales. for example, pollution of rivers and l  vers and lakes by sewage and fertlizers can take several decades from the start of the pollutio  tem reacting in terms of fish losses or build-up of poisonous algae. sometimes, ecosytems can w  f poisonous algae. sometimes, ecosytems can withstand a good deal of stress from human activiti  human activities, but when they finally give way the result can be very damaging. in the lower   yangtze river basin, where the research is set, history describes a catalogue of human catastro  gricultural practice. even today, there is widespread rural poverty across many agricultural se  coastal erosion from rising sea-levels; pressure to produce more food for the rising city popul  dge, socio-economic data and ecological change for the lower yangtze basin as a whole and for f  four selected counties, two of which we have already worked in, for upto the last 200 years or    newly developed application for google earth so that we can easily show politicians, administr   for google earth so that we can easily show politicians, administrators, advisors, and farmers  as already experienced and how it might change in the future. we will analyse the trends mathem   it might change in the future. we will analyse the trends mathematically and statistically in   orm of agricultural management. we will meet with academics, agencies and rural communities to
12537	7	is for six project work packages, which are given below. all the key work areas described in th  y work areas described in the call text are addressed. work package 1: identifying and integrat   outbreaks. objective is to develop and test a decision support system for the eradication and   ment of pest outbreaks. work package 6: project validation and dissemination with the developme  oject outputs, creating a web-based pra scheme the matched funding for csl's work within pratiq   funding for csl's work within pratique is provided via project ph0413 by defra plant health di  is provided via project ph0413 by defra plant health division; csl is participating in all 6 wo
7588	3	d on their original host and the inter- host transmission is limited. this project aims to iden  l host and the inter- host transmission is limited. this project aims to identify the genetic b  on accumulated human stem to locate and identify genomic variations observed in animal strains
12572	5	summary objective to investigate and quantify the extent of predation by specific pisciverou  native crustacean species on diadromous fish within the freshwater and estuarine environments.   s and larval stages of atlantic salmon, determine the habitat use and territory size of wild at  resence and absence of signal crayfish, determine the potential predation impact by stocked and   trout on emigrating salmon smolts, and determine the potential predation impact of sea bass on
14641	9	we aim to quantify the role of predation in explaining the  in populations with high density, after being affected by an external factor, can reach a new e  r being affected by an external factor, can reach a new equilibrium stage at low density. accor  esis, predation would have a regulatory effect at low rabbit density, preventing a return to th  uilibrium. in the iberian peninsula, we hypothesise that firs outbreaks of the highly rhd, coul   driven many rabbit populations to new, low density equilibria where they are regulated by pred   new, low density equilibria where they are regulated by predation. in a former project, we hav   lack of recovery in rabbit populations is related to a predation-mediated equilibrium. in this  the possibility that rabbit populations are regulated at low density by predation in the centre
1982	18	coevolution is the evolutionary process that involves an interactio  other party and vice versa. coevolution is one of the major processes in many types of interact   although the importance of coevolution is potentially very large, only few experimental studie  gated this process. in this project, we aim to explore the coevolutionary process between the s  t, we aim to explore the coevolutionary process between the specialist predatory mite phytoseiu  oseiulus persimilis and its herbivorous prey, the two-spotted spider mite tetranychus urticae.   er mite tetranychus urticae. the latter is known for its prolific production of protein-rich si  as a defence against predators. we will focus on the key question how the defensive ability of    traits via an energetic and/or genetic trade-off. the main defensive trait in spider mites, si  e main defensive trait in spider mites, silk production for webbing, is known to involve invest  der mites, silk production for webbing, is known to involve investment of essential amino acids  investment of essential amino acids. we intend to assess the relation between silk production a  ent of essential amino acids in silk or egg production in the various selection lines. in addit  arious selection lines. in addition, we investigate how differences in silk investment affect p  ment affect predation risk and predator-prey dynamics, as well as how these depend on host plan  experimentally established relations we generate predictions for silk investment levels in the   silk investment levels in the field and test these predictions in population experiments, using  ion experiments, using natural predator-prey populations in sicily and in turkey, in which pred
11493	18	ehavioural adaptations of predators and prey to each other can have a fundamental effect on pop  ons of predators and prey to each other can have a fundamental effect on population processes b  nsiders the behavioural adaptations and counter-adaptations of predator and prey and how these   rey and how these translate into larger scale phenomena at the group and population levels. spe  and population levels. specifically, we consider how the sensory systems of predators can becom  fused by large groups of prey, how this can be made worse by prey behaviour and appearance, how  y prey behaviour and appearance, how it can be ameliorated by predator behaviour, and how the b  gle-group and population scale. we will use the powerful computational modelling techniques of   nd humans. the predatory sensory system is represented by a multilayer artificial neural networ  or confusion. this decision-making unit is trained using a process similar to natural selection   behaviour on predator success, we will consider the counter case of how predator prey choice m  ividual-based models of the prey shoal, herd, and swarm will be developed from previous publica  netic basis so that virtual prey groups can evolve in form and composition in response to preda  composition of a prey group can between-group variation in the form and composition of prey gro  the form and composition of prey groups be explained by variation in predator characteristic an   animals groups in form and composition be explained by predation what types of predator might    predation what types of predator might be associated with different types of prey structure in   group form change through evolutionary time
11795	18	ehavioural adaptations of predators and prey to each other can have a fundamental effect on pop  ons of predators and prey to each other can have a fundamental effect on population processes b  nsiders the behavioural adaptations and counter-adaptations of predator and prey and how these   rey and how these translate into larger scale phenomena at the group and population levels. spe  and population levels. specifically, we consider how the sensory systems of predators can becom  fused by large groups of prey, how this can be made worse by prey behaviour and appearance, how  y prey behaviour and appearance, how it can be ameliorated by predator behaviour, and how the b  gle-group and population scale. we will use the powerful computational modelling techniques of   nd humans. the predatory sensory system is represented by a multilayer artificial neural networ  or confusion. this decision-making unit is trained using a process similar to natural selection   behaviour on predator success, we will consider the counter case of how predator prey choice m  ividual-based models of the prey shoal, herd, and swarm will be developed from previous publica  netic basis so that virtual prey groups can evolve in form and composition in response to preda  composition of a prey group can between-group variation in the form and composition of prey gro  the form and composition of prey groups be explained by variation in predator characteristic an   animals groups in form and composition be explained by predation what types of predator might    predation what types of predator might be associated with different types of prey structure in   group form change through evolutionary time
13584	2	ey used free-swimming predators did not analyze behavioral interactions between predators and p  prey influence the outcomes of predator-prey spatial games. in addition, i will expand the empi
9945	13	nging, and potentially most alarmingly, key global cycles which control climate have been alter  lobal cycles which control climate have been altered. however, how the processes that sustain l  ing of these processes is crucial if we are to be able to predict how ecosystems will respond t  o warming in the future and furthermore implement management strategies to protect the fundamen  osystems. this represents a significant challenge for scientists because ecosystems are inheren  ponse to environmental change can often be idiosyncratic. we will adopt a powerful, multi-disci  nge can often be idiosyncratic. we will adopt a powerful, multi-disciplined approach to this ch  ned approach to this challenge. we will develop mathematical models that capture the structure   tionships with temperature. at the same time we will continue a large scale experiment which ha  h temperature. at the same time we will continue a large scale experiment which has been runnin  l manipulation will allow us to test or model predictions and provide direct evidence of the ef  quatic ecosystems. ecologists typically break ecosystems down into structural which maintain th   integrity of these ecosystems. we will test our ideas by making high resolution seasonal measu
11798	12	o meltwater routing and supply and thus ice-sheet dynamics. recent satellite observations show   ltwater routing and supply and thus ice-sheet dynamics. recent satellite observations show that  t subglacial lakes are very active, and can perturb the water system rapidly on annual or short  ter system rapidly on annual or shorter time-scales, while at byrd glacier a direct link betwee  pidly on annual or shorter time-scales, while at byrd glacier a direct link between water drain   drainage and ice flow acceleration has been demonstrated. with over 250 lakes now known to exi  chives of climate change. this interest is demonstrated by three separate us-, russian- and uk-  s in antarctica, the identification and study of palaeo subglacial lakes from former ice sheets  ffers significant advantages because we have comprehensive information about the bed properties  ormation about the bed properties, they are logistically more accesable what impact did subglac  lling to predict where subglacial lakes may have ocurred in the former british and fennoscandia  he relationship with ice streams. it is anticipate that findings arising from this work and the
10714	1	edictions for the uk and much of europe suggest a rise in temperature of 3-5ºc in the next half
2180	10	of abundances within the distributional range of a species. our approach will be to analyze in   erize stochastic population models that can be used to quantitatively evaluate climate influenc  dels that can be used to quantitatively evaluate climate influences on the population dynamics.  tion dynamical characteristics, we will identify by sensitivity analyses whether some demograph  es in climate than others. we will then develop theoretical models to identify conditions under   species' distributional range. we will focus these spatiotemporal analyses on three economical  pecies in which population fluctuations are influenced by climate variation. by combining stoch   well as in environmental phenology, we can calculate how changes in climate will affect the sp  ly important species. we will therefore examine whether the effects of climate changes can be m   whether the effects of climate changes can be modified by altering the harvest strategies of t
9851	10	limate change and habitat fragmentation are expected to disrupt ecological interactions between  cological interactions between species, even before extinctions due to direct loss of suitable   s. these mismatches could substantially reduce both the spatial connectivity of populations, an  that traits such as flowering times and flower morphology change little in space and time withi  r morphology change little in space and time within a species. however, recent studies of flowe  very high levels of heritability, which could generate rapid evolutionary change in flower morp  s on its grassland reserves are already being studied by dr michael pocock . wider significance  history traits in a single species, and assess how maintaining a given networks of distinct hab  ogical resilience. these data will also inform the value of translocation programmes, which are  alue of translocation programmes, which are advocated by some practitioners as critical for con
13884	6	in which each patch have a limited life-time, ii study the extinction debt, i.e. analyze to wha  each patch have a limited life-time, ii study the extinction debt, i.e. analyze to what extent   urrence patterns reflect the historical amount of habitat, iii initiate an integration of lands  t the historical amount of habitat, iii initiate an integration of landscape, metapopulation an  ve way. as a model system i will mainly work with old trees in agricultural landscapes. in that  landscape, the beetle osmoderma eremita is the main model species. i studied o. eremita empiric
1939	9	ph and nutrients. indeed these factors can be affected by rewetting, liming and topsoil remova  an be affected by rewetting, liming and topsoil removal. however, it is difficult to realize th  liming and topsoil removal. however, it is difficult to realize the establishment of the accomp  ent in the soil; many species, however, have to recolonize the target area by dispersal from el  ea by dispersal from elsewhere. the phd-project analysis of plant extinctions and invasions' re  l dynamics in the 201h century. the phd-project spatio-functional analysis' studies improved de  e predictions will be validated by long-term observations in well-studied land regions, namely,  ended database on seed properties, that can be used as an input of the expert system synbiosis   input of the expert system synbiosis to be developed by the institute of forestry and nature re
1937	3	llected in three successive periods, we want to examine which changes in taxic diversity have t   diversity have taken place and what we can expect to happen in the near future. we will concen  t to happen in the near future. we will concentrate our study on c. 300 declining scarce & rare
10108	9	e species and the loss of biodiversity, mean that ecologists must be able to predict what will   ions of future population change. a new style of matrix mathematics, called robust control, is   le of matrix mathematics, called robust control, is able to link all the information about indi  rix mathematics, called robust control, is able to link all the information about individual li  ke growth rate and stability. but do we need this new maths this project will test the ability   freshwater crustacea called daphnia, it is possible to change the life cycle by selectively sie  f the population. the project will also use robust control techniques to analyse all the popula  ation. the project will also use robust control techniques to analyse all the population matric  e all the population matrices that have been published in ecological journals in the past.
13596	3	ion is a two-step process, in which nh3 is oxidized to no2- by the ammonia-oxidizing bacteria s  a spatial modelling of the phylogenetic structure of nitrifier communities at the field scale t  ing their signature on the phylogenetic structure of the aob, aoa and nob communities.
11454	3	ge, and uses these data to parameterise age-structured matrix models that incorporate existing    climate on changes in colony size, and focus future research on causal links between variation   in these indices of climate change and key population parameters.
2069	9	lation genetics theory to significantly advance its ability to accurately predict the fate of t  antly advance its ability to accurately predict the fate of transgenes, if unintentionally acqu  ing the effect of positive, neutral and negative selection on transgenes will be developed of p  ally transferred genes to accumulate or disappear from a bacterial population over time, will b  y, the invasive potential of transgenes can be evaluated prior to field release. the project ex  nt risk assessment of transgenes, which is focused primarily on transgene availability, as it c  rk established in the project will thus be instrumental in ensuring adequate risk assessments o  us be instrumental in ensuring adequate risk assessments of novel gene constructs prior to regu  ticularly as more novel gene constructs are expected to reach commercialization.
12167	4	for future research and policy we will use the information derived from objectives 1-6 to iden  y and highlight major research gaps and make recommendations on the way in which option design   in which option design and uptake might be modified to enhance the likelihood of meeting the ps  hood of meeting the psa target. we will endeavour to identify recommendations that deliver not
12562	8	summary objective: model the response of native and non-native fish specie  ies under conditions of climate change; refine the hazard identification and assessment tools,   t options and prioritising actions; and evaluate the impacts of non-native species on native sp  on-native species on native species and stream ecosystem function so as to inform the risk asse  d future uk legislation to regulate and control the keeping and release of imported fishes and   to regulate and control the keeping and release of imported fishes and their related diseases.   fishes and their related diseases. and, assess the impact of management initiatives, and the sp   the species’ response to environmental change, to combat the spread of non-native species.
14927	1	the evaluation of the ecological status is determined by the ecological quality ratio . this ap
2190	5	t assessments . the project will mainly focus on predictions tools for projects and plans at la   sea legislation and policies in force, have in relation with several national and internationa  eas of the stockholm region where there is an increasing pressure on the environment due the on  effects on natural habitats. the method is based on the identification of focal species that ar  ndscape level will be achieved. it will be possible to find patterns of connectivity and disper
13982	2	sity in deep marine habitats. this vill be done by testing hypotheses about patterns of variabi  ombining this knowledge with the recent access to sophisticated technologies for the measuremen
13883	10	vation of the study species. the models are intended for population viability analysis of metap  ynamic landscapes. the methods will not require data from repeated surveys, which are typically  dy species are the red-listed epiphytic moss neckera pennata, and the epiphytic lichen lobaria   moss neckera pennata, and the epiphytic lichen lobaria pulmonaria. they are confined to trees w  iphytic lichen lobaria pulmonaria. they are confined to trees which are dynamic habitat patches  use bayesian statistical modelling, and apply the so called back-calculation technique. it was   o called back-calculation technique. it was developed in epidemiology but has never been tested  developed in epidemiology but has never been tested in ecology. the second method is for modell  etween stands in a landscape. the model is fitted based on simulations of epiphyte dynamics acr  iphyte dynamics across a known historic landscape scenario.
1956	3	implies that a species can consume and utilise many different prey types but whether this phen  ection of otherwise choosy individuals, is not known. analysis of prey preference and associate  netic architecture underlying polyphagy may be unravelled in this predatory mite, which may sti
14518	6	n biodiversity, including several small game species. consequently, farming management models a  fro toxicological analyses, and we will distribute questionnaires to farmers and hunters to obt  ata about hunting pressure, farming and game management systems, and identity and abundance of    and hunting and farming management, we may obtain a first approach to the knowledge of which a  e strategies in farming management that may optimise the relationships between farming producti  tionships between farming productivity, game management and biodiversity conservation.
12424	5	summary objective: to develop and maintain the necessary guidelines and networks for resp  act assessment in the short, medium and long-terms; 2. the development of a network of national  nalytical providers and facilities that may be required at short-notice to respond after an inc  acilities that may be required at short-notice to respond after an incident. key customer purpo  , networks and logistical planning that are required to achieve prompt and effective impact ass
2211	9	wildlife populations. this overall goal can be summarized as follows: • identify what is typica  ll goal can be summarized as follows: • identify what is typical for management systems that ar   is typical for management systems that are found to be adaptive and clarify whether these are   stems that are found to be adaptive and clarify whether these are species dependent, i.e., irre  ptive management of fish and wildlife • explore to what extent local systems for managing fish   wildlife exhibit adaptive qualities and ascertain to what extent these features are compatible   ble with the contemporary institutional framework for the management of swedish fish and wildli  wedish fish and wildlife populations. • suggest how existing management systems may be refined   suggest how existing management systems may be refined to become more adaptive.
13869	3	ture and composition in areas that have been altered by long-term fire suppression, thereby pro  orest fires. the effects of forest fire can be divided into specific direct effects depend on f  d fungal species on fire-killed and non fire-killed wood substrates
11835	2	ordinary demonstrations of the dramatic impact that climatic changes can have on this region. i  e dramatic impact that climatic changes can have on this region. ice shelf break-up is of parti
453	1	the brown lemur of mayotte could hence be enlightened.
461	13	since they are very abundant and very often come into contact with  human populations, seabirds have always been exploited or used. egg collecting, hunting, guano   ntly, ecotourism and biomonitoring have been developed and bring on a new economic value to sea  d biomonitoring have been developed and bring on a new economic value to seabirds. but non-regu  n developed and bring on a new economic value to seabirds. but non-regulated exploitation and d  slands are fully protected while others are frequently subject to poaching, with no method for   y protected while others are frequently subject to poaching, with no method for sustainable man   for sustainable management. others yet are the basis of a thought-out ecotourism that generate  . others yet are the basis of a thought-out ecotourism that generates consistent incomes and jo  m that generates consistent incomes and job opportunities. our evaluation by country and by isl   evaluation by country and by island or group of islands will contain an analysis of ecologic,   benefits provided by these seabirds. we have in fact set up a multidisciplinary team composed o  irds on a regional scale. eventually we hope to stop the erosion of biodiversity among seabirds
13837	7	niferous forests in the northern boreal part of scandinavia, still unaffected by modern forestr  he northern boreal part of scandinavia, still unaffected by modern forestry, serve as models an  a, still unaffected by modern forestry, serve as models and reference concepts for near-natural  by modern forestry, serve as models and reference concepts for near-natural management and ecol  othesis is that long term anthropogenic influence on low productive boreal forest ecosystems af  aeoecology. in each study area the same sequence of investigations will be carried out to ident  ed investigations. the expected results can be used to assess the use of forest reserves as ref
14104	4	mplexes isolated from infected cells or sub-complexes reconstituted from co-expressed viral ns-  -proteins and/or their mutant variants, may provide useful information about physical contacts   y of subunits in replication complex we anticipate to get insight into configuration of viral r  ation of alphaviral replication complex may provide new routes for interference into most intim
13331	3	ed eu in terms of business patterns and major ecosystems will be as comprehensive as possible.   fforts will be made to ensure that smes are fully engaged and a programme for dissemination and  of knowledge to better integrate the eu enterprise strategy and the eu strategy for sustainable
2105	16	forest covers 38% of norways land area, is basis for forestry and forest industries   forest covers 38% of norways land area, is basis for forestry and forest industries as one of t  ys land area, is basis for forestry and forest industries as one of the countrys most important  s as one of the countrys most important land-based economic sectors, and provides important env   environmental policy in norway, and it is important to analyze which impacts climate changes m  o analyze which impacts climate changes may have on forests, forestry and forest industries to   anges may have on forests, forestry and forest industries to be able to meet future challenges   possible. as basis for such analyses it is a strong advantage to use forest ecosystem process m   basis for such analyses it is a strong advantage to use forest ecosystem process models and co  use forest ecosystem process models and combine their results with bioeconomic modeling. the pr  s of the project is to develop suitable forest ecosystem process models for norway and use them  ecosystem process models for norway and use them as basis for providing new research-based know  and use them as basis for providing new research-based knowledge on how and to what degree expe  on main forest ecosystem functions. s3: integrate the results from s2 into two existing bio-eco  me/employment in the forest sector. s4: analyze the uncertainty in the results with particular   e field of forest process modeling, and be based on climate change data provided by regclim.
13862	2	damage by pathogens/insect herbivores, plant community species composition and soil n turnover  plant community species composition and soil n turnover.
14617	1	rridum together with juniperus communis are the most important species responsible for the mato
10056	9	rs up to 13% of the world s surface and is a unique environment, supporting a diverse microbial  ice formation in autumn, microorganisms are confined to hypersaline brine channels, where salin  inity reaches over 20% and temperatures can drop to below -20oc. despite the harsh environmenta  ponent to this unique community. it has been determined that sea ice diatoms produced large amo  nce and composition of this diatom eps, measure the protective properties of eps, and determine  e the protective properties of eps, and determine how eps aids the survival of diatoms in condi  tions that are inhospitable to life. we aim to answer the question how is sustained metabolic a  life. we aim to answer the question how is sustained metabolic activity possible and what role   e scientists to understand how microbes can survive in extreme environments.
10057	9	rs up to 13% of the world s surface and is a unique environment, supporting a diverse microbial  ice formation in autumn, microorganisms are confined to hypersaline brine channels, where salin  inity reaches over 20% and temperatures can drop to below -20oc. despite the harsh environmenta  ponent to this unique community. it has been determined that sea ice diatoms produced large amo  nce and composition of this diatom eps, measure the protective properties of eps, and determine  e the protective properties of eps, and determine how eps aids the survival of diatoms in condi  tions that are inhospitable to life. we aim to answer the question how is sustained metabolic a  life. we aim to answer the question how is sustained metabolic activity possible and what role   e scientists to understand how microbes can survive in extreme environments.
11311	9	rs up to 13% of the world s surface and is a unique environment, supporting a diverse microbial  ice formation in autumn, microorganisms are confined to hypersaline brine channels, where salin  inity reaches over 20% and temperatures can drop to below -20oc. despite the harsh environmenta  ponent to this unique community. it has been determined that sea ice diatoms produced large amo  nce and composition of this diatom eps, measure the protective properties of eps, and determine  e the protective properties of eps, and determine how eps aids the survival of diatoms in condi  tions that are inhospitable to life. we aim to answer the question how is sustained metabolic a  life. we aim to answer the question how is sustained metabolic activity possible and what role   e scientists to understand how microbes can survive in extreme environments.
12269	1	ettuce is an important uk horticultural crop with a field gate value > £82m basic horticultural
11345	7	despite only scant data being available it is assumed that all cocco  pite only scant data being available it is assumed that all coccolithophores produce significan  it is assumed that all coccolithophores produce significant amounts of cellular dimethylsulphon  derstanding of dms production processes is based on research that focuses on the cosmopolitan b  possibly biased knowledge base. we will exploit clonal coccolithophorid cultures from the newly  ed and unique eu-codenet collection and investigate dmsp and dms production. the project we pro  on a wide range of coccolithophores and is designed to test the validity of the current underst
12178	16	each will be most appropriate. it will focus on the practical, and show poor practice as well   te. it will focus on the practical, and show poor practice as well as good. in essence, it will  l focus on the practical, and show poor practice as well as good. in essence, it will help farm  ce as well as good. in essence, it will help farmers and others to read hedgerows so they can d  rs and others to read hedgerows so they can determine their most appropriate future management.  roughout the uk, and their advisers. it is hoped that it will be of particular help to those wi  heir advisers. it is hoped that it will be of particular help to those with agri-environment sc  ants to see in the countryside. it will recognise that hedgerows that are in good condition hav   condition have benefits for animal and crop production as well as wildlife, the landscape and   pe and our historical heritage. it will recognise the key role that farmers play in the managem  e considerable resources they currently devote to the management of hedgerows. this will be pla   necessary introductory and explanatory voice-overs, in agreement with nigel adams, and to edit  n with mr adams. the production company may engage mr adams or any other person to present the   . archive footage is already available, free of charge, showing the flowering of hedgerows duri  f hedgerows during the spring. graphics may be used to strengthen, or simplify, key messages.    graphics may be used to strengthen, or simplify, key messages.
14555	5	the idea that host-parasite cycles can maintain sufficient genetic variability on which se  many vertebrates, and especially birds, develop conspicuous sex-specific secondary sexual trait  d especially birds, develop conspicuous sex-specific secondary sexual traits also, most studies  its also, most studies in the wild have been performed during only one season, however it is im  rmed during only one season, however it is important to understand how annual variation of envi
7699	2	cerned by this situation, with a strong increase in demand and prices, which could continue in   ng increase in demand and prices, which could continue in the coming years and the other of agr
10755	16	stood terrestrial habitat in antarctica is its ice: a significant microbial resource that colle  at collectively constitutes the largest single freshwater reservoir of bacteria on the earth s   cell biomass in the antarctic ice sheet is thought to amount to ~ 2.44 tg that are representati  restricted to the surface. we will also follow the retreat of the snowpack up our transects and  at of the snowpack up our transects and examine the glacier surface habitats exposed as a conse   as a consequence. at each site we will establish the microbial community structure and biomass  e and biomass throughout the summer and track the fate of microorganisms as melting removes the  hem from the snow and ice. we will also track nutrients at the same time and measure the melt e  so track nutrients at the same time and measure the melt energy fluxes that drive the whole sys  easurements and also the range of sites being considered are important because they will then e  ed are important because they will then enable us to assess other parts of the antarctic penins  er parts of the antarctic peninsula not subject to detailed monitoring. for these areas, we wil  rients and microbial biomass that might be expected under current and future melt scenarios. at   and future melt scenarios. at the same time we will establish the co2 fluxes as a result of bi  elt scenarios. at the same time we will establish the co2 fluxes as a result of biological acti  ical activity within antarctic snow and ice habitats for the first time.
14580	6	the study of the trophic web in mediterranean coastal marshes has been proposed,  eb in mediterranean coastal marshes has been proposed, by means of a double approach: a taxonom  n in the trophic food web, because they are both predators and competitors of other phytoplankt   food webs of these ecosystems. we also analyse the relationship between the zooplankton size s  ture, identifying if the size structure can distinguish the situations of competitive exclusion  es under confinement conditions. we aim compare the changes of the structure of the plankton an
7563	9	network hosts the"rg nightshade"are aware of the difficulties that lay their futures, e  ially for tomatoes, absence of peaceful dialogue with the non - institutional sector, in partic  l dialogue with the non - institutional sector, in particular vegetable seeds companies for ama  isciplinary and multi-institutional. it is based on surveys of the main protagonists, and which  us on the case of tomato, but will also build on the analysis of the reasons for the failure of  s for the failure of a network mount rg attempt with fans for cucurbit. these two groups of spe   are particularly popular with fans. we analyze how to act and interact the different stakehold  ar with fans. we analyze how to act and interact the different stakeholders to understand compa   forms of coordination, cooperation and even integration that would broaden the scope of each s
12160	1	the contractor will use its scientific expertise to contribute to the effective development, e
12161	1	the contractor will use its scientific expertise to contribute to the effective development, e
2140	5	component of biodiversity on earth and are essential for structuring terrestrial ecosystems. t  ical arthropods lives in the canopy. it is one of the first studies of beta diversity at in a l  biodiversity in tropical rainforests. i am invited among 23 highly qualified entomologists to p  in panama, which represent an excellent chance to contribute and play an active role in a uniqu  t an excellent chance to contribute and play an active role in a unique international collabora
12560	7	occur in patches but farmers frequently spray whole fields to control the weeds in these patche  praying by arable farmers has, however, been negligible partly due to the difficulty of constru  ects, this proposal aims to develop and evaluate a machine vision system to automate the weed m  sion of weed management offered by sswm is therefore a key element in preparing arable farming   rity. the mapping technology could also be used on organic farms to identify areas of fields ne  educing both carbon footprints and also damage to crops by, for example, spring tines.   d also damage to crops by, for example, spring tines.
7683	6	ific attention will be borne to the non-use valuation. to this end, work will be carried out by  tists in order to carry out prospective research on the economic and social contribution of tho  od of 3 decades. this project will also look at the decision-making process towards management   eef ecosystems. research will therefore aim at preparing mapping of ecosystem services and pred   to two specific points: the message to be delivered and the priorities of actions to be implem  ivered and the priorities of actions to be implemented.
13400	4	ally its south-eastern anatolia region, is known one of the origin centers of the olive. for th  ns of turkey a germplasm collection has been established with the selected domestic cultivars o  cultivars having different origins have been added in the collection in the years of 1971 and 1  mestic cultivars in the collection have been characterized on the basis of their morphological,
2076	20	ems provide important food sources, and may also be of significance to the medical and chemical  de important food sources, and may also be of significance to the medical and chemical industry  also a more ethical and moral value. it is important to protect the biological diversity on ear  gical diversity on earth because it may be essential to get knowledge of the existence of a cer  eats to the marine biological diversity are represented by marine pollution from different sour  this activity. the biological diversity is defined in the 1992 convention on biological diversi  versity. the definition of biodiversity is centered upon variation within and between species.   ithin and between species. the holistic approach to both marine and terrestrial ecosystems is e   both marine and terrestrial ecosystems is expressed in the latest environmental agreements suc   importance of ecosystem management and establish obligations for conservation and sustainable   ations for conservation and sustainable use of the biological diversity. the project will first  y. important treaties here are the 1982 law of the sea convention and the 1992 convention on bi   fishery treaties. the first issue that is addressed in the thesis is therefore a more precise   ogical diversity. the project will also examine regional agreements and establish the obligatio  ll also examine regional agreements and establish the obligations and principles concerning the  ents and agreements concerning fishing, regulate the management and conservation of the marine   ine biodiversity. the project will also examine the relationship between the international and   gations both on a global and a regional lever it is possible that one also will examine how the  oth on a global and a regional lever it is possible that one also will examine how the obligati   and management of biological diversity are implemented on a national level.
11145	4	and the manner in which hydrophobicity may change as protein profiles change reflecting varyin  ns. such changes in climatic conditions may induce more widespread development of hydrophobicit   which in turn reduces infiltration and water storage and may increase the number of flooding e  uces infiltration and water storage and may increase the number of flooding events during inten
10261	12	. many of these minute protist grazers can be considered fussy feeders, preferring certain pre  others. through selective feeding, they play a highly significant role in shaping the compositi   elements, such as carbon and nitrogen, are cycled on a global scale. there is much evidence to  en, are cycled on a global scale. there is much evidence to suggest that protists can discrimin  cycled on a global scale. there is much evidence to suggest that protists can discriminate betw   much evidence to suggest that protists can discriminate between similar-sized prey items based   possess different surface coatings, it is likely that cell recognition by single-celled predat  of receptor. within this grant, we will study all cell surface proteins expressed by a species    a technique called proteomics. we will investigate how predator protein expression changes wit  with different prey types. we will also determine which of the cell surface proteins bind to th  ace proteins bind to the prey and hence may be involved in prey recognition and selection. our   teractions in aquatic environments, and lead to future studies on a wide range of plankton spec
14105	16	it is generally suggested that the strength of a fish year   that the strength of a fish year-class is determined by the availability of planktonic food sh  hortly after the larval yolk supply has been exhausted. starvation and high mortality is well k  ng larval fish. the diet of fish larvae is determined by their gape and prey size and escape ab  ermined by their gape and prey size and escape abilities, suggesting that small slow-swimming p  escape abilities, suggesting that small slow-swimming prey such as protozoa are a suitable prey   food web structure only a few evidence are documented that indicate the cascading effect of th  e cascading effect of the planktivorous fish to the microbial loop components. the majority of   the planktivorous fish to the microbial loop components. the majority of planktonic protozoa ar  h gut. thus, protist ingestion may have been neglected in the past because of difficulties in d  pecies identification. up to date there are very few studies dealing with the direct protist co  ral environment. to our knowledge there are no corresponding studies from the fresh water lakes  ole of protists as fish larvae food. we hypothesize that in the freshwater lakes the larval fis  rotozoan prey at rates that potentially sustain larval food requirements. the main goals of our  otozoan consumption depending on larval fish species/age. 3.to find out the key factors determi  fish diet we are going to sample larval fish in various lake types. to assess the effect of lar
12523	3	t of reference for all organic relevant research, to facilitate existing research transfer prog  h in a way in which farmers can readily apply them. the project : 1. builds on work of the defr  o contribute to identifying priorities, provide technical support to researchers and from perso
14334	4	african rats and mice adversely affect the lives of millions of africans. these small m  damage stored foods and several species are known reservoirs and vectors for several human dise  ugh numerous african rats and mice have been described over the last 150 years – many species d  t 150 years – many species descriptions are based on very few specimens. the aim of this projec
10365	1	optical remote sensing is used to monitor the health and status of many aquati
11484	1	we aim to prepare an archive of microbial genetic diversit
12189	25	ses and pollination of crops. they also include cultural services, such as landscapes for recre  f activities, with the current aims to: conserve wildlife; maintain and enhance landscape quali  ntain and enhance landscape quality and character; protect the historic environment; promote pu  nhance landscape quality and character; protect the historic environment; promote public access  cter; protect the historic environment; promote public access and understanding of the countrys  d understanding of the countryside; and protect natural resources. the range of management opti  nder environmental stewardship may also affect ecosystem services, for example: winter cover cr  n-off; or grass margins in arable field may trap sediment and nutrients and so reduce water pol  fects is not well understood and little is known about how environmental stewardship may best b   how environmental stewardship may best be used to enhance ecosystem services. this project wil  h three activities. we will collate and analyse the evidence for impacts of environmental stewa  f environmental stewardship and similar land management activities on services from a variety o  including the scientific literature and expert opinion. we will then use modelling approaches t  icality, policy needs and cost, we will produce a set of ‘option packages’ which should enhance  es when applied to a farm. we will also use our review and analysis to suggest new forms of env  f how environmental stewardship options may improve ecosystem services. the first will use well  wardship options in the english uplands may enhance ecosystem services. this will involve novel   stewardship options. secondly, we will test one suggested option package in a experiment on a   ch environmental stewardship agreements are implemented. we will use established experimental p  erimental procedures of replication and use of controls, to ensure scientific credibility. the   he environmental stewardship option and control areas of the farm will be monitored using measu  , greenhouse gas storage and emissions, water quality in terms of nitrogen phosphorus and sedim   over the long-term and, if the options were implemented more widely, over large areas. the pro  tal stewardship policy and will greatly enhance our knowledge of how to manage the land for eco   ensure natural england and defra staff can implement the findings and that stakeholders can ma
12491	4	ry of ecosystem services through the es could be measured; to make recommendations on the exten   would be possible to place an economic value on the ecoystem services delivered through the es  h the es and to identify how this might be achieved; and to recommend how ecosystem service del  nd how ecosystem service delivery might be enhanced through the environmental stewardship schem
12360	2	poli incident. summary objectives cefas are to provide defra any advice and/or assistance reaso  the grounding of the msc napoli in lyme bay, in terms of monitoring and/or mitigating the envir
10628	23	viour of humans and animals is the bold-shy continuum where individuals show behavioural charac  sonality to being shy. bold individuals can be described as extrovert and are highly aggressive  duals can be described as extrovert and are highly aggressive, very active, willing to take ris  n simple tasks and less fearful whereas shy individuals are introverts showing little aggressio  in risky behaviour, slower to learn and are very fearful of new situations. these behavioural p  e consistently displayed and profoundly affect how these individuals behave in a variety of sit  an shy individuals. however, the tables may be turned if predation risk is high and the greater  mal makes it more conspicuous. boldness may contribute to success in one situation but may be i   inappropriate in another situation. it is important for us to understand why animals within a   bution of animals but also whether they survive or become extinct. animals with different perso  t. animals with different personalities may respond to these environmental changes in different  nmental changes in different ways so it is vital for us to understand why these animals differ   he brain is central to behaviour and we propose to look at how the expression of brain genes is  ok at how the expression of brain genes is linked to the bold or shy pattern of behaviour. then  ermine whether these personality traits can be influenced by giving animals experience of winni  become more shy and shy fish repeatedly being the victor may become more bold. if the animals c  or may become more bold. if the animals can change their personality then this helps us to unde  ronmental changes. however, if bold and shy individuals are unable to alter their decisions thi  re unable to alter their decisions this may inform theories behind evolution and explain why so  ay inform theories behind evolution and explain why some animals cannot survive changes in thei  nt. finally we shall alter the internal state of the animal by holding them in different enviro  dator to get food and thus the internal state of the animal influences its behaviour. this prop  enes underpin these characteristics. it is relevant to understanding how different behavioural
15451	3	ulations inhabiting the system. it will give us a global image of the water quality. 3 successi  ng the system. it will give us a global image of the water quality. 3 succession assessment of    risk assessment of the bacteriological water quality for the patient in hemodialysis with chro
14818	2	pseudomonas stutzeri is a relevant bacterial species in microbial ecology, d  n process in this phylogenetic coherent branch, due to the selection of these new ecotypes.
2205	3	be a vector for new introductions. thus better information on precaution measures to be taken s  r information on precaution measures to be taken should be distributed among e.g. boating and d  ng and diving associations. however, it is more difficult to minimize the risks in gardening, w
13811	8	olved. several measures to conserve and restore biodiversity are being used on the basis of the  o conserve and restore biodiversity are being used on the basis of their ecological efficiency.  gical efficiency. these would, however, be more efficient if they also are socially anchored. t  however, be more efficient if they also are socially anchored. the objectives of the project ar  e of conservation measures. the project is based on theories of environmental psychology and la  ed out in co-operation with the swedish forest agency. the empirical work will consist of four   tance of conservation measures by the q-sort method. study 2 employs the scale in a field study  f conservation measures and can thereby point to the social efficiency of various measures.
11541	17	d core lies the mantle, 2,900-km of hot rock that comprises 80% of earth s volume. carrying ear  rth s volume. carrying earth s internal heat to the surface, the convecting mantle creeps like   hat drives our dynamic earth; all large-scale geological activity is driven by mantle convectio  th; all large-scale geological activity is driven by mantle convection. mantle plumes are an im  tood, aspect of mantle convection. they are buoyant mantle upwellings that bring hot material f   of mantle convection. they are buoyant mantle upwellings that bring hot material from earth s   mate cause is unknown. consequently, we cannot explain or predict the strength and frequency of  own. consequently, we cannot explain or predict the strength and frequency of pulses, or their   urface manifestation is important if we are to understand earth s geological history and the lo  earth s geological history and the long-term evolution of earth s mantle. to address these gaps  proposed research will use state-of-the-art numerical mantle convection models to investigate t  rch will use state-of-the-art numerical mantle convection models to investigate the mechanisms   for example, that the rate of upwelling is controlled by changes in forcing from sinking slabs    north atlantic ocean. models will also be used to predict how earth s surface responds to thes  when, where and by how much the surface is uplifted as the upwelling waxes and wanes. these pre  e of this research will be a predictive model of the response of earth s surface to flow within  he model will show how earth s engine - mantle convection - drives surface deformation. such a
10881	21	esearch in this urgency application has been prompted by the brief opportunity to study pumice   alia within the next year where a large proportion of the pumice will be stranded along the coa  ine, and the rafting event will largely be completed. floating rafts of pumice are an important  cean currents, to their recruitment and long-range transport of biota. pumice rafts provide an   n important natural vector for the long-range dispersal of many marine species, overcoming phys  mitations on their dispersal range, and allow intermittent contact and exchange between shallow  nge, and allow intermittent contact and exchange between shallow marine ecosystems that otherwi  hallow marine ecosystems that otherwise remain extremely isolated by vast stretches of deep oce  ice rafting will have been an important process in the geological past, and in the future, it m   geological past, and in the future, it may serve as a natural mechanism for ecosystems damaged  rsity. in many cases, pumice rafts also represent the only record with which to understand the   s, pumice rafts also represent the only record with which to understand the petrogenetic origin  and arc settings. the southwest pacific is a key area to study these phenomena with pumice raft  study these phenomena with pumice rafts being generated once every five to fifteen years from r   to fifteen years from relatively small-volume explosive eruptions from volcanoes in the tonga-  e home reef volcano beginning august 9, are currently passing through important areas of tropic  ne season. these pumice rafts therefore provide a brief window of opportunity to understand in   portunity to understand in much greater detail, the mechanisms of pumice rafting, how this vect  isms of pumice rafting, how this vector is exploited by a range of biota, and how successful it  a range of biota, and how successful it is for the long-range dispersal of biota to the great b  , and how successful it is for the long-range dispersal of biota to the great barrier reef, an
15348	10	arine speciation using the most diverse group of opisthobranchs, the chromodorididae as a model  the chromodorididae as a model. we will attempt to revise the systematics of atlantic species o  ing from their common ancestry. also we evaluate the role of climate change, dispersal and plat  e role of climate change, dispersal and plate tectonics in confirming the phylogeny of differen  ing the phylogeny of different taxa. we propose several secondary objectives: 1 determining the  specific and interspecific variation; 5 infer the phylogenetic relationships base on dna sequen   relationships base on dna sequences; 6 evaluate the generic classification of the species stud  the phylogenetic hypothesis obtained; 7 infer the age of the species studied; 8 evaluate if spe  infer the age of the species studied; 8 evaluate if speciation occurs predominantly sympatrical   macaronesian islands. this way we will evaluate the possibility of using the concept of phylog
1948	7	ividuals have to be under environmental control, and some characteristics of the environment ha  l maturation on food availability. yet, present day life history theory assumes that this feedb  le and often unrealistic kind. previous work in our group has shown that the outcome of life hi   of life history evolution may strongly depend on the precise nature of this feedbackloop. our   r goal is to initiate a more systematic study of this dependence. to this end we will study two  of this dependence. to this end we will study two special relatively simple classes of populati  with two different experimental groups, consider the life history evolution of two model organi
12540	16	and pests is vital to support european plant health policies. for this project council directi  is project council directive 2000/29/ec is important, listing some 275 organisms for which prot  ir spread within the community needs to be taken. those threats are now greater than ever becau  e objective is to amplify a limited dna sample in a non-specific way, in order to generate a ne  pecific way, in order to generate a new sample that is indistinguishable from the original but   equence representation or the marker to be used for positive dentification/detection. in this w  ion/detection. in this way rare samples can be preserved and a limitless supply of material can  amples can be preserved and a limitless supply of material can be made from the most limited of  rved and a limitless supply of material can be made from the most limited of resources. in the   the literature several wga methods have been described which may be useful in this context. in   n this context. in this project we will test several of these wga methods for their utility in    utility in obtaining sufficient dna to be stored and sent across europe for use in diagnostic    nematodes, fungi for which taqman pcrs are available. validated protocols for wga will be writ  ions across europe. in addition we will develop protocols for optimal storage and transport of   velop protocols for optimal storage and transport of dna from the different plant pests/pathoge  ied samples to be send across europe to be used as positive and negative controls in their diag
6845	2	inkage maps of wheat cultivars. we also plan to develop new, more specific primer pairs based o  ization and pcr based studies will also be carried out with suitable markers.
9944	3	we will investigate the genetic architecture underlying quantit  lda. if ld mapping is feasible, we will fine-map other candidate qtl emerging from our own link  if ld mapping is feasible, we will fine-map other candidate qtl emerging from our own linkage m
10550	9	merous genes influencing behaviour have been identified in organisms such as the fruit fly dros  t fly drosophila melanogaster but there are very few studies of how important allelic variation  fly species drosophila montana. we will examine genes identified in the laboratory as influenci  ell as random background genes. we will produce semi-natural populations of d montana from two   m two different natural populations and test whether allelic variation in genes is co-inherited  these traits in natural populations and tell us if these genes are conserved between population   populations and tell us if these genes are conserved between populations and between different   the results are important because they allow us to determine whether the function of genes is   determine whether the function of genes is conserved across species, which has important implic
11030	9	merous genes influencing behaviour have been identified in organisms such as the fruit fly dros  t fly drosophila melanogaster but there are very few studies of how important allelic variation  fly species drosophila montana. we will examine genes identified in the laboratory as influenci  ell as random background genes. we will produce semi-natural populations of d montana from two   m two different natural populations and test whether allelic variation in genes is co-inherited  these traits in natural populations and tell us if these genes are conserved between population   populations and tell us if these genes are conserved between populations and between different   the results are important because they allow us to determine whether the function of genes is   determine whether the function of genes is conserved across species, which has important implic
11183	17	of geological carbon storage to a small scale tightly controlled artificial leak. we will look   tly controlled artificial leak. we will look at chemical and biological effects and importantly   and biological effects and importantly investigate the recovery time needed. we will be able t  igate the recovery time needed. we will be able to relate the footprint of the impact to the kn   to develop and test models of flow and impact that can be applied to other scenarios and we wi  and test models of flow and impact that can be applied to other scenarios and we will assess a    applied to other scenarios and we will assess a number of monitoring methods. the project will  nitoring methods. the project will also investigate the nature of flow through geological forma   spread of a rising co2 plume should it breach the reservoir. the work proposed here would amou  osed here would amount to a significant advance in the understanding and scientific tools neces   scientific tools necessary to form ccs risk assessments and quantitative knowledge of the ecol  leaks. we will develop model tools that can predict the transfer, fate and impact of leaks from  that can predict the transfer, fate and impact of leaks from reservoir to ecosystem, which may   eaks from reservoir to ecosystem, which may be applied when specific ccs operations are planned  be applied when specific ccs operations are planned. an important product of our work will be a  e the early detection of leaks. we will work alongside interested parties from industry, govern   ensure that the information we produce is accessible and effective.
1099	5	lays an important economic role, and it is very suitable for the currently invoked husbandry: d   maintaining an historical and cultural link with the geographic origin and, thanks to traditio  adition and food habits, gaining a very good local appreciation. this picture potentially meets  nsparent, environment-friend and animal-friend techniques. the proposed research project suits   onging to milk . finally, consumers' ex-ante quality perceptions towards consumption, and their
10061	11	of most alluvial river channels are not flat, but comprise a series of undulating sedimentary a  clude ripples and dunes. these bedforms exist over a range of scales, and are constantly moving  forms exist over a range of scales, and are constantly moving and changing their shape, size an  ving and changing their shape, size and form in response to changes in flow discharge. these be  anges in flow discharge. these bedforms are the primary roughness elements that provide resista  ges in the bedforms, such that bedforms are commonly out of equilibrium with the flow. this is   dforms, such that bedforms are commonly out of equilibrium with the flow. this is very importan   application of an innovative numerical model of unsteady flow over a deformable 3d boundary. t  ensure that the results are generic and have a wider appeal, notably in the improvement of mode  he results are generic and have a wider appeal, notably in the improvement of models that provi  dels that provide flood predictions and inform environmental management decisions. all data and
11074	11	of most alluvial river channels are not flat, but comprise a series of undulating sedimentary a  clude ripples and dunes. these bedforms exist over a range of scales, and are constantly moving  forms exist over a range of scales, and are constantly moving and changing their shape, size an  ving and changing their shape, size and form in response to changes in flow discharge. these be  anges in flow discharge. these bedforms are the primary roughness elements that provide resista  ges in the bedforms, such that bedforms are commonly out of equilibrium with the flow. this is   dforms, such that bedforms are commonly out of equilibrium with the flow. this is very importan   application of an innovative numerical model of unsteady flow over a deformable 3d boundary. t  ensure that the results are generic and have a wider appeal, notably in the improvement of mode  he results are generic and have a wider appeal, notably in the improvement of models that provi  dels that provide flood predictions and inform environmental management decisions. all data and
11867	11	of most alluvial river channels are not flat, but comprise a series of undulating sedimentary a  clude ripples and dunes. these bedforms exist over a range of scales, and are constantly moving  forms exist over a range of scales, and are constantly moving and changing their shape, size an  ving and changing their shape, size and form in response to changes in flow discharge. these be  anges in flow discharge. these bedforms are the primary roughness elements that provide resista  ges in the bedforms, such that bedforms are commonly out of equilibrium with the flow. this is   dforms, such that bedforms are commonly out of equilibrium with the flow. this is very importan   application of an innovative numerical model of unsteady flow over a deformable 3d boundary. t  ensure that the results are generic and have a wider appeal, notably in the improvement of mode  he results are generic and have a wider appeal, notably in the improvement of models that provi  dels that provide flood predictions and inform environmental management decisions. all data and
9858	12	relevance scientific value green roofs can provide important ecosystem services within the urb  iodiversity, climate change adaptation, air quality management, environmental performance of bu  ce of buildings, aesthetic/recreational value, to economic value through local food growing and  sthetic/recreational value, to economic value through local food growing and public health bene  health benefits. in spite of this there is currently a lack of formalised guidance or policy pr  , due in part to the lack of scientific research which attempts to explicitly quantify the envi  c research which attempts to explicitly quantify the environmental benefits of green roofs. gre   and biodiversity strategies and the gm air quality action plan, and this has provided the moti  n the university and the council, which were established through the epsrc asccue and scorchio   available equipment includes: rotronics air temperature rh sensors, gill sonic anemometer for w  : rotronics air temperature rh sensors, gill sonic anemometer for windspeed and direction, delt  auge, vaisala portable weather station, soil moisture theta probe. the student will also have a
2016	6	cts are hardly seen in the field. there is a need for models that account for true ecological e  l . comparisons between predictions and field observations will be made and divergences examine  the predictive capacity of the multiple-metal blm will be validated and lines of evidence are u  will be validated and lines of evidence are used for results interpretation. the results will u  rpretation. the results will ultimately be a basis for environmental risk management. firstly b  l criteria incorporating scientifically sound information on both environmental chemistry and b
11184	3	when fed phytoplankton prey of high and low n:c in limiting and non-limiting amounts. the rate   plankton-cn population growth will also be determined. these data will provide key data for par  e determined within simple cn-based npz-type ecosystem models.
10166	21	g of fossil fuels for power generation, is one of the most pressing concerns for society. curre  tly around 90% of the uk s energy needs are met by fossil fuels which will probably continue to  met by fossil fuels which will probably continue to be the predominant source of energy for dec  probably continue to be the predominant source of energy for decades to come. developing our un  d carbon capture and storage to a small scale tightly controlled artificial leak. we will look   tly controlled artificial leak. we will look at chemical and biological effects and importantly   and biological effects and importantly investigate the recovery time needed. we will be able t  igate the recovery time needed. we will be able to relate the footprint of the impact to the kn   to develop and test models of flow and impact that can be applied to other scenarios and we wi  and test models of flow and impact that can be applied to other scenarios and we will assess a    applied to other scenarios and we will assess a number of monitoring methods. the project will  nitoring methods. the project will also investigate the nature of flow through geological forma   spread of a rising co2 plume should it breach the reservoir. the work proposed here would amou  osed here would amount to a significant advance in the understanding and scientific tools neces   scientific tools necessary to form ccs risk assessments and quantitative knowledge of the ecol  leaks. we will develop model tools that can predict the transfer, fate and impact of leaks from  that can predict the transfer, fate and impact of leaks from reservoir to ecosystem, which may   eaks from reservoir to ecosystem, which may be applied when specific ccs operations are planned  be applied when specific ccs operations are planned. an important product of our work will be a  e the early detection of leaks. we will work alongside interested parties from industry, govern   ensure that the information we produce is accessible and effective.
10215	17	of geological carbon storage to a small scale tightly controlled artificial leak. we will look   tly controlled artificial leak. we will look at chemical and biological effects and importantly   and biological effects and importantly investigate the recovery time needed. we will be able t  igate the recovery time needed. we will be able to relate the footprint of the impact to the kn   to develop and test models of flow and impact that can be applied to other scenarios and we wi  and test models of flow and impact that can be applied to other scenarios and we will assess a    applied to other scenarios and we will assess a number of monitoring methods. the project will  nitoring methods. the project will also investigate the nature of flow through geological forma   spread of a rising co2 plume should it breach the reservoir. the work proposed here would amou  osed here would amount to a significant advance in the understanding and scientific tools neces   scientific tools necessary to form ccs risk assessments and quantitative knowledge of the ecol  leaks. we will develop model tools that can predict the transfer, fate and impact of leaks from  that can predict the transfer, fate and impact of leaks from reservoir to ecosystem, which may   eaks from reservoir to ecosystem, which may be applied when specific ccs operations are planned  be applied when specific ccs operations are planned. an important product of our work will be a  e the early detection of leaks. we will work alongside interested parties from industry, govern   ensure that the information we produce is accessible and effective.
10415	21	g of fossil fuels for power generation, is one of the most pressing concerns for society. curre  tly around 90% of the uk s energy needs are met by fossil fuels which will probably continue to  met by fossil fuels which will probably continue to be the predominant source of energy for dec  probably continue to be the predominant source of energy for decades to come. developing our un  d carbon capture and storage to a small scale tightly controlled artificial leak. we will look   tly controlled artificial leak. we will look at chemical and biological effects and importantly   and biological effects and importantly investigate the recovery time needed. we will be able t  igate the recovery time needed. we will be able to relate the footprint of the impact to the kn   to develop and test models of flow and impact that can be applied to other scenarios and we wi  and test models of flow and impact that can be applied to other scenarios and we will assess a    applied to other scenarios and we will assess a number of monitoring methods. the project will  nitoring methods. the project will also investigate the nature of flow through geological forma   spread of a rising co2 plume should it breach the reservoir. the work proposed here would amou  osed here would amount to a significant advance in the understanding and scientific tools neces   scientific tools necessary to form ccs risk assessments and quantitative knowledge of the ecol  leaks. we will develop model tools that can predict the transfer, fate and impact of leaks from  that can predict the transfer, fate and impact of leaks from reservoir to ecosystem, which may   eaks from reservoir to ecosystem, which may be applied when specific ccs operations are planned  be applied when specific ccs operations are planned. an important product of our work will be a  e the early detection of leaks. we will work alongside interested parties from industry, govern   ensure that the information we produce is accessible and effective.
10671	21	g of fossil fuels for power generation, is one of the most pressing concerns for society. curre  tly around 90% of the uk s energy needs are met by fossil fuels which will probably continue to  met by fossil fuels which will probably continue to be the predominant source of energy for dec  probably continue to be the predominant source of energy for decades to come. developing our un  d carbon capture and storage to a small scale tightly controlled artificial leak. we will look   tly controlled artificial leak. we will look at chemical and biological effects and importantly   and biological effects and importantly investigate the recovery time needed. we will be able t  igate the recovery time needed. we will be able to relate the footprint of the impact to the kn   to develop and test models of flow and impact that can be applied to other scenarios and we wi  and test models of flow and impact that can be applied to other scenarios and we will assess a    applied to other scenarios and we will assess a number of monitoring methods. the project will  nitoring methods. the project will also investigate the nature of flow through geological forma   spread of a rising co2 plume should it breach the reservoir. the work proposed here would amou  osed here would amount to a significant advance in the understanding and scientific tools neces   scientific tools necessary to form ccs risk assessments and quantitative knowledge of the ecol  leaks. we will develop model tools that can predict the transfer, fate and impact of leaks from  that can predict the transfer, fate and impact of leaks from reservoir to ecosystem, which may   eaks from reservoir to ecosystem, which may be applied when specific ccs operations are planned  be applied when specific ccs operations are planned. an important product of our work will be a  e the early detection of leaks. we will work alongside interested parties from industry, govern   ensure that the information we produce is accessible and effective.
10931	17	of geological carbon storage to a small scale tightly controlled artificial leak. we will look   tly controlled artificial leak. we will look at chemical and biological effects and importantly   and biological effects and importantly investigate the recovery time needed. we will be able t  igate the recovery time needed. we will be able to relate the footprint of the impact to the kn   to develop and test models of flow and impact that can be applied to other scenarios and we wi  and test models of flow and impact that can be applied to other scenarios and we will assess a    applied to other scenarios and we will assess a number of monitoring methods. the project will  nitoring methods. the project will also investigate the nature of flow through geological forma   spread of a rising co2 plume should it breach the reservoir. the work proposed here would amou  osed here would amount to a significant advance in the understanding and scientific tools neces   scientific tools necessary to form ccs risk assessments and quantitative knowledge of the ecol  leaks. we will develop model tools that can predict the transfer, fate and impact of leaks from  that can predict the transfer, fate and impact of leaks from reservoir to ecosystem, which may   eaks from reservoir to ecosystem, which may be applied when specific ccs operations are planned  be applied when specific ccs operations are planned. an important product of our work will be a  e the early detection of leaks. we will work alongside interested parties from industry, govern   ensure that the information we produce is accessible and effective.
11719	17	of geological carbon storage to a small scale tightly controlled artificial leak. we will look   tly controlled artificial leak. we will look at chemical and biological effects and importantly   and biological effects and importantly investigate the recovery time needed. we will be able t  igate the recovery time needed. we will be able to relate the footprint of the impact to the kn   to develop and test models of flow and impact that can be applied to other scenarios and we wi  and test models of flow and impact that can be applied to other scenarios and we will assess a    applied to other scenarios and we will assess a number of monitoring methods. the project will  nitoring methods. the project will also investigate the nature of flow through geological forma   spread of a rising co2 plume should it breach the reservoir. the work proposed here would amou  osed here would amount to a significant advance in the understanding and scientific tools neces   scientific tools necessary to form ccs risk assessments and quantitative knowledge of the ecol  leaks. we will develop model tools that can predict the transfer, fate and impact of leaks from  that can predict the transfer, fate and impact of leaks from reservoir to ecosystem, which may   eaks from reservoir to ecosystem, which may be applied when specific ccs operations are planned  be applied when specific ccs operations are planned. an important product of our work will be a  e the early detection of leaks. we will work alongside interested parties from industry, govern   ensure that the information we produce is accessible and effective.
11182	21	g of fossil fuels for power generation, is one of the most pressing concerns for society. curre  tly around 90% of the uk s energy needs are met by fossil fuels which will probably continue to  met by fossil fuels which will probably continue to be the predominant source of energy for dec  probably continue to be the predominant source of energy for decades to come. developing our un  d carbon capture and storage to a small scale tightly controlled artificial leak. we will look   tly controlled artificial leak. we will look at chemical and biological effects and importantly   and biological effects and importantly investigate the recovery time needed. we will be able t  igate the recovery time needed. we will be able to relate the footprint of the impact to the kn   to develop and test models of flow and impact that can be applied to other scenarios and we wi  and test models of flow and impact that can be applied to other scenarios and we will assess a    applied to other scenarios and we will assess a number of monitoring methods. the project will  nitoring methods. the project will also investigate the nature of flow through geological forma   spread of a rising co2 plume should it breach the reservoir. the work proposed here would amou  osed here would amount to a significant advance in the understanding and scientific tools neces   scientific tools necessary to form ccs risk assessments and quantitative knowledge of the ecol  leaks. we will develop model tools that can predict the transfer, fate and impact of leaks from  that can predict the transfer, fate and impact of leaks from reservoir to ecosystem, which may   eaks from reservoir to ecosystem, which may be applied when specific ccs operations are planned  be applied when specific ccs operations are planned. an important product of our work will be a  e the early detection of leaks. we will work alongside interested parties from industry, govern   ensure that the information we produce is accessible and effective.
10319	5	idence suggests that sub-saharan africa may contain large areas of peatlands, several times the   that these areas, on a per area basis, are some of the world s densest carbon stores. discover  trols on their extent and distribution, is therefore critical to , who collectively are the aut  herefore critical to , who collectively are the authors of over 150 papers, including seven in   ture. the project provides an excellent package of student training, incorporating elements of
11850	28	ding time with nature can reduce stress may seem self evident. natural tonics have been prescri   seem self evident. natural tonics have been prescribed throughout recorded history from grecia  sorts. more recently green exercise has been prescribed by modern medical practitioners. the wo  health by 2020. if experience of nature can relieve that stress why is not more done about it l  of evolutionary pressures. evidence has been produced to support this hypothesis. for example a  n understanding these effects will also be important in human health, biodiversity conservation  nservation and environmental policy. we are in the midst of an extinction crisis. for example,   cies was under threat and half of these may be extinct within a decade. one estimate suggests t  combat the crisis. this amount will not reverse the decline; more importantly we know very litt  everse the decline; more importantly we know very little of the economic value of nature. many   tly we know very little of the economic value of nature. many people declare a love for nature,  y people declare a love for nature, and behave as if they attribute value to it while the emoti  nature, and behave as if they attribute value to it while the emotional health benefits are ign  behave as if they attribute value to it while the emotional health benefits are ignored by poli   it while the emotional health benefits are ignored by policy makers. the relationships between   relevance. when environmental problems are quantified political will to tackle them can be gre  ified political will to tackle them can be greater. for example controls on cfcs to protect the   protect the ozone layer are costly and require international agreement. science demonstrated t  the cost of restricting the use of cfcs was outweighed by the cost of inaction and increased sk  rban areas, where planners increasingly speculate on the benefits of green-spaces. we wish to q  ate on the benefits of green-spaces. we wish to quantify any health benefits from interacting w  d light on evolutionary psychology, and provide economic arguments for biodiversity conservatio  ents for biodiversity conservation that may benefit disproportionately the most disadvantaged i  ues, from physiological to psychometric are available for this purpose, including one new appro  ble for this purpose, including one new approach, based on immuno-competence that repeat-ably a  m only a pinprick of blood. before this can be done we must identify the right questions and th  ck of blood. before this can be done we must identify the right questions and the order to answ  nvironment within an inter-disciplinary framework to produce social and economic measures.
13761	5	e of these species on the structure and function of ecosystems makes them particularly importan  rimary production, nutrient cycling and plant community composition and structure, all with dir  ing and plant community composition and structure, all with direct impacts on basic ecosystem s  es are now found in some areas. yet, we know relatively little of the interactions and feeding   , biodiversity and ecosystem processes; subject areas of considerable scientific and economical
9861	11	peatlands are the largest natural sources of the greenhouse gas m  ric pressure. likewise, rainfall events can cause dramatic increases in ch4 emissions, with are  ssions, with areas that would otherwise destroy atmospheric ch4 becoming transient ch4 sources.  ansient ch4 sources. the reason that we know so little about the effects of weather events on c  he only suitable means of studying them is to collect continuous measurements of ch4 flux over    collect continuous measurements of ch4 flux over time. however, it is financially and logistic  ents of ch4 flux over time. however, it is financially and logistically difficult to collect co  s because these approaches are time and labour intensive. to address this problem, we have deve  sly, with minimal user intervention and demand for consumables. we propose to use this novel sy  rvention and demand for consumables. we propose to use this novel system to quantify the effect  standing of the processes governing ch4 flux to the atmosphere.
10058	25	ies mate with multiple males, when they gain nothing from this polyandry apart from spermatozoa  biology, because significant costs have been measured for females when they multiply mate. we n  females when they multiply mate. we now know that the mechanisms operating at the gamete level   a competing for fertilization, there is even more selective opportunity for adaptations that pr  heir resulting offspring. such benefits may arise because of links between sperm quality and ge  or genes or undamaged dna, or there may be cryptic choice for sperm that carry genes that are m  that are more compatibile to the female/egg genotype. we propose to quantify benefits of polyan  patibile to the female/egg genotype. we propose to quantify benefits of polyandry in a system u  t only differ according to whether they were fertilized by five separate males singly, or by th  ntic salmon, in which females naturally mate with up to 16 males at once, and where external fe  in vitro fertilizations that control or eliminate a number of important confounding effects on   investment in egg quality. our previous work on salmon in vitro fertilization dynamics will all  ach egg batch. for each female, we will create 5 egg batches which were fertilized by sperm fro  ale, we will create 5 egg batches which were fertilized by sperm from 5 different, single males  e fertilized by sperm from 5 different, single males . these paired comparisons will be repeate  for adult identity and egg effects, and generate offspring batches that only differ according t   or absence of sperm competition and/or egg choice. after fertilization, the offspring batches   lopment, egg hatch, alevin development, fry emergence, and parr survival, success and growth. t  growth. these fitness measures will all be conducted in experimental stream sections that allow   to facilities that enable experimental control, while rearing eggs and fry in semi-natural con  imental control, while rearing eggs and fry in semi-natural conditions with selection from many   salmon eggs, embryos, fry and parr. it is essential that we measure egg and offspring perfoman  ill have measured what fitness benefits can be gained under polyandry, and what life stages the  ved in reproduction. however, there may be important polyandry benefits that are excluded by th  ay be important polyandry benefits that are excluded by these protocols, and our project will m
10625	6	evolutionarily stable strategies provide a theoretical framework to ex  stable strategies provide a theoretical framework to explain the evolution of male dimorphisms.   males adopt the tactic from which they derive the highest fitness return for their status. at   orph, however dense colonies chemically inhibit fighter expression. manipulating the exposure o   status, but differing tactics. we will create populations of these males and quantify the fitn  l create populations of these males and quantify the fitness for different tactics that overlap
10274	9	gical record contains fossil shells and shell chemistry that allow us to reconstruct ancient ea  en it was much colder or warmer than it is now. this research project aims to better understand  anging climates by using the geological record of a specific warming event. we are especially i   record of a specific warming event. we are especially interested in finding out what drives bi  uch of a part climate plays in this. it is important to understand how life responds to changin  odern climate is warming rapidly and we need to find out what the impact of these changes will   mpact of these changes will be. will we see more extinction will life in the oceans become less   the oceans become less abundant and so provide less food and absorb less carbon dioxide change  s abundant and so provide less food and absorb less carbon dioxide changes. more broadly, these
1988	14	th separate sexes such sexual conflicts can play a crucial role in the evolution of reproductiv  emale partner. that such conflicts also occur in simultaneous hermaphrodites may seem less obvi  so occur in simultaneous hermaphrodites may seem less obvious. after all, simultaneous hermaphr  at reason potential conflicts have long been overlooked. however, recent research has revealed   er to investigate the details of sexual conflict in hermaphrodites at different biological leve  ites at different biological levels, we use the hermaphroditic pond snail . because this specie  ditic pond snail . because this species can be cultured relatively easily in large quantities a  al model system. within our integrative approach, we are here focusing on quantifying the inves  em. within our integrative approach, we are here focusing on quantifying the investment in the    of male reproduction. additionally, we aim at uncovering which male component induces the prev   receiver experiences. finally, we will investigate whether costs imposed by the male function   ther costs imposed by the male function can be avoided by the recipient. this research is expec  avoided by the recipient. this research is expected to significantly contribute to coming to a   s research is expected to significantly contribute to coming to a full understanding of sexual
9833	12	many animals live and breed for much of their lives in groups. however, in so  g species, called cooperative breeders, group members do not breed and instead help to rear the   group members do not breed and instead help to rear the offspring of other group members. coop  erative breeding to evolve, individuals must help relatives. if the benefits are greater than t  an the costs, then cooperative breeding can evolve between non-relatives. in addition, i will i  addition, i will identify the energetic benefit that individuals gain from group living. helper  viduals gain from group living. helpers may benefit by increasing group size in two ways. first  creasing group size in two ways. first, being in a large group may allow individuals to find fo  two ways. first, being in a large group may allow individuals to find food more efficiently, al  tay warm at night, when the temperature may go below 0c, individuals may be able to conserve en  e results from this study will not only help us to understand the evolution of cooperative bree  . the answers to the questions proposed may help to explain the importance of the family to the
11020	2	. overall, this research will add a new dimension to the understanding of how earthworms affect  ic matter, how much organic matter they can process, and whether their activity increases or de
10711	10	for many years, scientists have been fascinated by the continuous battle that rages bet   have been fascinated by the continuous battle that rages between foraging animals and their pr  g animals and their predators. foragers must collect sufficient food but also be able to detect  s must collect sufficient food but also be able to detect and avoid predators. on the other han  ent food but also be able to detect and avoid predators. on the other hand, predators must try   predators. on the other hand, predators must try to outsmart their prey and come up with ways t  ys to catch them unawares. for example, crab spiders can blend in with their background and rec  hem unawares. for example, crab spiders can blend in with their background and record their beh   can blend in with their background and record their behaviour. we would expect bees that have   of predators to fly more cautiously and spend more time studying flowers before landing.
12735	1	to develop and apply a framework for assessing the benefits of the str
10359	5	and continental strata worldwide, which may reflect a massive release of methane from seafloor    worldwide, which may reflect a massive release of methane from seafloor gas hydrates that trig  ajority of the existing population, has been attributed to a dispersal event from asia to north  ratures across the ietm, which can then be related to the european mammalian turnover event the  a previous greenhouse event should also help in the modelling of the impact of similar, but thi
12169	1	populations, the extent to which these are influenced by landscape context and some indication
10641	1	urrent co-held nerc grant. they also co-supervise a nerc student on the genetics and virulence
11141	24	ding technology in the uk, because they absorb co2 and particulates, prevent water run off and   particulates, prevent water run off and insulate the building. they can also enhance local biod  nd insulate the building. they can also enhance local biodiversity by providing habitats for de  ust now consider green roofs, but there is a complete lack of knowledge regarding the most appr  st appropriate way to ensure successful plant community establishment. even in summers like 200   and 2008, when water was not limiting, plant establishment is poor. for economic reasons, the   mmon growing medium used in green roofs is crushed brick, with the addition of 10 or 20% organi  of 10 or 20% organic matter. the medium is applied dry, so when the roof is constructed soil in  medium is applied dry, so when the roof is constructed soil invertebrates are likely to be abse  redictable. our principal aims are to 1 characterise the community of soil invertebrates and mi   community can develop and whether this can enhance invertebrate and plant establishment. previ  ether this can enhance invertebrate and plant establishment. previous projects have established  roofs are not devoid of life, and so it is critical to determine what species are capable of co  pable of colonising the roofs, how they do this, and over what time scale colonisation occurs.   nt. soil invertebrates and we will also construct a new roof, with an exact mimic at ground lev  brates and we will also construct a new roof, with an exact mimic at ground level. by taking th  tion at the base of a food web, we will be able to determine if it is possible to establish a s  web, we will be able to determine if it is possible to establish a sustainable microbial commun  nvertebrate densities and whether there is a concomitant enhancement of plant establishment and  e a knowledge of the best practice that can be used to develop sustainable green roofs. current  stainable green roofs. currently, these do not realise their true potential, but there is a pre  realise their true potential, but there is a pressing need for them to do so, given that green   roject, and thus the training provided, is the integration of economic, ecological and analytic   and effective green roofs would vastly improve the quality of life in our cities, through carb
11123	5	ntitative estimates of the strength and form of selection can provide important insights into e  s of the strength and form of selection can provide important insights into evolution. however,  ted to measure the overall strength and form of sexual selection on both males and females in n   females in natural populations. it has been proposed that female empid flies use male nuptial   role reversal is predominant males have been shown to base their choice on female abdomen area.
10047	17	the chemical evolution of the oceans is controlled by a range of biological and sedimentary   nd sedimentary processes, many of which are influenced by tectonic and climatic change. of thes  h chemical weathering of the continents is thought to play a fundamental role in regulating the   ancient seawater chemistry potentially provide a means of determining the importance of weathe  pled measurement of both radiogenic and stable isotope ratios offers a means of determining the  means of determining the true 87sr/86sr value of seawater. the corrected the corrected 87sr/86s  the corrected 87sr/86sr record can then be combined with sr/ca data to deconvolve changes in th  ata to deconvolve changes in the global average continental flux from changes in global average  anges in the global average continental flux from changes in global average composition. where   continental flux from changes in global average composition. where concomitant variations in 88  ere concomitant variations in 88sr/86sr may themselves reveal information on the nature of thos   variations in 88sr/86sr may themselves reveal information on the nature of those changes in co   composition, for example, whether they result from changes in the continental source, hydrothe   result from changes in the continental source, hydrothermal exchange or the precipitation of m  in the continental source, hydrothermal exchange or the precipitation of marine carbonate. over  bonate. overall these results will thus serve to provide a better understanding of the relation  al pressure of carbon dioxide, and thus influence on the greenhouse effect and global climate.
11408	17	the chemical evolution of the oceans is controlled by a range of biological and sedimentary   nd sedimentary processes, many of which are influenced by tectonic and climatic change. of thes  h chemical weathering of the continents is thought to play a fundamental role in regulating the   ancient seawater chemistry potentially provide a means of determining the importance of weathe  pled measurement of both radiogenic and stable isotope ratios offers a means of determining the  means of determining the true 87sr/86sr value of seawater. the corrected the corrected 87sr/86s  the corrected 87sr/86sr record can then be combined with sr/ca data to deconvolve changes in th  ata to deconvolve changes in the global average continental flux from changes in global average  anges in the global average continental flux from changes in global average composition. where   continental flux from changes in global average composition. where concomitant variations in 88  ere concomitant variations in 88sr/86sr may themselves reveal information on the nature of thos   variations in 88sr/86sr may themselves reveal information on the nature of those changes in co   composition, for example, whether they result from changes in the continental source, hydrothe   result from changes in the continental source, hydrothermal exchange or the precipitation of m  in the continental source, hydrothermal exchange or the precipitation of marine carbonate. over  bonate. overall these results will thus serve to provide a better understanding of the relation  al pressure of carbon dioxide, and thus influence on the greenhouse effect and global climate.
11227	29	is, we are going to examine the largest source of year-to-year climate variability on earth, na   on earth, namely, el niño. the el niño is a warm ocean current that appears off the coast of n  w south america every 3-5 years, and it is a result of a much larger scale phenomenon involving  rs, and it is a result of a much larger scale phenomenon involving changes to the winds, rainfa  ole of the tropical pacific. the larger scale phenomenon is known as the el niño southern oscil  al pacific. the larger scale phenomenon is known as the el niño southern oscillation, a name wh  cean and how they interact. although we know that enso originates in the tropical pacific, it h  the atmosphere, and hence the winds and transport of moisture from the tropics to the extra-tro  nce of storminess from el niño directly affect the lives and livelihoods of well over a billion  oods of well over a billion people, and major el niño events are associated with tens of thousa  illion people, and major el niño events are associated with tens of thousands of human deaths,   ns associated with enso although we now understand quite well the basic mechanisms behind the e  ll the basic mechanisms behind the enso cycle, some major questions remain. in particular, we d  jor questions remain. in particular, we do not understand why some el niño events are much stro  eletons of old dead , and these changes are recorded in the chemistry of the skeletons of coral  chemistry of their growth bands we will be able to reconstruct the changes in climate, and enso  e records from many such corals we will build up a picture of the natural variability in enso,   ility in enso, helping us see how often major events occurred, and how much decade-to-decade va   changes in enso, but on their own they do not help us to understand the causes of the changes.  f trigger to answer these questions, we need to use climate models. the same models that we now  ate models. the same models that we now use to predict future climate can be used to research c  at we now use to predict future climate can be used to research changes in enso. in our work, w  h changes in enso. in our work, we will use the most up-to-date climate models to see if they c  in our work, we will use the most up-to-date climate models to see if they can correctly replic  ate models to see if they can correctly replicate the observed changes in enso over the past fe  fined by our coral records. we can also see what the effects are of changing volcanic eruptions   results with the coral records we will get a better understanding of the nature and causes of   at predicting this. in this way we will make a significant contribution to helping predict the   tribution to helping predict the likely range of enso-related climate events for the coming dec
9895	29	is, we are going to examine the largest source of year-to-year climate variability on earth, na   on earth, namely, el niño. the el niño is a warm ocean current that appears off the coast of n  w south america every 3-5 years, and it is a result of a much larger scale phenomenon involving  rs, and it is a result of a much larger scale phenomenon involving changes to the winds, rainfa  ole of the tropical pacific. the larger scale phenomenon is known as the el niño southern oscil  al pacific. the larger scale phenomenon is known as the el niño southern oscillation, a name wh  cean and how they interact. although we know that enso originates in the tropical pacific, it h  the atmosphere, and hence the winds and transport of moisture from the tropics to the extra-tro  nce of storminess from el niño directly affect the lives and livelihoods of well over a billion  oods of well over a billion people, and major el niño events are associated with tens of thousa  illion people, and major el niño events are associated with tens of thousands of human deaths,   ns associated with enso although we now understand quite well the basic mechanisms behind the e  ll the basic mechanisms behind the enso cycle, some major questions remain. in particular, we d  jor questions remain. in particular, we do not understand why some el niño events are much stro  eletons of old dead , and these changes are recorded in the chemistry of the skeletons of coral  chemistry of their growth bands we will be able to reconstruct the changes in climate, and enso  e records from many such corals we will build up a picture of the natural variability in enso,   ility in enso, helping us see how often major events occurred, and how much decade-to-decade va   changes in enso, but on their own they do not help us to understand the causes of the changes.  f trigger to answer these questions, we need to use climate models. the same models that we now  ate models. the same models that we now use to predict future climate can be used to research c  at we now use to predict future climate can be used to research changes in enso. in our work, w  h changes in enso. in our work, we will use the most up-to-date climate models to see if they c  in our work, we will use the most up-to-date climate models to see if they can correctly replic  ate models to see if they can correctly replicate the observed changes in enso over the past fe  fined by our coral records. we can also see what the effects are of changing volcanic eruptions   results with the coral records we will get a better understanding of the nature and causes of   at predicting this. in this way we will make a significant contribution to helping predict the   tribution to helping predict the likely range of enso-related climate events for the coming dec
15452	2	key to understanding how biodiviersity is sustained on earth. host-symbiont are behind the hug  arth. host-symbiont are behind the huge difference on feather mite abundance among individuals
14128	5	al commercial sectors. escherichia coli is widely studied, fast and cheaply cultivatable bacter  etate etc. this overflow metabolism has been studied using several genetic mutants to find out   thout clear consequence. moreover there are no systematic studies about the effects of residual  erflow metabolism in e. coli. partly it is caused by slow and time-consuming methods for physio  . coli. partly it is caused by slow and time-consuming methods for physiological characterizati
11878	16	ndividuals more helpful than others why do some individuals settle close to their parents when   ttle close to their parents when others disperse at first these appear to be extremely complex   remely complex questions, given that we don t know whether behaviour is culturally or genetical  ted, or whether the context in which it is expressed matters. we inherit our genes from our par  xt in which it is expressed matters. we inherit our genes from our parents and they inherit the  rit our genes from our parents and they inherit them from their parents. by building a family t  behaviours of unrelated individuals, we can discover the inherited contribution to these behavi  bution to these behaviours. we can then look at the benefits of these behaviours, and begin to   t the benefits of these behaviours, and begin to understand why these behaviours have evolved i  e evolved in the way that they have. it is also very important to consider the situation or env  he situation or environment in which we express behaviour. we might stop to help someone who is  in which we express behaviour. we might stop to help someone who is lost on a sunny day, but no  iour. we might stop to help someone who is lost on a sunny day, but not when it s pouring with   with rain; equally the people around us may influence our decision. situations or environments   ion. situations or environments clearly have the ability to influence our behaviour. if our beh  ng of the evolution of social behaviour is based. i will do this by developing theoretical mode
14102	15	being often abundant and diverse, they have an important role in regional and global biostrati  the key regions for ordovician-silurian research, is also well known for its excellently preser  gions for ordovician-silurian research, is also well known for its excellently preserved and re  usands of micropalaeontological samples are scattered across numerous publications or are unava  attered across numerous publications or are unavailable to a wider research community. moreover  lications or are unavailable to a wider research community. moreover, the baltic chitinozoan an  ill this gap by compiling an occurrence-level distributional data base of ca 300 chitinozoan an  ving power of regional biostratigraphy, test the fit of conventional index species with the mod  ex species with the models, compare and integrate conodont- and chitinozoan-based time scales,   ont- and chitinozoan-based time scales, compile new biodiversity curves in temporal resolution   ves in temporal resolution that has not been achievable before, test different aspects of vario  on that has not been achievable before, test different aspects of various quantitative stratigr  sitive impact on other lower palaeozoic research in the area and worldwide because of the enhan  esearchers to support collaboration and strengthen the potential of the baltic region as a mode  connected to the recently launched igcp project 591 the early to middle palaeozoic revolution.
10218	10	transformations of elemental cycles and stimulate energy flow though the ecosystem. it is both   te energy flow though the ecosystem. it is both the abundance and efficiency of these enzymes t  ability to understanding and accurately model these cycles is therefore an important task for e   these cycles is therefore an important task for environmental scientists and a goal of the ner  ental scientists and a goal of the nerc mission statement. the daunting complexity of these mar  robial assemblages is only beginning to be understood. the size of the challenge is highlighted  e understood. the size of the challenge is highlighted by programs such as the ambitious global  l provide a platform from which samples can be collected on a north/south transect of the atlan  ry ancillary data, including biological-rate measurements and microbial community structure. th  s have the capacity to characterise and monitor the capacities of marine micororganisms to accl
2148	3	nagement targets . furthermore, we will assess the acceptance of different management measures   rmen and river owners. finally, we will combine the results from the biological and societal pa  esults from the biological and societal part of the project to give management advices that tak
15572	11	ng some degree of extinction threat and even widespread species are disappearing from large por  dendrobatidis, a previously undiagnosed threat to europes amphibians, is infecting over a third  d will implement the first pan-european attempt to mitigate disease. we will do this by identif  an attempt to mitigate disease. we will do this by identifying the natural and anthropogenic dr  ic drivers of chytridiomycosis. we will improve national and pan-european competence in surveil  iomycosis. we will improve national and pan-european competence in surveillance and diagnosis a   in surveillance and diagnosis and thus determine the geographic scope of the problem by develo  nosis and thus determine the geographic scope of the problem by developing laboratory diagnosti  iagnostic facilities and a state-of-the-art surveillance framework, epicollect. this is a first   communications technologies to rapidly acquire spatial disease and biodiversity data from fiel   of bd introduction. implementation and use of the outputs of race will be used to advise polic
10779	32	ecosystems - the tropical rainforests - cope with future changes some of the answers to these q   some of the answers to these questions may lie in the ancient geological past. three hundred m  experienced global warming on a massive scale, completely melting the polar icecaps. about the   lting the polar icecaps. about the same time, the tropical rainforests began to dieback. did gl   extinction not everyone agrees. others point the finger at the jostling of the earth s tectoni  tonic plates that forced up a himalayan-scale mountain belt on the edge of the tropics. they cl  n belt on the edge of the tropics. they claim that changes in elevation and geomorphology cause   from 2008-2013, i plan to lead a large team of international experts to investigate this impor  l experts to investigate this important sequence of events in enormous detail. we want to know   quence of events in enormous detail. we want to know exactly how and why rainforest dieback occ   a slow protracted decline or an abrupt crunch, and was global warming or mountain building res  ing responsible to achieve this end, we intend to work in the underground coalmines of illinois  sa. here spectacular fossilized forests are preserved that date from the crucial time period. w   these fossil forests is that they have been unearthed over thousands of hectares . this allows   allows geologists like me to literally walk through the forests and see how species make-up ch   literally walk through the forests and see how species make-up changed across the ancient land  f about two million years and crucially date from before and after the rainforest dieback. by s  t dieback. by studying these forests we can learn exactly how dieback occurred. what species we  ctly how dieback occurred. what species were lost how did ecosystems reorganize how abrupt was    however, our north america rainforests were located more than a thousand kilometers from the n  as doing during the extinction event we plan to study pores in the leaves of the fossil trees c  hown that the more carbon dioxide there is the air, the less stomata plants produce. so, in eff  ugh the key time interval. we will then see how the timing of climate change corresponds with t  iming of rainforest dieback. of course, even if it turns out that two events coincide, it doesn  st dieback. of course, even if it turns out that two events coincide, it doesn t necessarily me  events coincide, it doesn t necessarily mean that climate change caused rainforest dieback. you   dieback. you can never prove cause and effect in the fossil record. however, colleagues will i  his will help support any inferences we make about climate change and extinction. although our   rn rainforests, our work will generally contribute to discussion on the nature and rate of rain  tribute to discussion on the nature and rate of rainforest dieback in the face of climate chang  back in the face of climate change, and help us better predict future changes.   e of climate change, and help us better predict future changes.
12356	7	e - why is the r&d needed rame head has been used for many years as a disposal site for dredged  media interest have implicated the rame head disposal site as one of the possible sources of co  ce 2001. the outcomes of these findings were published in a report in june 2005. the principle   n for the disposal of dredged material, subject to continued monitoring and under the condition  e high relative to background areas and assess the degree of radioactive contamination resultin  oing scientific studies within the rame head area undertaken outside cefas, together with the c  ir regulatory implications for the rame head disposal site.
12429	6	ves an independent review into the rame head disposal site has been requested by the parliament  ew into the rame head disposal site has been requested by the parliamentary under-secretary for  nd fisheries, richard benyon mp, and is being led by the marine management organisation .eviden  nal conditions under which the licenses were granted to the rame head disposal site remain vali  h the licenses were granted to the rame head disposal site remain valid and environmental effec  nomic and environmental risks likely to be linked to the disposal site, including a sense of lo
11871	18	human dna is carried by 23 pairs of chromosomes in every cell of    chromosomes in every cell of the body, while chimpanzees have 24 pairs. some deer have three p  hange over evolutionary time has always been mysterious. having different numbers of chromosome  y altering how thoroughly parents genes are shuffled by sex. the smallest known chromosome numb  cies is also the smallest imaginable: 1 pair, found in the jack-jumper ant, myrmecia croslandi.  body size, appearance and behaviour. we are members of an international consortium, led by chin  he next year and a full genome assembly is expected before the end of 2011. we want to use this   is expected before the end of 2011. we want to use this new information as soon as it becomes   ase as many as 18-32 pairs. although we know that the ants have different chromosome numbers, w  s have different chromosome numbers, we know almost nothing about the genomes that make up thes  that make up these chromosomes. we will address these issues by estimating the genome sizes for  s than m. croslandi to allow us to ask: do ants with more chromosomes have more dna overall, or  e chromosomes have more dna overall, or do they just divide the same amount into smaller pieces   have more dna overall, or do they just divide the same amount into smaller pieces do ants with  verall, or do they just divide the same amount into smaller pieces do ants with more chromosome  ore junk or repetitive dna we will also develop methods which can be used in future work to det   dna we will also develop methods which can be used in future work to determine whether ants wi  nents of almost all land ecosystems and show extremely specialised social behaviour. our work w
12420	3	y to stakeholders about how assessments are carried out. the project is divided into activity m  ssessments are carried out. the project is divided into activity modules, each to deliver: a as  ic on the approaches used to assess and manage various marine activities key customer purpose:
10576	1	s is far easier. based on existing post-storm recovery trajectories in other tropical regions w
10021	7	s all date from the end of the last ice-age less than 10,000 years ago. the north atlantic prov  or species such as arctic charr we will test the generality of the hypothesis that the relative  lection for setting muscle fibre number is related to the age and stability of the habitat and   he age and stability of the habitat and is different depending on whether there is competition   is different depending on whether there is competition with other morphs. the research is impor  e same species is relatively common and is found, for example, in sticklebacks and african cich  y of fish populations arises and how it may be conserved for future generations.
12068	1	pogenic in nature. be it through global change , in order to propose concrete solutions to curb
10694	4	gous, rapid events in the earth history can be examined. we propose to carry out a high-resolut  n the earth history can be examined. we propose to carry out a high-resolution investigation of   planktic foraminiferal assemblage size is related to the number of niches available and our da  s available and our data will therefore facilitate an examination of the rate and magnitude of
11034	11	ic and biotic factors. many communities are characterized by the presence of ubiquitous animal   eature of being colonial. bryozoans, or moss-animals, are colonial invertebrates found predomin  g colonial. bryozoans, or moss-animals, are colonial invertebrates found predominantly in marin  marine environments, although one group is restricted to freshwaters. most of the 6000 living s  f many modern sea-bed communities. they are often early settlers on hard surfaces such as rocks  uch as rocks, shells and seaweeds. they grow rapidly and compete actively for space and plankto  lls and seaweeds. they grow rapidly and compete actively for space and planktonic food resource  ace and planktonic food resources. they provide three-dimensional habitats for other animals an  idence of interactions with competitors may be frozen in the fossil record, and modes and timin  quently preserved in the skeleton. they are also model organisms for studying the evolutionary   reserved in the skeleton. they are also model organisms for studying the evolutionary palaeobio
11552	1	ystem during 5 process cruises on mbari research vessel western flyer with the deep-sea rov tib
15199	6	in the saprolegniaceae, saprolegniales is mostly incomplete or preliminary. problems in studyi  ntification at the species level. there are only few species described and specific phylogeneti  ailable on the infection processes that could help in the understanding of the development of d   is to develop tools allowing rapid and precise species identification. the working hypothesis   t species or strains of saprolegniaceae are specialized in parasitizing a specific range of hos  croscopy techniques and using molecular inter- and intra-specific markers. additional microscop
12328	6	troduction the pilot entry level scheme was launched in 2003 following recommendations from the  rming and food to consider a ‘broad and shallow agri-environment scheme in england. the aim of   y level scheme was to encourage a large number of farmers to deliver simple but effective envir   types, and to gather information which could be used to revise and improve it before making it  ation which could be used to revise and improve it before making it available to all farmers in  rs in england in 2005. four pilot areas were chosen to represent the four different english far
14379	3	reference data by investigating the re-use of vegetation reference data. as a prototype proble  erence data. as a prototype problem, we envisage the classification of vegetation from hyperspe  is then to design strategies for the re-use of reference samples obtained from one occasion or
11498	10	over the past two decades, seal populations around britain have undergone substant  unique patterns allowing individuals to be identified. in addition to smru photo-id research, l  s to be identified. in addition to smru photo-id research, locally based studies of these seal   uration of survey. because of the large number of seals in the population and the large quantit  data collected, computer-aided matching is needed to make useful comparisons. existing software  tching images doesn t deal with a large number of existing images and new software is required.  ber of existing images and new software is required. this project aims to form a network of par   partners involved in seal photo-id and update their knowledge and skills in photo-id through t  photo-id through training workshops and web-based resources. new image processing software will  urn inform the science community. there is also the potential for benefits to extend to local e
14800	9	recent climatic changes and risk of malaria reappearance in sw andalusia . our hypo  arance in sw andalusia . our hypothesis is based on the previously proved fact -by some members  by some members of our team- that there is a relationship between the recent climatic changes a  e mosquitoes thrive. for that reason it is possible that the wetlands act as a link between the  ionship with the climatic variables has been found. on the other hand, the alterations of the c  ons of the climatic variables would not have an effect on the virulence of the disease in those  ones where the direct wetlands-climatic change relationship would not exist. from this point of  data of tertian fever etc, are going to be undertaken. the achievement of these objectives woul  he reappearance of malaria have already been published.
14973	10	bal warming on species distributions it is necessary to understand the role played by climatic   s. the presence of higher physiological stress in organisms living at their limit of distributi  ecies borders. in this project, we will investigate the physiology of two species, habitat hold  in marginal and central populations. it is not common to combine physiological and demographic   ir limits of distribution. moreover, we have recently observed dramatic changes in the abundanc  ocal extinction/introduction of species can be considered as broad-scale experiments where it i  red as broad-scale experiments where it is possible to tests the effects of these changes on bi   more temporal persistence . second, we aim to investigate the consequences of the local, non-r  nks between resources and consumers. we expect important changes in these ecosystem properties   sity changes, and extinction processes, are not common on marine systems.
10718	12	found at archaeological sites and they hold important clues to many of these questions. new sc  ds on earth. when farmers migrate, they take with them not just their agricultural tools and th  by adding to and extending our previous work on pigs to include dogs and chickens, we plan to u  n pigs to include dogs and chickens, we plan to unravel these complexities. we will start by ex   to unravel these complexities. we will start by examining archaeological remains from sites ac  ues to quantify shape changes , we will be able to identify diagnostic signatures that will ena  e examined sample. in addition, we will extract dna from the archaeological material and compar  na from the archaeological material and compare the genetic sequences with a global database. t  o to compare the evidence from each and trace the signatures through time space. we will also c  gh time space. we will also collect and analyze modern pig, dog, and chicken samples from throu  ll also collect and analyze modern pig, dog, and chicken samples from throughout the region to   f incoming domestic animals. overall we aim to reconstruct a detailed map of the migration of e
11422	12	found at archaeological sites and they hold important clues to many of these questions. new sc  ds on earth. when farmers migrate, they take with them not just their agricultural tools and th  by adding to and extending our previous work on pigs to include dogs and chickens, we plan to u  n pigs to include dogs and chickens, we plan to unravel these complexities. we will start by ex   to unravel these complexities. we will start by examining archaeological remains from sites ac  ues to quantify shape changes , we will be able to identify diagnostic signatures that will ena  e examined sample. in addition, we will extract dna from the archaeological material and compar  na from the archaeological material and compare the genetic sequences with a global database. t  o to compare the evidence from each and trace the signatures through time space. we will also c  gh time space. we will also collect and analyze modern pig, dog, and chicken samples from throu  ll also collect and analyze modern pig, dog, and chicken samples from throughout the region to   f incoming domestic animals. overall we aim to reconstruct a detailed map of the migration of e
15501	1	ancient . with this, we expect to sequence, in a direct way, regions of both mt
2484	7	ar plants, will be merged with vascular plant data available from ecochange and used for recons   the preliminary results from ecochange suggest that the reconstructions will be considerably i  sil analyses. the results can therefore have immediate bearing on various central ecological is  ecies turnover dynamics in assemblages, niche stability in time and space, and backward testing  ssemblages, niche stability in time and space, and backward testing of predictive species distr  y linked to the international ecochange team to ensure immediate access to new developments in   onal ecochange team to ensure immediate access to new developments in pyrosequencing and bioinf
15425	14	esses of speciation. from a theoretical point of view, various mechanisms have been proposed to   point of view, various mechanisms have been proposed to explain population divergence and, ult  he formation of species. however, there are few examples of species where these phenomena have   s of species where these phenomena have been studied in depth using multiple genomic markers, s  h using multiple genomic markers, so it is important to undertake studies on specific groups as  act generalizations. in this project we intend to use a large number of introns distributed alo  n this project we intend to use a large number of introns distributed along the mammalian genom  aradigm shift in phylogeny because they introduce concepts of population genetics to determine    and the relationships between species, while they allow the estimation of population parameter  lationships between species, while they allow the estimation of population parameters of great   nd to evaluate their potential, we will use species trees reconstruction techniques by using mu  ated with speciation and, thus, we will analyze whether speciation occurred through a subdivisi  a subdivision of populations of similar size or by founding events. in addition, due to the nov  elty of the methodologies used, we will develop several bioinformatics applications necessary t
10785	13	that show such exceptional preservation are known as fossil lagerstätten, and these tell us muc  n the normal shelly fossil record; they provide unique windows on past life. one such deposit i  ring the silurian period. these animals were preserved when they were engulfed in ash from a vo   these animals were preserved when they were engulfed in ash from a volcanic eruption. the anim   nodules in the ash layer, and not only do the fossils preserve entire animals in fine detail,   n fine detail, but almost uniquely they are fully three-dimensional rather than squashed flat.   quashed flat. the herefordshire fossils cannot be extracted whole from the rock by mechanical p  tion techniques. nor can images of them be obtained by use of more recent technologies such as   omputed tomography and a sponge, and it is these that will provide the focus of a new research    research programme. individually, they are anticipated to be as exciting and as scientifically  ignificant for each of their respective major animal groups as those herefordshire fossils that  herefordshire fossils that have already been studied. together, their study will allow, for the  faunas. this will give us an unrivalled view of life on the seabed 425 million years ago, durin
11065	13	that show such exceptional preservation are known as fossil lagerstätten, and these tell us muc  n the normal shelly fossil record; they provide unique windows on past life. one such deposit i  ring the silurian period. these animals were preserved when they were engulfed in ash from a vo   these animals were preserved when they were engulfed in ash from a volcanic eruption. the anim   nodules in the ash layer, and not only do the fossils preserve entire animals in fine detail,   n fine detail, but almost uniquely they are fully three-dimensional rather than squashed flat.   quashed flat. the herefordshire fossils cannot be extracted whole from the rock by mechanical p  tion techniques. nor can images of them be obtained by use of more recent technologies such as   omputed tomography and a sponge, and it is these that will provide the focus of a new research    research programme. individually, they are anticipated to be as exciting and as scientifically  ignificant for each of their respective major animal groups as those herefordshire fossils that  herefordshire fossils that have already been studied. together, their study will allow, for the  faunas. this will give us an unrivalled view of life on the seabed 425 million years ago, durin
11833	13	that show such exceptional preservation are known as fossil lagerstätten, and these tell us muc  n the normal shelly fossil record; they provide unique windows on past life. one such deposit i  ring the silurian period. these animals were preserved when they were engulfed in ash from a vo   these animals were preserved when they were engulfed in ash from a volcanic eruption. the anim   nodules in the ash layer, and not only do the fossils preserve entire animals in fine detail,   n fine detail, but almost uniquely they are fully three-dimensional rather than squashed flat.   quashed flat. the herefordshire fossils cannot be extracted whole from the rock by mechanical p  tion techniques. nor can images of them be obtained by use of more recent technologies such as   omputed tomography and a sponge, and it is these that will provide the focus of a new research    research programme. individually, they are anticipated to be as exciting and as scientifically  ignificant for each of their respective major animal groups as those herefordshire fossils that  herefordshire fossils that have already been studied. together, their study will allow, for the  faunas. this will give us an unrivalled view of life on the seabed 425 million years ago, durin
12049	3	liming of forested catchments can represent a valuable alternative to counteract acid  e the recovery of biodiversity that has been impoverished by acidification. however, the valida  ncluding two forest catchments that hae been limed in fall 2003. the project aims to evaluate i
14871	8	restoration of forest soils after fire could be improved by the addition of organic amendments  ing the restoration of the soil trophic web, and at the same time, reuses a subproduct of urban  f the soil trophic web, and at the same time, reuses a subproduct of urban waste treatment with  same time, reuses a subproduct of urban waste treatment with some difficulties for their agrono   of the city of burgos. this experience was done in april 2005 with a non-randomized block desi  d the study of specific trophic groups, try to give and ecosystemic point of view that could be  hic groups, try to give and ecosystemic point of view that could be applied in the regeneration  give and ecosystemic point of view that could be applied in the regeneration of land affected b
10517	6	rstood, and yet by far the greatest, we place most emphasis on these stages. we will measure ea   most emphasis on these stages. we will measure early mortality and its variability in calanus,  . we will perform detailed experimental work in the laboratory, make appropriate measures in th  ate measures in the north atlantic, and work at the l4 station off plymouth, and stonehaven off   the north atlantic, and work at the l4 station off plymouth, and stonehaven off aberdeen. the   en. the study will target fecundity and hatch success as recruitment terms, and the effects of
11805	6	rstood, and yet by far the greatest, we place most emphasis on these stages. we will measure ea   most emphasis on these stages. we will measure early mortality and its variability in calanus,  . we will perform detailed experimental work in the laboratory, make appropriate measures in th  ate measures in the north atlantic, and work at the l4 station off plymouth, and stonehaven off   the north atlantic, and work at the l4 station off plymouth, and stonehaven off aberdeen. the   en. the study will target fecundity and hatch success as recruitment terms, and the effects of
9938	6	rstood, and yet by far the greatest, we place most emphasis on these stages. we will measure ea   most emphasis on these stages. we will measure early mortality and its variability in calanus,  . we will perform detailed experimental work in the laboratory, make appropriate measures in th  ate measures in the north atlantic, and work at the l4 station off plymouth, and stonehaven off   the north atlantic, and work at the l4 station off plymouth, and stonehaven off aberdeen. the   en. the study will target fecundity and hatch success as recruitment terms, and the effects of
9995	6	rstood, and yet by far the greatest, we place most emphasis on these stages. we will measure ea   most emphasis on these stages. we will measure early mortality and its variability in calanus,  . we will perform detailed experimental work in the laboratory, make appropriate measures in th  ate measures in the north atlantic, and work at the l4 station off plymouth, and stonehaven off   the north atlantic, and work at the l4 station off plymouth, and stonehaven off aberdeen. the   en. the study will target fecundity and hatch success as recruitment terms, and the effects of
7164	11	. . the rich procession of parasitoids, all general practitioners an  l general practitioners and indigenous, can not curb the invasion or even to establish themselv  ndigenous, can not curb the invasion or even to establish themselves seriously leafminer. paras  ts up quickly. response elements are to be found in the search behavior of parasitoids, which d  self. however, this explanation can not be partial, because it not nexplique strong superparasi  ore the conditions under which a biotic control with parasitoids would be more effective. a com  ns in which the control is possible. it is primarily to increase the number of parasitoids on a  g teams, operates on this principle and could provide a simple and effective way to fight. the   the dynamics of their alternative hosts must be analyzed. after serving tank, they may well dis  yzed. after serving tank, they may well disappear in stronger effect quietly, leafminer focal r  nk, they may well disappear in stronger effect quietly, leafminer focal representing the larges
11180	3	te change such as carbon dioxide. there are currently, however, large gaps in our knowledge of   rations released by marine bacteria. it is essential that iron data are of high quality and the  quality and the research will therefore include rigorous intercomparison exercises with other e
14296	3	context frank bruchon seine-normandie water agency, directorate of environmen    context frank bruchon seine-normandie water agency, directorate of environmental research, pr  er agency, directorate of environmental research, prospective and evaluation, marine and coasta
11117	6	there are relatively few methods of adequately determining an  humans controlled animal diet. here, we propose to focus on a specific case of human control, t  ying animal diets in antiquity. we will evaluate the relative abilities of dental microwear ana  lities of dental microwear analysis and stable isotope analyses of dentition and bone to identi  table isotope analyses of dentition and bone to identify seaweed-eating at different periods in  kney and iceland. additionally, we will apply our methods to archaeofaunal material from orkney
13348	13	ever, also dependent on changes in land-use, pollution loading and water demand. in addition th  . in addition the measures that need to be taken to restore freshwater ecosystems to good ecolo  es as required by eu directives need to be designed either to adapt to future climate change or  rstanding that enables such measures to be implemented successfully is the principal focus of r  measures to be implemented successfully is the principal focus of refresh. it is concerned with  y is the principal focus of refresh. it is concerned with the development of a system that will  ed future impacts of climate change and land-use change in the context of the wfd and habitats   e specific adaptive measures that might be taken to minimise the consequences of climate change  emperature, changes in water levels and flow regimes and excess nutrients, primarily with respe  es in water levels and flow regimes and excess nutrients, primarily with respect to lowland riv   lakes and wetlands because these often pose the most difficult problems in meeting both the re  ur fundamental and applied science in 5 key areas: i understanding how the functioning of fresh  he functioning of freshwater ecosystems is affected by climate change; ii new indicators of fun
15587	10	centuries of agriculture. currently it is not clear whether these unique systems are vulnerabl  ies of agriculture. currently it is not clear whether these unique systems are vulnerable to on  en humans and ecosystems. in the latter case the limits to this resilience are unknown, and the  ilience from farm to regional level. we ask the following questions: 1 can we identify safe par  e ask the following questions: 1 can we identify safe parameter space vs. tipping points in the  owground functional diversity buffer or amplify grassland ecosystem responses to combined chang   how do landscape structures enhance or decrease the resilience of ecosystem services 4 can mul  ience of ecosystem services 4 can multi-level governance structures facilitate fast adaptation   ntegration and globalization enhance or threaten resilience through their effects on flows of g  sity, ecosystem services, material well-being, and associated tipping points will be used to fo
208	13	small-scale spatial structure of plant communities behind the                      small-scale spatial structure of plant communities behind the observed smal  t communities behind the observed small-scale vegetation pattern and to elucidate the role of c  regeneration in determining the spatial structure of plant communities. we hypothesize that the  tial structure of plant communities. we hypothesize that the balance between seed and clonal re  eration is via vegetative regeneration, while regeneration from seeds will take place preferabl  egetated patches, where the competition is expected to be weaker. h2. vegetative regeneration w   patches with high nutrient conditions, while significantly more events of seedling establishme  . in regard to regeneration from seeds, seed limitation is relatively more important in nutrien  n in nutrient rich patches. although we expect that the initial seedling emergence will be high  igher in nutrient rich patches, we also expect higher mortality of seedlings there due to root   endent on the presence of am symbiosis, while in nutrient rich patches, the positive effect of   ensurative and manipulative experiments are planned.
2012	5	proposed research is to experimentally explore if drastic regime shifts due to alternative sta  gest that changes in benthic ecosystems may occur in sharp transition steps in response to grad  ed in close interaction with diagenetic model development, and address some of the main gaps th   with diagenetic model development, and address some of the main gaps that exist between simple  rnative stable states could potentially have formidable consequences for the conservation and m
13795	4	and fish stocks in order to develop and test regime shift indicators and describe revealed basi   used attempting to detect and properly simulate the exposed tipping points in the various subs  a national, baltic sea countries and eu level that are able capture and prevent regime shifts b   and eu level that are able capture and prevent regime shifts by applying early warning signals
15093	4	structure and dynamics of main iberian forest communities along environmental and disturbance   , disturbances and dispersal- of likely forest responses to global change. the work is based on  st responses to global change. the work is based on an integrated approximation of available la  grated approximation of available large scale spanish data sets, parameterization of stochastic
7462	14	soil and land information is needed for a wide range of applicat                soil and land information is needed for a wide range of applications but availabl   are often inaccessible, incomplete, or out of date. geoss plans a global earth observation sys  e, or out of date. geoss plans a global earth observation system and, within this framework, th  a global soil observing system, it will deliver a web-based regional pilot platform with data,   m, it will deliver a web-based regional pilot platform with data, methodology, and applications  g data. technical barriers that have to be overcome include: quantitative mapping of landforms;  ude: quantitative mapping of landforms; soil parent material and soil attribute characterizatio  and soil attribute characterization and pattern recognition by remote sensing; standardization   ed existing parent material/geology and soil information, making use of advanced statistical pr  ications will be developed - geomorphic landscape analysis, geological re-classified remote sen   that address threats defined in the eu soil thematic strategy and comparing the results with c  : 1 a methodology to create 1:1 million-scale soter databases, and an enhanced soil and terrain  ion for the four windows; 2 an artifact-free 90m digital elevation model; 3 methodologies to cr
11642	4	cyanobacteria numerically dominate the tropical and subtropical regions of the wo  the world s oceans with prochlorococcus being the dominant photosynthetic organism of the open   oundaries at low latitudes. recently it was observed that prochlorococcus shows a pronounced di  ne skills in microbial biogeochemistry, flow cytometry, molecular ecology of cyanobacteria comb
14022	9	sciatus have shown that these behaviors are driven by a small number of transmission channels,   t these behaviors are driven by a small number of transmission channels, and this project initi  ve cues. using a quantitative molecular approach the next step will be to identify the chemosen  me pcr analysis, and the expected small number of receptors will then be functionally character  f9 insect cell line. as these receptors are believed to be responsible for key vector behaviors  sponsible for key vector behaviors they are suitable control product targets. to verify that th   key vector behaviors they are suitable control product targets. to verify that the transmissio  ed by the receptors expressed in these, may be used in this regard i propose to selectively tar  in this regard i propose to selectively target a pair of these receptors in each species using
11815	6	isporene and use this instrument for the first time for assaying mar  rine communities in both laboratory and field settings. therefore, this proposal will also dete  ngs. therefore, this proposal will also determine the capabilities of the fis for assaying aqua  d field-based measurements. experiments are described that will employ short- and long- term in  e described that will employ short- and long- term incubation experiments for a wide range of a  ribed that will employ short- and long- term incubation experiments for a wide range of aquatic
11488	14	mption of carbon dioxide by very small, single celled organisms, which are referred to as the p  y small, single celled organisms, which are referred to as the photosynthetic picoplankton. mar  enera prochlorococcus and synechococcus are the prokaryotic components of the photosynthetic pi  etic picoplankton. current and previous work in my lab has demonstrated that the in situ commun  rld s oceans, allowing them to grow and photosynthesise under a broad range of environmental co  ular ecological studies can effectively map the spatial distributions of specific genotypes, th  stributions and physiological states we are essentially assessing changes in the rates of bioge  ogeochemical cycles. to more completely understand the molecular basis of this niche adaptation  cular basis of this niche adaptation we propose here to undertake a molecular approach to ident  e propose here to undertake a molecular approach to identify how regulation of specific gene se  ical distinctness of these lineages. we propose to focus on the key nutrient regulon of iron .   y nutrient regulon of iron . indeed, we have already observed an absence of a key regulatory co  lab has recently been annotating, which may constrain these isolates to more stable environment   of these key nutrients in organisms we consider to be either specialist oligotrophs, specialis
14195	6	conditions affect plant performance and crop breeders are faced to major problems in attempting  ect plant performance and crop breeders are faced to major problems in attempting to produce hi  using arabidopsis thaliana ecotypes. it is known that finnish ecotype tenela is tolerant to col  it is known that finnish ecotype tenela is tolerant to cold but sensitive to ozone. the first o   were several genes previously shown to be involved in the regulation of abiotic stress will be  nteracting signaling networks, and thus stress tolerance of plants.
1935	5	eserves. many endangered plant species, have, however, been declined in the last decades, becau  ndangered plant species, have, however, been declined in the last decades, because of environme  elatively species-poor surroundings. is was shown that these species-rich ecosystems on sandy s   species-rich ecosystems on sandy soils were restricted to oligotrophic, but weakly buffered we   biotic factors needed for a successful field implementation.
7621	2	the functioning of agro- ecosystems and study the fate of mo when amended as vermicompost thus   of mo when amended as vermicompost thus appear as two major scientific perspectives in the fiel
7416	3	au a hundred hectares farm is a typical structure of the country of artois, historically cereal  tensive exploitation it has problems of"fatigue"soil but also for beekeepers, providing high sc  exploitation it has problems of"fatigue"soil but also for beekeepers, providing high school nor
2065	5	reindeer and caribou is a prominent key species in the arctic/alpine environment. anthropog  ts and hence among the public. there is time for a critical evaluation of the current state of    of the art on anthropogenic effects to be published as a review article. a follow up of the na  n dept studies of vigilance, fright and flight behavior, and habitat avoidance related to human  and mortality, one needs to develop and refine methods for remote estimation.
7427	5	ject is a scale experiment on two farms"pilot"a full reintegration of biodiversity in arable cr  imate goal of being able to promote and disseminate to all our members, references to carry out   the regional context,"biodiversity and crop"for farmers. it is also to understand and scientif  ,"biodiversity and crop"for farmers. it is also to understand and scientifically evaluate the i  s also to understand and scientifically evaluate the impact and the use of biomass.
11088	4	s terrestris as a model system. we will test the hypothesis that egg-laying workers successfull  is that egg-laying workers successfully express their kin-selected interests, by measuring thei   structure. we will also experimentally test two new hypotheses predicting how workers use of i   this novel project will simultaneously elucidate the role of relatedness and information avail
6826	4	fects breeding behaviour, such as extra-pair matings and parental care. much less is known abou  ir matings and parental care. much less is known about the effects of relatedness on non-reprod  embers of bird flocks. in this study we investigate the following questions: to find food, and    of relatives vs. non-relatives. we use field observations, lab experiments and molecular genet
9920	7	a sparse genetic map has recently been estimated for the plant arabidopsis lyrata, a spec  ts close relatedness to a. thaliana. it is important to extend this work to estimate a finer ma  rrangements between these two important model species, showing whether their genetic maps are h  is currently not known. second, it will test whether the inbreeding species has evolved greater  near the centromere in a. thaliana also recombine rarely in a. lyrata. the data will allow futu  ationship between recombination and dna sequence diversity, which has not yet been tested in a   a sequence diversity, which has not yet been tested in a plant species where genetic map data a
11531	4	osition of organic matter is a critical process to the functioning of terrestrial ecosystems. t   the effects of temperature increases / freeze-thaw on c mineralisation will have been determin  fects of temperature increases / freeze-thaw on c mineralisation will have been determined.   eeze-thaw on c mineralisation will have been determined.
10655	9	t. however, a minority of phytoplantkon are harmful to humans, the environment or the economy a  gal blooms or habs. toxic phytoplankton may be ingested by filter feeding shellfish that are no  mselves harmed but which accumulate and concentrate the toxin in their tissue. if the shellfish   harmful phytoplankton and theor toxins are perceived to be on the increase in uk waters. hence  on the increase in uk waters. hence, it is necessary to better understand to factors that influ  icity. research in this field in the uk is relatively underdeveloped and fragmented with little  medical scientists. in this proposal we intend to hold a research workshop to integrate scienti  nary sharing of knowledge and ideas and allow the hypothesis to be formulated for future enviro  e and ideas and allow the hypothesis to be formulated for future environmental/biomedical collo
11583	9	t. however, a minority of phytoplantkon are harmful to humans, the environment or the economy a  gal blooms or habs. toxic phytoplankton may be ingested by filter feeding shellfish that are no  mselves harmed but which accumulate and concentrate the toxin in their tissue. if the shellfish   harmful phytoplankton and their toxins are perceived to be on the increase in uk waters. hence  on the increase in uk waters. hence, it is necessary to better understand to factors that influ  icity. research in this field in the uk is relatively underdeveloped and fragmented with little  medical scientists. in this proposal we intend to hold a research workshop to integrate scienti  nary sharing of knowledge and ideas and allow the hypothesis to be formulated for future enviro  e and ideas and allow the hypothesis to be formulated for future environmental/biomedical collo
15382	19	een filters: effects of eutrophication, plant species and the season of the year for carbon seq  ral diversity and global warming..., we propose a project in which the effect of eutrophication  ed on the results of previous projects, is that the presence of eutrophicated water influences   etlands as green filter perhaps may not be entirely compatible with an effective carbon sequest  fective carbon sequestration them, this may be influenced by vegetation type. for this reason,    aims to answer the following question: is the capacity for carbon sequestration of semiarid me  es of carbon and nutrients in the plant-soil-water system of wetlands affected by eutrophicated   carbon and nutrients in the plant-soil-water system of wetlands affected by eutrophicated wate  f these systems to sequester carbon and act at the same time as green filters. specific objecti  to sequester carbon and act at the same time as green filters. specific objectives are: 1. dete  the litter from different plant species is influenced by the presence of high nitrogen, phospho  nts in eutrophicated waters and if this is related to the season of the year in which flooding-  al activity related to the carbon cycle is influenced by the type of litter and by the presence  nts in eutrophicated waters and if this is related to the season of the year in which flooding-   extent the release of n2o, co2 and ch4 is influenced by the type of litter and by the presence  nts in eutrophicated waters and if this is related to the season of year in which flooding-dryi  ne the possible impact of the eutrophic water on the balance of organic carbon, nitrogen and ph  n, nitrogen and phosphorus in the plant-soil system from these wetlands and to ascertain what e  nd to ascertain what extent this effect may be conditioned by the plant species.
194	1	rroundings of some small estonian lakes are reflected in the pollen profiles from these lakes.
193	17	ement of fish resources and at the same time management strategies for sustaining the well-bein  ment strategies for sustaining the well-being of the fishing dependent communities. large shall  apse of the soviet union caused drastic increase in pressure on fish resources of l. peipsi for  eat of anthropogenic eutrophication and are strongly influenced also by large natural fluctuati  ishermen and fishing power in l. peipsi do not correspond to the recent state of fish stocks. t   peipsi do not correspond to the recent state of fish stocks. the influence of the interactions  ions of these factors on fish community is investigated insufficiently. moreover the share of p  hare of poaching, unregistered catches, influence of extensive winter angling is unknown; there  e, the proper assessment of fish stocks is hindered. as local fishing dependent community inhab  and perspectives on development need to be taken into account in management decisions. though,   s among different stakeholders have not been addressed jointly in previous studies concerning l  re, the planned study will innovatively approach fisheries management problems integrating soci  ms integrating social and environmental research efforts in clarifying on how the state of the    on how the state of the fish community is affected by the interactions of environmental and an  es and socio-economic implications, and legitimate fisheries management affected by local knowl  gn. the project will provide scientific support for national implementation of the water framew  pean common fisheries policy as well as can be exploited in protecting estonian interests in pr
10275	23	or which comprehensive assessments have been made, amphibians rank as the most threatened major  extinction as bird species. disease has been identified as one of the major contributors to amp  obatidis, a chytridiomycete fungus, has been implicated in mass mortality events, population de  ced a declaration calling for immediate research to determine the distribution of the disease,   n of the disease, how this distribution was achieved and the consequences of invasion of the pa  , is present in the wild in the uk, and is unfortunately present in the mallorcan midwife toad,  he wild in the uk, and is unfortunately present in the mallorcan midwife toad, one of the most   endangered species of amphibian. we now need to add to our current descriptions of the prevalen  ions of the prevalence of infection and test hypotheses generated by these patterns in order to  causes populations to collapse. we will do this by using a combination of field surveys and lab  xtinction. firstly, we will intensively survey five focal study sites where the disease is pres  s in the amphibian populations. we will sample these communities over three years in order to t  dis into the uk and mainland europe. we need to know whether there is variation between these d  d europe. we need to know whether there is variation between these different strains of the pat   bufo bufo. once these comparisons have been completed, we will develop mathematical epidemiolo  omparisons have been completed, we will develop mathematical epidemiological models with the ex  pidemiological models with the explicit goal of predicting the dynamics of disease emergence ac  ase emergence across several scales. we have strong evidence that temperature is a key determin  e across several scales. we have strong evidence that temperature is a key determinant of chytr  f chytrid-driven mortality, and we will develop statistical models to determine the potential e  ong term research goals will eventually enable us to control fungal spread or manage amphibian   y enable us to control fungal spread or manage amphibian populations in order to prevent the po  to prevent the population declines that are associated with the emergence of this pathogen.
11303	23	or which comprehensive assessments have been made, amphibians rank as the most threatened major  extinction as bird species. disease has been identified as one of the major contributors to amp  obatidis, a chytridiomycete fungus, has been implicated in mass mortality events, population de  ced a declaration calling for immediate research to determine the distribution of the disease,   n of the disease, how this distribution was achieved and the consequences of invasion of the pa  , is present in the wild in the uk, and is unfortunately present in the mallorcan midwife toad,  he wild in the uk, and is unfortunately present in the mallorcan midwife toad, one of the most   endangered species of amphibian. we now need to add to our current descriptions of the prevalen  ions of the prevalence of infection and test hypotheses generated by these patterns in order to  causes populations to collapse. we will do this by using a combination of field surveys and lab  xtinction. firstly, we will intensively survey five focal study sites where the disease is pres  s in the amphibian populations. we will sample these communities over three years in order to t  dis into the uk and mainland europe. we need to know whether there is variation between these d  d europe. we need to know whether there is variation between these different strains of the pat   bufo bufo. once these comparisons have been completed, we will develop mathematical epidemiolo  omparisons have been completed, we will develop mathematical epidemiological models with the ex  pidemiological models with the explicit goal of predicting the dynamics of disease emergence ac  ase emergence across several scales. we have strong evidence that temperature is a key determin  e across several scales. we have strong evidence that temperature is a key determinant of chytr  f chytrid-driven mortality, and we will develop statistical models to determine the potential e  ong term research goals will eventually enable us to control fungal spread or manage amphibian   y enable us to control fungal spread or manage amphibian populations in order to prevent the po  to prevent the population declines that are associated with the emergence of this pathogen.
162	6	of several waders of food resource that may be connected with impoverished soil biota caused by   invertebrates communities. at the same time, we assume that the abundance and structure of the  rates communities. at the same time, we assume that the abundance and structure of the earthwor   time, we assume that the abundance and structure of the earthworm and microbial communities ar  nd recurring mapping methods, will also be carried out. soil invertebrates and microbial commun  lists from estonia and abroad will also be involved. the main value of the study relies on bett
15467	7	e important contributions. this project is dedicated to several important, but yet unsolved que   but yet unsolved questions on parasite-host interactions the costs of egg recognition and expu   of recognition. the hypotheses that we intend to test are: that costs are higher for female fi   that costs are higher for female first-time breeders and diminish with experience. these aims   gher for female first-time breeders and diminish with experience. these aims will be addressed    great spotted cuckoo, eurasian magpie, house sparrow, hoopoe, jackdaw and azure-winged magpie.  r analyses and new technologies chiefly radio-tracking by satellite and microcameras with micro
184	4	d under natural and laboratory in lower-canopy foliage, and whether they have any effect on lea   lower-canopy foliage, and whether they have any effect on leaf water-use efficiency   nopy foliage, and whether they have any effect on leaf water-use efficiency   ther they have any effect on leaf water-use efficiency
14550	2	on and interspersion of agrosystems. we choose menorca, an insular cultural landscape without a   we choose menorca, an insular cultural landscape without altitudinal gradient and without impo
15296	9	staceans different dispersal strategies are found: calanoid copepods and cladocerans are known   ound: calanoid copepods and cladocerans are known to produce diapausing eggs and have low dispe  opepods do not produce resting eggs and appear to be more effective dispersers than the other t  rs than the other two groups. they also have different types of reproduction: the two copepod g  opepod groups have sexual reproduction, while the cladocerans reproduce by cyclic parthenogenes  e individual to colonise a new site. it is expected that the distribution of the cyclopoid cope  ereas calanoid copepods and cladocerans are expected to have a more important influence of foun  s are expected to have a more important influence of founder effects. amongst these two latter   ction mode. the main research objective can be subdivided in different thematic objectives: in
13374	17	initially 46 zinc-lead mines were surveyed and 48 plant samples grow             initially 46 zinc-lead mines were surveyed and 48 plant samples growing around were   yed and 48 plant samples growing around were collected. plant samples were identified and dtpa   ng around were collected. plant samples were identified and dtpa extractable cadmium contents w  d and dtpa extractable cadmium contents were determined by icp-oes in the soil. maximum amount   oil samples was 39 mg kg-1. the highest amount of cadmium was found in the roots of plantago la   mg kg-1. the highest amount of cadmium was found in the roots of plantago lanceolata l. with 2  ssues. although silene compacta fischer is widespread and perfectly grows throughout the soil w  ium accumulation capacity of the plants were tested on artificially contaminated and naturally   he seeds collected from nature. highest amount of cadmium content was measured in hymenocarpos   ture. highest amount of cadmium content was measured in hymenocarpos circinnatus l. roots with    part of cadmium in the root system and transfer only a small portion to the foliage. highest c  e root system and transfer only a small portion to the foliage. highest cadmium content in the   t the same level. effect of humic acid, chelate, fertilizer and their combinations on cadmium a   kg-1 available cadmium, humic acid and chelate application; and 48 mg kg-1 at root system with  nation. applications had no significant effect on water saturation, electrical conductivity and  uration, electrical conductivity and ph while humic acid applications determined to improve soi
12024	4	e remige project were to understand and predict how global changes affect marine ecosystems. it  predators . all objectives have yet not been attained but will be in the coming year. the conti  her program for some packages of remige is planned, and the long term persistence of the is and  e is and its future development have to be considered for an even better valorisation of remige
13460	5	in this project, we intend to develop a unique completely non-invasive tool  evelop a unique completely non-invasive tool to detect fish species communities . therefore no   es . therefore no fishing gear needs to be used for identifying the fish species, a few millili  samples for the detection of frogs have been used before, however only for one species and with  and aquatic biodiversity management and research, especially invasive species surveys.
14364	3	be investigated in how far these images can provide information on mpb biomass quantification a  guidelines will be general so that they can be used to study other intertidal flats and to choo   construction of a validated historical archive for our test sites, and advice on band selectio
11859	14	through photosynthesis means that they play a major role in moderating global climate. globall  e terrestrial biosphere. climate change may affect the bog s water balance, which will in turn,  og s water balance, which will in turn, have an effect on carbon storage. this is because degra  age. this is because degraded peatlands release greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, instea  h as peat cutting and draining may also affect carbon storage. as a result, there is a research  fect carbon storage. as a result, there is a research imperative for an enhanced understanding   ridges, lawns, hollows and pools. there is a recognised link between the structure of the surfa  tween the structure of the surface, and bog hydrology. surface structure can also determine pea  g hydrology. surface structure can also determine peatland responses to hydrological variabilit  ties living on the bog surface can also indicate the hydrological status of a raised bog. exten  on. in contrast, drier areas of the bog are characterised by species with coarser canopies such  ed bog hydrology, and therefore if this can be quantified and modelled using remote sensing, th  modelling approaches. wedholme flow has been chosen because it contains a range of condition ca  m the airborne data so that conclusions can be reached on the optimal spatial sampling required
14365	16	land abandonment and forest recovery is often taking place on marginal lands  ethods are the privileged tool, and yet suffer from methodological challenges due to topographi  adowing effects. recent techniques have been developed to correct high and very high resolution   correction methods are not only highly labour intensive, but also demand site-specific calibra  ined processing schemes. at present, it is not clear what the added value of complex preprocess  ocessing schemes. at present, it is not clear what the added value of complex preprocessing tec  lue of complex preprocessing techniques is compared to relative simple empirical methods and to  bjective this project will specifically address this methodological research question, and will  d will develop an optimal preprocessing chain to be used for semi-automatic analyses of high re  velop an optimal preprocessing chain to be used for semi-automatic analyses of high resolution    ecosystem services. method the methods is divided in 5 steps: - remote sensing data acquisitio  ronmental goods and services. - we will conduct a sensitivity analysis of all these analyses to  ellite data. result the project will: - evaluate the sensitivity of the parameterization of bio  ing, and preceding rainfall, - test and apply an optimal preprocessing chain for monitoring for  test and apply an optimal preprocessing chain for monitoring forest cover change and ecosystem    cover change and ecosystem services, - provide new insights in the impact and feedback mechani
14359	10	, a variety of remote sensing tools has been developed for use in epidemiological studies, but   ological studies, but little effort has been made to fine-tune these tools, exploit their compl  but little effort has been made to fine-tune these tools, exploit their complementarity, integr  has been made to fine-tune these tools, exploit their complementarity, integrate their outputs   e tools, exploit their complementarity, integrate their outputs in state-of-the-art spatial inf  integrate their outputs in state-of-the-art spatial information systems and test their robustne  the-art spatial information systems and test their robustness in a data-driven decision support  s proposal is to strengthen the belgian pool of expertise on this topic through jointly providi  ols improving the analysis of the space-time dynamics of diseases transmission. to achieve this  ve this, two highly dynamic themes have been selected: . --------------------------------------
12753	4	s and their compatibility with the ieep approach; and to consider the possible expansion of the  ider the possible expansion of the ieep approach to the assessment of the other six protected l  cified in the red. ultimately this work is intended to support the process for finalising the i   under red, specifically the comitology process that will be utilised by the commission to furt
9805	5	ighly replicated biogeographic tests to be made. however, most existing biogeographic theories   eotropical and amazonian diversity have been tested only using morphological characters and geo  employs a novel and modern experimental design to analyse sequences of mtdna and nuclear genes,  quences of mtdna and nuclear genes, and search for repeated genetic patterns in a suture zone b  ply recently obtained understanding and expertise in the genetics and ecology of speciation to
13866	1	enance of biodiversity may interact and reinforce each other but the role of hybridization acce
7130	4	ffect the productivity of mediterranean forest species and structure of mediterranean landscape  ity of mediterranean forest species and structure of mediterranean landscapes. it is also inter  ructure of mediterranean landscapes. it is also interested in becoming current settlements will   the participation of inra and cemagref project
14694	4	orses are distinctive marine fish which are affected by overexploitation and habitat degradatio  echnology and handling of new species , could be extrapolated to this one. the results of this    to this one. the results of this study can increase the knowledge about this specie and, becau   this specie for the general public, to be used as a tool to spread environmental educational p
14860	2	onas aridas , but which still have very low success rates seriously limiting their current appl   dna integrity, and to examine if there is a correlation between the coefficient of inbreeding
15227	6	o analyse samples of the founders which are kept in specimen collections. in addition, we have   dition, we have detected a considerable rate of errors in the assignment of paternities in the   nities in the genealogies which need to be corrected. this will allow the re-construction of re  e genealogies, which will be used to re-calculate more realistic levels of inbreeding for the t  g viability. more specifically, we will analyse sperm aneuploidies and levels of sperm dna frag  els of sperm dna fragmentation. we will examine the role of protamines in condensing dna within
10437	3	aits are likely to be inter-related and form a trade-off surface, with the organism s position   s age and availability of resources. we aim to describe the phenotypic trade-off surface empiri  rces. we aim to describe the phenotypic trade-off surface empirically by assessing the reproduc
14791	3	ne in our laboratory during last years, allow us to deepen on those physiological, biochemical   roject is firstly to apply the in vitro culture techniques to deepen on those biological proces  udies in the field. from the results we could conclude the effect of reproductive biology on di
14614	7	ies endemic from w iberian peninsula we try to check if the strong problems of postzigotic abor   postzigotic abortion that they present are a consequence of inbreeding depression. to verify i  eeding depression. to verify it we need get a great sample size of both autogamous and allogamo  mpatibility by other tested methods. it is important to get this objective because of this biol   has not verified from the experimental point of view in wild species being self-incompatible a  lf-incompatible and shrubby to the same time; it is due not only to the slower growth in relati  atible and shrubby to the same time; it is due not only to the slower growth in relation to the
7005	7	lants inhabiting high altitudes must to be adapted to grow and propagate within a short period   ltitudes must to be adapted to grow and propagate within a short period of time at low temperat  eratures. in mountains of the temperate zone, the length of the growing season decreases from 4  fe. single investigations on flower and seed development of high mountain plants suggest much v  representative for the alpine and nival belt in the european alps. quantitative investigations   y contrasting sites. the main questions being addressed are: how flexible are the different spe  tions being addressed are: how flexible are the different species with regard to different envi
14591	1	en by nuclear and mitochondrial markers may provide valuable information on the different role
14160	2	uccess of freshwater fishes in brackish-water environment. we will clarify, what is the extensi   in brackish-water environment. we will clarify, what is the extension of the spawning migratio
11156	22	understanding how animal populations are regulated or limited in the wild still remains an o  al birth and death rates and ultimately make populations decline or recover. population ecologi  ies for which the life history response can be linked to predictable changes in resource availa  ajectories. predators relying on cyclic prey species provide a useful tool in this context as t  ul tool in this context as they usually experience dramatic variation in demographic traits acc  . this variation is moreover relatively easy to quantify. here we propose a pilot study on the   er relatively easy to quantify. here we propose a pilot study on the tawny owl population of th  the tawny owl population of the kielder forest, northern england. this nocturnal raptor is spec   field voles. our objective is to fully understand the consequences of the variation in prey de  . paradoxically, this analysis has only been seldom conducted on species experiencing cyclic de  eriencing cyclic demographic variation, while it has recently been estimated that about one thi  raphic variation, while it has recently been estimated that about one third of animal populatio  tions, from mites to mammals and birds, display such cyclic patterns. life history strategy of    organisms living in cyclic environment may include phenotypic plasticity in some traits such a  anges in prey abundance. first, we will consider whether environmental conditions experienced a  ntire lifetime. in other words, we will investigate whether there is a cohort effect on owl sur  ords, we will investigate whether there is a cohort effect on owl survival, age of first reprod  ere is a cohort effect on owl survival, age of first reproduction, breeding parameters and bree  and breeding frequency. second, we will measure the covariation between these different life-hi  fluences population dynamics. third, we are interested in determining whether phenotypically di  global understanding of how populations are regulated under cyclic environmental regime. such k  g species of high conservation concern, are directly and highly dependent on them.
10642	25	aller mammals some of which appeared to be cut marked, and skull fragments. strewn over and aro  le stone age is a period in africa that is thought to last from about 500,000-50,000 years ago   from about 500,000-50,000 years ago and is associated with the evolution of the earliest member   of our species, homo sapiens but there are very few sites which have been well dated. finding   ossils and lithics of this age together is extremely unusual and important in an eastern africa  oil conditions are generally acidic and bone of does not preserve well. however, the researcher  chdeacon owen, a keen archaeologist and close colleague of louis leakey conducted survey and ma  d fauna he found was miocene in age and part of a sequence of deposits called the hiwegi format  th of chianda in places such as rusinga island where the hiwegi formation is now thought to be   e array of animal and plant remains has been found at several sites where research has been con  und at several sites where research has been concentrated over decades. in certain places on ru  ies, and new faunal species continue to be discovered despite 80 years of research there. these  ral fossils is still debated, and there is some confusion about how the different sites researc  pecific sites. for example, was there a lake here during the miocene the present lake victoria   l times since then as a result of large-scale climatic fluctuations. very little is known about  cale climatic fluctuations. very little is known about the regional environment prior to this.   he deposits from which they are eroding are limited in extent and the position of the vertebrae  s that some of the carcass or carcasses may have already been eroded away. this project is a re  e carcass or carcasses may have already been eroded away. this project is a rescue excavation t  ls or artefacts found with it before it is destroyed. further examination of the stratigraphic   urther examination of the stratigraphic sequence at chianda by prof. brown, a palaeoenvironment  ted that there were deposits here which could be dated and that the deposits indicate a marsh e  ndicate a marsh edge or a shallow river/lake environment. with three further experts dr j. stew   old the site is and take samples so we can learn about previous environmental conditions in th  tal conditions in the area and how they relate to past climatic change.
12181	1	undertaking of es options will require may have implications for climate change.
7388	2	ches. the challenge of the study is: it identify genes and species-specific functions involved   n of bacterial species ecotypes; and ii attempt to elucidate what kind niche adapted species sp
7591	2	ches. the challenge of the study is: it identify genes and species-specific functions involved   n of bacterial species ecotypes; and ii attempt to elucidate what kind niche adapted species sp
13384	4	omatic plants which grown and naturally present in the region of eskisehir, kutahya and bilecik  gion of eskisehir, kutahya and bilecik, collect them to prevent, conserve them in the national   a and bilecik, collect them to prevent, conserve them in the national gene bank of the aegean a  search institute , and characterize and provide them to the breeders’s utilization
13383	5	mental plants which grown and naturally present in the region of eskisehir, kutahya and bilecik  gion of eskisehir, kutahya and bilecik, collect them to prevent, conserve them as herbarium spe  a and bilecik, collect them to prevent, conserve them as herbarium specimens and seeds in the n  egean agricultural research institute , keep the vegetative components of the bulbous and tuber  institute to maintain, characterize and provide them to the breeders.
13380	2	first chapter of that project was carried out in 2004-2008 years. in that period, bas  gical characteristics of some fig types were determined.
13402	1	d pomological characteristics of fruits were investigated.
13376	3	sub-project 1:research project on conservation and evaluati  s the one of the genetic origins. there are many fig varieties which have local names in south   oss the available genetic variation and conserve this material which has an important potantial
12415	1	ical sensors to an irish meteorological buoy in the celtic sea and carry out research related t
12752	1	the cbd is developing a coherent framework of indicators to assess progress towards post
13366	2	e the facility of some crocus taxa that can be used as ornamental plants . within this aim, sur  as ornamental plants . within this aim, survey, vegetative and generative propagation methods w
13759	6	osystems are being rapidly degraded and can undergo regime shifts associated with loss of ecosy  d that ecology and management therefore must be scaled up. in this project i will investigate t  eatened european coastal systems – soft-bottom seagrass beds and hard-bottom macroalgal beds –   ms – soft-bottom seagrass beds and hard-bottom macroalgal beds – for ecosystem functioning and   affects , i will be able to develop and test theories on connectivity-resilience relationships,  esilience relationships, and ultimately produce management guidelines to increase resilience of
7296	5	community resilience is related to the redundancy of species within function  verse and highly structured assemblies, serve as a model. the analysis is based on several inte  emblies, serve as a model. the analysis is based on several international programs. it will int  several international programs. it will integrate at multiple scales, to understand and model t  e at multiple scales, to understand and model the processes and responses related to the coupli
13828	4	ting from forest practise and, by that, identify resource-efficient ways to promote biodiversit  minimizing overall species loss.we will use a unique field experiment that was started in 2001   will use a unique field experiment that was started in 2001 mainly with support from the facult  ies for which specific measures need to be taken. this will form the basis for our recommendati
13734	13	nvertebrates lack adaptive immunity and have to rely on innate immune reactions and one such re   in crayfish by identifying genes which are affected in their expression by the virus with the   nctional characterisation. we will also determine whether signal crayfish carrying the crayfish  isation. we will also determine whether signal crayfish carrying the crayfish plague are more v  he mechanism by which the wssv does not kill crayfish at low temperature but at temperatures at   temperatures at ca 18-20c. we can also use a stem cell culture which we recently have develope  have developed. in this cell culture we can propagate this virus and thus we can study in detai  we can propagate this virus and thus we can study in detail the interaction between this virus   is virus and the cells. hardly anything is known about how virus interacts with invertebrates a  tebrates and their immune system and it is hoped that this model system may provide such knowle   and it is hoped that this model system may provide such knowledge.i will also investigate if t   may provide such knowledge.i will also investigate if there is a difference in immune defence   wledge.i will also investigate if there is a difference in immune defence between astacus astac
6925	9	heat occuring every year in hungary. it can cause a yield loss of 30-70% in the susceptible cul  th severe epidemics. in this project we try to make the development of genetically resistant wh  more efficient and faster by which they need not be protected by costly pesticides harmful for   cient and faster by which they need not be protected by costly pesticides harmful for both envi  human consumption. during this work, we propose to make two very strong leaf rust resistance ge   yield while keeping the resistance. we propose to use molecular markers in selection to transf  ding lines for resistance. the economic turn over of resistance will be also investigated by fi  lion eur in hungary. however, the large part of these expences could be spared by producing res  wever, the large part of these expences could be spared by producing resistant cultivars
10256	22	throughout the natural world. they may be horizontally transmitted from an infected individual  d following adult reproduction, when it is transferred from the parent to its offspring. this k  ts offspring. this kind of transmission may continue for many generations with the infected ani  nimal appearing to be uninfected. these are called covert disease infections because the pathog  nfections because the pathogen does not cause any visible symptoms. the abundance of uninfected  key factor affecting how efficiently it is transmitted. when uninfected host density is high, h  ntly it is transmitted. when uninfected host density is high, horizontal transmission of lethal  sities are low, horizontal transmission is limited or may not occur at all. vertical transmissi  , horizontal transmission is limited or may not occur at all. vertical transmission of non-leth  ntal transmission is limited or may not occur at all. vertical transmission of non-lethal cover  mission of non-lethal covert infections can occur as this form of transmission does not depend   r as this form of transmission does not depend on contact between infected and uninfected indiv  disease kills the host, it will clearly impede the vertical transmission of non-lethal covert i  he central aim of the proposal. we will investigate the ecological conditions that favour diffe  favour different transmission modes and determine the link between transmission mode and pathog  e and pathogen virulence. baculoviruses are pathogens that infect arthropods, especially butter  terflies and moths, and these pathogens are transmitted both horizontally . lethal virus outbre   happens at these times is an important part of the pathogen life cycle that is very poorly und  ycle that is very poorly understood. we aim to test the idea that host density is a key factor   izontal or vertical transmission routes are favoured. we will do this by monitoring the prevale  ansmission routes are favoured. we will do this by monitoring the prevalence of lethal and cove  arry out selection experiments where we determine how the different transmission routes affect
11267	22	throughout the natural world. they may be horizontally transmitted from an infected individual  d following adult reproduction, when it is transferred from the parent to its offspring. this k  ts offspring. this kind of transmission may continue for many generations with the infected ani  nimal appearing to be uninfected. these are called covert disease infections because the pathog  nfections because the pathogen does not cause any visible symptoms. the abundance of uninfected  key factor affecting how efficiently it is transmitted. when uninfected host density is high, h  ntly it is transmitted. when uninfected host density is high, horizontal transmission of lethal  sities are low, horizontal transmission is limited or may not occur at all. vertical transmissi  , horizontal transmission is limited or may not occur at all. vertical transmission of non-leth  ntal transmission is limited or may not occur at all. vertical transmission of non-lethal cover  mission of non-lethal covert infections can occur as this form of transmission does not depend   r as this form of transmission does not depend on contact between infected and uninfected indiv  disease kills the host, it will clearly impede the vertical transmission of non-lethal covert i  he central aim of the proposal. we will investigate the ecological conditions that favour diffe  favour different transmission modes and determine the link between transmission mode and pathog  e and pathogen virulence. baculoviruses are pathogens that infect arthropods, especially butter  terflies and moths, and these pathogens are transmitted both horizontally . lethal virus outbre   happens at these times is an important part of the pathogen life cycle that is very poorly und  ycle that is very poorly understood. we aim to test the idea that host density is a key factor   izontal or vertical transmission routes are favoured. we will do this by monitoring the prevale  ansmission routes are favoured. we will do this by monitoring the prevalence of lethal and cove  arry out selection experiments where we determine how the different transmission routes affect
11855	42	tall people have been shown to earn more and appear more attractive to t  people have been shown to earn more and appear more attractive to the opposite sex. this phenom  omenon is not restricted to humans, and is a general finding across may types of organism: larg  nd many species appear to stay the same size for thousands of generations. currently, we do not  thousands of generations. currently, we do not have a good explanation of why species stay the   xplanation of why species stay the same size for large periods of time. one possibility is that  s on its family members. if being large is harmful to other family members then we may expect s  harmful to other family members then we may expect species to be smaller than what is good for   parents have greedy offspring then they may only be able to produce few offspring over their li  ave greedy offspring then they may only be able to produce few offspring over their lifetime, a  ely to die from starvation. although we have a good idea that both these phenomenon exist, we d  ea that both these phenomenon exist, we do not know if they can explain why organisms are the s  henomenon exist, we do not know if they can explain why organisms are the size they are. in add   are the size they are. in addition, we know almost nothing about the inheritance of parental c  is is important because these phenomena can change the normal inheritance patterns. for example  rying to grow fast and younger siblings may end up growing very slowly despite having genes tha  lowly despite having genes that try and make them large. we can measure patterns of inheritance   than non-relatives. however, relatives may resemble each other because they share the same gen  es may resemble each other because they share the same genes or because they have been raised i  are the same genes or because they have been raised in the same environment. to separate the ef  . to separate the effects of nature and nurture we can let parents raise some of their own offs  ing and some foster offspring. if genes are involved, then the parents own offspring should res  then the parents own offspring may also resemble the fostered offspring. it is not ethical to c  lso resemble the fostered offspring. it is not ethical to create foster families in human popul  e foster families in blue tits, as they do not appear to notice any difference. although blue t  pear to notice any difference. although blue tits are very different from humans they do show s   are very different from humans they do show some similarities: they are raised with their sibl  ns they do show some similarities: they are raised with their siblings by both parents, and the  eir siblings by both parents, and there is a great deal of competition, with the youngest usual  oming out the worst. also, because they are very common and will use man made nest boxes it is   mon and will use man made nest boxes it is possible to create many families that are a mixture   y families is it possible to accurately measure the relative importance of genes and the enviro  environment. also, when foster families are created in certain ways it also allows us to see if  and after a few generations we can also look to see if genes also play a role in parental care.  s we can also look to see if genes also play a role in parental care. once we understand how bo  o play a role in parental care. once we understand how body-size, parental care and sibling riv  ental care. once we understand how body-size, parental care and sibling rivalry are inherited,   size, parental care and sibling rivalry are inherited, and once we understand whether being lar  ling rivalry are inherited, and once we understand whether being large is harmful to other fami  herited, and once we understand whether being large is harmful to other family members, we will   once we understand whether being large is harmful to other family members, we will know whethe  armful to other family members, we will know whether family interactions keep species small.
10500	6	and the eu, landfills are the first and second largest sources of anthropogenic methane, respec  ane, respectively. significant progress must be made in source reduction as well as researching  argets set by the kyoto protocol are to be met. landfill cap biocovers are touted as an environ  l are to be met. landfill cap biocovers are touted as an environmentally friendly, economically  utants is greatly improved after having been mixed by earthworms. our aim in the proposed study  landfill biocover containing earthworms can be used to eliminate lge. through the use of cuttin
10740	6	and the eu, landfills are the first and second largest sources of anthropogenic methane, respec  ane, respectively. significant progress must be made in source reduction as well as researching  argets set by the kyoto protocol are to be met. landfill cap biocovers are touted as an environ  l are to be met. landfill cap biocovers are touted as an environmentally friendly, economically  utants is greatly improved after having been mixed by earthworms. our aim in the proposed study  landfill biocover containing earthworms can be used to eliminate lge. through the use of cuttin
11622	6	and the eu, landfills are the first and second largest sources of anthropogenic methane, respec  ane, respectively. significant progress must be made in source reduction as well as researching  argets set by the kyoto protocol are to be met. landfill cap biocovers are touted as an environ  l are to be met. landfill cap biocovers are touted as an environmentally friendly, economically  utants is greatly improved after having been mixed by earthworms. our aim in the proposed study  landfill biocover containing earthworms can be used to eliminate lge. through the use of cuttin
10836	4	saprotrophic cord-forming fungi play a central role in n cycling in    central role in n cycling in temperate forest ecosystems. we will determine the relative abili  in temperate forest ecosystems. we will determine the relative ability of species with contrast  orks, including differentiation of same-phase domains, and the successive opening of translocat
9968	4	saprotrophic cord-forming fungi play a central role in n cycling in    central role in n cycling in temperate forest ecosystems. we will determine the relative abili  in temperate forest ecosystems. we will determine the relative ability of species with contrast  orks, including differentiation of same-phase domains, and the successive opening of translocat
11450	4	recent theoretical work into the effects of resource enrichment on the dyn  and mechanisms of multispecies predator-prey assemblages where two prey and resource enrichment  ct to prevent competitive exclusion. we propose to use a model insect predator-prey system to t   propose to use a model insect predator-prey system to test this prediction by manipulating res
11143	3	promotes co-existence. in plants, this may occur where species share a nutrient that is in lim  s proof-of-concept for the preferential use of different p forms by co-occurring species, hence  rring species, hence our focussed small grant application.
15394	7	poor, plays a crucial role in the long-term persistence of plants and animals confronted to cu  ges. adaptation to altered environments may be limited by genetic, developmental and functional   individuals. theoretical and empirical research in the past decades has advanced our understan  effects. second, the life history might be associated with adaptations -such as behavioral plas  h dispersal ability and social behavior may buffer individuals against environmental changes. i  ironmental changes. in this project, we plan to study the role of life history and behavioral i  s. using birds as model system, we will analyze the response to changes in the context of biolo
2529	1	osure of dc and df on sponges will also improve current modelling tools for environmental risk
11296	1	emiliania huxleyi is a fast growing coccolithophorid phytoplankton specie
15442	4	tthere is an increasing demand to ecology to predict the effec  onservation policies. in this sense, it is important to identify the effects of human-mediated   w these responses to human disturbances can be modulated under predicted climatic scenarios. th  vers of biodiversity. this will greatly contribute to the understanding and predicting of respo
2532	5	atmospheric co2 is projected to double by 2100, resulting in increased   minant copepod species, dom production, fate, and turnover rates, as well as net microbial comm  managing commercial fisheries as yields are controlled by c bioavailability to higher trophic l  idisciplinary international science and state of the art research facilities and approaches, pr  es a unique template for transformative research on impacts of oa on biologically mediated elem
15151	4	duced serious defoliation and, locally, die-back of vegetation. climate forecast models point i  d serious defoliation and, locally, die-back of vegetation. climate forecast models point in th  cosystems to the new climate conditions may happen abruptly as a result of such droughts. our a  age, as well as of the root systems and soil characteristics.
15360	3	the current environmental scenario is characterized by an increase in the intensity of env  nd critically on understanding how they adapt to this new scenario; to assess the way foundatio  y to marine conservation. these species can show a phenotypic plasticity , and, therefore, to o
15125	1	t, such as lake sediments or peat bogs, are useful to reconstruct the ecological history thus a
12142	4	during the last decades, major ecological perturbations observed in the freshwat   biological invasion. recently, a large number of europe lakes have become invaded and dominate   productivity will be provided. we will test the proposal that gonyostomum dominance in type la  hat gonyostomum dominance in type lakes is influenced by species ability to utilize dissolved o
7207	3	s this project is part of a sustainable control of pest populations in orchards. we want to ass  rol of pest populations in orchards. we want to assess the effects. observations networks orcha  tion landscape management scenarios and crop protection
14968	9	ersal on lake communities and egg banks may be evaluated in terms of biodiversity conservation    move between habitats. several factors are involved in zooplankton dispersal, such us wind, ra  in zooplankton dispersal, such us wind, rain, water flow and waterfowl. studying zooplankton di  owl. studying zooplankton dispersal, we may know the relative importance of these mechanisms in  ciency of the zooplankton dispersal, it is important to indicate that dispersal may be limited   is important to indicate that dispersal may be limited by the viability of resting eggs. identi  acts with local adaptation effects that may limit effective dispersal. the current project will  he proposed objectives, we particularly distinguish: -evaluation of the dispersal capacity of z  ty of zooplankton resting eggs by wind, rain, water flow, and waterfowl in lakes of different c
14528	6	found the summary of process that have been accounted in the water column, being, therefore, a  ave been accounted in the water column, being, therefore, a basic component of the limnological  tegrated studies. in fact, the sediment could be considered as an environmental information sou  the basin of the lake.the direction and rate response of aquatic communities to the environment  in its viability during long periods .- review of the evolution of the main planktonic species   r effects on the planktonic communities could improve our predictions on the ecosystem response
11500	7	brigalow forest communities, are dominated by an acacia tree, acacia harpophylla to   plications for carbon markets and mined-land rehabilitation.the proposed research will consider  the proposed research will considerably advance our knowledge of the biology of brigalow acacia   degraded brigalow communities. we will make practical recommendations to inform sustainable re  s are now predominant worldwide, and we need to understand how tree species respond to widespre  ly, this project will present a genetic model of thinning management, which is novel in restora  dopted elsewhere, will improve the long-term sustainability of ecological restoration programme
15357	10	major global ecological footprint that is associated to loss of biodiversity and provision of    associated to loss of biodiversity and provision of ecosystem services, i.e. of human well-bei  biodiversity and ecosystem services and explain the involved processes. these patterns and proc  following: 1 to quantify, at the global scale, the levels of restored biodiversity and ecosyste  ersity and ecosystem services that have been restored in agrarian landscapes; 2 to understand t  rs that affect spatial distribution and state of forest raptors during the reproductive period   ive period in an atlantic landscape. we propose 20 activities intended to achieve these goals,    intended to achieve these goals, which are based in different experimental and phenomenologica  tal and phenomenological approaches. we think that the acquired knowledge in this project will   in the field of restoration ecology and forest management.
12199	16	dscape of much of england and wales and provide valuable habitat for native plants and animals.  ation in the hedge base is an important part of the overall hedgerow habitat but the diversity   edgerow management practices. hedgerows are designated as a priority habitat under the uk biodi  mes will help to achieve this but there is also a need for more positive restoration techniques  more positive restoration techniques to be applied. however, hedgerows are complex habitats and  ropriate restoration techniques need to be identified. the overall aim of the project is to cha  hedgerow flora in england and wales and review current information on habitat restoration in or  of herbaceous vegetation types. a large number of hedgerow surveys have been carried out, inclu  a large number of hedgerow surveys have been carried out, including the gb-wide countryside sur  isable in the field, and will therefore have practical application for setting hedgerow managem  action plan targets. a review will also be carried out of the relationship between the hedgerow  ionship between the hedgerow herbaceous plant flora and soil properties, the effect of hedge ma  the hedgerow herbaceous plant flora and soil properties, the effect of hedge management on thes  echniques with most potential will then be identified for each of the practical groups of hedge  rent regions. recommendations will also be made for field sampling methods. results from the pr  dscape feature and wildlife habitat and achieve biodiversity action plan targets for hedgerows.
12192	4	he aims of this project are: review and summarize information from the european literature and   s and/or rush pasture habitats occur or may be restored; past and present land management pract  l be designed to characterise the state/condition of a range of restoration sites compared with  -grass and rush pasture habitats, which could be used as guidance for scheme advisers, will be
1934	3	eaths and nutrient-poor grasslands have been affected in the netherlands by soil acidification   inance, a reduced species diversity has been observed in these ecosystems. species of the acidi  rasslands, and the related species-rich dry heathlands will improve the seedling development af
13824	6	ersity as an obvious result. liming has been used as a counter measure for a long time and is s  s a counter measure for a long time and is shown to significantly improve the living conditions  long time and is shown to significantly improve the living conditions for the lake biota with a  resulting increase of bio-diversity. it is evident that basic theoretical knowledge about struc  nd zooplanktivores in sediment cores we think it is possible to reconstruct zooplankton bio-div  nktivores in sediment cores we think it is possible to reconstruct zooplankton bio-diversity in
7615	4	red species forest of fontainebleau. we propose to continue research in conservation biology to   of restoring plants and simultaneously study various social aspects of such an operation and p  ers and scientists. for this reason, it is the perfect setting for an interdisciplinary study   erfect setting for an interdisciplinary study
13877	2	onnected to biodiversity monitoring and forest carbon sequestration potential. the new q-land s  rbon sequestration potential. the new q-land simulator will become a practical landscape planni
10946	8	tage site and a biosphere reserve. they are globally renowned both for their ecological value a  ientific discovery. the archipelago has been described as a showcase for evolution , where the   sive habitat degradation and widespread impact from introduced species. the islands therefore p  troduced species. the islands therefore present one of the most promising yet challenging oppor   combine the analysis of fossil pollen, charcoal, and plant macrofossils in sedimentary records  nalysis of fossil pollen, charcoal, and plant macrofossils in sedimentary records with archaeol  sedimentary records with archaeological evidence to reconstruct the long-term impact of natural  s in galapagos. it aims to provide long-term, historical baseline data - information that has i
6867	3	upper part of the toarcian sequences we can observe the successive return of the normal oxygen-  sequences we can observe the successive return of the normal oxygen-level in the seas. the retu   successive return of the normal oxygen-level in the seas. the return of the benthos-fauna occu
13809	8	quality and fragmentation of habitats, may have an important effect on invasion success and di  tion of habitats, may have an important effect on invasion success and distribution pattern of   es invasions. this is partly because we have not suffered from large extinction events as a res  as a result of invading species, as has been seen in ecosystems in australia and new zealand. h  nd increased mobility of people, sweden is likely to expect an increasing risk of species’ inva  read. this will be done by using a long-time data set from earlier bush-cricket introduction ex  using a long-time data set from earlier bush-cricket introduction experiments . dispersal studi   a long-time data set from earlier bush-cricket introduction experiments . dispersal studies wi
13928	4	butes a new addition to the explanatory framework of ecological processes and biodiversity. the  t of the present biodiversity in europe is found in the traditional cultural landscape occurrin  s islands in the modern production land-use of agri-, silviculture and urban areas. the working  ribution of ceased management will then be expanded to twenty sites distributed in southern swe
13531	4	butes a new addition to the explanatory framework of ecological processes and biodiversity. the  t of the present biodiversity in europe is found in the traditional cultural landscape occurrin  s islands in the modern production land-use of agri-, silviculture and urban areas. the working  ribution of ceased management will then be expanded to twenty sites distributed in southern swe
11151	10	the extent to which individuals are affected by parasites greatly influences their heal  ur and reproductive success. to try and understand how parasites infection will affect individu  s infection will affect individuals, it is extremely important to identify the genes that influ   extent to which differences in the dna sequence of these genes explain the differences in para  idual. armed with this information, one can predict who might be most fit and successful within   information, one can predict who might be most fit and successful within a group of individual  in a group of individuals and what that may mean for the persistence of a population. this stud  example where parasite load has a large effect on fitness, so provides a model system where gen  etic differences will be pronounced and easy to identify. we will use a procedure called quanti  ronounced and easy to identify. we will use a procedure called quantitative trait locus .
12351	1	experience. key customer purpose there is a need for guidance on seabed cable installation tec
12354	5	objectives it is known that as a result of natural processes, channel  rocesses, channels in coastal locations can migrate laterally shutting off routes suitable for    of naturally induced channel migration is needed in order to predict its occurrence and/or avo   order to predict its occurrence and/or avoid areas where it is likely to occur.    occurrence and/or avoid areas where it is likely to occur.
12624	4	g media using countries. this will then be compared to the uk in terms of materials used as wel  hether the proportions of the materials being used are changing over time. the demand for alter  as germany, the netherlands and france, north america, australia and new zealand in comparison   with the uk, will highlight ways the uk can reduce peat usage. the technical viability and cost
12589	8	peatlands are the most widespread of all wetland types on a globa  s on a global scale. as ecosystems they provide vital functions for biodiversity, water resourc  ovide vital functions for biodiversity, water resources, surface water management, carbon stora  l preservation. however, peatlands have been exploited by mankind over many centuries as an ene  articular, temperate peatlands. it will collate the lessons that can be learned from these inte  lands. it will collate the lessons that can be learned from these international experiences and  rom these international experiences and determine how they might be transferable to the uk in c  xperiences and determine how they might be transferable to the uk in cases where there might be
12725	4	defra understands that there are inconsistencies in the implementation of the zoo li   authorities. comprehensive information is needed to enable an assessment to be made of the ext  on is needed to enable an assessment to be made of the extent and nature of any problems, and t  y administrative or legislative changes are needed.
12152	11	itain, on summits and gentle slopes. it is defined by its deep peat soils, which depend on rain  depend on rainfall for water supply and are consequently poor in nutrients and often very acid.  s and often very acid. one of the main `bog-builders` is sphagnum moss, which is very sensitve   ry acid. one of the main `bog-builders` is sphagnum moss, which is very sensitve to disturbance  to disturbance of water supply. britain is one of the main locations for blanket bog habitats,   g habitats, with more than 2 million ha out of a total global blanket mire resource of approxim  ximately 10-12 million ha. blanket bogs are protected under the eu habitats directive annex i .  eu habitats directive annex i . it will develop an understanding of the influence of historic a  ices and legislation on blanket bog and consider a range of management options to recreate ‘act  et bog in favourable condition. it will seek to take a holistic view of the management and rest  dition. it will seek to take a holistic view of the management and restoration of this importan
12285	2	approximately three quarters of the uk land area identify the type of research that is require  area identify the type of research that is required to determine with more confidence which gen
12737	6	y of the england biodiversity group and sample of biodiversity porgrammes subprogrammes and to   ne whether further measures and support are required to help sigs and subprogrammes review thei   guidance may be helpful to complete or extend the process. the review would involve behavioura   would involve behavioural research and consider a number of aspects to establish the effective   embedding process to date and how this can be built upon for the future to deliver the ebs obj   part of the ebs by 2010. it would also consider what further guidance/ support would be necess
12350	4	is to provide a scientifically credible review of two aspects of the physical presence of windf  ecies key customer purpose this project is needed to inform debate about the potential positive  debate about the potential positive and negative local and regional reef effects of offshore wi  ments, and to contribute to the eia and consent assessment process.
12352	3	nts. key customer purpose dti and defra require the results of round 1 windfarm site monitoring   of round 1 windfarm site monitoring to be reviewed so that lessons learned can be ascertained,   to be reviewed so that lessons learned can be ascertained, and enhanced recommendations on mon
12733	3	entation of the duty, and to assess and draw conclusions on its impact and effectiveness. the s  duty on ministers and government, which was set out in s74 of the countryside and rights of way  s, the police, fire service, health and transport authorities.
12597	3	background: biochar is a fine-grained, highly porous material similar to ch  rous material similar to charcoal, that is produced from the decomposition of plant-derived org  y to ensure that the groups points have been taken sufficiently into account. outputs: a report
12240	4	horticultural field crops within the uk are grown as part of a rotation. this is to manage fert  arly in organic production systems, and reduce the incidence of soil-borne pests and disease. c  sociated management practices generally disrupt the life cycles of microbial and invertebrate s  ecent years there has been considerable interest in, and development of, management practices t
12687	3	to investigate and review the amount and different types of conservation a  formation on current levels and on what is considered reasonable and proportionate to the size   nd on what is considered reasonable and proportionate to the size of the establishment. to make
12489	5	ntrations of particular pollutants, but do not give an overall perspective on the health of eco  or combinations of indicators, can best be used monitor the health of ecosystems as a whole and  osystems as a whole and the sustainable supply of ecosystem services on which we depend. it wil  rvices on which we depend. it will also recommend where new indicators or targets are needed an  commend where new indicators or targets are needed and how best to go about setting them.
7526	1	hment of a reference herbarium, the dna sample on plants put in herbarium, looking for specific
2188	4	the largest area . we will develop and test methods for restoring hydrology and plant biodiver  est methods for restoring hydrology and plant biodiversity in drained rich fens. in co-operatio  ens. in co-operational projects we also aim to cover invertebrate diversity. a ph.d. project ai  ity in rich fens and how this knowledge can be applied in practical conservation.
476	11	ng some degree of extinction threat and even widespread species are disappearing from large por  dendrobatidis, a previously undiagnosed threat to europes amphibians, is infecting over a third  d will implement the first pan-european attempt to mitigate disease. we will do this by identif  an attempt to mitigate disease. we will do this by identifying the natural and anthropogenic dr  ic drivers of chytridiomycosis. we will improve national and pan-european competence in surveil  iomycosis. we will improve national and pan-european competence in surveillance and diagnosis a   in surveillance and diagnosis and thus determine the geographic scope of the problem by develo  nosis and thus determine the geographic scope of the problem by developing laboratory diagnosti  iagnostic facilities and a state-of-the-art surveillance framework, epicollect. this is a first   communications technologies to rapidly acquire spatial disease and biodiversity data from fiel   of bd introduction. implementation and use of the outputs of race will be used to advise polic
2202	2	ology by which the impact of an invader can be evaluated. the development of a methodology for    data. where data are not available and cannot be generated, extrapolations will be made. regar
12602	1	road-testing soil-net in hampshire schools
15037	26	rock-paper-scissors social systems have been shown to import  rock-paper-scissors social systems have been shown to importantly affect population dynamics an   systems have been shown to importantly affect population dynamics and it is suggested that the  antly affect population dynamics and it is suggested that they may be responsible for rapid spe  amics and it is suggested that they may be responsible for rapid speciation. evolutionary model  decision rule, either pre-copulatory or post-copulatory. however, experimental evidence for the   post-copulatory. however, experimental evidence for these underlying mechanisms is currently l  ly lacking. with this grant proposal we attempt to fill this gap by providing rigid experimenta  a model organism, where rps-cycles have been discovered recently, we will determine whether fem   have been discovered recently, we will determine whether females may express frequency-depende  ntly, we will determine whether females may express frequency-dependent rps decision rules. we   y-dependent rps decision rules. we will test both, whether females show frequency-dependent rps  ps decision rules pre-copulatory and/or post-copulatory. we will sample populations in the pyre  ulatory and/or post-copulatory. we will sample populations in the pyrenees, which are at differ  hich are at different points of the rps-cycle, to predict optimal female decision rules with re   females of these populations will then be used in controlled mating experiments, to determine   hether female pre-copulatory strategies are based on rps-frequencies and whether they are in li  sed on rps-frequencies and whether they are in line with the predicted optimal strategies. furt  tion experiments we will experimentally confirm that the observed patterns indeed are the resul  nfirm that the observed patterns indeed are the result of differences in male colour-morph freq  he result of differences in male colour-morph frequency. to test for post-copulatory female str  st-copulatory female strategies we will use in-vivo fertilization experiments. the here outline  the here outlined experiments will thus provide the first experimental evidence that female str  ill thus provide the first experimental evidence that female strategies may be responsible for    may be responsible for rps-like colour-morph population dynamics and they will also unravel wh   population dynamics and they will also unravel which female strategies may be responsible.
10262	13	for evolutionary history, this role has been usurped completely in recent years by the molecula  ntervening probability density may also be established that describes how the probability of li  aries with the availability of suitable rock for sampling. it is our ultimate aim to establish   ility of suitable rock for sampling. it is our ultimate aim to establish and implement such pri  it is our ultimate aim to establish and implement such priors in circumstances where fossil dis  ircumstances where fossil distributions are controlled by subtle variations in sedimentary envi  ironments. however, in this proposal we aim to explore the codification and implementation of s  as the cambrian explosion. this example is chosen because the priors may be established simply,  is example is chosen because the priors may be established simply, on variation in the areal ex  ata are in place - geological data have been gathered for the phanerozoic, but we will gather d  thered for the phanerozoic, but we will gather data for the cryogenian and ediacaran, and the p  ll be determined. the project will also serve as a training exercise in which the researcher, a  iest stages of the project, and he will transfer these skills to the other palaeontological sta
10216	4	% of terrestrial biomass. however, they provide a similar amount of total annual production to   iomass. however, they provide a similar amount of total annual production to that on land and t  d competition among grazers is high. it is not surprising that phytoplankton have evolved mecha  n predators and their prey. however, it is also well known that land plants use another cunning
10925	4	% of terrestrial biomass. however, they provide a similar amount of total annual production to   iomass. however, they provide a similar amount of total annual production to that on land and t  d competition among grazers is high. it is not surprising that phytoplankton have evolved mecha  n predators and their prey. however, it is also well known that land plants use another cunning
13822	5	ct populations. effects of disturbances can not be studied in isolation but need to be integrat  not be studied in isolation but need to be integrated in studies encompassing all population in  ulation interactions. the present study is based upon a long-term spatially explicit monitoring   the present study is based upon a long-term spatially explicit monitoring program of four inse  ther effects as well as habitat changes are investigated with the aid of time series analysis a
13882	2	vertebrate gonads are stimulated by pituitary gonadotropic hormones and t  turing under a range of photoperiods we are to find out if differences in feedbacks control whi
7179	3	y structure. Inventory established here is based solely on our observations. the database thus   e thus constituted which lists 840 taxa were assigned six quality levels of abundance / frequen  ylogenetic distance. in total, 839 taxa were distinguished and identified.
10790	5	ed, which suggests that more mbs likely exist, but have not yet been found. therefore, the purp  more mbs likely exist, but have not yet been found. therefore, the purpose of this project is t  phs that produce mb-like compounds, and assess how mb and other factors impact pmmo expression,   future field studies on methanotrophs, assist in climate change studies, and provide a tool fo  , assist in climate change studies, and provide a tool for predicting methane oxidation rates b
11250	4	environment impacts upon the genome. it is likely that much of the phenotypic variation between  riation between individuals and species is based on non protein-coding sequences. micrornas str  ng early development for pufferfish and egg steroid concentration and condition-dependent pluma  rfish and egg steroid concentration and condition-dependent plumage pigmentation in birds. mirn
11253	4	environment impacts upon the genome. it is likely that much of the phenotypic variation between  riation between individuals and species is based on non protein-coding sequences. micrornas str  ng early development for pufferfish and egg steroid concentration and condition-dependent pluma  rfish and egg steroid concentration and condition-dependent plumage pigmentation in birds. mirn
11482	4	environment impacts upon the genome. it is likely that much of the phenotypic variation between  riation between individuals and species is based on non protein-coding sequences. micrornas str  ng early development for pufferfish and egg steroid concentration and condition-dependent pluma  rfish and egg steroid concentration and condition-dependent plumage pigmentation in birds. mirn
11792	4	environment impacts upon the genome. it is likely that much of the phenotypic variation between  riation between individuals and species is based on non protein-coding sequences. micrornas str  ng early development for pufferfish and egg steroid concentration and condition-dependent pluma  rfish and egg steroid concentration and condition-dependent plumage pigmentation in birds. mirn
6897	4	ast decade show that the la autoantigen may play a role in the etiology of these diseases. we h  and neoepitopes caused by the mutations may contribute to the development of these illnesses. f  erent autoimmune syndromes , and now it is possible to conduct the mutation detection. when the   with those of the protein ones than we can take a substantial step to resolve the etiology of
11276	6	the majority of plant life in the ocean is made up of tiny microscopic plants, termed phytoplan   to lower latitudes was via shallow sub-surface thermocline waters that originate in the ocean   l productivity in lower latitudes, they are, in the modern ocean, almost devoid of the silicic   licic acid required by diatoms. we will determine the chemistry of thermocline waters across an  tudes. with these new datasets, we will test a number of hypotheses for specific changes in the  ulation patterns around antarctica that may have ultimately driven increased efficiency of the
15213	2	look deeper into the role of oxidative stress in the design of phenotypes, and particularly, o   and the signal expression of first and second generations produced by those partridges used in
15058	7	he multiplicity of hypotheses that have been proposed in recent years to provide a theoretical   n recent years to provide a theoretical framework for understanding invasibility, perhaps the m   habitat due to a decrease of herbivory pressure from specialists of their area of indigeneity.  roduced range, invasive plants may also be colonized by local herbivores we will be able to eva  e colonized by local herbivores we will be able to evaluate whether changes in herbivory are ca  l will be relevant to elucidate whether plant populations are regulated by herbivores and to un   to elucidate whether plant populations are regulated by herbivores and to unravel basic aspect
7640	2	and resource management strategies have been implemented. in agricultural areas, lowering the l  owering the levels of diffuse pollution is associated with the installation of grassy strips. t
6780	12	the prolactin-releasing peptide was introduced few years ago as a new factor in stimula  e was introduced few years ago as a new factor in stimulation of prolactin release, but this ef  nsmitter is controversial because there are a lot of prrp receptors in the anterior lobe of the  st scattered prrp immunopozitive fibers can be seen in the median eminence. synaptic contacts w   the median eminence. synaptic contacts were demonstrated between prrp immunopozitive fibers an  ynthesising neurons, through which prrp is able to indirectly modify the hypothalamo-pituitary   hrough which prrp is able to indirectly modify the hypothalamo-pituitary axis. prrp has two iso  esis is under gonadal regulation. there are only three region in the central nervous system, wh  system, where prrp synthesising neurons can be observed: in the a1 and a2 cathecolaminergic cel  of the hypothalamus. recently, prrp has been demonstrated to influence the energy balance of th  e energy balance of the organism and it was shown that most of the prrp expressing neurons pose  ve cell groups. in other experiments we plan to investigate the effect of the chronic restraint
529	11	considered only as having a detrimental effect on the latter. nevertheless new management metho  ecies, namely vultures, may be a strong example of the convergence between the aims of agricult  fon, black and egyptian vulture largely depend on their link with the farming, namely ovine, wh  as always been present in the pyrenees, was reintroduced in the grands causses in the 80s, then  veterinary regulations, carcass deposit cannot be done in the fields but in charnel-houses. the  he costs and profits for each actor and optimize the durability of the system. - an eco-toxicol  y of the system. - an eco-toxicological approach that would enable to evaluate the potential im  l impact that some livestock procedures could have on the populations of scavenger birds. - an   f scavenger birds. - an eco-ethological approach on the impact that the management of charnel-h  ption of carcasses and thus at the same time on the efficiency of the quartering and on the reg   regulation of populations. it will not be a matter of juxtapos
10456	2	ese responses is poor but advances have been made in dissecting the mechanism of vernalization,   occurs at one stage of development and is then remembered until later in development. the epig
14485	6	tance to biological invasions. ants has been chosen as the indicator taxonomic group, since a d   been chosen as the indicator taxonomic group, since a dozen of non-native ant species have bee   a dozen of non-native ant species have been recorded in the iberian peninsula, including the a  ber of biodiversity variables will also be studied, especially considering biological and struc  al diversity of the vegetation. we will focus on habitats in which non-native ant species have   ts in which non-native ant species have been recorded, including both river and urban systems,
14099	3	dress the following aspects of stomatal closure: is aba signaling module involved in stomatal c   following aspects of stomatal closure: is aba signaling module involved in stomatal closure in   by different environmental stimuli and is elevation of cytoplasmic ca2+ required for these res
11667	3	we will conduct the first investigation of the interdependence   iation in this response between species can lead to changes in the faunal mix, which may be of   ecies can lead to changes in the faunal mix, which may be of relevance for p. leniusculus in ou
7116	10	nsions of our environment. . return and long-term viability of populations of griffon vulture,   s of our environment. . return and long-term viability of populations of griffon vulture, egypt  ffon vulture, egyptian vulture monk and depend largely on their relationship to livestock, espe  and the griffon vulture, species always present in the pyrenees, has been reintroduced in the c  ies always present in the pyrenees, has been reintroduced in the causses in the 80s, and more r  eterinary legislation, filing carcasses can not be done in the field but on graves '. initial m  e costs and benefits for each actor and optimize the sustainability of the system. - an ecotoxi  ty of the system. - an ecotoxicological approach to assessing the possible impact of certain tr  ns of scavenging. - an eco- ethological approach of the impact of the management of graves on v  lose links between these approaches and integrate them to provide, in time, global management r
7288	2	. the objectives are to test on a large number of temperate, mediterranean and tropical species  rphological traits breathing speeds and root decomposition, ii the potential of near infrared s
7715	10	increasing world population, solutions are needed to ensure both ecological integrity and prod  10 thousand ha of cropland in the world were degraded mainly by erosion and landslides, loss of  ystems, in a wide range of climates. it was shown that root growth is stimulated more in comple  climates. it was shown that root growth is stimulated more in complex communities quen monocult  xamined at the level of individuals and plant communities. the fate of C in the soil profile wi  gainst erosion and landslides will also be clarified through experiments cohesive soil and aggr  d through experiments cohesive soil and aggregate stability, analysis of root traits and their   f numerical models integrating the root-soil relationships, will quantify ecosystem services an  s, will quantify ecosystem services and link them to certain compositions traits. the tradeoffs  management constraints. a major project is expected to produce a tool to aid decision-making an
12760	4	rsity and social impacts are likely. it is essential that any future mitigation of such conflic  any future mitigation of such conflicts is carried out in an effective, ecologically sensitive   d evaluation of the currently available control techniques and make recommendations regarding a  rently available control techniques and make recommendations regarding any further research nec
10197	8	tive sigma factor standard deviation 54 is predicted to regulate a wide range of traits in pseu  enes regulated by standard deviation 54 is unknown. in order to understand the role of standard  deviation 54 in p. fluorescens sbw25 it is necessary to identify the components and targets of   of the standard deviation 54 regulatory network; the effect of environmental factors on standar  andard deviation 54-dependent promoters can be predicted from genome sequence data. these predi  junction with microarray technology and site-directed mutagenesis to generate, test and refine   ected mutagenesis to generate, test and refine a model of the standard deviation 54 regulatory    54 regulatory network. the explanatory power of this model will be tested directly by analysin
13332	8	and their services valued, so that they can be compared with more traditional economic valuatio  on of future conservation objectives it is critical that new strategies and policies incorporat  tems by reviewing the impacts of global change on those components of biodiversity essential fo  ed to explore management strategies and inform priorities for biodiversity conservation policy.  conservation policy. rubicode will also identify current gaps in knowledge and propose a roadma   identify current gaps in knowledge and propose a roadmap for future research. rubicode will in  research. rubicode will involve a large number of external experts, and stakeholders from polic  perts, and stakeholders from policy and practice communities, to ensure the relevance of the ne
11213	8	edict alarming scenarios for the latter part of the 21st century, such as biome collapses and w   such as biome collapses and widespread crop failures. to be better prepared to deal with such   prepared to deal with such problems, we have to understand the mechanisms of adaptation of plan  wering plants. in this project, we will study the mechanisms of both seasonal acclimation and e   encoding the rubisco complex that have been involved in adaptation to major shifts in species   ifts in species ecology. it should also provide an important example of adaptation at the molec  gy. it should also provide an important example of adaptation at the molecular level caused by    which will be a particularly important challenge in the context of global climate change.
219	4	en female body weight and fecundity, it is hard to understand why insects do not evolve towards  y, it is hard to understand why insects do not evolve towards larger body sizes. a potential so  putative cosntraints. half-sib analyses are planned to assess heritabilities of respective trai  o explaining reaction norms of size and time at maturity.
15046	3	eptors /cellular transcription factors, activate them and lead to a number of biological respon  ranscription factors, activate them and lead to a number of biological responses. some receptor  he final aim of developing new tools to be applied on environmental assessment.
10405	3	onmental services review the conceptual framework in the light of the case study findings. comm  cation materials. the project will also produce a video, an innovative way of targeting policy-  tive way of targeting policy-makers and project developers, together with an associated toolkit
12564	7	summary objective: measure the stable isotope and trace element compositio  jective: measure the stable isotope and trace element compositions from salmon scales in relati  riations in the marine environment, and develop a model to predict the impact of changes in the  s the suitability of stable isotope and trace element analysis to understand the distribution o  one fish species. key customer purpose: investigate salmon scale micro-chemistry in order to de  icted changes in the marine environment may influence salmon populations and support the conser  nt may influence salmon populations and support the conservation and sustainable management of
2462	6	the conservation of wild salmonids. it is now estimated that at least 95 % of all salmon lice   o farmed salmon. in this application we want to explore if this also has led to evolutionary ch   in virulence of the parasite. as there are now significantly more host individuals to infect t  te. as there are now significantly more host individuals to infect than there was before farmin  al rates and higher reproductive output could be selected for. in this project we will examine   e selected for. in this project we will examine this both by field studies and by artificial se
7106	1	of biodiversity into public action, it is necessary to have a concept to bring together actors
2541	6	y people and politicians understand and express their understandings of biodiversity, threats t   indicators from the nature index. this must be done in a way that can be translated into envir   index. this must be done in a way that can be translated into environmental management strateg   strategies. these strategies will then be described in economic terms. two economic models wil   services. for open lowland an economic model of production methods will be extended to cover a  c policy means, where adaptive planning is understood as iterative implementation of policy mea
2548	16	rsity within domesticated species is to be managed so as to contribute to ensuring the resource  the itpgrfa. however, the eea agreement may complicate realization: eu regulations on variety r  hosen a less restrictive path, there is still a long way to go before the inconsistencies are r  ng way to go before the inconsistencies are resolved and norwegian policy can promote the conse  ncies are resolved and norwegian policy can promote the conservation and sustainable use of cro  romote the conservation and sustainable use of crop genetic resources. the project is designed    of crop genetic resources. the project is designed to identify the actions and regulations req  ests, power sources, and strategies. we apply a theoretical framework that includes instrumenta   and strategies. we apply a theoretical framework that includes instrumental, structural and di  instrumental, structural and discursive power concepts. the effects on regulations and manageme  tions and management practice in norway are assessed. finally, we identify the room of manoeuvr  ice in norway are assessed. finally, we identify the room of manoeuvre for norway, and options   project builds on political science and law, and includes plant sciences from other norwegian i   out in close collaboration with the eu project solibam, which studies these issues from a comp  a complementary angle. this is a unique chance to draw on the experience of our 22 solibam part  ence of our 22 solibam partners, and we expect considerable synergy effects. the project will b
10855	6	clean sampling and analytical land and ship-based methodologies have enabled the acquisition o  he various iron species in seawater. it is widely recognised that a tremendous amount has been   recognised that a tremendous amount has been learned about the distribution and biogeochemistry  ke oceanic samples for fe, to treat and analyse the samples. a great deal of the work will be u  ndertaken at sea, but samples will also be sent out to participating laboratories and analysed    will advance our ability to sample and analyse for iron in oceanic waters, to correlate these
7623	6	ch they contribute. in this context, we know that earthworms contribute to many critical servic  tical services for plant production. we propose to test the hypothesis that the increase in abu   the increase in abundance in the field can have a positive impact on the economic and environm  this project is to show that earthworms can be used as control agent against foot rot scalding    on reducing these populations foot rot was revealed, a concrete implementation of this knowled  ncrete implementation of this knowledge could be developed
13585	3	members of the saprolegniaceae are ubiquitous in freshwater environments and can great  freshwater environments and can greatly influence populations of aquatic animals, e.g. fish, am  omyces species are present. these goals are achieved with a combination of sampling in the fiel
14378	2	pace and time are currently lacking and are the intended purpose of this project. the research   teered by heli-derived swbs to reliably capture dynamics with sat images. these swb dynamics wi
11573	7	rted effort will be made to observe and interpret all aspects of high-latitude oceanography dur  change in the polar seas and when there is a growing realization of the importance they have fo  wing realization of the importance they have for global climate thanks to our technological dev  olar animals themselves as an important part of the observational and exploratory team to help   rt of the observational and exploratory team to help us get data on places important to both th  hem and us. the instruments collect and store behavioural and hydrographic data and relay them   e behavioural and hydrographic data and relay them via the argos system back to servers at the
15428	5	aser cleaning. the following objectives are proposed: 1.- to increase the knowledge on lichen d  diversity from portugal and spain. this is expected to be accomplished by focusing in two areas  portugal and spain. this is expected to be accomplished by focusing in two areas with peculiar   g schist engravings. therefore, we will be able to collect and to process environmental data in  induced by lichens. 5.- to evaluate and compare the success of different cleaning methods, incl
2466	9	ion of seafood or drinking water, which is infested with the neurotoxic alkaloid saxitoxin and   toxin and its analogues . although psts are produced by a complex and unique biosynthetic pathw  me toxins by an identical pathway. psts are the topic of a considerable number of studies, due   y. psts are the topic of a considerable number of studies, due to their global impact and pharm  cologically valuable properties. little is known, however, regarding the fundamental biology of  phylogenetic origin is. these questions are addressed in this study. recently, the gene cluster  sible for the biosynthesis of psts have been identified from cyanobacteria. this new informatio  ith the overall goal to comprehensively describe the systems biology of pst-producing microorga  ole of these toxins. the proposed study is expected to make a significant contribution to the f
15395	4	lated individuals. 7. to experimentally assess whether post-dispersal seed predation affects di  ls. 7. to experimentally assess whether post-dispersal seed predation affects differentially ag  solated individuals. 8. to experimental evaluate whether seedling predation by herbivores affec  d isolated individuals. 9. we will also evaluate the hypothesis that small and sparse populatio
11474	7	the diversity remain unmeasured. there is a desperate need for theoretical models of naturally  remain unmeasured. there is a desperate need for theoretical models of naturally occurring asse  of naturally occurring assemblages that can be tested using variables that micro-biologists can  are proposing to implement a stochastic model for microbial populations that is more commonly a   that is more commonly applied in macro-scale ecology. the model as it stands assumes self-simi  ssumes self-similarity in the resource `landscape, which will only be true at certain scales. w  only be true at certain scales. we will research methods of relaxing this assumption, thus maki
7480	22	project is to investigate, develop and implement a family of second generation video coding al  s with a focus on videotelephony, which could support a large number of user applications. the   otelephony, which could support a large number of user applications. the emphasis will be on th  nts of the application. algorithms that are developed within the project will be submitted for   arallel with the algorithm development, research on a flexible hardware architecture shall be c  hitecture shall be conducted and a real-time video communication unit will be designed and buil   well as a processing capacity for real-time execution of the video coding algorithms. specific  fic implementations of the architecture are developed for the applications where properties suc  ith a perceived visual quality equal or better than h.263. this will include a low-cost hardwar  e a low-cost hardware platform for real-time execution of the algorithms and applications and t   an h.263+ compatible vtc tool has also been developed to add pointing features to be used in e  n developed to add pointing features to be used in environment such as the distance learning ap  ng of h.263 achieving 13,5 frames/s has been done to demonstrate the abilities of the ti c80 pl  f the ti c80 platform. the decoding has been done using a pentium processor. expected impact vi  he critical mass in potential reachable market, new applications with positive and possible pro   mobile networks généralités: technical approach scalar will exploit second generation video co  ummary of trial field trials of low bit-rate video communication are performed for two differen  als of low bit-rate video communication are performed for two different applications: a forest   applications: a forest surveillance and fire detection system in portugal and distant learning   iversity. services like videotelephony, scribble-phone, document and still image transfer will    services like videotelephony, scribble-phone, document and still image transfer will be combin  ithms design low-cost hardware for real-time execution of the algorithms demonstrate novel vide
13349	4	our capacity to effectively sustain biodiversity across spatial and temporal scales  ponses to these threats must explicitly consider the scale at which effects occur, and therefor  t which effects occur, and therefore it is crucial that administrative levels and planning scal   management actions. it will assess and model the scaling properties of natural and anthropogen
10082	4	body size in benthic animal assemblages may be attributed to non-metabolic constraints such as   straints such as habitat complexity. we aim to examine substratum surface heterogeneity and its  e fractal characteristics upon the body-size distribution of benthic communities. in streams ac  e converges across communities. we also aim to examine if local and regional scales of observat
10841	9	ents such as satellite transmitters and time depth recorders, it has become possible to remotel  ers, it has become possible to remotely monitor the behaviour of large marine vertebrates over   e vertebrates over extended periods. it is proposed to use the latest of these technologies to   n space and time. the project will also integrate the use of high-tech chemical analyses of tur  is will generate work of a much greater value as a result of matched funding. the work will inv  nd british virgin islands. it will also lead to great insights into the biology of this critica  allowing managers to better protect and manage their stocks and the critical habitats in which   and the critical habitats in which they live, thus contributing to the nerc mission of top envi  hey live, thus contributing to the nerc mission of top environmental science which also contrib
7478	3	though conservation and the sustainable use of biodiversity are fundamental requisites of human  re fundamental requisites of human well-being, the biodiversity issue raises unprecedented chal  inability policy. the project will also provide an opportunity for the main actual or potential
13860	8	y. environmental guidelines, rils, have been produced but so far mainly relate to issues of reg  s, have been produced but so far mainly relate to issues of regeneration, soil and water; biodi  ate to issues of regeneration, soil and water; biodiversity aspects are largely lacking. a pilo  rils. two workshops with scientists and forest managers have shown that there is large interest  d forest managers have shown that there is large interested in such rils but also that it is im  nterested in such rils but also that it is important to deepen the scientific basis upon which   en the scientific basis upon which they are based. for the fauna, cifor recently has published   iterature review of plants for the long-term preservation of plants.
14711	9	odynamics and solute transport in water can be modelled by means of numerical methods able to p  lity of 3d models to practical problems is restricted by the greta amount of information requir  cal problems is restricted by the greta amount of information required and the complex form of   version, the free surface hydrodynamics is accepted to be modelled by the st. venant equations   ee surface hydrodynamics is accepted to be modelled by the st. venant equations and the soulte   the st. venant equations and the soulte transport by menas of an advection-dispersion equation.  ever, both in its basic form or when it is combined with biological/chemical reaction terms, th  ameters not sufficiently well known. it is therefore necessary to set a procedure to characteri   characterize them. both laboratory and field experimentation become necessary in order to eval
14710	2	wetlands. the results will be useful to be applied as strategies for the ecological restoration  ogical restoration of wetlands at large scale in floodplains of regulated rivers.
12426	7	ary objectives: the workshop hopes to 1 discuss what is good environmental status to provide op  nt reserach and monitoring many need to be adapted to meet requirements; by bringing together e  arine pollution and other impacts often transcend national boundaries, national action on the m  tion on the marine environment needs to be supported by a framework to ensure action is taken a  pported by a framework to ensure action is taken across the eu, with all member states playing   tates playing their part. this workshop is needed to help inform the uks implementation of the   mplementation of the directive. it will bring scientists and policymakers together to initiate
15579	2	the aim of scin . what do they contribute to the ecosystems co2-fixation/n-input how u  systems co2-fixation/n-input how unique are the key species at the different sites.
12064	2	ecision makers, and managers do not yet have a high degree of confidence in model projections.   f plant response to climate change that can address several of the key shortcomings of current
12584	5	quirements of the inter-departmental uk soil indicators consortium to develop a set of policy r  robust indicators of soil quality. sqid phase ii . the data derived from cs2007 squares will be  he key soil functions. this information can be used by uk-sic to inform the specification of bi  ons. this information can be used by uk-sic to inform the specification of biological indicator   soil issues. the information will also be invaluable to the wider scientific community since i
12708	1	te to work done in relation to the strp task on extractive industries, and taking account of up
12183	9	soils in the moist regions of england are especially vulnerable to compaction because they li  periods of the year. under enclosed and open grassland, farm traffic and heavy grazing are the   al causes of compaction. traditionally, soil compaction has been seen solely as a cause of redu  ion. traditionally, soil compaction has been seen solely as a cause of reduced grass productivi   of reduced grass productivity. however soil compaction, in its various forms, also impacts on   knowledge in these fields and will also include an assessment of the extent, causes and also po  ve elected to adopt a particular option are obliged to follow management prescriptions that may  to follow management prescriptions that may influence the extent of soil compaction. this proje   as well as a full technical report and paper for peer-reviewed publication. a stakeholder work
12180	9	allow to encourage ground-nesting birds may leave the land susceptible to nitrate leaching due   nt to the habitat restoration scenarios is required. the objectives of this research are to: 1.  r environmental stewardship schemes and identify which types of land and/or species are most co  cesses, and/or models, that describe or predict the likely impact of habitat restoration on nut  ls, that describe or predict the likely impact of habitat restoration on nutrient losses. 3. co   nutrient losses. 3. consider the wider impact of habitat restoration on a the fate of nutrient  f uncertainty in the knowledge base and recommend actions for redress. the information will be   ated to provide a summary of the likely impact of different environmental stewardship schemes o  dations will be made on techniques that could be used to predict the impact of land management
12188	13	. the main objective is to maintain and improve the biodiversity, natural resources, landscape   ral resources, landscape and historical value of england’s uplands, and to contribute to climat  tive sheep breeds and hefted flocks. it is intended that a monitoring programme will be carried   of case studies. the project will also consider the potential for integration with other relev  vant work. a fully interactive approach is proposed, which would allow all of the five partners  t will be circulated until all partners are satisfied with the outputs. in order to provide def   surveys and field surveys. it will not be possible within the timescale and budgetary constrai  s directly, so assessments will need to be devised that measure indicators which can be used to  e devised that measure indicators which can be used to model impacts on the target environmenta  he ground will be assessed for cost and level of confidence to allow optimal choices to be made   confidence to allow optimal choices to be made. the study will also consider the potential for  choices to be made. the study will also consider the potential for use of various datasets to a  efits of the most promising options and make recommendations as to the most cost-effective appr
14622	9	of the legionellosis outbreaks in spain originate in cooling towers and sanitary water polluted  the control and prevention of outbreaks is focused on the engineering and design aspects of the  reaks is focused on the engineering and design aspects of the hydraulic system, cleaning and di  gical or physicochemical that allow, or encourage the survival and multiplication of legionella  osen man-made aquatic systems. and they could be used as microbial indicators of this bacteria.  of different strains of legionella that are found in this kind of aquatic systems will be carri  gionella or became either indicators or determine the presence or absence of the pathogen, will  onas spp. all of them growth faster and are also easier to quantify than legionella spp. finall   legionella spp. finally, a statistical study of the results will be applied with the objective
12289	5	ure increases on global food prices and supply, a balance is needed between food production and  lobal food prices and supply, a balance is needed between food production and the maintenance o   ecosystems. high water abstraction and diffuse pollution from fertilisers can have negative im  nd lateral root number, growth rate and angle of these accessions and will complement existing   se lines in wq0119. this work will also be complementary to work within oregin and the wider br
13787	2	ish predators. the response will partly be determined by state-dependent variables and seabirds  r species with changes in abundance and condition of prey. indirect impacts will be addressed m
2490	4	seapop is a new and long-term monitoring and mapping programme                      seapop is a new and long-term monitoring and mapping programme for norwegia  g programme for norwegian seabirds that was established in 2005. the programme represents a new  eas, and will provide and maintain base-line knowledge of seabirds for an improved management o
15142	4	nd some drawbacks. the current proposal is based on the recent development of a bin map in a qu  bin map in a quercus robur x q. petraea cross, incorporating more than 300 cdna-ssrs in about 5   and quercus pyrenaica, the two iberian white oaks species with largest ecological diversity an  urated with the cdna-ssrs from the same bin to further investigate these regions. finally, the
10501	1	rsal event, and the degree of empirical support from existing palaeoanthropological data.
10473	1	rsal event, and the degree of empirical support from existing palaeoanthropological data.
11105	5	in migratory bird species, the ability of individuals to settle on g  ood quality winter and breeding habitat can determine their survival and reproductive success.    in migratory systems, some individuals can occupy the best sites at both ends of the range. th  shorebird. studies of migratory species are complicated by the vast distances over which indivi  because chemical signatures in feathers can determine the wintering habitat of breeding birds.
11434	5	in migratory bird species, the ability of individuals to settle on g  ood quality winter and breeding habitat can determine their survival and reproductive success.    in migratory systems, some individuals can occupy the best sites at both ends of the range. th  shorebird. studies of migratory species are complicated by the vast distances over which indivi  because chemical signatures in feathers can determine the wintering habitat of breeding birds.
10481	1	ength with phenotypic variation we will identify how populations adapt to different thermal and
11780	9	ganisms and understanding how they work is a central pre-requisite for biology. for large organ  large organisms which will specifically label those organisms which are involve in processing c  nally active organisms, since they will label with the 13c based marker. our aim is to combine   signatures of isotopes by combining dna array technology, which can detect upwards of 500,000 g  y combining dna array technology, which can detect upwards of 500,000 genes in a single analysi  he dna array. this will allow us to sub-divide those species/genes that are labelled and those    to sub-divide those species/genes that are labelled and those that are not, and hence identify  elled and those that are not, and hence identify the functionally active species in the environ  cules versus non-labelled molecules and combine both dna array and spectroscopy analysis in a s
14613	7	the charipinae are a group of small hymenopters belonging to the figit  l dispersion patrons. once these points are reached, the charipinae evolutionary tree will be c   parasitoids and the hosts. this way we pretend to evaluate the presence of coevolution patrons  ution patrons in the parasitism trophic line of aphids and psyllids, in order to observe if the   the principal hosts. with all this, we want to supply information in order to help the establi  so the organisms that control these and influence also the presence of the harmful organism. fu  ore, this study can become an important reference in the elaboration of coevolution studies on
15292	5	antimicrobial properties which probably are due to the symbiotic bacteria, however the knowledg   other bird species. in this project we propose to study the advantages gained by hoopoes from   on during this phase, therefore we will test the effects of the secretion against pathogenic mi  females to their secretion. at the same time, the experiment will let to test whether egg impre  the experiment will let to test whether egg impregnation with secretion is important for vertic
7466	4	our capacity to effectively sustain biodiversity across spatial and temporal scales  ponses to these threats must explicitly consider the scale at which effects occur, and therefor  t which effects occur, and therefore it is crucial that administrative levels and planning scal   management actions. it will assess and model the scaling properties of natural and anthropogen
13949	7	at nutrients stored in bottom sediments could be released when disturbed, regenerating nutrient  aminants and nutrients remain buried or are subsequently remobilised depends both on biogeochem  ing. in the baltic sea, bottom trawling is used to catch demersal fish species such as cod, a p  ttom trawling is used to catch demersal fish species such as cod, a process that causes substan  plications of this disturbance have not been investigated. the aim of this project is to determ   by trawling in the baltic sea. we will do this by combining detailed fishing effort data with   , predictions based on an oceanographic model, and assessments of the bioavailability of resusp
14728	8	we synthetize in this proposal the main research lines of   eractions, and genetic makeup in global change scenarios. our methods are interdisciplinary, en  ts where animals act as pollinators and seed dispersers is markedly structured at different spa  ists that disperse pollen and seeds. we study the persistence of local populations of endangere  of endangered and/or relict species and compare them with widespread ones, on the basis of conn  eir dependence on animal pollinator and seed dispersers for successful recruitment. we study ma  spersers for successful recruitment. we study mainly olea europaea var. sylvestris, but also an  olea europaea var. sylvestris, but also analyze demographic and genetic aspects with frangula a
228	12	the orchidaceae is one of the largest plant families on earth, includin    the orchidaceae is one of the largest plant families on earth, including almost 10% of all fl  ng plant species. lots of articles have been produced on their taxonomy and population biology.  still, early stages of this plant group are covered with much mystery. germination data is ofte  e same method with slight modifications can be used in our study. in our proposed study ttc tes  in our study. in our proposed study ttc test, which is still most often used method in several   able to germinate later. also this test is used for seeds that have been recently harvested and  lasting more than one year. still there are very few studies on the germination behavior of dif   to handle with traditional methods. we hypothesize that different orchid species can be very d  erent in their germination behavior and seed properties, and these differences can determine th   seed properties, and these differences can determine the rarity and vulnerability of an orchid   of several estonian orchid species. we plan to assess the possibilities of storing terrestrial
11237	14	hematodinium is a single-celled parasite that infects many of the uk  articular, the parasite poses a serious threat to stocks of the langoustine nephrops norvegicus  because hematodinium-associated disease can cause high death rates amongst crustacean stocks th   studied. surprisingly, however, little is known about the life cycle of the parasite when it l   millions of minute hematodinium spores are released into the seawater from the gills of dying   ght happen to the spores once released: do they feed on prey in the seawater, do they infect ot  : do they feed on prey in the seawater, do they infect other marine organisms, or do they form   y feed on prey in the seawater, do they infect other marine organisms, or do they form cysts wi   they infect other marine organisms, or do they form cysts within the seabed these questions cu  fect other marine organisms, or do they form cysts within the seabed these questions currently   in the seabed these questions currently remain unanswered. within this project, we propose to u  ain unanswered. within this project, we propose to unravel the present mysteries surrounding th  g release from the crustaceans, we will use molecular probes to search for hematodinium dna in   ter and within the seabed. we will also check whether hematodinium infects other marine organis
14226	3	cs of selected groups of mycetophilidae find genetic divergences between intrageneric phylogene  stribution of clastobasis worldwide and discuss it along of different phylogenetic lineages. fu  orrhizal fungi as possible food sources is foreseen. working through the extensive material add
10845	3	selection is expected to erode additive genetic variation for tra   genetic variation. this idea has never been tested in a wild vertebrate population. to do this  hips to quantify fitness variation, and estimate quantitative genetic parameters for fitness-re
10339	11	latest elite holstein dairy cow clearly demonstrate the power of artificial selection. response  bstantial response to selection, but we see no change or even change in the opposite direction   al response to selection, but we see no change or even change in the opposite direction to that  ate the extent to which characteristics are inherited, it may be causing us to overestimate the  ere may be further complexities that we have as yet failed to take into account due to the fact  sm are under simultaneous selection and may also be genetically correlated, due to the possibil  der simultaneous selection and may also be genetically correlated, due to the possibility that   ction when the dynamics of a population are taken into account. we plan to investigate these is  a population are taken into account. we plan to investigate these issues in an individually-mon  ce food availability and parasite load, vary from year to year. we will be using analysis techn  sis techniques which have only recently been developed or applied to natural populations.
10515	37	ajority of animal biodiversity and have been studied intensively in the lab, providing numerous  nto how evolution works. however, there is now a serious imbalance between what we know about e  now a serious imbalance between what we know about evolutionary biology in the lab and what we   utionary biology in the lab and what we know about how things actually work in nature. this dis   what we know about how things actually work in nature. this discrepancy is a source of concern   wild populations; for instance, it may be that male crickets that sing louder get more mates i   be that male crickets that sing louder get more mates in the lab but in the field this is bala   mates in the lab but in the field this is balanced by being more likely to be eaten by birds.   his is balanced by being more likely to be eaten by birds. secondly, we urgently need to improv  e eaten by birds. secondly, we urgently need to improve our understanding of how natural popula  nderstanding of how natural populations can respond to environmental change, and for this, we n  opulations can respond to environmental change, and for this, we need studies of insects as wel  f relationships across generations have been estimated using dna fingerprinting techniques. thi  g. in this project we will dramatically improve our video monitoring and our ability to determi  tionships between individuals . we will combine information across years about the population a   population as a whole, how individuals are related, their life histories, behaviour and reprod  , which drive evolution in populations, are consistent across years or whether they vary a lot.  consistent across years or whether they vary a lot. this is important because if in some years   s populations to adapt to environmental change, so we need to understand how much there is and   to adapt to environmental change, so we need to understand how much there is and how it is main  understand how much there is and how it is maintained. a related aim will be to investigate how  s selection, something that we can only investigate with data from a number of years. a second    be more successful either because they have genes that produce offspring that are intrinsicall   one another, for instance because they are not close relatives. we will address these question  ther, for instance because they are not close relatives. we will address these questions by com  e they are not close relatives. we will address these questions by comparing the reproductive s  of wild crickets and examining how they differ genetically from one another. this will also all  ically from one another. this will also allow us to look for evidence of genes that can persist  w us to look for evidence of genes that can persist in populations even though they reduce the   persist in populations even though they reduce the fitness of one sex, because they increase th  ce the fitness of one sex, because they increase the fitness of the other sex, something that h  ss of the other sex, something that has been demonstrated in the lab, but little studied in the  but little studied in the wild. we will use the comprehensive data we have on the life historie  . we will use the comprehensive data we have on the life histories of all the crickets in our p  lived animals such as crickets actually die of old age, or whether they just keep going until s  going until something kills them. there are very few studies of the lives of wild invertebrates  ven major questions like this remain to be answered
9999	37	ajority of animal biodiversity and have been studied intensively in the lab, providing numerous  nto how evolution works. however, there is now a serious imbalance between what we know about e  now a serious imbalance between what we know about evolutionary biology in the lab and what we   utionary biology in the lab and what we know about how things actually work in nature. this dis   what we know about how things actually work in nature. this discrepancy is a source of concern   wild populations; for instance, it may be that male crickets that sing louder get more mates i   be that male crickets that sing louder get more mates in the lab but in the field this is bala   mates in the lab but in the field this is balanced by being more likely to be eaten by birds.   his is balanced by being more likely to be eaten by birds. secondly, we urgently need to improv  e eaten by birds. secondly, we urgently need to improve our understanding of how natural popula  nderstanding of how natural populations can respond to environmental change, and for this, we n  opulations can respond to environmental change, and for this, we need studies of insects as wel  f relationships across generations have been estimated using dna fingerprinting techniques. thi  g. in this project we will dramatically improve our video monitoring and our ability to determi  tionships between individuals . we will combine information across years about the population a   population as a whole, how individuals are related, their life histories, behaviour and reprod  , which drive evolution in populations, are consistent across years or whether they vary a lot.  consistent across years or whether they vary a lot. this is important because if in some years   s populations to adapt to environmental change, so we need to understand how much there is and   to adapt to environmental change, so we need to understand how much there is and how it is main  understand how much there is and how it is maintained. a related aim will be to investigate how  s selection, something that we can only investigate with data from a number of years. a second    be more successful either because they have genes that produce offspring that are intrinsicall   one another, for instance because they are not close relatives. we will address these question  ther, for instance because they are not close relatives. we will address these questions by com  e they are not close relatives. we will address these questions by comparing the reproductive s  of wild crickets and examining how they differ genetically from one another. this will also all  ically from one another. this will also allow us to look for evidence of genes that can persist  w us to look for evidence of genes that can persist in populations even though they reduce the   persist in populations even though they reduce the fitness of one sex, because they increase th  ce the fitness of one sex, because they increase the fitness of the other sex, something that h  ss of the other sex, something that has been demonstrated in the lab, but little studied in the  but little studied in the wild. we will use the comprehensive data we have on the life historie  . we will use the comprehensive data we have on the life histories of all the crickets in our p  lived animals such as crickets actually die of old age, or whether they just keep going until s  going until something kills them. there are very few studies of the lives of wild invertebrates  ven major questions like this remain to be answered.
15353	11	reactive oxygen species. however, they can be reduced back to methionine in a catalyzed reacti  ction. in this way, methionine residues may act as oxidant scavengers, protecting not only the   ecting not only the proteins where they are located but also the surrounding macromolecules. fo  molecules. following this reasoning, we postulate that animals subjected to higher oxidative st  higher oxidative stress may selectively accumulate methionine into their proteins. to test this  from mammalian species. to this end, we plan i to set a comprehensive data compilation, ii appl  et a comprehensive data compilation, ii apply the comparative method in evolutionary biology an   method in evolutionary biology and iii develop statistic methods ad hoc to suit our aims. on t  er hand, we are proposing an innovative approach to improve the stability against in vitro oxid  ation of proteins with biotechnological interest, which is based on the differential behavior o  s with biotechnological interest, which is based on the differential behavior of methionyl resi
14143	1	gears and elaboration of more selective gear
2021	8	shown that gradual environmental change can lead to discontinuous, catastrophic shifts between   rent temporal and spatial scales, there is no predictive theory for catastrophic shifts. howeve   in that the occurrence of catastrophes is associated with the emergence of self-organized spat  ll as morphogenesis in biology, but new is their use in explaining shifts in ecosystem structur   that catastrophic shifts in ecosystems can be predicted on the basis of self-organized spatial  d peatland ecosystems. these ecosystems are known to be vulnerable to catastrophic shifts, and   erable to catastrophic shifts, and they exhibit spatial self-organization of vegetation. spatia  ther the identified principles may also explain self-organization and catastrophic shifts in ot
11578	12	e is proceeding apace. many populations are predicted to go extinct, unable to respond rapidly   nough to their changing environment. we have little understanding about the extent to which pop   is largely because some of their genes are contained in tightly linked groups in a fruit fly t  biased population sex ratios, and hence may cause population extinction due to lack of males. t  in female mating behaviour may directly regulate the frequency of sex ratio drive. we have foun  female multiple mating can dramatically reduce the frequency of sex ratio distorting genes in l  compared to non-carrying males. we will evaluate the importance of temperature in altering fema  y males carrying the sex ratio gene. we predict that low temperatures are unfavourable to sex r  o males because females live longer and may mate more frequently at lower temperature and hence  to adapt to changing environments. this may provide important information about which species m  portant information about which species may turn into potential agricultural pests and disease   pecies risk going extinct. it will also be of value to captive breeding programmes and in biolo
11830	12	e is proceeding apace. many populations are predicted to go extinct, unable to respond rapidly   nough to their changing environment. we have little understanding about the extent to which pop   is largely because some of their genes are contained in tightly linked groups in a fruit fly t  biased population sex ratios, and hence may cause population extinction due to lack of males. t  in female mating behaviour may directly regulate the frequency of sex ratio drive. we have foun  female multiple mating can dramatically reduce the frequency of sex ratio distorting genes in l  compared to non-carrying males. we will evaluate the importance of temperature in altering fema  y males carrying the sex ratio gene. we predict that low temperatures are unfavourable to sex r  o males because females live longer and may mate more frequently at lower temperature and hence  to adapt to changing environments. this may provide important information about which species m  portant information about which species may turn into potential agricultural pests and disease   pecies risk going extinct. it will also be of value to captive breeding programmes and in biolo
7027	10	amphibians are a unique group of vertebrates containing over 6.000 known specie  e-third of the world´s amphibians are threatened. currently, several attempts are applyin  l attempts are applying to conserve and protect these declines in amphibians. semen cryopreserv  can counteract further endangerment and protect these amphibian species. in this project, the a   and axolotl, ambystoma mexicanum, have been selected as models representative for anura and ca  e integrity and fertility tests have to be conducted. for androgenesis, uv will be used to dest   both amphibian species. then, the eggs are fertilized with the cryopreserved sperm. restoratio  sperm. restoration of the diploid state can be done by applying heat shock in which the exact t  ndrogenesis, in which the diploid state is created through fusion of chromosome sets of two spe  us tropicalis, and, ambystoma mexicanum can fertilize the genetic- destroyed eggs from xenopus
13832	14	re their oviposition. this localization can be divided into 3 phases: 1 identify a group of bar  ization can be divided into 3 phases: 1 identify a group of bark beetle attacked trees; 2 ident   group of bark beetle attacked trees; 2 identify a suitable bark beetle attacked tree and land    suitable bark beetle attacked tree and land on this tree; 3 the parasitoid female should local  e parasitoid female should localize and identify the bark beetle brood, and oviposit, she lays   and identify the bark beetle brood, and oviposit, she lays one egg per host. earlier research h   oxygenated monoterpenes and aromatics, can guide the parasitoid females through phases 1 and 2   which compounds the parasitoid females can identify, while the combined gas chromatography and  ds the parasitoid females can identify, while the combined gas chromatography and mass spectrom  ile the combined gas chromatography and mass spectrometry is used for chemical identification.   as chromatography and mass spectrometry is used for chemical identification. comparisons betwee  ' and non-active controls from the same tree, will be preformed to isolate the active compounds  and in the field. the project will also try to elucidate the source of these volatiles, as it i  te the source of these volatiles, as it is not necessarily compounds produced by the bark beetl
14824	1	life-history theory is based on the trade-off between survival .
10984	20	we are all familiar with the fact that in old age, we have  f aging proposes that because we always have a possibility of dying through accident or disease  fit us early in life will be beneficial even if the same genes have a negative consequence late  ility is that again because of the ever-present probability of accidental death, the power of n  accumulation of bad mutations will also decrease with age. while these theories are relative ea  tive easy to study in lab animals, they are notoriously difficult in wild animals because the d  animals begin to senescence, they often die through being eaten, starvation or disease. as a co  n to senescence, they often die through being eaten, starvation or disease. as a consequence, w  vation or disease. as a consequence, we know very little about whether animals actually senesce  y little about whether animals actually senesce in the wild, the pattern of this senescence and  s senescence and what affects it. there are of course some exceptions, notably some wild bird s  and sheep, the latter two of which have been studied for decades on scottish islands devoid of   predators. in deer in particular, there is now impressive evidence to show that senescence occu   in particular, there is now impressive evidence to show that senescence occurs in wild animals  animals and that the rate of senescence is influenced by high levels of reproductive investment  tment early in life. however, deer only live for around 10 years. consequently, our general und  ly differing lifespan. in this study we propose to study the causes and consequences of senesce  . this is not unique in animals, but it is rare, and we do not know why. studies of senescence   ique in animals, but it is rare, and we do not know why. studies of senescence in a mammal with  t where the life course is less unusual may help us to understand the evolution of our own unco
10762	2	ial carbon cycle. the project will also develop a measurement method that is potentially of wid  r money as the work will make efficient use of existing nerc resources supplied to us to perfor
10953	2	ty to withstand stress, photosynthesis, water relations and nutrient uptake in vascular and non  ds/levels for the different n forms and identify areas of uk blanket bog at risk from n deposit
7411	1	arn, this project aims to describe and compare the polymorphism of these genes in five familie
10054	6	buted over 18 chromosome pairs. we will screen a bac library or ~50,000 clones with average siz  ge size of 100 kb, which represents ~15-fold coverage of the earthworm genome, for targets with  lnerability to environmental change and impact in a conspicuously important soil-dwelling macro  and impact in a conspicuously important soil-dwelling macroinvertebrate. by exploiting informat  nerated within ecoworm, transcript data can be converted into resources which support efforts t  nscriptome and proteome furthermore, we aim to reveal the functional pathways that underlie alt
11582	6	buted over 18 chromosome pairs. we will screen a bac library or ~50,000 clones with average siz  ge size of 100 kb, which represents ~15-fold coverage of the earthworm genome, for targets with  lnerability to environmental change and impact in a conspicuously important soil-dwelling macro  and impact in a conspicuously important soil-dwelling macroinvertebrate. by exploiting informat  nerated within ecoworm, transcript data can be converted into resources which support efforts t  nscriptome and proteome furthermore, we aim to reveal the functional pathways that underlie alt
10023	2	t recent discoveries made under nerc eg project qtl mapping in natural populations using linkag  t colour polymorphism in soay sheep. we propose to characterise sequence diversity and patterns
11826	11	hosts and parasites are believed to be in a continual arms race as each spe   infect hosts while hosts try to resist being infected. this arms race has been played out for   sist being infected. this arms race has been played out for millions of years and there is a lo  yed out for millions of years and there is a long-standing prediction in evolutionary biology t   genetic divergence between species. we are now in a position to test this prediction. partly b   this prediction. partly because we now have a much better understanding of which genes are par  s of genes simultaneously. what we will do here is to link microarray results, which assay the   to host immunity, will show the highest level of polymorphism, and the highest divergence betwe  divergence between species. we can also investigate such effects further by grouping genes acco  ng genes according to their function or pattern of gene expression. this proposal will provide   ory rats. as such it provides excellent value for money since it builds on existing ressults an
11295	2	the sequence information will not only be useful for array feature annotation but will also ha   array feature annotation but will also have wide-ranging implications for many research groups
12259	13	onal collaboration to determine the dna sequence of the gene-rich regions of the potato genome,  hromosome iv. the other chromosomes are being sequenced by groups in other countries. potato, t  orld's fourth most important food crop, is the most important member of the solanaceae, which a  solanaceae, which also includes tomato, pepper, aubergine and many medically relevant plants. t  s very similar to tomato and, as the uk is also sequencing tomato chromosome iv, we will be abl  equencing tomato chromosome iv, we will be able to perform a highly detailed comparative sequen  g gene and genome sequence data we will be able to create a genetic marker system, based on sma  arieties. this will allow us to readily examine a large number of genes and to see how they var  ill allow us to readily examine a large number of genes and to see how they vary between variet  rge number of genes and to see how they vary between varieties with different characteristics.    for efforts to breed potato crops that can be grown in a more environmentally friendly and sus  d their function. the project will also be used to bring the uk research community working on s  oject will also be used to bring the uk research community working on solanaceous plants togeth
10283	14	ial part in modifying the climate, they account for half of the annual primary production on th  s of goods and services from our planet are provided by coastal and open ocean ecosystems. thes   our planet are provided by coastal and open ocean ecosystems. these environments are dominated  en ocean ecosystems. these environments are dominated by microorganisms, such as bacteria and a  ve all global biogeochemical cycles and have a direct influence on the atmosphere by the produc  the earth system requires a significant research effort on marine microbes. the enormous number  effort on marine microbes. the enormous number of microbes and their vast metabolic diversity,    by the study of craig venter . we will use this approach to assess the changes in the composit  sess the changes in the composition and function that are characterised by seasonal cycles. the  es in the composition and function that are characterised by seasonal cycles. the output of the  l genome equivalents. in conclusion, it is important to understand that this project is novel i  stly, and for the first time on a large scale this project will analyse both the diversity and   ity of the microbes present in the same sample, as well as assessing the influence of different  ns on both. and secondly, the molecular approach that we will employ uses for the first time th
10307	14	if that were not enough, every time you stroll by the seaside, that tangy, evocative aroma is d  ction and subsequent conversions of dms are hugely important, in many ways, we know very little   are hugely important, in many ways, we know very little about how these processes occur, at le  st at molecular levels. however, recent work by the applicants has unravelled at least some of   at least some of the steps by which dms is made and by which it is then transformed into other   ps by which dms is made and by which it is then transformed into other sulphurous compounds. ve  hough, that work also showed that there are several different ways in which different species o  ch different species of marine bacteria can undertake these reactions. so, we now wish to know   n undertake these reactions. so, we now wish to know the entire genetic makeup of these intrigu  uing, and important bacteria so that we can unravel just what lies behind their remarkable meta  ire sequences of their genomes, we will have a great set of resources to help us, and others in  e microbiology world, to understand far better what is going on, at a local and a global level   at is going on, at a local and a global level in the formation and biochemical and environmenta  ation and biochemical and environmental fate of the dms gas.
10562	14	if that were not enough, every time you stroll by the seaside, that tangy, evocative aroma is d  ction and subsequent conversions of dms are hugely important, in many ways, we know very little   are hugely important, in many ways, we know very little about how these processes occur, at le  st at molecular levels. however, recent work by the applicants has unravelled at least some of   at least some of the steps by which dms is made and by which it is then transformed into other   ps by which dms is made and by which it is then transformed into other sulphurous compounds. ve  hough, that work also showed that there are several different ways in which different species o  ch different species of marine bacteria can undertake these reactions. so, we now wish to know   n undertake these reactions. so, we now wish to know the entire genetic makeup of these intrigu  uing, and important bacteria so that we can unravel just what lies behind their remarkable meta  ire sequences of their genomes, we will have a great set of resources to help us, and others in  e microbiology world, to understand far better what is going on, at a local and a global level   at is going on, at a local and a global level in the formation and biochemical and environmenta  ation and biochemical and environmental fate of the dms gas.
11323	14	if that were not enough, every time you stroll by the seaside, that tangy, evocative aroma is d  ction and subsequent conversions of dms are hugely important, in many ways, we know very little   are hugely important, in many ways, we know very little about how these processes occur, at le  st at molecular levels. however, recent work by the applicants has unravelled at least some of   at least some of the steps by which dms is made and by which it is then transformed into other   ps by which dms is made and by which it is then transformed into other sulphurous compounds. ve  hough, that work also showed that there are several different ways in which different species o  ch different species of marine bacteria can undertake these reactions. so, we now wish to know   n undertake these reactions. so, we now wish to know the entire genetic makeup of these intrigu  uing, and important bacteria so that we can unravel just what lies behind their remarkable meta  ire sequences of their genomes, we will have a great set of resources to help us, and others in  e microbiology world, to understand far better what is going on, at a local and a global level   at is going on, at a local and a global level in the formation and biochemical and environmenta  ation and biochemical and environmental fate of the dms gas.
10455	3	s, such as inspections, maintenance and survey, involve the use of remotely operated vehicles .  as inspections, maintenance and survey, involve the use of remotely operated vehicles . financi  c surveys for environmental monitoring, sample collection for biodiversity studies and stunning
13333	9	redict changes in the mediterranean and black sea ecosystems as well as changes in the ability   ods and services. the mediterranean and black sea will be approached as a coupled climatic/ecos  raphic cruises in the mediterranean and black sea. these will provide an overall picture of the  verall picture of the mediterranean and black sea that does not yet exist as well as essential   rranean and black sea that does not yet exist as well as essential data sets for model validati   for model validation. sesame will also study the effect of the ecosystem variability on key go   in water and sediments. the innovative character of sesame is reflected in the close merging o  nts. the innovative character of sesame is reflected in the close merging of economic and natur  l cooperation in the mediterranaean and black sea regions through the participation of research
12191	5	an in 1995. the objective of the uk bap is to halt habitat loss and species decline. in the bap  nd species decline. in the bap, targets are outlined for the restoration and creation of a rang  asslands are the product of farming and are dependent especially on low input agricultural prac   will develop a decision framework that can be used by field surveyors with a range of expertis   scheme. the project outcomes will also contribute to the bap reporting process by providing cl
441	6	ton biomass and/or composition and this was observed during both spring and autumn blooms. ther  spring and autumn blooms. therefore, it was concluded that temporal changes in the structure of  looms. the location of the mola station was determined, the station was implemented and will be  ola station was determined, the station was implemented and will be considered as the first mic   the coastal environment. these strains were purified, stored in the collection and registered    registered in a database. an important part of these strains correspond to new species or new
2035	3	bivalves, statistical analyses of long-term recruitment data, laboratory and field experiments  plore the mechanisms through which long-term variations in stocks sizes of marine soft-sediment   sizes of marine soft-sediment bivalves are influenced by density-dependent processes during an
10209	3	worms have the potential for self- and cross-fertilization, but few empirical studies have foc  trategies. the super-genus gyrodactylus provide ideal model systems with which to assess the ro   ecology in this economically-important group of fish pathogens.
2029	3	study how sex-specific juvenile fitness is affected by operational sex ratio and breeding densi  nile fitness is affected by operational sex ratio and breeding density. for both species there   reeding density. for both species there is a wealth of data allowing accurate fitness measureme
11089	9	ularly controversial, although there is evidence that it has been important in african freshwat  e environments such as coral reefs also exhibit high diversity which is associated with remarka  reefs also exhibit high diversity which is associated with remarkable variation in colour patte  s. hamlets are possibly the most famous example of a marine adaptive radiation. nine to 12 spec  cies of these small, carnivorous fishes are distributed on reefs across the caribbean. the spec  hamlet colour morphs are truly species, measure the extent to which they hybridise in the wild   ecies, measure the extent to which they hybridise in the wild and explain the geographic patter  to which they hybridise in the wild and explain the geographic pattern of distribution of the c   in the wild and explain the geographic pattern of distribution of the colour morphs. the aims
14783	13	pecially those from the genus microtus, are a very interesting model system to study the struct  model system to study the structure and function of the heterochromatin. in fact, this family i  e and composition. in this work we will analyze the composition, structure, origin an evolution  s work we will analyze the composition, structure, origin an evolution of the heterochromatic b  amily arvicolidae. furthermore, we will study the transcription of the repeated sequences locat  f the species of the family arvicolidae is the existence of multiple copies of the testis deter  bottle neck. to test this hypothesis we want to analyze the genetic variation in m. cabrerae us  ers. finally, as the family arvicolidae include species with synaptic and asynaptic sex chromos  ude species with synaptic and asynaptic sex chromosomes, we want to determine if the absence of  aptic and asynaptic sex chromosomes, we want to determine if the absence of the synaptic condit  etermine if the absence of the synaptic condition of the sex chromosomes is due to the loss of   somal region. for this purpose, we will perform chromosomes painting in several species with sy  ral species with synaptic and asynaptic sex chromosomes using as probe the euchromatic region f
10080	27	animals do not do all things perfectly. in order to survive, re  tly. in order to survive, reproduce and ensure their genes are represented in future generation  rvive, reproduce and ensure their genes are represented in future generations, they must divide  represented in future generations, they must divide their time and energy between vital activit  ales as possible and to achieve this he must out-compete rivals and persuade females to mate wi  eve this he must out-compete rivals and persuade females to mate with him. across the animal ki  sexual selection. on the whole, females do not need such tricks to maximise the number of young   manufacture than males sperm, so fewer can be made. the expense of producing eggs tends to mak  atures, such as a strong immune system, are therefore vital for females to reduce the risk of d  immune systems can be expensive as they are powered by energy and nutrients. as supplies of the  rgy and nutrients. as supplies of these are limited, animals they must prioritise their activit  lies of these are limited, animals they must prioritise their activities carefully. scientists   elling resources into attracting mates, even if that means dying sooner, whilst for females thi  munity to ensure survival. we therefore predict that males should have weaker immune systems an  s should have weaker immune systems and be more prone to disease compared to females. our resea   test this idea in fruitflies that have been allowed to evolve under different levels of sexual   in the way males sing to females which may make them better at persuading females to mate with  les sing to females which may make them better at persuading females to mate with them. we pred  ersuading females to mate with them. we predict that these males will then have less energy and  tion did not occur. as monogamous males do not have to compete in mating contests they should h  eir immune systems, making them just as good as monogamous females at fighting disease. studies   studies of insects are important. they can reveal a lot about the biology of other animals, in  en males and females get ill, when they die, and how many young they manage to raise. what s mo   when they die, and how many young they manage to raise. what s more, if the sex of a host infl  ences how pests and diseases behave, it could affect how fast infections multiply and spread wh  ve in our environment and also how they evolve along-side one another. these changes may even a  ironment and also how they evolve along-side one another. these changes may even affect the cha
14529	7	to date there is scant evidence in natural populations about the benefit that   ulations about the benefit that females can obtain from sexual cannibalism , a burrowing wolf s   , a burrowing wolf spider for which we have a great deal of preliminary data. we will study th  great deal of preliminary data. we will study the benefits of sexual cannibalism to females as   males and females. furthermore, we will study the action of sexual selection on both sexes and   ction on both sexes and what part of it is mediated by sexual cannibalism. our goals will be re  ing field experiments, in which we will manipulate the availability of food and the sex ratio,
10933	7	coelopids show a dramatic increase in mortality in the presence o                coelopids show a dramatic increase in mortality in the presence of seaweed. the p   in females. the coelopid mating system is based upon intense sexual conflict with females inva  ing system is based upon intense sexual conflict with females invariably attempting to remove m  lays in the evolution of senescence. we propose here to investigate the role of mate searching   e the role of mate searching and sexual conflict in generating the increase in mortality seen i  n the presence of seaweed. we will also use the data collected to test the alternative predicti
10856	5	bird-keepers that interspecific hybrids can be created using a female bullfinch pyrrhula pyrrhu  ry. in all other common finches hybrids can be created equally easily with parent species of ei   mechanism of post-mating isolation. we predict that sperm morphology, which we have shown to b   makes bullfinch s sperm less likely to be transported and/or accepted by the female canary rep  inch female reproductive tract. we will conduct a series of experiments to establish at which p
10519	21	ng and controversial topic. it has long been recognised that adaptation to new environments can  sed that adaptation to new environments can lead to the evolution of new forms, but recently th  xual selection and in particular sexual conflict to drive rapid evolution. the theory is that m   to manipulate their mates so that they invest more in the offspring of that particular male ra  ain control over their reproduction and optimise their own reproductive success rather than tha  rather than that of their mate s. there is some evidence for intraspecific arms-races but the k   of the extent to which sexual conflict can drive rapid evolution and population divergence rem  glected, particularly: 1. how important is population size in promoting or retarding evolution   or retarding evolution driven by sexual conflict 2. is divergence faster between small populati  , or in large populations because there is greater mutational input and more standing genetic v  ns to vary in the rate of adaptation or is the level of standing variation always more importan  and maintenance of variation. they also have implications for the design of conservation and ca  lations are more expensive to rear, but may retain more genetic variation and experience higher  t may retain more genetic variation and experience higher overall mutational inputs. a major pr  m in studying antagonistic coevolution, is that counter-adaptations often mask the adaptations   tion, is that counter-adaptations often mask the adaptations which have driven their evolution.   that accelerates egg laying might only be identified by observing the effects of males on thei  counter-adaptation. in this proposal we use a novel approach to reveal such variation: we utili  l approach to reveal such variation: we utilise a population of beetles callosobruchus maculatu  callosobruchus maculatus that naturally have substantial sexual conflict driven adaptations and   sexual conflict driven adaptations and counter-adaptations. our study begins with populations
10972	21	ng and controversial topic. it has long been recognised that adaptation to new environments can  sed that adaptation to new environments can lead to the evolution of new forms, but recently th  xual selection and in particular sexual conflict to drive rapid evolution. the theory is that m   to manipulate their mates so that they invest more in the offspring of that particular male ra  ain control over their reproduction and optimise their own reproductive success rather than tha  rather than that of their mate s. there is some evidence for intraspecific arms-races but the k   of the extent to which sexual conflict can drive rapid evolution and population divergence rem  glected, particularly: 1. how important is population size in promoting or retarding evolution   or retarding evolution driven by sexual conflict 2. is divergence faster between small populati  , or in large populations because there is greater mutational input and more standing genetic v  ns to vary in the rate of adaptation or is the level of standing variation always more importan  and maintenance of variation. they also have implications for the design of conservation and ca  lations are more expensive to rear, but may retain more genetic variation and experience higher  t may retain more genetic variation and experience higher overall mutational inputs. a major pr  m in studying antagonistic coevolution, is that counter-adaptations often mask the adaptations   tion, is that counter-adaptations often mask the adaptations which have driven their evolution.   that accelerates egg laying might only be identified by observing the effects of males on thei  counter-adaptation. in this proposal we use a novel approach to reveal such variation: we utili  l approach to reveal such variation: we utilise a population of beetles callosobruchus maculatu  callosobruchus maculatus that naturally have substantial sexual conflict driven adaptations and   sexual conflict driven adaptations and counter-adaptations. our study begins with populations
1980	11	one sex but harmful to the other. this may lead to a co-evolutionary arms race where harmful t  d that such sexual conflicts, could not occur in hermaphrodites, mainly because the sexes are j  ermaphrodites, mainly because the sexes are joined within one individual. contrary to darwins c  cal work suggests that sexual selection can cause sexual conflict in simultaneous hermaphrodite   that sexual selection can cause sexual conflict in simultaneous hermaphrodites, but there is a   simultaneous hermaphrodites, but there is as of yet no direct evidence that this is indeed the  rvival and of resource allocation there exist conficts between the male and the female function  mnaea. the conflict over sperm survival is caused by sperm digestion transferring chemicals to    loss of their reproductive success. we intend to study these fitness consequences by determini  ct evidence for the existence of sexual conflict in simultaneous hermaphrodites. demonstrating   us hermaphrodites. demonstrating sexual conflict in hermaphrodites will have important implicat
6735	7	the gfap-immunoreactivity of identical brain areas of males and females is compared. following  ntical brain areas of males and females is compared. following the mapping of differences the a  oglial reaction to experimental lesions is studied in well-reproducible hormonal states. in are  ates. in areas where sexual differences could be detected a detailed histological, ultrastructu  neurotransmitter histochemical analysis is carried out to reveal the sexual differences in glia   in glia-neuron interactions. an answer is sought to the question whether astroglial reaction i  er astroglial reaction is primary or it is due to plastic changes of synapses. the glial envelo
11759	5	oped pcr-based molecular techniques now enable the efficient screening of mhc variation and blo  fficient screening of mhc variation and blood pathogens within vertebrates. i will apply these   he interaction between blood parasites, host fitness and the mhc. the results will determine if  ll determine if mate choice and fitness are related to variation at the mhc and test whether pa  are related to variation at the mhc and test whether parasite mediated selection maintains gene
2143	7	esearch project represents an ambitious plan towards achieving a comprehensive understanding of  the bluethroat is a socially monogamous bird with an extensive extra-pair mating system. it con  s from the opposite subspecies, we will test whether females discriminate against males on the   revious studies have shown that females are fertilized by genetically compatible extra-pair mal  tilized by genetically compatible extra-pair males. we will perform sperm motility experiments   ly compatible extra-pair males. we will perform sperm motility experiments to test whether gene  st whether genetically dissimilar sperm are favoured by cryptic female choice. with its combina
11351	22	there are millions of types of animals, plants, and microbes   , plants, and microbes on earth, and we call this rich variety of life biodiversity . this biod  ential for biologists to understand and maintain, because all forms of life depend on each othe  r their existence. each type of animal, plant or microbe is called a species . this classificat  . each type of animal, plant or microbe is called a species . this classification is very impor  ery important to understand, because it is species number that combines to make up biodiversity  ithin a species, therefore, individuals are suited to produce offspring. how is a new species p  ur planet, allows species to change and fill up new niches as they become available through tim   become available through time. species can change, because it is only the most successful indi  gh time. species can change, because it is only the most successful individuals within a specie  ive against a struggle to reproduce and produce offspring. when the opportunity to fill a new n  to that new niche will more efficiently fill that niche and reproduce within it, they then evol  ll more efficiently fill that niche and reproduce within it, they then evolve to fit within the  iche and reproduce within it, they then evolve to fit within the niche. eventually they can evo  o fit within the niche. eventually they can evolve to become so different from their original s  r original species, that they no longer can reproduce successfully with their original species,  y with their original species, and they have then become a new species. biologists are particul   poorly understood. in this project, we plan to use one animal model, a flour beetle, to examin  r the competition to reproduce can also play an important role. in this beetle and then examine  s. our project will therefore hopefully identify which reproductive traits lead to reproductive  , and therefore a new species, and also examine whether sexual selection can drive this speciat  d also examine whether sexual selection can drive this speciation even faster.
15081	6	ously interbreeding populations. little is known about the selective forces promoting such chan  volve rapidly and that sexual selection could play a major role. when ejaculates from rival mal  ales compete to fertilize the ova there is strong selection upon ejaculates to improve their co  to improve their competitiveness, which could increase the risk of polispermy to females. femal  pid changes in reproductive traits that could lead to speciation. the sexual selection hypothes   competitiveness, such as the shape and size of sperm and its effects upon sperm swimming veloc
14642	7	the process by which new species are generated is known as speciation and it involves th  cess by which new species are generated is known as speciation and it involves the emergence of  lation. traditionally, the emphasis has been placed on reproductive barriers which act at the b  e barriers which act at the behavioural level sexual selection, which promotes divergence betwe  tween populations through the selective force of sperm competition upon males to increase the c  ability of ejaculates, or interfere and damage the sperm of rival males, and the response of fe  es of mice. more especifically, we will analyze the role played by sperm swimming velocity and
14619	9	n. in species without paternal care and direct fitness gains due to selective mating, it is not  tness gains due to selective mating, it is not obvious whether and how females gain fitness fro  s showing multiple partner mating it is even more difficult to understand why some females mate  y some females mate with several males, while others mate with one single male only. up to date  s mate with several males, while others mate with one single male only. up to date several hypo  ale only. up to date several hypotheses are proposed but experimental evidence investigating al  potheses and disentangling between them is extremely rare. therefore mating decisions and their  ale choice and the means by which males may bypass female choice. well combine studies in the n  s and morphologies to the biogeographic structure, and for designing the experiments within the
15473	10	rease in energy production by sperm. we propose to test these hypotheses in a group of closely   ls of sperm competition, and which have been shown to be a good model because many of their rep  cause many of their reproductive traits are shaped by sexual selection. an increase in sperm me  ection. an increase in sperm metabolism could have considerable costs in terms of oxidative dam  onsiderable costs in terms of oxidative damage, which could affect sperm membranes as well as d  sts in terms of oxidative damage, which could affect sperm membranes as well as dna integrity.   ranes as well as dna integrity. we will investigate if sperm suffer from oxidative stress or if  estigate if sperm suffer from oxidative stress or if it is prevented by the evolution of protec  m suffer from oxidative stress or if it is prevented by the evolution of protective counter-mea  within the sperm head. finally, we will analyze reproductive genes involved in dna packaging an
11000	6	specific males. in addition, when they mate with multiple males, females often favour fertilis  mate with multiple males, females often favour fertilisation by the sperm of specific partners.  favour certain males over others it has been suggested that females may select males that carry  hers it has been suggested that females may select males that carry genes which help the indivi  ent and by doing so the females thereby obtain the same high quality paternal genes for her you   the major histocompatibility complex , is determined by the mhc characteristics of males invol
9824	6	specific males. in addition, when they mate with multiple males, females often favour fertilis  mate with multiple males, females often favour fertilisation by the sperm of specific partners.  favour certain males over others it has been suggested that females may select males that carry  hers it has been suggested that females may select males that carry genes which help the indivi  ent and by doing so the females thereby obtain the same high quality paternal genes for her you   the major histocompatibility complex , is determined by the mhc characteristics of males invol
2112	8	n not tell weather the changes observed are caused by phenotypic plasticity or a change in gene  ion acts on the phenotype and will only result in a evolutionary response if the phenotypic var  tive genetic variation. therefore if we are to predict any evolutionary response to changes in   ponse to changes in the environment, we need knowledge about the amount of additive genetic var  riation expressed in populations. there is also very few that have considered the effect of sex  ifferences in heritability may strongly influence evolutionary processes. in the present projec  ry processes. in the present project we use an experimental approach to examine the differences   present project we use an experimental approach to examine the differences in additive genetic
10017	14	individuals, yet, when measured, there is often quite a lot of genetic variation for fitness.   ave two sexes, the genes of individuals can be constructed, stretching for up to ten generation  of deer. we also have blood samples and can collect faecal samples in which we can measure horm   can collect faecal samples in which we can measure hormone levels, and finally we have informa   measure hormone levels, and finally we have information about the density and weather conditio   animals such as these are an important source of information on many aspects of ecology and ev  rst and major part of the study we will use our pedigree information to test for sexually-antag  genetic effects. in particular, we will test whether successful males have less successful fema  trated on the x chromosome, and we will investigate this question using the known differences i   from different ancestors. we will then measure the selection pressures associated with sexuall   sexually-antagonistic effects. we will test the hypothesis that males with especially masculin  l environmental conditions, we can also determine the extent to which all these pressures are a  the extent to which all these pressures are affected by variation in environmental and ecologic  ecological conditions. finally, we will explore one possible mechanism for these effects, via a
11844	11	there are many situations in which people need access to envi  these include town planning, search and rescue, construction and response to emergencies such a  software to allow environmental data to be shared online. however, these tools are often hard t   to use by non-specialists. these tools can be improved if everyone adheres to common standards  ds. through the use of standards, users do not have to learn how to use lots of different types  blic bodies, such as the uk met office, must change their existing systems to be standards-comp   next decade, according to the european inspire directive. there are technical difficulties, ho  o the european inspire directive. there are technical difficulties, however, in creating a stan   and developed new software tools, that can solve some of these problems. in particular we lear   particular we learned how to share and visualize very large volumes of environmental data usin  compliant way. in this project, we will transfer this knowledge and technology to the wider com
11332	16	by around 40%, roughly 25% of which has been absorbed by the oceans. this has increased oceanic  ange of marine animals and algae. there is widespread concern from scientists, policymakers and   animals and algae. there is widespread concern from scientists, policymakers and conservationi  change is having, and will increasingly have, on marine life and on the stability of marine eco  ons in four main areas. firstly we will investigate the effects of varying ph in current enviro  s of different ph. terebratulina retusa is distributed from the mediterranean to svalbard, with  calloria inconspicua inhabits a similar range of sites around new zealand. we will sample popul  ge of sites around new zealand. we will sample populations living in different ph conditions an  s living in different ph conditions and analyse their shells. we will also monitor ph in the ar   and analyse their shells. we will also monitor ph in the areas sampled for at least a year. th  ow us to identify skeletal responses to being raised in reduced ph in the natural environment.   l. uva also date back to the 1960 s. we plan to exploit these collections to identify skeletal   rom today. this will allow evolutionary scale responses to be addressed. finally we will hold o  l allow evolutionary scale responses to be addressed. finally we will hold our key species in c  ponses to be addressed. finally we will hold our key species in culture systems with altered ph  standing of how marine species have and can respond to acidification over as wide a range of ti
180	7	flora of rivers in estonia far less has been investigated. there is no information about the se  a far less has been investigated. there is no information about the seasonal and annual changes  shes and invertebrates as a habitat and shelter, it was presumed that changes in the plant and   ertebrates as a habitat and shelter, it was presumed that changes in the plant and algal commun  ocal scientific meetings, in the norbaf network, and in international scientific journals. the   . the students involved in this project could proceed their practical training and collect pers  ld proceed their practical training and collect personal material for their studys and disserta
7535	4	strains has indicated that pyoverdines, major siderophore these bacteria are remarkable taxonom  ce the same pyoverdine and each species is defined by pyoverdine different from the analysis of  res suggesting the existence of a large number of undescribed species. we propose to use electr  large number of undescribed species. we propose to use electrophoretic and biological character
15588	6	ignal results will provide experimental evidence on mechanisms of resilience across european gr  lience across european gradients, which may serve to regulate ecosystem services in the face of  ces in the face of climate extremes and foster the identification of early warning signals of t  c community, members belonging to large research initiatives such as climmani, cextreme, precip  ives such as climmani, cextreme, precip-net, terrac, interface producing outstanding scientific  p and diversitas. signal will intensely serve the science-policy interface by delivering timely
2129	19	ls. we investigate signal evolution and signal discrimination in two contexts, mate choice and    signal discrimination in two contexts, mate choice and mimicry, with focus on how adaptation i  d mimicry, with focus on how adaptation is affected by learning, plasticity, variability, and e  d evolvability. in each project we will use a mixture of theoretical and empirical methods. in    methods. in one part of the project we ask how females should search for males in a hybrid zon   information about species identity and mate quality. the empirical setup on flycatchers allows  tchers allows for very detailed data to be recorded about the mate-search strategy used by each  iled data to be recorded about the mate-search strategy used by each female. in another part of  ale. in another part of the project, we study optimal attack strategies for predators foraging   r part of the project, we study optimal attack strategies for predators foraging on a batesian   es for predators foraging on a batesian mimic-model complex, using both optimality theory and l   predators foraging on a batesian mimic-model complex, using both optimality theory and learnin  cts of mimicry and recognition in avian brood parasitism. in each system, we study how learning  an brood parasitism. in each system, we study how learning affects discrimination and decision-  mponents of discrimination. in the mate-search context, we study how females update their prefe  ination. in the mate-search context, we study how females update their preferences during a sea  ences in hybrid zones. finally, we will study the role of genetic architecture and evolvability  of a batesian mimic and its unpalatable model species. to this end we will apply a recently dev  able model species. to this end we will apply a recently developed population-genetical model f
11340	11	ionary biology is how genetic variation can be maintained in traits that are under constant sel  ariation from a population. however, it is an empirical fact that most traits show significant   ce of constant selection. this question is considered particularly important for traits that ar  l of genetic variation and as a result, condition dependent traits are expected to reflect this  as a result, condition dependent traits are expected to reflect this genetic variation in condi  on in condition. in this study, we will examine the role that competitive interactions between    the target of mate choice. traits that are affected by social interactions show very different  psis dalmani as a model system, we will utilize a statistical genetic model to estimate the rel  , we will utilize a statistical genetic model to estimate the relative importance of social int  producing genetic variation in male eye-span, which is the target of female preference and whic  rget of female preference and which has been shown to have condition dependent expression.
13857	13	several microalgae produce toxins that can accumulate in shellfish, pose t   several microalgae produce toxins that can accumulate in shellfish, pose threat to human healt  lfish, pose threat to human health, and cause economical loss. many of the microalgae form rest  the microalgae form resting stages that can survive in the sediment for decades. resting stages  d banks for future blooms, but we still lack information on the influence of benthic life stage   aquacultural products, mainly shrimps, is an important mean of earning foreign exchange in ind  oducts, mainly shrimps, is an important mean of earning foreign exchange in india. lately the e  e crops. despite a long coastline there are few scientist experienced in algal monitoring. this  g. this project encourages phycological research in india. the specific aim of the study is to   e resting stages and how important they are for the onset of harmful algal blooms along the sou   the south-west coast of india. we will use both microscopic and molecular techniques to determ  oplankton blooms. in mesocosms, we will study the influence of resting stage addition to phytop   forming phytoplankton species. we will obtain genetic fingerprints of the benthic and plankton
15071	1	ult, would indicate that the hypotheses are justified.
10299	17	ed maize about 9000 years ago, probably close to the rio balsas river in western mexico. by the  rived in the 15th century ad, maize was being grown throughout the americas, and was the staple  e into south america arose from a large study of chromosome structures in different varieties f   relationships between the varieties to be deduced. the pattern of spread was then inferred by   d lowland regions of the continent, not being significantly supplemented by other types of maiz   in relatively recent times. this model was held to be generally correct until 2002 when it was  es. this model was held to be generally correct until 2002 when it was replaced by the results   be generally correct until 2002 when it was replaced by the results of a more detailed study of  e andes mountains. unfortunately, there is a problem with both these models. the geographical d  graphical distribution of the varieties being studied is a critical component of the analysis,   relationships between different plants, is what reveals the pattern of spread. this means that   riginal pattern of spread. we therefore need to strip off the modern noise to get closer to the  storic geographic signal. in a previous project we started to do this by examining archaeologic  lving examination of a single short dna sequence in just eleven indigenous varieties and ten ar  these from brazil, and so we cannot yet be sure if our model is accurate. the purpose of the pr  tially more genetic data from a greater number of archaeological specimens and indigenous varie  eties, from a much broader geographical range throughout south america.
14272	2	the present project, prof. p. regnier, is the coordinator of the modelling group and is the or   coordinator of the modelling group and is the originator of the coupled transport-reaction mod
12668	2	at offer discrimination of effects, and link into the environment change network. the dataset m  environment change network. the dataset may enable analysis of causal relationships.
11212	9	available for the additional sample and image analysis. taxonomic sample enumeration has been c  al sample and image analysis. taxonomic sample enumeration has been completed and the measureme  lysis. taxonomic sample enumeration has been completed and the measurements made will complemen   will be trained in processing samples, target species identification, obtaining digital images  a. for aries samples, video has already been taken and stored for samples containing calanus, c  hausiid size and species stage analysis is completed for marprod objectives. additional digital  . additional digital camera images have been made and stored, of chaetognaths, amphipods and la  ill undergo image analysis to count and measure animals. some further analysis of dual methot n  from all cruises will derive consistent size frequency and species abundance estimates for the
9806	3	trees on small spatial scales. we will test the hypothesis that coexisting shorea species with  seedlings outside high density patches, while species with a random or over-dispersed distribut  ity in high density patches, or density/distance-dependant mortality of seeds or young seedling
15580	6	the original forest cover has strongly been reduced and in these regions forests presently occ   and in these regions forests presently occur as small fragments, often embedded in an intensiv  gricultural matrix. despite their small size, these forest patches often act as refugia for bio   small size, these forest patches often act as refugia for biodiversity and may provide a wide   ten act as refugia for biodiversity and may provide a wide range of ecosystem services a supran  related to biodiversity and sustainable forest management.
13334	10	structures which directly or indirectly impact on them. however, there is a discrepancy in the   directly impact on them. however, there is a discrepancy in the amount of research work carried   talk about a well-established european field of social research on biodiversity and ecosystem   rch programme. still, the work that has been done indicates that sociological knowledge and res  dicates that sociological knowledge and research methodologies can be successfully applied to i  e this obvious potential to support and enhance the effectiveness of ecosystem and biodiversity  ional backgrounds in the life sciences, appear unfamiliar or ill at ease with theoretical conce  ethodologies of the social sciences and are unsure how and where to involve social research. fu   social research. furthermore, there is room for advancement in the translation of insights con  nited kingdom, the overall aim of sobio is to stimulate relevant social research contributing t
11544	9	n behaviours and other traits has been, even before darwin, one of the central quests in evolut  nd why individuals differ, but can also identify environmental factors that will affect the exp  o some degree how organisms develop and respond to changing environmental conditions. it has be  anging environmental conditions. it has been known for almost a century that individuals can di  n for almost a century that individuals can differ due to differences in their genes . further,  ect genetic effects might facilitate or constrain trait evolution. models about how trait expre  ssion changes due to selection may thus yield quite different predictions of evolutionary dynam  ing on whether indirect genetic effects are considered or not. clearly, as recent theoretical r   we have good reasons to assume that we need to consider indirect genetic effects to advance ou
10221	7	in healthy into old age, whereas others decline rapidly and die early. research on model labora  age, whereas others decline rapidly and die early. research on model laboratory organisms such   ests that the rate of decline in bodily function with age, or the rate of senescence, will depe  d mongoose, using a combination of long-term data analysis, behavioural experiments and physiol  evelopment influence adult survival and condition we will address the last question using a lar  ce adult survival and condition we will address the last question using a large-scale field exp   population, and the first experimental test of early-life effects on adult fitness traits. the
10904	7	in healthy into old age, whereas others decline rapidly and die early. research on model labora  age, whereas others decline rapidly and die early. research on model laboratory organisms such   ests that the rate of decline in bodily function with age, or the rate of senescence, will depe  d mongoose, using a combination of long-term data analysis, behavioural experiments and physiol  evelopment influence adult survival and condition we will address the last question using a lar  ce adult survival and condition we will address the last question using a large-scale field exp   population, and the first experimental test of early-life effects on adult fitness traits. the
9992	7	in healthy into old age, whereas others decline rapidly and die early. research on model labora  age, whereas others decline rapidly and die early. research on model laboratory organisms such   ests that the rate of decline in bodily function with age, or the rate of senescence, will depe  d mongoose, using a combination of long-term data analysis, behavioural experiments and physiol  evelopment influence adult survival and condition we will address the last question using a lar  ce adult survival and condition we will address the last question using a large-scale field exp   population, and the first experimental test of early-life effects on adult fitness traits. the
11483	3	nges in the genetic material means they evolve over a matter of days. furthermore, bacteria can  a matter of days. furthermore, bacteria can be stored in suspended animation in a freezer, allo  ion in a freezer, allowing evolution to be measured by directly comparing different populations
10492	11	ion. sexual selection via female choice can accelerate reproductive isolation in diverging popu  ation and maintenance of male ornaments is supported theoretically and empirically. all theoret  e attractiveness of available males and make a decision about who to mate with. mate choice pla  lity in individual mating behavior that is influenced by environmental factors. this proposal f  ceanicus. i will investigate population-level variation in socially-learned mate choice plastic  ressure on male traits. my postdoctoral work at the university of california, riverside has est  de has established that female crickets can retain information about the attractiveness of call  the attractiveness of calling males and use that information to alter subsequent mating decisio  ion pressure in the wild, which has not been addressed in empirical studies to date. finally, i  ence-mediated plasticity in mate choice can strengthen vs. weaken sexual selection, and will ex  her selection on mate choice plasticity can drive the evolution of reproductive barriers betwee
14206	4	ars of continuous demographic data, and build on previously collected detailed behavioral and p  e national park, uganda. i will closely cooperate with the research team led by prof. raivo män  llo tilgar from zoology department, who work with behavioral and physiological ecology and demo  e been continuously monitored in kibale forest national park since 2004. the background knowled
12335	6	summary objective: to understand and recommend how socio-economic data could be integrated i  d and recommend how socio-economic data could be integrated into the planning of uk marine cons  his will involve an expert workshop and result in the development of socio-economic data-layers  esign is still a developing area. there is a need to consider how such factors should be incorp  dered in the design of mcz networks. it is also expected that the output will identify the key   ify the key datasets which will need to be provided to regional mcz projects as part of selecti
15166	4	oorest known kingdoms. so far, has only been discovered a minimal part of the total estimated n  far, has only been discovered a minimal part of the total estimated number of species that exis   ribosomal genes nucleotidic sequences, seem to demonstrate that only the number of soil-borne   he sequences of 6 nuclear genes, it has been reconstructed the evolutionary tree of fungi struc
14174	1	n by soil invertebrates and the spatial structure of soil communities are necessary to take int
12620	8	is itself sensitive to the way the land is managed, and there is evidence that soils across eng  e way the land is managed, and there is evidence that soils across england and elsewhere have b  hanges in land management. this project is concerned with measures to redress this problem and   age in english soils. four sub-projects are addressed within the project which concentrates on   gaps relating to soil carbon and how it may change with management practices and climatic facto  ing scientists from rothamsted research/north wyke, cranfield university, adas consulting ltd,   . a report will be written for each sub-project with an overall executive summary and main repo  ts of future changes in our climate and land management practices on soil carbon and greenhouse
15148	2	nic carbon cycle this overall objective can be broken down into the following specific objectiv   practices and agricultural systems and soil organic carbon balance. to determine the soil comp
6994	3	liates are single-celled organisms . we have great experience in studying soil ciliates and my   single-celled organisms . we have great experience in studying soil ciliates and my laboratory   s respect unique worldwide. the project is planed for three years, and the financial support ne
227	10	soils the other agricultural activities are limited due to the low agrotechnical bear capabilit  re limited due to the low agrotechnical bear capability of those soils. however, intensive mana  t cover, effective but heavy machinery, are proceeded on grasslands to get high quality fodder.  compaction research, the main attention is paid on the cultivated land and less on grasslands.   e nutrition and productivity of plants, is slightly known. however, as the grassland cultures w  grassland cultures with their extensive root system may reduce the harmful effect of soil compa  ltures with their extensive root system may reduce the harmful effect of soil compaction and im  e harmful effect of soil compaction and improve the soil properties at different fertilization   th the institute of plant nutrition and soil science of christan albrechts university in kiel i  any, where the similar field experiment is established.
13867	4	rsity, species composition, biomass and spore production. disturbed sandy grasslands in south e   impact of disturbance and successional stage on the am fungal community will be studied in ord  rsity, species composition, biomass and spore production of am fungal communities. 2. to invest  signature for am fungi, its measurement can provide an indication of the overall biomass of am
13988	6	in tropical soil the organic matter content decreases and the soil   r than in temperate areas when the land is transferred to agriculture. at the same time the bio  transferred to agriculture. at the same time the biodiversity of soil organismsl decreases. kno  s far from complete. in this project we ask the following questions: how are the communities of  ifferent intesity of soil cultivation - is the soil food web more stable and recilient in soil   rowing crop, and to what extent do they use the dead organic matter as their basic food source
12632	10	ovide an overview of current knowledge, explore potential ways to manage soils in a sustainable  outputs of these sub-projects will also be produced. the overall project will be co-ordinated b   most recent information to augment and update each of the teams' existing knowledge base. the   ss the findings before the final drafts are prepared and submitted to defra for comment. a fina  fits arising from this work will be to: identify the ways that soil biota may be managed to pot  e to: identify the ways that soil biota may be managed to potentially increase soil fertility a  potentially increase soil fertility and reduce external inputs; explore evidence on the impacts   of soil degradation on soil functions; review the costs and benefits of mitigation measures us  asures used to reduce soil erosion; and review the potential impacts of climate change on soil   iterature. this work will significantly enhance the robustness and likely effectiveness of the
14490	5	pled throughout a complete phenological cycle, at two depths, to determine its transient or per   the fate of seeds in the soil. it will allow us to guess the seed output by aging dead and pat  y stages and what environmental factors are involved. the analysis will be completed with the s  ate of seeds, from their maturation and release from the mother plant to the moment they are re  rom the mother plant to the moment they are removed from the soil seed bank, on causes producin
7477	7	bes key soil functions. these functions are defined in the ec soil thematic strategy as essenti  . these functions are defined in the ec soil thematic strategy as essential ecosystem services   pacity, for a prototype simulator at eu-scale to assess soil threats and evaluate approaches to  for natural resources. a key conceptual advance of this project is to quantify soil stocks, the  ompare soil processes and rates as they vary with lithology, climate and land use. these sites   search training programme into a global network of critical zone observatories. this programme   ramme into a global network of critical zone observatories. this programme of research will eng
12605	2	es: 1.to pilot test a non-deterministic approach to influence land management practices that en  ise. 2.to demonstrate that the active c can be used to predict the impact of changes in land us
13350	9	european soil biodiversity is pivotal for delivering food, fiber  gh the impact on ecosystem services and propose how these values can be granted through payment  m services and propose how these values can be granted through payments. soilservice will combi  interdisciplinary empirical studies and soil biodiversity surveys to construct soil food web mo  on to ecosystem services. objectives: • develop methods to value soil ecosystem services during  d temporal scales soil biodiversity and soil ecosystem services are vulnerable to disturbance.   • establishing methods to determine and predict sustainability of ecosystem services at differe  land use such as biofuel production and land abandonment can influence soil biodiversity and ec  l biodiversity to achieve a sustainable use of soils. our results contribute to a european know
14909	1	iology study of two earthworms species, group in which sexual hermaphroditic and parthenogeneti
12405	3	ation on the effects of such underwater noise upon fish, gathered in natural or semi-natural co  ol to forecast effects of anthropogenic noise in marine fauna. this will be the first experimen  n consenting applications. the proposal may lead to more precise valuations in cost-benefit exe
10556	23	distinguishing group members from non-group members underlies a vast array of key animal beha  variation in recognition signals but it is not known how this variation is maintained. inverteb   but it is not known how this variation is maintained. invertebrates, and many vertebrates, pri  brates, and many vertebrates, primarily use chemicals to encode information about an individual  ormation about an individual s species, sex, age or caste, in addition to alarm and trail phero  ion about an individual s species, sex, age or caste, in addition to alarm and trail pheromones   age or caste, in addition to alarm and trail pheromones. ants are among the most dominant anim   most dominant animals in the world and employ particularly rich forms of chemical communicatio  ms of chemical communication since they are social, living in colonies containing tens to milli  both beneficial and pest species, there is little knowledge about the recognition signals they   as first suggested that ant recognition was based on chemical cues present in the waterproof la   of all insects. very recently this has been confirmed by demonstrating that chemicals known as   used in nest mate recognition. we will exploit this recent knowledge to study the genetic and   ition signals. to achieve this, we will conduct behavioural, biochemical, genetic and theoretic  known mound-building wood ants and thus are one of the best studied groups of insects. therefor  ied groups of insects. therefore, there is already a vast wealth of chemical, genetic, spatial   a, especially for f. exsecta, which has being studied over the past 15 years by helsinki univer  rating. to achieve our main aim we will conduct three parallel studies: 1 a biochemical investi  ubject to different conditions. we will use our empirical data to avoid previous problems assoc  rvation. firstly, in the uk, f. exsecta is a category 1 threatened species, so we will provide   tegory 1 threatened species, so we will provide vital information and expertise to underpin the  o we will provide vital information and expertise to underpin the species conservation. secondl  ince the chemicals we are investigating are synthesised by almost all invertebrates.
11286	23	distinguishing group members from non-group members underlies a vast array of key animal beha  variation in recognition signals but it is not known how this variation is maintained. inverteb   but it is not known how this variation is maintained. invertebrates, and many vertebrates, pri  brates, and many vertebrates, primarily use chemicals to encode information about an individual  ormation about an individual s species, sex, age or caste, in addition to alarm and trail phero  ion about an individual s species, sex, age or caste, in addition to alarm and trail pheromones   age or caste, in addition to alarm and trail pheromones. ants are among the most dominant anim   most dominant animals in the world and employ particularly rich forms of chemical communicatio  ms of chemical communication since they are social, living in colonies containing tens to milli  both beneficial and pest species, there is little knowledge about the recognition signals they   as first suggested that ant recognition was based on chemical cues present in the waterproof la   of all insects. very recently this has been confirmed by demonstrating that chemicals known as   used in nest mate recognition. we will exploit this recent knowledge to study the genetic and   ition signals. to achieve this, we will conduct behavioural, biochemical, genetic and theoretic  known mound-building wood ants and thus are one of the best studied groups of insects. therefor  ied groups of insects. therefore, there is already a vast wealth of chemical, genetic, spatial   a, especially for f. exsecta, which has being studied over the past 15 years by helsinki univer  rating. to achieve our main aim we will conduct three parallel studies: 1 a biochemical investi  ubject to different conditions. we will use our empirical data to avoid previous problems assoc  rvation. firstly, in the uk, f. exsecta is a category 1 threatened species, so we will provide   tegory 1 threatened species, so we will provide vital information and expertise to underpin the  o we will provide vital information and expertise to underpin the species conservation. secondl  ince the chemicals we are investigating are synthesised by almost all invertebrates.
11246	10	rates, carbon dioxide will reach nearly triple the pre-industrial concentrations by the end of   ations by the end of this century. this is expected to raise global mean temperatures to a leve  ntury. this is expected to raise global mean temperatures to a level not seen for more than 32   est assessment of the intergovernmental panel on climate change, the high latitudes will experi  ing of potential changes that our world may undergo in the future, it is vital to study environ  our world may undergo in the future, it is vital to study environmental changes during past war  lution pollen analyses with global data-model comparison, this proposed study will foster a dee  icating weakness and strength, the data-model comparison will also contribute to the improvemen  th, the data-model comparison will also contribute to the improvement of climate models that we  e improvement of climate models that we rely upon for simulating future climate change.
13536	8	stigate whether sown wild flower strips can act as dispersal corridors for flying insects as bu   as butterflies and bumblebees and thus have an effect on species diversity in nearby grassland  n nearby grasslands. wild flower strips are sown by farmers in switzerland and in other europea  y whether these sown wild flower strips can function as corridors in the chosen area in switzer  idors in the chosen area in switzerland is very suitable, since the strips are very similar in   x. in this project several factors that can influence the possible use of these strips by the s   insect behaviour and carrying out mark-release, recapture experiments. the field data will be   a model of metacommunity dynamics which is expected to provide useful information on the import
1941	1	wetlands host a large amount of characteristic biological diversity of, and t
464	3	and the existing development plans only take into account partial data. in the comoro islands,   tional parks for preservation; hence it is necessary to conduct scientific studies on the funct  tments, and young phd students. it will favour the north-south partnership as well as the south
7223	3	nisms and the existing management plans do not take into account partial data. . the government  esearchers to advance their careers and get a place in the global concert of scientific researc  r careers and get a place in the global concert of scientific research. . it promotes north-sou
15263	1	sed conservation, including an adequate network of protected steppe areas and the development a
13461	8	in territorial species, social ecology can explain territorial dynamics, distribution and colo  uency is lower. in this project we will test the hypotheses: 1 lynx and wolverine have a satura  sal from a local population will mainly occur when it is saturated. 2 territory settlement foll  al population will mainly occur when it is saturated. 2 territory settlement follows a despotic   territories will be occupied first. we predict that dispersing females will occupy the nearest  ory, and the death of a female will not influence local density as she will be quickly replaced  not influence local density as she will be quickly replaced by a female from the neighbourhood.  cted, the number of predators might not decrease in high-density areas and the intended conflic
12447	3	summary objective: determine the key biological and hydrographical process   recruitment of scallops in the english channel, and the potential consequences of climate chan  ing the research. key customer purpose: enhance the ability of cefas to deliver specific advice
2146	5	curs. these small streams can therefore be of great importance for the production of salmon. we  streams , in which the same methodology is used to study interactions between salmon, brown tro  d to study interactions between salmon, brown trout and brook trout. models of competition para  actions between salmon, brown trout and brook trout. models of competition parameters from west  ge from this system will have important value for managers planning habitat restoration project
10207	4	we propose to use the rov isis to determine the spatial va   to determine the spatial variation and fine resolution of zonation of megabenthos over a ~3000  ations of the deep antarctic fauna have been made to abyssal depths so the use of isis to carry  que. this proposal is timely as the rov is committed to antarctic science and this proposal wil
13559	8	ty, and applies this to the study of no-take areas for tropical forest wildlife. the effects of   by comparing data on game harvest, and catch per unit of effort, previously collected in a 100  g. the interactions between hunters and game species will be theoretically explored using dynam  ings will be applied to the study of no-take areas as a means for wildlife management in tropic  tropical forests. the effects of two no-take areas set aside in the study are in 2003 and 2005,   2003 and 2005, respectively, will also be empirically assessed by collecting data on game harv  parison between before and after the no-take areas were set aside.   ween before and after the no-take areas were set aside.
1940	2	sity in the semi-natura1 dutch wetlands is influenced by a complex of factors, ranging from , a  man disturbances. this in turn can then be linked to the economic model and analysis, a11owing
15485	1	only recently if culpeos . we will also address equivalent predictions regarding spatial behavi
15016	9	the climate change will have important effect on the dynamic of mountain ecosystems, rather th  mposing entities of the systems need to be integrated along temporal and spatial scales. the fo  nd sustainability of the ecosystems and present a rapid response that can be use to model the c   valley. our priority is to detect long-term structural changes or drift in mountain ecosystems   detect long-term structural changes or drift in mountain ecosystems before transition triggers  efore transition triggers occurs and it is too late to prevent irreversible degradation. the an  al traits of the plant species. we will use vegetation patches that vary in size, isolation and  ge of the oldest woody species. we will investigate how high hierarchical levels constraints th   ecological processes. finally, we will develop of methodology to identify dominant plant speci
12446	2	ovements of edible crabs in the english channel at local and regional scales, to provide the ba  el. these underpin stock assessment and determine the spatial scales at which management measur
2113	15	inuous spatial distributions of habitat may be applied to explain the spatial distribution of a  ibution of a species with high economic value - the moose. continuous habitat distributions may  moose. continuous habitat distributions may be estimated from spatial data for instance by the   at habitat. compared to the traditional use of discrete point- or grid cell estimates, continuo  ared to the traditional use of discrete point- or grid cell estimates, continuous habitat distr  e traditional use of discrete point- or grid cell estimates, continuous habitat distributions h  moothing out missing observations; 2 it is partly independent of arbitrary choice of spatial re  hole aspect of the landscape mosaic and may therefore give better predictability to the spatial   i will further extrapolate the spatial model into larger areas to study the predictability of   ctual landowner configuration will then be used to study the spatial economics of the species a  l economics of the species and how this may vary through various changes of the landscape. the    changes of the landscape. the economic profit for each landowner dependent on how the various   andowners manage their habitat may then be studied by applying game theory. i will develop thes  ts at the alaska department of fish and game, fairbanks, where i plan to stay for a 10 month pe  e knowledge of the ecological system to be studied will be elaborated through researchers worki
10347	4	stance at microsatellite loci and multi-site mrr data. further integration of ecological and mo  ion of ecological and molecular methods is aimed at quantifying and understanding the determina  mes. this latter objective will in part be achieved through genetic analysis of museum specimen  e of genetic diversity. at the european scale microsatellites will be used to describe the phyl
10541	20	as food or breeding sites. this process is called density-dependence, and it has been a core th  ology for decades, not least because it is pivotal to understanding how populations might respo  ulations might respond to environmental change, such as habitat loss or changes in climate. we    habitat loss or changes in climate. we know that density-dependence occurs in populations acro   across a wide range of species, but we have a rather limited idea of the processes involved. t  ecisions about their conservation often lack density-dependence, or make strong assumptions abo  ation often lack density-dependence, or make strong assumptions about the mechanisms involved.   als in spatially variable environments, even though theory predicts that these will play a key   ey role in density-dependence. also, it is increasingly recognized that behaviours that are sen  e for individuals to adopt because they leave more offspring do not necessarily lead to best po  leave more offspring do not necessarily lead to best possible population-level performance. for  sarily lead to best possible population-level performance. for improved ecological understandin  derstanding of population processes, it is therefore essential to form a link between individua  ispersal decisions and their population-level consequences. one way such links may operate is t  an increasing proportion of individuals are forced to occupy poor quality habitat as a populati   widespread in vertebrates. however, we have a limited idea about the individual dispersal deci  wth or persistence. in this project, we propose to address these issues using a mix of theoreti  al and empirical approaches, the latter being based on one of the most complete long-term datas   based on one of the most complete long-term datasets available on a vertebrate population expl  d density-dependence, and a theoretical framework for linking dispersal to population dynamics.
14539	5	etween soil layers carried out by roots may have an important role in arid ecosystems where wat  ortant for establishment and because it could extend the growth season, and influence the water   it could extend the growth season, and influence the water balance of other species. we propos   productivity, biological diversity and plant-plant interactions in arid ecosystems.   ctivity, biological diversity and plant-plant interactions in arid ecosystems.
11748	3	r investigation at stirling. there will be a two-way skill transfer as i will gain intimate kno   interdisciplinary applied research and provide the foundations for long-term collaborations an  ch and provide the foundations for long-term collaborations and future proposals.
15273	4	has two main objectives. first, we will use spatial point pattern analysis to infer the effects  es on the assembling of communities. we must develop new tools and appropriate frameworks to de   to test most of the raised hypotheses, task 7.1 proposes and develops a spatial sampling desig   patterns, now at days these are almost absent from the ecological literature, probably because
11510	10	while viral diseases, such as foot and mouth, and bacterial pathogens, like leaf blight, are a   bacterial pathogens, like leaf blight, are a major threat to our food supply. similarly, infec  s diseases are widespread in nature and pose a severe threat to our environment. since these di   widespread in nature and pose a severe threat to our environment. since these diseases cause s   since these diseases cause significant harm to their plant or animal hosts they, like all othe  l hosts they, like all other organisms, evolve through time. the ability of bacterial pathogens   i am using these two systems so that i can compare the interaction between bacteria and phage   ry experiments, allowing me to directly investigate the process and implications of coevolution  will be critical to evaluating the long-term implications of phage therapy as a mechanism for c  esearch will emphasise that coevolution is often more complex than simple, two species interact
10308	17	it is estimated that there is up to 50million species on e               it is estimated that there is up to 50million species on earth. understanding what  stems. as a consequence many ecologists are focussed at understanding this problem. one of the   nciple states that if 2 species greatly share the same resources then one, the stronger competi  ectare of tropical rainforest will soon show that many hundreds of very similar species can occ  t many hundreds of very similar species can occur in the same habitat. this diversity is not ju  ust a property of tropical rainforests; even a metre square of grassland on a derbyshire hillsi  land on a derbyshire hillside in the uk can hold over 30 separate species of plant. ecologists   ire hillside in the uk can hold over 30 separate species of plant. ecologists have long recogni  the mathematical models used to try and understand what processes shape and maintain plant comm   that is able to do this, has only just been developed. much of my recent work has been in deve  rguably the mathematical toolbox is now ready to be applied to such difficult problems in ecolo  he mathematical toolbox is now ready to be applied to such difficult problems in ecology. my pr  ucture is important and if heteromyopia is an important process in maintaining diversity. secon  ant and if heteromyopia is an important process in maintaining diversity. secondly, i will cons  myopia emerge. this new theory can then be tested with the forest data to see if any of the new   understanding of how high biodiversity is maintained in the face of intense competition for li
11406	17	it is estimated that there is up to 50million species on e               it is estimated that there is up to 50million species on earth. understanding what  stems. as a consequence many ecologists are focussed at understanding this problem. one of the   nciple states that if 2 species greatly share the same resources then one, the stronger competi  ectare of tropical rainforest will soon show that many hundreds of very similar species can occ  t many hundreds of very similar species can occur in the same habitat. this diversity is not ju  ust a property of tropical rainforests; even a metre square of grassland on a derbyshire hillsi  land on a derbyshire hillside in the uk can hold over 30 separate species of plant. ecologists   ire hillside in the uk can hold over 30 separate species of plant. ecologists have long recogni  the mathematical models used to try and understand what processes shape and maintain plant comm   that is able to do this, has only just been developed. much of my recent work has been in deve  rguably the mathematical toolbox is now ready to be applied to such difficult problems in ecolo  he mathematical toolbox is now ready to be applied to such difficult problems in ecology. my pr  ucture is important and if heteromyopia is an important process in maintaining diversity. secon  ant and if heteromyopia is an important process in maintaining diversity. secondly, i will cons  myopia emerge. this new theory can then be tested with the forest data to see if any of the new   understanding of how high biodiversity is maintained in the face of intense competition for li
2207	15	gree management of wildlife, especially harvest, in the forest ecosystem can rely on spatial dy  cially harvest, in the forest ecosystem can rely on spatial dynamics. related uncertainties of   f spatial management will theoretically be addressed in modeling tools. from the very beginning  edish areas. cpue could be an important tool for local hunters in spatial management systems. a  trial projects impact and monitoring we aim to develop a system that can exert additional contr  itoring we aim to develop a system that can exert additional control via monitoring of the harv  elop a system that can exert additional control via monitoring of the harvest and catch-per-uni  ntrol via monitoring of the harvest and catch-per-unit effort. our work will be closely integra  ct and values and welfare with which we interchange data and assess the application of models.   fare with which we interchange data and assess the application of models. the goals ate to: • i  lication of models. the goals ate to: • integrate spatially structured population dynamics to d  cs to determine the appropriate spatial level of management for wildlife. species – specific pr  usage will be given special interest. • develop guidelines for spatial management with special   protected areas given a certain size. • evaluate the appropriate size of management areas for w  spatial requirements. this will as well be done in cooperation with local and regional stakehol
7686	8	future agri-environmental policies and contribute to reduce vulnerability landscapes. to meet   nse to this third after diva meddtl, we propose to map the wooded green belt high spatial resol  act of vat on public policies will also be assessed from the bottom and are an important part o  ll also be assessed from the bottom and are an important part of our study. they relate firstly  ed from the bottom and are an important part of our study. they relate firstly analyzes of loca  re an important part of our study. they relate firstly analyzes of local and regional joints li  ean directive and inspires the european landscape convention. moreover, we question the appropr  pean landscape convention. moreover, we question the appropriation of tvahr by local stakeholde
2032	7	rom different institutes. together they address the question what the spatial scales of marine    these scales when marine resources are being exploited. we intend to work on: 1. a comparative  arine resources are being exploited. we intend to work on: 1. a comparative study of population  sh species these four projects together cover several aspects of the spatial scale of the popul  er cover several aspects of the spatial scale of the population structure of marine organisms a  ation structure of marine organisms and relate these to aspects of the spatial scale of the exp   relate these to aspects of the spatial scale of the exploitation of marine living resources.
15531	6	functioning of mediterranean drylands is limited by water availability and is increasingly th  ds is limited by water availability and is increasingly threatened by land use and climate chan  nvestigate how both spatial pattern and plant diversity determine ecosystem functioning in fire  nce against disturbances, and will also evaluate carbon sequestration potential through the ana  of a coordinated project that will also investigate the relationships between plant pattern and  is to provide useful and scientifically-sound information to managers that help designing and a
10272	13	system. a keynote lecture at a recent, major international lake science conference presented c  s a result, wind speeds measured in mid-lake locations, which are typically where lake meteorol  ch are typically where lake meteorology is sampled, do not appear to be appropriate to use in c  ally where lake meteorology is sampled, do not appear to be appropriate to use in calculating t  eory more fully, and will significantly enhance our ability to predict this key variable in sma  is key variable in small lakes. it will do so by measuring diffusivity using a temperature micr  1mm, from which profiles of diffusivity can be calculated using established methods. by measuri  r a range of meteorological and ambient water stratification conditions, we will build a data s  ater stratification conditions, we will build a data set that we will then be able to anlayse t  will build a data set that we will then be able to anlayse to determine how wind fetch variatio   wind fetch variations affect turbulent eddy diffusivity in lakes under a wide variety of condi  ide variety of conditions. thus we will develop a robust ability to determine the correct way i  rements to calculate vertical turbulent eddy diffusivity in small lakes.
14931	4	e house mouse, mus musculus domesticus, constitute excelent natural models to study the evoluti  an groups found in the hybrid zone, and evaluate differentiation degree between these latters.   between the observed patterns will also be evaluated. finally, for each structure, the covariat   morphological differentiation observed is determined by stochastic processes or due to natural
15282	10	a-nw africa, e. africa and w. asia have been recognized for nearly a century, in what has been   nized for nearly a century, in what has been called the rand flora pattern. many plant groups h  d flora pattern. many plant groups have been proposed to have this disjunct distribution on the  . several alternative explanations have been proposed for the origin of this enigmatic distribu  attern statistically and across a large sample of plant lineages. as part of a coordinated proj  eae: kickxia. some of these groups have been studied in the past by our research team, so we ha  in the past by our research team, so we have an initial phylogeny that we aim to complete , and  so we have an initial phylogeny that we aim to complete , and the appearance of evolutionary in  innovations. for this, we will complete/compile new data on possible morphological/ecophysiolog  f the studied groups to disperse and/or diversify, such as new reproductive strategies, dispers
15169	3	ence of other plant-animal interactions may restrict the recruitment. 5.- the study of seed ban   environmental conditions, particularly soil properties, are responsible for change patterns ra  nditions, particularly soil properties, are responsible for change patterns rather than the tim
14684	4	two different spatial scale. at a large scale, the vegetation changes that have taken place in   he dynamics of the dune system. it will allow to elaborate dynamic maps of processes, suitable    production and viability, predispersal seed predation, seed rain, postdispersal seed predation  eed predation, seed rain, postdispersal seed predation, germination, establishment and survival
2128	12	s of introductions of new species. once alien pest species have become established in their new  blished in their new habitats, they may be extremely difficult to eradicate, and the costs of d  of spread and establishment of invasive forest pests, using the norway spruce - bark beetle sys  , such as aggressive bark beetles, that may prove to be a serious setback for forestry. our pre  species occur in imported shipments and may hibernate at timber storages. in this project we in   at timber storages. in this project we intend to assess the potential spread and impact of ali  tend to assess the potential spread and impact of alien bark beetles. because direct experiment  uced species are too dangerous, we will use a combination of data analysis and modelling. we ha  ling. we have brought together a strong team of researchers with the necessary complementary ex  possible changes in import routines and forest management that may reduce the spread and establ  ort routines and forest management that may reduce the spread and establishment of damaging and  nd establishment of damaging and costly forest pests.
2507	2	political as well as scientific debate being developed in dialogue with the oil industry by a   rine research institutions. the project is expected to generate new insight into the spatiotemp
7392	2	r systems where the host specialization may play an important role. this project will focus on   lia flowing between seabirds and ixodes tick uriae, specifically on the comparison of the varia
10012	2	richest freshwater ecosystems on earth, are regarded as biodiversity hotspots. fascination with  ndreds of endemic species. as such they provide natural experimental settings in which to study
11312	15	contain many more species than others, while some environments are a hotbed for promoting uniq  sidered to be hotspots of biodiversity, are such environments and provide evolutionary biologis  biodiversity, are such environments and provide evolutionary biologists with a unique opportuni  rine and riverine environments, it will be possible to not only further our knowledge of proces  nments, it will be possible to not only further our knowledge of processes leading to species r  current patterns of biodiversity, which may help us make future predictions regarding biodivers  s synodontis, containing c.120 species, is selected here, to investigate the factors influencin  hips. this will be important as it will enable us to determine if certain species groups evolve  ents happened faster than in rivers. we are also interested to see whether there might be morph  o interested to see whether there might be morphological differences in body shape for example,  ferent aquatic realms. finally, we will examine geographic patterns to test whether tectonic ri  ish. the results of this study can then be compared with other freshwater faunas in order to fi  ne diversification in this species-rich group, as we are fortunate that the majority of tissue   ation in this species-rich group, as we are fortunate that the majority of tissue samples are c  ate that the majority of tissue samples are collected and available to begin work upon.
11626	14	to dispersal in the marine environment, are traditionally considered to result in infrequent or  y considered to result in infrequent or slow speciation. yet, paradoxically, diversity within t  ical oceans, particularly among shallow-water invertebrates, is often extremely high. understan  arly among shallow-water invertebrates, is often extremely high. understanding how this diversi  or goal of evolutionary biologists, and is the main focus of this proposal. it is proposed to g   is the main focus of this proposal. it is proposed to generate the first molecular phylogeny f   marine tropics. 1 mode of speciation - is there evidence of sympatric speciation in marine bro  ropics. 1 mode of speciation - is there evidence of sympatric speciation in marine broadcast sp  differ between coastlines and islands 3 rate of speciation - did plio-pleistocene glaciations l  on in the rate of speciation of shallow-water marine organisms 4 evolution of the indo-west pac  arine organisms 4 evolution of the indo-west pacific - are modern indo-west pacific taxa the re   4 evolution of the indo-west pacific - are modern indo-west pacific taxa the result of a singl  the indo-west pacific - are modern indo-west pacific taxa the result of a single radiation in s  esult of a single radiation in situ, or are they remnants of a widespread tethyan community
15159	4	after the publication of his emblematic book about the origin of species, investigating speciat   and pomatomus the chrosomomic barriers are known. we will investigate the present ecological b  chrosomomic barriers are known. we will investigate the present ecological barriers as well as   ing the main processes that promote and maintain speciation in these genera
10325	1	, the outcome will allow the subsequent direct empirical testing of the underlying ecological a
11438	5	sexual reproduction is thought to be a major factor explaining why life com   why life comes in discrete packages we call species, but evidence has been sparse. we will inv  , but evidence has been sparse. we will investigate the macro-evolutionary consequences of sex   de of metazoans, the bdelloids. we will combine a detailed survey of mitochondrial and nuclear   survey of mitochondrial and nuclear dna sequence diversity of individuals from a range of habit
13758	9	sely related taxa meet and occasionally interbreed, provide important insights into the evoluti   taxa meet and occasionally interbreed, provide important insights into the evolutionary proces  of sister-species allows us to not only understand the types of barriers that prevent newly div  tors allowing the two populations to co-exist without one species being out-competed by the oth  of our understanding of speciation, and are vital to the successful management of biodiversity.  s. given recent advances in theoretical work, and molecular tools and techniques, the availabil  ilability of a perfect avian australian model system promises to offer a diversity of novel, ex  ights into how biodiversity evolves and is maintained. through highly controlled manipulations   s with ecologically similar needs to co-exist
2465	7	he speciation debate. speciation theory is based mainly on research on animals and plants and l  search on animals and plants and little is known whether fungi conform to general models of spe  eciation. four different boreal/nemoral wood-decay species complexes based on multilocus dna da  ion. four different boreal/nemoral wood-decay species complexes based on multilocus dna dataset  somal incongruence. in this way we also want to illuminate to what extent the frequently used p   extent the frequently used pre-zygotic clamp connection formation criterion reflects reproduct  bprojects. we seek funding for one 100% post doc research position.
10826	3	obal rates of speciation and extinction are estimated, in a comparison of assemblages of the wo  h america, india and australia. species-level phylogenies are the primary basis for these estim  ghput sequencing will be used to firmly establish relationships at different hierarchical level
15222	2	model transferibility. 5. to adapt and apply a thermic energy model for a reptile species, tim  ninsula in different climate change and land-use change scenarios, reasonably transferible to s
13574	13	ern agricultural landscape. however, it is increasingly clear that an understanding of the proc   landscape. however, it is increasingly clear that an understanding of the processes that maint  nding of the processes that maintain or deplete species diversity requires a temporal as well a  t of species-diverse grasslands need to be based on an understanding of interactions between th  mation on local landscape structure and land-use change over the last three centuries. we will    over the last three centuries. we will use this study system to evaluate different statistical  tion of grassland connectivity. we will assess the extent to which different connectivity descr  ptors, applied to modern and historical landscape data, are significant predictors of present d  o modern and historical landscape data, are significant predictors of present diversity. field   e will be used to create individual and composite dispersal profiles for grassland species and   s and species assemblages. we will then relate these profiles to species-presence/diversity in    the modern landscape. finally, we will assess the relative importance of past/present spatial    assess the relative importance of past/present spatial connectivity and dispersal characterist
9914	2	this proposal is submitted as a pilot project for a proof of concept   ar to engage in reciprocal replacement; use of the third species, the native a. campestre, test
6957	7	rst study group of this project we will examine male song character distributions in natural po  in natural populations of phaneropterid bush-crickets. then female preferences will be measured   will be presented with male songs that are modified regarding the examined song characters and  ation between song character values and mate-quality related male features will be examined dur  ipulation experiments. in a third study-group the effects of female condition, age, mating hist  -group the effects of female condition, age, mating history on female preference function prope  ies will be examined. in a fourth study-group geographic variation in male song characters and
11765	1	ons. furthermore, previous research has been concerned largely with changes at species cool ran
10808	7	there is, quite rightly, much concern expressed over the futu  expressed over the future of animal and plant species; for example the decline in farmland bird  insects. however, each species does not exist in isolation. instead, one species interacts with  er species, and those species, in turn, interact with yet others and so they form highly comple  n, interact with yet others and so they form highly complex ecological networks, such as food w  rks, such as food webs. usually studies are focussed on either species or whole networks, but i   examining the effects of environmental change on biodiversity consider only individual species
14516	3	only recently it has been discovered the existence of a wide range of parasi  es infecting ostriches and rheas. there is an important lack of knowledge on most of them, spec  riches and rheas. there is an important lack of knowledge on most of them, specially in relatio
14771	4	ting the running birds, or ratites, has been brought to light only in the last years. however,    only in the last years. however, there are few data about the protozoa parasiting them, and ma  iting them, and mainly in ostriches. we have recently proposed new and noted the possible exist  ogical interest in its own; new species could be discovered and the biological data and taxonom
15456	5	ved in nature responds to a complex and long-term evolutionary process resulting in the differe  n nature responds to a complex and long-term evolutionary process resulting in the differentiat   and organismal levels. such complexity is constrained by the correct configuration, regulation  n of the genetic material, whose access is regulated by the chromatin metabolism , focused towa   of okadaic acid on the response to dna damage, in which the ip participated as part of the res
11380	5	he mechanistic consequences of seasonal time constraints is important because it will provide t  onstraints is important because it will provide the foundation on which to build seasonality in  . i have focused on immune function and condition because these physiological traits are intima  ts are intimately linked to fitness and are affected by species interactions. the project will   the effects of predators, parasites and prey on investment in immunity and condition.
2503	5	50 years, and several restrictions have been made to lobster fisheries already. new regulations  ster fisheries already. new regulations are suggested, such as reduced time window for pot-fish  s, moratoria on berried females, and no-take marine protected areas . in addition, we plan to p  arine protected areas . in addition, we plan to perform an evolutionary assessment of how harve  ing pressure and particular regulations may lead to long term adaptive changes in lobsters.
11181	2	will be tested against the idea that it is a form of copulatory courtship. debate on the relati  esearch interest, although progress has been impeded by difficulties of distinguishing post-cop
10438	6	aternity with every mating opportunity, even at a cost to his mating partners fertility. in nau   pregnancy to enforce monogamy and thus ensure paternity of the female s first clutch of eggs.   f the female s first clutch of eggs. we propose to study the role of the spermatophore size in   providing any sperm to females. we also propose to examine the possible evolutionary responses   female receptivity during pregnancy. we predict that females, having limited options available   scaping from male manipulation, will co-operate with males to maximise fertility even though li
14630	3	matophyte evolution and diversification is tested. five taxonomic and biologically diverse gene  xonomic and biologically diverse genera are selected as models: hypochaeris . these genera have   cytogenetic and reproductive processes are studied in these genera. data obtained will allow u
13351	3	though conservation and the sustainable use of biodiversity are fundamental requisites of human  re fundamental requisites of human well-being, the biodiversity issue raises unprecedented chal  inability policy. the project will also provide an opportunity for the main actual or potential
7556	1	in the case of sunflower which can then be applied to natural situations
12567	4	on the implications for fish stocks and fish welfare. the principal concern is the unregulated    rivers and lakes of angling baits that may contain chemicals and pathogens . the information w  endangered species. the study will also support the implementation of the water framework direc  hrough an understanding of the role and impact of different sources of pollutants within the aq
6721	8	ect focuses both the native components /rock grasslands/ and a man made component /austrian pin  nds/ and a man made component /austrian pine plantations/ of the dolomite vegetation in central  ey of the pine stands by fraxinus ornus is obvious, the ecological plstocity of f. ornus need t  s, the ecological plstocity of f. ornus need to be studied, because this tree is probably a suc  cological plstocity of f. ornus need to be studied, because this tree is probably a successful   s of the regeneration process will also be investigated, partly in cooperation with the kew gar   used for short term effects detection, while for long term effect evaluation space for time su   evaluation space for time substitution is planned.
6914	11	lant species, in which the nectar stock can be exhausted. what is the density dependent evoluti  is the density dependent evolutionarily stable food preference in case of a three-level food ch  able food preference in case of a three-level food chain, when do evolutionarily-ecologically s  in, when do evolutionarily-ecologically stable food preferences exist, if choosing different pr  s represent different risks for the non-top predators let us consider a one predator-two prey s   in the habitat where food is abundant, while in the safe habitat the food is scarce. the quest   question is: what are the evolutionary stable habitat choices elaborate an evolutionary-ecolog  libria of paleontology and evolutionary game theory. the second part of the project is aimed at   theory. the second part of the project is aimed at the set-up of such a complex game-theoretic  t-up of such a complex game-theoretical model concerning social animals, in which the reproduct   and ranking conflicts within the group can be taken into consideration at the same time.
15266	8	rent aridity with future climate change is expected to particularly threaten forest ecosystems   to climate changes in the mediterranean is to characterize past changes in precipitation and it   the holocene are well described, there is a lack of information on its spatial variability. th  onmental variables affecting forest and crop species. however, certain uncertainties in isotopi   plants have raised in recent years and need to be addressed to provide a better interpretation  have raised in recent years and need to be addressed to provide a better interpretation of pala  xplore the use of other non-traditional stable isotopes the water and nutrient status and yield  topes the water and nutrient status and yield of main cultivated crops during this period.
15265	3	rent aridity with future climate change is expected to particularly threaten forest ecosystems   to climate changes in the mediterranean is to characterize past changes in precipitation and it   the holocene are well described, there is a lack of information on its spatial variability. th
12349	5	ives the study aims are to: ·review and evaluate the ability of currently applied or recommende  urrently applied or recommended benthic survey strategies to detect and monitor the anticipated  benthic survey strategies to detect and monitor the anticipated diffuse and subtle effects of w  in sediment and biological conditions. ·develop guidance for government and developers on suita   represent a new industry and therefore have a limited track record of understanding actual env
2458	19	logy have revealed that most phenotypes are controlled by highly complex and interactive gene n  istically defined additive effects, and treat gene interactions as featureless and non-conseque  ess and non-consequential noise. recent research in population genetics has, however, made it c  pulation genetics has, however, made it clear that systematic gene interactions can have profou  clear that systematic gene interactions can have profound effects on evolutionary dynamics. thi  pistasis and pleiotropy. although there is much data that can be used for this purpose, there i  tropy. although there is much data that can be used for this purpose, there is a lack of approp  hat can be used for this purpose, there is a lack of appropriate statistical methodology. in th  istical methodology. in this project we seek to develop and apply statistical methods to study    in this project we seek to develop and apply statistical methods to study genetic architecture  genetic architecture. in particular, we focus on estimating general patterns of epistasis and p  loci analysis. existing qtl methodology is designed to find the positions of single genes with   of single genes with major effects, and is not well suited to study genetic architectures with   es with many weak interactions. we will develop statistical methods for qtl analysis that are a  atistical methods for qtl analysis that are aimed at estimating composite effects over many gen  tions of individual genes. we will also develop methods to utilize artificial-selection data. a  n about genetic architecture, but there is little formal statistical methodology available to e  ailable to extract this information. we plan to develop likelihood methods to test hypotheses a  icists and agricultural scientists, and may lead to new insights into the complex relationship
11778	6	y reported on how much or how little we know about the links between environmental policy measu  mental policy measures and their actual impact in the environment and observed that much of the  e impact of environmental measures thus risk assessment becomes a key driver of regulation, wit  s involved and the scale of outcomes to be achieved. environment agencies and other ngo s regul   public debates on these issues need to be informed by presentation of existing data along with  many factors, including climate change, interact to produce a complex environmental signal maki
11210	6	or each session will be the same and it is proposed to run the two sessions approximately 6 mon  ions.for each themed module, there will be an expository lecture on the statistical methodology  med module, there will be an expository lecture on the statistical methodology followed by a se  rial and the opportunity to discuss and apply the techniques introduced in the master classes.   amples and a number of case studies who are statistically numerate but not expert. the course w  r of case studies who are statistically numerate but not expert. the course will give a detaile
14576	3	t of the global enviromental change and are viewed as one of the most important determinants of  y at a global scale. in this project we focus on one invasive ant species, the argentine ant ,   nest entrances opening process. we will obtain also data for establish the actual status of arg
7317	12	component of european biodiversity, and provide vital ecosystem services to crops and wild plan  he nature and extent of these declines, examine functional traits associated with particular ri  traits associated with particular risk, develop a red list of some european pollinator groups,   llinator groups, in particular bees and lay the groundwork for future pollinator monitoring pro  tor monitoring programmes. we will also assess the relative importance of potential drivers of   ragmentation, agrichemicals, pathogens, alien species, light pollution, and their interactions.  grichemicals, pathogens, alien species, light pollution, and their interactions. we will measur  lution, and their interactions. we will measure the ecological and economic impacts of declinin  ding effects on wild plant populations, crop production and human nutrition. step will review e  fill gaps in current knowledge. we will integrate our findings in a policy-relevant framework,   grate our findings in a policy-relevant framework, creating evidence-based decision support too  ed decision support tools. we will also establish communication links to a wide range of stakeh
13352	12	component of european biodiversity, and provide vital ecosystem services to crops and wild plan  he nature and extent of these declines, examine functional traits associated with particular ri  traits associated with particular risk, develop a red list of some european pollinator groups,   llinator groups, in particular bees and lay the groundwork for future pollinator monitoring pro  tor monitoring programmes. we will also assess the relative importance of potential drivers of   ragmentation, agrichemicals, pathogens, alien species, light pollution, and their interactions.  grichemicals, pathogens, alien species, light pollution, and their interactions. we will measur  lution, and their interactions. we will measure the ecological and economic impacts of declinin  ding effects on wild plant populations, crop production and human nutrition. step will review e  fill gaps in current knowledge. we will integrate our findings in a policy-relevant framework,   grate our findings in a policy-relevant framework, creating evidence-based decision support too  ed decision support tools. we will also establish communication links to a wide range of stakeh
15070	3	rphology and behaviour. furthermore, we know that females are able to modify this hormonal depo  ncept of a life-history phenotype which could be modified by variation in egg hormone levels. w   by variation in egg hormone levels. we use the term of life-history phenotype to describe the
2127	2	ogical adaptation, which may ultimately result in speciation in the threespined stickleback. th  sion of candidate genes, including heat-shock proteins and prolactin genes, will be studied on
10673	3	e terrestrial mammal species on ireland were introduced. however, to test for the possibility o  ng britain and ireland. the most recent source area for irish stoats and their divergence from   ion will depend on whether irish stoats are shown to be native or introduced.
11538	8	biosphere. these changes in populations can occur at a local, very small scale or at larger sca  ations can occur at a local, very small scale or at larger scales such as regions. it remains u   landscapes in which predators and prey are allowed to move and interact. we will monitor the c  e allowed to move and interact. we will monitor the consequences of these interactions in terms   changes in numbers of each species. it is equally important to know what the consequences of d  ractions. for example, how are predator-prey interactions affected by different environments wh  pecies if these environments change and are unpredictable exploring how these external, environ  rk with mathematical modelling, we will gain important insights into a broad class of processes
2098	2	n scandinavia. this approach will al so enable us to quantitatively examine the validity of the   will al so enable us to quantitatively examine the validity of the assumption of neutrality in
7244	1	nds the incoming and outgoing flows and determine carbon sequestration in the soil c. the proje
12357	3	oject aims to collate and strategically review these reports before comparing its findings agai  ure monitoring. key customer purpose it is important to gain an overall picture of the effects   ther development. the project will also be an update to the april 2007 ospar current state of k
12422	1	r the eu msfd in a coordinated way, and contribute to work within ospar and europe to deliver e
15368	2	nstitutes a threatened population. this could be benefited with the use of a genetic resource b  s to the sorting diluents. our proposal could be used as a model for the validation of protocol
11090	11	webs and in the intertidal region, also play a key role in stabilising sediments. frequently, d  bilising sediments. frequently, diatoms are exposed to irradiances in excess of those required   amage and, ultimately, cell death if it is not dissipated by mechanisms other than photosynthes  heir light harvesting systems so energy is lost as heat. however, in some situations, this mech  some situations, this mechanism may not be sufficient to deal with all of the excess energy and  energy and under these circumstances it is possible for reactive oxygen species to be produced.  possible for reactive oxygen species to be produced. if allowed to accumulate in cells, these r  lowed to accumulate in cells, these ros damage cell membranes, proteins and dna and eventually   branes, proteins and dna and eventually lead to cell death. all photosynthetic organisms posses  d the efficiency with which that damage is repaired. the proposed research aims to clarify thes  nthesis and damage repair. we will also measure the activity of ros scavenging and damage repai
14750	1	ism referring to the two hosts, we will study: the temporal patterns of female activity; the fe
12250	13	the aim of this project is to: define strategies to exploit risk assessment, genetic r  pathogens, to avoid waste of resources, crop spoilage and dependence on fungicides. reducing th   of farming will require more efficient use of natural assets. disease and its management affec  cations from their use. these resources are used predominantly to establish, grow and maintain   the efficiency of use of each resource: water: approximately half of the rainfall onto arable l  y half of the rainfall onto arable land is transpired by crop canopies before it can reach grou  ater courses. foliar diseases have long been known to reduce water use efficiency; work in the   n known to reduce water use efficiency; work in the 1930s showed that oat crown rust infection   as a limited resource, so such findings were treated largely as academic curiosities. recent wo   by disrupting stomatal function. there is a need to devise methods to minimise water wastage d  itate communications with stakeholders, disseminate new findings and advocate sustainable disea  keholders, disseminate new findings and advocate sustainable disease risk management strategies  es. this project will support the defra aim of reducing the environmental footprint of farming,
10803	5	ol to identify likely water bodies that may pose a hazard from the production toxic cyanobacter   the production toxic cyanobacteria and model the influence of climate change on potentially to  ading to cyanotoxin production and this is addressed within the proposal. the human health risk  ect and indirect exposure to the toxins is addressed along with cost-benefit analysis of monito  the toxins is addressed along with cost-benefit analysis of monitoring for toxic blooms.
11241	5	ol to identify likely water bodies that may pose a hazard from the production toxic cyanobacter   the production toxic cyanobacteria and model the influence of climate change on potentially to  ading to cyanotoxin production and this is addressed within the proposal. the human health risk  ect and indirect exposure to the toxins is addressed along with cost-benefit analysis of monito  the toxins is addressed along with cost-benefit analysis of monitoring for toxic blooms.
11768	5	ol to identify likely water bodies that may pose a hazard from the production toxic cyanobacter   the production toxic cyanobacteria and model the influence of climate change on potentially to  ading to cyanotoxin production and this is addressed within the proposal. the human health risk  ect and indirect exposure to the toxins is addressed along with cost-benefit analysis of monito  the toxins is addressed along with cost-benefit analysis of monitoring for toxic blooms.
11851	5	ol to identify likely water bodies that may pose a hazard from the production toxic cyanobacter   the production toxic cyanobacteria and model the influence of climate change on potentially to  ading to cyanotoxin production and this is addressed within the proposal. the human health risk  ect and indirect exposure to the toxins is addressed along with cost-benefit analysis of monito  the toxins is addressed along with cost-benefit analysis of monitoring for toxic blooms.
11783	5	ol to identify likely water bodies that may pose a hazard from the production toxic cyanobacter   the production toxic cyanobacteria and model the influence of climate change on potentially to  ading to cyanotoxin production and this is addressed within the proposal. the human health risk  ect and indirect exposure to the toxins is addressed along with cost-benefit analysis of monito  the toxins is addressed along with cost-benefit analysis of monitoring for toxic blooms.
11641	2	sphorus and sediments from agricultural land to waters is a crucial goal in the process of rest  gricultural land to waters is a crucial goal in the process of restoring and maintaining good e
11550	9	r individual metabolism. this, in turn, can induce emergent effects at higher levels of organis  and fewer still have measured ecosystem-level responses. most current data are inferential, bas  nt data are inferential, based on large-scale temporal and/or spatial surveys across thermal gr  rveys across thermal gradients, whereas cause-and-effect relationships remain largely unknown b  ss thermal gradients, whereas cause-and-effect relationships remain largely unknown beyond labo  ensive and logistically challenging. we propose to take advantage of natural experiments in ice  n icelandic and scottish streams, which are heated above ambient conditions by geothermal and h  espectively. the student will therefore be able to characterise both food web architecture thro  gh the food web, as these are likely to be disrupted in thermally-altered ecosystems. the same
15253	4	hwater ecosystems by exotic species. we aim to quantify how much of the invasibility by introdu  emical pollution with strong ecological impact: we will analyse its life cycle and population s   with strong ecological impact: we will analyse its life cycle and population structure along t  ation are very scarce. finally, we will build predictive distribution models for the mosquitofi
7023	11	ecosystems are threatened and transformed at unprecedented rates f  ur planets biodiversity, and this trend is expected to continue over the coming decades. human   ighly complex ecological processes that were shaped over evolutionary times. recent research re  n, the maintenance of water quality and soil fertility, carbon storage, the mitigation of the e   scales is therefore a major scientific challenge of the 21st century. micdif aims at elucidati  ly dealt with plants and animals, there is an urgent need to further develop the functional rol  quatic ecosystems in isolation, we also focus on the functional interactions across these ecosy  nd aquatic expertise. we will gradually move from simple mesocosms to more complex experimental  l systems, and in a last phase, we will transpose experimental knowledge to the field research   research initiatives and will therefore achieve the critical mass to further develop and streng  he critical mass to further develop and strengthen innovative and internationally competitive b
11478	22	ies have a parasitic lifestyle and they have powerful effects on the fitness of the organisms t  ore complex than this. host populations are made up of a diversity of genotypes that will vary   parasites. parasite infections commonly consist of multiple strains of parasite that will vary   e, relative to other parasites strains, being relatively less virulent in another host genotype  involve multiple parasite strains, they compete to exploit the limited resources provided by th  ng likely to win. most models therefore predict that within-host competition between parasite s  st models therefore predict that within-host competition between parasite strains results in an  essing greater virulence, and will also select over evolutionary time for parasites of greater    and will also select over evolutionary time for parasites of greater virulence. however, exper  reater virulence. however, experimental evidence for these effects is limited and contradictory  experimental evidence for these effects is limited and contradictory, with some studies finding  ulent strains in fact win during within-host competition or that the outcome is dependent on th  nce straightforward to identify and has been suggested to have evolved to improve their resista  halkbrood parasite is also an excellent model because it produces a single batch of characteris  ex strains to reproduce. whereas within-host interactions between most parasites are competitiv  es are competitive, for chalkbrood they may therefore be either competitive or mutualistic depe  tive, for chalkbrood they may therefore be either competitive or mutualistic depending upon the  ines the outcome of infections. it will use a powerful genetic method to quantify the actual wi  ic method to quantify the actual within-host dynamics of infections involving multiple parasite   as chalkbrood, that also significantly reduce their fitness and productivity. honeybees are es  eir fitness and productivity. honeybees are estimated to pollinate crops worth £200 million per   managing their populations sustainably is important for both natural ecosystems and agricultur
10897	14	tems but are below the poverty line and are characterised as having a low level of well-being.   conventional decisions of public policy are taken without acknowledging the people-ecosystem li  of ecosystems to deliver those services are affected adversely. some of the drivers of change,   ic variations and loss of biodiversity, are linked with drivers like demographic dynamics and r  y alleviation in dominant public policy is limited. growing societal pressures and the availabi  ification, assessment of wasteland, new forest policies, task force on tiger and biosphere rese  and biosphere reserve programme clearly demonstrate this level of this receptivity. however, th   through which the aspects of ecosystem can be made integral part of mainstream planning and po  sis conducted for south asia under espa is the ability to capture the benefits people derive fr  s. since the prevailing market does not account the benefits, the decision making tool chooses   e available information on state-of-the-art methods to support the decision-making process, fac  ings of component 1, fostering regional demand for future work within this area, developing reg  city and awareness amongst the regional research community and developing networks for future c   the feedback from the stakeholders and key decision-makers in a trans-disciplinary and reitera
7644	3	. seed flow can weaken local adaptation by introducing inappropriat  ore adaptable to changes. . our methods are based on semantic graphs. we will release these met  s are based on semantic graphs. we will release these methods and results through articles, an
11847	5	of the watercourse learning system now being implemented in sa. the prepared five-year researc  on the findings at the case study sites is intended to reach a wide audience and have a benefic  s intended to reach a wide audience and have a beneficial effect on poverty alleviation through  h a wide audience and have a beneficial effect on poverty alleviation through improvement of ca  oth china and sa through press release, follow up media work and symposia.
14611	3	in this research project we want study three different aspects of the cellular stress re  three different aspects of the cellular stress response to several environmental pollutants on   ental pollutans, and, likewise, it will be very usefull to develop future biosensors for detect
15144	11	omposition, organization, evolution and function of heterochromatin components in arvicolids sp  cies. for this, we planned to clone and analyze new repeated sequences and make progress in the  viously described. furthermore, we will perform a comparative study about proteins associated w  omeric heterochromatin, an approach not consider before in these species. the function of the c  es are still elusive, for this, we will analyze if the different repeated dna sequences from th   dna sequences from the heterochromatin are transcribed and, if so, the nature of the transcrip  o distributed along the heterochromatic block of the x chromosome in association with retroelem  e in several arvicolids to test if they are also composed of retroelements as in m. cabrerae. t   to characterize the sry transcript and analyze the location and transcriptional levels in seve  ogenes. finally, since retrotransposons could act as regulatory elements influencing the expres  pression of adjacent sequences, we will test the role of l1 and ltr sequences flanking sry in t
15059	7	ed type ii, whose architecture abruptly differ from that characteristic of other angiosperms. n  erences occurring during short-time and long-time habituation will be paid. a wide range of mic  es occurring during short-time and long-time habituation will be paid. a wide range of microsco  terization of cell wall composition and structure, paying attention to quantitative and qualita  s to gain information about how type ii plant cells modify the cell-wall architecture in order   how type ii plant cells modify the cell-wall architecture in order to keep it functional in spi   an insight into the regulation of cell-wall structural flexibility and the contribution of oth
7121	3	ental and productive goals. the project is structured around the following five themes: 1. role  es in response to abiotic gradients and farm management 4. spatial and temporal integration phe  nt support of indicators to measure and manage the multi-functionality of grasslands: what desc
2488	6	arasites, like all other forms of life, have evolutionary histories. elucidating these historie  ase pathogenesis and how diseases might be controlled or ideally prevented. changes in genome s   genome structure and gene content also have the potential to reveal when and how pathogens aro  eping genes and would normally normally be included in a single species. current dogma suggests  wn for other pathogens. in contrast, we have now identified two rare genetic changes in a compo  mponent of cytochrome cbb3 oxidase that are associated with macroevolution of these agents.
10767	1	rce. these insights are essential if we are to understand this key component of the earth syste
14207	5	in modern agriculture, pesticides have been used in large quantities for controlling pests and  lling pests and weeds, and thus greatly improve food production. however, intensive use of comm  ver, intensive use of common pesticides can lead to the toxicity to soils, vegetables and conta  composition are scarce. in addition, we are interested in the effects of different pesticides,   re and function. the knowledge obtained could be applied when constructing wetlands to enhance
9956	5	igate the occurrence of a non-fibrillar layer on the surface of pit membranes. 2. what is the s   pores in pit membranes, and how can we understand this in terms of safety and efficiency of wa  tretching and deflection. 3. how can we link the distribution and structure of pit membranes wi  3. how can we link the distribution and structure of pit membranes with the complex network of    explore the internal three-dimensional structure of wood. this method will allow us to determi
10799	6	we rely on the services that bacteria provide to digest ou  cosystems. despite their importance, we are only beginning to understand how communities of bac  ible mechanism is that larger treeholes contain more diverse bacterial communities because colo   state of the bacterial community. this is done by explicitly manipulating colonisation rate in   colonisation rate in the field. i also propose to investigate whether the different communitie   communities that are thus created also differ in their level of ecosystem functioning. the res
14761	3	sible for their design. to this end, we propose to investigate the structure, evolution, and fu  vestigate the structure, evolution, and function of visual signals in several species of lizard  structure, evolution, and communicative function of foot-shakes. these objectives will involve
14915	3	und in each community. finally, we will assess whether invasive plants are less likely to inter  . as an applied result of the study, we present the structure of ecological networks as a usefu  on nature management based on solid and complete scientific information.
14610	14	structure of a plant-pollinator web and study some of its properties. we will analyze whether y  d study some of its properties. we will analyze whether yearly phenological and demographic var  he web. in a highly cohesive system, we expect that changes in the persistence of interspecific   of interspecific interactions will not affect the general structure of the web. in surveys of   s appear necessarily as specialized. we intend to correct this bias by identifying pollen grain  , which will allow us to cover a longer segment of their life spans compared to direct of obser  to the fitness of the plant species. we expect that this will reduce the degree of asymmetry ob  ed when non-corrected visit frequencies are used. we also intend to evaluate the contribution o  ted visit frequencies are used. we also intend to evaluate the contribution of certain ecologic  ator structure observed. first, we will analyze several levels of forbidden interactions and po  ctions and pollen-nectar production. we expect this relationship to explain a substantial part   ination web structure. finally, we will test whether, in agreement with the principle of the mo  bit higher degree of specialization and receive a smaller proportion from non-effective pollina  of specialization and receive a smaller proportion from non-effective pollinators.
10318	6	isms driving evolutionary processes and understand specific adaptations, while empirical biolog  es and understand specific adaptations, while empirical biologists often approach this problem   tions, while empirical biologists often approach this problem by carrying out careful manipulat  ld conditions. ultimately of course, we must aim to explain the patterns and processes observed  ge. for example, extreme weather events are predicted to become more common in the face of clim  ation is indeed important, then we will need to move beyond thinking just about changes in the
15124	15	biology that has been object of intense debate, but controversy yet persists concerning their r  l expectancies, generalization is quite frequent in natural pollination systems and vary at pop  uent in natural pollination systems and vary at population and individual levels. in pollinatio  ms, all plant genotypes in a population are assumed to interact with random subsets of the over  sets of the overall pollinator pool. we think that the generalization degree of a given plant c  ors. these inter-individual differences could promote a structured pattern of interaction among  t we call structured generalization. we propose that structured generalization occurs when ther  ctured generalization occurs when there are non-random inter-individual differences in generali  and mating networks at population level are divided in subgroups of plants sharing similar poll   the relative importance of the spatial structure, the micro-environment and the genotype/pheno  longing to the same population. we will assess the structure and clustering pattern of the poll  rom those interactions and we will also analyse how individual differences in the degree of gen  ization affect plant fitnesses. we will extend the network analytical approach widely used in c  . we will extend the network analytical approach widely used in community ecology to understand  evolutionary outcomes. finally, we will test our hypothesis setting up an experimental populati
15317	7	he tribu leptodontieae in south america is proposed. in this area, during the xixth and first h   a high number of species of pottiaceae were described. it bears emphasis that most taxonomical  s that most taxonomical issues have not been reconsidered ever since the original descriptions   ed ever since the original descriptions were given. this tribe, included in the subfamily barbu  mum, hymenostyliella and molendoa which were initiated in the previous phase of the project wil  oa which were initiated in the previous phase of the project will be prepared and published. th  ge of the biodiversity of this area. it is a starting point in order to carry out ecological, b
13357	3	eds, have seed germination problems and have difficulties to preserve in seed and field gene ba  ve difficulties to preserve in seed and field gene banks as vegetative conservation. the cryopr   mint genetic resources in cryobank has been aimed in this project in particular.
12628	10	tion of soil compaction on agricultural land the use of heavy machinery or trampling by livesto  avy machinery or trampling by livestock can cause compaction of soil; a greater mass of mineral  can cause compaction of soil; a greater mass of minerals and less space for air occupying the s  mpaction across europe cannot currently be estimated, but they are widely considered to be very  cannot currently be estimated, but they are widely considered to be very substantial. compactio  ered to be very substantial. compaction is considered among the top seven threats to our use of  he degree of compaction in agricultural soil largely depends on the which type of impact the so  ds on the which type of impact the soil is exposed to we propose to use computerised x ray tomo  ype of impact the soil is exposed to we propose to use computerised x ray tomography, a powerfu   soil carbon stock. as a result we will have confidence that our field procedures are producing
12635	13	ovide an overview of current knowledge, explore potential ways to manage soils in a sustainable  base for defra relating to soil carbon, soil management, urban soils and soil resilience in rel  arbon, soil management, urban soils and soil resilience in relation to climate change. the rela  ween soil pollutants and food will also be reviewed, and soil quality indicators pertinent to p  nts and food will also be reviewed, and soil quality indicators pertinent to policy reporting c  roductivity. objective c: to review and make an initial assessment of the impacts of climate ch  sment of the extent to which resilience can be conferred to soils. objective e: to review the l  ts in food. objective f: to explore and discuss the setting of outcome focused indicators of so  focused indicators of soil quality that can be reported on within policy reporting cycles. a co  outputs of these sub-projects will also be produced. the overall project will be co-ordinated b   most recent information to augment and update each of the teams` existing knowledge bases. the  ion paper will be produced for each sub-project, and a concise executive summary will be compil  iterature. this work will significantly enhance the robustness and likely effectiveness of the
14678	1	zed dataloggers will be used to capture-recapture spiny lobsters which will provide information
7537	2	omestic pigs and wild boar populations, identify distinctive genetic markers pork and wild boar  ovide reliable tools for monitoring and control for managers of farms and wild populations
7541	8	the long-term conservation of genetic resources of recalcitrant   nologies such as cryopreservation apex, callus or embryos. the mechanisms of acquisition of tol  nd slowing the growth of organs usually determine the success of these methods. in model plants  cess of these methods. in model plants, key genes involved in the regulation of these mechanism  the regulation of these mechanisms have been identified. these genes are expressed in response   nisms have been identified. these genes are expressed in response to environmental stress or du   expressed in response to environmental stress or during embryogenesis. the objective of this p  ct is to identify genes in oil palm and compare their expression rt- pcr in zygotic and somatic
7582	9	jor genes whose main causative mutation is known, and four main regions have qtl alleles segreg  at least one major gene, a third allele is known influencing the selected characters. we want t  influencing the selected characters. we want to compare the haplotypes present in these regions  ters. we want to compare the haplotypes present in these regions by combining the best informat  lationships between haplotypes. we will compare the diversity between more or less selected rac  ore or less selected races, and we will seek to identify areas where haplotypes in certain bree   haplotypes in certain breeds seem only subject to genetic drift, while other breeds can be ide  eds seem only subject to genetic drift, while other breeds can be identified traces of the sele  ct to genetic drift, while other breeds can be identified traces of the selection: different fr
7628	15	integrons are bacterial genetic structures heavily involved in th  n, suggesting quune bacterial community can respond specifically to particular pollution by dis   response to various organic pollution, metal, pharmaceutical, and explore modalities of expres  c pollution, metal, pharmaceutical, and explore modalities of expression of these genes. the ob  n activities on the natural water cycle could have irremediable consequences. surveillance and   tical particularly given the very large number of molecules concerned. it is of major importanc  large number of molecules concerned. it is of major importance to develop new tools for the det  team environment and microbiology iprem is interested for several years to the involvement of g  organisms to pollutants face. integrons are bacterial genetic structures heavily involved in th  f many health problems. . integrons and are now considered important elements in the adaptation  suggesting that the bacterial community can respond by spreading through the population and int  by spreading through the population and integrate them in order to withstand the pollutant. so   gh the population and integrate them in order to withstand the pollutant. so it seems appropria   dynamics of the diversity of integrons face integrase gene to the presence of various potentia  hese structures as a biomarker and / or develop biosensors to detect pollutants in water
7253	3	igin of biodiversity in urban areas has been neglected. it requires an interdisciplinary approa  from simulations, empirical studies and dialogue between ecology, geography and sociology. stép  élène Lizée, Bertaudiere-Montes Valerie team deschamps-cottin magali * * manel stéphanie the ob
7505	9	seabream is an iconic fish from the languedoc -roussillon region                    seabream is an iconic fish from the languedoc -roussillon region with an unde  ermen and the coastal lagoons then what is considered a scourge by the shellfish profession bec  rce of damage difficult to quantify. it is also high in intensive farms. surprisingly, very lit   little of its biology and its genetics are known. we propose, for population genetics and otol   biology and its genetics are known. we propose, for population genetics and otolith microchemi  on to those from farmed. again, we will consider whether these two strains have the same eating  ting patterns and similar migration. we seek to characterize the so-called harmful bream   k to characterize the so-called harmful bream
14803	10	rensic, and population genetic studies, being many of them implicated in genetic disorders tran  mportant to compare the real mutational pattern with that obtained by phylogenetic studies; com  d allow to identify mutation that never reach fixation at the individual level, and for consequ  l level, and for consequence, could not be detected in the phylognetic studies, and that may re  hermore, the study of the heteroplasmic pattern, combined with the study of the secondary struc  dy of the secondary structure of mtdna, can help to understand the reasons that apparently cont   understand the reasons that apparently contribute to a non random mutational spectrum, since i  since it allows to observe the previous level of the evolutionary process, in which there are h  he evolutionary process, in which there are high probabilities to detect all the mutations that  to detect all the mutations that really occur in mtdna, and to evaluate the possible effects of
14626	5	per year. the control of termite pests is carried out mainly with chemical barriers, but durin  ds for the bait control system. we will search for new substances classified as insect growth r  as insect growth regulators . - we will test the possible synergistic effect of combination of   - we will test the possible synergistic effect of combination of a csi with a jhm or mha. - the   - after the laboratory studies we will test the new method in field monitorized colonies. our
7241	8	n²o the emission from the agricultural landscape in france is an important part of greenhouse   om the agricultural landscape in france is an important part of greenhouse gas effects. it is n  ral landscape in france is an important part of greenhouse gas effects. it is now necessary to   tant part of greenhouse gas effects. it is now necessary to quantify and master the emissions c  ts. it is now necessary to quantify and master the emissions caused by agricultural practices,   by agricultural practices, humidity and soil drainage. objectives the subject is to finely stud  ge. objectives the subject is to finely study the contribution to emissions of n2o of nitrifica   a slope, starting from an agricultural plateau up to an order of 5 valley. such transect makes
15210	11	a number of metals are needed as micronutrients and play essential biochem  metals are needed as micronutrients and play essential biochemical roles such as catalysts, enz  st of the metals become toxic when they accumulate above normal physiological concentrations. t  oorganisms have developed mechanisms to be protected from high metal concentrations, and to reg  al resistance mechanisms described have been discovered throughout the study of cultured microo  he study of cultured microorganisms. we propose to explore the diversity of genes and mechanism  he environmental samples. in a previous work, our research team identified novel genes and oper   the abundance and diversity of archaea is high. another aspect of this proposal is the design   iation, using microbial genes confering metal resistance, identified from the analysis of the m  ibraries. this part of the proyect also is the continuation of our previous work. we are now st  e continuation of our previous work. we are now studying ni resistance of transgenic plants exp
7404	1	uted by metals in the genus arabidopsis be addressed by comparing the nucleotide polymorphism o
15095	3	cal and chemical mechanisms of defense, while in the human groups certain indications are detec  in the human groups certain indications are detected as health benefits / damages derived of th  lmost exclusive dependence of others as source of nutrients and to compare them with those alre
12501	17	ens. this is partly because it has long been recognised that town and village greens represent   ight across england and wales. a recent report by english heritage in 2008 focussing on urban c   both now and in the past. a first step was made by the countryside and rights of way act 2000   andscape requires time to settle in and achieve the right balance for local communities as well  l as for land owners and developers. it is perhaps no surprise that there is a link between dev  owners and developers. it is perhaps no surprise that there is a link between development of gr  s. it is perhaps no surprise that there is a link between development of green space and attemp  pen spaces society in 1865 and so there is a long association with the compatibility of the loc  tibility of the local level unregulated use of these spaces with those seeing them as under use  elopment. this research is an important step in assisting the new legislation to settle in and   ng the new legislation to settle in and achieve the delicate balance required between these two  ons. the purpose of the research is to ‘examine a sample of the sites which have been registere  xamine a sample of the sites which have been registered as town or village greens since january  well as a sample of those that have not been registered’. the project will also examine whether  been registered’. the project will also examine whether the sites were earmarked for developmen  ect will also examine whether the sites were earmarked for development in local development pla  velopment in local development plans or subject to planning applications. the full diversity of
14530	2	the spanish wild ibex it is a endemic species of iberian peninsula. the populati  this web will be updated on-line and it is proposed to give public access to ours scholarships
14671	4	nder different environmental assumption is known, results will be able to be compared with thos  ption is known, results will be able to be compared with those available from semiurban environ  eliably evaluation of the entomological evidence from corpses found en different environments b   a entomosarcosaprophagous data base to be applied in actual forensic cases in the referred are
15097	1	the results of the previous project tempura and through temperature and rh datalogg
7599	1	improve the taxonomy of pseudomonas and define ecotypes.
15336	3	n order to be able to define a coherent network of marine protected areas in accordance with th  e european marine strategy. at the same time, this approach attempts to determine the role of d  ed by the impact of fisheries, but also provide information on the migration of species in this
14838	5	an increase of mortality was observed in the chamois of the pyrenees in 2001 and  enees in 2001 and 2002, with a clinical picture never observed before. virological analysis det   cluster. in 2005, 3 new outbreaks have been described in different areas of the pyrenees. mort  in the chamois population and if it has been transmitted to other wild or domestic species. the  to confirm that the isolated pestivirus is the cause of the epidemic in chamois. altogether wil
7598	1	es in the diversification of the floral form
15034	11	c infections and the epidemic outbreaks are related with drinking water subjected to some disin  the bacteria overcomes this barrier and is able to multiply in some points of the water distrib  nvironmental risk. although there might be several causes, the main one is the own biology of t  eria. legionella resists more extremely physic-chemical conditions than other aquatic micoorgan   resistance increases when the bacteria is found as an endosymbiont of protozoa, which share ha   our waters. but all these studies have been done with legionella-free cells, although ecologic   studies have been done with legionella-free cells, although ecological studies show that bacte   normally found in biofilms. legionella is usually associated with other microorganisms, especi  ectiveness on legionella when its cells are protected into the cytoplasm of protozoa. the main   uded in a biofilm. in addition, we will know the applicability of the molecular and culture met   the applicability of the molecular and culture methods to analyse the presence and inactivatio
15374	3	rease of nitrogen forms that can easily be easily assimilated by living organisms on the config  ion of primary producer communities. we expect that results can be generalised to understand wh  cer communities. we expect that results can be generalised to understand what may have been hap
14917	2	mation of t. claveryi. definitively, we want to know if exists any change in the life cycle of    under drought stress conditions, which can affect its field survival.
7504	2	ses. in these places, the subpopulation is renewed annually without gene flow with other subpop  other sites, a mixing of subpopulations is made each year. subpopulations obtained in each site
14884	3	is of high importance, especially if we want to intervene in nature and under the actual scenar  rs implied in evolution of virulence we can include the competence between parasites for host r  their transmission, and therefore, they represent an ideal model for the study of how those mec
7521	5	ny cases of hybridization introgressive were observed in birds, particularly following the intr  quences on the evolution of the genetic structure of the species involved, hence the need for e  g hybridization to describe the genetic structure of quails, search diagnostic markers between   scribe the genetic structure of quails, search diagnostic markers between species and estimate    diagnostic markers between species and estimate the degree of introgression of quails by japan
6932	6	usands of isolated bones and teeth have been unearthed by systematic excavations. the vertebrat  tic excavations of the iharkút site and collect all the vertebrate remains of the bone-yielding   armored dinosaur discovered in iharkút are planned and the possible, complex jaw closure is di  d and the possible, complex jaw closure is discussed. the results also helps to gather informat   the processed food of the animal. also plan to make the taxonomical and anatomical description   the additional archosaur elements that are found but still not published from the site.
15076	5	us species in the iberian peninsula has been described. thorectes lusitanicus jekel is an iberi   described. thorectes lusitanicus jekel is an iberian endemism that acts as an authentic second  ovide a diet richer in nutrients, which can benefit them in different aspects such as: an incre  study its implications on the thorectes group biodiversity and to evaluate its potential applic  l be undertaken. to prove that a richer diet in proteins, lipids and carbohydrates favour t. lu
14584	5	wledge about this community is poor. it is a very fragile community mainly consisting of slowly  lcareous algae and, for this reason, it is very sensitive to the alterations caused by human ac  erations caused by human activities. we intend to perform a thorough study of the lithophyllum   vities. we intend to perform a thorough study of the lithophyllum stictaeforme community in the  ctaeforme community in the northeastern coast of the iberian peninsula, and also to evaluate it
15246	1	the present project can be regarded as the continuation of the previous thr
15149	2	to the ancient dna technology. we will attempt to achieve a better knowledge of the relationsh  rvation of their samples. also, we will try to develop a better methodology of molecular prospe
15377	3	ic as levante to determine if hydrocory can explain the dispersal patterns of this fauna in thi  d about the ecological communities they belong to. the mytocondrial dna of speonemadus escalera  re a virgin habitat that of which there is escarce knowledge of its biota. therefore, the objec
15239	4	ve orchard agroecosystem in extremadura must be protected because of the ecological importance   , as soils in many zones of extremadura are in precarious state, due to low ph and soil develop   zones of extremadura are in precarious state, due to low ph and soil development, under exteme   in precarious state, due to low ph and soil development, under exteme temperature and drought.
14806	4	diffusion from the near east to europe is yet unknown. from an archaeological point of view, t   is yet unknown. from an archaeological point of view, two hypotheses are plausible. according   ion methods allowed a large demographic increase in the popualtions from the near east. this fa  ogy allows to reconstruct the genetical structure of the neolithic populations and makes possib
15052	3	as well as to develop a completely new approach for this group, studying phisiological and bio  ned information. from these results, we want to asses the influence of the environmental factor  e egg and nymphal stages. with this, we want not only to know better this animal group, but als
14908	6	nd bryoerythrophylleae in south america is proposed. in this area, during the xixth and first h  xth centuries, a high number of species were described. it bears emphasis that most taxonomical  s that most taxonomical issues have not been reconsidered ever since the original descriptions   ed ever since the original descriptions were given. these tribes, included in the subfamily bar  st recent classification of the family, are constituted by 14 genera: some of them with few num  ge of the biodiversity of this area. it is a starting point in order to carry out ecological, b
12505	1	ubject to a similar analysis at a later stage, without needing to revisit existing sheets. proj
6793	1	. previously lots of protoglobigerinids were described from the jurassic of the epicontinental
13431	1	taxonomy of anadromus and nonanadromus pearl mullet populations which exist around lake van ba
14998	6	the so-called reproductive polyphenism is, undoubtedly, the most important of the several poly  s displayed by aphids. this polyphenism is associated in aphids to cyclic parthenogenesis, whic  the environmental factor determining it is the length of the photoperiod y it works in the foll   in the following way: in long days and short nights conditions , to which we belong. it is pla  hts conditions , to which we belong. it is planned that a great part of the results of the proj  eginning. last, and complementarily, we intend to carry out a quest for new lineages/species in
7394	3	context, the national charter does not identify for managing the significant role of farm in t  enetic resources. . from a sociological study, history, ethnobotany actors and population genet  d population genetics or"varieties", we wish to reconsider the role of farm management and its
7377	1	of management and conservation devices: study the maintenance of intra-specific diversity of sp
13486	7	has managed to explicitly consider and explain biodiversity as both the cause and consequence   ogether with an innovative experimental approach i will study the chicken vs. egg question of p  ctivity and biodiversity. a theoretical model that is currently being developed by bradley card  . a theoretical model that is currently being developed by bradley cardinale suggests that biod  ey cardinale suggests that biodiversity can respond to and drive productivity only if regional   ts that biodiversity can respond to and drive productivity only if regional exclusion of specie  y only if regional exclusion of species is prevented by e.g. a factor such as spatial heterogen
6936	2	the genetics of scale formation of carp can not be described by the formerly accepted model. re   carp and also in goldfish. this mutant is linked to a partial loss of function of a developmen
197	2	the layer, and as a result, thin layers may play an important role in the marine ecosystems. su  r and how the subsurface maxima have to be taken into account when assessing the state, modelin
15031	15	organisms as biomonitors, have still to be studied in sufficient detail. the characteristics re  teristics required of a good biomonitor include the existence of simple correlations between th   of contamination to which the organism is exposed. there has been little scientific debate of   posed. there has been little scientific debate of this issue, and one of the objectives of the    proposed study is to establish whether total deposition and/or dry deposition of particles is   tablish whether total deposition and/or dry deposition of particles is reflected by tissue conc  tion and/or dry deposition of particles is reflected by tissue concentrations in the terrestria  er limitation of the use of biomonitors is that under natural conditions, organisms are capable  taminants. if such tolerance exists, it is likely to be controlled by changes in the molecular    such tolerance exists, it is likely to be controlled by changes in the molecular properties of  in the membrane and/or cell wall, which may block or reduce the accumulation of metals. a furth  ne and/or cell wall, which may block or reduce the accumulation of metals. a further two object   further two objectives would therefore be to test whether mosses that grow in industrial areas  age of the use of mosses as biomonitors is the existence of dilution effects due to growth, and  centrations of accumulated contaminants are diluted in the moss species under study as a result
7431	9	ies ' étaploises maritime cooperatives, major players involved in the exploitation of living co  fremer, particularly under the interreg program iv charm. the project focuses on systems ' bent  rd-pas -de-calais region 2. develop and use indicators anthropogenic, hydro- climatic and hydro  nd hydrometeorological to interpret and understand the spatial and temporal variability of biod  s on the biodiversity of the region and optimize the sustainable use of these resources and to   the region and optimize the sustainable use of these resources and to maximize the economic, so   social and cultural services that they provide every day. more concretely, it should lead to t  n atlas of observed and expected global change scenarios showing the evolution of exploitable a  hat will be taken over by an accessible package directly on the project website
6964	3	entre and technology transfer services, free professional database, use of experts network, wel  r services, free professional database, use of experts network, well under market prices. beyon  these programm elements, the objectives can be reached by special fairs, professional meetings
14368	8	t in eastern africa. as a result, there is an increased demand from ecosystem managers, both go  ow to monitor the vegetation status and understand the dynamics over time. the endeleo project   started from the realization that there is a need to facilitate the access to regularly updated  e most important realization of endeleo is that it has raised awareness and basic understanding  o. for some users more hands-on support is required before they are able to integrate rs in the  ands-on support is required before they are able to integrate rs in their tasks. others have cl  ntegrate rs in their tasks. others have clear ideas on possible future applications or already   possible future applications or already make active use of the data. --------------------------
14151	1	spawning grounds: selecting the optimal type of artificial spawning grounds, mapping of spawnin
12546	2	ment of management approaches exist, or are under preparation, for some – but not all – of thes  is to better inform risk assessment and risk management approaches for the specific emerging pe
2460	5	sandeels are small eel-like fish that is laterally compressed an  imbladder that swim in large shoals and inhabit areas with specific sandy substrate into which   strate into which they burrow. sandeels are distributed in coastal and shallow open-ocean water  cal distribution is very patchy as they are restricted to such specific substrat. the lesser sa  multifrequency acoustic, new scientific catch equipment for buried sandeel and adaptive survey
6794	2	als and the interior of stubble-fields, summer annual crops and first year fallow fields. while  ring aspects will be surveyed in april, summer aspects between the middle of may and the middle
2147	5	of archived scale collections. we also propose to examine marine distribution patterns and oce  ags and conventional dst archival tags, apply molecular genetic methods to identify the contrib  of specific tributary stocks to a mixed-stock fishery, and analyze co-variation in biotic and a  ry stocks to a mixed-stock fishery, and analyze co-variation in biotic and abiotic parameters a  ne environment to better understand and explain fluctuations in salmon survival and abundance o
10271	2	aim: the student will specifically test the hypothesis that, m. marshalli, a gastro-intest   in regulating host population dynamics were developed thirty years ago .
10936	3	ences for recipient communities. recent debate regarding the role of biodiversity in functionin  ity of communities to invasion. we will investigate how functional algal diversity in tidepool    of differing functional diversity that can be seeded with the alien species. the susceptibilit
10010	12	g increasing practical importance as we attempt to manage the adverse effects of anthropogenic   bution to our ability to anticipate and manage such processes. the work will be carried out in   mulative steps, each of which will also comprise a substantial research activity in its own rig  edicting the influence of environmental change on group dynamics and individual foraging perfor  ng observational data from the previous step, and further tested using experimental data gather   observed naturally, providing a strong test of the predictive power of the model. step 4. expl  oviding a strong test of the predictive power of the model. step 4. exploring social species to  h configuration and social structure to be altered to reflect gradients observed across species  inciples about how environmental change may affect different types of social species, and so pr  fferent types of social species, and so provide a predictive framework for future study and for  al species, and so provide a predictive framework for future study and for application in popul  mbination of theoretical, technical and field-based expertise, as well as world-class learning
14501	5	we propose the application of a methodology, developed in   uction in the biodiversity. at the same time, we will develop sustainable indicators, based on   biodiversity. at the same time, we will develop sustainable indicators, based on biophysical, s   soil with tools for analysis , we will be liable to make estimates, quite a lot precise, of th  umber of ruminant that the studied area can support to avoid overgrazing conditions in areas of
7713	2	coastal plains where the focus of urban pressure on scarce agricultural land, fragile and yet i  f urban pressure on scarce agricultural land, fragile and yet indispensable to people's lives,
13470	3	change. in the present project we will build upon our recent work on the genomics of norway sp  t project we will build upon our recent work on the genomics of norway spruce, one of the main   cter that is crucial for adaptation and easy to incorporate in prediction models of the respons
11412	3	bees and stingless bees is an important source of food and income worldwide. however, multiple   llinators. while in developed areas, we can diversify or change diets and farming patterns, man   diets and farming patterns, many small-scale farmers in sub-saharan africa survey training and
11495	3	bees and stingless bees is an important source of food and income worldwide. however, multiple   llinators. while in developed areas, we can diversify or change diets and farming patterns, man   diets and farming patterns, many small-scale farmers in sub-saharan africa survey training and
2045	4	research projects of the nwo prioriteit programme sustainable use and conservation of marine li   living resources'. to this end we will investigate both the results of the previous projects a  arine ecology and international law; we expect to collaborate with another project on resource   itation. based on these studies we will design new models for sustainable exploitation of marin
7555	6	sts to bt toxins produced by transgenic corn: corn borer and stem borer. for this we propose to   bt toxins produced by transgenic corn: corn borer and stem borer. for this we propose to study  uced by transgenic corn: corn borer and stem borer. for this we propose to study the effect of    corn borer and stem borer. for this we propose to study the effect of the host plant diversity  rocarbons potentially. finally, we will study the effect of the borer and borer on the location  d borer on the location in the stem and winter mortality from each other
12766	4	this project will: •review problems with wild deer in the urban and peri-ur  he uk, elsewhere in europe and the us. •consider the different approaches used to deal with the   approaches are applicable for england •offer proposals and recommendations for a strategy for    of urban deer populations and how this could be administered/structured
14474	8	terrestrial vertebrates, particularly game wildlife, are closely linked to the territory. thi  ertebrates, particularly game wildlife, are closely linked to the territory. this latter, at la  rogeneity, to which hunting communities are adapted. in this project we try to determine the re  unities are adapted. in this project we try to determine the real impact of the abandon of land   intensive exploitation models. we also want to analyse other human impacts . this gis will be   stainable management tool. we will also consider the hunting preserve as the spatial base-unit   der the hunting preserve as the spatial base-unit of analysis for both regions, according to a   be maintain., this project will finally be relevant for exporting wildlife management strategie
7206	1	tion events at local and global scales, lead to the destruction, transformation and fragmentati
13813	2	climate. the economy of partial harvest is analysed using forest planning models. the design is  sing forest planning models. the design is based on partial harvest experiments in canada. mode
12159	3	the proposed project is designed to directly build on the research platform   roposed project is designed to directly build on the research platform that was developed in bd  tly build on the research platform that was developed in bd1440, which sought to determine the
12164	11	this project is designed to provide scientific underpinning of refin  tes. liming effects on soil base status can take between one and two years to fully develop. th   years to fully develop. the botanical, soil microbial and agronomic responses to the combinati  would, therefore, have been at an early stage of development at the end of bd1456, in 2007. mon  ided clear evidence that the ecological value of unimproved meadows is likely to be damaged by   alue of unimproved meadows is likely to be damaged by annual applications of 24 t fym /ha. howe   fym /ha had not damaged the ecological value of the study meadows to the same extent as their   t available n and p in the fym may have been underestimated. the amounts of n and p supplied as   as percentages of the total in the fym were increased from 10 to 12% and from 60 to 80 %, resp  ards. elevated p supply, in particular, is known to have a negative effect on grassland plant d  e inorganic treatments in 2007 needs to be monitored for at least three more years to provide e
11688	19	ople living on the coast of east africa are amongst the world s poorest. they rely heavily on l  a are amongst the world s poorest. they rely heavily on local ecosystems for their livelihoods   ove forests provide them with firewood, fish, medicines and protection from floods and coastal   p buried below ground and can therefore be permanently stored away from the atmosphere. this op  e lessons learnt. she will particularly focus on how different groups, such as men and women an  n and old and young, become engaged and benefit, on how the management of the mangrove resource   resource works and on how this project can inform others in the region that use payments for e  l people, and particularly to the poor, is often underestimated by developers and politicians.   liticians. full estimations of economic value for individual sites can be difficult and expensi   approach is untested for mangroves and may lead to large errors. we will test this benefit tra  s and may lead to large errors. we will test this benefit transfer approach by measuring a rang   use values in different areas. we will combine these maps with risk maps and value maps that s  er high threat and with high value, and present these on a user-friendly platform that can be a   these on a user-friendly platform that can be accessed by government and ngos when developing   when developing projects and policy. it is essential that developing countries have the capacit  hange negotiations. unfortunately there is often an over-reliance on expensive, overseas consul  raining for african colleagues. we will continue this tradition by training three students to m  gional communication on the science and practice of payments for ecosystem services. this will   r developed and new links with relevant experience in west africa will be established.
11617	4	many aquatic ecosystems. further there is a growing realisation that what may appear to be dis  here is a growing realisation that what may appear to be distinct foodwebs can be tightly coupl  hese developments, utilising the unique stable isotope signatures associated with chemosyntheti  elucidating connectivity among foodwebs is likely to have implications for our understanding of
10822	10	wetland lake systems can exist in alternative states of plant or plankton do  es of plant or plankton dominance. each is stabilised by biological mechanisms, and nutrient-in  nd nutrient-influenced but independent, switch mechanisms are required to convert one to the ot  nced but independent, switch mechanisms are required to convert one to the other. there is circ  ired to convert one to the other. there is circumstantial but little experimental evidence for    circumstantial but little experimental evidence for switch mechanisms. also the restoration of  ent changes in hickling broad, norfolk, offer an opportunity to test three hypotheses: that ris   three hypotheses: that rising salinity can act as a switch, that nitrogen, rather than phospho  t, and that the stability of the system is determined by plant diversity, which in turn is cont  mined by plant diversity, which in turn is controlled by nitrogen loading. a major experiment w
10608	4	although allopatry enjoys significant support as the key speciation model, it is a poor expla  support as the key speciation model, it is a poor explanation for marine biodiversity. by focus  ndent organism, i propose an innovative approach to studying sympatric diversification. cheloni  entiation due to host-specificity. this is predicted because of variation in habitats and assor
13793	1	proposed project is to take a proactive approach to future potential environmental problems by
10943	2	gis analysis of landscape structure and fragment metrics of the study region based on previousl  on affect tropical forest wildlife, and may lead to a major ibama-funded management programme o
10161	6	ic plants, in which flowering is fatal, are ideal systems for testing evolutionary ideas since    quantified. within these species there is huge variation in flowering size; in one habitat coe  e integral projection models using long-term datasets from 9 species. this allows estimation of  ection pressures and ess predictions to be tested. to explore differences between species withi  rade-off between growth and survival to be quantified. finally, within a single species we will  inally, within a single species we will use selection experiments to quantify heritabilities fo
11352	6	ic plants, in which flowering is fatal, are ideal systems for testing evolutionary ideas since    quantified. within these species there is huge variation in flowering size; in one habitat coe  e integral projection models using long-term datasets from 9 species. this allows estimation of  ection pressures and ess predictions to be tested. to explore differences between species withi  rade-off between growth and survival to be quantified. finally, within a single species we will  inally, within a single species we will use selection experiments to quantify heritabilities fo
12139	2	ns in order to prevent their impact and reduce socio-economic damage. the aim of this project i  centrum minimum to adverse biotic a new type high-throughput analysis system will be created fo
12732	10	proposals are invited for research projects to address knowledge   ts to address knowledge gaps which have been identified as a barrier to the delivery of conserv  sting.aspx. the proposal should clearly explain how the proposed research will contribute to th  ties in the spread sheet labelled ‘brig-brag workshop. if the proposal addresses additional pri  dresses additional priorities that have been identified by other taxonomic experts in any of th  ude details of the named individuals to be involved. partnerships between nsss and universities  ith research capabilities are likely to be favoured. 4.support conservation action for uk prior  stribution. the proposal should clearly explain how the research findings will contribute to th  ation of the relevant organisms. it can be difficult for defra to fund very small projects on i   potentially grouping a number of small sub-projects within a larger funded project.
221	2	etic relationship within mycetophilidae is poorly understood. absence of the uniform position w  s used in the delineation of the tribes is foreseen. working through the extensive material add
13850	9	h species are so poorly known that they cannot be judged according to the international red lis  ic wasps. our knowledge is particularly scant for the diptera-parasitic wasps, despite their fo  ital component of the wetland fauna. we propose systematic and taxonomic research on one of the  na. we propose systematic and taxonomic research on one of these groups, the subfamily opiinae.   groups, the subfamily opiinae. we will focus on a north temperate/boreal group, the genus bios   will focus on a north temperate/boreal group, the genus biosteres , which currently includes a   are likely to occur in sweden. we will perform a phylogenetic analysis based on morphological   r opiines, some of which should perhaps be included in biosteres. this will be followed by a ta  es. the revision will to a large extent be based on new material collected or reared from diffe
14725	8	ly 250 species of hemiparasitic plants, is the largest in number and diversity in the order san  n its amazing morphological plasticity, is an excellent model to study the evolution of the veg  rphological plasticity, is an excellent model to study the evolution of the vegetative adaptati  rom convergence is difficult. a careful study of the morphological variation implemented with t  ith the information from molecular data is needed to establish the generic limits and to constr  lity dna for pcr-amplification, we will elaborate molecular phylogenies based on the analysis o   as possible will be used to critically study the variability of the morphological characters a  tance of evolution in the assembley and structure of plant communities.
15429	10	the charipinae are a group of small hymenopters belonging to the figit  the figitidae family. biologically they are characterised for being hiperparasitoids of aphids   erest. the importance of the charipinae is fundamental because they are part of the trophic lin  ripinae is fundamental because they are part of the trophic line that influences the biological  al because they are part of the trophic line that influences the biological control of aphids a  the reason of this is that many species are confused, because an exhaustive revision of the two   alloxysta and phaenoglyphis, has never been done. besides, many times in these ecological stud  sults, many taxonomic achievements have been made: the knowledge of the genera thoreauana to ma  enoglyphis and alloxysta, with easy and complete illustrations so they can be used by the gener  easy and complete illustrations so they can be used by the general scientific community.
151	4	emained not substantiated in some up-to-date way. there are few cladistically argumented phylog  tantiated in some up-to-date way. there are few cladistically argumented phylogenetical trees i   leading morphological trends within it are reductional, i.e. problematic to deal with cladisti  th cladistic methods. the investigation is based on specimens from collection of institute of z
7524	1	the rabbit haemorrhagic disease or rhd is a scourge for the populations of wild rabbits and do
11862	5	society in the uk for entomologists. we hope to attract up to 250 delegates, including not only  nary collaboration. insects have a huge impact on our health and economy. never before have we   tools to exploit beneficial insects and control pests. the conference is themed to promote the    to promote the value of entomology. we aim to facilitate optimal communication between all att  delegate has an opportunity to meet and liaise with relevant academics or companies to initiate
14911	5	egachilidae, because of its complexity, number of taxa and the different points of view of the   e groups have been choosen because they are the more polymorphics and offer more difficulties.   ause they are the more polymorphics and offer more difficulties. our intention is to be constru  hology and molecular phylogenies and to be extended in the future with other families of apoide  a. the results will imply a significant advance in the knowledge of the systematic of megaquili
14769	9	relations and phylogenetic studies have been made being based on hardly characterized morpholog  and phylogenetic studies have been made being based on hardly characterized morphologic charact   closely related. for this reason there are numerous cases in which the taxonomy at species lev  the accomplishment of these phylogenies were used mainly like molecular markers the sequences o  tochondrial dna . the mitochondrial dna is an ideal marker to examine phylogenetic relationship  genetic relationships among species and even the intraspecific variability. it is maternally in   even the intraspecific variability. it is maternally inherited and unlike recombine, thus perm  s superior to the ordinary genes, which are reflected generally in a high variation between ind  or species. 3º the obtained phylogenies were complemented with the phylogenetic analysis and ev
15036	10	pecies belonging to the genus trichuris are nematodes parasitizing the caecum of different host   spp. have many features that make them good candidates for clinical use. thus, they are helmin  candidates for clinical use. thus, they are helminths with characteristics suitable for use in   ects of mtdna, which make it an obvious tool for molecular diagnosis of nematodes. the goals we  ar diagnosis of nematodes. the goals we intend to cover in this project are: 1. taxonomic study  cover in this project are: 1. taxonomic study of the genus trichuris based on sequence data of   erent geographic areas. 2. phylogenetic study of the genus trichuris using cox1 and nd1 gene as  f autoinmune diseases. with all this we are to achieve clarify the gaps in this parasitism that  orld. the data obtained in this project could serve in the future to lay the groundwork to desi   the groundwork necessary for molecular use in the therapy of autoimmune diseases.
15235	18	the family syllidae is likely to be the most diversified within the polycha  nd 71 genera described; in addition, it is one of the more difficult to study and pose many pro   one of the more difficult to study and pose many problems still unsolved. from this starting p  , a complete checklist of species is to be performed in several unexplored localities of the pa   team and in the acquisition of a large amount of genetical data. our intention with this study  eir molecular characterization, it will be possible to establish whether they are a single spec  l be possible to establish whether they are a single species with a wide geographical range or   single species with a wide geographical range or a complex of cryptic species, which can be dis   or a complex of cryptic species, which can be distinguished only from a genetical point of vie   be distinguished only from a genetical point of view. in the same respect, we are trying to ch   a genetical point of view. in the same respect, we are trying to characterize from a molecular  part of the goals without acquiring new inventory material. however, the genetic studies involv  nd the purchase of several new machines is needed. to date, this lack has been resolved with st  hines is needed. to date, this lack has been resolved with stays in different research centres,  s in different research centres, but we consider that in the medium term the buying of this mat  ult in an important saving of funds and facilitate future research jobs in the field of polycha  s in the field of polychaete phylogeny, be it dealing with syllidae or any other family. three    any other family. three sampling trips are proposed. one will be conducted in the philippines
6884	11	the family coniopterygidae is one of the four neuropterous families with highest s   undescribed species is high; it surely is higher than in the other families of the order neuro  geographical territories is poor. large part of the extra european species is known only from a  arge part of the extra european species is known only from a single, or from a few localities,    and the area border out of europe also is uncertain in the case of some genera and subgenera.   on of the characteristics of some genus-group taxa is not exact entirely. the grouping of the s  ristics of some genus-group taxa is not exact entirely. the grouping of the species of the larg  of the species living in central europe may be determined almost exclusively; however, examinat  lies, the south american brucheiserinae is most poorly known, and even the systematic rank of t  rucheiserinae is most poorly known, and even the systematic rank of this subfamily is somewhat   t poorly known, and even the systematic rank of this subfamily is somewhat uncertain. to write
11623	12	many journals and books are not always easy to find. individual scientists often specialise in  sy to find. individual scientists often specialise in the detail of one or a few taxonomic grou   a few taxonomic groups, whereas others are generalist. many such experts are retired or soon t  thers are generalist. many such experts are retired or soon to retire. there is therefore a gre  ts are retired or soon to retire. there is therefore a great need to consolidate and preserve t  erefore a great need to consolidate and preserve this taxonomic expertise on zooplankton and to  consolidate and preserve this taxonomic expertise on zooplankton and to bring together the expe  inated from the university of aberdeen, propose to develop and produce a taxonomy manual for re  ity of aberdeen, propose to develop and produce a taxonomy manual for ready use. various such e  ently too, a pictorial reference manual was drafted and used successfully during two nerc marin  aberdeen university. these resources we aim to consolidate into a user friendly manual, held in  ly manual, held in standard formats and web database form for easy updating, access and distrib
6783	4	own species of the tropical insects has been collected yet. this statement is valid also for th  trip for increase of extant collections is aimed at capturing as many specimens at as many site  r a stereo-microscope, on the other. we are to apply the simple and effective method of selecti  re species is strongly increased. there are no pecularities in the morphological and taxonomic
14893	6	c revision of geranium in south america is proposed. a group of 9 introduced and 64 native spec  d and 64 native species have previously been studied , mainly on tropical areas. new material i   mainly on tropical areas. new material is required if a high standard of quality and innovatio  ndard of quality and innovation have to be reached. thus, experimental works and interpretation  rily carried out. this project is a new step in order to obtain a worldwide monograph of gerani  new step in order to obtain a worldwide monograph of geranium, which is a major objective of th
14473	6	on of geranium sect. chilensia r. knuth is proposed. this section included about 30 species. pr   species. previous data suggest that it is a natural group distributed on both sides of souther   mainly on tropical areas. new material is required if a high standard of quality and innovatio  ndard of quality and innovation have to be reached. thus, experimental works and interpretation  rily carried out. this project is a new step in order to obtain a taxonomic revision of the gen  n south america, as well as a worldwide monograph, which is a major objective of this team.
15375	3	a taxonomic revision of geranium l. , group in which are more than 950 published names, like   vision. on the other hand, we will also start the work of formal taxonomic revision, approachin  f southamerica, and on which we already have preliminary information.
14921	10	the genus orthotrichum is one of the largest moss genera which exhibit an outs  enus orthotrichum is one of the largest moss genera which exhibit an outstanding environmental   live mainly as epiphyte, and frequently dominate the moss communities of tree trunks. besides t  of tree trunks. besides their intrinsic value, these communities constitute an interesting sour  nment of the temperate areas where they are specially important. spain is one the countries whe  ere they are specially important. spain is one the countries where this genus is specially dive  up has worked during the last 15 years, is an essential objective within the project of flora b  ll epiphytic and xerophytic mosses, and is specially diversified in the holarctic, where 40 of   terspecific delimitation, some of which are represented in both hemispheres, which makes indisp  e a worldwide revision, combining a new use of morphological characters and molecular technique
15309	4	ound 60 species worldwide, which mostly correspond to epiphyte and, to a lesser degree, saxicol  lonization of trees and shrubs bark. it is considered a difficult genus due to the high similar   relationships, this study will greatly increase the knowledge of the genus ulota, at the same   owledge of the genus ulota, at the same time that it will allow shaping it from a new and moder
6868	5	mical status of some plant species wich are important in the hungarian flora. the knowing of th  ian flora. the knowing of these species could help the recognition of the flora- and vegetation   unknown their relationship, origin, or even their basic cytogenetical data is missing. other s  t these missing knowledges and possibly do some actual, modern research too. the result of thes   the result of these up to date methods can place my results into international context.
14489	6	rid. and tortula hedw. in south america is proposed. in this area, during the xixth and first h   high number of species of these genera were described. it bears emphasis that most taxonomical  s that most taxonomical issues have not been reconsidered ever since the original descriptions   ed ever since the original descriptions were given. a preliminary list in south america embrace  richia and 46 of tortula, from which 37 are species cited as insufficiently known. of these dat  these dates we can concluded that there is not a modern taxonomical revision and consequently t
6888	1	ribatida database. b.compilation of new check-list and catalogues first of all for madagascar,
6848	6	ant species of the tropical insects has been collected yet. also the dipterous fauna of the afr  us fauna of the afrotropical region has been known inadequately and unevenly. the aim of this p  duals. since those species have already been described, the only way to avoid needless specimen  he tropics. during a collection trip we capture as many specimens at as many sites as possible   s at as many sites as possible , and we select specimens important for the collections under a   s of the afrotropical dipterous species must follow strict standards: their high quality would
14571	1	n and european herbaria with iberian or type material. 2. to collect specimens of these genera
14861	19	taxonomic, faunistic and biogeographic study of all the species of the genus lycosa present in   of all the species of the genus lycosa present in the study area, to re-describe all the weste  lycosa present in the study area, to re-describe all the western mediterranean species and to d  ecimens deposited in museum collections being lost. for the colonization process of the western  esult of its adaptation to live in very dry habitats, the colonization of western european area   south of italy. in particular, we will try to fully develop the following 6 main objectives: 1  ly. in particular, we will try to fully develop the following 6 main objectives: 1.- complete t  op the following 6 main objectives: 1.- complete the faunistic study in the iberian peninsula b   objectives: 1.- complete the faunistic study in the iberian peninsula by collecting in the les  g the exact number of species of lycosa present in our fauna. 2.- obtain specimens from all the  ies of lycosa present in our fauna. 2.- obtain specimens from all the type localities of lycosa  lities of lycosa from north africa. 3.- sequence a minimum of three specimens from all populati  ach one of the species under study. 4.- obtain a molecular phylogeny of the genus lycosa using   oth mitochondrial and nuclear genes and calibrate a molecular clock. 5.- carry out a taxonomic    of all the species of the genus lycosa present in the study area. compare the phylogenetic res  scribe all the species of the genus and designate notypes for all the species for which the typ  species for which the type material has been lost. 6.- infer the colonization pattern of the ge  ch the type material has been lost. 6.- infer the colonization pattern of the genus lycosa in t  n mediterranean and, more specifically, infer the origin of all the colonization events in the
15291	3	we propose a taxonomic, biogeographic and phylogeographic   omic, biogeographic and phylogeographic study of cryptogams , all of them of biogeographical in  togams , all of them of biogeographical interest, as well as increasing both the knowledge of t
14742	7	mited and scarce. in this work, we will study the chromosome numbers of the ophrys species of t  special attention to these species that are represented in the iberian peninsula and north of a  epresented in the iberian peninsula and north of africa. we will analyze the caryotypes of at l   peninsula and north of africa. we will analyze the caryotypes of at least one of the species o  lly recognised in the genus and we will investigate the euchromatin and heterochromatin pattern  t mediterranean basin. finally, we will try to establish the geographical distribution of the c  romosomical evolution obtained, we will elaborate a proposal about the evolutionary relationshi
14890	4	caprellis are small peracaridean crustaceans with an important ro  cal changes during development. we will study the caprellid biodiversity from the iberian penin  world caprellidea and illustrated keys, easy to use for ecologists non-experts in taxonomy, wil  stribution. in this sense, we will also use molecular tools to explore the intraspecific variat
14637	7	r samples off the spanish mediterranean coast, an area which has been often sampled by our rese  ch group. from the taxonomic/systematic point of view, marine prokaryotes still are the less ch   the biological diversity in oceans and open seas. thus we are aware of the need of further stu  ersity in oceans and open seas. thus we are aware of the need of further studies on these envir  es on these environments to isolate and maintain as pure cultures strains that may constitute n   maintain as pure cultures strains that may constitute new taxa, and that such strains are conv  o other scientists through the cect. we hope to contribute substantially to a better knowledge
15354	3	this project is envisaged as a continuation of the preceding cgl2005  e preceding cgl2005-02292 v. splendidus group, all of which are largely represented in our coll  ture habitats of the west mediterranean coast during the course of past projects.
15102	2	the potential vegetation of ravines and salt marshes of semiarid territories, a kind of plant c  dually. by all those reasons, tarayales can be considered nowadays to be very severely fragment
14574	14	s an obscure and poorly known taxonomic group that hardly includes 40 species mainly neotropica  pecies mainly neotropical. some of them are useful in weed control, meanwhile others are pests   seful in weed control, meanwhile others are pests but most of them are taxonomically unknown. t  while others are pests but most of them are taxonomically unknown. the genus falls in a pivotal   the genus falls in a pivotal taxonomic position between eucosmini and grapholitini; it represe   of the whole group. in this project it is planned the possibility of clarifying the taxonomic   ted groups, material never revised, and study its relationship with the tribes grapholitini and   elements and novelties and at the same time some patterns have been strongly modified to adapt  tudes. - evolution of the genitalia and last abdominal segments : the genitalia, specially fema   characters : males in crocidosema have been forced by strong sexual selection forces; they are  by strong sexual selection forces; they are rich and diverse in secondary sexual characters tha  en closely related species.this project is based in summary in material deposited in collection  e project and will produce a remarkable review of a taxonomically dificult group with economic   able review of a taxonomically dificult group with economic implications.
2090	12	we propose to combine traditional taxonomy based on detail  ifficult, and no comprehensive work has been done on this group in the deeper part of the north  s been done on this group in the deeper part of the north atlantic and arctic oceans. some more  and arctic oceans. some more effort has been put into the shallow water calcareous sponge fauna  n put into the shallow water calcareous sponge faunas, but also here the recent work by rapp is  sponge faunas, but also here the recent work by rapp is the first comprehensive work done in al  , but also here the recent work by rapp is the first comprehensive work done in almost 100 year  f date and poorly understood, and there is a striking need for revision of the older work. rece  tailed histological work has thrown new light on the classification of the calcarea. as a resul  ies diversity of the calcareous sponges is indicated to be much higher than was previously expe  o be essential to provide corroboratory evidence for phylogeny based on morphological hypothese  nvestigate this taxonomically difficult group with a molecular- and phylogenetic/phyleogeograph
14796	6	udy on the taxonomy of the european and north african heathers based on seed morphological and   niques including histological technics, image analysis and electron microscope. with this proje  ctron microscope. with this project, we attempt to complete an already initiated study with var  ntific journals. results will hopefully resolve the systematic position of the european species  s will hopefully resolve the systematic position of the european species of this important genu  ible infraspecific taxa. new data might be added to phylogenetic analysis already performed in
14644	8	am when possible.the results until now are excellent; during the study of the exogoninae, thre  oninae, three genera and 25 new species were discovered. about the eusyllinae, seven new genera   were discovered. about the eusyllinae, seven new genera and 19 new species of a total of 52 ar  and 19 new species of a total of 52 are being described. similar results are expected from the   52 are being described. similar results are expected from the study of each of the other subfam  ney for the study of the eusyllinae has been obtained, as well as for a month on a stay in germ   the contract for a professional drawer is asked, but is not absolutely required for the develo  n the preparation of the monographs and better quality of the drawings. the second part of the
12158	1	this project is twofold: to develop and test practical management prescriptions to enhance the
1102	3	, made of a series of focussed actions, is to empower the existing national expertise through t  ganisms. the dimensions of the facility are suited to satisfy the molecular tests demand by the  rm and will improve the technologies to be implemented in the automated facility. the activity
10466	18	teeth. the impact of these discoveries is felt well beyond evolutionary biology because teeth    from a common ancestor and that sharks can be taken to represent the primitive condition. this  nogenic system is in disarray. thus, we are faced with a major shift in our understanding, requ  existing data are not up to the job. we know nothing concerning the function of teeth in jawles   in toothless jawed vertebrates has not been the subject of critical analysis. how feeding in l  ed is unknown and, as a consequence, so is the ultimate cause of the gnathostome radiation. fur   gnathostome radiation. furthermore, we do not even know when the radiation occurred: coinciden   radiation. furthermore, we do not even know when the radiation occurred: coincident with the o  ent acquisition of teeth, or neither we do not even know confidently whether the new hypothesis  ion of teeth, or neither we do not even know confidently whether the new hypothesis of converge  hether the new hypothesis of convergent tooth evolution is correct, because there are no compre  oth evolution is correct, because there are no comprehensive evolutionary trees that test wheth  forms appear to possess kosha teeth. we propose to tackle this problem through an innovative mu   models to determine how jaws and teeth were engineered to fit their function. these models wil  a from advanced synchrotron radiation x-ray tomographic microscopy. a kind of super-cat-scannin  tomographic microscopy. a kind of super-cat-scanning, this will reveal in 3d the internal micro  wing us to understand how they grew and were replaced. this in turn will allow us to test hypot  f a model developmental module: the jaw-tooth system
10906	18	teeth. the impact of these discoveries is felt well beyond evolutionary biology because teeth    from a common ancestor and that sharks can be taken to represent the primitive condition. this  nogenic system is in disarray. thus, we are faced with a major shift in our understanding, requ  existing data are not up to the job. we know nothing concerning the function of teeth in jawles   in toothless jawed vertebrates has not been the subject of critical analysis. how feeding in l  ed is unknown and, as a consequence, so is the ultimate cause of the gnathostome radiation. fur   gnathostome radiation. furthermore, we do not even know when the radiation occurred: coinciden   radiation. furthermore, we do not even know when the radiation occurred: coincident with the o  ent acquisition of teeth, or neither we do not even know confidently whether the new hypothesis  ion of teeth, or neither we do not even know confidently whether the new hypothesis of converge  hether the new hypothesis of convergent tooth evolution is correct, because there are no compre  oth evolution is correct, because there are no comprehensive evolutionary trees that test wheth  forms appear to possess kosha teeth. we propose to tackle this problem through an innovative mu   models to determine how jaws and teeth were engineered to fit their function. these models wil  a from advanced synchrotron radiation x-ray tomographic microscopy. a kind of super-cat-scannin  tomographic microscopy. a kind of super-cat-scanning, this will reveal in 3d the internal micro  wing us to understand how they grew and were replaced. this in turn will allow us to test hypot  f a model developmental module: the jaw-tooth system
11418	18	teeth. the impact of these discoveries is felt well beyond evolutionary biology because teeth    from a common ancestor and that sharks can be taken to represent the primitive condition. this  nogenic system is in disarray. thus, we are faced with a major shift in our understanding, requ  existing data are not up to the job. we know nothing concerning the function of teeth in jawles   in toothless jawed vertebrates has not been the subject of critical analysis. how feeding in l  ed is unknown and, as a consequence, so is the ultimate cause of the gnathostome radiation. fur   gnathostome radiation. furthermore, we do not even know when the radiation occurred: coinciden   radiation. furthermore, we do not even know when the radiation occurred: coincident with the o  ent acquisition of teeth, or neither we do not even know confidently whether the new hypothesis  ion of teeth, or neither we do not even know confidently whether the new hypothesis of converge  hether the new hypothesis of convergent tooth evolution is correct, because there are no compre  oth evolution is correct, because there are no comprehensive evolutionary trees that test wheth  forms appear to possess kosha teeth. we propose to tackle this problem through an innovative mu   models to determine how jaws and teeth were engineered to fit their function. these models wil  a from advanced synchrotron radiation x-ray tomographic microscopy. a kind of super-cat-scannin  tomographic microscopy. a kind of super-cat-scanning, this will reveal in 3d the internal micro  wing us to understand how they grew and were replaced. this in turn will allow us to test hypot  f a model developmental module: the jaw-tooth system.
11148	17	because resources, and the time it take to acquire them, are limited, every organism has a  , and the time it take to acquire them, are limited, every organism has a finite amount it can   , every organism has a finite amount it can use in its efforts to survive and reproduce. resour  rces spent on one area, such as health, cannot be spent on another, such as in reproduction. co  in reproduction. consequently organisms must trade off how best to spend their resources so as   ology. the problem is that, although it is often relatively easy to assess the benefit to an or  s that, although it is often relatively easy to assess the benefit to an organism of investing    area, to understand trade-offs we also need to know the associated cost. unfortunately, measur  hat protect the ends of chromosomes and prevent the cells genes from getting damaged or mixed u  licates. however, a section of telomere is lost during each replication and when telomeres reac  on and when telomeres reach a critical, short length the cell stops functioning. the accumulati  sfunctional cells in the bodies tissues is thought to lead to ageing and senescence. importantl  ge and life-history stage at which they are experienced. this will allow us to compare how the   in dealing with environmental stresses, are traded off. finally, we will test the idea that ind  esses, are traded off. finally, we will test the idea that individual variation in telomere sho  l variation in telomere shortening rate can reflect an individual s ability to withstand these   ithstand these stresses and, therefore, provide an indicator of individual quality.
15472	6	etermine the effects on adults: we will test whether experimental increases in oxidative stress  studies should provide the experimental evidence to explain causal patterns between survival, r  e length that will be studied in a long-term data base in both species by means of path analysi  n telomere length. to this end, we will test the effect of brood-size manipulations, incubation  s end, we will test the effect of brood-size manipulations, incubation temperature experiments   ee of telomere shortening. we will also study the degree of plasticity and heritability of this
2165	2	ive of bioclass-fresh is to develop and validate biological indicators suitable for classificat  ebrates and fish. the project will also include indicators for hydromorphological pressures on
15405	2	e caused by natural variability once we have a profound knowledge on the effects of temperature  he global carbon cycle, because warming can enhance decomposition rates. few studies have tried
15406	6	in the scope of climate change. we will be able to discern changes in ecosystem processes cause  from those of natural variability if we have a profound knowledge on the effects of temperature   in such processes. the fact that there is a national action on adaptation to the climate chang   change is enough to understand that it is very important to know profoundly the responses of e   on the global carbon cycle, as warming can enhance decomposition rates. few studies, however,   s, like those in the iberian peninsula, is similar or not. the aim of this project is to assess
10220	7	is that longer, warmer spring climates may speed the development of the next generation, incre  t exposes an animal to disease. we will circumvent this by examining a sexually transmitted inf  ng sex. because mating is durable, this can be measured easily, and temperature-sensitivity ass  or infection and infectivity, and there is no recovery from infection. there are annual epidemi  re is no recovery from infection. there are annual epidemics each year associated with reproduc  y of the host in spring. whilst we will study one particular system, the expectation is that th  nd also how disease patterns of insects may change in the uk following climate change.
11430	7	is that longer, warmer spring climates may speed the development of the next generation, incre  t exposes an animal to disease. we will circumvent this by examining a sexually transmitted inf  ng sex. because mating is durable, this can be measured easily, and temperature-sensitivity ass  or infection and infectivity, and there is no recovery from infection. there are annual epidemi  re is no recovery from infection. there are annual epidemics each year associated with reproduc  y of the host in spring. whilst we will study one particular system, the expectation is that th  nd also how disease patterns of insects may change in the uk following climate change.
9902	7	is that longer, warmer spring climates may speed the development of the next generation, incre  t exposes an animal to disease. we will circumvent this by examining a sexually transmitted inf  ng sex. because mating is durable, this can be measured easily, and temperature-sensitivity ass  or infection and infectivity, and there is no recovery from infection. there are annual epidemi  re is no recovery from infection. there are annual epidemics each year associated with reproduc  y of the host in spring. whilst we will study one particular system, the expectation is that th  nd also how disease patterns of insects may change when climate alters.
2017	1	little is known about how pelagic .
159	2	he planned work is to study the spatial research areas and are also found in fresh waters.   to study the spatial research areas and are also found in fresh waters.
11377	1	is fellowship is to develop a strategic approach to obtaining age constraints and application t
14724	1	and the spanish mediterranean coast. we propose to apply stable isotope techniques and ancient
15573	3	ons, but their functionality has rarely been tested. it is determined by its net effect on the   unctionality has rarely been tested. it is determined by its net effect on the mobility of the   t organism ecological attributes. there is a clear need for conservation instruments that allow
14785	1	s regions of the spanish state. it will permit an evaluation about all those changes impacts an
7704	12	ntries with agriculture and rural areas are subjected since 1990 to profound transformations, s  , inspection rules"local"farming. so it is potentially facing very difficult situations control  local rural development is that it will detect, understand, capitalize and support. interra aim  ral development is that it will detect, understand, capitalize and support. interra aims to stu  lopment models. scientific work interra project, coordinated by t0 task, tasks are grouped into  work interra project, coordinated by t0 task, tasks are grouped into 8 t1 task landmark local j   project, coordinated by t0 task, tasks are grouped into 8 t1 task landmark local joints betwee  rial articulations. this task will also materialize in the entire territory pampean, societal a  oss of resources. this task has already been completed in brazil, largely in cooperation led by  iversity antilles - guiana. it does not have to be carried out in france: french field nintervi   antilles - guiana. it does not have to be carried out in france: french field nintervient here  , and not for a application of t1 to t3 work already largely committed in the participating ins
6859	3	aceous to the recent but sometimes they play very significant role in the tertiary fossil fauna  sized, so-called micromorph brachiopods were neglected in hungary. however, they may be present  ainly on hungarian localities but there are some reasonable exception .
6766	7	tabrate faunas the group of cephalopods is remained neglected until now. apart from some classi  nearly 100 year old publications, there are no detailed studies on these fossils. the aim of th   this lack of knowledge. the relatively better-known members of the groups of tertiary cephalop  ds, but even about these the literature is scattered and rather poor, not only in hungary, but   ungary, but also in europe. even poorer is the literature on the other cephalopods, i.e. on sep  erature of this topic. additionally, it is important to collect all specimens of tertiary cepha   goal is to describe systematically and evaluate paleogeographically and paleoecologically the
13353	5	ncouraging local people to maintain and restore biodiversity ecosystem services. to achieve thi  central policy makers and local actors, identify paths and trajectories of cooperation, and mod  guidelines to ensure its usefulness and enable its application in a european context. the proce  ude european associations with a strong network of support and influence not only in the brusse  ns with a strong network of support and influence not only in the brussels milieu, but also at
7407	1	we intend to explore the utility to mycology one hundred g
14213	5	bogs – a typical part of estonian landscape since the end of ice age – a        bogs – a typical part of estonian landscape since the end of ice age – are considered as   an landscape since the end of ice age – are considered as the most endangered ecosystems in a g  omplemented and local transfer function is completed. historical water-table level fluctuations  nsfer function is completed. historical water-table level fluctuations will be traced and relat
11777	1	cts, in order to validate the model and test the potential for model inversion.
10806	16	considerable effort and money has been devoted to determining the ecological consequences  ch shows that practitioners only rarely use this literature when making decisions as to which i  ished in academic journals. however, it is often difficult for practitioners to extract the per  quivalent scientific search engines, it is often difficult to target the search for conservatio  rrelevent titles and many practitioners do not have the training to extract the conservation me  edical practice in that the collection, review, and dissemination of the evidence now underpins  now underpins most medical practice. we suggest that conservation would benefit from a similar   d benefit from a similar revolution and propose that evidence-based conservation should become   e a standard approach. in this model we envisage practitioners having easy access to summaries   e reviews and meta analyses where there are numerous studies relating to one issue, and there w  utput. full use of the output will also require a change in approaches to conservation. the inv  required by practitioners but will also ensure that the results will be widely used both in the  africa and asia and this work will also be promoted through stands at uk and international meet   and international meetings. the longer term objective is to change global conservation practic   literature. the expectation is that we can build upon the work and experience of this project    is that we can build upon the work and experience of this project to expand it to incorporate
11350	3	nd mathematical modelling to derive and test a theory that uses epidemiological concepts to cha   dynamics of saprotrophic fungi as they colonise populations of dispersed particulate carbon so  metres. the project will adapt the seir framework of epidemiology to categorise the status of p
10617	4	little is known about processes causing adaptive radiation, th  orphological diversity that have rarely been tested. replicate radiations of cichlid fish that   rphological data for all radiations, we ask whether morphological diversity and disparity conti  l evolution, as predicted if divergence is driven by competition.
10025	17	what do we get from continuing to develop and test evolutionary th  o we get from continuing to develop and test evolutionary theory the picture of evolution we ha   synthesis is a rich and varied one. we have a good understanding of the genetic inheritance of  ift in shaping molecular variation, and have increasingly been able to measure and observe natu  ecular variation, and have increasingly been able to measure and observe natural selection in t  e increasingly been able to measure and observe natural selection in the wild. our recent advan  ses of these developments, it has often been very hard to judge how important each one is in ex  xplaining variation in the organisms we see around us. yet this is what we need to do if we wis  s we see around us. yet this is what we need to do if we wish to find more general patterns in   s. yet this is what we need to do if we wish to find more general patterns in how organisms ada  as been a lack of traits about which we know a lot about how natural selection should work; onl  work; only with this information can we begin to ask to what extent is variation from the expec  o on. i will use two traits where we do know how natural selection should be acting, sex alloca  how natural selection should be acting, sex allocation and female re-mating rate, as model syst  ganism s biology, such as how long they live, how many offspring they have, and how big they gr  long they live, how many offspring they have, and how big they grow. with a mixture of genetic   ferent evolutionary processes work, and estimate their importance quantitatively. the results w
11409	17	what do we get from continuing to develop and test evolutionary th  o we get from continuing to develop and test evolutionary theory the picture of evolution we ha   synthesis is a rich and varied one. we have a good understanding of the genetic inheritance of  ift in shaping molecular variation, and have increasingly been able to measure and observe natu  ecular variation, and have increasingly been able to measure and observe natural selection in t  e increasingly been able to measure and observe natural selection in the wild. our recent advan  ses of these developments, it has often been very hard to judge how important each one is in ex  xplaining variation in the organisms we see around us. yet this is what we need to do if we wis  s we see around us. yet this is what we need to do if we wish to find more general patterns in   s. yet this is what we need to do if we wish to find more general patterns in how organisms ada  as been a lack of traits about which we know a lot about how natural selection should work; onl  work; only with this information can we begin to ask to what extent is variation from the expec  o on. i will use two traits where we do know how natural selection should be acting, sex alloca  how natural selection should be acting, sex allocation and female re-mating rate, as model syst  ganism s biology, such as how long they live, how many offspring they have, and how big they gr  long they live, how many offspring they have, and how big they grow. with a mixture of genetic   ferent evolutionary processes work, and estimate their importance quantitatively. the results w
11068	14	because many animals do not breed until they are several years old, their po  se many animals do not breed until they are several years old, their populations consist of a l  d, their populations consist of a large number of pre-breeding individuals. in the case of mari  end most of their early life at sea, we know virtually nothing about their biology. a pertinent  ogy. a pertinent question is; why do we need to know about their biology firstly, pre-breeders   out their biology firstly, pre-breeders can represent more than half of the total population in  al or artificial hazards, and therefore act as important buffers of environmental change. pre-b  s of environmental change. pre-breeders may wait several years to breed because of food. food i  nt, and as a result seabirds we can now study individual foraging behaviours of pre-breeding se  elay in their age at first breeding. it is also important because high site fidelity or individ  y or individual foraging specialisation may mean a greater vulnerability to the threat from cli  fisheries or pollution. if pre-breeders do not exhibit these consistencies, they may be less su  t exhibit these consistencies, they may be less susceptible to these threats and may therefore   e less susceptible to these threats and may therefore be even more important buffers of change.
10332	2	we propose to study lake victoria cichlids to test for par  r parallel speciation. specifically, we aim to investigate 5 predictions of the hypothesis of p
10745	2	we propose to study lake victoria cichlids to test for par  r parallel speciation. specifically, we aim to investigate 5 predictions of the hypothesis of p
10312	10	little is known of the evolutionary forces that maintain same-   evolutionary forces that maintain same-sex sexual behavior in natural populations, despite its   despite its common occurrence. we will use 192 inbred lines of drosophila melanogaster that ha  es of drosophila melanogaster that have been derived from a natural population in north carolin  ominance and sexual antagonism. we will screen all inbred lines for male-male ssb to identify t  ntaining low levels of ssb. the top and bottom 5 lines will subsequently be used in crossing ex  op and bottom 5 lines will subsequently be used in crossing experiments to identify genetic com   ssb, and by quantifying these, we will assess the likelihood that ssb is maintained under eith   we will assess the likelihood that ssb is maintained under either model. the results will prov  h is a prominent, yet often overlooked, source of variation in mating behaviour in natural popu
1958	11	in this project we will investigate the evolutionary significance of egg size v  d growth of the progeny and its effects may persist through to the adult stage. the size of the   the egg and its relation to egg number is determined by genetic, maternal and environmental fa  inly applies to ectotherms because they are most amenable to environmental variance in life his   forms. this plasticity in wing pattern is thought to be an adaptive response to the seasonal c  ce, the life history shows a remarkable contrast between the seasons for traits including, weig  tween the seasons for traits including, weight, fecundity , fat content, longevity and developm   longevity and developmental time. this must occur, however, within the limits set by developme  ne single gene pool. in this project we select for lines differing in egg size and study the di  ect for lines differing in egg size and study the direct and correlated responses along a tempe  ation of maternal effects. we will also begin the molecular quantitative analysis and functiona
14156	1	the project is divided into 3 workpackages will deal with early ind
1971	5	tion of single enzymes, where mutations can be introduced at much higher rates and experimental  ovides a powerful alternative. here, we propose to test theories on the evolutionary significan  ution of antibiotic resistance. we will study the evolution of resistance conferred by the enzy  ion, as well as the population size, we plan to test predictions of several leading sex theorie  ibraries of adaptive variants will also be used to test assumptions of one particular hypothesi
11775	7	enomic imprinting . for a patrigene, it is of equal value if its worker reproduces or the worke   siblings reproduce, for a matrigene it is twice as beneficial if the worker herself reproduces   predicts that genes whose upregulation is associated with worker reproduction should be expres  e imprinted. i will discover genes that are methylated differently between reproducing and ster  date worker reproduction genes. we will identify, through screening, colonies with different al  leles in these candidate genes. we will discover the expression of matrigenes and patrigenes of  lonies. a gene where only the matrigene is expressed is the first imprinted gene discovered in
10482	3	or isolated, reduced genetic variation can lead to reduced population fitness through inbreedi   iucn as a conservation priority. there is therefore a pressing requirement to address research  ression, and whether inbred populations can be rescued through the introduction of new genetic
10026	9	ageing, or senescence, is a central focus of current research across a wide ra  of the processes responsible for ageing is limited by the paucity of research into the evolutio  isms in nature experience an inevitable risk of death from environmental causes, and this leads  force of natural selection with age. it is now widely accepted that senescence evolves as a bi-   this prediction is over-simplistic and may not apply outside of the laboratory. conventional w  ediction is over-simplistic and may not apply outside of the laboratory. conventional wisdom al  senescence rates in natural populations is required to understand the evolution of senescence.   ce. i will use data collected from long-term individual-based studies of four wild vertebrate p  on in adult mortality risk. i will also test for differences in senescence rates associated wit
10303	7	ces known as transposable elements that can be thought of as selfish intragenomic parasites. as  demographic history of the host species is expected to influence the ecology and evolution of t  n genomes. surprisingly little work has been conducted to address the question of how host demo  n. the fruitfly drosophila melanogaster is an ideal model system to test the impact of changes   em for transposable element biology and is known to have recently colonised worldwide habitats   ised worldwide habitats from africa. we aim to test the hypothesis that the recent expansion of  ecies range into europe from africa has been accompanied by an increase in transposable element
11233	12	ironmental change. climate change alone is predicted to condemn at least one in ten of all spec   to extinction this century unless they can adapt to deal with these changing conditions. such   ects on the ecological networks that we depend on for food and fuel production, for sustainable  networks that we depend on for food and fuel production, for sustainable development, and ultim  timately for political stability. there is therefore an urgent need to understand maximum rates  stinguish between these hypotheses, and assess which ecological and genetic factors most limit   e rates of movement of individuals, and assess genetic changes in those traits expected to be e   estimates of these variables will then be related back to theoretical models to test how well   lations. such information will not only help to identify which species and populations are most  ost at risk of extinction, it will also provide guidance on which strategies can be employed to  so provide guidance on which strategies can be employed to maximise evolutionary responses in n  pulations. this will help to reduce, or plan for, the massive rates of biodiversity loss predic
9860	13	ocial group. similarly in diseases that are spread by contact, infected individuals are more li  dels that show that this spatial spread can have a major effect on the disease dynamics. recent  wn that this spatial structure can also have important implications to the evolution of parasit  parasites. if they spread locally, they are selected for lower transmission and virulence. it i  or lower transmission and virulence. it is very difficult to test this sort of theory, but we h  oped an insect virus system in which we can manipulate how locally the hosts move. our recent w  er in a more viscose population. we now want to examine the role of spatial structure on the co  now want to examine the role of spatial structure on the coevolution of the host in addition to  in addition to the parasite. as such we propose to build computer models and use some mathemati  we propose to build computer models and use some mathematical approximation techniques to predi  ection on host resistance. we will then test this using our insect virus system. this mixture o  ng patterns within many populations, it is important that we understand what the implications a  ny populations, it is important that we understand what the implications are to wildlife and hu
10583	6	we are interested in the phytogeographic distribution of c  ifers from productive habitats. here we use neighbourhood modelling to quantify competition wit  s in new zealand. individual trees have been monitored over time, providing detailed informatio  ation about their demographics. we will quantify the responses of trees to competition by relat  lity to crowding by neighbours. we will investigate whether conifers are restricted to unproduc  s. we will investigate whether conifers are restricted to unproductive sites within their clima
10334	3	st in sex allocation in vertebrates, we have virtually no understanding of how strong selection  ptive. i will combine molecular genetic sex identification with partial cross-fostering experim  ts of selection and adaptation in avian sex ratios, using blue tits as a model system. the resu
2551	9	se, a caligid ectoparasitic crustacean, is a severe threat to wild and domestic salmonids. nove  d ectoparasitic crustacean, is a severe threat to wild and domestic salmonids. novel therapeuti  ic approaches to dealing with this pest are needed. exposure of the louse to freshwater rapidly  isruption of water transport mechanisms can expose an untapped vulnerabilty. the cellular mecha  mechanisms that underlie the growth and water homeostasis of the louse are, however, virtually   g discovery in biomedical research, and have recently gained ground in the fight against malari   in relation to its vertebrate host, we aim to generate an avenue for differentially regulating  iated with the channel architecture and site-directed mutagenesis used to validate the structur  agenesis used to validate the structure-function relationships. we further aim to validate our
14214	4	recent evidence suggests that plants can exhibit a variety of inhibition or intensification    of root growth towards neighbours have been explained by changes in root-root signalling using  simple logic tells us that the adaptive value of an ability of kin recognition in plants depend  n ecosystems poor in plant species, and reproduce predominantly clonally could be the ones wher
10363	7	currently, we have little qualitative knowledge about how the design   apture of airborne pollen. we therefore propose to employ cfd to obtain fundamental new informa  movement of airborne particles. we will use cfd to study wind pollination in oilseed rape, whos  r suited to insect pollination. we will determine the likelihood that flowers catch pollen at r  len at realistic airborne densities and investigate whether floral architecture is optimised fo  investigate whether floral architecture is optimised for wind pollination. wind tunnel experime  me using down-wind arrays of volumetric air samplers and flowers.
6892	5	lore historical and genetic data, which are suited to shed a light on those periods of populati  tory of central and eastern europe that cannot be studied by other methods. the molecular genet   long the line of origin of the samples can be traced back and in what manner those samples fit  ogically defined bones, similarly as we have successfully performed it during our former nkfp p  europe, since other comparative studies were built on samples collected from present-day popula
10421	4	rocesses that control the formation and fate of organic matter. the observations, together with  ll be used to analyse annual and longer term variability in ocean ecology and biogeochemistry w  f climate change. the cruises will also enable formal training in interdisciplinary oceanograph  ng in interdisciplinary oceanography to be given to a new generation of phd students.
10663	4	rocesses that control the formation and fate of organic matter. the observations, together with  ll be used to analyse annual and longer term variability in ocean ecology and biogeochemistry w  f climate change. the cruises will also enable formal training in interdisciplinary oceanograph  ng in interdisciplinary oceanography to be given to a new generation of phd students.
10685	4	rocesses that control the formation and fate of organic matter. the observations, together with  ll be used to analyse annual and longer term variability in ocean ecology and biogeochemistry w  f climate change. the cruises will also enable formal training in interdisciplinary oceanograph  ng in interdisciplinary oceanography to be given to a new generation of phd students.
10914	4	rocesses that control the formation and fate of organic matter. the observations, together with  ll be used to analyse annual and longer term variability in ocean ecology and biogeochemistry w  f climate change. the cruises will also enable formal training in interdisciplinary oceanograph  ng in interdisciplinary oceanography to be given to a new generation of phd students.
11692	4	rocesses that control the formation and fate of organic matter. the observations, together with  ll be used to analyse annual and longer term variability in ocean ecology and biogeochemistry w  f climate change. the cruises will also enable formal training in interdisciplinary oceanograph  ng in interdisciplinary oceanography to be given to a new generation of phd students.
9897	4	rocesses that control the formation and fate of organic matter. the observations, together with  ll be used to analyse annual and longer term variability in ocean ecology and biogeochemistry w  f climate change. the cruises will also enable formal training in interdisciplinary oceanograph  ng in interdisciplinary oceanography to be given to a new generation of phd students.
223	16	viduals depending on their identity has been thought to be relatively limited in plants. howeve  , current evidence suggests that plants can exhibit a variety of growth strategies in response   rategies in response to competition and show quite sophisticated behaviour. this implies that w  ticated behaviour. this implies that we may soon face an entirely new level of understanding ad  ehaviour. this implies that we may soon face an entirely new level of understanding adaptations  s that we may soon face an entirely new level of understanding adaptations to competition in pl  ld increase in frequency and eventually displace strategies minimizing interplant competition.   e of root competition among plants have been demonstrated, and less intense competition has bee  rated, and less intense competition has been observed between related than non-related individu  ed individuals. such phenomena can only be explained through cooperation. the up-to-date evolut  xplained through cooperation. the up-to-date evolutionary theory of inclusive fitness and coope  clusive fitness and cooperation has not been applied in modelling of plant behaviour, and no fi   ability of plants to avoid competition is related to species/population life history traits wi  s with the same phenotype. we will also attempt to determine whether aggregation/assortment of    of major importance in plants. we will restrict our study to a representative selection of pla  lant species characteristic of estonian plant communities.
10585	2	of this work will be the use of a large glass-sided indoor stream to examine both the mechanism  e the use of a large glass-sided indoor stream to examine both the mechanisms and functions und
14847	7	concerning the search for new farmable fish species, sturgeon deserves special attention. it i  sturgeon deserves special attention. it is appreciated not only for its caviar, but also for it   cartilage, and meat. in addition, they are condrost species that appeared in the devonian and   ecies that appeared in the devonian and survive to the present.in terms of production, the only  resent.in terms of production, the only company in spain with strong commitment to this fish, w  h the autochthonous species a. naccarii is the fish farm sierra nevada, s.lof riofrio studies o  o studies on responses to physiological stress, including load, nutrition/feeding, hypoxia, and
14464	11	the aim of the proposed project is to be established the contemporary status of the populatio  ish territory. the following tasks have been planned: ● investigation of the species compositio  tigation of the biological features and influence of the environmental factors on the invasive   vestigation area into districts – there are 7 main areas, selected on the basis of geographic–l  as, selected on the basis of geographic–landscape principle. ● collection of scientific data an  s and equipment owned by the scientific team, information from the fisheries inspection agency,   the fishery catches – species, age and size composition, sex ratio, fecundity, feeding, growth  es – species, age and size composition, sex ratio, fecundity, feeding, growth, mortality, abund  onitoring of the effect of the invasive fish species, direct application in the long-term natio  he effect of the invasive fish species, direct application in the long-term national program fo  species, direct application in the long-term national program for assisting the stable developm
9821	23	r planets in the solar system. not only are meteorite impacts implicated in mass extinctions, t  xtinctions, they form traps for oil and gas, and in the early history of the earth and mars, th  mportant habitats for life. the boltysh crater in ukraine was formed in a very shallow sea on a  for life. the boltysh crater in ukraine was formed in a very shallow sea on a flat continental    crater in ukraine was formed in a very shallow sea on a flat continental shelf 65 million year  shelf 65 million years ago, at the same time as the chicxulub crater in mexico, though it has n   ago, at the same time as the chicxulub crater in mexico, though it has not been possible to de  lub crater in mexico, though it has not been possible to determine whether the two happened at   a and fauna which lived in the lake, or were washed in by rivers. the fact that boltysh remaine  t it holds a unique and near continuous record of the kt boundary and early paleogene period. w   and early paleogene period. we already know a lot about the crater because it was drilled in t   know a lot about the crater because it was drilled in the 1960s - 1980s but the core has been   d in the 1960s - 1980s but the core has been lost in subsequent regime changes, apart from a fe  art from a few scattered pieces we have been able to study before starting this work. this proj  before starting this work. this project is intended to drill two holes and recover cored sedime  round 50 million years ago. what can we learn from these sediments firstly, we should be able t   the kt boundary, predates it or indeed post-dates. our previous work shows that the boltysh cr   significant meteorite impact event. we can do this by recording the fossil plant spores and po   more about the climate at the time. we know very little about biotic reassembly of a wide ster   of a wide sterilised and nutrient poor zone such as boltysh ejecta blanket, current models bei   boltysh ejecta blanket, current models being based on smaller volcanogenic landscapes which ar  are not directly analogous because they are richer in nutrients. studying the boltysh crater wi  cores will provide an almost continuous record of the climate in central europe and asia. in th
15344	3	the bonellis eagle aquila fasciata is an endangered bird of prey inhabiting mediterranean   inhabiting mediterranean ecosystems. it is a long-lived species that occupy the highest levels   ly occupied by the species. at the same time, the abundance and distribution of its main prey t
11397	6	, when it appears to have a significant effect on viability one explanation for the maintenance  ual variation in a key trait is that it is non-genetic in origin and is created by environmenta  is that it is non-genetic in origin and is created by environmental or maternal influences, but  on between individuals in their minimal rate of metabolism, generally termed basal or standard   e role that hormones play as a maternal tool for adjusting offspring to the environment, so lin  tion and population structure, but also fish welfare and the design of husbandry regimes.
10937	2	rgetic models used in fisheries science may overestimate the atp yield per mole of o2 consumed   heries science may overestimate the atp yield per mole of o2 consumed at rest . the proposed ex
11556	6	this study is based on the highland water research catchment repli  in, also at 1:1 scale. the ptm can then be set in the flume subjected to a steady flow discharg  f the natural floodplain morphology and flood hydrology within the flume will enable us to acqu  he gridded flow velocity data will then be analysed to enable discrimination of the dominant te  ject will deliver an original empirical model of floodplain flow mechanics that will be used to  y product the project will also concept-proof a novel and transferable terrain modelling techni
10594	2	associative settlement. specifically we aim to determine whether species specificity at settlem  r settlement of barnacles on basibionts is induced by sipc-like proteins expressed at the settl
11466	2	we will use radiocarbon dating, as well as other radiometric te  e developed to take account of climatic model simulations and to examine critically assumptions
15121	4	n and biodiversity conservation actions are based on two basic questions; how was the forest la  and its structure before the human wide-range alteration, and how the forest systems and their   on on these aspects. in this project we pretend to provide with interdisciplinary knowledge abo  egetation of the natural climate change is distinguished from the effect of the human pressure
13365	4	irst stage consist of the bibliographic study on wild cyclamen species naturally grown in aegea  ion to complement with the data base to be established for future inventory studies. by using t  aracteristics to utilize as outdoor and pot ornamental plants. so, selection will be carried ou  d as ornamental by clonal selection and appropriate reproduction methods for these species will
10636	5	levels that serious health consequences may result for humans that ingest the shellfish. owing   nse strains are of a single species, it is not possible to discriminate between them based on m   based on morphology. we will therefore utilise recently developed oligonucleotide probes for a  ination and enumeration even when cells are grown in combination to study their competition. fi  the different strains of a.tamarense we are currently collecting at a number of sites. once dev
10793	10	erest and many years of study there are still huge gaps in our understanding of how variation i  of the same species spend the winter or breed in different places, why do some birds manage to   birds manage to rear young while others do not these are all very important questions, particul  nservation of migratory birds, but they remain unanswered because of two problems. first, we no   because of two problems. first, we now know that we cannot view the behaviour of a bird in a s  wo problems. first, we now know that we cannot view the behaviour of a bird in a single season   ettles on a poor wintering territory it may not gather the resources it needs to fuel spring mi  n a poor wintering territory it may not gather the resources it needs to fuel spring migration   on the breeding grounds, and threrefore be less likely to get a mate. second, to get an idea of  rd is doing in more than one season, we need to be able to track it as it makes its annual migr
10135	8	there is now very little doubt that human induced climatic wa                 there is now very little doubt that human induced climatic warming is occurring   f milder winters. this winter, however, is forecast to be the coldest winter for over 10 years    however, is forecast to be the coldest winter for over 10 years . the aim of this current proj  o recent climatic warming. we will also investigate whether colder water species, which have de  we will also investigate whether colder water species, which have declined in abundance in the   tic warming. such information will then be incorporated into predictive models to enable more r  es range shifts. our research will also provide some insight to how species will respond in the
12448	3	summary objective: to monitor and analyse the incidence of specific plankton species and    investigate links between cpr data and long-term changes in fish stocks and catch in order to   nd long-term changes in fish stocks and catch in order to develop new approaches to fisheries m
1986	8	y by which morphology evolves. however, even with over a century of interest in the evolution o  ution of allometry, essentially nothing is known about the mechanisms of change in scaling rela   relationships. developmental processes must play a central role in maintaining the functional   ir evolution. to study both process and pattern in evolution we have initiated an integrative,   m on allometry. in this project we will quantify allometry across species of lepidoptera for th  tterfly bicyclus anynana . we will also perform a range of genetical, developmental and physiol  he evolution of such complex phenotypes is needed to build a predictive evo-devo theory of trai  theory of trait evolution that can then be generalized to other organisms. this is the overall
12509	11	improve the management of difficult-to-control perennial weeds in organic farming systems. the  in organic farming systems. the project was initiated by defra in response to the research reco  ation of creeping thistle. the economic impact over the whole rotation, to gross margin level,   ormance from of0318 and of0332, organic field vegetable production - baseline monitoring of sys  h project of0363. these would be mainly field-based events on the experiment sites. the aim wil  icularly from farmers and growers, that could influence the direction of the studies. we will o  e the direction of the studies. we will offer the review and the results of field experiments,    experiments. the project will directly benefit farmers and growers by leading to improved cont  erennial weeds in organic stockless and pasture systems. better control options should reduce c  cultural products which will help defra meet organic action plan targets, and benefit consumers  a meet organic action plan targets, and benefit consumers by increasing choice.
10467	3	ematic programme will use an autonomous vehicle to carry out science missions beneath ice cover  the auto sub vehicle and the subsequent use of that facility to study the biological diversity   nment: 1. open water areas, 2. seasonal ice areas, and 3. permanent ice areas. by contrasting t
12625	7	this work is to strengthen recent defra research on the costs of phasing out peat in the hardy   ector. the need for additional research is informed by the view that the cost estimates produce  significantly higher than have actually been experienced by some firms going through the proces  ugh the process of phasing peat out. it is thought that the limited number of case studies on w  ch projections in the previous research were based may have produced inflated cost estimates fr  stimates from the business managers who were interviewed. defra therefore requires 25 interview  a therefore requires 25 interviewees to be surveyed in the hardy nursery stock sector. the inte
15204	7	al variation across tree canopy. it has been argued that, besides those responses, there must b  at, besides those responses, there must be coordination mechanisms that optimize plant performa  oal demands that three subsidiary goals are achieved. that is the demonstration of, first, spec  s in the performance of specific tasks, second, cooperation in terms of resource exchange among   by the research team. specifically, we test the following hypotheses: spatio-temporal integrat  d common garden designs. ultimately, we expect that the results of this research will contribut  getative traits on the fitness of woody long-lived species.
10882	21	r example, female house mice frequently rear their offspring communally with another breeding f  st. this decision is facultative - they can choose to cooperate with a particular partner or no  ale s investment in own and other pups, are poorly understood. it is generally assumed that kin  d other pups, are poorly understood. it is generally assumed that kinship drives such cooperati   unrelated individuals mix, although we have surprisingly poor understanding of the abilities o  olymorphic genetic identity signal that is used to avoid inbreeding with close kin by house mic  of a genetic recognition mechanism that is used to identify close kin sharing the same highly p  hly polymorphic genetic marker. we will use this proven genetic marker to test whether female h  n as cooperative partners. we will also use a novel non-invasive approach to label the milk of   . we will also use a novel non-invasive approach to label the milk of individual mothers and me  abel the milk of individual mothers and measure investment in each pup in communal nests for th  imple genetic kin recognition mechanism is limited, though, because it identifies only a small   ugh, because it identifies only a small proportion of close kin. through modeling, we have gene  ugh a mother s phenotype during rearing could allow reliable recognition of a very high proport  of kin using this mechanism have yet to be tested. in this project, we will establish whether n   to be tested. in this project, we will establish whether normal, genetically variable house mi  normal, genetically variable house mice can recognize maternal kin through behavioural imprinti  imprinting on maternal alleles. we will determine whether they imprint specifically on three hi  alleles. we will determine whether they imprint specifically on three highly polymorphic gene c   or on other genetic loci. we will also test whether a common maternal environment, which influ   cooperate among breeding females. mice can gain considerable information about female physiolo
10535	5	indonesia has been identified as one of the key areas for the range-w  remaining natural landcover using large scale detection/non-detection surveys. these survey and  these survey and monitoring methods are being developed under the tigers forever and ultimately  overall population viability. the wider survey efforts, complemented by the analysis of these g  s in management practice for the longer-term persistence of remnant tiger populations.
13396	2	wild plant can be used as nutrient, spice color matter and drug.th  e aim of this project is to collect and evaluate of wild plant species.
10851	2	elopment in early animal evolution that are based exclusively upon studying living animals. not  rly metazoans, but the presence of late stage fossil embryos will allow us to constrain more fu
11354	10	embryology, the study of development, is pivotal to unravelling the evolutionary history of a  ents in the tree of life. palaeontology can provide the only tests of such hypotheses but has b  ssil record. we have identified a large number of new sites of exceptional preservation in chin  f exceptional preservation in china and north america, contemporaneous with the establishment o  ryos, larvae and associated adults, and provide an opportunity to test hypotheses concerning th  tal sequences include sufficiently late stage embryos whose phylogenetic affinity and, thus, ev  y and, thus, evolutionary significance, can be established. interpretation will be aided by ana  rvation of internal cell boundaries and body organs, and by experiments on embryos of extant or  nts on embryos of extant organisms that are designed to uncover the effect that variations in p   of the most vexing questions of recent time: the origin of animal bodyplans.
12238	3	on an annual basis. in doing so it will use a process that is transparent and inclusive of a wi   of internal and external stakeholders, produce a series of technical papers and a final report  f the recommendations. finally, it will support the launch and publication of the new fertilise
10361	2	mercurialis annua is an annual european weed with striking variation in i   and reproductive systems in plants. we propose here to fill in gaps in our collection of genet
6982	8	echnique to predict wireworm incidence, damage to crops and for their control. a rather new and  , the field derived stable isotope data are validated by experiments. as samples are gathered f  re validated by experiments. as samples are gathered from different locations in central-europe   of elaterid species and sites, we will be able to draw a more general picture of the wireworms  nd. by correlating the trophic position/diet of the wireworms with humus and soil moisture cont  on/diet of the wireworms with humus and soil moisture content of the sites, conclusions can be   sture content of the sites, conclusions can be drawn which of the two variables govern the wire  ms' feeding preferences. this will also imply new approaches for the development of control str
1957	6	tch size with extensive cross fostering was started in 1996 on the island of vlieland. this exp   on future clutch size. this experiment was started 4 years ago, because preliminary calculatio  preliminary results are encouraging. we apply for a phd student to 1 continue the experiment an  raging. we apply for a phd student to 1 continue the experiment and analyse its data and 2 to p  tudent to 1 continue the experiment and analyse its data and 2 to perform side-experiments that   is greatly enhanced by using extensive cross-fostering across trait groups of parents.
174	6	little is known about the actual role of forest wildfire in th   fire was the main factor causing large-scale disturbances, responsible for variation in forest   for variation in forest age structure, soil environment and light climate. due to the present-  est age structure, soil environment and light climate. due to the present-day intensive forestr  hanges in the environment charcoal, and light availability will be experimentally manipulated i  riments will be established in estonian forest wildfire areas and in the prescribed burning exp
14135	8	cies belong to phylum bacteriodetes and are a group of microorganisms that are environmental or   marine and freshwater environments and tolerate a wide range in salinity. successful immigrati  to the brackish northern baltic sea has been observed. the phylogenetic study of bacterioplankt  sea has been observed. the phylogenetic study of bacterioplankton in the central baltic sea rev  sea revealed, that genus flavobacterium is the second richest group representing ~10% of all se  istinct flavobacterial clades, however, is sparse. current project will provide for better unde  r gradients. an integrated phylogenetic approach to assess and interpret the diversity will be   ted phylogenetic approach to assess and interpret the diversity will be used. the strategy reli
11645	7	we aim to determine to what extent the bacterial pathogens  he bacterial pathogens listeria species can colonise protozoans and survive intracellular diges  ria species can colonise protozoans and survive intracellular digestion. colonisation of protoz  lar digestion. colonisation of protozoa may provide an ideal habitat for listeria during the pa  ife cycle outside of the host. listeria can colonise a wide range of vertebrate and invertebrat  brate and invertebrate hosts but little is known of their ecology. the main objectives are to s  fic pcr primers to enable detection and select those samples giving pcr products. these will be
10600	6	non-thermophilic crenarchaea have recently been detached at high levels in soil usin  -thermophilic crenarchaea have recently been detached at high levels in soil using molecular te  e of these non-extremophile archaea has been cultured in the laboratory. consequently, nothing   n the laboratory. consequently, nothing is known of their physiology or metabolic activity and   physiology or metabolic activity and we are ignorant of their function in soil ecosystems. this  shed molecular techniques and will also develop new techniques to relate taxonomic and function
11481	22	wherever you look there are patterns in nature. ecologists have long  volution determine the distributions we observe in nature. interactions between microbes and pl  icrobes and plants are a very important part of ecosystems.. microbial diseases in particular h  . microbial diseases in particular have been shown to change plant communities: dutch elm disea  mmon plant microbe interaction however, is not a disease. the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi , an   mycorrhizal fungi , and this symbiosis is found in all land-based ecosystems except antarctica   species capable of forming mycorrhizas can be colonised by any amf and this is also predicted   am symbiosis in field systems, however, have consistently shown that the distribution of the am  . this system is therefore an excellent test of the neutral vs. niche theory. the former predic  on the meeting of the two organisms and is essentially neutral . the niche theory, by contrast,   are actually observed in the field. we need a system that is reasonably diverse both in plant   pecies and in soil properties. hetchell wood, near leeds uk, is an ideal place for this because  operties. hetchell wood, near leeds uk, is an ideal place for this because of its underlying ge  ogy. an acid base rock, millstone grit, is capped by magnesian limestone, which is much less ac  king transition from acid to basic soil can occur over the space of a few metres. this results   and vegetation in a restricted area. we need to know the distribution of the fungal and root po  know the distribution of the fungal and root populations, and the properties of the soil in whi  ual roots and the fungi colonising them is to use dna testing to generate a sequence to identif  e fungi that are colonising it. we will use this technique to profile samples taken from a grid   so that a map of the plants, fungi and soil properties can be constructed. the testing of the   f the plants, fungi and soil properties can be constructed. the testing of the field data again   question in community ecology and also is directly relevant to the management of biodiversity.
10503	11	cereals were among the first plants to be domesticated, barley and wheat being present at farm  tral europe and into the north european plain, and the second taking a coastal route through it   plain, and the second taking a coastal route through italy and iberia to northwest europe. the  of the crops to these pressures. recent research at umist has suggested that the patterns of ge  e initial domestication of europe might be deduced. we will assemble a much larger genetic data  ion of europe might be deduced. we will assemble a much larger genetic database than has hither  rger genetic database than has hitherto been available for modern landraces of barley and wheat  vering the whole of europe, and we will determine the extent to which the genetic data preserve  th equivalent genetic data that we will obtain from dna preserved in archaeological and histori  e area of science-based archaeology and is specifically relevant to two of the three priority a  ies adjust to climate and environmental change, especially within the fragmented land uses of e
10505	11	cereals were among the first plants to be domesticated, barley and wheat being present at farm  tral europe and into the north european plain, and the second taking a coastal route through it   plain, and the second taking a coastal route through italy and iberia to northwest europe. the  of the crops to these pressures. recent research at umist has suggested that the patterns of ge  e initial domestication of europe might be deduced. we will assemble a much larger genetic data  ion of europe might be deduced. we will assemble a much larger genetic database than has hither  rger genetic database than has hitherto been available for modern landraces of barley and wheat  vering the whole of europe, and we will determine the extent to which the genetic data preserve  th equivalent genetic data that we will obtain from dna preserved in archaeological and histori  e area of science-based archaeology and is specifically relevant to two of the three priority a  ies adjust to climate and environmental change, especially within the fragmented land uses of e
10691	11	cereals were among the first plants to be domesticated, barley and wheat being present at farm  tral europe and into the north european plain, and the second taking a coastal route through it   plain, and the second taking a coastal route through italy and iberia to northwest europe. the  of the crops to these pressures. recent research at umist has suggested that the patterns of ge  e initial domestication of europe might be deduced. we will assemble a much larger genetic data  ion of europe might be deduced. we will assemble a much larger genetic database than has hither  rger genetic database than has hitherto been available for modern landraces of barley and wheat  vering the whole of europe, and we will determine the extent to which the genetic data preserve  th equivalent genetic data that we will obtain from dna preserved in archaeological and histori  e area of science-based archaeology and is specifically relevant to two of the three priority a  ies adjust to climate and environmental change, especially within the fragmented land uses of e
11002	11	cereals were among the first plants to be domesticated, barley and wheat being present at farm  tral europe and into the north european plain, and the second taking a coastal route through it   plain, and the second taking a coastal route through italy and iberia to northwest europe. the  of the crops to these pressures. recent research at umist has suggested that the patterns of ge  e initial domestication of europe might be deduced. we will assemble a much larger genetic data  ion of europe might be deduced. we will assemble a much larger genetic database than has hither  rger genetic database than has hitherto been available for modern landraces of barley and wheat  vering the whole of europe, and we will determine the extent to which the genetic data preserve  th equivalent genetic data that we will obtain from dna preserved in archaeological and histori  e area of science-based archaeology and is specifically relevant to two of the three priority a  ies adjust to climate and environmental change, especially within the fragmented land uses of e
10975	5	rbon emission. in this proposal we will focus attention on fire dynamics on a potentially impor  l montane cloud forests , where we will determine the environmental controls on fire ignition a  l controls on fire ignition and spread, quantify the carbon emissions and recovery times associ  mes associated with specific fires, and evaluate the potential of remote sensing data to scale   our detailed field data to evaluate and calibrate satellite-based estimates for fire occurrence
11129	11	l observations. in this project we will train a phd student in two cutting-edge quantitative te  will train a phd student in two cutting-edge quantitative techniques and utilise these to inves  utting-edge quantitative techniques and utilise these to investigate the reproductive dynamics   ned in the field and colonies will then be relocated to the lab for detailed investigation. rad  tive scale. ovary development will then be determined, and the expression levels quantified usi  expression levels quantified using real-time pcr of three specific genes, foraging, vitellogeni  ific genes, foraging, vitellogenin, and major royal jelly protein, which are the strongest cand  espectively, worker division of labour, egg production and mature queen behaviour. comparison w   a much finer scale than has previously been obtained. experiments will then manipulate the rep  e behavioural data in a novel, powerful model organism to provide an entirely new level of unde  del organism to provide an entirely new level of understanding of the dynamics of reproductive
6856	2	at, according to our present knowledge, have no direct eastern antecedents. in the course of ou  tecedents. in the course of our work we evaluate the find materials and burial customs of catac
2142	6	e will study processes during the early phase of adaptive divergence. lesjaskogsvatnet was colo  f adaptive divergence. lesjaskogsvatnet was colonized by grayling thymallus thymallus in 1880 a  uring 120 years more than 20 demes have been established. owing to profound temperature differe  ature differences among tributaries, we expect to find significant genetic and phenotypic diffe  s despite the short divergence time and lack of obvious isolation barriers. the main objectives  pan at hand, and this project will thus bring new and much-needed information about the mechani
2144	7	ons on various geographical scales have been performed in recent years. some studies conclude t  studies conclude that local populations may contain relatively high amounts of genetic variabil  wn that norwegian populations may often be characterized by less genetic drift than expected ba  l year. this implies that genetic drift could be reduced compared to a situation with only abov  s present, and more genetic variability may be found within populations than what expected base  f studied norwegian populations, and we hypothesize that a. thaliana seed banks play a signific   in relation to genetic structuring. we are interested in determining how seed trait and seed b
10171	1	n acid metabolism how metabolic outputs are linked to the clock. by integrating molecular and b
143	10	distinct environmental conditions - has been demonstrated to be an independent adaptive trait o  es. however, plasticity has hardly ever been properly measured and compared across functionally  cological studies, plasticity has never been considered as a separate adaptive trait that could  dered as a separate adaptive trait that could explain species distribution pattern in the natur  e the first attempt ever to numerically assess the plasticity of different morphological traits  al traits across a number of herbaceous plant species, and to study the importance of plasticit   plasticity to soil fertility will also be considered. the project will develop in three stages  ty in species co-existence in space and time, and on the factors which are responsible for the    which are responsible for the match or mismatch between potential and realized niches and plas   traits of species, and to what degree, determine the distribution of species on different abio
14465	1	seagrasses and macroalgae are biological quality elements of the water framework
15324	10	bated questions in evolutionary biology are related to the geography of speciation, the speed a  speciation events, will these questions be clarified. here i propose to study repeated cases of  ropose to study repeated cases of small-scale radiations in fish, focusing on understanding the  esponsible for the differentiation, and look for the genetic basis of species differences. i ex  tcomes of several speciation events and learn about the nature of the candidate speciating gene   prone to speciate. i will specifically concentrate on repeated events of evolution of benthic-  a frequent split in fish evolution, and follow the mode of natural selection. in addition, i pl  typically divergent sister species, and perform genome wide population genomics, but also detec  nome wide population genomics, but also detect areas in the genome differentially expressed in    obtain candidate speciating genes that can be used outside the cichlid system, and that might
2024	10	derappreciated. by tradition, they have been analyzed and understood as populations, without re  ates that individual variation actually is a major driver of population structure and functioni  d functioning. ibe offers a theoretical framework for explaining population- and ecosystem-leve   microbial ecologists have yet to fully exploit the potential of ibe, there is a growing apprec  lly exploit the potential of ibe, there is a growing appreciation for the fact that little is k  g appreciation for the fact that little is known about how an individual bacterium perceives it   ultimately influences its behavior and fate in a bacterial community. i propose to address thi  ria on the leaf surface and the leaf-to-leaf variability in bacterial abundances. to explain th  rogation of individual bacteria as they colonize the leaf surface. in a parallel and complement   in the phyllosphere. moreover, it will reinforce the status of the phyllosphere as an ecosyste
10669	21	although we have a good general understanding of how evolution oper  rstanding of how evolution operates, we have only limited insight into its detailed workings in  ved knowledge in this area will greatly advance our understanding of how genetic diversity is m   understanding of how genetic diversity is maintained in natural populations and of how populat  nsequences of carrying particular genes can vary with environmental conditions; it is possible    vary with environmental conditions; it is possible , characters are not free to evolve indepen  ns; it is possible , characters are not free to evolve independently of one another. instead th  curring on other characters to which it is genetically tied. recent research suggests that thes  ch suggests that these constraints also vary with environmental conditions. currently, we have   environmental conditions. currently, we have very little understanding of how these various pro  ural populations. in this study we will investigate the effect of environmental conditions on e   processes using data from an unmanaged study population of soay sheep on the island of st kild  ured across 23 years. dna profiling has been used to determine paternity and provide a family t  as been used to determine paternity and provide a family tree suitable for the kind of genetic   us research has demonstrated that there are four kinds environmental variation which show stron  ability and parasite abundance. we will address the effect of the environmental conditions desc  etween characters. specifically we will ask how the environmental affects first, the expression   in single characters like body weight: is more genetic variation always expressed when conditi  ely under good or bad conditions third, is selection stronger or weaker under good environmenta   animals such as these are an important source of information on many aspects of ecology and ev  st valuable ecological and evolutionary field data sets.
10886	21	although we have a good general understanding of how evolution oper  rstanding of how evolution operates, we have only limited insight into its detailed workings in  ved knowledge in this area will greatly advance our understanding of how genetic diversity is m   understanding of how genetic diversity is maintained in natural populations and of how populat  nsequences of carrying particular genes can vary with environmental conditions; it is possible    vary with environmental conditions; it is possible , characters are not free to evolve indepen  ns; it is possible , characters are not free to evolve independently of one another. instead th  curring on other characters to which it is genetically tied. recent research suggests that thes  ch suggests that these constraints also vary with environmental conditions. currently, we have   environmental conditions. currently, we have very little understanding of how these various pro  ural populations. in this study we will investigate the effect of environmental conditions on e   processes using data from an unmanaged study population of soay sheep on the island of st kild  ured across 23 years. dna profiling has been used to determine paternity and provide a family t  as been used to determine paternity and provide a family tree suitable for the kind of genetic   us research has demonstrated that there are four kinds environmental variation which show stron  ability and parasite abundance. we will address the effect of the environmental conditions desc  etween characters. specifically we will ask how the environmental affects first, the expression   in single characters like body weight: is more genetic variation always expressed when conditi  ely under good or bad conditions third, is selection stronger or weaker under good environmenta   animals such as these are an important source of information on many aspects of ecology and ev  st valuable ecological and evolutionary field data sets.
10735	21	aim has gained renewed prominence as we try to understand how populations will adapt to changin  ronmental conditions. genetic diversity is influenced by population size, and this is a key con   and understanding these is vital if we are to understand how species have evolved in the past,   evolved in the past, and how they will do so in future. two factors implicated in this respect  ucing species by which genetic material is exchanged between pairs of chromosomes, resulting in  ion is a very important process and has been shown to be correlated with higher levels of genet  important process and has been shown to be correlated with higher levels of genetic diversity.   ay in determining how genetic diversity is distributed and maintained in the fruit fly drosophi  rosophila melanogaster. d. melanogaster is a model species that is successfully used in many ar  ast few thousand years. like humans, it is thought to have originated in africa, colonising the  the species range, including europe and north america as well as africa, because the species is   as well as africa, because the species is thought to have reached america more recently than e  ecombination and genetic diversity, and assess whether populations vary in terms of how these p  s vary in terms of how these parameters are related. i will also look at how the mating system   ese parameters are related. i will also look at how the mating system influences genetic divers  le and female perspectives. firstly, we know males of many species are brightly coloured or exh  osy females only mating with males they deem suitable. chosen males may therefore father many o  em suitable. chosen males may therefore father many offspring, whilst others have none. this re  re father many offspring, whilst others have none. this reduces the number of males fathering t  resources is high, some females may not be able to produce any eggs. this reduces the number of  hether females in different populations are prepared for breeding by looking at patterns of egg
11865	12	onment is an under studied area, and it is often assumed that pathogenic bacteria die or become  llular organisms than to bacteria. they play a key role in microbial food webs, grazing on bact   and recycling nutrients. protozoa also interact with bacteria and viruses in more complex ways  ways. species of the genus acanthamoeba are responsible for a serious eye infection, amoebic ke  nthamoeba are responsible for a serious eye infection, amoebic keratitis, and more rarely infec  d central nervous system. acanthamoebae have also been shown to harbour human pathogens includi  nervous system. acanthamoebae have also been shown to harbour human pathogens including legione   sewage sludge, 1 million tons of which are disposed of to land in the uk each year. one isolat   the largest known virus which has only been isolated twice before. further soil and sediment i   associated mycobacterial pathogens and compare this to their diversity in bulk soil / sediment  rsity in bulk soil / sediment. previous work in this area is highly fragmented and this study w  dy would be one of the first to try and elucidate the abundance and diversity of a range of amo
177	8	nd morphological features to assess and analyse the structure of ecm communities in grey alder   re of ecm communities in grey alder and black alder stands and its impact on short ecm root par  lder stands and its impact on short ecm root parameters. the results of the project will reveal  main tree species, site conditions, and stand productivity. this will enable the plasticity of   t roots to different soil conditions to be assessed, and will, in addition increasing our knowl  ion increasing our knowledge base, also be of practical value in forestry applications.the dete  ructure of ecm communities and of short-root parameters will create new links between two branc  n two branches of science: mycology and plant ecology, in the field of mineral nutrition of woo
12748	2	k international biodiversity policy and highlight areas where the uk can contribute towards pri  policy and highlight areas where the uk can contribute towards primary valuation of key biomes
11683	16	the phytoplankton are a diverse group of single celled organisms which live in the sunl  al energy in oceans. phytoplankton thus form the basis of the marine food chain and are ultimat   the basis of the marine food chain and are ultimately responsible for around half the biologic   the cycles of these major elements, it is important that we understand what controls phytoplan  major elements, it is important that we understand what controls phytoplankton photosynthesis a   first step in understanding the global impact of phytoplankton is an accurate measure of the a   impact of phytoplankton is an accurate measure of the amount of carbon they take up. phytoplan  te measure of the amount of carbon they take up. phytoplankton carbon fixation can be reasonabl   scale ship based measurements to large scale year round repeated measurements using earth obse  ch phytoplankton convert the light they absorb into carbon varies hugely in the oceans. much of  nments. during research cruises we will make simultaneous measurements of the overall rate of p  he rate of carbon fixation. at the same time we will measure a number of factors which we suspe  rbon fixation. at the same time we will measure a number of factors which we suspect are respon  re a number of factors which we suspect are responsible for causing the unexplained variability  y performing this work we will not only increase our understanding of the physiology of these i  hese important organisms, but will also make significant progress towards increasing the accura
15141	25	ord. the sixth extinction, however, has been driven by human activity. the sustainable use of b  iven by human activity. the sustainable use of biodiversity is fundamental to the future develo  t of humanity and hence urgent measures are required to reverse todays biodiversity crises. bec  human resources for nature conservation are limited, it is appropriate to focus efforts on the    nature conservation are limited, it is appropriate to focus efforts on the richest and most th  s for conservation and management. they can be used to assess ecosystem or environmental integr  ronmental integrity and to identify and prioritize biodiversity hotspot regions. the spider inf  ns. the spider infraorder mygalomorphae is exceptionally well-suited for monitoring conservatio  ystems in the meditteranean basin. they exhibit high habitat fidelity, limited potential for di  d distributional ranges. moreover, they are abundantly present in most mediterranean habitats.   l ranges. moreover, they are abundantly present in most mediterranean habitats. biologists, how  g use of these spiders as bioindicators is therefore not fully developed. here we propose to ov   therefore not fully developed. here we propose to overcome these limitations by undertaking an  ean biodiversity. specifically, we will investigate population structure and demographic proces  he largest geographical and latitudinal range in europe, atypus affinis, and will characterize   ric species of nemesiidae. we will also identify endemism hotspots in the iberian peninsula and  erranean nemesiidae. similarly, we will characterize phylogenetic uniqueness of the mediterrane  se of narrow ecological preferences and long life cycles, mygalomorphs are particularly vulnera  nces and long life cycles, mygalomorphs are particularly vulnerable to extinction. we will comb  larly vulnerable to extinction. we will combine population genetic tools with ecological modell  lity of these species. finally, we will generate a wealth of trascriptomic data through cutting  h of trascriptomic data through cutting-edge pyrosequencing technology to tackle the lack of in  tematics and phylogeography to date. we are fully comitted to overcome traditional barries to t  ety through a variety of activities. we anticipate that results of our research will be relevan  nservation, management, and sustainable use of natural landscapes in the mediterranean basin. t
13595	5	arine fish population dynamics. we will study the effect of average level and variance in fishi  of fishing and climate driven long- and short-term variation in environmental conditions will b  hing and climate driven long- and short-term variation in environmental conditions will be addr  k and kattegat. by making use of markov chain monte carlo methods we can acknowledge the full s   of markov chain monte carlo methods we can acknowledge the full structure and complexity of na
15308	7	species interactions are considered a major force driving evolutionary chang  well-characterized systems. however, we need to improve our current knowledge on the coevolutio  ry process including other factors that may influence the strength of reciprocal selection and   he strength of reciprocal selection and contribute to an adaptive radiation. moreover, we also   n adaptive radiation. moreover, we also need to assess the impact of global climate change on t  latively well-characterized system that may contribute to improve our understanding of the coev  s and scots pines. in addition, we will analyze whether the ecological conditions in northern e
12453	4	summary objective: investigate the effects of climate on the abundance and  trawl survey and fisheries activity and discard database. key customer purpose: assess the valu  discard database. key customer purpose: assess the value of squid as a commercial species and p  ue of squid as a commercial species and provide an estimate of their potential impact on commer
10364	1	ch channel community using samples that were collected monthly and at the end of a 21-month dis
14167	10	t area and its forest fragmentation has been reported to occur in highly populated or agricultu  ely managed areas, forest land area has been increased during last decades throughout the tempe  g last decades throughout the temperate zone, because of the active afforestation of agricultur  for habitat demanding species. however, field observations here and elsewhere are still contrad  these landscape habitat elements. there are two approaches to study the effects of habitat frag  n species dispersal. most of effort has been devoted to the analysis of the effect of habitat l  at isolation more convincingly. we will study the question of general ecological interest like   tudy the question of general ecological interest like how species dispersal and landscape struc  pecies distributions. in particular, we aim to quantify the effects of habitat isolation, possi  bitats, targeting on manor parks, which are scattered in agricultural landscape. woodland parts
1976	5	species that use similar resources and are thus potential competitors, often leads to exclusio  l either confirm the existing theory or reject it, the last result indicating that the current    current models are too simplistic, and further experimental and theoretical studies should the  ence and persistence of the species. we propose to perform such experiments using two simple ac  s used so far that the resource level , parallel to further development of models to include th
14161	13	arming is expanding continuously. there are almost 1200 enterprises in the register of the orga  organic farming. over half of them have plant- and animal production both. the nutrient cycling  ld. however, ca 40% of farms has solely plant production. in the ecological farming is essentia   selling of nutrients the plant feeding is managed by wearing of the reserve of soil mineral us  ge does the organic farming maintain or improve the soil fertility or is the decreasing of the   intain or improve the soil fertility or is the decreasing of the soil fertility unavoidable •wh  properties, microbiological activities, soil biota and other soil health indicators in the case  age •what is the yield level on organic crop rotation . the amount and biochemical composition   omposition of the yield in each variant is defined. to observe the change of soil fertility, th  e content of macro- and micro nutrients are measured regularly. the soil microorganisms and mic  oorganisms and microbiological activity is measured in spring and autumn. the weedness of crop   n. the weedness of crop in each variant is investigated. for each variant the plant products ar  ed. for each variant the plant products are analyzed biochemically to investigate the suitabili
10614	2	to date, however, little attention has been focused on the effects of parasite life-history st  arasite phylogeny and evolution rate to be assessed by comparative and likelihood methods.
10268	13	invasive species have been identified by the iucn as the second biggest threa  ified by the iucn as the second biggest threat to global biodiversity and, arguably, the greate  eir impacts on anything other than high-profile vertebrates , using samples taken both before a   and after the rat eradication, we will be able to identify shifts in the competitors niche bre  ts in the competitors niche breadth and mean trophic level following rat eradication. finally,   petitors niche breadth and mean trophic level following rat eradication. finally, the results f  mbining the data from the flat holm and sound of harris food webs, as well as relevant data fro  evant data from the literature, we will be able to develop a model predicting the effects of ra  llowing limited conservation funding to be allocated most effectively. the project combines thr  ation into an innovative and achievable course of training with great practical application. th  the university of bristol, conveniently close to flat holm island. the scottish fieldwork will   enefit from the network of contacts and expertise already established by the ongoing hebridean   community, both within the wider uk and further afield.
2062	8	grazing is an important factor for plant dynamics, but it has proved difficult   been central in order to understand and predict vegetation response-to the effect of grazing, b  mics in alpine/arctic habitats. we will study relationships between sheep grazing and plant lif  relationships between sheep grazing and plant life history on three different levels. 1 plant c  fe history on three different levels. 1 plant community dynamics and sheep grazing: can changes  an changes in plant community structure be related to specific life history traits within the r  in the resistance-tolerance mechanistic scheme 2 dynamics of herbivore selected herb species in  ry to an extent that general strategies can be identified that explain plant response respond i
6951	8	fferent forest-dwelling organism groups are investigated in the forests of õrség region by simp   the nature based forest management and forest conservation management, and establish long term  lready started: the sampling plots have been selected, and from the background variables the me  f stand structure, light conditions and landscape variables have been finished. from the biolog  conditions and landscape variables have been finished. from the biological variables the field   e field inventory of tree regeneration, forest herbs, bryophytes and birds have been carried ou  forest herbs, bryophytes and birds have been carried out. in the framework of this project we a  e the field inventory of some important background variables, and organism groups.
13451	8	gate how the sperm whale population has been affected by past industrial whaling, by extracting   majority of these biological specimens were collected during whaling expeditions in the 18th,   e onset of industrial whaling will also be analysed. this type of museum material will give us   ive us a unique opportunity to directly assess what genetic diversity was removed. in so doing,   directly assess what genetic diversity was removed. in so doing, we will provide a historical   rsity was removed. in so doing, we will provide a historical baseline pivotal to understanding    of population genetics methods we will contrast our genetic data to that from the extant sperm  vation and preliminary analyses already indicate that our information will contribute towards a
12702	2	ate change on internationally important bird populations in the uk spa series. it will also ide  ions in the uk spa series. it will also identify areas not currently within the spa series whic
2082	5	ected climate change will most strongly affect vertebrate population dynamics. based on a newly  imate on vertebrate population dynamics be predicted from knowledge of basic population dynamic   3. how does climate affect the spatial scale of synchrony in population fluctuations the proje   in population fluctuations the project can examine whether the effects or climate are stronger  s, whether a stronger climate influence are found in species with a large clutch size and high
13820	13	lifehistory omnivory is common among parasitic wasps, where the larvae live    provision of floral subsidies may thus increase the local abundance or enhance the performance  ay thus increase the local abundance or enhance the performance of natural enemies and improve    the performance of natural enemies and improve biological control of pests. however, no studie  t of floral subsidies in a four-trophic-level system. if floral resources, provided to enhance   ources, provided to enhance parasitism, improve the fitness of the parasitoids own natural enem  hen this would impact on the theory and practise of conservation biological control – and chall  f conservation biological control – and challenge some existing community-ecology theories. the  tial scales. in the laboratory, we will compare the effect of floral subsidies on fitness betwe  reatments where floral subsidies are or are not available. in field experiments, insects will b  ithin agricultural fields. we will then capture parasitoids and hyperparasitoids within and at   t distances from the flower patches and analyse them for rubidium content. parallel to the stud  allel to the study of movement, we will assess how parasitism rate of both aphids and primary p
13450	2	his project i will combine ongoing long-term demographic monitoring with new field experiments   hid populations, and will significantly improve our basic understanding of orchid population dy
12587	4	ll aim of this project is to critically review to what extent reduced tillage practices and org  the recycling of organic materials have been promoted as a means of sequestering carbon in agri  ts in england and wales. this will also include an evaluation of other environmental and econom  le, and whether it has the potential to be included within any incentive scheme.
10621	2	the guppy, poecilia reticulata, is a classic model for studies on microevolution, and y  on of a common guppy pathogen . we will screen 500 guppies and their associated parasites with
2153	4	ic and stochastic factors, the size and scale of environmental noise, and the effects of trophi  rs, the size and scale of environmental noise, and the effects of trophic interactions. the eff  s on svalbard and in the barents sea we believe the project will result in new and vital knowle  a changing climate in arctic areas, and is thus strongly anchored to norklimas specific objecti
15225	1	ribute to the role of no3-, aba, et and gas in the acquisition of ar in s. officinale seeds, hi
12414	9	on a deep water observatory a decision was reached to launch a western shelf observatory. this   would build on the currently disparate array of repeated observations carried out in the area   e area encompassing the western english channel, western approaches to the shelf-edge, celtic s  hannel, western approaches to the shelf-edge, celtic seas, irish sea to the malin shelf. the pr  ned sustained monitoring and would also provide operational efficiencies through sharing of res  ources. a range of information products were identified that could be created as a result of su  formation products were identified that could be created as a result of such a coordinated effo   these proposed developments would also form a key element of an expanded european marine ecosy  ahfos, pol, pml and potentially sams to be approached subsequently. in addition other potential
11394	1	g four hypothesis for the developmental control of the induced phenotype.
2043	6	to look at the various mechanisms that can be employed to enforce fisheries management measure  side the eez. moreover, fishing vessels may engage in illegal fishing in the eez. especially de  e enhancement of flag state and coastal state enforcement mechanisms and the possibilities of u  ort state control. the project will not look in detail at enforcement measures not directed dir  development of the law in order that it may ultimately provide for a truly effective global sys  the law in order that it may ultimately provide for a truly effective global system of enforcem
10654	7	we propose a detailed study of the biotic record . we wish  etailed study of the biotic record . we wish to document the nature of faunal change in the dee  e wish to document the nature of faunal change in the deep north atlantic across this critical   nterval in earth s climate history, and link the record of faunal change to palaeoclimatic prox   history, and link the record of faunal change to palaeoclimatic proxies in the same core. as a  nd ultimate cause of faunal changes, we propose to compile a microfaunal record consisting of 5   the eocene/oligocene transition in odp hole 647a.
10346	2	ination with field experiments we will: establish the cost of malaria infection and the proxima   probability. in combination, this work can offer important insights into the demography, and c
11407	6	the espa framework is designed to help the world s poor to improve their l  e their lives through the benefits they can derive from ecosystem services. we know from previo   can derive from ecosystem services. we know from previous studies, that many vital ecosystem s   many vital ecosystem services who will work with the project to assess the relevance of the fr  om the very high level of expertise and experience that the developing country partners will co   the main espa programme will help kick-start a range of activities across espa s themes and re
11025	2	this project should have a significant impact on our understanding of titanosaur evolution, an   of titanosaur evolution, and will also have wider implications for studies of mesozoic terrest
13606	1	shorter than earlier believed . we will investigate if this is a consequence of the extreme env
14837	16	-caused by specific selective pressure- lead to similar body plans with few characteristics sui  high fat metabolism, extended lifetime, narrow temperature tolerance or modified life cycles. i  odified life cycles. in this project we target the evolution of changes in life cycles of cave   ecialists. the species of the spenomous group of genera are endemic to the caves in the pyrenee  tion. in some species the larval stages are reduced from the three to two or even one. in those  es are reduced from the three to two or even one. in those species with a compressed life cycle  ompressed life cycle the number of eggs is reduced, with some species laying only one. within t  rom many small eggs to just one big egg can be found. this means a complete transition from a k   from a k- to a r-reproduction strategy is obtained. here we propose to investigate different a  roduction strategy is obtained. here we propose to investigate different aspects of the origin   shortened life cycle, and whether there is a single line or multiple independent origins. by ca  hylogeny with geological events it will be possible to create a time frame for the origin of th  mental changes. the phylogeny will then be used to identify closely related species showing sig  e project is on alterations of hormonal control mechanisms regulating the development. in holom  since the profiling of the hormones has been done for a wide range of insects, including beetle  r time are available for comparison. it can be assumed that the developmental programs for clos
10717	3	increases linked to gene duplications, is a major research theme in current evolutionary biolo   a subjective impression that has never been exposed to scientific scrutiny. consequently, the   quently, the hypothesis that complexity is linked to gene duplications is speculative. the timi
1989	20	nderstand how elaborate mating displays can evolve in males despite being costly for their surv   males with the most elaborate displays are assumed to have the highest mating success, and fem  ble failing of current theory, however, is that it does not account for the considerable variat  nt theory, however, is that it does not account for the considerable variation that exists betw  t females have different preferences we propose that the answer to this problem lies in variati  eness, and individuals should therefore adjust their behaviour accordingly. furthermore, since   ons, these costs and benefits will also determine how they should allocate resources to differe  nt components of their display. we will combine mathematical modelling with laboratory experime  oint, how should individuals adaptively adjust their mating behaviour in relation to their curr  ir current market value how should they adjust their choosiness, their courtship displays and t  maximises their fitness how should they apportion resources between fixed, morphological traits  chanism, how do individuals acquire and respond to information about their own market value soc  t value social interactions with others are a rich source of feedback, but how do they learn fr  ial interactions with others are a rich source of feedback, but how do they learn from this inf  ich source of feedback, but how do they learn from this information and use it to their advanta  do they learn from this information and use it to their advantage current theory is poorly equi   equipped to answer these questions. we advocate a move away from the traditional view of sexua  vocate a move away from the traditional view of sexual behaviour as a rigid, pre-programmed sui  suite of traits towards a more dynamic, state-dependent perspective in which individuals learn    learn about their own market value and use this information to adjust their mating tactics fle
10233	4	based on morphological and artifactual evidence it has been argued that there have been signif  logical and artifactual evidence it has been argued that there have been significant changes in  ence it has been argued that there have been significant changes in hominid dietary adaptations  ect methods of diet reconstruction only provide a partial picture of subsistence. stable isotop
10733	4	based on morphological and artifactual evidence it has been argued that there have been signif  logical and artifactual evidence it has been argued that there have been significant changes in  ence it has been argued that there have been significant changes in hominid dietary adaptations  ect methods of diet reconstruction only provide a partial picture of subsistence. stable isotop
11248	4	based on morphological and artifactual evidence it has been argued that there have been signif  logical and artifactual evidence it has been argued that there have been significant changes in  ence it has been argued that there have been significant changes in hominid dietary adaptations  ect methods of diet reconstruction only provide a partial picture of subsistence. stable isotop
9934	4	based on morphological and artifactual evidence it has been argued that there have been signif  logical and artifactual evidence it has been argued that there have been significant changes in  ence it has been argued that there have been significant changes in hominid dietary adaptations  ect methods of diet reconstruction only provide a partial picture of subsistence. stable isotop
15186	3	host-parasite coevolution is based on the more or less tight interaction between   characteristics which could potentially vary the virulence produced during the coevolutionary p  n detail in the blue tit population and investigate relationships between mhc variablity, and l
11666	6	male sexual traits. theoretically, iges can influence the rate and/or direction of evolution an   rate and/or direction of evolution and generate large time-lags in the response of phenotypic   rection of evolution and generate large time-lags in the response of phenotypic traits to selec   this approach, more empirical research is required to establish its plausibility. our proposed  nd quantitative genetics to empirically test the importance of female da to the evolution of ma  uphoeta cinerea - a species with strong evidence for female da based on male sexual pheromones.
10530	16	currently, our marine ecosystems are threatened by a number of environmental changes, in  f great concern to scientists today, it is not the first time that marine ecosystems have faced  nderstanding how marine ecosystems have been affected by past environmental change, and in part  ave been affected by past environmental change, and in particular trying to find out how they c  tures and decreasing amounts of oxygen, may help us predict how modern ecosystems will respond   rs to evolve. the animal groups that we see today swimming in the oceans or living on the seafl   took place in the late permian period, was associated with rising global temperatures, changes  odern ecosystems today. as early modern-style ecosystems appeared and evolved after the late pe   permian and through the mesozoic, they were struck by a succession of similar environmental ca  s caused widespread extinction. we will undertake the first study of the effect that global war  early modern marine ecosystems. we will determine, for the first time, how the structure of the  mental conditions. furthermore, we will evaluate whether there been an improvement in the resis  hermore, we will evaluate whether there been an improvement in the resistance of marine ecosyst  rculation and available oxygen. we will undertake these detailed studies to discover for the fi  or the first time how the structure and function of marine ecosystems, from the seafloor to the  der to address these questions, we will undertake a series of linked studies at two contrasting
11228	3	he strong selection pressures they face mean they can quickly evolve to overcome our efforts to  essures they face mean they can quickly evolve to overcome our efforts to suppress them. it is   ercome our efforts to suppress them. it is therefore essential to understand the biological mec
11487	3	he strong selection pressures they face mean they can quickly evolve to overcome our efforts to  essures they face mean they can quickly evolve to overcome our efforts to suppress them. it is   ercome our efforts to suppress them. it is therefore essential to understand the biological mec
10121	8	tes. the effect of sex ratio distorters can have a powerful effect on biodiversity; they can ca  ex ratio distorters can have a powerful effect on biodiversity; they can cause populations to b  a powerful effect on biodiversity; they can cause populations to become extinct and change the   cause populations to become extinct and change the composition of animals in the community. add   in the community. additionally as they can affect harmful as well as beneficial hosts, there i  mful as well as beneficial hosts, there is currently a great deal of interest in the use of suc   evolved in diverse parasites . we will test whether feminising parasites also induce apoptosis   test whether feminising parasites also induce apoptosis in the androgenic gland in order to fe
11048	8	tes. the effect of sex ratio distorters can have a powerful effect on biodiversity; they can ca  ex ratio distorters can have a powerful effect on biodiversity; they can cause populations to b  a powerful effect on biodiversity; they can cause populations to become extinct and change the   cause populations to become extinct and change the composition of animals in the community. add   in the community. additionally as they can affect harmful as well as beneficial hosts, there i  mful as well as beneficial hosts, there is currently a great deal of interest in the use of suc   evolved in diverse parasites . we will test whether feminising parasites also induce apoptosis   test whether feminising parasites also induce apoptosis in the androgenic gland in order to fe
11567	8	tes. the effect of sex ratio distorters can have a powerful effect on biodiversity; they can ca  ex ratio distorters can have a powerful effect on biodiversity; they can cause populations to b  a powerful effect on biodiversity; they can cause populations to become extinct and change the   cause populations to become extinct and change the composition of animals in the community. add   in the community. additionally as they can affect harmful as well as beneficial hosts, there i  mful as well as beneficial hosts, there is currently a great deal of interest in the use of suc   evolved in diverse parasites . we will test whether feminising parasites also induce apoptosis   test whether feminising parasites also induce apoptosis in the androgenic gland in order to fe
14554	4	golden egg bug, phillomorpha laciniata, is an ideal species to investigate the theories underly  onary biology. in this species, females can lay their eggs either in the flowers of a host plan  e. this project, combined with previous research at the mncn, will constitute one of the most c   in any organism. consequently, it will provide fundamental data on a question of general biolo
10645	20	provider of care even where either sex could perform equally well why should males and females  ld males and females differ in how they care for their offspring how are these differences infl  f the genetic basis of parental care we lack any understanding of how selection on care is filt   understanding of how selection on care is filtered through inheritance. yet there are almost n  filtered through inheritance. yet there are almost no studies that have examined how patterns o   examined how patterns of parental care are inherited, and the few studies we have focus exclus   inherited, and the few studies we have focus exclusively on female care behaviour. i propose t   influences the evolution of biparental care in the burying beetle, nicrophorus vespilloides. t  erforms all forms of parental care . it is easily bred under semi-natural conditions. we have c   bred under semi-natural conditions. we have considerable background information on the ecology  atural conditions. we have considerable background information on the ecology and behaviour of   until now on female care. here, we will focus on male care and compare how genetic influences o  e. here, we will focus on male care and compare how genetic influences on male and female care   nces on male and female care differs or is similar. we will also use experimental evolution to   are differs or is similar. we will also use experimental evolution to examine how care changes   nges in both males and females if males are selected to provide more or less care. our goal is   exes can evolve. our research will also provide us with some insight into the limits to evoluti  l evolution, selecting on care, we will uncover unexpected changes in traits that are linked wi  cover unexpected changes in traits that are linked with care and which may limit further evolut  ch will help to explain the patterns we see in nature.
13930	7	t, for example global warming. the long-term consequences for humans and wildlife of an increas  d abundance of a pathogen will not only depend on the increase per se, but also on how the path   is likely to result in that more hosts are infected by two or more different strains of the pa  uch multiple infections have frequently been shown to lead to competition between co-infecting   reased abundance of a pathogen can also be expected to lead to the evolution of a more virulent  nding of how pathogen virulence evolves could help us predict and manage virulence evolution in  lence evolves could help us predict and manage virulence evolution in response to environmental
2020	6	ecological speciation. however, we are still far from fully understanding the mechanisms that   ion. three major areas of research have been ignored so far. first, plasticity in the traits un  heoretical work shows this is a crucial factor in determining the conditions under which ecolog  cal traits, whereas life-history traits are known to be closely related to reproduction and the  onsequences at the population level. it is my conviction that the role of phenotypic plasticity  to the project. i aim to initiate a new line of research in the fast-moving fields of molecular
11179	5	this research is aimed at investigating the genetics and evolution of  e mating system of the uk s most famous alien invader, oxford ragwort with many different allel  ising from plants sharing s alleles. we believe this is because in uk s. squalidus the s allele  es have evolved uniquely such that they behave in a way that allows mating even between individ  ls that share an s allele. here we will test this hypothesis by investigating the origins of s.
14778	1	eusocial hymenopterans have long been considered interesting models to test both the sex
14925	12	geographical distributions while others are apparently restricted to very small areas is a majo  d generally through human intervention, have enormously expanded their geographical ranges, som  e able to expand their distribution and occupy geographical areas under different environmental  der different environmental conditions, while others seem unable to move from their location, c   environmental conditions, while others seem unable to move from their location, could be of gr  f great help to predict, and eventually counteract, the effects of global climatic change. desp  global climatic change. despite a large amount of work dedicated to documenting patterns of ran  ons and modelling species ranges, there are few tested hypotheses on how these inequalities ori  riginate and evolve. in this project we test several hypotheses on the origin of the difference  erences in the size of the geographical range among groups of closely related species. for that  lated species. for that purpose we will use phylogenetically independent lineages of water beet  geographical origin of the species; and second, a proteomic analyses using two-dimensional elec
11668	12	disease, and in particular disease that is shared between more than one host are also increasin  f many endangered species. we therefore need to understand why parasites casue the harm that th  will develop a model system in which we can test many of the theories of host parasite evolutio  isease agents such as viruses typically have much shorter generation times than their hosts. no  es than their hosts. not only this they have huge populations and since they also tend to mutat  ve huge populations and since they also tend to mutate rapidly, there is a vast potential for v  they also tend to mutate rapidly, there is a vast potential for variation within their populati  their populations. this means that they can change rapidly through evolutionary time. theoretic  evolutionary time. theoretical work has been developed that predicts changes in virulence under  d therefore higher virulence. virulence is seen as an unfortunate by product from the point of   of increased transmission. as yet there is relatively little data that tests these assumptions.  oneybee-mite-viral interaction as a new model system to provide one of the first empirical test
10337	1	of a. thaliana, a. halleri. a. halleri can be crossed to a. petraea, and segregating f3 famili
10060	15	sons for this is that few attempts have been made to understand how natural selection acts on c  ions have costs and benefits, variation is maintained as a result of variable selection which a  erogeneous environmental conditions. we propose to test this hypothesis in a long term study po  ur expectation is that learning ability is selected for when environmental conditions are poor,  this variable selection would therefore lead to adaptive variation in the population. the major  ividuals of known genealogy at the same time as determining their fitness. we propose to use a   e time as determining their fitness. we propose to use a novel system to automatically monitor    to use a novel system to automatically monitor how well individuals of known identity learn to  already developed in the laboratory, we are currently modifying the system to work in the wild.  e non-breeding season and will not only be able to identify each individually-marked bird using   trait, and an additional technological paper on the automated system used, and will provide pr  onditions. these outcomes will not only be of wide interest to evolutionary biologists and beha   behavioural ecologists, they will also be of interest to conservationists and ecologists becau  onists and ecologists because they will help to understand how cognitive ability helps individu  lps individuals, and hence populations, adapt to environmental variation.
11650	4	al theme in behavioural ecology, rarely have the genetic bases of behavioural traits been studi  the genetic bases of behavioural traits been studied in the wild. evolutionary theory predicts   that traits related to social dominance may have relatively low heritability due to past select  to social dominance may have relatively low heritability due to past selection and high levels
11093	3	action norms of fitness traits. we will investigate the genetic mechanisms underlying the pheno  tal conditions in a natural system, and manipulate individual environmental conditions to alter   has been intensively studied at kluane lake, yukon since 1987.
10853	1	d; haasts eagle, nz harrier and chatham island eagle. advanced phylogenetic analyses will be us
14476	7	the evolution of reptilian viviparity is thought to require transitional stages of increasing  nsitional stages of increasingly longer egg retention and embryonic development in utero, and p  mediates postulated by the gradualistic model, ideally suited to study the evolution of live-be  oviparous populations of these species, represent the best model in which to study the evolutio  hat represents an advanced transitional stage in the evolution of live-bearing, the within- and  tal environment. we will experimentally test some of the predictions and constraints proposed a  y stages of embryogenesis. we will also study the modifications in the structure of the eggshel
14894	11	the evolution of reptilian viviparity is thought to require transitional stages of increasing  nsitional stages of increasingly longer egg retention and embryonic development in utero; phylo  lades of present day reptiles. however, intermediate transitional stages postulated by the grad  l stages postulated by the gradualistic model, ideally suited to study the evolution of live-be  o study the evolution of live-bearing , are very scarce; in fact, only three species world-wide  act, only three species world-wide have been confirmed to present between-population difference  oviparous populations of these species, represent the best model in which to study the evolutio  hat represents an advanced transitional stage in the evolution of live-bearing, the within- and  tal environment. we will experimentally test some of the predictions and constraints proposed a  y stages of embryogenesis. we will also study the modifications in the structure of the eggshel   the reduction in respiratory exchanges is viewed as one important potential constraint for the
2508	5	velopment and climate change, and often bring with them substantial negative ecological and eco  , and often bring with them substantial negative ecological and economic impacts, which have be  have addressed the controls behind, and impact from jellyfish blooms on pelagic environments, o  y and ocean systems in general and thus be of significance within existing administrative and m  nally and internationally. it will also further our understanding of marine ecosystem processes
11580	17	ing of large amounts of carbon that has been buried underground for millions of years. once bac  underground for millions of years. once back in the atmosphere, the carbon-containing compounds   range of different soils. we will then track the fate of the label in the soil, to calculate w   what proportion of the carbon from ch4 is retained in the soil. we can also link the 13c-label  h4 is retained in the soil. we can also link the 13c-labelled ch4 to other soil microorganisms   n from methane as a source of food, and build up a picture of the wider soil microbial food web  od, and build up a picture of the wider soil microbial food web. three different soil environme  ifferent soil environments are going to be studied in this work. the initial development work w  rk will study a landfill cover soil and focus on establishing a range of new analytical techniq  tions of methane because as the organic waste in the landfill site degrades, it releases large   he landfill cover soils oxidise a large proportion of this methane but the ultimate fate of thi  ne carbon in natural wetlands will also be studied. natural wetlands include environments such   e environments such as peat bogs, fens, salt marshes and tropical swamps. natural wetlands have   chronosequences. a soil chronosequence is a related set of soils that formed under similar con  ch the soils have developed is the only difference between the soils in the chronosequence. thi  n. overall, the research will add a new dimension our understanding of the fate of carbon from   ne of the major green house gases as it is utilised and dispersed by the soil microbial communi
11343	5	the enigmatic and gigantic pachycormid fish leedsichthys problematicus prove to be the anterio  ycormid fish leedsichthys problematicus prove to be the anterior portion of the fish and includ   problematicus prove to be the anterior portion of the fish and include elements of the shoulde  be the anterior portion of the fish and include elements of the shoulder girdle, pectoral fins    scientific excavation of this gigantic middle jurassic bony fish.
10327	5	water flows in which turbulence is modulated by suspended clay are far more common and   than previously assumed. however, there is a general lack of understanding of the fluid and sed  and textural properties of deposits. we propose a comprehensive experimental laboratory program  n successful pilot studies with proven, state-of-the art methodologies to quantify the influenc  r rate, yield stress, non-cohesive sand/silt particles and bed roughness on the flow dynamics a
6746	4	ed some very encouraging results. there are some important reasons for continuing these: consid  sons for continuing these: considerable part of the region became protected area some years ago  me protected area some years ago but we have just a few of information about its vegetation and  der planning in the near croatian which can change the whole ecosystem in the region along the
15003	2	on of nuptial coloration in lizards has been studied mainly in males, while very few studies ha  zards has been studied mainly in males, while very few studies have focused on females. in this
15340	2	he functional diversity. these measures are based on functional key characters, as units of sel  ross the environmental filters. we will evaluate the changes in the functional diversity along
10247	10	f annual rainfall in the indian region, home to more than one billion people, making accurate f  ent timescales: extreme rainfall events can bring cities to a standstill, monsoon breaks lastin  seasonal timescales events like el nino can cause drought. our understanding of these different  ese different variations in the monsoon is limited, and the computer models used to simulate th  e computer models used to simulate them are often inadequate. furthermore, our understanding of  tween them in a warming climate has not been properly addressed. this fellowship will help dete  timescales of variability. it will also examine how errors in our computer models of the climat  r computer models of the climate system can affect the simulation of the monsoon. the result wi   that immediate benefits from this work can be seen. this fellowship directly addresses nerc th  ship directly addresses nerc themes and key areas of research identified by uk and eu funders a
14215	7	lities in assembly rules for herbaceous plant communities i.e. predictive rules governing commu  niche-based ‘rule suggesting that there is a limit to how similar coexisting species can be, if  ilar coexisting species can be, if they are both to persist. some support has been found for li  y are both to persist. some support has been found for limiting similarity in plant communities  s, current knowledge of how communities are structured in terms of species, taxa and functional  its level. i am using a macroecological approach by examining similar ecologically communities   ses of herbaceous communities to global change, understanding species invasions and community r
10672	7	genetic analysis of archive material can enable temporal changes in the population structure   the population structure of animal and plant species to be studied. the continuous plankton re  tructure of animal and plant species to be studied. the continuous plankton recorder survey has  ess pronounced, to the present day. dna can be recovered and amplified successfully from the cp  e molecular genetic analyses to firstly study a long-term change in the zooplankton of the nort  condly to assess the utility of the cpr archive for the study of temporal and spatial change in  e for the study of temporal and spatial change in fish populations. the results will be relevan
6973	6	research targeting the genetic background of neurocognition has traditionally followed  . however this body of research has not been successful in the fine-mapping of complex, interac  al genetic variants. in our proposal we follow an additional methodological approach, by invest   we follow an additional methodological approach, by investigating the genetic background of co   approach, by investigating the genetic background of cognitive dysfunction observed in psychia  f psychiatric disorders and the genetic background of cognition.
11400	12	all natural populations of animals are infected with pathogens and parasites: this is the   ause such parasites are so common, they are an important force in natural populations. animals   es are so common, they are an important force in natural populations. animals are not passive i  passive in the face of parasites - they generate immune responses to try and protect themselves  ey generate immune responses to try and protect themselves. but, we know rather little about ho   to try and protect themselves. but, we know rather little about how parasite infections behave  ehave in most wild populations. we also do not really understand how and why some animals have   wild populations. we also do not really understand how and why some animals have heavy infectio  why some animals have heavy infections, while others are hardly infected at all. we are proposi  als have heavy infections, while others are hardly infected at all. we are proposing to take a   ing these questions. to do this we will study a wild population of frogs might affect wild popu   is exposing animals to infections they have not seen before. the current infection of amphibia
10809	2	environment in which young develop and are thus the most influential factor determining indivi  rs that modulate individual development can inform future research aiming to identify the under
2487	7	species. to cope with such threats and persist, populations of organisms need to be able to ad  ions. although short term evolution has been observed to occur, the genetic mechanisms constrai   evolution of complex traits, and hence contribute to the advancement of our understanding of t  ch is a cornerstone in biology. we will achieve this by innovative and multi-disciplinary resea  is by innovative and multi-disciplinary research in the international forefront of the fields o  stics using and developing state-of-the-art functional genomics tools. unique empirical data wi  search groups in norway and abroad that are recognised as internationally outstanding in their
10607	5	bridisation of divergent taxa . we will build on our current work showing the potential of the   nerations to millions of years. we will investigate the roles of male/female genome interaction  tabilisation of allopolyploids. we will seek principles influencing sequence evolution and dete  ples influencing sequence evolution and determine roles of dna methylation and gene conversion   ocesses and species diversification and enable construction of more accurate
11575	16	many ways, such as how much food there is available and the temperature. some of this variatio  ctable, such as food availability which may depend on how many other individuals are eating it.  ave found that worms differ in how they alter their larval arrest and reproduction when the env  uction when the environment changes. we think that these differences between worms from differe  responses to changes in the environment are controlled by genes and we have discovered the 10 r  ow larval arrest and adult reproduction can be affected by environmental change; that these cha  uction can be affected by environmental change; that these changes differ between different wor  these responses to environmental change are controlled by relatively few regions of the genome.  ively few regions of the genome. we now want to test these findings further. in particular, we   ese findings further. in particular, we want to see whether strains of caenorhabditis elegans r  s elegans recently taken from the wild, respond in the same way to environmental change and whe  ntal change and whether these responses can be altered by artificial selection. we also will in  the 10 regions of the genome to try and identify the particular genes that control these enviro  ork out if our ideas for how and why we think caenorhabditis elegans responds to environmental   ditis elegans responds to environmental change in these ways are correct. this work is therefor  his work is therefore seeking to deeply understand how one well studied species responds to env
10700	3	in the life-cycle of c. elegans there is a developmental choice and    in the life-cycle of c. elegans there is a developmental choice and mapping the quantitative   e quantitative trait loci. we will also investigate fitness consequences of variation in this t
10926	5	f the food web in marine ecosystems and are responsible for many of the biogeochemical fluxes t  e climate change. for such an important group of organisms it is surprising how little we know   rganisms it is surprising how little we know about their population biology. we will develop mo  about their population biology. we will develop molecular markers . these two organisms have ad  fe cycle strategies and might therefore be predicted to exhibit very different population struc
14132	3	g both in the old and the new world. we trust that it would allow to reveal a detailed pattern   to reveal a detailed pattern of genetic structure of arctic people and opens possibilities to s  pared to people living in temperate and warm aras of our planet.
11373	3	completion of this project will greatly increase knowledge of the dynamics of reproductive mode  hange. furthermore, triops cancriformis is a declining species worldwide and is a uk biodiversi  is is a declining species worldwide and is a uk biodiversity action plan species. understanding
11224	24	ary theory as a means to understand and explain the natural world. two of the fundamental proce  ere new species come into existence. it is particularly important to understand these processes  studying past times and places where we know these changes occurred, and to try to deduce what   me seem to have flourished. at the same time, we see a complex series of changes in climate, pl  o have flourished. at the same time, we see a complex series of changes in climate, plants, sea  ival of modern humans in these areas it is the relationship between the histories of these larg  s and the complexities of environmental change that is the focus of this project. when studying  ir bones to see which species died, and use radiocarbon dating to see when. this suggests the t  e at which extinctions occurred, and we can see how this relates to environmental changes that   elates to environmental changes that we know about from other sources of information. another m  st closely related to each, and thereby deduce the route by which the animal populations moved   it from each other a long time ago, and are on the way to becoming different species. however,   een populations. modern dna data is not clear if the changes are very complicated, and are not   f the changes are very complicated, and are not very easy to relate to a particular time-point,   are very complicated, and are not very easy to relate to a particular time-point, and a partic  ery easy to relate to a particular time-point, and a particular environmental cause. to get aro   animals at different times i will also see how much dna diversity is present at different time  sity is present at different times, and compare this to environmental and climate changes. usin  . using new mathematical techniques, it is also now possible to estimate the change in the size  imals in this way, biologists generally look at dna differences that have little effect on the   ook at dna differences that have little effect on the animal - they are neutral . as a compleme  have little effect on the animal - they are neutral . as a complementary part of the project, i  e biology of the animal, and which have been selected for in order to deal with the animals env  ring mammoths with living elephants, we can start to understand more about how they were able t
10149	2	plant species. this work will therefore provide unprecedented advances in our current understan  nt understanding of the role of genomic change in adaptation and speciation.
11752	2	plant species. this work will therefore provide unprecedented advances in our current understan  nt understanding of the role of genomic change in adaptation and speciation.
10193	7	it is hypothesised that intra-specific genetic variation i  d that intra-specific genetic variation is maintained and speciation driven by organisms evolvi  ially important selective factor. there is a substantial literature on pathogens evolving to ov  e resistance alleles in crop plants, we know remarkably little about the genetic variation of p   and whether their variation drives and is driven by genetic change in their hosts. we will inv   genetic change in their hosts. we will investigate the extent of plant-virus co-evolution in w   and b. oleracea. specifically, we will test whether genetic variation within and among these p
10449	2	ver the past 165 ma. deep-sea diversity is predicted to be episodic over geological time, refle  redicted to be episodic over geological time, reflecting global changes in oceanographic patter
160	3	pines' height and radial increment, and clarify the changes in growth trend; 3. to carry out th  tem tree - growth substrate. we shoulde investigate the accumulation of nutrition in different   the state and development of bog pines, being essential biome in european union. the results wi
195	3	it is very important for nature conservation managers to l  nd in making reproductive decisions. we have recently demonstrated the existence of maladaptive  oth habitats and probably an ecological trap in the preferred habitat are the reasons for this.
14593	7	developed lungs for air breathing, and enter into aestivation during the drought periods. desp  drought periods. despite their phyletic position, and of the biological importance of aestivati  he species, in comparative anatomy, and may help to understand the appearance of the tetrapods.  ural changes constitute the morphologic support of the functional adaptation. in addition, a nu  ddition, a number of genes will have to be switched on and off in response to the structural an  uctural and functional changes. we will study specimens after long periods of aestivation, and   bernating myocardium in humans. we will try to find common biological responses to situations o
14216	8	cies coexistence, and many theories has been proposed. niche theory, that suggests diversity is  neutral theory, that suggests diversity is maintained by stochastic immigration, are the most p  s maintained by stochastic immigration, are the most popular theories and still generating much  in contrasting theories and the spatial scale at which these different growth-forms are affecte  e at which these different growth-forms are affected by environmental heterogeneity. the projec  ying plant species coexistence. we will use a combination of experiments and meta-analyses to c  riments and meta-analyses to completely address the proposed questions. i expect that the resul  mine species diversity, and potentially create a novel consensus theory.
9924	3	osal aims to investigate the millennial-scale variability of the climate of eastern newfoundlan  t for newfoundland, those that do exist are based on pollen data from lakes. the proposed proje  nsatlantic climatic teleconnections and evidence of cyclic behaviour.
14759	8	human influence on ecosystems, we will: establish to what extent the natural protected areas of  s of the data needed to accomplish them is in an advanced stage, since parts of these data have  d stage, since parts of these data have been used in former investigations. we will use an inde   used in former investigations. we will use an index combining human population density, the le  man influence on ecosystems. this index was mapped at the global scale in 2002 with a resolutio  ms. this index was mapped at the global scale in 2002 with a resolution of 1km2. to define the   f specialization and endemicity we will take into account the number of habitat types in which   titudinal species richness gradient and contribute to strategies and initiatives aimed at conse
10205	13	we will determine the nature of early rice agricultural systems    we will determine the nature of early rice agricultural systems in east and south asia, wheth  ms in east and south asia, whether they were based on wetland paddy cultivation or dryland cult   wild rice. in order to do this we will develop a clear and easily applied method for detecting  her or wild type, wetland paddy type or dry, rainfed type using both archaeological seed assema   rainfed type using both archaeological seed assemablages and phytolith and the weeds associate  , thailand, cambodia and china. we will apply these methods to archaeological sites from the lo  ng from 2000 bc to 200 bc. we will then be able to see how the ecology of rice plants changes w  w much wet rice cultivation in the past can contribute to a better understanding of the role of  nce methane is a greenhouse gas, it has been proposed that rice cultivation from 3000 bc began    bc began to elevate methane levels and cause global warming. our new methods will allow us to   is hypothesis from the archaeobotanical evidence from sites of prehistoric rice cultivators.   ical evidence from sites of prehistoric rice cultivators.
10440	5	there are spectacular differences in the genome sizes of podi  rench alps. although the two forms have been connected by interbreeding populations for over 8,  00 years the two genome sizes can still be discerned in the same population from the middle of   o differentiation across this zone, nor evidence for linkage disequilibrium within it. the only  ation. the new results will, therefore, be important in understanding three diverse areas: the
13521	8	human activities usually affect biodiversity adversely. because of this few biod   hybridisation and allopolyploidisation may create rapidly evolving clades with high diversific  ersification rates. up to 70% of extant plant species may be of allopolyploid origin and are th  cies may be of allopolyploid origin and are thought to be particularly common in temperate regi  llopolyploid speciation may potentially increase biodiversity in our environments. recent metho  ing edge methods will provide important evidence of an understudied aspect of biodiversity whic  national scientific value. it will also influence our view of how plant biodiversity is formed   ence our view of how plant biodiversity is formed and by extension the process of evolution: sl
12407	3	se impacts. it will feed into the model being created under me5205. it may also aid in providin  he model being created under me5205. it may also aid in providing evidence to underpin licensin  being created under me5205. it may also aid in providing evidence to underpin licensing decisio
10698	31	there are strong signals that suggest that our climate is cha  atures and weather patterns. the strong rise in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations over    concentrations over the last 100 years is caused by an increased use of fossil fuels. the ocea  ing phytoplankton and bacterioplankton, play an important role in taking up carbon dioxide. upo  to deep waters and sediments, and hence transfer carbon dioxide from the atmosphere to deep oce   the phytoplankton and bacterioplankton is very slow, especially in ocean regions very far from  toplankton and bacterioplankton is very slow, especially in ocean regions very far from land. j  n gardens and agricultural fields, they require nutrients to increase their growth rate. the nu  ons in oceanic surface waters that they limit optimal growth of photosynthesising organisms. an  tmosphere. dust from the saharan desert is transported over large distances and is deposited in  is transported over large distances and is deposited in the ocean, with the tropical north atla  posited in the ocean, with the tropical north atlantic ocean receiving an important share of th  h atlantic ocean receiving an important share of the saharan material. the dust releases a smal  ran material. the dust releases a small amount of nutrients after it is deposited in the surfac  es a small amount of nutrients after it is deposited in the surface ocean. this supply of nutri  toplankton and bacterioplankton as they receive only small amounts from other sources. we know   ly small amounts from other sources. we know very little about the amounts of dust falling into  ong dust storm events. in this study we propose to undertake a research cruise in the tropical   aters. in addition, on the ship we will study the impact of dust on the microscopic organisms b  rowth experiments in bottles whereby we add a small amount of dust to freshly collected seawate  ments in bottles whereby we add a small amount of dust to freshly collected seawater and follow   dust to freshly collected seawater and follow the growth of the organisms in the bottles. we w  n cape verde, an island in the tropical north atlantic which receives an important amount of sa  th atlantic which receives an important amount of saharan dust. on the island we will determine   of saharan dust. on the island we will determine the nutrients and metals which are delivered   etermine the nutrients and metals which are delivered by the dust. we will also measure the eff  are delivered by the dust. we will also measure the effect that the release of nutrients from t   fieldwork for a period of 2-3 years we hope to find out longer-term trends in the relationship  terioplankton. the study will therefore help us to improve our understanding of the influence o  derstanding of the influence of saharan dust on the growth of oceanic plants and bacteria, and   he ocean, and consequently the way they can influence our climate.
11316	10	ions from organisations like the hadley centre in the uk, it appears likely that increases in s  ety of mechanisms. however, at the same time coral diseases have become increasingly common, as  ave become increasingly common, as they have in many other systems and groups of organisms. sev  roposed that these increases in disease are linked to climate change and we aim here to test wh  ase are linked to climate change and we aim here to test whether temperature stress increases a  community structure and function. there are other possible causes of the recorded increase in d  owever, such as increased transport and transfer of micro-organisms via tourists or ships balla  or ships ballast water, for example. it is therfore vital that we understand the disease proces  r example. it is therfore vital that we understand the disease process so that appropriate and   that appropriate and effective measures can be used to improve the health of coral reefs.
11689	8	limate change cross-cutting theme there is an emerging consensus that the majority of animal sp  he range of habitats used. we will also collect new field data to examine relationships between  habitats used. we will also collect new field data to examine relationships between habitat use  f considerable practical value. it will open up a new avenue of research on the impacts of clim  climate change on biodiversity. it will provide specific estimates of how the distributions of   ore whether additional habitats need to be protected, and whether the habitat management that i  he habitat management that is currently being applied is still appropriate. conservation strate  ll appropriate. conservation strategies must adapt to climate change, but conservationists are
11845	8	limate change cross-cutting theme there is an emerging consensus that the majority of animal sp  he range of habitats used. we will also collect new field data to examine relationships between  habitats used. we will also collect new field data to examine relationships between habitat use  f considerable practical value. it will open up a new avenue of research on the impacts of clim  climate change on biodiversity. it will provide specific estimates of how the distributions of   ore whether additional habitats need to be protected, and whether the habitat management that i  he habitat management that is currently being applied is still appropriate. conservation strate  ll appropriate. conservation strategies must adapt to climate change, but conservationists are
10596	1	criminate between population groups and constrain the place of origin of individuals among arch
10921	8	world s climate affects us all, and we depend upon accurate scientific measurements and models  ow climate will change and how we might reduce or cope with the changes. changes in global temp   will change and how we might reduce or cope with the changes. changes in global temperature, l  tion of each of these gases in seawater can be changed by the activity of the microbes normally  and so the instruments which measure it have to be extremely sensitive. by continually measurin  ng this compound in surface seawater we can maintain the position of the research vessel in the  ng how these processes occur now can we predict how they might change in a changing environment  occur now can we predict how they might change in a changing environment. results from the proj
11054	8	world s climate affects us all, and we depend upon accurate scientific measurements and models  ow climate will change and how we might reduce or cope with the changes. changes in global temp   will change and how we might reduce or cope with the changes. changes in global temperature, l  tion of each of these gases in seawater can be changed by the activity of the microbes normally  and so the instruments which measure it have to be extremely sensitive. by continually measurin  ng this compound in surface seawater we can maintain the position of the research vessel in the  ng how these processes occur now can we predict how they might change in a changing environment  occur now can we predict how they might change in a changing environment. results from the proj
11797	8	world s climate affects us all, and we depend upon accurate scientific measurements and models  ow climate will change and how we might reduce or cope with the changes. changes in global temp   will change and how we might reduce or cope with the changes. changes in global temperature, l  tion of each of these gases in seawater can be changed by the activity of the microbes normally  and so the instruments which measure it have to be extremely sensitive. by continually measurin  ng this compound in surface seawater we can maintain the position of the research vessel in the  ng how these processes occur now can we predict how they might change in a changing environment  occur now can we predict how they might change in a changing environment. results from the proj
10321	9	s taking place in its deepest branches, is currently a major research objective. herein lie the  ntly a major research objective. herein lie the answers to many fundamental questions about evo   there particular dangers in the way we evaluate the filtered data they provide might fossils e  s even be positively misleading if they are poorly interpreted interpretation of fossils can be  y interpreted interpretation of fossils can be distorted by biases caused by death, decay and p  e knowledge of taphonomic filters to re-evaluate the tree of life. these combined approaches wi  f major groups. more broadly, they will enable a fundamental assessment of the quality of the f  e problems, we can refine and radically overhaul the way in which we use fossils to inform our    radically overhaul the way in which we use fossils to inform our understanding of the history
12568	7	s of specific aquatic contaminants that are known to adversely affect other diadromous fish spe  ontaminants that are known to adversely affect other diadromous fish species at sensitive stage  wn to adversely affect other diadromous fish species at sensitive stages in their lives. ices h  r lives. ices has assessed the european stock to be outside safe biological limits, and the eu   ithin freshwater and coastal zones that are known to adversly affect other diadromous fish spec  oastal zones that are known to adversly affect other diadromous fish species on the prioritisat  own to adversly affect other diadromous fish species on the prioritisation of future management
11293	3	there is still no consensus on the overall impact of clouds and   exchange. the feasibility study that we conduct for the siberian boreal forest suggests that, i  gnitude, sw-dimming exerts a comparable impact on the carbon cycle as that associated with huma
11195	12	the natural world, forming an important part of all plant and animal communities. parasites are  plant and animal communities. parasites are believed to exert a profound impact on their hosts   nments, whereas environmental variation can have important effects on both host and parasite po  th host and parasite populations. there is an urgent need to incorporate environmental variatio  host-parasite studies in order to fully understand the population and evolutionary ecology of h  es and their impact on biodiversity. we use a combination of experimental and mathematical appr  population and evolutionary ecology. we focus on a well-studied laboratory system comprising a   ther a parasitoid wasp. the environment can be varied by changing the quality of the moth s foo  ack the host in very different ways, we predict that their response to environmental variation   se to environmental variation will also be very different. at the same time we will develop spe  ill also be very different. at the same time we will develop specialised mathematical models of  models of the data in order to test and develop theory.
2007	9	nt is especially suitable to detect and track the effects of global change on biodiversity. bec   detect and track the effects of global change on biodiversity. because of the systems heat cap  ill have less impact on a long term. it was expected that global warming would result in higher  armer and colder species from south and north as a result of changing water temperatures. clima   temperatures. climate changes may also favour exotic invading species, which may become domina  ecome dominant in some environments and threaten the regional biota. in the case of the north s  y and its consequences for productivity may have considerable economic impact. the composition   f the macrobenthos in the north sea has been studied for over a 100 years. these biological and  ological and abiotic data form a unique archive to detect the influence of climate changes on b
10680	5	ies of monocarpic plants. the system we intend to study is the platte thistle and its associate  n growth, survival and reproduction has been quantified using a variety of long-term observatio  been quantified using a variety of long-term observational and experimental studies. our previo  ental studies. our previous theoretical work on the evolution of flowering strategies has indic  ints in the life cycle where herbivores could have important effects and the main aim of the gr
10780	4	ls and data. given that more aggressive grouse pickup more parasites, we will use game theory t  ur. with input from the experiments and game theory, the population dynamic consequences of the   this is an important issue, as it will help us understand how climate change and management wi  dge and the dramatic ecological changes being observed in parts of the uplands.
11307	4	ls and data. given that more aggressive grouse pickup more parasites, we will use game theory t  ur. with input from the experiments and game theory, the population dynamic consequences of the   this is an important issue, as it will help us understand how climate change and management wi  dge and the dramatic ecological changes being observed in parts of the uplands.
12145	10	project is focused on the impact of the invasive mollusk dreiss   invasion in the us amount to billions, while there are recent extensive attempts to grow this    the us amount to billions, while there are recent extensive attempts to grow this species to f  species to fight the eutrophication and improve the water quality in natural water reservoirs.   lity in natural water reservoirs. there is neither an internationally recognized consensus on t  posal prepared by the interdisciplinary team of scientists is expected to apply state of the ar  he interdisciplinary team of scientists is expected to apply state of the art methods assess th  goods and services. finally the project is expected to clarify the disputed issue of whether it  larify the disputed issue of whether it is sustainable to use the dresena farming to fight the   farming to fight the eutrophication and improve the water quality.
11822	1	ing response of the community will then be monitored to detect a response of the phytoplankton
13985	7	roject addresses the occurrence of long-distance dispersal in ferns by studies at different tem  consequence of ferns' ability to easily disperse over long distances, or, if the distributions   aphical patterns are discernable, i.e., reconstruct dispersal patterns by analysing how populat  l patterns by analysing how populations are related to each other, and their geographic distrib  tributions. third, i will test if ferns are limited by dispersal by conducting spore sowing exp  our understanding of the impact of long-distance dispersal in ferns will have implications in a  l for successful recruitment after long-distance dispersal determine the relative vulnerability
11612	2	dustrial nations of the world currently depend on the burning of fossil fuel for the provision   ision of energy and world energy demand is forecast to rise at an average of 1.7% every year ov
11553	4	o offspring. antibiotic resistance gene-transfer from environmental bacteria to clinically impo  ewage sludge, and aromatic hydrocarbons can produce selection for antibiotic resistance or the   on s lab together with the considerable expertise in clinical microbiology, specifically in the  ed with certain types of pollutants and land management practices such as sewage sludge disposa
14643	3	ental challenges, which may drastically diminish their chance of survival. we propose to study   y diminish their chance of survival. we propose to study these effects on the magnitude of the   aluation of the impact of selection and drift on the additive component of the variance of viab
175	5	orestry. clear-cuts with residual trees are treated as a model system, enabling also direct pra  reated as a model system, enabling also direct practical implications. the study consists of ex  nants of survival of the residual trees can indicate the existance of correspondingly adaptated   cavity trees. six large species groups are explored: saproxylic fungi and beetles, lichens, br  cts of residual trees. the results also allow to establish more completely the role of managed
12686	2	rose-ringed parakeets are thought to have negative impacts on native hole-nes  s. this project would assess the likely impact of rose-ringed parakeets on populations of nativ
12249	9	en steps to increase the production and use of biofuels. the benefits of biofuels include green  e of biofuels. the benefits of biofuels include greenhouse gas reductions, contributing to dome  on of the fuel sector and an additional market for agricultural products. oilseed rape determin  the role of residues and dead roots and experiment b the role of living roots and exudates on t  process. information from this research could be used to inform production of other biofuel spe   species, such as miscanthus, likely to be grown in monoculture with no, or short rotation brea   to be grown in monoculture with no, or short rotation breaks. overall this project addresses d  fect of sustainable farming systems and land management on biodiversity and soil protection, an  and land management on biodiversity and soil protection, and policy on climate change through s
11222	6	mpact of social organisation on genetic structure across medium spatial scales, where gene dyna  les, where gene dynamics may critically shape evolution, is poorly understood. i will examine g  ynamics may critically shape evolution, is poorly understood. i will examine genetic structure   orly understood. i will examine genetic structure in 14 bat species, which are co-distributed i   i will examine genetic structure in 14 bat species, which are co-distributed in ancient forest   ameliorate several problems that often complicate the interpretation of genetic patterns. in p
13489	5	s in different bioclimatic regions have been affected by large-scale climate variation, using d  tic regions have been affected by large-scale climate variation, using data from the official s  tatistics for statistical modelling and time series analyses. this project will provide a basis  thropogenic alterations of top-down and bottom-up processes, and to understand how these change  es, and to understand how these changes may threaten biodiversity.
12569	4	ffuse pollution on salmonid populations may be modified by changing environmental conditions .    . the result of the research will also be used to inform decisions on the development of water  ystems in a changing environment. there are no aspects that may be considered as sensitive upon   environment. there are no aspects that may be considered as sensitive upon publication.
10050	12	t change to the ecosystem services they receive due to the construction of the upstream pongola  e to downstream communities. the system is located in the extremely poor umkhanyakude district   ated in the extremely poor umkhanyakude district which has a 53% unemployment rate, poor servic  hieve this, the study will identify and categorise those ecosystem services produced by the sys  onstruction of the dam and identify and evaluate the elements of wellbeing for the pongola comm  cosystems and human wellbeing will then be selected. this will include an economic evaluation o  ion of the ecosystem services and water/land productivity of the system both before and after c  ces and human wellbeing and an historic change analysis will be conducted to determine trends i  ment of water affairs and forestry, who are currently responsible for managing the dam as well   ffairs and the department of health who are mandated to address many of the impacts of decrease  erships between these organizations and build capacity to improve understanding of the impacts   other river systems in south africa and further afield.
13791	2	itical role in the global carbon cycle, being considered an important carbon sink. yet their ne  or storage of new and old c. sequential harvest of emm in-growth mesh-tubes together with ergos
11077	6	rmance of the model ecosystems. we will combine molecular analyses of the fungi to determine ho  mmunities differ in plant productivity, soil co2 efflux, fungal biomass and nitrogen and carbon  logical theory seen in higher organisms can be translated into soil fungi, and will increase ou  rn temperate forests. moreover, it will help conservationists and land-ownder formulate effecti  over, it will help conservationists and land-ownder formulate effective policies to better mana  l help conservationists and land-ownder formulate effective policies to better manage the biodi
11772	7	e of potentially-toxic contaminants. it is generally accepted that one of the key factors that    withstand the stressful conditions and allow the species to survive. therefore, genetic variat  few years have indicated that there may be an additional, previously overlooked, factor that is  e an additional, previously overlooked, factor that is important for the survival of environmen  reas with low stress. in particular, we plan to investigate the characteristics of yeasts from   ts. the results of the proposed project are anticipated to provide major new insights into the   n the natural environment, and how they may react to harmful changes caused by mankind through
11187	5	hat individual cells within genetically-uniform microbial cultures exhibit marked variability i  . a major resultant hypothesis - yet to be tested - is that such variability provides a layer o  sultant hypothesis - yet to be tested - is that such variability provides a layer of diversity   non-genotypic heterogeneity does indeed have a significant role in nature. the aim of this shor  on-genotype-based phenotypes should not be heritable. success here will allow the development o
13975	12	n aquatic ecosystems. most experimental evidence for biodiversity effects on ecosystem function  stems and has focused on single trophic level primary producers. however, since predation is on   the scope of current research to multi level food webs. in this project i will specifically st  bs. in this project i will specifically study if locally adapted species, i.e. species with lim  h limited dispersal ability and thereby low geneflow, are more vulnerable and at a higher risk   ersal ability and thereby low geneflow, are more vulnerable and at a higher risk of extinction   tipredator defenses when a new predator is added to a foodweb. i will study consequences of thi  n ecosystem process rates . i will also test non-lethal effects of fish on decomposition proces   determine how many generations it will take for a prey species to evolve an adapted response t  ted response to the new predator, which may lead to a possible co-existence. i will also determ  to a possible co-existence. i will also determine species richness and process rates in multipl  species, this project could potentially increase our knowledge of the consequences of fish stoc
1954	11	lower display, nectar production rates, sex allocation, sex ratio and defence systems, the stru  ectar production rates, sex allocation, sex ratio and defence systems, the structuring of popul   of genetic diversity. as an example we want to study selection on nectar production rate for p  in a patch. because plants with low npr do not have the costs of high nectar production they wi  sts of high nectar production they will have a fitness advantage within patches. compared to pa   average in patches that offer a larger reward to pollinators. on the total population level, p   population level, plants with high npr may therefore have a fitness advantage. this advantage   vel, plants with high npr may therefore have a fitness advantage. this advantage will diminish   will i lead to polymorphic evolutionary stable strategies an may thus help to explain the maint  lutionary stable strategies an may thus help to explain the maintenance of the large genetic va   e. vulgare. despite its importance, we know as yet very little about how distribution patterns
15516	4	the genetic structure of plant populations is as a result of histor  ular species. seeds of ephedra fragilis are pollinated by wind, insects and lizards, and disper  e contribution of these pollination and seed-dispersal vectors varying greatly from mainland to  ata from genetic markers to the genetic structure of the levantine-balearic populations of this
189	5	furcellaria lumbricalis lamour is the only commercial macroalgal species in the baltic   in 1966 the state of the community has been monitored regularly. these regular investigations   mercial stock. meanwhile almost no data could be found to explain differences in the share and   c. truncatus and to work out ecological model of kassari bay. the work is planned for 3 years.   ological model of kassari bay. the work is planned for 3 years.
10640	1	floods maintain ecosystem diversity and redistribute energy, nutrients, sediment and biota in r
9982	1	floods maintain ecosystem diversity and redistribute energy, nutrients, sediment and biota in r
9980	1	floods maintain ecosystem diversity and redistribute energy, nutrients, sediment and biota in r
10772	3	we aim to understand how propagule banks contribute to dem  cal and modelling approach. the genetic structure of sediment bound propagules and of populatio  s will be characterized in bryozoan and plant systems. models will predict temporal changes in
10997	3	we aim to understand how propagule banks contribute to dem  cal and modelling approach. the genetic structure of sediment bound propagules and of populatio  s will be characterized in bryozoan and plant systems. models will predict temporal changes in
9969	3	we aim to understand how propagule banks contribute to dem  cal and modelling approach. the genetic structure of sediment bound propagules and of populatio  s will be characterized in bryozoan and plant systems. models will predict temporal changes in
10180	5	the reconstruction of past climates and is routinely used as input to ocean and atmosphere mode  presently possible. this work will also test the influence of salinity on existing trace-metal   influence of salinity on existing trace-metal proxies such as the mg/ca paleothermometer. syste  atic relationships between salinity and trace-metals in inorganically grown carbonates suggest    these and inorganic calcites will also be investigated. attempts to understand results will be
10681	7	decline. however, these changes so far seem unrelated to changes in acid deposition. instead,   tion. instead, lake water ph variations can be linked to changes in the north atlantic oscillat  iatom records of lake acidification and post 1980s recovery can also be linked to nao variation  cation and post 1980s recovery can also be linked to nao variation. we aim to compare high temp  can also be linked to nao variation. we aim to compare high temporal resolution sediment diatom  butable to the nao on lake acidity, and may also offer a novel climate reconstruction tool.   o the nao on lake acidity, and may also offer a novel climate reconstruction tool.
10208	4	owland catchments is a relatively small fraction of the land cover, the hydrological impact of   ion of the land cover, the hydrological impact of this cover might be disproportionate to the a  roportionate to the area covered. there are uncertainties about the impacts of this wooded area  infall interception losses will be also be measured in broadleaf woodland and hedgerows and est
6949	3	the marine ecosystems was a complex and long-lasting process during the early triassic, whereas   showed definite radiation. the project is aimed at the taxonomy, and complex evaluation of the  nean region. in order to reach a global may contribute to the better knowledge of the paleogeog
13458	6	ect pests. tons of synthetic pheromones are produced yearly for this purpose. we want to develo  re produced yearly for this purpose. we want to develop a green chemistry-alternative, so-calle  . lipid insect pheromone components and long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids will be produced  id insect pheromone components and long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids will be produced by e  ases, already well-known to us, we will unravel additional biosynthetic steps that are mediated  avel additional biosynthetic steps that are mediated by chain-shortening enzymes, elongases, fa
14193	12	remarkable forest expansion to the boreal peatlands has been gaini  human induced drainage, climate change, fire events and isolation of peatlands within an agricu  ships between scots pine transpiration, leaf morphology and root growth are dependent on bog pr  pine transpiration, leaf morphology and root growth are dependent on bog prevailing bog wl dept  og wl conditions, the transpiration and leaf morphology of scots pine are limited mainly by roo  ation and leaf morphology of scots pine are limited mainly by root growth. if prevailing wl dec  ling wl declines beyond this threshold, leaf morphology sets limits to transpiration and root g  hology sets limits to transpiration and root growth. the more thorough understanding about the   the relationships between hydrology and tree morphology and physiological activity gives valuab  ation about plant stress tolerances and plant-organic soil interactions in specific habitat con  ant stress tolerances and plant-organic soil interactions in specific habitat conditions. the r  ng water movement dynamics on temperate bog ecosystems.
7172	30	xeropicta derbentina was introduced in provence in the 1940s, in unknown cir  irms the recent introduction. they also allow to reconstruct the main stages of the invasion. l  he 1970s. on the map drawn in 2002 they occupy the entire limestone provence and the rhône vall  éas basin, alpine valleys and up decent gap, part of the ardèche and the hérault montpelliérais  asin, alpine valleys and up decent gap, part of the ardèche and the hérault montpelliérais up.   ontpelliérais up. habitat x. derbentina was characterized more precisely from the sites of auri   precisely from the sites of auriol. it is almost exclusively open habitats such as wasteland,   tes of auriol. it is almost exclusively open habitats such as wasteland, dry grasslands, pastur  sively open habitats such as wasteland, dry grasslands, pastures, dry crops and ruderal environ   factors in environmental, this species can adopt an annual or a biennial cycle cycle. these tw  a biennial cycle cycle. these two rings may exist in a population, in a same cohort of individu  ge of a vehicle, walker or animal. they react immediately and perch as quickly as possible to e  r or animal. they react immediately and perch as quickly as possible to escape the heat from th  ly 3-4 minutes to settle on the nearest support, sometimes the object or vehicle that has broke  earest support, sometimes the object or vehicle that has broken down and the transport of perha  e. the effectiveness of this dispersion was tested across a landscape: a comparable habitat, po  able habitat, populations x. derbentina are not randomly distributed, but they are mostly close   are not randomly distributed, but they are mostly close communication channels. how x. derbent  ndomly distributed, but they are mostly close communication channels. how x. derbentina was int  mmunication channels. how x. derbentina was integrated with existing malacological communities    existing malacological communities has been studied in two sites characterizing different medi  r more or less time at both sites there are no significant relationship between species richnes  this relationship that explains a small part of species diversity. again these are only very la  ry large populations x. derbentina that may have a material adverse effect locally. the impact   ation of sheep by lungworms is slightly lower than that of c. virgata in experimental condition  in experimental conditions. however, it is far from negligible considering the population size   ta. despite an ecological and agronomic impact relatively modest, and although the"small white   latively modest, and although the"small white snails"are invested long in provence, the socio-   st, and although the"small white snails"are invested long in provence, the socio- anthropologiq  ina, due to its abundance and behavior, is not"a snail like the others", and that its presence
14812	9	of population growth and global warming are expected to further exacerbate the threat of salini  ation mechanisms are also important and include maintenance of turgency due to osmotic adjustme  turgency due to osmotic adjustment, and tissue accumulation of proline and polyamines. a thorou  e essential under the expected climatic change, and to establish selection criterions that will  -tolerance genotypes. the present study is designed to obtain some basic information on the sal  tion on the salinity tolerance. we will use three salinity tolerant glycophyte species . we wil  y tolerant glycophyte species . we will characterize the growth and germination of this species   in saline and no saline conditions. we pretend to investigate the role of proline, polyamines   ce of each compounds. moreover, we will examine the effect of salicylic acid, gibberellic acid,
2191	3	are effectively managed for timber and pulp, and remaining old-growth stands occur isolated in  ests. a group of species . in addition, tree mortality will be studied in a larger number of sm  e mortality will be studied in a larger number of small old-growth plots in a particular landsc
14188	1	of emerging diseases are zoonoses . we anticipate that our results will be integral to the dev
10076	15	as bad for organisms on land, but they have not been worked out yet. the event seems to have b  or organisms on land, but they have not been worked out yet. the event seems to have been just   ut how long did the event last was it a single, overnight hit, or did it take thousands, or eve  s it a single, overnight hit, or did it take thousands, or even millions, of years opinions hav  night hit, or did it take thousands, or even millions, of years opinions have changed: ten year  pinions have changed: ten years ago, it was supposed to have lasted for 10 million years throug  eatures of the climate crisis model are being repeated today: release of gases and acid rain, g   crisis model are being repeated today: release of gases and acid rain, global warming over hun  hundreds of years, stagnant waters, and steady loss of species. looking to the past may be a us  ast may be a useful way to predict what may happen in the future. we have access to fantastic r   what may happen in the future. we have access to fantastic rock sections in russia that cross   m of british and russian scientists, we want to tackle a whole string of questions: how do timi  se in the sea can the cw and p18 events be distinguished on land what were the environmental ch   pattern of ecosystem collapse is there evidence for ecological or taxonomic selectivity what w  e of the recovery through the early and middle triassic, in terms of rebuilding total diversity
6963	8	icum and its monitoring, assessment has been carried out for decades in our institute of cegled  stock breeding program today, which has been carried out for 60 years, has resulted 21 selected  , has resulted 21 selected clones of 10 fruit species, most of them are nationally certified. t  lones of 10 fruit species, most of them are nationally certified. the clones in order to mainta  lones in order to maintain continuously perform the maintainer breeding tasks. we have set a ne  ht and ecological tolerant. 487 hybrids are observed, which were planted in the 1 ha hybrid gar  lerant. 487 hybrids are observed, which were planted in the 1 ha hybrid garden, and additional   f specified clonally composition, which is maintained by the ministry of agriculture and rural
11142	3	streams and rivers are linked to the terrestrial habitats around them by t  ges have focused on how aquatic systems are influenced by inputs from the terrestrial environme  at to the adjacent terrestrial , and so affect the terrestrial food web in different ways.
12579	3	ectives of providing a sound scientific base for the continued development of policies on soil   s on soil protection where heavy metals are applied to agricultural land, by evaluating the eff  eavy metals are applied to agricultural land, by evaluating the effects of heavy metal addition
2192	5	s the result of ancient and modern land-use histories, super-imposed on long-term natural sprea   ancient and modern land-use histories, super-imposed on long-term natural spreading and succes  nd-use histories, super-imposed on long-term natural spreading and successional processes. the   on between man and nature generates new interest in forest conservation among land-owners and t  n researchers and different user groups is needed. therefore special stress will be put upon re
12578	3	ectives of providing a sound scientific base for the continued development of policies on soil   cies on soil protection where sludge is being applied to agricultural land, by evaluating the e  sludge is being applied to agricultural land, by evaluating the effects of heavy metal addition
11289	8	family conflicts are widespread and play an important role in the evolution of many behavio  d traits. in birds, for example, sexual conflict, parent-offspring conflict and sibling rivalry  ents of within-family interactions that can influence survival and reproductive success. so far  g zebra finches, we will experimentally manipulate competition within broods by creating synchr   so broods where chicks are similar, or differ, in size. chick size is an important determinant  as hatching synchrony is under parental control it is a component of parent-offspring conflict.   synchrony is under parental control it is a component of parent-offspring conflict. this will   g fecundity. this will add an important dimension to our understanding of the far reaching effe
6903	2	wo genes in cll by quantitative pcr and assess their function as surrogate markers for igvh mut  es easier. moreover, since lpl and adam is only expressed in cll but not normal blood cells, re
10348	29	ntly in a time of fast change, which it is widely accepted is due to the effects of pollution i  ects of pollution in the atmosphere. it is also well-known that the distribution of at least so  e distribution of at least some species is limited by their ability to tolerate very high or ve  r ability to tolerate very high or very low temperatures, such that they can only live in areas  w temperatures, such that they can only live in areas where the climate is suitable. temperatur  ctotherms, which cannot physiologically regulate their body temperature. it follows that change  s less so. this means that some species may invade areas where they did not live before, which   ies may invade areas where they did not live before, which may be a problem if they are crop pe  ore, which may be a problem if they are crop pests, for example. other species may not be able   sts, for example. other species may not be able to cope with the new climates and so go extinct  . these potential problems mean that it is important to understand how species will respond to   e changes. however, at the moment there are many aspects of species responses to temperature ch  responses to temperature change that we don t understand. for example, we might expect species   don t understand. for example, we might expect species from temperate climates, which experienc  limates, which experience both high and low temperatures, to be better able to cope with change  hange than tropical species, which only experience high temperatures, and than polar species, w  res, and than polar species, which only experience relatively low temperatures. yet, we don t k  ecies, which only experience relatively low temperatures. yet, we don t know whether this is ac  ce relatively low temperatures. yet, we don t know whether this is actually true. we don t know   know whether this is actually true. we don t know whether a species that increases its toleran  s its tolerance to low temperatures. we don t know how far the tolerances of species can be cha   know how far the tolerances of species can be changed by selection for better tolerance or hig  lection for better tolerance or high or low temperatures. we don t know whether different popul  lerance or high or low temperatures. we don t know whether different populations of a species r  hanges depending on whether or not they are near the limits to that species distribution. these  useful study organisms because they are easy to grow in the laboratory, and some features of th  s of their thermal biology have already been worked out. moreover, aphids are important crop pe  ked out. moreover, aphids are important crop pests that also spread crop diseases, so their res  es, so their response to climate change could have significant implications for agriculture.
10369	6	site interactions. genes within the mhc are central to the host immune response against parasit  t immune response against parasites and show very high levels of polymorphism maintained by bal  determine this mechanism using a unique rat-nematode system in which the genetic diversity of b  ity of both the hosts and the parasites can be controlled. the specific objective of this propo   hosts that are heterozygous at the mhc produce more effective immune responses against a wider  ective immune responses against a wider range of parasite genotypes and species than hosts that
1968	3	the winter moth. which is needed to understand why is there such a strong effe  o understand why is there such a strong effect of temperature. population number of the winter    major cause of this variation. we will develop a population model including the genetic popula
11279	7	male reproductive success is comprised of pre- and post-mating components that ha  uctive success is comprised of pre- and post-mating components that have, however, rarely been   g components that have, however, rarely been the subject of integrated study or tested for dire   works. this studentship will therefore apply a considerable body of theory, skills and techniq  hip will therefore apply a considerable body of theory, skills and techniques from such work, b  ndustrial partners. it should therefore provide a particularly effective springboard for the ca  ment via the exploitation of genome and post-genome science.
10888	26	are tropical forests that grow in salty water, usually at the coast. they are valuable ecosyste  salty water, usually at the coast. they are valuable ecosystems, providing wood for fuel and ti  ecosystems, providing wood for fuel and timber, habitat for fish, birds and invertebrates and p  rosion and storm surges. mangroves also trap carbon from the atmosphere in the form of peat, wh  e atmosphere in the form of peat, which is stored below ground in the wet sediments where they    ground in the wet sediments where they grow; there is still much to learn about this process.   wet sediments where they grow; there is still much to learn about this process. despite their i  s people clear them for shrimp farming, timber extraction and other uses. many nations, includi  ese forests followed by re-planting. it is important that any such management maximises the eco   ensure that below-ground carbon stocks are maintained and that the emission of greenhouse gase  d that the emission of greenhouse gases is minimised. aims this research has two related aims,   ed cutting, which reproduces on a small scale the commercial cutting that has started again in   dioxide and other greenhouse gases that are lost from the soil in mangrove ecosystems - for exa  rganic matter in the soil. we will also determine the productivity of mangrove roots, allowing   ate how quickly such roots can grow and trap carbon. in addition to these main aims, we will al  and involving a local women s group and school children in mangrove education and restoration e  this research will be conducted at gazi bay, some 60km from mombasa on the coast of kenya. the    mombasa on the coast of kenya. the bay is fringed by a coral reef, and contains seagrass beds   village next to the bay is home to 1000 people who use their mangroves for a wide range of prod  t to the bay is home to 1000 people who use their mangroves for a wide range of products. metho   methods using a natural forest we will clear 5 small areas of trees and compare the greenhouse  e will clear 5 small areas of trees and compare the greenhouse gas emissions and root decomposi  ompare the greenhouse gas emissions and root decomposition in these with control forested plots   chemical markers in the gases, we will be able to differentiate broadly between the possible s  ses coming from our plots. we will also monitor the effects of the cutting on crab and fish com   the effects of the cutting on crab and fish communities, and on the ability of the mangrove fo
12416	5	summary objective the mecn is a focal point for scientists wanting to integrate, c  tists wanting to integrate, compare and standardise their measurements at large spatial and tem  large spatial and temporal scales. mecn phase 3 looked at the issue of how datasets can be anal  e 3 looked at the issue of how datasets can be analysed to show changes over long-term time-sca  time-scales . the mecn will, therefore, continue to be instrumental in coordinating the transfe
7282	1	roblem and associated methodologies and form a multidisciplinary team. the study focuses on the
14209	3	rganic matter from the catchment, which may enhance respiration rate could prevail depending on  nmental conditions. nutrient enrichment is expected to push lakes towards net autotrophy, the i  o sensitive to changes in food webs. we hypothesise that in võrtsjärv the balance between gpp a
6999	21	project p 14220 the microbial and viral loop in aquatic sediments branko velimirov 06.03.2000 t  tioning of the microbial and viral loop were derived from studies on the water column of both o   above mentioned studies, the microbial loop hypothesis was never thoroughly tested for its val  low aerobic sediment systems, and there is a total lack of investigations concerning virus-bact  thesis that a either such relationships do not exist for the community members in aquatic sedim  hat a new conceptual framework needs to be defined to understand the connection between process  nd the connection between processes and obtain predictive models on the direction and magnitude  rgy flow in sediment systems or b there is a general lack of data concerning structure and rate  l lack of data concerning structure and rate measurements of the microbial community in sedimen  d to test the validity of the microbial loop hypothesis in aquatic sediments. our reserach obje  nt of aerobic aquatic sediments have or have not a comparable role to those from the water colu  er column with respect to the microbial loop hypothesis and will concentrate on i predation of   ozoan driven remineralization, or else, are they of no quantitative importance for the microbia   induced lysis of sediment bacteria and is the viral impact a controlling force for bacterial p  s of sediment bacteria and is the viral impact a controlling force for bacterial production, ii  ion if the above mentioned compartments do not remove significant amounts of bacteria, and iv w  rotozoan and viral production, or else, do we have to figure out a new carbon pathway in the se  an and viral production, or else, do we have to figure out a new carbon pathway in the sediment  s a first attempt to test the microbial loop system in aerobic aquatic sediments whereby the in  he integration of the viral compartment is seen as a key step which should contribute essential  ion between the microbial and the viral loop in order to investigate the qualitative and quanti
11753	2	is unknown in marine animals, in stark contrast to model organisms. to address this, rna from   construct a normalised cdna library and create a microarray. an approx 3+kb cdna library will b
10830	4	the roots of our major tree species and play a central role in nutrient cycling in forest ecosy  ith betula pendula. we will isolate and characterise p. involutus gene families which exhibit a  ponse to different nutrient sources and examine the localised and long distance regulation of g  utrient acquisition within the mycelial network of an ectomycorrhizal fungus.
11515	7	st bengal and bangladesh arsenic levels can reach mg quantities of arsenic per litre of water,    of water, and this has led to what has been described as the worst mass poisoning in human his  troversial. several possible mechanisms may release arsenic sorbed to minerals in the sediments  minerals in the sediments, and all have been debated vigorously. these include changes in the s  ed to culture them. finally, so that we can gain a better picture of the role of these biologic  ions in the arsenic cycle, we will also study the mineral phases and groundwater composition us  neralogical and geochemical techniques, while we are monitoring changes in the microbial commun
9862	7	st bengal and bangladesh arsenic levels can reach mg quantities of arsenic per litre of water,    of water, and this has led to what has been described as the worst mass poisoning in human his  troversial. several possible mechanisms may release arsenic sorbed to minerals in the sediments  minerals in the sediments, and all have been debated vigorously. these include changes in the s  ed to culture them. finally, so that we can gain a better picture of the role of these biologic  ions in the arsenic cycle, we will also study the mineral phases and groundwater composition us  neralogical and geochemical techniques, while we are monitoring changes in the microbial commun
6983	7	a consequence their floral components, are threatened by human impact. the biodiversity of suc  tion intensity throughout the year. dse are considered to be able to provide nutrients for the   utrients for the plant and therefore it is of major concern to include such mutualistic fungal   site parameters like soil ph, total and plant available p content, soil water content, bulk den  vailable p content, soil water content, bulk density and plant p content are determined as well  t, soil water content, bulk density and plant p content are determined as well in order to prov  ntent, bulk density and plant p content are determined as well in order to provide an overall v
9826	5	ined species of planktonic foraminifera consist of complexes of genetically distinct types. fol  climatic signals to a qualitatively new level of precision, reliability and resolution. it will  eliability and resolution. it will also enable me to trace the origin of these genetic types ba  unity to integrate fossil and molecular evidence for modes and rates of evolution and assess th  ce for modes and rates of evolution and assess the dynamics of cryptic biodiversity in the past
2042	8	classically it has been assumed, that the dispersal ability and population  genetics of marine invertebrate species can be predicted from their mode of reproduction . that  enetics of may species an significantly deviate from what would be expected, and that the abili  at the ability of a species to disperse may depend on post-larval , for species that produce ei  oduce either directly developing and/or short-lived planktonic larvae. the acquisition of infor  ch the ability of a species to disperse can be predicted from population genetic data is essent  ulation genetic data is essential if we are to use such data for the management of species. cor  f post-larval dispersal for species, we are unable to evaluate what are the important life-hist
2475	11	growth, survival, and reproduction, and are influenced both by fishing, which changes the popul  ry also exerts selective pressures that can lead to evolutionary changes. this project will inv  that underpin management. we will first establish phenotypic relationships between skipped spaw  ationships between skipped spawning and age, condition, and environment in recently collected d  ships between skipped spawning and age, condition, and environment in recently collected data,    analyses. from the otolith analyses we can see if skipping is solely related to insufficient e  or if, as predicted by models, can also be caused by an increased investment in growth. second,  d investment in growth. second, we will document the historic occurrence of skipped spawning in  hird, using models that incorporate and simulate the empirical results, we will evaluate the im  simulate the empirical results, we will evaluate the importance for management of skipped spawn  at affect stock reproductive potential, egg production, and ultimately recruitment. recent life
13863	4	e protozoans and viruses. olfaction has been established to be the dominant sensory input for m  control strategies. in this proposal we aim to study olfactory function and host seeking behavi  d aedes aegypti. the latter two species are included due to the massive amount of data on the b  species are included due to the massive amount of data on the biology of these two important ve
10055	6	plants change dramatically as they develop from young seedlings to the mature adult stage,  g the seedling stage, and consequently, damage by herbivores is the highest during this vulnera  ainst herbivores as seedlings than they are as adult plants, leading to higher levels of damage  lant defense traits are common and have been documented in over 60 plant species. yet, a genera  mon and have been documented in over 60 plant species. yet, a general pattern has failed to eme  xpertise in meta-analysis and graphical vector analysis. this research will make a significant
10835	3	vertebrate groups. cambrian vertebrates are characterised by largely naked jawless taxa, with t  particular significance is the earliest evidence for jawed vertebrates. however, the fossil rec  entia and gondwana, mainly in extremely shallow marine facies. recent work has greatly expanded
14522	12	their first and secondary parasitoids, even a taxonomic point of view than biologic, to explai  secondary parasitoids, even a taxonomic point of view than biologic, to explain the process tha  tcomes in multi-specific coevolution.we realize the study with agromyzides because they are exc  the study with agromyzides because they are exclusively phytophagous and they are able to devel  y are exclusively phytophagous and they are able to develop in more than 800 botanic genera of    opiinae, and the fact that it seems to be related with the capacity of temporal paralysis in t   in different degrees of specialization could resolve us the answer dealing with the process wi  rnation, and then to be intrinsic. this is related to an old evolutive controversy: specializat   using this two hypothesis, the project is divided in the following objectives:1. to establish   tablish if the evolution of asymmetries is associated to coevolutionary alternation with parasi  ions and other factors unknown. we will realize a morphometric and sex-ratio analysis to observ  own. we will realize a morphometric and sex-ratio analysis to observe coevolutive cycles like s
12482	14	model. this new work will considerably extend this initial investigation, using the experience  on, using the experience to develop and test a range of participatory appraisal techniques, suc  mental or ecosystem asset accounts that can be used as a framework for developing indicators of  rs of ecosystem change in england often lie beyond the remit of those charged with the conserva  eveloped by this project are robust and easy to use by all relevant organisations and interest    ensure this by developing an inclusive approach, exploiting the rich network of people and org  inclusive approach, exploiting the rich network of people and organisations established by fff   ework will enable a broader analysis to be made, and the potential limitations of data and meth  tial limitations of data and methods to be identified. the key resources and outputs from this    information for practical planning and land management applications; •locally tested and agree  gic policies in ways that safeguard and enhance ecosystem goods and services across the catchme  e catchment; and •a report to defra and key national policy-makers recommending how the value o   approach to integrated decision making could be realized. to make to results as robust as poss  ommunicating the studys development and key findings will be an ongoing activity throughout the
10317	6	in the polar regions and hence we will focus on the northern north atlantic. here seawater is   ronmental information will additionally help to interpret the data. these results will determin  ontributors to the global carbon cycle, have already altered their calcification due to ocean a  ean acidification. all this information is needed to improve predictions of how vulnerable mari  to ocean acidification, how likely they are able to adapt and support effective advice to polic  , how likely they are able to adapt and support effective advice to policy makers and managers
10069	10	of interest over the allocation of care are expected among the different family members. famili  rent family members. familial conflicts can be divided into three social dimensions: sexual con  ed into three social dimensions: sexual conflict between male and female parents, conflicts amo  using birds as model organisms. here we propose a unique project that will focus simultaneously  del organisms. here we propose a unique project that will focus simultaneously on all three soc  etical and empircal approaches. we will develop new theoretical models that addresses the genet  esolution of familial conflict. we will conduct empirical tests of these models on inbred lines  here variation in confounding variables can be controlled. furthermore, the offspring display d  ence, offspring and parental behaviours can be observed directly. finally, we will integrate ou   be observed directly. finally, we will integrate our theoretical and empirical finding across
10350	10	of interest over the allocation of care are expected among the different family members. famili  rent family members. familial conflicts can be divided into three social dimensions: sexual con  ed into three social dimensions: sexual conflict between male and female parents, conflicts amo  using birds as model organisms. here we propose a unique project that will focus simultaneously  del organisms. here we propose a unique project that will focus simultaneously on all three soc  etical and empircal approaches. we will develop new theoretical models that addresses the genet  esolution of familial conflict. we will conduct empirical tests of these models on inbred lines  here variation in confounding variables can be controlled. furthermore, the offspring display d  ence, offspring and parental behaviours can be observed directly. finally, we will integrate ou   be observed directly. finally, we will integrate our theoretical and empirical finding across
10446	1	the species in the genus clusia have a wide ecological diversity and plasticity in co2
14205	1	nome leading to differences in the host-range; 5 to perform a monitoring for sobemoviruses in e
13782	12	leptin has an important function in mammals, regulating appetite and energy bal   is virtually unknown, as the existence/structure of fish leptin has until recently been unknow  cture of fish leptin has until recently been unknown. we have raised salmon leptin antibodies,   esearch tools; including the first ever fish leptin ria. this allows for a three-way research a  physiological function, which will then be tested in comprehensive in vivo studies. if a conser  n vivo studies. if a conserved function is confirmed, the project may explain how key life hist  rved function is confirmed, the project may explain how key life history transitions such as sm  ions such as smoltification and puberty are decided, as the success of such decisions depends t  siological functions for leptin in fish are discovered, this is of fundamental importance for u  ortance for understanding evolution and function of endocrine systems in vertebrates, particula  ject is a well-defined, challenging phd-project, with a broad methodological approach under exp  hd-project, with a broad methodological approach under experiences supervision.
2174	9	the collapses of these populations have been attributed to climate-change-induced regime shifts  lations have been attributed to climate-change-induced regime shifts, concomitant shifts in pre  ive stresses and unknown causes. little is known about the status or the ecological needs of th   the west coast of spitsbergen. it will assess possible community changes taking place in the r  oration with a nordic arctic programme, stock identities will be determined and an adaptive man  ed and an adaptive management plan with be created for this species, within the atlantic arctic  c. svalbard's harbour seals are a vital reference population, because they are the only arctic   ital reference population, because they are the only arctic population of this species that is    arctic population of this species that is protected from human harvesting.
10611	3	ent of spatial theory - driven in large part by advances in computing and analytical techniques  nalytical techniques - has not however, been matched by a corresponding growth m replicated emp  spatial characteristics of a population are altered and the effects on population dynamics exam
11646	3	ent of spatial theory - driven in large part by advances in computing and analytical techniques  nalytical techniques - has not however, been matched by a corresponding growth m replicated emp  spatial characteristics of a population are altered and the effects on population dynamics exam
2033	2	ic ecosystem. if reduced heterozygosity is found in an unexploited species our study will provi  e compared to investigate whether there is a negative correlation. this would mean that populat
2151	5	or e.g. herring, capelin and young cod, is central in the ecosystem; yet important questions re  is to investigate if or how zooplankton may modulate the effect of an oil spill on fish stocks.  ent of the project is to extend the leo project by statistical modelling of norwegian and russi  bled for the leo project. while the leo project primarily focuses on fish, oil and climate, thi  xtension which is essential to properly understand the dynamics of the ecosystem.
12674	3	ience and culture. within the uk, there are two unesco mechanisms to designate areas for manage  o that their contribution to policy and practice within the uk may be assessed and its potentia  on to policy and practice within the uk may be assessed and its potential realised.
13463	10	s of conservation measures on diversity may guide policy decisions about how and when different  ncing of marker gene amplicons. we will investigate whether clear-cutting leads to complete or    amplicons. we will investigate whether clear-cutting leads to complete or partial loss of em d  at the local scale, and how mycorrhizal decline in turn affects free-living fungi. furthermore,  free-living fungi. furthermore, we will test if em diversity may be preserved by leaving trees   rthermore, we will test if em diversity may be preserved by leaving trees at harvest, and estab  in the experimental plots, we will also investigate whether continuous cover forestry may enabl  ill also investigate whether continuous cover forestry may enable a more efficient transfer of   igate whether continuous cover forestry may enable a more efficient transfer of symbiont divers  er forestry may enable a more efficient transfer of symbiont diversity between forest generatio
518	17	this research project is based on the statement that it is necessary to recor  oject is based on the statement that it is necessary to record responsibility for biodiversity   ess of biodiversity in public action it is necessary to dispose of a concept permitting to fede   interrelation. the first type of forum is connected with the production of ideas completely in  utriments and habitats for accessory or savage species. this hypothesis about the prairie relie  sciplinary dialogue is possible, but it must pass through the construction of common problems a  cal level. this analysis level does not permit the apprehension of certain crucial governance s  ucial governance stakes, since the long-term evolution of agriculture is to a great extent dete  nternational politics. consequently, it is thus the issue of integration of biodiversity into t  l trading on communitarian and regional level that is being raised here. altogether, to better   ommunitarian and regional level that is being raised here. altogether, to better express the sc  nces. our research approach may finally be resumed as follows: how does the prairie concept per  es the prairie concept permit on a long-term basis to imagine and equip the support of agricult  mit on a long-term basis to imagine and equip the support of agricultural areas rich in biodive  ng concept within the fpi this approach is divided in two questionings: - as smuggler concept b   multi-scalar concept on an operational plan, what linking of levels does it permit within the   al plan, what linking of levels does it permit within the conception and evaluation of public p
15236	5	determine. these microbial communities can be considered as formed by a low number of highly a  ganisms and a very high number of rare, low abundant, microorganisms. we present the hypothesis   rare, low abundant, microorganisms. we present the hypothesis that the microorganisms represen  e conditions from moderate environments is proposed. the selected environment is the sediment f  ossibility that the analyzed conditions could represent natural conditions will be studied. the
11039	13	bioenergy is a key component of the uk government s plans for tac   fossil fuels releasing carbon that has been stored for centuries back into the atmosphere. in    can grow crops for energy. bioenergy , is unknown. it is essential to determine this in order    for energy. bioenergy , is unknown. it is essential to determine this in order to underpin fut  ergy cropping systems and to accurately project future greenhouse gas inventories. in this proj  as inventories. in this project we will measure emissions of co2, ch4 and n2o from miscanthus a  o2, ch4 and n2o from miscanthus and src willow, and compare these to emissions from adjacently   n2o from miscanthus and src willow, and compare these to emissions from adjacently growing conv  ing conventional crops. we will further investigate the processes producing n2o and quantify ch  stigate the processes producing n2o and quantify ch4 oxidation rates using stable isotope techn   community model of ceh, parameterising water, energy, carbon and greenhouse gas balances for t  imulate greenhouse gas emissions for uk land if converted to growing miscanthus and src willow   converted to growing miscanthus and src willow under present and future climates.
10035	13	bioenergy is a key component of the uk government s plans for tac   fossil fuels releasing carbon that has been stored for centuries back into the atmosphere. in    can grow crops for energy. bioenergy , is unknown. it is essential to determine this in order    for energy. bioenergy , is unknown. it is essential to determine this in order to underpin fut  ergy cropping systems and to accurately project future greenhouse gas inventories. in this proj  as inventories. in this project we will measure emissions of co2, ch4 and n2o from miscanthus a  o2, ch4 and n2o from miscanthus and src willow, and compare these to emissions from adjacently   n2o from miscanthus and src willow, and compare these to emissions from adjacently growing conv  ing conventional crops. we will further investigate the processes producing n2o and quantify ch  stigate the processes producing n2o and quantify ch4 oxidation rates using stable isotope techn   community model of ceh, parameterising water, energy, carbon and greenhouse gas balances for t  imulate greenhouse gas emissions for uk land if converted to growing miscanthus and src willow   converted to growing miscanthus and src willow under present and future climates.
7171	7	inues, without specific climatic limits can be identified. sexual reproductive performance of b  uctive performance of both species have been confirmed and the possibility of production of via  ility of production of viable seedlings was checked in situ and in laboratory. . studies on col  used on the representations of ludwigia grow as players face the nuisance created by these plan   the project objectives were explicitly lead to strong inter- actions with the already ongoing   jectives were explicitly lead to strong inter- actions with the already ongoing management prac   this type of approach will most likely guarantee the necessary improvement of our environment
10794	11	gins and the fossils from this critical phase in evolution. in the picture of vertebrate origin  e of vertebrate origins as we presently view it there is a large evolutionary gap between verte  e origins as we presently view it there is a large evolutionary gap between vertebrates and the  y view it there is a large evolutionary gap between vertebrates and their nearest living pre-ve  s to evaluate whether the fossil record can preserve recognizable pre-vertebrates, and thus det   recognizable pre-vertebrates, and thus determine whether the apparent gap at the origin of ver  and thus determine whether the apparent gap at the origin of vertebrates reflects their non-pre   their anatomy, but in fossils this has been modified by decomposition, flattening, and transfo  mineral-traces. original anatomy has to be reconstructed but without a clear picture of how ana   without a clear picture of how anatomy was altered during fossilization, current interpretatio  rom a range of environments, so that we can reassess the fossils that may be candidates to fill
203	3	ng hybrid aspen will be assessed. plant-soil interactions will be studied in even-aged monocult  try and its impacts on estonian nature, landscape, land use, rural economy and social aspects.   owners about establishment, tending and site selection of the plantations. economic calculation
10484	10	a fundamental and previously unexpected change to our understanding of the marine inorganic car  get. large amounts of calcium carbonate are produced in the global oceans by marine plankton an  hores and foraminifera. however, recent research by part of the research team here has highligh  cant additional contribution to oceanic carbonate production by marine bony fish. these all ing  ony fish. these all ingest seawater and are now known to also produce calcium carbonate within   gest seawater and are now known to also produce calcium carbonate within their guts and excrete  calcium carbonate within their guts and excrete these precipitates at very high rates as part o   seawater. this previously unrecognised source of marine carbonate is significant in its own ri  n combined with new estimates of global fish biomass, it is clear that it makes a major contrib  estimates of global fish biomass, it is clear that it makes a major contribution to carbonate p
13427	4	genetic resources conservation project was implemented. thus, this project was started to work  ect was implemented. thus, this project was started to work for the protection of cattle kilis    the protection of cattle kilis , which are grown in the region and representing the population  he population of kilis cattles and also have special racial characteristics.
11346	11	lution is the question of how diversity is maintained. one question that remains largely unansw  uestion that remains largely unanswered is how high levels of variability in life-history and r  in life-history and reproductive traits are maintained in populations. the question is importan  o environmental variability in time and space, and to their interactions. two particularly impo  ailability between populations. we will study the quantitative genetics of sex allocation in an  g on two main conceptual areas: we will test the predicted response to frequency-dependent sele  or any plant or animal. finally we will use the data from these experiments to parameterize a d  ments to parameterize a demographic and sex allocation model for m. annua at a landscape level.  cape level. these experiments will thus lead to the first fully integrated study of sex allocat   integrated study of sex allocation and plant demography at a large spatial scale. the model wi  ults from a longitudinal metapopulation study currently underway across much of the species ran
15283	12	a-nw africa, e. africa and w. asia have been recognized for nearly a century, in what has been   nized for nearly a century, in what has been called the rand flora pattern. many plant groups h  d flora pattern. many plant groups have been proposed to have this disjunct distribution on the  . several alternative explanations have been proposed for the origin of this enigmatic distribu  attern statistically and across a large sample of plant lineages. as part of a coordinated proj  ruct the spatio-temporal evolution of 4 plant genera exhibiting this disjunction and spanning d   cynoglossum. some of these groups have been studied in the past by our research team and other   by our research team and others, so we have an initial phylogeny that we aim to complete, wher  so we have an initial phylogeny that we aim to complete, whereas for others we plan to generate   aim to complete, whereas for others we plan to generate a new phylogeny , and the appearance o  innovations. for this, we will complete/compile new data on possible morphological/ecophysiolog  f the studied groups to disperse and/or diversify, such as new reproductive strategies, dispers
15284	7	a-nw africa, e. africa and w. asia have been recognized for nearly a century, in what has been   nized for nearly a century, in what has been called the rand flora pattern. many plant groups h  d flora pattern. many plant groups have been proposed to have this disjunct distribution on the  . several alternative explanations have been proposed for the origin of this enigmatic distribu  attern statistically and across a large sample of plant lineages. as part of a coordinated proj  innovations. for this, we will complete/compile new data on possible morphological/ecophysiolog  f the studied groups to disperse and/or diversify, such as new reproductive strategies, dispers
10397	10	than any other physical character, and even in species that otherwise look identical, male gen  ter, and even in species that otherwise look identical, male genitals differ greatly. however s  er selection on male genitalia does not seem to be particularly strong, which is paradoxical -   icularly strong, which is paradoxical - fast evolution, yet , and must therefore have evolved r  ke male genitals generally. the genital arch also influences male fertilization success in d. s   easy to measure. in this study we will characterise the genetic variance and covariance matrix   covariance matrix and the strength and form of selection acting on the genital arch of d. simu  form of selection acting on the genital arch of d. simulans to assess potential explanations fo  potential explanations for the apparent mismatch between rates of genital evolution and the str  ngth of selection on them. we will then test our findings by artificially selecting on the geni
12218	6	funded genetic research for animal and plant improvement an important part of the delivery of   imal and plant improvement an important part of the delivery of defras sustainable farming and   ionale and justification. the rationale can be provided by market failure: this is economic jar  ded by market failure: this is economic jargon for the observation that the private sector will  fication for public research is that it is demonstrably economically efficient. this means that  ly efficient. this means that either it is the least cost means of delivering a specific public
9959	24	es and societies. human activities have been shown to play a significant factor in the producti  s have been shown to play a significant factor in the production of ghg, including the generati  ber of interacting factors. yet a large body of research has shown that much deforestation in t  n in the brazilian amazon, for example, is caused by both small- and large-scale agricultural e  ple, is caused by both small- and large-scale agricultural expansion. in recent international d  reduce emissions from deforestation and forest degradation in a future framework. known as redu  s from deforestation and degradation or redd, this concept proposes to put in place financial i  s into the atmosphere. these incentives could be made at the international level, i.e. governme  rest areas. however, many concerns have been raised about how such incentives might be implemen   raised about how such incentives might be implemented on the ground. for example, many people    have title to the land upon which they grow food. therefore, any scheme that prevents people f  t such people are usually very poor and have few alternative income opportunities. on the other  and, a scheme that tries to incentivize people by paying cash to conserve forest would have to   land, of identifying those with a valid claim to particular parcels of forest. complicating the  emote forest areas. in principle, there are a number of different types of redd policy that mig  fferent types of redd policy that might be set up. the choice of policy will depend on the cond  ablish policies that target the poorest forest users. others want to implement policies that mi  target the poorest forest users. others want to implement policies that might also protect fore  onditions described above, it might not be possible to have an effective redd policy that reach  designing redd policy on the ground. to be used by policy makers, the tool will combine data an  ollected in different ways. it can then be programmed to simulate the conditions of a particula  on, when different types of redd policy are implemented. the general idea is that through exper   through experimentation, policy makers can learn about what might or might not work in the for  can learn about what might or might not work in the forest area of interest before actually imp
13456	3	em engineers in aquatic ecosystems, but were exterminated in sweden in the 1800s. reintroduced   ems over three years using state-of-the-art methods. at the landscape scale, babi evaluates the  uates the biogeochemical and ecological impact of beavers within historic, present and future s
12657	9	the research is designed to assess the effect of urban development a  ess the effect of urban development and number of visitors on the distribution and abundance of  heathlands and thames basin heaths spa; assess the extent to which the negative correlation of   umbers with urban development in dorset is replicated in the thames basin heaths, and identify   licated in the thames basin heaths, and identify the key factors which determine how the two si  ch determine how the two sites compare; assess how habitat and visitor pressure interact to inf   three annex 1 species in the two spas; map visitor pressure and suitable habitat and identify   sitor pressure and suitable habitat and identify areas where access and habitat management shou  tions of the three annex 1 species; and develop a method of predicting the effect of habitat an
14170	10	species to use organic nutrient pools, augment photosynthetic energy, and function at multiple  ols, augment photosynthetic energy, and function at multiple trophic levels and thus lend a com  ion at multiple trophic levels and thus lend a competitive advantage over strict phototrophs an  ict phototrophs and heterotrophs. there is an increasing awareness that mixotrophic protists co  ing awareness that mixotrophic protists compose a considerable portion of planktonic communitie  trophic protists compose a considerable portion of planktonic communities and that they are imp  of planktonic communities and that they are important consumers of bacteria and small phytoplan  ic status of phytoplankton in space and time, and to demonstrate in which scale the measured va  d nutritional strategy of phytoplankton can be connected with the available inorganic nutrient   a, picoplankton and nanoflagellates. we hypothesize that importance of mixotrophic feeding is i
1089	3	ortant adaptive . the following species are considered: sparus aurata, poecilia reticulata, emy   and among natural populations. we will analyse both allele sequences and frequencies in natura  ersity. different populations will also be compared to understand the impact of selective regim
11458	2	cycle. however, adults may occasionally move between populations by rafting on mobile substrate  productive features of colonial species are predicted to influence the ability of migrants to m
2015	7	winter, will continue to significantly affect the survival of populations with altered flood t   expression of e.g. flood tolerance and seed dispersal related plant traits is an important mec  mics are poorly understood. i therefore propose to investigate how plant populations buffer flu   plasticity, and to what degree spatial escape through dispersal and colonization of new habita   population abundances are fundamental, stretch beyond the floodplain case and are of great int   stretch beyond the floodplain case and are of great interest for conservation and restoration   l and simulation models that explicitly incorporate environment-trait, trait-trait and trait-li
10884	2	land. since november 2004 a total of 13 out of 15 months have recorded below 1961-1990 average   15 months have recorded below 1961-1990 average rainfall. this drought represents a major threa
11879	6	in the space for nature a 120 page government report released in september 2010, lawt   2010, lawton and colleagues ask how we can enhance the natural environment in england in the f   report argues that the answer is large-scale habitat creation and restoration, under-pinned by  f some debate though. using a molecular approach we will determine whether specimens of swallow  ugh. using a molecular approach we will determine whether specimens of swallowtail butterflies   gy, conservation, public engagement and school activities.
15020	1	al genomes within bacterial populations are needed at different temporal and space scales. the
10771	8	e for the climate - an optimum climatic range suitable for survival and reproduction. beyond th  optimum, the individuals within species can survive if they migrate to other locations where th  uals within species can survive if they migrate to other locations where the environment is mor   have also adapted to them. i will also use a novel modification to the rte design, where entir  lso use a novel modification to the rte design, where entire microcosm communities are reciproc  he regions of plant genomes that likely control adaptation. using this information i will inves  on plant communities and how they might respond, such that we can better plan their management    might respond, such that we can better plan their management before decline occurs.
11472	2	ulphide to examine how biogenic sulphur may be cycled between the algae and bacteria and quanti  e algae and bacteria and quantitatively affect the growth rate of dmsp-producing phytoplankton.
14933	6	ument employed to analyse this problem, is the used of bioindicators. formicids are successfull  is the used of bioindicators. formicids are successfully used in this sense, in a global scale.  a global scale. nevertheless, they have been hardly used in mediterranean ecosystems. in genera  iculties for their use as bioindicators lie in determining the sampling method that allows to t  pling method that allows to trustworthy define the community and in the taxonomic difficulty of   to other employed techniques, does not require the destruction of the individuals.
10046	12	erties of the surface ocean may greatly influence the exchange of gases, heat and particles bet  mosphere. hydrophobic organic molecules are concentrated at the surface of the water to form th  uring biological properties of the asml involve the initial removal and collection of bn. we pr  nitial removal and collection of bn. we propose to use a glass tube horizontally half immerged    sideward through an intact asml before being corked with two silicone bungs to become an incub  ring co2 or tritiated water. because bn may influence physicochemical processes across the inta  sons will be made with samples where bn are not present, bn have been poisoned and samples wher  l be made with samples where bn are not present, bn have been poisoned and samples where the as  mples where bn are not present, bn have been poisoned and samples where the asml including bn h  samples where the asml including bn has been removed with the aid of an ultra-thin nitrocellulo  s been removed with the aid of an ultra-thin nitrocellulose membrane. bn cells will be specific  before using local seawater samples. it is anticipated that the methods and apparatus developed
13805	10	biodiversity is proposed to be important for ecosystem functions. mo   – ecosystem function studies, however, consider only one response variable at a time, and even  ly one response variable at a time, and even when multiple variables are examined they are anal   time, and even when multiple variables are examined they are analyzed separately. this means t  en multiple variables are examined they are analyzed separately. this means that a very importa  a very important aspect of biodiversity is lost on the way – the possibility for different spec  tem functioning when multiple functions are considered. this will be achieved by a combination   otal ecosystem functioning when species are lost, and how this depends on the complementarity o  ts where different extinction scenarios are generated. by shifting the focus to the diversity o  maintained by a richness of species, we can start to uncover the full importance of biodiversit
2057	3	ost terrestrial arctic ecosystems; they are both prey and predators model that will allow one t  elihood of persistence of the parasite, may change under different scenarios of winter climate   variability. the data/analysis can also be used to predict under which climatic circumstances w
13781	5	previous research on polymorphism has primarily aimed at identif  ly aimed at identifying conditions that may promote the evolution and maintenance in population  rete phenotypes. this work will instead focus on the ecological consequences of colour pattern   thesis that colour pattern polymorphism may influence the ecological success of populations and  e ecological success of populations and reduce their susceptibility to environmental change. fi
10143	12	ralisation seem obvious: an animal that can use everything should have no problems finding food   parasites are so specialised, however, is less clear. these issues are important because the l  e environmental change. recently it has been suggested that specialisation may evolve to avoid    has been suggested that specialisation may evolve to avoid confusion. just as a person interes   might focus only on the word sport and filter-out all other information, it is reasoned that a  focus only on the word sport and filter-out all other information, it is reasoned that an insec  nd filter-out all other information, it is reasoned that an insect flying over a cluttered fiel   plants might try to focus on a smaller number of plants and become a specialist. most experime  t experimental studies conducted so far do indeed indicate that specialists find it easier to l  ntal studies conducted so far do indeed indicate that specialists find it easier to locate and   pecialists find it easier to locate and select suitable resources. i recently published a compu  ying how animals become confused we may be able to design intercropping strategies to even bett
10410	12	ralisation seem obvious: an animal that can use everything should have no problems finding food   parasites are so specialised, however, is less clear. these issues are important because the l  e environmental change. recently it has been suggested that specialisation may evolve to avoid    has been suggested that specialisation may evolve to avoid confusion. just as a person interes   might focus only on the word sport and filter-out all other information, it is reasoned that a  focus only on the word sport and filter-out all other information, it is reasoned that an insec  nd filter-out all other information, it is reasoned that an insect flying over a cluttered fiel   plants might try to focus on a smaller number of plants and become a specialist. most experime  t experimental studies conducted so far do indeed indicate that specialists find it easier to l  ntal studies conducted so far do indeed indicate that specialists find it easier to locate and   pecialists find it easier to locate and select suitable resources. i recently published a compu  ying how animals become confused we may be able to design intercropping strategies to even bett
11178	18	there is an emerging consensus that many animal species are r  y are failing to shift their ranges and are unable to reach new sites beyond their current rang  nge margin. predicting why some species can shift their ranges in response to climate change wh  to climate change whilst others cannot, is crucial for improving our projections of species fut  the earth s climate system. thus, there is a commitment to future warming regardless of any mit  d, in this context, adaptation measures are required urgently. one commonly suggested adaptatio  vement through degraded landscapes, and help them colonise new sites. however, the effectivenes  ough degraded landscapes, and help them colonise new sites. however, the effectiveness of impro  e shifts is essentially untested. there are currently no data examining how species flight beha  viour in response to landscape features may affect their ability to disperse over longer-distan  lity to disperse over longer-distances, colonise new sites, and hence shift their ranges. yet s  istances, colonise new sites, and hence shift their ranges. yet such information will be crucia  ented landscapes translates into longer-distance dispersal and colonisation success. we will fo  ersal and colonisation success. we will focus on butterflies and collect new field data on butt  ccess. we will focus on butterflies and collect new field data on butterfly flight path charact  ll focus on butterflies and collect new field data on butterfly flight path characteristics . t  ersal limits to species ranges. it will open up a new avenue of research on understanding and p  n biodiversity. conservation strategies must include adaptation strategies, but conservationist
11398	18	there is an emerging consensus that many animal species are r  y are failing to shift their ranges and are unable to reach new sites beyond their current rang  nge margin. predicting why some species can shift their ranges in response to climate change wh  to climate change whilst others cannot, is crucial for improving our projections of species fut  the earth s climate system. thus, there is a commitment to future warming regardless of any mit  d, in this context, adaptation measures are required urgently. one commonly suggested adaptatio  vement through degraded landscapes, and help them colonise new sites. however, the effectivenes  ough degraded landscapes, and help them colonise new sites. however, the effectiveness of impro  e shifts is essentially untested. there are currently no data examining how species flight beha  viour in response to landscape features may affect their ability to disperse over longer-distan  lity to disperse over longer-distances, colonise new sites, and hence shift their ranges. yet s  istances, colonise new sites, and hence shift their ranges. yet such information will be crucia  ented landscapes translates into longer-distance dispersal and colonisation success. we will fo  ersal and colonisation success. we will focus on butterflies and collect new field data on butt  ccess. we will focus on butterflies and collect new field data on butterfly flight path charact  ll focus on butterflies and collect new field data on butterfly flight path characteristics . t  ersal limits to species ranges. it will open up a new avenue of research on understanding and p  n biodiversity. conservation strategies must include adaptation strategies, but conservationist
11196	5	we propose to test the hypothesis that diurnal cycles infl  iquely designed high-resolution spatial survey of bacterial and phytoplankton groups. these wil  by shipboard flow cytometry, in a 240km x 240km region of the celtic sea. this is to determine   usk synchronised division of the groups may lead to diel periodicity in their spatial variabili  eir spatial variability. the celtic sea is chosen for the survey as the strong stratification o
14148	5	charophytes are an important ecosystem element in shallow sheltered  t bottom areas of the baltic sea. there are important lacunae in our current information about   . using genetic methods as a supportive tool for ecological observations and experiments it wil   variability, morphological parameters, light sensitivity and photosynthetic effectiveness in c  mination of protected areas and thereby support the overall effectiveness of environmental plan
10353	5	utcome of competition. four experiments are planned. the first will examine the effects of prey  cy interacts with prey distribution and type to determine competitive outcomes whilst the third  ve outcomes whilst the third experiment is planned to look at the way a predation threat change  periment will use related and unrelated fish to examine the influence of genetic relatedness an  esults will be used to parameterise and test an individual based genetic algorithm model of for
14112	9	nce of bacteria on their hosts has long been hindered because of the complex methodologies requ  evidence suggests that plumage bacteria may play an important role in shaping the life historie  n the other hand, many feather bacteria are known to produce antimicrobial substances and there   antimicrobial substances and therefore could play a role in preventing the establishment of wi  y scarce. in this study, the extent and pattern of natural variation in bacterial assemblages i  terial parameters and the bird species, sex, habitat type, season, feather color and body part   nd the bird species, sex, habitat type, season, feather color and body part will be explored. b  be explored. besides this correlational study, an experimental approach will be applied, to rev  techniques will be used to identify and count different bacteria species in samples.
15232	2	reiterated forest fires is an important factor in the evolution of plants and in the structure   ies. the ability to resprout can hardly be considered an adaptation to fire but rather an exapt
14217	5	errestrial ecosystems. nevertheless, it is poorly known how herbivores affect these interaction  rs, and consequently, how these effects are translated into plant population performance. by co  inators on individual plant fitness and quantify these effects to population performance. demog  ormance. demographic analyses will also be used to investigate the joint selective pressure by   els will produce novel information that can be generalised across taxons and used to build cons
6862	3	the somatic hypermutation occur in the cd19+ and cd38+ cells of the germinal cent  mine whether aberrant hypermutation and aid expression play a role in the development of de nov  ay a role in the development of de novo diffuse large b-cell lymphomas and in the lymphoma tran
14686	9	tter genotype for the progeny. thus, it is thought that sexual traits are related in some exten   thus, it is thought that sexual traits are related in some extent with genetic quality of the   c characteristics, which may be either, better or worst, depending on the genomic compatibility  ristics, which may be either, better or worst, depending on the genomic compatibility of the co  etically less compatible. because males may obtain more matings and more offspring than females  re prone than females to accept genetic low compatible matings. the interest of the comparative  nd postnatal dispersal behaviour, which could affect in different ways to genetic structure of   uld affect in different ways to genetic structure of their sub-populations. on the other hand,   ral sexual signals, such as feather and plant carriage to the nest, and the study of these trai
10419	26	the way paternity is distributed across males has considerable impact on   stributed across males has considerable impact on the ecology and evolution of a population, re  ng evidence indicates that an important source of variation in paternity originates from proces   the ejaculates of multiple males often compete to fertilise a set of eggs, and females can dra  et of eggs, and females can drastically influence the outcome of this competition through biase  o the sperm of different males. females are expected to bias fertilisation in favour of males o  because the genetic diversity . the mhc is a complex of genes that play a fundamental role in i  ism to recognise self from non-self and respond against cells that are not recognised as self.   sm to combat pathogens and parasites it may also result in a side-effect differential response   bat pathogens and parasites it may also result in a side-effect differential response to sperm    parasites it may also result in a side-effect differential response to sperm of different male  to sperm of different males. namely, we expect the female immune system to tolerate sperm of ma  hat share mhc genes with the female and discriminate against the sperm of males that have a dif  hat have a different mhc profile. as it is typical of similar immune responses, we also expect   al of similar immune responses, we also expect female response to the sperm of a certain mhc si  with the female to change as the female is exposed to successive inseminations with the same ty   successive inseminations with the same type of sperm. it is plausible that, through continued   nations with the same type of sperm. it is plausible that, through continued exposure, the fema  ias in paternity. this novel hypothesis is founded on well established immunological mechanisms  f studies indicating that fertilisation may be biased in favour of genetically similar partners   female sperm selection would therefore contribute to unravel the mechanisms underpinning varia  ns of the hypothesis that fertilisation is biased by mhc-mediated immunological responses of th   ejaculates of different males. we will test these predictions in a well characterised populati  ation of red junglefowl. red junglefowl are the wild ancestor of the domestic chicken and an id  tain ejaculates from multiple males and are known to bias fertilisation in different ways, incl  tremely well characterised. finally, we have a deep understanding of the mechanisms that modula
9866	26	the way paternity is distributed across males has considerable impact on   stributed across males has considerable impact on the ecology and evolution of a population, re  ng evidence indicates that an important source of variation in paternity originates from proces   the ejaculates of multiple males often compete to fertilise a set of eggs, and females can dra  et of eggs, and females can drastically influence the outcome of this competition through biase  o the sperm of different males. females are expected to bias fertilisation in favour of males o  because the genetic diversity . the mhc is a complex of genes that play a fundamental role in i  ism to recognise self from non-self and respond against cells that are not recognised as self.   sm to combat pathogens and parasites it may also result in a side-effect differential response   bat pathogens and parasites it may also result in a side-effect differential response to sperm    parasites it may also result in a side-effect differential response to sperm of different male  to sperm of different males. namely, we expect the female immune system to tolerate sperm of ma  hat share mhc genes with the female and discriminate against the sperm of males that have a dif  hat have a different mhc profile. as it is typical of similar immune responses, we also expect   al of similar immune responses, we also expect female response to the sperm of a certain mhc si  with the female to change as the female is exposed to successive inseminations with the same ty   successive inseminations with the same type of sperm. it is plausible that, through continued   nations with the same type of sperm. it is plausible that, through continued exposure, the fema  ias in paternity. this novel hypothesis is founded on well established immunological mechanisms  f studies indicating that fertilisation may be biased in favour of genetically similar partners   female sperm selection would therefore contribute to unravel the mechanisms underpinning varia  ns of the hypothesis that fertilisation is biased by mhc-mediated immunological responses of th   ejaculates of different males. we will test these predictions in a well characterised populati  ation of red junglefowl. red junglefowl are the wild ancestor of the domestic chicken and an id  tain ejaculates from multiple males and are known to bias fertilisation in different ways, incl  tremely well characterised. finally, we have a deep understanding of the mechanisms that modula
14616	10	croalgae, as well as all higher plants, are frequently exposed to unfavorable environmental con   environment. considerable evidence has been accrued to demonstrate that when cells are stimula   accrued to demonstrate that when cells are stimulated by an environmental change, a complex ne  ells are stimulated by an environmental change, a complex network of specific protein phosphory  s leading to cell death. these proteins are grouped in canonic tri modules, and three of these   role on the regulation of environmental stress response. the election of intertidal macroalgae   roject is not banal, because intertides are highly severe systems, and the periodicity of the t  ive. organisms living in the intertides are really stressed, but very well adapted to those con  ry well adapted to those conditions. we think that cell systems for control and response to env  st be well developed in these algae. we support our hypothesis in our previous results with mic
14176	9	indirect mechanisms by which plant and soil microbial community interactions can influence the  d soil microbial community interactions can influence the invasiveness of plant species have on  ess of plant species have only recently been considered. the current project aims describing th  l symbiosis in plant invasions. we will study the regional floras . also, plant growth response   will study the regional floras . also, plant growth responses to the changed am fungal communi  roots of local native plant species and am fungal communities shaped by the alien host species   nities shaped by the alien host species do not support the growth of local host plants in the s   shaped by the local host plants do. it is important to note that these predictions do not enti   that these predictions do not entirely oppose one-another and that the underlying hypotheses a
6782	2	nal failure. in our experiments we will investigate the role of different nos isoenzyms and the  fferent nos isoenzyms and the oxidative stress in i/r induced acute renal failure and chronic a
10480	2	tlantic salmon to return to their natal stream to spawn after a long distance marine feeding mi   ocean are poorly understood, olfaction is known to be key to accurate homing in the coastal an
13923	6	we propose a hypothesis that the plant growth promoting rh  eby protects plants against drought and root pathogens. rhizobacteria, which have co-evolved wi  functions that affect plant health, and can be considered a natural resource. it is doubtful wh  an be considered a natural resource. it is doubtful whether the potential of the complex system  ignificance of p. polymyxa biofilms. we intend to isolate p. polymyxa from contrasting ecologic  ment of sustainable agro-ecosystems and develop solutions aiming at reducing agrochemicals and
9883	20	and human-disturbed habitats. they thus may constitute an important component of a region s bio  eneration times, annual plants may also respond quickly to new selective pressures, but this de  s depends on how much genetic diversity is maintained in their populations, and how this is str  ined in their populations, and how this is structured. a knowledge of the fine-scale structure    populations might seem trivial, but it is in fact essential for understanding the factors that  ity to respond to natural selection. it is this potentially important for the management of wee   the measurement and management of road-side biodiversity, and for predicting responses of annu  n genetic diversity. in other words, we hypothesise that colonisation and extinction dynamics a  population is a more or less continuous array of individuals distributed over space; a patch is  buted over space; a patch is an spatial array of individuals separated from other such arrays b  annual plants with a diameter of 30 cm, patch-colonisation will depend on dispersal over severa   dispersal over several metres. we will test our hypothesis by using within-patch diversity and  ill test our hypothesis by using within-patch diversity and between-patch differentiation for p  sing within-patch diversity and between-patch differentiation for patches within a range of pop  uent gene flow amongst patches, we will compare diversity and differentiation for patches that   for patches that differ in whether they contain males; patches with males are expected to excha   they contain males; patches with males are expected to exchange genes at a greater rate than t  expected to exchange genes at a greater rate than those without males. we will also use our stu   than those without males. we will also use our study to showcase a novel technique that we hav  enome. in the case of m. annua, we will use microsatellites for our population genetic assays t
11023	20	the ocean is home to tiny single celled plants, called phytoplankton, which form   e marine food chain. despite their tiny size, the ocean s phytoplankton perform as much photosy  a year as all the plants on land. there are thousands of different species of phytoplankton and  racteristics, or traits, that mean they are particularly well suited to living in certain ocean   living in certain ocean conditions. it is important to understand why different phytoplankton   nd some are toxic to marine mammals and even humans. also, since each species has different pro  ect how fast it grows and how likely it is to sink, they can have a different impact on the amo  rows and how likely it is to sink, they can have a different impact on the amount of carbon dio  ton species in the ocean will therefore enable us to predict how marine ecosystems might change  uture, and ultimately how phytoplankton may impact climate change. unlike land plants, phytopla  ants, phytoplankton are obviously never short of water, but they often have to compete with one  ly never short of water, but they often have to compete with one another for nutrients and ligh  pete with one another for nutrients and light to survive. each species contains a unique combin  of light they can absorb. pigments also need to be built by the phytoplankton as they grow and    they can absorb. pigments also need to be built by the phytoplankton as they grow and each typ  ifferent phytoplankton species not only influence the amount of light that they can absorb, but  influence the amount of light that they can absorb, but also the amount of nutrients they need   , but also the amount of nutrients they need to grow. in this study, i will develop and use mat  grow. in this study, i will develop and use mathematical models to explore how the pigment comb  phytoplankton species affect where they grow in the ocean. in addition to increasing our unders
11277	16	if this huge reservoir of carbon was to be released back in to the atmosphere it would cause a   atmosphere it would cause a significant rise in carbon dioxide and release methane and result i   significant rise in carbon dioxide and release methane and result in further global warming. a   carbon dioxide and release methane and result in further global warming. at the moment scienti   can be up to 5 m or more in thickness, consist of about 90 % water and are important resources  ckness, consist of about 90 % water and are important resources for the companies that supply w  ter to homes in the uk. although it has been known that peat soils contain large numbers of pip  numbers of pipes to streams. peat pipes could provide an important route to connect the large r  . peat pipes could provide an important route to connect the large reservoir of carbon stored i  eats to peatland pools and streams, and may act as pathways along which carbon can leak away. w   may act as pathways along which carbon can leak away. we aim to investigate how pipes control   ys along which carbon can leak away. we aim to investigate how pipes control the loss of water   th pennines, uk in a catchment that has been designated a carbon study catchment by the centre   r flowing in pipes and streams. we will use techniques that allow us to determine the age of th  w us to determine the age of the carbon being released and therefore where in the peat the carb  sses which affect this important global store of carbon.
11301	16	if this huge reservoir of carbon was to be released back in to the atmosphere it would cause a   atmosphere it would cause a significant rise in carbon dioxide and release methane and result i   significant rise in carbon dioxide and release methane and result in further global warming. a   carbon dioxide and release methane and result in further global warming. at the moment scienti   can be up to 5 m or more in thickness, consist of about 90 % water and are important resources  ckness, consist of about 90 % water and are important resources for the companies that supply w  ter to homes in the uk. although it has been known that peat soils contain large numbers of pip  numbers of pipes to streams. peat pipes could provide an important route to connect the large r  . peat pipes could provide an important route to connect the large reservoir of carbon stored i  eats to peatland pools and streams, and may act as pathways along which carbon can leak away. w   may act as pathways along which carbon can leak away. we aim to investigate how pipes control   ys along which carbon can leak away. we aim to investigate how pipes control the loss of water   th pennines, uk in a catchment that has been designated a carbon study catchment by the centre   r flowing in pipes and streams. we will use techniques that allow us to determine the age of th  w us to determine the age of the carbon being released and therefore where in the peat the carb  sses which affect this important global store of carbon.
11837	16	if this huge reservoir of carbon was to be released back in to the atmosphere it would cause a   atmosphere it would cause a significant rise in carbon dioxide and release methane and result i   significant rise in carbon dioxide and release methane and result in further global warming. a   carbon dioxide and release methane and result in further global warming. at the moment scienti   can be up to 5 m or more in thickness, consist of about 90 % water and are important resources  ckness, consist of about 90 % water and are important resources for the companies that supply w  ter to homes in the uk. although it has been known that peat soils contain large numbers of pip  numbers of pipes to streams. peat pipes could provide an important route to connect the large r  . peat pipes could provide an important route to connect the large reservoir of carbon stored i  eats to peatland pools and streams, and may act as pathways along which carbon can leak away. w   may act as pathways along which carbon can leak away. we aim to investigate how pipes control   ys along which carbon can leak away. we aim to investigate how pipes control the loss of water   th pennines, uk in a catchment that has been designated a carbon study catchment by the centre   r flowing in pipes and streams. we will use techniques that allow us to determine the age of th  w us to determine the age of the carbon being released and therefore where in the peat the carb  sses which affect this important global store of carbon.
15477	4	the study of plant-soil feedbacks and their role as determinants of the st  le as determinants of the structure and function of ecosystems constitutes an area of emerging   of the interactions among the plant and soil community is largely due to the awareness that the   awareness that the influence of global change phenomenon on ecosystem function of the feedback
9801	12	in order to survive and grow, plants use light to turn atmospheric carbon dioxi  ss called photosynthesis. however, they require more than just sugars for growth, and the addit   and the additional nutrients they need are obtained from the soil, being taken up by the roots  s they need are obtained from the soil, being taken up by the roots. to obtain these nutrients   s roots as plant root exudates and they form the major food source for soil microbes. in return   around the root respond when the plant is starved for essential nutrients. we know that the pl   is starved for essential nutrients. we know that the plant secretes different root exudates un  exudates under these conditions, and we predict that these changes are an important part of how  ict that these changes are an important part of how a plant communicates with its microbial nei   / by examining the microbe response we can see whether the plant s message is getting across,   ant s message is getting across, and we can learn how to adapt these signals to solve agricultu  these signals to solve agricultural and land management problems.
14877	3	l possible flower variations, two types are selected which represent a wide array of cases: a d  t a wide array of cases: a discrete and sex polymorphism is related with an increase of the eff   cases: a discrete and sex polymorphism is related with an increase of the efficiency of pollin
14878	7	l possible flower variations, two types are selected which represent a wide array of cases: a d  t a wide array of cases: a discrete and sex polymorphism species and we will record new informa  nd sex polymorphism species and we will record new information to test if patterns of phenotypi  ation to test if patterns of phenotypic flower integration are relaxed as a consequence of the   tterns of phenotypic flower integration are relaxed as a consequence of the effect of different  insects acting in different species, or even due to the virtual lack of pollinators.   ent species, or even due to the virtual lack of pollinators.
13981	6	ous forests. in the present project, we intend to focus on a hitherto rather neglected process,  ty surrounded by other vegetation types is subjected to. propagule pressure, the inflow of dias   conditions related to soil and climate may impact on these habitats. two basic models of commu  of community assembly will be examined: niche vs dispersal assembly. the approach is to use nat  of grasslands and deciduous forest, and examine the niche structure of these communities using    project will be conducted within a phd programme, and in international collaboration.
11238	6	ats and other benefits - stakeholders - need to meet this challenge so as to ensure that the li  ed resources available for conservation are deployed most efficiently. this knowledge exchange   mate change, and then to bring together appropriate scientific and other information to answer   e gathering work. the answers will then be disseminated widely through a jointly-produced repor  d at stakeholder meetings. we will also identify stakeholder requirements for further research   hers at the university of york and nerc centre for ecology hydrology, knowledge exchange specia
15111	6	for the nesting population of audouins gull at the ebro delta. this exploitation has been sugg  t the ebro delta. this exploitation has been suggested by recent data on the presence of americ  ata might be highly biased and does not allow to be conclusive about such a change in the troph  tion period. to test this hipothesis we propose to use several different biomarkers which offer  rs. feeding in the rice fields may also represent to pay a cost in terms of pollutants load, be  rs. on the other hand, carotenoids have been recognized as powerful antioxidants and enhancers
2181	9	in order to understand, and predict, the effects of climate change on the temporal   local ecological processes to landscape-scale or even regional-scale consequences. this project  logical processes to landscape-scale or even regional-scale consequences. this project develops  ses to landscape-scale or even regional-scale consequences. this project develops new methods t  nd experimental approaches across broad-scale climate gradients to explore how climate, and cli  o population and community dynamics. we focus on the seed regeneration stage because this is a   er unfavorable conditions. we therefore hypothesize that any impact of climate change on this l  oject will provide a new methodological framework for integrating population, community, and la   integrating population, community, and landscape ecology in environmental change research. the
166	2	ensive framework. during the project we compare the succession and development of benthic commu  conclude, this grant will significantly contribute to the understanding the important ecologica
10951	4	the sea-surface microlayer forms an important boundary for the   gical, chemical and physical properties may have a considerable impact on their global biogeoch  ical properties may have a considerable impact on their global biogeochemical cycles. in compar  des in and below the surface microlayer may exert very important controls on air-sea gas exchan
11260	4	the sea-surface microlayer forms an important boundary for the   gical, chemical and physical properties may have a considerable impact on their global biogeoch  ical properties may have a considerable impact on their global biogeochemical cycles. in compar  des in and below the surface microlayer may exert very important controls on air-sea gas exchan
6877	4	carpathian basin a national r&d project was launched and the transylvanian island mountains by   ject was launched and the transylvanian island mountains by ponto-mediterranean and moesic spec  anean and moesic species. however there are several animal groups which not arrived by these po  izes first of all the soil fauna and it is the main subject of our researches in present projec
14772	6	s system of the doñana national park.we analyse the temporal and spatial dynamics of the popula  t species inhabiting these media, which are characterized by alternative periods of flooding an  e duration. the abundance of animal and plant species in these habitats are analysed in relatio  mal and plant species in these habitats are analysed in relation to their temporal and spatial   and geomorphology. remote sensing tools are used to increase information about these habitats i  , the results will provide a diachronic vision of the studied habitats in order to detect trend
14975	4	the pin-tailed sandgrouse . - study the breeding ecology and demographic parameters o  graphic parameters of both species, and highlight posible causes for the recent populations dec   for the recent populations declines. - evaluate the pros and cons of red-legged partridge game   basic information about intestinal and blood parasites. we willevaluate the relationships betw
15086	7	the pin-tailed sandgrouse . - study the breeding ecology and demographic parameters o  graphic parameters of both species, and highlight possible causes for the recent population dec  s for the recent population declines. - evaluate the pros and cons of red-legged partridge game   basic information about intestinal and blood parasites. we will evaluate the relationships bet  intestinal and blood parasites. we will evaluate the relationships between parasites, condition  te the relationships between parasites, condition, plumage coloration patterns, which could be   cators of individual health status, and relate these traits to survival and breeding performanc
14762	4	ly implemented unless research projects are conducted that help in acquiring such knowledge of    necessary stages towards this aim have been completed for spanish river systems. however, no m  ystems. however, no methodology has yet been proposed for implementing the wfd in lakes. the mo  mountain ponds of the region. a spatial network of minimally disturbed sites will be establishe
2145	3	of energy through food consumption. we propose a study aimed at providing the necessary knowle  l patterns in winter energy budgets and winter survival will be assessed from field data. the r  different climatic conditions will then be estimated by energetic modeling using a combination
11033	7	cteriophages i am proposing to sequence were scraped from the outside sea squirts. thus they ar  from the outside sea squirts. thus they are the first cyanophages to be isolated from a symbiot   thus they are the first cyanophages to be isolated from a symbiotic cyanobacterium and the fir  ic cyanobacterium and the first to have been isolated from an invertebrate. an analysis of the   analysis of the genomes of these phages may reveal genes which benefit the symbiotic nature of   w inside the sea squirts, they may even contain genes from the invertebrate. the sequencing of   ng of these acaryochloris phage genomes may hold the key to understanding several fundamental a
11028	11	problematic biofouling alga, and there is considerable interest in how the alga chooses surfac  fouling alga, and there is considerable interest in how the alga chooses surfaces for selection  ace selection; zoospores preferentially settle on bacterial biofilms producing small diffusible  ial biofilms producing small diffusible signal molecules. in addition, bacteria are known to be  signal molecules. in addition, bacteria are known to be important for the growth and morphologi   of ulva. plantlets where bacteria have been removed do not exhibit normal morphology, and grow  ntlets where bacteria have been removed do not exhibit normal morphology, and growth is often s  that the signal-producing bacteria that are targeted during zoospore settlement are those requi  thy growth into a mature plant. we will identify bacteria and bacterially-derived cues used by   d cues used by ulva for settlement, and establish if these have any effect on growth and develo  gnal molecules on sporulation will also be examined.
15208	5	t one relates to how signal reliability is maintained. although several mechanisms have been su  ained. although several mechanisms have been suggested, the topic is highly controversial. one   d in signals, especially from a genetic point of view. our aim is to relate the major histocomp  e major histocompatibility gene complex may have consequences for mate and group companion choi  choice and sexual/social signalling, we predict that partners should develop preferences for pe
407	9	ecies within the genus brachyspira have been described. this genus belongs to the bacterial phy  e intestinal spirochetosis. it has also been shown that some brachyspira spp. cause enteric dis  . cause enteric diseases in birds. dogs can harbour several different variants of brachyspiras   f brachyspiras and at least one of them is of clinical significance. humans carry different var  aalborgii and b. pilosicoli. the latter can cause enteric problems in humans and may be a zoono   organisms form a coherent phylogenetic cluster with relatively few sequence differences, there  atively few sequence differences, there exist a number of sequence variants within each species  e variants within each species. we will establish which sequence variants occur in, among other  refore, experimental infections have to be done.
1925	12	are important policy objectives. there are strong indications that in terrestrial ecosystems t  lant diseases and the loss of nutrients are related to the diversity of vegetation. soil-borne   the proposed research programme we will address the general hypothesis that high biodiversity i  poser subsystem, i.e. the heterotrophic soil community, is a key feature in terrestrial ecosyst   i.e. the heterotrophic soil community, is a key feature in terrestrial ecosystem functioning.   emical composition of plant biomass and litter, in relation to soil suppressive ness and nutrie  in addition to the current agricultural practice, treatments are foreseen that differ in above-  rrent agricultural practice, treatments are foreseen that differ in above-ground biodiversity,    relationships between biodiversity and soil suppressive ness and nutrient retention and the ch  en turnover in the food web in the soil-plant system will be measured and simulated in order to  f non-trophic relationships and a wider range of functional groups of biota than hitherto repor  e relationship between biodiversity and soil suppressive ness and nutrient retention will allow
1924	12	are important policy objectives. there are strong indications that in terrestrial ecosystems t  lant diseases and the loss of nutrients are related to the diversity of vegetation. soil-borne   the proposed research programme we will address the general hypothesis that high biodiversity i  poser subsystem, i.e. the heterotrophic soil community, is a key feature in terrestrial ecosyst   i.e. the heterotrophic soil community, is a key feature in terrestrial ecosystem functioning.   emical composition of plant biomass and litter, in relation to soil suppressive ness and nutrie  in addition to the current agricultural practice, treatments are foreseen that differ in above-  rrent agricultural practice, treatments are foreseen that differ in above-ground biodiversity,    relationships between biodiversity and soil suppressive ness and nutrient retention and the ch  en turnover in the food web in the soil-plant system will be measured and simulated in order to  f non-trophic relationships and a wider range of functional groups of biota than hitherto repor  e relationship between biodiversity and soil suppressive ness and nutrient retention will allow
6759	4	inases and g-protein coupled receptors, can activate the ras and the braf. specific mutation of  rest. a high frequency of braf mutation was published in melanomas and naevi. at the national o   and naevi. at the national oncological institute, using frozen tumor bank, archived histologic  eal time quantitative pcr technology we want to investigate the frequency of the braf mutations
10631	5	the diverse group of organisms forming the phytoplankton represents  but due to their high growth rates they contribute almost a half of annual global carbon fixati  obal carbon fixation. the phytoplankton can be divided into different functional groups accordi  trient uptake and efficiency of trophic transfer in the marine food web. three main size catego  od web. three main size categories have been adopted for the phytoplankton: picoplankton mainta
11530	6	deep subsurface is both astonishing and still controversial. this has fuelled wide interest and  g the role of prokaryotic spores, which could represent a very significant proportion of previo  hich could represent a very significant proportion of previously detected cells in deep sedimen  tected cells in deep sediments. as they do not show detectable metabolism, the presence of larg  table metabolism, the presence of large number of spores could help to explain the paradox of l   the presence of large number of spores could help to explain the paradox of large numbers of c
1978	1	tribution of the predators and prey. we propose a systematic investigation of the effects of co
11637	7	nal scale and to poor knowledge of seed-bank dynamics. over three successive years, we will sur  s. over three successive years, we will survey the occupancy and abundance, and study the seed   survey the occupancy and abundance, and study the seed bank, of populations of the annual herb   s in the species sexual system. we will test the hypothesis that populations with an inbreeding  tions, and that metapopulation dynamics are relaxed where outcrossing systems occur. we will us  here outcrossing systems occur. we will use data to formulate demographic models which we will   mulate demographic models which we will incorporate into models of sex allocation for subdivide
15491	6	increasingly well documented, there is still little understanding of the biotic and abiotic pr  em. climate is the most obvious abiotic factor that may directly limit species distributions, p  bvious abiotic factor that may directly limit species distributions, preventing individuals fro  f species into distinct ranges. we will obtain both observational and experimental empiric data  eographic region of northern spain, and use montane and alpine birds as study models. this proj   and temporal patterns of range shifts, can increase our knowledge on the ability of species to
14932	8	the large branchiopoda comprise a group of phylogenetically old crustaceans th  orary wetlands. many temporary wetlands are threatened by anthropogenic pressure associated wit  pogenic pressure associated with global change, and consequently also many of resident organism  f them with a high degree of endemism - are threatened as well. this could result in a loss of   endemism - are threatened as well. this could result in a loss of species which have been hardl  ied ecologically. the large branchipoda are an example of ecologically hardly studied temporary  studied temporary wetland species. they survive in diapausing resting stages during dry periods  s fill after precipitation events, they grow very fast reaching various cm within a few weeks.
12138	9	in this project we will study six herbaceous plant species methods. the compari  is project we will study six herbaceous plant species methods. the comparison of genetic struct  cies methods. the comparison of genetic structure of populations from native and invasive area   e of mechanisms of invasiveness we will examine gene expression of e. annuus clone, grown under  ll examine gene expression of e. annuus clone, grown under contrasting conditions of environmen  damaged ecosystems will be provided. we hope that parallel investigations of several alien spec  osystems will be provided. we hope that parallel investigations of several alien species could   investigations of several alien species could identify certain mechanisms and evolution pattern  evolution patterns of invasiveness that can be overlooked when investigating individual species
12539	9	ganisms, which are harmful to plants or plant products. a key aspect of the protective measures  easures being the ability to detect and identify accurately and rapidly the introduction of the  of the harmful organism in the plant or plant product being moved. in the case of potato viruse   organism in the plant or plant product being moved. in the case of potato viruses the directiv  ng of virus taxonomy and its subsequent impact on biology. it is also important in providing an  nd its subsequent impact on biology. it is also important in providing an opportunity to train   providing an opportunity to train a new expert in this field. one of the recommendations made b   national audit office report on the uk plant health service, was that phd ensured a supply of   organisms in support of plant health eu grant agreement number 226482.
11157	15	we know life on earth constantly evolves with continual ex  n successful the team has to constantly change by recruiting new stars and transferring out fai  ing out failing players because of age, lack of success or injury. however, there are times whe  ck of success or injury. however, there are times when this constant churn of extinction and ev  extinction and evolutionary replacement is interrupted by catastrophic collapses in total speci  test mass extinction of them all. there are 5 of these big mass extinctions during the last 500  ts. these spores are very resistant and can be found and extracted from rocks even when the par   not fossilized. unfortunately this new rock unit is mostly buried in the bank of a river. but   y buried in the bank of a river. but we can get a solid core of rock by using a drilling rig. w  ck by using a drilling rig. we can then use this core to extract the fossil spores and count th  s core to extract the fossil spores and count them in closely spaced samples through the rock u  becoming extinct each time. we can then match this record to the extinctions in the sea. we hav  ecord to the extinctions in the sea. we have already studied rocks in east greenland which duri   simple and rare. using these spores we can compare this direct climate record to the borehole    with the marine extinctions to try and prove that cool aridity was a cause of the f/f mass ext
11388	12	uickly subducting slabs warm up as they are subducted into the lower mantle. this then affects   tle. this then affects how visible they are to seismic waves, and more importantly, how much th  es, and more importantly, how much they contribute to plate-driving forces and mantle convectio   contribute to plate-driving forces and mantle convection in general. the balance between condu  re very poorly known. mgsio3 perovksite is the most abundant mineral phase on the earth and yet  ineral phase on the earth and yet there is only one set of experiments measuring its conductivi  ments measuring its conductivity. these were made at room pressure and a maximum temperature of  and 4000 k, and so a huge extrapolation is required. moreover, the conductivity was only measur   on the pure mgsio3 perovksite, whereas mantle perovskites contain fe2+, fe3+ and al3+. we prop  vskites contain fe2+, fe3+ and al3+. we propose to use a combination of ab initio molecular dyn  ree main lower mantle minerals. we will do this for all appropriate pressure and temperature co  pressure and temperature conditions and appropriate chemical compositions.
10874	16	ebee populations are vulnerable, with 3 out of 25 species now extinct, 7 threatened and 15 havi  approximately 60,000 bumblebee colonies are imported to the uk from continental europe each yea  greenhouse crops, and these potentially carry with them exotic parasites. as the introduced bee  ites. as the introduced bees frequently interact with native bumblebee populations, the threat   ficant. indeed, such pathogen spillover is thought to have been responsible for bumblebee decli  in north america. in addition, there is evidence that honeybee viral parasites may be able to i  uses are highly virulent, most recently being implicated in the colony collapse disorder syndro  also real and significant and there may be the additional potential for introduced bumblebees t  imental to honeybees. however, there is still only very little data on which to base an assessm  s project aims to address this. it will use molecular methods to identify the diversity of para  tes infecting introduced bumblebees and determine if they differ from british strains. experime  oduced bumblebees and determine if they differ from british strains. experimental exposures wil  infect bumblebees and what impacts they have on their new hosts. experiments will finally deter  eir new hosts. experiments will finally determine whether the viruses are then able to transmit  mit between bumblebee hosts, or if they are reliant on mite vectors for this. the results will   or this. the results will substantially add to our understanding of the level of risk posed by
11239	2	heets. the study of sea level therefore can tell us about the past state of the climate - low s  s about the past state of the climate - low sea levels reflect colder, glacial, periods in eart
12636	6	been clearly articulated in the recent soil strategy for england. the continued provision of b  , and biological properties of the soil being maintained. however, much evidence suggests that    strategy for soil protection . we will explore options for stratifying england and wales into   atifying england and wales into a small number of distinct soil/ ecosystem types and adopt one   r of distinct soil/ ecosystem types and adopt one of these typologies to allow a spatially expl   and recommendations on how these might be addressed.
11740	9	currently there is considerable debate about the respective importance           currently there is considerable debate about the respective importance of the marine re  l levels. anthropogenic-induced warming could result in elevated bottom-water temperatures in c  warming could result in elevated bottom-water temperatures in continental margin settings, resu  gs, resulting in clathrate dissolution, slope destabilisation and potentially a significant inc  ilisation and potentially a significant increase in atmospheric methane concentrations. similar  atic events and, of these, the dramatic increase in atmospheric methane concentrations during t   glacial maximum. specifically, we will determine the abundances of these compounds in sediment  rom the biomarker abundance records, we can ascertain whether or not a significant expansion of
15313	2	biochar is a carbon-rich product obtained by thermal decomposit   decomposition of biomass at relatively low temperatures
12730	10	proposals are invited for research projects to address knowledge   ts to address knowledge gaps which have been identified as a barrier to the delivery of conserv  sting.aspx. the proposal should clearly explain how the proposed research will contribute to th  ties in the spread sheet labelled ‘brig-brag workshop. if the proposal addresses additional pri  dresses additional priorities that have been identified by other taxonomic experts in any of th  ude details of the named individuals to be involved. partnerships between nsss and universities  ith research capabilities are likely to be favoured. 4.support conservation action for uk prior  stribution. the proposal should clearly explain how the research findings will contribute to th  ation of the relevant organisms. it can be difficult for defra to fund very small projects on i   potentially grouping a number of small sub-projects within a larger funded project.
11201	7	d was accurate population estimates. it is crucial to establish regional population levels, mon  on levels, monitor breeding success and learn about leopard dispersal patterns. due to their cr   patterns. due to their cryptic nature, snow leopards are rarely seen, hence, population estima  indirect methods. in this study we will sample all leopard faeces in an area and note locations  ample all leopard faeces in an area and note locations using gps technology. dna fingerprinting  ing produces an individual-specific dna profile for each sample and will allow us to identify i   will allow us to identify individuals, establish a minimum population estimate, and determine
2531	16	we aim to develop key elements of an operational ecosystem   value of an egg in terms of early life-stage growth and survival, which is combined with optim  y life-stage growth and survival, which is combined with optimal life-history models and popula   to the exploration of larval drift and egg fitness from all potential spawning sites. another   of the spring bloom. the approach taken is inspired from recent work by mick follows and his gr   approach taken is inspired from recent work by mick follows and his group at mit, and we ask f  ck follows and his group at mit, and we ask for a one year visit by the project leader to mit,   archicus, the main food item for larval fish, developed by geir huse and colleagues at imr. the  lling is a spatial, annual and seasonal map of suitable food availability for larval fish along  f suitable food availability for larval fish along the coast. we then bring these pieces togeth  or larval fish along the coast. we then bring these pieces together to model the fate of an egg  f the egg. finally, the fitness of eggs can be thought of as the payoff-function of the migrati  of eggs can be thought of as the payoff-function of the migration cost in a life-history energy  ting models of energy usage in parental fish, yielding an optimal state-dependent migration inv  e in parental fish, yielding an optimal state-dependent migration investment which can be place  te-dependent migration investment which can be placed in a population dynamics context interact
471	3	ons, but their functionality has rarely been tested. it is determined by its net effect on the   unctionality has rarely been tested. it is determined by its net effect on the mobility of the   t organism ecological attributes. there is a clear need for conservation instruments that allow
13801	8	this proposal concerns a new project, based on previous projects supported by formas  ects supported by formas. the programme is founded on the need for developing knowledge about h  orests and grazed former arable fields, influence the species diversity associated with semi-na  nditions where the secondary grasslands are located close, or adjacent, to the semi-natural gra  ield experiments and field surveys, and is intended as a phd programme where financial support   field surveys, and is intended as a phd programme where financial support for salary costs for   rt for salary costs for the phd-student is applied only for the two first years. the programme   ck farming, and development of regional landscape strategies for biodiversity.
15066	1	this project is considered to endure the former one cgl2005-02306/bo
12263	9	the uk government is committed to a more sustainable agriculture. wheat i  o a more sustainable agriculture. wheat is grown on a larger area and is more valuable than any  re. wheat is grown on a larger area and is more valuable than any other arable crop in the uk.   ved varieties. an integrated scientific core which combines underpinning molecular markers, gen   molecular markers, genetic and genomic research, together with novel trait identification, are  er with novel trait identification, are being pursued to achieve this goal. the generation and   y uk research groups and breeders. they ensure the project and its outputs are communicated to   they ensure the project and its outputs are communicated to the wider scientific and end user c  ommunicated to the wider scientific and end user communities, via a web site, a newsletter, a s
13707	10	pite illegal shooting. today the number is estimated to be between 120 and 130 animals. from th  tically deliver packages of data as sms right to the scientists´ computers. among the data are   ntral field of study. every time a wolf is immobilized in order to have a radio collar or a new  new battery in the old one, dna-samples are taken. samples are also taken from faeces for examp  e produced a unique knowledge about who is related to who in the skandinavian wolf population.   o is related to who in the skandinavian wolf population. and also, more worrying, that it runs   o, more worrying, that it runs a severe risk of inbreeding problems. the wolf is a film that te   the knowledge that comes out of it. we work in close cooperation with the staff of grimsö fors  focuses on two main characters: • håkan sand who leads the swedish wolf research project • the   ed ulriksberg territory through them we wish to tell a story that is generally applicable. our
11097	3	surgence of interest in the way species are formed. however, although promising theoretical mod  hough promising theoretical models have been built, these involve idiosyncratic assumptions, ma  odels; and understanding how divergence is maintained in mosaic hybrid zones. the grant would s
14827	6	s in an efficient and simple way. seeds are stored at low temperature and with low water conten   with low water content. nowadays there is controversy about which is the best way for the long   seed conservation. the present project is based on two important questions: which are the opti   species, and to which limits can seeds be desiccated. the main objectives of the project are:   aviour under controlled temperature and light regimens; to study ways to break dormancy in thos  y in those seeds which are in a dormant state; to study the aqueous matrix characteristics and
10320	18	only a basic understanding of the long-term consequences. i aim to develop and use new ways of  term consequences. i aim to develop and use new ways of understanding how clearing or modifying  he processes that normally generate and maintain biodiversity. i will focus on two systems: rem  that, when a large region of rainforest is cleared for an oil palm plantation during 2011, care  largest ecological experiments; it will collect extensive data both before and after 2011. pred  gion as a function of area. however, we are also interested in how common or rare the remaining  e. furthermore, many rainforest species can live in oil palm so this is not the same as total h  xtinction. this classic theory does not cover more distant islands, where endemic species are e   distant islands, where endemic species are expected to evolve. on more distant islands, a more  nds are often in groups, so immigration must be considered between every possible pair of islan  immigrants onto the archipelago as they change their abundance and possibly form different spec  hey change their abundance and possibly form different species on each island. later, i will ap  e in important ways to biodiversity and are threatened by similar factors; especially habitat d  they support. similar technical methods can be used for modelling both systems and comparisons    modelling both systems and comparisons can be made between them. i find this topic exciting be  sses import issues for society. we must be able to make informed decisions about conservation b  about conservation based on theory that can predict the consequences of our actions. furthermor  search into ecology and conservation; i am thrilled at having the chance to play a role in that
2170	14	es to the host plant are endophytes and appear to be ubiquitous. endophytic fungi are sources o  nse diversity is visible by eye, but it is hypothesized that the relationship between the endop  tems because bryophytes make up a large part of the biomass in boreal forests. the project is m   biomass in boreal forests. the project is motivated for four main reasons: first, we need info  ivated for four main reasons: first, we need information on the hidden biological diversity and  robustness and biodiversity. second, it is likely that effects of anthropogenic impact on borea  is likely that effects of anthropogenic impact on boreal forests are mediated via the relations   anthropogenic impact on boreal forests are mediated via the relationship between fungal endoph  al endophytes and bryophytes. third, we hypothesize that the production of secondary metabolite  hytic fungi protect the bryophytes from being consumed by herbivores, and if this should be the  and if this should be the case, we will provide a completely novel causal explanation to the we  etabolites produced by endophytic fungi are proven to be commercially important in pharmaceutic  uman well fare and development. here it is of particular interest that bryophytes are known to    of particular interest that bryophytes are known to contain high concentrations of polyunsatur
11315	7	d using two divergent approaches. there are observational studies of range and changes in range   in range of species and secondly there are laboratory investigations of capacities to cope wit  . the latter suffers from timescale and rate of change problems because experiments are conduct   of change problems because experiments are conducted over shorter durations and utilise more r  re conducted over shorter durations and utilise more rapid change than the vast majority of nat   vast majority of natural environmental change either observed or predicted. in an attempt to b  tudies in antarctic marine species have been carried out at markedly varying rates of temperatu
2050	4	s in the arctic archipelago of svalbard are very rare. knowledge of the biology, history, and o  northward expansion of southern species is expected as a result of global warming. paradoxicall  vestigates the svalbard populations and reference populations from other areas of three model s  o and tromsø and forms part of a larger research effort to strengthen international collaborati
15164	2	34 known seahorse species in the world are threatened due to the fragility of wild populations  obiological. the study includes genetic support, with genetic diversity and parentage analyses,
9915	2	th taxon, location and circumstance. we propose to characterise these interactions and to devel  logenetic and conservation data we will address the following: 1 what is the balance of human p
13858	9	scaling up agroforestry is crucial to increase food production and reduce pover  crucial to increase food production and reduce poverty in sub-saharan africa. an excellent agro  haran africa. an excellent agroforestry tree grevillea robusta, tree grown intensely in kenya a  ee grown intensely in kenya and uganda, is threatened by a new disease. our recent results show  isease. our recent results show that it is serious, wide-spread and probably caused by botryosp   of agroforestry technologies, diseases are kept under control, but when spread to a lot of far  more robust disease management needs to be developed. the increased acreage and number of trees  be developed. the increased acreage and number of trees/ha leads to an enlarged number of poten  building for development of sustainable research in the region.
10445	3	ides information with cm resolution and sub-cm precision along with simultaneous data on turbid   the data that this system provides and apply it to the quantification of: the interaction betw  ensional flow processes that has yet to be achieved.
11729	3	ides information with cm resolution and sub-cm precision along with simultaneous data on turbid   the data that this system provides and apply it to the quantification of: the interaction betw  ensional flow processes that has yet to be achieved.
10846	5	by the atlantic frontier environmental network of oil/gas companies operating on the atlantic   antic continental margin and geotek ltd is requested to analyse a third set of benthic samples   his physically dynamic and unusual deep-water area by oil/gas activities and deep trawling can   amic and unusual deep-water area by oil/gas activities and deep trawling can be better resolved   including museums and other academics, is to clarify trends emerging from analysis at dunstaff
15589	1	fts in ecosystems have expressed strong interest in our planned research.
15590	1	trees, as keystone organisms, directly impact the diversity and functioning of forest communit
6720	4	oduction with high marketable yield and long shelf life. variety protection, the possibility of   breeding.in hybrid tomato breeding and seed production quick hybrid rate identification is an   ng markers as well as izoenzyme methods are limited. technics based on dna polymorphism provide  genotypes, or identifying varieties and appear suitable for variety protection.
13711	2	-down how future changes in climate and top predators may impact ecosystem structures.   re changes in climate and top predators may impact ecosystem structures.
13888	3	benthic subsidies in which mobile fish may play a key role. the aim with this proposal is to e  n habitat productivity of resources and top-down control by piscivorous predators. we will do t  ntrol by piscivorous predators. we will do this using two different environmental gradients ref
6755	6	the problems we are planning to study are related both in their subjects and in the methods w  in their subjects and in the methods we intend to use in studying them, yet they are distinct t  ntend to use in studying them, yet they are distinct theoretical problems. with respect to thei  ms. with respect to their subjects they can be grouped into two major fields: evolution biologi  cts of the dynamics in models that have been studied with nonspatial representations, in which   nonspatial representations, in which we suspect that the role of space and topological structur
10786	10	microorganisms are everywhere and they are fundamentally important. they were the earliest for  tally important. they were the earliest form of life on the planet and have been around for 3.7  alth of the global ecosystem since they are involved in and control all biogeochemical cycles.   cosystem since they are involved in and control all biogeochemical cycles. for such an importan  ochemical cycles. for such an important group, it is perhaps surprising how little we know abou  cycles. for such an important group, it is perhaps surprising how little we know about bacteria   it is perhaps surprising how little we know about bacteria and archaea so that they can be man  about bacteria and archaea so that they can be manipulated. we will use a novel microscope to d  o that they can be manipulated. we will use a novel microscope to distinguish between different  nation of these two techniques, we will investigate how different bacterial species interact, e
11848	10	microorganisms are everywhere and they are fundamentally important. they were the earliest for  tally important. they were the earliest form of life on the planet and have been around for 3.7  alth of the global ecosystem since they are involved in and control all biogeochemical cycles.   cosystem since they are involved in and control all biogeochemical cycles. for such an importan  ochemical cycles. for such an important group, it is perhaps surprising how little we know abou  cycles. for such an important group, it is perhaps surprising how little we know about bacteria   it is perhaps surprising how little we know about bacteria and archaea so that they can be man  about bacteria and archaea so that they can be manipulated. we will use a novel microscope to d  o that they can be manipulated. we will use a novel microscope to distinguish between different  nation of these two techniques, we will investigate how different bacterial species interact, e
2157	5	er eutrophication. despite considerable research efforts, the bloom forming capacity of cyanoba  gical risks. the gaps in knowledge also present a major obstacle in meeting the demand of the e  rks on a new strategy of cyanobacterial research by considering the lately discovered co-occurr  luminate the effects of eutrophication, lake restoration and natural environmental fluctuations  to 35 years. the probability of success is increased by involving a number of distinguished int
12432	2	the uk is unique in being the only country around the world th  nd the world that has introduced a long-term legally binding framework to tackle the dangers of
10637	1	quality and quantity of information and use it to improve our existing genomemine database to s
1966	6	climate changes is expected to have a major influence on species distri   on species distributions that possibly hamper climate tracking and imply meta-populations that  at possibly hamper climate tracking and imply meta-populations that are already out of equilibr  imply meta-populations that are already out of equilibrium. it is expected that in this way ins  that are already out of equilibrium. it is expected that in this way insight can be gained in t  it is expected that in this way insight can be gained in the delayed ways in which species and
10903	13	national park in the ecuadorian amazon, bush meat hunting regions are threatened by encroaching  orian amazon, bush meat hunting regions are threatened by encroaching deforestation. at the sam   encroaching deforestation. at the same time in the andean headwaters of ecuador, peru and boli  gly on mountain wetland management, and is potentially threatened by global climate change. the  ties interpreting model simulations and design proper land management schemes. finally, both sy  nagement schemes. finally, both systems can benefit strongly from the incorporation of local ex  a integration and user interaction have been developed. they are known under the common umbrell  r interaction have been developed. they are known under the common umbrella of a virtual observ  ntegrating local managers knowledge and practice in modelling systems. this module deals with t  vily relying on public domain software, open standards and existing vo efforts, we will develop  ndards and existing vo efforts, we will develop a platform for interdisciplinary, cost-efficien  than 1600 registered users. at the same time, the project will generate novel scientific insigh  hat the research results will optimally benefit ongoing research in this area.
11801	13	national park in the ecuadorian amazon, bush meat hunting regions are threatened by encroaching  orian amazon, bush meat hunting regions are threatened by encroaching deforestation. at the sam   encroaching deforestation. at the same time in the andean headwaters of ecuador, peru and boli  gly on mountain wetland management, and is potentially threatened by global climate change. the  ties interpreting model simulations and design proper land management schemes. finally, both sy  nagement schemes. finally, both systems can benefit strongly from the incorporation of local ex  a integration and user interaction have been developed. they are known under the common umbrell  r interaction have been developed. they are known under the common umbrella of a virtual observ  ntegrating local managers knowledge and practice in modelling systems. this module deals with t  vily relying on public domain software, open standards and existing vo efforts, we will develop  ndards and existing vo efforts, we will develop a platform for interdisciplinary, cost-efficien  than 1600 registered users. at the same time, the project will generate novel scientific insigh  hat the research results will optimally benefit ongoing research in this area.
10757	10	ibution and abundance of organisms that are attributed to variation in mortality, fecundity and   a whole range of environmental factors may affect the quality of larvae. sub-optimal food, sal  -optimal food, salinity, temperature or sub-lethal pollution exposure, experienced during the l  exposure, experienced during the larval phase, can affect the survival of juvenile stages throu  e, experienced during the larval phase, can affect the survival of juvenile stages through effe   coast of scotland in areas of high and low coastal productivity. this observational programme   with consideration of larval numbers we expect to produce more accurate models to understand po  ulation dynamics. in the face of global change a general theory of mechanisms affecting recruit  f marine organisms to adult populations is required to enable appropriate management of natural  d. the proposed project is an important step toward integrating two separate fields of study to
11265	10	ibution and abundance of organisms that are attributed to variation in mortality, fecundity and   a whole range of environmental factors may affect the quality of larvae. sub-optimal food, sal  -optimal food, salinity, temperature or sub-lethal pollution exposure, experienced during the l  exposure, experienced during the larval phase, can affect the survival of juvenile stages throu  e, experienced during the larval phase, can affect the survival of juvenile stages through effe   coast of scotland in areas of high and low coastal productivity. this observational programme   with consideration of larval numbers we expect to produce more accurate models to understand po  ulation dynamics. in the face of global change a general theory of mechanisms affecting recruit  f marine organisms to adult populations is required to enable appropriate management of natural  d. the proposed project is an important step toward integrating two separate fields of study to
13534	7	erable areas of broadleaved stands have been established during the past two decades in europe,  onifer sites. a warmer climate may also lead to suitable conditions for broadleaves establishme  day. a central question for broadleaved forest restoration as a response to changed land use an  ites in the modern, fragmented cultural landscape if so, how long will it take, and what factor  tural landscape if so, how long will it take, and what factors influence plant colonization rec  ary succession and regional/continental scale after the latest glaciation. a combination of sma  ince of skåne between 1990 and 1995 now offer a unique opportunity to study migration rates for
12266	9	the genetic resources unit , result in fine scale mapping of the genes and gene iden  e identification. a similar resource is being developed in the model plant species arabidopsis.   for which the complete genome sequence was determined. the diploid brassica genome is, however  hat arabidopsis markers can not readily be used with brassicas. consequently there is a pressin  used with brassicas. consequently there is a pressing need to develop a large number of snps wi  e is a pressing need to develop a large number of snps within the brassicas for use in the deve  ainable production etc. currently there are very few public snp markers available for any brass  brassica crop types. in this project we propose to carry out a pilot scale experiment of brassi  he basis of an approach to identify and map sufficient snps to provide the tools for rapid iden
11298	17	g. the arctic regions of the world have been shown to be warming at a rate faster than any othe  h. these high northern latitude regions may play a critical role in determining the global impa  ermining the global impacts of climatic change because they cover a significant proportion of t  impacts of climatic change because they cover a significant proportion of the earth s surface i  change because they cover a significant proportion of the earth s surface in the northern hermi  surface in the northern hermisphere and act as a major carbon sink, currently storing some 11%   and peat of arctic tundra and extensive mire sytems that are representative of these arctic reg  tative of these arctic regions. thus it is vital that we better understand the factors that cur  egions. thus it is vital that we better understand the factors that currently determine the bal  r understand the factors that currently determine the balance, and exchange of carbon between l  at currently determine the balance, and exchange of carbon between land surface and atmosphere   ustrial era. wetlands play an important dual role in the global carbon cycle, being both the la  t dual role in the global carbon cycle, being both the largest natural methane source and a lar  gest natural methane source and a large net carbon sink . key strengths of the current proposal  s to allow methane flux measurements to be made without the unwanted, confounding inter-annual   ounding inter-annual variation that has been encountered in some previous studies; and the part  rs because it builds directly upon, and is complemented by, ongoing nerc-funded research.
13977	5	by boreal forest trees. the fungi also form a major component of the biodiversity within fores  resulting from forest fertilisation. we are slowly gaining a deeper understanding of why the fu  ffects of fertilisation may fortunately be limited and dependent upon c allocation patterns wit  gal response to fertilisation will also be determined. the potential effects of fertilisation u   population structure of ecm fungi have been overlooked and this will be examined by determinin
12769	11	in some circumstances fertility control may have some inherent advantages over culling includin  ns at acceptable levels after they have been reduced by culling. 2. culling can result in incre  ave been reduced by culling. 2. culling can result in increased movement and contact between in  ng can result in increased movement and contact between individuals resulting in increased risk   fertility control would, in principle, cause less short-term social perturbation than culling   l would, in principle, cause less short-term social perturbation than culling and thus be less   cial perturbation than culling and thus be less likely to increase disease transmission. 3. fer  ease transmission. 3. fertility control could reduce problems specifically associated with bree  th breeding activity such as burrow and nest construction or expansion. 4. fertility control mi   fertility control might encourage long-term dispersal and divorce arising from reproductive fa   5. fertility control could potentially reduce vertical transmission of disease . 2. proof of c
2509	3	rning. toxalgaeharmful algal blooms and use them to map the spatial distribution of harmful alg  n and barents sea. we will identify and describe species that are new to our waters and science  for blooms and monitoring programs have been set up in several countries. at present most monit
14471	10	coevolution is considered one of the major processes organizing the  ersity. its demonstration, however, has been proved difficult because a scarceness of testable   teractions and their consequences often vary from one locality to another, the outcome of coevo   to another, the outcome of coevolution is also expected to vary geographically. this notion is  eory are: 1 the strength of coevolution differ among populations, leading to hotspots is able t  escalating arms race which would likely vary geographically according to variation in factors e  ering the following specific questions: do mice use any mechanism of fruit selection if so, wha   selection if so, what fruit attributes are involved in the selection process what fraction or    h. foetidus fruits do mice eat do they prey upon ripe and/or unripe fruits are all individuals  ering the following specific questions: do h. foetidus secondary compounds have deleterious eff
15307	18	methods for the detection of pollutants may be considered clearly complementary to the use of m  eneral, no pre-treatment of the samples is required allowing a more extensive monitoring. bioas  ensively used due to the fact that they are able to assess global parameters such as pollutant   ers, are emerging as good candidates to be used in the field of environmental monitoring due to   with a key role in the c and n cycles, are at the base of the food webs and any detrimental ef  se of the food webs and any detrimental effect on this group may have a negative impact in nutr  nd any detrimental effect on this group may have a negative impact in nutrient availability to   scent bioassays are widely used as they allow a rapid and sensitive response to the analyte of   onal toxicity bioassays, an ecotoxicity bioassay with one of those strains, named anabaena cpb4  7 that in the frame of this proposal we wish to extend to priority and emergent pollutants such  ticals and engineered nanoparticles; we wish to work with complex mixtures of pollutants to stu  ction in real environmental samples. we have a second strain, anabaena pbg2121, whose luminesce  fically induced by mutagens and that we want to use for genotoxicity assays and we have a third  t to use for genotoxicity assays and we have a third strain, anabaena pbg2001a, expressing a ca  in vivo monitoring of the intracellular free calcium concentration of the cyanobacterium; we wi  concentration of the cyanobacterium; we wish to use free calcium as an intracellular biomarker   biomarker of environmental toxicity, we wish to validate the performance of the three strains w  l samples our main objectives are: 1. - design of ecotoxicity and genotoxicity bioassays to eva
15048	3	this project is to use a toxicogenomic approach to identify nobel biomarkers and uncovered pot  provide an integrated set of tools that can be used to aid management-decision making by improv  ctive capability to gauge environmental stress of contaminants within freshwater ecosystems.
6762	2	ltielement adsorbtion of mercury, leas, tin or arsenic. the next task of the research to develo  elop an interface, where the components can transfer whithout losses to the element selective s
11598	6	or national park receive a considerable proportion of the annual rainfall that supplies water t   large tracts of degraded peatland that were damaged by drainage and peat cutting in the 19th a  nd 20th centuries. south west water plc manage the water resources of the exe catchment and are  . the motivation is to establish a long-term system of incentives that will encourage more land   to allow areas of degraded peatland to be restored for the wider benefit of society.   d peatland to be restored for the wider benefit of society.
10574	12	an tropical rainforest in south america is an area of the world which is receiving significant   nd pollution in the region. at the same time, the most recent generation of climate models sugg  egion and that the amazonian rainforest is threatened by drying out as the water balance in the  he functioning of the amazon rainforest is linked to changes in climate elsewhere on the planet  e precipitation patterns in the region, change the weather and thus feed back onto the emission  derstanding of the current emission and air chemistry in the region and its response to changes  se to changes in meteorological drivers is needed to parametrise these processes in climate mod  ments with the research programme large-scale biosphere-atmosphere experiment in amazonia have   lanet, if influences of biomass burning can be avoided. thus we still have the chance to study   s burning can be avoided. thus we still have the chance to study the cycling of trace gases and  o improve our capability to numerically simulate chemistry and transport of air pollutants in t  y to numerically simulate chemistry and transport of air pollutants in this important region of
11876	12	an tropical rainforest in south america is an area of the world which is receiving significant   nd pollution in the region. at the same time, the most recent generation of climate models sugg  egion and that the amazonian rainforest is threatened by drying out as the water balance in the  he functioning of the amazon rainforest is linked to changes in climate elsewhere on the planet  e precipitation patterns in the region, change the weather and thus feed back onto the emission  derstanding of the current emission and air chemistry in the region and its response to changes  se to changes in meteorological drivers is needed to parametrise these processes in climate mod  ments with the research programme large-scale biosphere-atmosphere experiment in amazonia have   lanet, if influences of biomass burning can be avoided. thus we still have the chance to study   s burning can be avoided. thus we still have the chance to study the cycling of trace gases and  o improve our capability to numerically simulate chemistry and transport of air pollutants in t  y to numerically simulate chemistry and transport of air pollutants in this important region of
11437	6	rbivores and the latter for parasitoids may be influenced by the availability of trace metals .  will test the hypothesis that zn and mn are likely to be most limiting for both hosts and paras  both hosts and parasitoids because they are required above physiological background, to harden   e they are required above physiological background, to harden cuticle. manipulation will allow    they may have affected host ranges and host utilisation strategies of parasitoids. comparison   ts will show whether host metal budgets are manipulated by parasitoids.
10991	6	of organic matter . the two sites also have strongly contrasting benthic communities and physi  . the loch etive experiment has already been carried out, and the samples are in hand. sufficie  with dramatically different sediment om content, bottom-water oxygen levels and benthic communi  atically different sediment om content, bottom-water oxygen levels and benthic communities. sta  y different sediment om content, bottom-water oxygen levels and benthic communities. state-of-t  s and benthic communities. state-of-the-art seafloor experimentation will be made possible by t
9870	6	of organic matter . the two sites also have strongly contrasting benthic communities and physi  . the loch etive experiment has already been carried out, and the samples are in hand. sufficie  with dramatically different sediment om content, bottom-water oxygen levels and benthic communi  atically different sediment om content, bottom-water oxygen levels and benthic communities. sta  y different sediment om content, bottom-water oxygen levels and benthic communities. state-of-t  s and benthic communities. state-of-the-art seafloor experimentation will be made possible by t
7263	4	after an encouraging pilot study, we propose to develop and validate an innovative approach    pilot study, we propose to develop and validate an innovative approach and high-speed to study  alidate an innovative approach and high-speed to study earthworm communities, using traces of d  itochondrial dna will be amplified, and allow species identification. the objective of this pro
11112	6	e a topic of intense palaeoceanographic research in the past decade, but their cause remains en  ade, but their cause remains enigmatic: are oaes the result of an increase in global oceanic pr  anic carbon preservation potential oaes are hence important in regulating the short- and long-t   important in regulating the short- and long-term carbon cycle, and subsequently co2 levels in   rtant in regulating the short- and long-term carbon cycle, and subsequently co2 levels in the o   oceans and atmosphere. a new proxy has been developed using the geochemical analysis of specie
6792	2	ed animals or breeds decreases cost and time for dehorning and eliminates the stress to animals  he major gene is autosomal dominant, it is important to discriminate between homozygous and het
2506	16	we will study the adaptive diversification in the polymorphic /  o freshwater. four lateral plate morphs are found, where a completely plated morph dominates in  n, a partially plated morph in brackish water, and a low plated morph in freshwater. in a few l  , a fourth morph lacking lateral plates can be found. this salinity gradient is viewed as an ev  es can be found. this salinity gradient is viewed as an evolutionary temporal transect where po  ntrogression occur in contact zones. we aim at detecting selection on phenotypes in the wild, s  ng selection on phenotypes in the wild, search for signatures of selection, adaptive introgress  f selection, adaptive introgression and drift along the genome, and illuminate how phenotypes a  ression and drift along the genome, and illuminate how phenotypes are linked to genomic diverge  e genome, and illuminate how phenotypes are linked to genomic divergence, studying mechanisms b  amework of evolutionary parallelism. we apply a snp genome-scan, searching for outlier loci und  nary parallelism. we apply a snp genome-scan, searching for outlier loci under selection as com  compared with phenotypic data. also, we sequence 3 regions of the ectodysplasine gene adaptive   into phenotypes and morphs. finally, we model the fitness of morphs and alleles in contrasting   s in contrasting environments. thus, we may identify genomic islands of divergence, implying ho  e, implying hotspots for evolution, and model the build-up of genomic and reproductive isolatio
15434	1	t the front line of the most innovative research in the fields of conservation and applied evol
11852	11	enges. historically these problems have been tackled in isolation, yet it is becoming increasin  lation, yet it is becoming increasingly clear that they are inextricably linked and need to be   s becoming increasingly clear that they are inextricably linked and need to be dealt with toget  r that they are inextricably linked and need to be dealt with together. human well-being depend  hey are inextricably linked and need to be dealt with together. human well-being depends not on  s not only on the provision of food and water, but also on the preservation of other ecosystem   and ecosystems and the many benefits we derive from them. nevertheless, balancing environmental  al and economic goals is difficult, and win-win solutions will allow me to quantify the trade-o  nd economic goals is difficult, and win-win solutions will allow me to quantify the trade-offs   s but allow significant economic gains, while other forms of intensification may be less compat  ll develop a tool for guiding strategic land-use planning that is able to identify both ineffic
14218	3	athogens and herbivores. however, there are many unanswered questions in the field of defense-r  tude of negative genotypic correlations is regarded as the most reliable evidence for the exist  e-offs. however, this approach does not prevent the confounding effect of average condition dif
2482	14	there is a pressing need to develop predictive aquatic ecosys  ies. however, the structure, states and function of natural systems are more dynamic, with a br   for limited resources through strongly size-structured interactions. the dominant forms and bi   aquatic community and ecosystem models must allow functional groups to be predictions from and  om and not input to the models. here we suggest ways to develop models where the structure and    rather than empirical foundation, they provide robust predictions that stand up to variations   variations in environmental forcing. we need no longer be so reliant on black-box parameters su  nvironmental forcing. we need no longer be so reliant on black-box parameters such as empirical  e need no longer be so reliant on black-box parameters such as empirically derived growth and m   scale processes and their consequences can be modelled directly according to fundamental rules  hemistry, and will adress the important question of hos size-structure in microbial and mesozoo  ll adress the important question of hos size-structure in microbial and mesozooplankton communi  ress the important question of hos size-structure in microbial and mesozooplankton communites a  icrobial and mesozooplankton communites are formed.
6929	3	sed theoretical framework. two theories are considered: habitat filtering and limiting similari  filtering means that the species traits are filtered by habitat conditions will be compatible a  bitat conditions will be compatible and may join to large international databases.
12031	2	ources and biotic or abiotic stress, or plant developmental traits. main results : we developed  ocessing integrating nucleotide quality was developed.
15168	8	basin. many of these herbaceous species are associated with an agrosilvopastoral system of grea  oeconomic and environmental importance, know as espinal, the landscape and management structure  rom the centre of the iberian peninsula are naturalised in central chile. the underlying select   ones, and most of the invasive species are associated with this cultural scenario. the filters  ean region. as a general hypothesis, we propose that the environment and land uses have acted d  ut equivalent from the morphofunctional point of view. to this end we intend to i evaluate the   unctional point of view. to this end we intend to i evaluate the importance of the environmenta  ogy and secondary succession. the study is based on a systemic, integrating and multidisciplina
1991	2	ting both fields the optimal conditions are created for furthering our understanding of the imp  ng size, will develop an anonymous cdna chip for scabiosa columbaria, and will use this chip fo
15471	1	light-signal transduction, through phytochromes, and its inte
10043	11	the agro-ecosystems of the semi-arid west africa provide the livelihoods for some of the mos  ecosystems of the semi-arid west africa provide the livelihoods for some of the most poor and v  or some of the most poor and vulnerable people in the world. within this low-productivity area   productivity area islands of successful land management has shown there are untapped opportunit  cessful land management has shown there are untapped opportunities to upgrade the livelihoods o  ds of people in these enviroenments and out-scale these farming systems. however, little is und  f people in these enviroenments and out-scale these farming systems. however, little is underst   these farming systems. however, little is understood at present about how such improvements in  tem productivity will effect on-and off-farm ecosystem resources. this proposal aims to begin d  rship to address this knowledge gap and take the first steps to identifiying how changes to the  ey outcomes of this proposal will be: - joint publications based on pilot studies in selected p
15226	6	bird survival. in this project we will focus on three generalist pathogens . for this reason w  neralist pathogens . for this reason we aim to investigate the relationship between different h  ps of pathogens. finally, using capture-mark-recapture methods we will test the impact of patho   pathogens. finally, using capture-mark-recapture methods we will test the impact of pathogens    capture-mark-recapture methods we will test the impact of pathogens on host survival rates and  ulations and the potential impacts they may have on the genetic and phenotypic composition of p
13872	11	tory birds wintering in tropical africa are each year bringing a large number of species of avi  l africa are each year bringing a large number of species of avian malaria parasites to breedin  as in n europe. most of these parasites do not have transmission at our latitudes despite circu   reason for the failure of transmission is believed to be our cool summer climate, preventing t  preventing the parasite to successfully develop in the vector. phylogenetic analyses based on t  ropean transmitted plasmodium lineages, demonstrate that area of transmission has changed repea  rse of evolution. hence, with the large number of tropical avian malaria parasites each year kn  er temperatures due to ongoing climatic change, this scenario of changing transmission area wil   virulence, suggesting that novel hosts may suffer substantial fitness costs when infected, wit  al malaria species to resident european bird populations. in this project we will combine expli  rd populations. in this project we will combine explicit infection experiments with detailed st
13591	2	te or reproduction drives a demographic sink, because this may have consequences for which habi  drives a demographic sink, because this may have consequences for which habitat to protect.
15091	2	we will focus on objectives 1 and 3 of the coordinated project.  d modeling to predict effects of global change on ecosystem functioning.
12176	3	w trees are a valued and highly visible feature of the british landscape. however, the trends i  ature hedgerow trees is declining. this was recognised particularly by the countryside survey 2  t trees in parkland, wood pasture sites can be quantified by the saproxylic quality index and t
209	4	the diversity of bryophyte and vascular plant vegetation of wetland communities. study communit  ecies richness of wetlands. study sites are located in floodplain grasslands at alam-pedja and   yophytes with strict ecological demands can be found in wetlands due to their specific ecologic  ng-lived bryophyte diaspore bank, which is affected by management mode and rate.
12450	5	in species and community indicators and evaluate the effects of environmental parameters and hu   how the status of inshore habitats has been affected by anthropogenic changes, including clima  mercial and non-commercial species that can be used as indicators of ecosystem health. this is   t of the relevant species, and can also inform discussions on the ecological status of these ar   these areas and future activities that could be permitted in them.
7266	3	hat ants handle to construct a trap, we want to verify the existence of a specific fongiculture   of a specific fongiculture by ants and quantify trophic roles that this fungus could develop w  quantify trophic roles that this fungus could develop with two partners to redefine the very na
11548	4	ns and bio-optical models * compare and contrast the range of estimates of p and r at the coast  estimates of p and r at the coastal and open ocean sites * use statistical methods to discern t  r at the coastal and open ocean sites * use statistical methods to discern the environmental an  is project will therefore substantially enhance the delivery
15112	2	ded by isotopic signature data can only be achieved by obtaining correct estimates of proportio  ional trophic segregation. those models could be estimated using either classic frequentist tec
15523	5	on vegetation. thus current vegetation could absorb the impact of the introduction of herbivor  ecome feral, occupying the same trophic niche as the wild goat, and threatening its survival by  ng its survival by increasing herbivory pressure on vegetation. in particular we will study the  re on vegetation. in particular we will study the diet of myotragus balearicus by the microhist  ocene deposits. this material will also be meant to detect possible signs of climate change. al
13720	7	the northern pike is an important top predator in lakes. its predation may cause trophic   nt top predator in lakes. its predation may cause trophic cascades, propagating throughout the   propagating throughout the food web. it may thereby affect lake ecosystem composition, and ulti   should be costly, and they should thus be avoided. interaction risk should increase with incre  ed genetic relatedness of opponent, and increase with increasing movements in the individual, w  he individual, where larger individuals are allowed greater freedom of movement, which would al  ractions found in lake ecosystems, that may determine e.g. shallow lake water quality, producti
13440	8	mbola, acari and other small arthorpods was studied in different land-use systems in kenya. now  rthorpods was studied in different land-use systems in kenya. now we plan to extend the studies  erent land-use systems in kenya. now we plan to extend the studies to other soil fauna groups a  organisms to get a holistic picture. we ask the questions: - how are soil organism communities   erent crops and cultivation intensity - is the soil organism food web more stable and resilient  oorganisms that live from the roots and root exudates which species and groups live from the de  s of organic fertilizer application and soil cultivation the crop will be labeled with 13c and    with 13c and the excess of the isotope be followed through the food web.
11757	3	etection of shifts in trophic level and diet for individual species over geographic and tempora  n different species inhabiting the same water column. we shall also attempt to determine correc  ng the same water column. we shall also attempt to determine corrective algorithms for the dete
11288	17	ductive areas of the world s oceans. it is also characterised by an oxygen minimum zone ; omz s  omz s are areas of water that have very low oxygen concentrations. our study area is the oman c   of low oxygen concentrations, bacteria can use sulphur to fix carbon for energy. this is known   sulphur to fix carbon for energy. this is known as chemosynthesis and these bacteria also prov   chemosynthesis and these bacteria also provide a potential food source for the sediment commun  cal to the benthos and any perturbation may lead to a shift in community structure. we intend t  d to a shift in community structure. we intend to investigate the food sources available to the  exist within the sediment community. we believe that where oxygen concentrations are low, bacte  rations are low, bacterial food sources may play an important role in trophic dynamics and wher  urce will be the microscopic plants. we have a unique opportunity to study the impact of enhanc  ry communities, as the result of a huge fall of decaying jellyfish across a large area of the o  llyfish across a large area of the oman margin, within and below the omz which led to the devel  source for the benthic animals. we will compare the benthic community structure with that at th  ity structure with that at the pakistan margin, where we have an existing data set for an omz w  h that at the pakistan margin, where we have an existing data set for an omz where samples were  sting data set for an omz where samples were collected at a similar time, but where there was f  ere samples were collected at a similar time, but where there was falls of jelly fish were abse
14517	7	parian vegetation, among other aspects, contribute to maintain secondary productivity of the st  y of energy flow in the benthic trophic web of forested headwater streams. here, experiments co  energy flow to macroinvertebrates might be limited by several constrains of quality concerning   dy are to contribute, with experimental evidence, to the knowledge on the potential quantitativ  treams vs. deforested semiarid streams; contribute with experimental data to the knowledge on t  es, comparing the two types of streams; contribute with experimental data to the knowledge on t   streams. from the results obtained, we hope to reach some conclusions on the limitation impose
14467	14	n the connection between the ecological state of the water bodies and the anthropogenic pressur  sures. this pressure –response analysis is needed by the administration responsible for the imp  timate goal – achieving good ecological state of the surface waters. the main scientific goal o  the surface waters. the main scientific goal of the project is to assess the trophic state of s  of the project is to assess the trophic state of selected water bodies from the different lake   s, and for assessment of the ecological state of the water bodies. under the project, we expect  the water bodies. under the project, we expect to identify indicator groups among the species f  ill be indicative for the anthropogenic impact on the waters. the results of the project will h  ods for rapid assessment of the trophic state of lakes and reservoirs in bulgaria. the work on   rs in bulgaria. the work on the project is expected to: increase the qualification of the resea  the work on the project is expected to: increase the qualification of the research team of youn   the research team of young scientists; stimulate the introduction of new methods into the acad  f their msc theses. the compiled manual is expected to contribute to the implementation of good  ntation of good management practice and control of the water quality in bulgaria.
13579	6	we propose a novel biochemical approach to study the const  saturated fatty acids how does the pufa content of food affect the trophic transfer efficiency   pufa content of food affect the trophic transfer efficiency across the plant-consumer interface  the proposed project will significantly extend the current knowledge about and understanding of  bitats and their importance for trophic transfer, which is a fundamental ecosystem process. the   to the scientific knowledge basis that is required for sustainable management of aquatic ecosy
10157	8	t two biomes of the tropical zone. they account for over 70% of the world s plant species. with   exchange, rain forest and savanna also exert large, yet different, effects on the global clima  rent, effects on the global climate. we have a limited understanding of their contemporary and   re a major terrestrial carbon store and are currently estimated to account for around half of t  knowledge of these factors and how they interact in influencing vegetation type is still poor -  g of the amazon basin in coming decades could lead to the irreplaceable replacement of tropical  al scale. our main objective is to thus obtain a new knowledge of the underlying physiological   backs and the future global climate. we anticipate this will lead to a fundamental improvement
10174	8	t two biomes of the tropical zone. they account for over 70% of the world s plant species. with   exchange, rain forest and savanna also exert large, yet different, effects on the global clima  rent, effects on the global climate. we have a limited understanding of their contemporary and   re a major terrestrial carbon store and are currently estimated to account for around half of t  knowledge of these factors and how they interact in influencing vegetation type is still poor -  g of the amazon basin in coming decades could lead to the irreplaceable replacement of tropical  al scale. our main objective is to thus obtain a new knowledge of the underlying physiological   backs and the future global climate. we anticipate this will lead to a fundamental improvement
10426	8	t two biomes of the tropical zone. they account for over 70% of the world s plant species. with   exchange, rain forest and savanna also exert large, yet different, effects on the global clima  rent, effects on the global climate. we have a limited understanding of their contemporary and   re a major terrestrial carbon store and are currently estimated to account for around half of t  knowledge of these factors and how they interact in influencing vegetation type is still poor -  g of the amazon basin in coming decades could lead to the irreplaceable replacement of tropical  al scale. our main objective is to thus obtain a new knowledge of the underlying physiological   backs and the future global climate. we anticipate this will lead to a fundamental improvement
11426	8	t two biomes of the tropical zone. they account for over 70% of the world s plant species. with   exchange, rain forest and savanna also exert large, yet different, effects on the global clima  rent, effects on the global climate. we have a limited understanding of their contemporary and   re a major terrestrial carbon store and are currently estimated to account for around half of t  knowledge of these factors and how they interact in influencing vegetation type is still poor -  g of the amazon basin in coming decades could lead to the irreplaceable replacement of tropical  al scale. our main objective is to thus obtain a new knowledge of the underlying physiological   backs and the future global climate. we anticipate this will lead to a fundamental improvement
11711	8	t two biomes of the tropical zone. they account for over 70% of the world s plant species. with   exchange, rain forest and savanna also exert large, yet different, effects on the global clima  rent, effects on the global climate. we have a limited understanding of their contemporary and   re a major terrestrial carbon store and are currently estimated to account for around half of t  knowledge of these factors and how they interact in influencing vegetation type is still poor -  g of the amazon basin in coming decades could lead to the irreplaceable replacement of tropical  al scale. our main objective is to thus obtain a new knowledge of the underlying physiological   backs and the future global climate. we anticipate this will lead to a fundamental improvement
11712	8	t two biomes of the tropical zone. they account for over 70% of the world s plant species. with   exchange, rain forest and savanna also exert large, yet different, effects on the global clima  rent, effects on the global climate. we have a limited understanding of their contemporary and   re a major terrestrial carbon store and are currently estimated to account for around half of t  knowledge of these factors and how they interact in influencing vegetation type is still poor -  g of the amazon basin in coming decades could lead to the irreplaceable replacement of tropical  al scale. our main objective is to thus obtain a new knowledge of the underlying physiological   backs and the future global climate. we anticipate this will lead to a fundamental improvement
7287	3	the response of tropical tree species to climate change remains unclear. one app  long contemporary climate gradients. we propose to evaluate the potential for climate change ad  g on ongoing research projects. we will contact the concerted change of functional traits and p
10242	1	ground-level concentrations of ozone vegetation. as such, find
11257	1	ground-level concentrations of ozone vegetation. as such, find
11736	1	ground-level concentrations of ozone vegetation. as such, find
9966	1	ground-level concentrations of ozone vegetation. as such, find
9822	5	declining. given this situation, there is general agreement that we must invest resources in m  ion, there is general agreement that we must invest resources in managing and conserving popula  ic and intrinsic value. this philosophy is underpinned by national and international legislatio   in scotland and elsewhere, and we will ensure that our approach and results are disseminated w  ll ensure that our approach and results are disseminated widely among ecologists and conservati
2489	14	stems and services. surprisingly little is known about effective management strategies under di   drivers, because of the strong spatial contrast in anthropogenic drivers, whereas the basic ec  operties on ecosystems and services. we focus on endogenous drivers which could be managed by t  s. we focus on endogenous drivers which could be managed by the circumpolar governance regimes,   climate and the global economy need to be controlled for as they may introduce substantial cha  onomy need to be controlled for as they may introduce substantial changes in tundra ecosystems.  anges in tundra ecosystems. the project is divided in three stages. first, the indirect-and dir  n three stages. first, the indirect-and direct driver relationship is explored. how the use of   indirect-and direct driver relationship is explored. how the use of regulations/nepi, property   l as the economic and human development is related to direct drivers is investigated. second, a  evelopment is related to direct drivers is investigated. second, a selection of municipalities,   transitions/states and on services. we concentrate on local resource dependency to measure eco  o measure ecosystem services. third, we integrate all analyses to answer the major questions. s  yses rely on portifolio approaches, and include multi-level/hierarchical analyses, meta-analyse
10545	1	hain. the energy fixed by phytoplankton is transferred to grazers and to higher consumers. the
13815	1	ty conservation policies a tool-box has been developed in fennoscandia that includes subsidies
10710	4	better understanding of the nature and scale of biodiversity at the microbial level. are the s   that each species has a fair chance of being distributed to all parts of the world in what siz  ist-meiofauna size range where species, being significantly less numerous, will tend to have bi  ies that are ubiquitous, does this also apply to the genetic and physiological variants within
10749	4	better understanding of the nature and scale of biodiversity at the microbial level. are the s   that each species has a fair chance of being distributed to all parts of the world in what siz  ist-meiofauna size range where species, being significantly less numerous, will tend to have bi  ies that are ubiquitous, does this also apply to the genetic and physiological variants within
12374	1	key custome purpose - why is the r&d needed under the oslo and pari
12678	3	t uk and country levels. they will then consult the scientific and policy making community, ref  scientific and policy making community, refine as required and finalise the indicator and assoc  aking community, refine as required and finalise the indicator and associated assessment of cha
12257	7	mental change network is to protect and improve the environment, and to integrate the environme  ce the projects inception in 1992. long-term data sets obtained are being analysed to identify    1992. long-term data sets obtained are being analysed to identify and improve the understandin  ined are being analysed to identify and improve the understanding of the causes of environmenta  e causes of environmental change. there are currently 57 ecn sites, located throughout the uk.    most are fresh-water sites but drayton is important among the 12 terrestrial sites, as the onl  g the 12 terrestrial sites, as the only site in the english midlands and the only lowland, mixe
12389	7	er that key deliverables for the ukmmas can be directed and the principles of the strategy embe  business as usual’. summary objectives: seek stakeholder endorsement for ukmmas strategy, agree  holder endorsement for ukmmas strategy, agree a draft suite of contributory marine objectives,   uite of contributory marine objectives, produce a final draft for sign off of the ukmmas delive  r sign off of the ukmmas delivery plan, approve the draft structure and content for charting pr  y plan, approve the draft structure and content for charting progress 2, and enhance the unders  nd content for charting progress 2, and enhance the understanding and application of key output
12384	1	cean function and human activities have been established, however a gap exists for the developm
12052	3	disciplinary approach: botany, ecology, soil science, geochemistry, genetic, molecular biology    physiology, microbiology, mycology has been developed to evaluate the importance of soil const  m possible in the frame of ultrabio and is one of the most important action in the direction of
205	1	tion of the ultrasculpture. the studies can affirm the importance and usefulness of the ultrasc
10959	1	in certain marine calanoid copepods, winter dormancy .
10194	2	resentations designed to illustrate and identify the key issues. 3. to organise a number of sma  ise the potential for collaborations to be initiated. 5. to facilitate summary outputs from the
11627	4	al for long term funding to develop and apply novel techniques of uncertainty estimation based   del structure limitations. it will also consider how we might use uncertainty estimation to eva  ons. it will also consider how we might use uncertainty estimation to evaluate scenarios of cha  ions that are parsimonious but properly reflect the dominant processes at the scale of applicat
12275	4	ruminant genetic improvement can play an important role in developing livestock syst   will be sustainable in the future, and produce food in an environmentally friendly manner. als  shown the very high value of animal and plant genetics research and development in helping to d  iver on likely future policy priorities can be made with the aim of providing 1st level proof o
443	5	cular species. the validation of caraib was obtained using the updated fossil palynological dat  ation of the model caraib with past and present pollen assembles allowed us to perform simulati  ed with niche-based models for european tree species, showing a shift of the bags distribution   ng the last decades. this result has to be confirmed with supplementary phenological data that   l data that will be gathered by the gdr sip-gecc and also by modelling using the process-based
7159	6	geographical distribution of animal and plant species and their phenology. travel to areas to h  stand how the geographical distribution is affected by the abiotic environment. in this project  abiotic environment. in this project we propose to establish a phenological database and finali  o establish a phenological database and finalize the palynological database for france. these d   provided by phenology and pollen data, allow an identification of the most sensitive species a  ons obtained by each model for climatic change scenarios
10351	4	isotope of carbon, 14c or radiocarbon, is produced via the interaction between cosmic ray part  nd nitrogen in the upper atmosphere. it is subsequently distributed through the atmosphere, oce  entation of the ocean carbon cycle, and is capable of multi-millennial simulations. we will be   f multi-millennial simulations. we will be able to investigate spatial and temporal patterns of
12262	7	rns about greenhouse gas emissions, and diffuse pollution of waterways have strengthened the ne  tprints is essential if this need is to be met. there are strong policy drivers for this includ  ential if this need is to be met. there are strong policy drivers for this including the eu wat  developing understanding of the genetic control of key environmental sustainability traits and   n into new varieties forms an important part of the pipeline enabling knowledge transfer betwee  rough fundamental bbsrc funded research are continued, developed, and tested for their efficacy  r defra, the environment agency, the uk water industry and other stakeholders responsible for s
10223	4	al services by asking this question, we seek to better understand how watershed processes funct  d processes function in landscapes that are shaped by both ecological and social dynamics; to g  processes - both scientific and local - influence traditional management and pes schemes; and t  se how these perspectives and practices could contribute to equitable watershed management in a
11694	4	al services by asking this question, we seek to better understand how watershed processes funct  d processes function in landscapes that are shaped by both ecological and social dynamics; to g  processes - both scientific and local - influence traditional management and pes schemes; and t  se how these perspectives and practices could contribute to equitable watershed management in a
10831	17	here to climate change. tropospheric o3 is a greenhouse gas that is produced by the photochemic  ropospheric o3 is a greenhouse gas that is produced by the photochemical oxidation of co and na  hemical oxidation of co and natural and man-made hydrocarbons in the presence of nitrogen oxide   in the presence of nitrogen oxides. it is also an air pollutant that at elevated concentration  in our understanding of tropospheric o3 is the large uncertainty associated with current emissi  rrent emission estimates of natural and man-made gases that subsequently affect o3. findings fr  al and man-made gases that subsequently affect o3. findings from surface observations, represen  representative of only short distances, are difficult to relate to the global troposphere. sate  3 and its precursor emissions. here, we propose to use satellite observations to improve emissi  of global emissions from vegetation and are therefore particularly important to understand and   fy. as a result of this project we will have a better understanding of tropospheric o3 that wil  riability of these fluxes, and how they respond to changes in weather and climate . the spatial  ecosystems and during different seasons can be explained by changes in weather and climate. we   changes in weather and climate. we will use these data to develop a more accurate emission mode  cal ecosystems that describes how large-scale vegetation on different continents during differe  includes chemical reactions in the air, is necessary to assess the importance of these more acc  n the troposphere. this will ultimately lead to a more accurate simulation of climate. tropical
15533	1	riparian and stream ecosystems are tightly coupled through the excha
15534	1	riparian and stream ecosystems are tightly coupled through the excha
10400	6	group. this is because most infections are transmitted between individuals in a density-depend  dent manner: the more individuals there are, the greater the probability of bumping into an inf  n infected individual. recently, it has been discovered that many species appear to have evolve  isk of becoming infected. this strategy is known as density-dependent prophylaxis , as well as   d disease resistance in insects. longer-term, we hope to gain a more complete understanding of    resistance in insects. longer-term, we hope to gain a more complete understanding of the role
10133	22	we have found the media to be extremely keen to report on our initial studies on tree mallow in  atform to reach people and subsequently inform them about the proposed study on determinants of  n s best known seabirds, the puffin, is being forced out of a number of scottish seabird island  tera arborea, an atlantic-mediterranean plant native to coasts, is believed to have escaped int  c-mediterranean plant native to coasts, is believed to have escaped into the wild in scotland a  escaped into the wild in scotland after being planted in coastal gardens. whilst present in con  eing planted in coastal gardens. whilst present in confined places for several hundreds of year   in the number of breeding seabirds who fertilise the soil and disturb the vegetation through b  ing seabirds who fertilise the soil and disturb the vegetation through burrowing and trampling.  ut islands in australia and new zealand are also having their seabirds squeezed out as tree mal  titor in parts of its non-native range, tree mallow is not invasive in the southwest of the uk,  ed costs of operations to control them, rise steeply, so a better strategy is to identify high   revent this from happening. however, we need to know where and how the problems are likely to a  ise so that these preventative measures can be targeted precisely. rather than discussing probl  entists from the university of aberdeen propose to study both invasive and non-invasive ranges.  ons that seem to favour tree mallow are being mimicked: guano from birds will be added, and the   favour tree mallow are being mimicked: guano from birds will be added, and the vegetation dist  eir appetite for the grazing-intolerant tree mallow seems also to play a critical role. in both  ermines whether or not it will actually turn invasive and cause biodiversity loss. invasive pla   not it will actually turn invasive and cause biodiversity loss. invasive plants are a major th   biodiversity, and their economic costs are estimated to be far in excess of $87 billion u.s. p  $87 billion u.s. per year worldwide. we hope that our research on this single plant species wil
14189	11	wth rate of an organism is increasingly being treated as a life history trait of its own right.  ts set by physiological constraints but is maintained by natural selection at some optimal valu   in contrast, despite of the undeniable progress in recent decades, the evidence of costs of hi  rowth rate has remained fragmentary. we are currently unable to evaluate the relative importanc  icular selective pressures dominate. we need to take a more systematic approach both in terms o  nate. we need to take a more systematic approach both in terms of selecting study organisms, as  s, as well as the components of fitness being studied. a source of confusion has also been in t  studied. a source of confusion has also been in the vagueness of the definition of individual g  tion of individual growth rate. here we propose - in order to shed light on costs of high growt  of high growth rate - to systematically study growth rates of lepidopteran larvae by means of b   in a number of insect species. we will apply a rigorous definition of significance.
14895	10	ans remain poorly studied although they cover most of earth surface and are involved in complex  gh they cover most of earth surface and are involved in complex networks of interactions. an ex  ottom line is that this kind of studies cannot be done isolated from other researchers. in the   chers. in the part 1 of this project we collaborate with a extremadura university spin-off comp  sity spin-off company that will design, develop, and implement the spatio-temporal database, wh   company that will design, develop, and implement the spatio-temporal database, while in part 2  implement the spatio-temporal database, while in part 2 we will collaborate with a biologists t  poral database, while in part 2 we will collaborate with a biologists team from barcelona unive  esent. it should be stressed that there is no bibliographic precedents of similar analyses, lik  f similar analyses, likely because they involve the integration in a single study of data and m
7668	10	ost high human population densities and are heavily modified. recent work, following the asian   sities and are heavily modified. recent work, following the asian tsunami of 2004 has shown tha  2004 has shown that wherever ecosystems are undermined, the ability to adapt and regenerate is   ed, the ability to adapt and regenerate is curtailed. throughout coastal asia, deforestation of  al communities and having a detrimental impact on fisheries. how can coastal zones be transform  act on fisheries. how can coastal zones be transformed into systems that are more resilient and  es the mangrove ecosystems in indonesia represent one fourth of the world’s mangroves. on both   ting situations exist: on the malaysian side, more than 100 years of sustainable management of   it, the mangroves in north sumatra have been transformed for aquaculture, reclaimed for agricul  tand the current trends and drivers and explore extreme scenarios. the interdisciplinary, integ
13770	7	ial scales. a major part of the swedish plant diversity is associated to the agricultural lands  jor part of the swedish plant diversity is associated to the agricultural landscape, especially  rsity is associated to the agricultural landscape, especially traditionally managed semi-natura  nt parts of the landscape matrix it may be possible to identify critical processes associated w  ion are poorly understood although they are widely recognized as key for predicting future surv   extinction debt. these models may also enable sustainable management and the identification of  ation of policy options to minimize and mitigate biodiversity loss resulting from future land u
10624	7	st carbon cycles has become clear. they play a fundamental role in the below ground partitionin  oncentrations in the way they partition plant-derived carbon between biomass and respiration. c  e amount of external mycelium produced, may influence the carbon balance of forest ecosystems a  carbon balance of forest ecosystems and have important feedbacks on nutrient capture. we will s   feedbacks on nutrient capture. we will study carbon partitioning of ecm fungi with contrasting  culture over a range of c:n ratios, and test whether observed patterns are maintained in symbio  ios, and test whether observed patterns are maintained in symbiosis under elevated co2.
12680	2	es and from the land cover map. it will assess the importance of different habitat types and th  land, woodland and water birds. it will make recommendations for land use policy and practices
11292	6	letons, such as foraminifera and corals are affected directly by ocean acidification because it   for up to 50% of global calcification, are unique in that they precipitate calcium carbonate ,   calcification, are unique in that they precipitate calcium carbonate , and h+ fluxes underlyin  g coccolithophore calcification. longer-term continuous culture experiments will be established  urately how intracellular calcification may be affected by and adapt to increased ocean acidity  ar calcification may be affected by and adapt to increased ocean acidity on a global scale.
11281	4	marl lakes have been designated a priority habitat within the eu habita  itation. finally, submerged macrophytes are displaced by phytoplankton populations concomitant   ations in zooplankton, invertebrate and fish populations. it is expected that the main findings  , invertebrate and fish populations. it is expected that the main findings of the work will be
11485	17	for evolution to occur, individuals must vary genetically such that they differ from one an  ls must vary genetically such that they differ from one another in measurable traits. a simplis  ther in measurable traits. a simplistic model of evolution is that if some genes build individu  t quite this simple because genes often affect more than one trait, and the trait produced by a  roduced by a particular gene will often depend on other genes. these interactions between genes  genes. these interactions between genes can be expressed using a mathematical framework known a  tive genetic theory in which the traits are described according to how they vary in relation to  its are described according to how they vary in relation to other traits. so for instance, tall   to other traits. so for instance, tall people typically tend to have broader shoulders than sh   so for instance, tall people typically tend to have broader shoulders than short people so the  er shoulders than short people so there is a covariance between height and shoulder width. thes  here is a covariance between height and shoulder width. these relationships can be expressed as  and shoulder width. these relationships can be expressed as a matrix of variance and covariance  me frames is more debatable. one likely reason for asymmetry is the theoretical assumption that  cally across these populations. we will examine the evolution of g for male call structure acro  . this is an important issue because it is central to understanding how evolution proceeds. for  to adapt to changing global climates we need to understand how observed variation in temperatur
11586	13	of all plants yet conservation efforts are made more difficult by a fundamental lack of knowle  evolving plants, comprising the largest plant family with over 20,000 species worldwide. rapid   dwide. rapid diversification of orchids is facilitated by their vast seed production, a single   d orchid seeds are so reduced that they contain insufficient reserves to permit germination and  to the young plants without any obvious benefit to itself. why does the fungus allow itself to   ng that the fungus can, in one species, benefit from this symbiosis and that the adult orchid c  kthrough with one species of orchid, we do not yet know whether any other green orchids behave   th one species of orchid, we do not yet know whether any other green orchids behave in this way   this way, how the carbon and nutrients are transferred between plant and fungus and whether be  ed between plant and fungus and whether being able to acquire carbon from a fungus has enabled   live in low light conditions where they are unable to fix enough carbon into sugars to meet the  ars to meet their needs and effectively live as a parasite on the fungus. this project aims to    to address these key areas where there is a fundamental lack of understanding of the basic bio
11503	4	ls developing in different environments can have remarkably different wing coloration. such exa  how high levels of biological diversity can arise from very little genetic diversity. to unders  equences to studying how and when genes are expressed. taking advantage of recent technical adv  tanding how pigmentation influences and is influenced by natural and sexual selection.
11599	19	the spring of 2011 saw an unprecedented number of large wildfires break ou  the spring of 2011 saw an unprecedented number of large wildfires break out across the length a  ngth and breadth of the uk. these fires were associated with a prolonged period of unusually wa  ather that led to flammable vegetation, dry peat soils and the potential for severe ecological   or severe ecological impacts. wildfires can cause significant damage to ecosystem function, par  mpacts. wildfires can cause significant damage to ecosystem function, particularly in areas of   ignificant amounts of fossil carbon and can have a profound effect on total uk emmissions. smou  stroys belowground plant structures and soil seedbanks leading to fundamental changes in patter  ut potential feedbacks between climate, fire frequency, fire severity and carbon fluxes from pe  dbacks between climate, fire frequency, fire severity and carbon fluxes from peatlands. for thi  s from peatlands. for this reason there is an urgent need to ensure we develop sustainable mana  on there is an urgent need to ensure we develop sustainable management practices with regards t  ires on uk moorlands. we will visit and assess the immediate impact of recent severe wildfires    we will visit and assess the immediate impact of recent severe wildfires across the uk, and co  ent severe wildfires across the uk, and collect data to allow an initial comparison to be made    data to allow an initial comparison to be made of the effects of varying burn severities on th  ystem functioning of moorlands. we will map the perimeter of recent wildfires and the distribut   permanent plots, the project will also create a valuable scientific resource that will allow u  to track ecosystem change over time and provide a focus for future research.
12647	5	there is a need to understand the extent and distribution of   k marine waters. this research contract was established to collect important geomorphological a  ve annex i habitats in uk offshore to: •map the distribution and extent of seabed habitats; •to  two priority areas in the irish sea and provide an opportunity to further develop understanding  n will have multiple uses and will also assist in better planning for the use of our marine res
15330	9	emerging as a global phenomenon, and it is likely to increase in the future as a result of clim  ibution of forest species in relatively short periods of time. as a result, there will be chang  ystems, as well as in the services they provide to society. if we are to predict those changes,  services they provide to society. if we are to predict those changes, as well as their feedback   to the drivers of global environmental change, we need to understand the factors that determin  vers of global environmental change, we need to understand the factors that determine the vulne  different physiological mechanisms have been proposed to explain drought-induced mortality in t  rategies to cope with drought that have been identified in plants, an improved understanding of  nd of phloem transport and the way they are affected by drought, and the development of more re
12726	10	proposals are invited for research projects to address knowledge   ts to address knowledge gaps which have been identified as a barrier to the delivery of conserv  sting.aspx. the proposal should clearly explain how the proposed research will contribute to th  ties in the spread sheet labelled ‘brig-brag workshop. if the proposal addresses additional pri  dresses additional priorities that have been identified by other taxonomic experts in any of th  ude details of the named individuals to be involved. partnerships between nsss and universities  ith research capabilities are likely to be favoured. 4.support conservation action for uk prior  stribution. the proposal should clearly explain how the research findings will contribute to th  ation of the relevant organisms. it can be difficult for defra to fund very small projects on i   potentially grouping a number of small sub-projects within a larger funded project.
12731	10	proposals are invited for research projects to address knowledge   ts to address knowledge gaps which have been identified as a barrier to the delivery of conserv  sting.aspx. the proposal should clearly explain how the proposed research will contribute to th  ties in the spread sheet labelled ‘brig-brag workshop. if the proposal addresses additional pri  dresses additional priorities that have been identified by other taxonomic experts in any of th  ude details of the named individuals to be involved. partnerships between nsss and universities  ith research capabilities are likely to be favoured. 4.support conservation action for uk prior  stribution. the proposal should clearly explain how the research findings will contribute to th  ation of the relevant organisms. it can be difficult for defra to fund very small projects on i   potentially grouping a number of small sub-projects within a larger funded project.
14361	11	ely 15% of the 689 world heritage sites can be examined during one session of the world heritag  and the world heritage center must thus develop a method to monitor at the long term 100% of th  at the world heritage committee session could concentrate only on those sites which present par  d in an automatic processing chain that can use both optical and active sensor images. this pro  ge of recent developments in geographic object-based image analysis. indeed, geobia helps to re  screpancy detection method in space and time, the proposed method is designed to be adaptable t   in space and time, the proposed method is designed to be adaptable to different sites. result   processing chain is to handle the large amount of data and the diversity of image types that ar  tropical regions. this processing chain is accompanied by a technological transfer to the unesc  chain is accompanied by a technological transfer to the unesco partner that will run it operati   a technological transfer to the unesco partner that will run it operationnally for the totalit
13927	8	c cyanobacteria have in the last decade been discovered as highly important actors in the marin  e to fix atmospheric nitrogen they also contribute significantly to the nitrogen economy in the  conduct phylogenetic identification and study the ecological function that marine unicellular c  identification and study the ecological function that marine unicellular cyanobacteria play in   ion will be focused on nitrogen fixers, gas chromatography/acetylene reduction and mass spectro   chromatography/acetylene reduction and mass spectrophotometry 15n2-tracer assays will also be   photometry 15n2-tracer assays will also be used to determine nitrogen fixation activities. all   ntal conditions, as a function of time, space, and abiotic and biotic variations, as well as re
1964	11	than 1% of all bacteria in nature have been isolated in pure cultures. however, the value of t  ecies with the same or nearly identical type of metabolism the proposed research will try to ob  cing bacteria. for this purpose we will apply a polyphasic approach, including concepts and met  this purpose we will apply a polyphasic approach, including concepts and methods from microbiol  reactors. established as well as novel, state-of-the-art techniques, such as real-time pcr and   ablished as well as novel, state-of-the-art techniques, such as real-time pcr and molecular bea  ate-of-the-art techniques, such as real-time pcr and molecular beacons, will be used for the fi   engineered ecosystems. in addition, we expect to be able to define a number of general princip  rinciples of niche differentiation, and develop a theoretical model that can be tested in pract  ferentiation, and develop a theoretical model that can be tested in practice.   n, and develop a theoretical model that can be tested in practice.
14222	10	ecies diversity. understanding the long-term community development is also a key issue for plan  en profiles from lake and mire deposits can be used to reconstruct changes in vegetation compos  iversity and to evaluate the extent and type of land-use over several thousands of years. incre  to evaluate the extent and type of land-use over several thousands of years. increasing numbers  ollen records that are available today, allow the compilation of large regional palynological d  oss several pollen sites for subsequent time-periods will allow to reconstruct different pathwa  opment and to relate the historical and present-day patterns in vegetation and species diversit  mires and lakes for pollen profiles and long tradition of palynological analyses, there are abo  dition of palynological analyses, there are about 400 holocene pollen diagrams available from d  he relationships between historical and present-day vegetation. the objectives are: to evaluate
10313	22	environmental conditions can sometimes have large, important, and long-lasting consequences. f  an sometimes have large, important, and long-lasting consequences. for example, babies born to   of famine are not only smaller but also have a dramatic increase in cardiovascular and metaboli  t only smaller but also have a dramatic increase in cardiovascular and metabolic disease in adu  ero. even more strikingly, such effects can be passed on to later generations. the mechanisms t  rlie such developmental programming and cross-generational inheritance are still poorly underst  however, researchers have shown that it is not the genes themselves but rather reading of the g  enes- i.e., epigenetic processes - that may explain why early environments have long-lasting co  ions remain unanswered. for example, it is unknown how common environmentally induced epigeneti  ts that induce them, how important they are for individual health and performance, and for how   t also remains an open question whether long-term and cross-generational epigenetic effects are   an open question whether long-term and cross-generational epigenetic effects are examples of a   occasionally goes awry or whether they help organisms to cope with changes in their environmen  hanges in their environment and, hence, are adaptive. to answer those questions, we need to go   adaptive. to answer those questions, we need to go outside our laboratories to measure epigenet  ive in naturally variable environments, quantify those environments, and follow individuals thr  ments, quantify those environments, and follow individuals throughout their lives. long-term st  ory animals. this means that great tits can be used as a model system for understanding the imp   in natural environments. this proposal is intended to secure funding for a proof-of-concept st  ld. if a role for epigenetic mechanisms can be confirmed, our research will not only help to di  e confirmed, our research will not only help to disentangle the mechanisms of developmental pro  evelopmental programming , it will also enable us to clarify the adaptive significance of those
9877	2	e heath family . by this method we will identify which of the fungi in ericaceous hair roots ar  ving the puzzle of the sebacinales, and open the way to further in depth analyses of their phys
12603	1	background defra require a literature review to collate published eviden
10579	2	signalling pathways through which edcs are able to cause disruption of reproductive developmen  ruption of reproductive development and function in fish.
11555	13	er ocean supersaturated with methane we know that it is, but do not understand why. evidence sh  rsaturated with methane we know that it is, but do not understand why. evidence shows that a po  ed with methane we know that it is, but do not understand why. evidence shows that a portion of  however that seems to contradict all we know about methanogenesis; a strictly anaerobic process   anaerobic process. this phenomenon has been termed the oceanic methane paradox . if, however,    microsites in the upper ocean, then it is entirely possible that methanogenesis could occur wi  s entirely possible that methanogenesis could occur within them. we now think that marine zoopl  genesis could occur within them. we now think that marine zooplankton, their excreted faecal ma  aterial and other sedimenting particles may provide these anaerobic microsites in pelagic water  up at sams supports this hypothesis. we have now clearly identified the presence of methanogens  ial. so far however, these studies have been conducted in isolation and the process remains poo  eas of research with new methodology we hope to finally unravel the ocean methane paradox.   with new methodology we hope to finally unravel the ocean methane paradox.
11571	2	t the critical moment when the dominant is replaced. the overall result will be the most compre  ear separation of how kin selection and direct fitness benefits influence individual behaviour.
15231	4	b chromosomes are considered genomic parasites engaged in an arms rac  d in the a chromosomes. we will firstly perform a general screening by hybridizing e.plorans cd  f the hsp70 heat shock protein, that we have recently observed, is due to decreased levels of t  rotein, that we have recently observed, is due to decreased levels of the hsp70 gene transcript
12476	1	for the uk bap. the original estimates were made in 2005/06. the review will update these to r
14335	4	oyed at ghent university, royal belgian institute of natural sciences, institute of nature and    belgian institute of natural sciences, institute of nature and forest research, royal museum o  ble data come from such that duplicates can be removed and quality control on sites can be perf  be removed and quality control on sites can be performed.
12697	1	ves: 1.to provide data to update the uk bat population indicator using the latest figures up to
6809	5	first dinosaur body fossils in hungary were found in the upper cretaceous csehbánya formation   w locality the following investigations are planned: - excavation and determination of the vert  ociated plant and vertebrate remains, - study the fossil soils for paleoclimate and water budge  treams which transported the fossils, - examine minerals of the sediment to learn about the rel  lief and weathering of the landscape, - draw a 3d relief model to illustrate the depositional e
6855	4	es on jurassic sequences of hungary had been started more than hundred years ago, and the well   s ago, and the well documented profiles are known among specialist all over the world. however,  the paprét-ravine profile and its fauna was published in details . the main purpose of the proj   facies succession of the north-eastern part of the transdanubian central range. the work may h
15526	13	lation, due to the unpredictability and frequent scarceness of water resources. at the same tim  rceness of water resources. at the same time, iberian freshwater fish form a highly imperiled g  currently classified within the highest threat categories. reservoirs are one of the most frequ  e establishment of invasive fish. there is an urgent need to integrate human demand of water re  n demand of water resources, especially dam construction and operation, and the maintenance of   water resources. to these aims, we will analyze reservoir impacts at different scales, from the  tive approaches. with this proposal, we want to establish an experimental approach specifically  l, we want to establish an experimental approach specifically designed to assess the impacts of   impacts of reservoirs and that aims to be maintained at the mid- and long-term. downstream imp  t aims to be maintained at the mid- and long-term. downstream impacts will be studied through t  eviation from natural patterns. we will focus on flow characteristics that are relevant for fis  d intensity of summer droughts. we will relate the level of disruption of natural flow regimes   ping a more environmentally sustainable use of water resources.
11725	8	odiversity, conservation effort instead being directed at rural habitats. however, urban habita  rural habitats. however, urban habitats are occupied by many species, some of which live at hig  y is surprisingly poor; furthermore, we know little of the process through which a species make  t is to investigate how a typical urban bird, the blackbird, has become such a familiar species  nd e europe are still in the process of being colonised. the second objective is to obtain dna   on is currently occurring; we will then test alternative theories for the process of urbanisati   to determine whether urban blackbirds: have a single origin, with subsequent spread into other  iet or their burdens of ticks, lice and blood parasites. differences between urban and rural po
13744	6	of urban forest fragments. we will also examine species richness and community structure in rel  lity at multiple scales . thus, we will determine the relative influence of factors affecting b  landscape scales. using an experimental approach, we will assess movement rates of butterflies   using an experimental approach, we will assess movement rates of butterflies along habitat corr  corridor characteristics, respectively, promote dispersal furthermore, reproductive success of   ecotones, to test if reproductive rates are associated with patterns of density. this experimen
15581	15	of how urban ecosystems work, how they change, and what limits their performance, can add to t  nge, and what limits their performance, can add to the understanding of ecosystem change and go   future beyond fossil fuels. ecosystems may play an important role in facilitating this transfo  ll present. this knowledge gap needs to be bridged rapidly to increase the pace of development   s, economics and resilience science and strive to translate research insights into principles,   scape designs and applications. we will develop a tool box intended to promote sustainable mana  ty and ecosystem service generation and communicate this to important stakeholders. cluster i:   rban ecosystem services and how do they interact across scales what are the impacts of climate    changes versus impact of growth and/or decline-driven land use change on ecosystem functioning   non-monetary ecosystems service values be integrated for decision-making support cluster iii.   stain current levels of quality of life is questioned. climate change, natural resource shortag  f the established development model and imply substantial risks for the environmental, social a   the environmental, social and economic balance of urban societies already in the near future.   he proposed project activities have not been conceived to only fill scientific knowledge gaps b  ivities have not been conceived to only fill scientific knowledge gaps but also to influence th
10542	19	of biodiversity. their plant community can contain up to 40 species per square metre and such   orts birds of conservation interest and is of high landscape and cultural value. grassland spec  ecies richness declines where the soils are enriched in phosphorus. a balanced phosphorus budge  these sites. such budgets have recently been calculated for a number of meadows across england.   number of meadows across england. this was achieved by analysing the phosphorus status of thei   sediment trapping on these meadows has been confined to the winter and spring periods, when fl  ows has been confined to the winter and spring periods, when flood risk is greatest. no data ar  r the opportunity to measure the actual amount of phosphorus deposited. this information will b   will be of particular value if climate-change scenarios suggest the frequency of such summer f  in summer 2007 was such that many waste-water treatment systems were overwhelmed and thus may a  that many waste-water treatment systems were overwhelmed and thus may alter the phosphorus cont  tment systems were overwhelmed and thus may alter the phosphorus content of sediments immediate  ter floods and to annual phosphorus off-take in hay to assess whether the phosphorus input from   important in the overall budget. flood-return periods likely to impact floodplain ecology will  ely to impact floodplain ecology willbe estimate dand compared to climate-change scenarios. if   illbe estimate dand compared to climate-change scenarios. if the analysis suggests summer flood  f the analysis suggests summer flooding may play a future role in changing the species composit  e implications for other taxa will also need to be assessed.   ations for other taxa will also need to be assessed.
11770	16	fishing for marine fish and shellfish can damage the sea-bottom and the animals that live the   marine resources to be sustainable, it is necessary to control fishing activity so that harves  hing activity so that harvested species can breed successfully and to limit damage to fragile s  arine protected areas and other fragile bottom animals against damage by scallop dredging. thes   damage by scallop dredging. these mpas may also be favourable for the fishers, as mpas may pro  y scallop dredging. these mpas may also be favourable for the fishers, as mpas may promote reco   be favourable for the fishers, as mpas may promote recovery of the scallop stocks within the r  wn large and become abundant, they will produce many larvae that will move to adjacent areas, w  will move to adjacent areas, where they can be captured by fishers. seabed animals that are imm   immobile, such as corals and scallops, may not be able to breed successfully when they are spa  e, such as corals and scallops, may not be able to breed successfully when they are spaced too   be able to breed successfully when they are spaced too far apart, and this may occurs as a resu  has to start directly after the reserve was created. we will follow changes of the abundance an  m scallop dredging damage. we will also determine the exchange of animals between the reserves    protect bottom animals and if they are are positive for fisheries. it will clarify how fast th  are are positive for fisheries. it will clarify how fast these animals recover from fishing and
9958	11	climate change is predicted to result in warmer, drier summers in the   n warmer, drier summers in the uk as we move through the current century. the associated increa  t in major changes in the structure and function of terrestrial ecosystems. human activities ar  n cycle; this has resulted in a diverse range of effects, from altered rates of nutrient cyclin  e major drivers of ecosystem change and may result in the loss of biodiversity and compromise t   result in the loss of biodiversity and compromise the provision of essential ecosystem service  em services. a recent, severe heathland fire at our long term nitrogen manipulation study site   ions between these two important global change phenomena. nitrogen additions over the past 7 ye   microbiology and nutrient availability can be expected to influence the response of the microb  ill provide important insight into post-fire microbial community dynamics in soils of contrasti  th soil nutrients. in addition, we will obtain extremely valuable information on the potential
9941	15	teria kilometres deep in the earth have been discovered. these bacteria may represent over 50%   th have been discovered. these bacteria may represent over 50% of all life on earth. but we kno  t over 50% of all life on earth. but we know almost nothing about these bacteria as we can only  ing about these bacteria as we can only grow a tiny fraction of them in the laboratory for stud  n and studied under high pressure. this can be used with a new pressure coring and handling sys  ow deep bacteria not previously seen to be studied. this project will provide funding to enable  to obtain pressurised samples from iodp leg 311 so that we can subsequently investigate the bac  odp leg 311 so that we can subsequently investigate the bacteria we enrich to find out what typ  ubsequently investigate the bacteria we enrich to find out what type they are, how they survive  ia we enrich to find out what type they are, how they survive in their extreme environment and   o find out what type they are, how they survive in their extreme environment and how they might  an be tens of millions of years old and may contain ancient bacteria. they may even be an envir  contain ancient bacteria. they may even be an environment where life on earth might have starte  erstanding these bacteria will not only tell us about life on earth it might also tell us more   ll us about life on earth it might also tell us more about how life began.
12055	9	e to limited variations in temperature, pine processionary moth is a good model for the study o  onies, made up of irritant larvae which may induce strong allergic reactions in man and hot-blo  y threat. breaking with a traditionally approach which only relied upon entomology, this multid  enarios, and iii, to propose short- and long- term management methods in urban areas, including  s, and iii, to propose short- and long- term management methods in urban areas, including the m  pansion and its ecological and sanitary impact molecular biology techniques, including the deve  development of adapted genetic markers, were used to reconstruct the past history of the pine p  ot yet colonized areas. this comparison was realized using a combination of experimental tests   combination of experimental tests which is funded by inra at present.
15133	8	basidiomycetes and some ascomycetes, we find the main decomposed species of wood due to their a  of degrading effectively the lignin. it is necessary to emphasize that the most important enzym  and non fenolic aromatic compounds, and are able of degrading a wide range of recalcitrant comp  ion of lignin. among such compounds, it is necessary to emphasize pesticides and insecticides,   bris select the most effective species, contrast them with the ones described before and evalua  them with the ones described before and evaluate their biotechnological and environmental poten  environmental potential application and see if they represent new alternatives for the degradat  l potential application and see if they represent new alternatives for the degradation of aggre
7248	2	e objectives of soil organic matter and is interested in the evolution of these lipid markers w  ux involving a change of vegetation, we can follow by the isotopic composition of tetraethers t
7043	3	the miocene in austria was characterized by orogenic movements resulting in a   over the entire terrestrial miocene and can be applied to establish trends/changes in the veget  /changes in the vegetation and how they were triggered
7405	4	we propose to verify that the genetic diversity contained    primary compartment of durum wheat has been sent to the elite compartment through two massive   ement methods for the genetic basis. we compare the situation in areas subject or not to the se  ot to the selection. modeling will also be undertaken to develop methods for the creation and m
2097	3	nd large adult males of atlantic salmon are used to fertilize eggs in successive year classes f  he offspring, paternal half sib groups, are stocked as 0+juveniles and hatchery-reared to produ  elopment of the offspring of precocious mature males and large males to evaluate the consequenc
7252	16	perspective to pollute, many researches are developed on the theme of the capture and sequestra   and sequestration of co2. . microalgae are micro unicellular organisms using the principle of   f photosynthesis. . in the oceans, they are the starting level of the food chain. some are also   their use for the removal of co2 which is held in the bit are tolerant to high concentrations    hand, they natteignent that relatively low concentrations in solution. the objective of this w  e use of a continuous process must also allow high yields in biomass. however, although it is n  yields in biomass. however, although it is not intended to treat the entire co2, the developmen  nt of such processes requires carefully consider the opportunities of biomass produced. certain  ies of biomass produced. certainly, one can envisage the production of high added-value molecul  n envisage the production of high added-value molecules, but this may lead to relatively limite  of high added-value molecules, but this may lead to relatively limited production volumes. othe  ld be considered priority: animal feed, fish, food, soil improvement, crop protection,.... by s  ered priority: animal feed, fish, food, soil improvement, crop protection,.... by selected appl  mal feed, fish, food, soil improvement, crop protection,.... by selected applications, addition  rformed to quantify for example, if one is interested in animal feed, the influence of the oper  urification and formatting will finally be studied to give final shape to the process. the natu
10825	2	ons between alleles at polymorphic loci can be used to map quantitative trait loci of thermal s  oci of thermal selection, and therefore open the way to an understanding of the mechanisms unde
14786	7	de industrial manufacturing, energy and fuel production, gas exhaust and also excessive fertili   other organic contaminants most metals cannot be eliminated of the environment by chemical or   ventional remediation technologies that can be used to clean metal polluted soils are complex a  including plants and microorganisms are being considered for the remediation of metal contamina  e use of heavy metal tolerant plants is being studied as a system to clean up contaminated soil  re soil organisms that provide a unique link between the soil system and the plant, and can the  system and the plant, and can therefore be of importance in the heavy metal availability and to
14483	9	ecretion of steroid hormones in mammals is related to sex and age as well as individual reprodu  rmones in mammals is related to sex and age as well as individual reproductive status; reproduc   non-invasive method that is especially appropriate for the study of endangered species. it ena  ecies. it enables animal populations to be characterised, and reproductive periods, phases of t  ctors affecting reproductive success to be found. the objectives of this project are divided in  e found. the objectives of this project are divided into two groups: the purpose of the first i  l, to determine the period of time that can elapse between evacuation and collection of faeces   n between sexual behaviour and hormonal level in the different reproductive phases. the purpose  will be compared to those found in semi-free populations of the same species. comparison of the
10696	3	provide support for the north atlantic study in the marine productivity programme, in particul  ities of the programme. in addition, it is proposed to use methods already in use in this labor  lidated by participation in the april / may 2002 cruise planned as part of the thematic program
15250	4	he carcasses of domestic ungulates have been considered the main food resource for vertebrate s   and distribution range. this trend has been assessed by means of hunting bags, distribution ma  of food for scavengers. carcasses might be used by many vertebrate scavengers, generalist preda  t of carcasses available for scavengers may depend upon different sources of mortality and so t
13827	10	nity for combining these in a major new research initiative. the framework can then be used for  arch initiative. the framework can then be used for testing new diets for farmed fish. the pres  bination of different macronutrients or amount of consumed unbalance diet the fishs choice will   the answer will tell us a if the charr can compose a diet that reach a nutritional target by s  compose a diet that reach a nutritional target by selecting from several unbalanced diets. b ho  nced diets of the fish. the experiments are done on individual fish where individual performanc  idual fish where individual performance is considered and the individual competitive ability is   and the individual competitive ability is expected to have an effect of energy need and learni  y. the set-up and experimental protocol are based on our knowledge and experience of the charrs  protocol are based on our knowledge and experience of the charrs´ feeding behaviour with specia
10548	9	icipants in the espa programme will not have the skills and tools to use climate change informa  ulnerable to climate change. there will be three activities. first, we will build the capacity   ill be three activities. first, we will build the capacity of science and social science resear  l science researchers to understand and use climate information in their research through the d  y of focused workshops. second, we will survey the research needs of poor communities dependant  ed ecosystems for their livelihoods and raise awareness of climate change impacts in these comm  d participatory learning. last, we will communicate our findings to other stakeholders and a wi  couraged by setting up a dual language, web-based espa climate network. this project brings tog  gs together for the first time a unique group of climate and climate impacts researchers from w
11324	9	icipants in the espa programme will not have the skills and tools to use climate change informa  ulnerable to climate change. there will be three activities. first, we will build the capacity   ill be three activities. first, we will build the capacity of science and social science resear  l science researchers to understand and use climate information in their research through the d  y of focused workshops. second, we will survey the research needs of poor communities dependant  ed ecosystems for their livelihoods and raise awareness of climate change impacts in these comm  d participatory learning. last, we will communicate our findings to other stakeholders and a wi  couraged by setting up a dual language, web-based espa climate network. this project brings tog  gs together for the first time a unique group of climate and climate impacts researchers from w
11854	7	use datasets in which individuals have been followed over their lifetime to build mathematical  ild mathematical population models that can be analysed using game theoretic methods. because t  ve rather than qualitative in nature, i can use them to pick apart the selective forces that ha   observed reproductive strategies. this is achieved by treating the model as a tool, rather tha  ts on the model system. for example, we can ask how changing the amount inter-annual variation   ome of the very best studied animal and plant populations, while providing a roadmap for analys  olution of a species is essential if we hope to predict and perhaps mitigate the effect of huma
10878	1	gically and socially important european horse chestnut to determine the efficiency of phage as
12462	4	summary objective: investigate alternative approaches to managing mixed fi  r purpose: using fishery observer data, consider a suite of fishery management measures and ide  uite of fishery management measures and identify the conditions that would need to be met for t  ntify the conditions that would need to be met for these measures to be effective in a mixed fi
15101	6	, particularly in regions where a large number of species reach their warm, lower latitude or e  rge number of species reach their warm, lower latitude or elevation range margins. many species  r elevation range margins. many species are expected to suffer pronounced changes in distributi  iables. these potential changes need to be estimated urgently in order to determine their impac  sence based on environmental variables, represent one of the principal tools available to estim  ons. however, although such models have been used widely in ecology and conservation, few model
13812	7	ness in the rural landscape. today they are managed as isolated entities, with no consideration  ds and pollen. however, without a broad-scale perspective there is a risk of depletion of biodi  without a broad-scale perspective there is a risk of depletion of biodiversity in the future. a  tensity. despite that past land use has been identified as being important for biodiverttisy to  mportant for biodiverttisy today, there is little research on where and how past land use have   or biodiverttisy today, there is little research on where and how past land use have influence   diversity data. these results will then be used in a digital simulation to model species disper
11078	1	arming is occurring at an unprecedented rate in human history, causing marked changes in the di
10098	3	projects to investigate the variety and function of aquatic micro-organisms the identification    of new bioactive compounds. new topics may be added when the full science outcomes of current   e outcomes of current mfmb grant awards are known.
10513	3	projects to investigate the variety and function of aquatic micro-organisms the identification    of new bioactive compounds. new topics may be added when the full science outcomes of current   e outcomes of current mfmb grant awards are known.
11008	3	projects to investigate the variety and function of aquatic micro-organisms the identification    of new bioactive compounds. new topics may be added when the full science outcomes of current   e outcomes of current mfmb grant awards are known.
11519	3	projects to investigate the variety and function of aquatic micro-organisms the identification    of new bioactive compounds. new topics may be added when the full science outcomes of current   e outcomes of current mfmb grant awards are known.
11522	3	projects to investigate the variety and function of aquatic micro-organisms the identification    of new bioactive compounds. new topics may be added when the full science outcomes of current   e outcomes of current mfmb grant awards are known.
9987	3	projects to investigate the variety and function of aquatic micro-organisms the identification    of new bioactive compounds. new topics may be added when the full science outcomes of current   e outcomes of current mfmb grant awards are known.
11357	3	ottlenecks in east berinigian bison and bear populations over the past 60,000 years. this genet  nge, human invasion, and the megafaunal mass-extinction. the current application seeks to use t  es, to create a holarctic palaeogenetic record throughout the pleistocene.
11730	5	ant genera, both specialists of an ant-plant, show spatial structuring consistent with a trade  nera, both specialists of an ant-plant, show spatial structuring consistent with a tradeoff bet  density varies. poor dispersal can also produce population viscosity, local resource competitio  e competition and skewed sex ratios. we propose to isolate microsatellite markers from two ant   logy with the study of spatial ecology, sex ratio evolution and the maintenance of cooperation
11609	7	ealand represents a unique evolutionary experiment, where remnants from gondwana evolved in mam  emnants from gondwana evolved in mammal-free isolation until the late holocene. unfortunately,   ecord prior to the pliocene means there is little direct evidence of the evolutionary history t  e pliocene means there is little direct evidence of the evolutionary history that led to a rema  ology dominated by insect, reptile, and bird taxa. to recover this information, we will examine  a. to recover this information, we will examine molecular data from some of the largest radiati  ted phases of vicariant speciation, and evidence of recovery after major extinction events.
10775	3	the world s biodiversity is dominated by complex communities of animals are foun  nated by complex communities of animals are found far to the east of europe, but the conservati  e before spreading into europe. we will look at the predators in oak galls to see if this out o
12409	5	ummary objectives: the fulmar study has been developed over a number of years in the netherland  n the netherlands and has more recently been developed as an ospar ecological quality objective  nce at the sea surface. the netherlands have a long term data set from 1979-2006. the group pro  l provide data from 2006-2011 . it will provide the uk with a data set from 2002 and will be us  ent, any trends over time and will also give a comparison between ospar regions.
15022	10	a third of the worlds land surface and are characterized by their aridity. the sahara, the mai  , the main arid region in north africa, is by far the biggest desert in the world, covering som   in north africa, is by far the biggest desert in the world, covering some nine million square   rt occurs to the east of the sahara and is about an eighth in size. in spite of the harsh envir   raises the question of how such biotas are gained and maintained, something that can be explor  e gained and maintained, something that can be explored using reptiles, one of the commonest ki   inhabitant. in the present project, we propose to use molecular phylogenies from multiple rept   1.- to understand how deserts gain and maintain their endemic faunas; 2.- to infer the age of   al desert lineages, and 4.- to test and improve the current taxonomy of the groups concerned. t  taxonomy and conservation. it will also make an excellent historical, systematic, and comparati
9836	15	rctica and the north atlantic. however, while these records are very detailed and go back more    than 750,000 years into the past, they are effectively a proxy record of the temperature of th   in surrounding areas. consequently, it is difficult to move from sea surface temperatures to a  standing of how land animals and plants are affected by the changes apparent in such records. a  animals from the late pleistocene , and are preserved in a relatively intact state. by examinin  inct while others survive. we will then relate the changes in vegetation and animal populations  al ice and sediment records, to try and identify how signals in these records can be related to  d identify how signals in these records can be related to effects on the ground. it is already   be related to effects on the ground. it is already very interesting that several animal extinct  when fresh water sheets on the atlantic appear to alter current flows. it is possible that shor  antic appear to alter current flows. it is possible that short sharp climatic alterations on la  rp climatic alterations on land may not be readily apparent in the physical records, and it wil  nt in the physical records, and it will be necessary to modify the way we interpret them. this    will be necessary to modify the way we interpret them. this information is critical for a bett  a better understanding of past climatic change, and in order to predict the future effects of c
11063	11	there is a lack of knowledge dialogue in environmental manage   research and practice. the partnership was established through a nerc knowledge transfer grant  ned individual, working within the cebc team, to systematically search for and access relevant   within the cebc team, to systematically search for and access relevant information using an exp   team, to systematically search for and access relevant information using an explicit and repea  mation using an explicit and repeatable review protocol so as to avoid bias, interpret the find  le review protocol so as to avoid bias, interpret the findings and present them on an open-acce   avoid bias, interpret the findings and present them on an open-access web site in a format sui  rience, i.e. decision-making is largely experience-based rather than evidence-based. decision-m  ce when available, but what they gather is not systematic, but incomplete and often biased. thi  e project is directly relevant to nercs aim of ensuring nerc science contributes to the effecti
10852	3	new methodological advances are required to estimate changes in the prevalence of i  ations. this project will establish and verify the use of amino acid specific stable isotope en  ic fluctuations of field voles. we will characterise the trophic relationships between most ver
10765	16	ity of conodonts in geological and deep-time environmental analysis. conodonts were small, eel-  l, eel-like primitive fishes. they have been extinct since the end of the triassic, but the 300  croscopic fossil teeth is exceptionally complete, and they are easy to obtain in large numbers   is exceptionally complete, and they are easy to obtain in large numbers by dissolving limestone  logical dating - determining when rocks were laid down and when geological events occurred. the  d when geological events occurred. they are also increasingly important tools for investigating  of conodonts, however, requires that we can constrain their ecology and mode of life. different  om the sea floor and in surface waters, is particularly important. the best taxa for geological  nstrained, and this causes problems. we know that they were active swimming animals that ranged  ons of conodonts along depth gradients, are rather crude and generally unreliable. this proposa  le. this proposal aims to develop a new approach to constraining the depth habitats of conodont   from those of pelagic feeding fish and can be used to study changes in feeding in fossil fish.  n feeding in fossil fish. does the same apply to conodonts in order to find out we will conduct   conodonts in order to find out we will conduct the first systematic analysis of conodont tooth  tic analysis of conodont tooth wear and test the hypothesis that pelagic feeding and benthic fe  ies is well constrained. if differences are detected, isotopic analysis will provide independen
10230	5	arious kinds, with different mutational time-scales, and information on the geographical distri  s in silene latifolia and s. dioica. we propose to do this by isolating new y-linked genes, and  ng higher mutation rate variants . this can indicate whether certain y chromosome genotypes are  osome genotypes are locally adapted, or are advantageous across different populations. as well   ther selection causing local adaptation can explain the puzzling observation that y chromosome
10589	5	arious kinds, with different mutational time-scales, and information on the geographical distri  s in silene latifolia and s. dioica. we propose to do this by isolating new y-linked genes, and  ng higher mutation rate variants . this can indicate whether certain y chromosome genotypes are  osome genotypes are locally adapted, or are advantageous across different populations. as well   ther selection causing local adaptation can explain the puzzling observation that y chromosome
11857	5	arious kinds, with different mutational time-scales, and information on the geographical distri  s in silene latifolia and s. dioica. we propose to do this by isolating new y-linked genes, and  ng higher mutation rate variants . this can indicate whether certain y chromosome genotypes are  osome genotypes are locally adapted, or are advantageous across different populations. as well   ther selection causing local adaptation can explain the puzzling observation that y chromosome
10738	6	ants. to achieve this objective we will test the hypotheses that: dna survives slow charring at  conditions of limited oxygen supply; it is possible to identify which morphologies are associat  possible to identify which morphologies are associated with preservation of dna and so predict   ociated with preservation of dna and so predict the likelihood of dna survival on this basis; d  hood of dna survival on this basis; dna decay in charred seeds has an impact on the veracity of  ally severe for each method and it will be possible to identify one or more methods able to pro
11348	6	ants. to achieve this objective we will test the hypotheses that: dna survives slow charring at  conditions of limited oxygen supply; it is possible to identify which morphologies are associat  possible to identify which morphologies are associated with preservation of dna and so predict   ociated with preservation of dna and so predict the likelihood of dna survival on this basis; d  hood of dna survival on this basis; dna decay in charred seeds has an impact on the veracity of  ally severe for each method and it will be possible to identify one or more methods able to pro
10248	3	s. maintenance of habitat diversity and access to habitats is strongly influenced by the degree  ith changes to the hydraulic regime and land-use in lowland catchments. this information will p  hanges to the hydraulic regime and land-use in lowland catchments. this information will provid
10453	3	s. maintenance of habitat diversity and access to habitats is strongly influenced by the degree  ith changes to the hydraulic regime and land-use in lowland catchments. this information will p  hanges to the hydraulic regime and land-use in lowland catchments. this information will provid
9989	3	s. maintenance of habitat diversity and access to habitats is strongly influenced by the degree  ith changes to the hydraulic regime and land-use in lowland catchments. this information will p  hanges to the hydraulic regime and land-use in lowland catchments. this information will provid
12197	2	her level schemes. a lack of a suitable range of invertebrate prey has been shown to limit the   suitable range of invertebrate prey has been shown to limit the breeding success of a range of
14647	5	hysiological variables which presumably respond more specifically to uv-b in oromediterranean a  ute to verify that uv-b is the spectral band responsible for physiological changes. the combina  ontrolled uv-b levels; temporal changes are assessed in the long term, which is notably appreci  h; physiological variables which are to be measured respond specifically to uv-b radiation; the  e carried out; and particular attention is dedicated to scientific divulgation in order to enha
7577	2	es effets du milieu , et de les valider par une application à deux modèles biologiques contrast  n à deux modèles biologiques contrastés pour lesquels on dispose de plans de croisements et des
153	5	the value of rivers can be estimated by the extent of natural conditions of  nes. in case of cultural landscapes, it is important to ensure this kind of river parts in need  ons how diversity of plants and insects are related to the riparian landscape diversity and lan  ructure. as the result of the study, it is possible to find relations between findings of diffe  indings of different insect species and plant communities, the dependence of biodiversity on th
10893	4	. our application for a partnership and project development grant is designed to address these   rtnership and project development grant is designed to address these needs at a workshop in wes  tation agenda for the proposed project; establish management structures and develop an impact p  ct; establish management structures and develop an impact plan. this will then form the basis o
10900	16	al interests driving deforestation also depend on forest services for their continued profits.   s for their continued profits. 3. there is no system to compensate the subsistence farmers for    livelihoods, although potentially they are the stewards of the forest. this state of affairs e  ternational team, which can effectively articulate a coherent model for a large-scale pes syste  h can effectively articulate a coherent model for a large-scale pes system. 4. this knowledge c  articulate a coherent model for a large-scale pes system. 4. this knowledge capacity will be em   level in order that forest communities can claim their rights with respect to the es that thei  the urban and peri-urban poor might not be affected directly by deforestation, a large-scale re  cted directly by deforestation, a large-scale reduction in es provision would be likely to impa  ndwork necessary for a functional large scale pes system with the potential to contribute to pr  ute to pro-poor policy development, and act as a model for government driven wealth redistribut  nfluential world-leading authority, and pave the way for larger projects over the next five yea  rojects over the next five years. 7. we focus on the amazonian region for this project, where t  nal research community, and where there is a high level of scientific expertise; however, the a  ere there is a high level of scientific expertise; however, the arguments outlined above are qu  ts outlined above are quite general and can be applied to the rest of the rain forest biome cre
2162	5	aphanomyces astaci is a specialized parasite on north american freshwater   stence of cp in freshwater habitats and target mechanisms for prolonged survival. methods for m  vival. methods for monitoring high- and low virulent cp-genotypes will be developed in collabor  ons that will ensure needed competence, provide relevant study areas, and enhance research netw  ure needed competence, provide relevant study areas, and enhance research networking
2496	2	we propose to investigate the possibility that strong redu  ctively known as allee effects. we will pursue this idea by developing models for host and para
2497	5	nses related to biodiversity since they are units with well-defined boundaries, as inverted isl  islands isolated by land. a strong east-west gradient in both phytoplankton and zooplankton spe  n species richness makes a longitudinal transect across norway and sweden a natural laboratory   ral lake ecosystem functioning. we will approach the relationships between species pool saturat  g tools. statistical modeling will also be used to disentangle effects of multiple stressors li
2163	1	catch data is strategic, since it will generate a particularly wide latitudinal spread and a c
2498	6	rs with environmental factors. previous work on g. salaris pathogenicity has focussed on the im   salmon stocks. in this project we will utilise a wider range of genetically characterised g. s  in this project we will utilise a wider range of genetically characterised g. salaris strains,   ing a north norwegian salmon pathogenic strain, the palsbufiorden charr infecting strain and a   ons. the environment in which parasites are maintained will be modified to examine the effect o  ing the pathogenicity of the g. salaris-host interaction.
2166	7	ld. to understand how natural selection is balanced by continual immigration of farmed fish int  ce suggest that wild salmon populations can reach alternative stable evolutionary states depend  ency fluctuations on population fitness can be assessed. such models can also encompass more re  s can be assessed. such models can also encompass more realistic assumptions about the underlyi  the traits under selection and can thus be used to check the validity of more idealized quantit  em of farmed and wild salmon as a whole is lost. previous work suggest that pure one-way migrat  eeding lines and how the breeding lines are structured into either four parallels or one merged
2158	9	ring freshwater communities, we usually encounter problems due to our inability to separate eff  al fluctuations and sampling randomness are considered through a general dynamic model for chan  d biotic factors. the benthic fauna has been followed by larvae sampling each year since 1986,   y larvae sampling each year since 1986, while large scale investigations based on samples of im  pling each year since 1986, while large scale investigations based on samples of imagines were   stigations based on samples of imagines were performed only in 1986 and 1987. in this project,   y in 1986 and 1987. in this project, we want to resample imagines of the chironomid fauna, whic  imagines of the chironomid fauna, which is known to comprise at least 125 species along an alti  altitude gradient up to 1280 m asl. and test for significant changes in community structure, sp
14180	4	of the proetid and cheirurid trilobites are studied parallel starting from the smallest possibl  y similar in both groups, and how these are connected with changes on environment, will be obse  ges, isotope curve etc. current project is connected with a phd project   current project is connected with a phd project
7366	3	quirements or new demands. biodiversity is threatened macromycetes. the preservation of biodive  ogenetic analyzes of genetic diversity, provide new avenues of investigation to study the varia  ers. agaricus using your collection, we focus on the thermotolerance, the potential antitumor c
10974	2	ation of immune defence levels in hosts is maintained can play a pivotal role in areas such as   e defence levels in hosts is maintained can play a pivotal role in areas such as public health,
11721	3	using microsatellite markers we will test the prediction that variance in mating success is   ars to play a key role. we will further ask whether male reproductive skew is increased when ma  ther ask whether male reproductive skew is increased when males depend more on courtship displa
10324	1	ams with waterfalls separating high and low predation sites. the relative roles of the environm
2198	1	ants, and particularly those of a weedy character, by quantitative ranking of attributes decisi
14735	1	rica. the insular region includes bioko island - to produce a flora of equatorial guinea.
1106	4	project is to study the most important impact of climatic change on the mediterranean marine e  y the most important impact of climatic change on the mediterranean marine environment and the   tanding of carbon cycle processes, that are affected by global changes and their feedback to co  eas and the economic repercussions they impose to the tourism industry, agriculture, fishery an
7224	2	s sandflies and mosquitoes. this choice is based on our knowledge of sandflies in the southwest   of the indian ocean and the relatively good knowledge of mosquitoes in this area except for se
465	2	sand flies and mosquitoes. this choice is based on our own knowledge of sand flies in the sout  the indian ocean, and on the relatively good knowledge of mosquitoes in this zone, except for t
12273	1	an initial scoping exercise for uk crop landraces promote its utilisation, both directly b
13487	9	boreal plant communities are nutrient-limited and dominated by  ommunities respond to global change. it is predicted that increased nitrogen deposition will re   severity triggering vegetation change, while both increased temperature and decreased snow dep  increased nitrogen deposition. the long-term consequences of that remain unclear. another issue  nent long-term field experiments . they constitute the prerequiste for the possibility to separ  e for the possibility to separate short-term, transient responses from long-term effects. in ad  host-pathogen associations. the project is planned for a 4-yr period and is thereafter terminat  roject is planned for a 4-yr period and is thereafter terminated. i apply for funding for the m  nts, and for field and lab work. i also apply for funding of a phd student.
7007	2	dary chemistry of the taxa involved. it can be regarded as a valuable contribution to the knowl  own lichens on the world, although they are very common and widely distributed and may even dom
7594	4	ia that colonize kind of water habitats are divided into 27 species, which are themselves distr  spondence. our group has identified and show that the gene for thiopurine methyl transferase we  éobactéries which veronii aeromonas. it is proposed in this program as a model for the phylogen  program as a model for the phylogenetic study of all kind aeromonas
15237	16	search uncovered that myotis capaccinii is a predominantly insectivorous trawling bat, which fe  d/or seasons. similarly, n. lasiopterus is a primarily insectivorous species, but seasonally th  ectivorous species, but seasonally they prey largely on birds, as revealed in several studies p  earch will focus mainly on the predator-prey relationships, ecomorphological processes and adap  rvation. to accomplish that, firstly we want to assess precisely the importance of vertebrate p   two bats, determining the species they prey upon and the phenology of those trophic behaviours  changes in those matters. therefore, we want to test whether besides echolocation n. lasiopteru  her besides echolocation n. lasiopterus rely on passive hearing and vision to detect their prey  lasiopterus rely on passive hearing and vision to detect their prey; we also want to check whet  nd vision to detect their prey; we also want to check whether m. capaccinii use echolocation to  lso want to check whether m. capaccinii use echolocation to detect fish, or they rely on other   se echolocation to detect fish, or they rely on other senses as vision or touch. besides, we wa   senses as vision or touch. besides, we want to probe that m. capaccinii show a specific flying  es, we want to probe that m. capaccinii show a specific flying pattern adapted to fish. and thi  o fish. and thirdly, from an ecological point of view we want to contribute to understand when   ly, from an ecological point of view we want to contribute to understand when and why these pre
144	4	urian and devonian the palaeobaltic sea was inhabited by the agnathans of the vertebrate phylum  e project is to elucidate the taxonomic content of agnathans and their phylogenetic relationshi  roups, and with gnathostome fishes, and give their spatio-temporal distribution. for that the m  fish groups will be studied and a large number of characters will be used in the cladistic anal
10584	4	host densities are low, including long-term survival in the environment, reservoir hosts and v  importance of vertical transmission has been constrained by the paucity of suitable methods for  y of suitable methods for detecting low-level infections. however, the development of the highl  cology. in this proposal we develop and test pcr-based techniques to determine the prevalence o
12293	21	rape in the uk v. longisporum has only been reported from osr to date. however, there are no d  ported from osr to date. however, there are no discernable differences between most european is  latter must be a possibility. whilst we can gather some information from existing research, muc  start laying the ground for sustainable control through four objectives 1. to molecularly chara  rough four objectives 1. to molecularly characterise uk isolates of v. longisporum. this will a  c procedures safe in the knowledge they are effective and appropriate for use in the uk. it wil  in the knowledge they are effective and appropriate for use in the uk. it will also tell us whe  opriate for use in the uk. it will also tell us whether infection has been introduced from euro  will also tell us whether infection has been introduced from europe or whether these particular  f infection can be difficult – symptoms may be masked by other diseases or be rather indetermin  toms may be masked by other diseases or be rather indeterminate. being able to rapidly quantita  er indeterminate. being able to rapidly quantitate the fungus in the soil will enable us to stu  ill enable us to study risk factors and predict disease levels. moreover, rapid and cost effect  o identify and avoid infested fields to be set up. 3. to undertake preliminary field studies. w  undertake preliminary field studies. we need to study many aspects of the disease and its behav  our under uk conditions; how widespread is it; how long does it last in the soil; how serious i   how widespread is it; how long does it last in the soil; how serious is yield loss in our wett  ill look for sources of resistance that can be used in breeding programmes. verticillium wilt i   damaging to individual farmers, but it is also possibly a cause of wider concern as growers se  ut it is also possibly a cause of wider concern as growers seek to maintain yields by extending   the situation in the uk, with the long-term intention of providing sustainable approaches to d
9888	6	technology over the last decade mean it is now feasible to study insects and other small animal  and genotyping individuals, their lives can be observed and the relationships between individua  including how many offspring they leave can be quantified. the main bottleneck preventing a ran   from digital video recordings. we will develop new software to automate individual recognition  ric codes. by the end of the project we expect the system to be operational in the field and av  d for further development - i.e. at trl level 4.
14681	4	ite the genera of volume xv, which have been concluded by the previous project, and now it is p  ich have been concluded by the previous project, and now it is proposed the taxonomic study of   ded by the previous project, and now it is proposed the taxonomic study of the remaining genus   t, and now it is proposed the taxonomic study of the remaining genus of the tribe cardueae.
14733	2	plants within the general flora iberica project, which has been under the overall direction of   f the published taxa. in this phase, we propose to undertake the edition of volumes xi .
15154	3	plants within the general flora iberica project, which has been under the overall direction of   f the published taxa. in this phase, we propose to undertake the edition of ligulated flowers o  aining time, researches of this project must dedicate an extra effort to include the informatio
7267	3	ment of the most abundant biosphere. we want to explore the viral diversity associated with ext   these environments is very limited. we want to focus on these archaea viruses because they are  s on these archaea viruses because they are very different eukaryotic viruses or bacteria morph
2463	7	t control their mortality are, however, still poorly understood, and the current project, vipma  stood, and the current project, vipmap, seek to generate new knowledge of two such mechanisms:   erent phytoplankton species and thereby gain a better understanding of why some phytoplankton s  es form extensive blooms whereas others do not. vipmap ´s contribution to society as such is ap  agic food web is necessary to correctly assess a wide range of socio-economically important asp  ch. moreover, the methodology developed may prove useful for other areas of marine research suc  and understanding harmful algal blooms, fish-and shellfish farming, e.g. detection of fish- and
11720	13	of the oceans this production of oxygen is dominated by very small, single celled cyanobacteria  n of oxygen is dominated by very small, single celled cyanobacteria, which are referred to as t  all, single celled cyanobacteria, which are referred to as the photosynthetic picoplankton. in   photosynthetic picoplankton. in 1993 it was discovered that there are viruses that can infect a  n. in 1993 it was discovered that there are viruses that can infect and kill these cyanobacteri  t there are viruses that can infect and kill these cyanobacteria and as a result control the ab  quenced and this information tells us a lot about how the virus infects and kills the picoplank  nthesis. the dl protein, in particular, is continuously being damaged and has to be replaced by  protein, in particular, is continuously being damaged and has to be replaced by undamaged dl ot  s continuously being damaged and has to be replaced by undamaged dl otherwise photosynthesis wo  uence of the virus shows us that it too can produce dl and d2 proteins. presumably it does this   this so that when it infects a cell it can keep photosynthesis going so that the virus has the   has the energy to reproduce itself. we wish to find out how the virus acquired these genes and
1983	14	the scientific research on phytoplankton diversity has gained much int  iques that allowed picophytoplankton to be detected and enumerated. the picophytoplankter micro  icophytoplankter micromonas pusilla has been shown to be a significant component of the picophy  ing the picophytoplankton community. it is, however, unclear how wide-spread this dominance of   ificance and functionality of virus and host in the field is highly warranted. the present stud  . pusilla and its specific viruses to c-flux within the pelagic food web. it will be for the fi  ux within the pelagic food web. it will be for the first time that a detailed comparative study   techniques will be used to detecte and quantitate m. pusilla and specific virus. the present s  ific virus. the present study will also explore the existence of distinct populations of mpv fo  is timely proposed project will largely advance our comprehension of the importance of picophyt  portance of picophytoplankton and viral control of picophytoplankton population dynamics. the r  ankton population dynamics. the results are expected to provide new insights in our understandi  ur understanding of the functioning and structure of marine pelagic food webs and geochemical c  g. the obtained data will, furthermore, be essential for a more accurate evaluation of mathemat
11004	4	we propose to undertake the first detailed study on how vi  range of molecular tools. the virus and host communities will be characterised by pfge and dgge  o characterise unculturable viruses and assess virus horizontal gene transfer processes. specif  ined in similar marine projects already being conducted by whw. the overall aim will be to asse
9935	4	we propose to undertake the first detailed study on how vi  range of molecular tools. the virus and host communities will be characterised by pfge and dgge  o characterise unculturable viruses and assess virus horizontal gene transfer processes. specif  ined in similar marine projects already being conducted by whw. the overall aim will be to asse
11607	2	ich combines considerable resources and expertise in avian sensory science and avian energetics   birds and human economic interests and inform their management.
15574	10	ility in mountain grasslands, how these are perceived to be affected by management, and linkage   grasslands, how these are perceived to be affected by management, and linkages among services,  ng services, as well as indicators they use for these services. wp2-4 will analyse current tren  . wp2-4 will analyse current trends and condition of biodiversity and ecosystem services and th  l functional responses to fertility and link them with easily measurable plant traits that resp  ty and link them with easily measurable plant traits that respond to management and affect carb  t traits that respond to management and affect carbon and nitrogen turnover. wp3 will then buil  eholders a range of scenarios of global change, including extreme changes. their impacts on eco  entify the needs of local stakeholders, land managers and policy makers, to meet these needs by   and perception of actions that need to be taken in the future for sustainable rural developmen
11372	1	earch in the south pacific; i will also use this data to explore the fine scale questions of co
14100	2	eeds 500,000 and at least 1700 of these are known to be volatile. the composition of secondary   ary metabolites is species specific and is affected by external conditions. a vast array of vol
7247	5	scientific goals it is to study the reaction of the soil-water -plant syste  it is to study the reaction of the soil-water -plant system as a result of diffuse metal pollut  o study the reaction of the soil-water -plant system as a result of diffuse metal pollution occ  tion occurring over several decades and appreciate the latency for the appearance and resorptio  ' pollution of the forest ecosystem. it is hoped to relate the state of the plant ecosystem wit
12583	8	ts to organic soils in england & wales, estimate their likely magnitude, occurrence and impact   ected data from these stakeholders have been developed by the project investigators and therefo  hreats. the causes and types of organic soil degradation will be identified and prioritised for  e reviewed of the potential carbon that could be removed from the atmosphere and stored by the   ies. the project will also describe and evaluate techniques for determining the economic benefi  mining the economic benefits of organic soil conservation and prioritise future research needs   nefits of organic soil conservation and prioritise future research needs in this area and it wi  research needs in this area and it will provide guidance on the most promising soil protection
15118	4	the intergovernmental panel on climate change predicts an increase of global   f available organic matter. at the same time, temperature is one of the major factor affecting   d with changes in discharge pattern. it is hypothesized that the interactive effect of rising r  it is hypothesized that the interactive effect of rising river water temperature and intensifyi
15119	4	the intergovernmental panel on climate change predicts an increase of global   f available organic matter. at the same time, temperature is one of the major factor affecting   ams, naturally subjected to drought and flood events, the benthic organisms usually suffer dras  d events, the benthic organisms usually suffer drastic structural and metabolic changes, from a
10479	15	ange is water availability. however, we are not the first to face this problem. lessons may be   the first to face this problem. lessons may be learned from past civilizations that grew crops   rtunately, many such landraces have now been lost by replacement with modern varieties. in some  n varieties. in some instances, we have access to those landraces through archaeobotanical rema  y that they grew shows some evidence of being adapted to drought conditions in a way that is no  igher yielding larger varieties such as was grown in the western oases, and further north up th  alley where water was not so scarce. we think this is because the nubian barley was better suit   water was not so scarce. we think this is because the nubian barley was better suited to the h   was more beautiful. in this project we intend to examine a large portion of the barley genome   is project we intend to examine a large portion of the barley genome most likely to be affected  ion of the barley genome most likely to be affected by drought stress in archaeobotanical sampl  er suited to their environment. we will determine whether adapted alleles could be utilized as    will determine whether adapted alleles could be utilized as a genetic resource for future bree  will also find out whether the landrace was kept pure , or whether a type was maintained with a  drace was kept pure , or whether a type was maintained with an influx of genetic material with
2510	6	a 21 transmembrane protein module. dek1 is an essential gene for plant development that specify  its essential role in plant development is supported by the fact that dek1 is a single gene in   ment is supported by the fact that dek1 is a single gene in all plant species investigated so f  d. to achieve the primary goal, we will sequence calpain and dek1 genes in species that are bas  plant lineage, including bryophytes and green algae. identification of calapin and dek1 functio  gae. identification of calapin and dek1 function in key species will be carried out using rnai
10145	21	for millions of people world-wide. they draw on the river water provides further contribution t  ices such as food, medicinal plants and forest products. the physical setting of river basins h   setting of river basins has additional value to the populations living in river basins, provid  basins, providing for flood storage and waste disposal. river basin landscapes are an important   other ecosystems, river basins are now subject to increasing change. many factors drive this c  pes, through changes to river flows and soil moisture levels which radically change patterns of  stant features in many river basins but are perceived to be increasing in severity and frequenc  actions and linkages between people who live in river basins and the resources and services tha  nd the resources and services that they draw from the basin. it will focus on three key aspects   that they draw from the basin. it will focus on three key aspects: *understanding the water, l  how these may be changing over the long-term in response to different drivers and pressures, *i  new ways in which people and ecosystems can increase resilience and adapt to change. in particu   ecosystems can increase resilience and adapt to change. in particular it will aim to increase    adapt to change. in particular it will aim to increase understanding of how decision-makers ca  se understanding of how decision-makers can link ecosystem services in river basins to poverty   arge and important wetlands, which thus provide the opportunity to study the linkages between t  t over past decades, meaning that there is a wealth of long-term data on which to build. the fi   meaning that there is a wealth of long-term data on which to build. the first phase of the pro  ramme is to support the livelihoods and increase the well-being of the people, by deepening the  t the livelihoods and increase the well-being of the people, by deepening the knowledge base of  ase of the processes through which they draw on the river basin and its linked ecosystems.
10979	21	for millions of people world-wide. they draw on the river water provides further contribution t  ices such as food, medicinal plants and forest products. the physical setting of river basins h   setting of river basins has additional value to the populations living in river basins, provid  basins, providing for flood storage and waste disposal. river basin landscapes are an important   other ecosystems, river basins are now subject to increasing change. many factors drive this c  pes, through changes to river flows and soil moisture levels which radically change patterns of  stant features in many river basins but are perceived to be increasing in severity and frequenc  actions and linkages between people who live in river basins and the resources and services tha  nd the resources and services that they draw from the basin. it will focus on three key aspects   that they draw from the basin. it will focus on three key aspects: - understanding the water,   how these may be changing over the long-term in response to different drivers and pressures, -   new ways in which people and ecosystems can increase resilience and adapt to change. in particu   ecosystems can increase resilience and adapt to change. in particular it will aim to increase    adapt to change. in particular it will aim to increase understanding of how decision-makers ca  se understanding of how decision-makers can link ecosystem services in river basins to poverty   arge and important wetlands, which thus provide the opportunity to study the linkages between t  t over past decades, meaning that there is a wealth of long-term data on which to build. the fi   meaning that there is a wealth of long-term data on which to build. the first phase of the pro  ramme is to support the livelihoods and increase the well-being of the people, by deepening the  t the livelihoods and increase the well-being of the people, by deepening the knowledge base of  ase of the processes through which they draw on the river basin and its linked ecosystems.
10870	1	fficiently in natural, semi-natural and man-made environments;· the necessary skills and knowle
13854	6	society for conservation biology in new york 30/7-2/8 2004. for the first time in history, more  isation on species and communities have been studied in the project fauna in urbanising areas -  ies groups, waterbirds and dragonflies, were investigated in 64 ponds and small lakes in an urb   human population, recreation pressure, road density and traffic intensity. the results showed   , recreation pressure, road density and traffic intensity. the results showed that high species  edictive models for both species groups were improved by incorporating landscape and urban dist
12566	2	summary objective: obtain biological data on the salmon caught in the west  almon, and nasco. key customer purpose: provide data required by ices to describe the west gree
12719	3	k from existing and potential wetlands, consider whether there are any common themes associated  ential wetlands, consider whether there are any common themes associated with the threats, and   themes associated with the threats, and provide recommendations on developing an evidence-based
14268	2	contextall of the partners co-operate in the design and implementation of the experim  -ordination for the experimental trials is performed by the laboratory of analytical chemistry
12155	4	rvice agreement than control plots, and use of bunded ditches was correspondingly greater than   eld impact on adjacent crops, and costs were limited to those associated with initial creation   papers, conferences, popular press and, direct to landowners and managers, via in-house advisor  rect to landowners and managers, via in-house advisors, and the gwct allerton projects ongoing
13851	4	e polycormous mountain birch forest has been described after a severe outbreak that killed most  parasitism of larvae and pupae has also been estimated. last year outbreak densities occurred a  n the abisko valley reached the highest peak since 1965 . the rate of larval parasitism was ver  been mild, all indicateing that we will have high densities or even increasing densities this s
11136	4	hen attacked by herbivores, land plants can produce volatile compounds that attract carnivorous  production of these increased when they are grazed by microzooplankton. i will build on my new    could use trace gases as a directional cue to detect and locate their preferred prey. the graz  ases as a directional cue to detect and locate their preferred prey. the grazing-induced releas
11732	7	tablished that the fluxes of carbon and water from tropical rain forests exhibit strong seasona   seasonal and interannual variation. it is not known how much each component of the soil-plant   own how much each component of the soil-plant continuum contributes to this seasonality. we pro  uum contributes to this seasonality. we propose to isolate and quantify the components of these   seasonality. we propose to isolate and quantify the components of these physiological response  ements will be used to calibrate a soil-plant-atmosphere model, which will be used to scale and   model, which will be used to scale and explore the relative importance of the various biologic
10935	4	at high densities in lake sediments and constitute an important link between pelagic and benthi  e sediments and constitute an important link between pelagic and benthic food webs. it has gene  and benthic food webs. it has generally been assumed that chironomid larvae feed directly upon   id larvae feed directly upon sedimented fine detrital material which chironomid species commonl
11860	12	coccolithophores are a unique group of microscopic marine algae that pro            coccolithophores are a unique group of microscopic marine algae that produce small sc  of caco3 needed for growth. however, it is not fully understood how ocean chemistry or the avai  e present-day ocean, and until this gap is addressed it is difficult to fully appreciate or pre  ean, and until this gap is addressed it is difficult to fully appreciate or predict how coccoli  p is addressed it is difficult to fully appreciate or predict how coccolithophores may react to   it is difficult to fully appreciate or predict how coccolithophores may react to climate chang  reciate or predict how coccolithophores may react to climate change. due to the inclusion of bo  hin coccolithophore cells, both need to be considered when examining coccolithophore growth: un  wth: understanding how coccolithophores balance cellular levels and rates of production of thes  calcification, and growth rates it will be necessary to look closely at the structure of the co  ht and nutrients. such a model can then be used to address global questions about coccolithopho
13937	7	eutrophication and fisheries, and there is no on-going research programme addressing the issue.  ing the issue. in this project, we will take an advantage of archival samples collected during   e analysis of these samples has however been discontinued in 1990s and no consistent data serie  es in fish stocks. we will complete and summarize zooplankton data focusing on 3 interrelated q  a focusing on 3 interrelated questions: is zooplankton decline, if any, influenced by fish pred  ion. to answer these questions, we will examine zooplankton stocks, biodiversity and growth rat  ll provide understanding of zooplankton-fish linkage in western baltic, a prerequisite for ecos
10382	3	isms underlying the impacts of climatic change on biodiversity is rudimentary, hindering the de  urate predictions of these impacts, and appropriate adaptation and mitigation. the aim of this   essing avian responses to environmental change, with regard to both population trends and the u
10014	1	receive training in gas chromatography, mass spectrometry and microbiological techniques at abe
413	8	the wolf debate in sweden is not new. but this time the debate emerges together w  es together with other issues that also affect sustainable administration of biodiversity in re  preserved under nature conservation and forest primary produce in the north of sweden, or the d  t of access to private land should also be valid for german tourists. should the commitment to   . should the commitment to these issues be interpreted as a sort of counter mobilisation* again   renewed cleavage lines urban-rural and centre-periphery does empirical support exist for the h  ng the cleavage lines urban – rural and centre – periphery may be of importance for the central  ut the cleavage lines rural – urban and centre – periphery. this is a multidisciplinary project
11154	2	ascertain their metabolic potential. we propose to test a hypothesis that these red fluorescent  er to meet the above objectives we will focus on molecular analysis of samples collected in the
10139	5	ing for sustainable ecosystems. it will link several social science techniques . our chosen cri  st-workshop feedback, but we shall also agree a criterion of success with each research collabo  r organisation. these criteria can then be used as the touchstone of impact. it is an expected   be used as the touchstone of impact. it is an expected outcome of wd-nace that the conceptual f  g such a model, we would expect that it could be applied to a range of settings such as by poli
10146	5	ing for sustainable ecosystems. it will link several social science techniques . our chosen cri  st-workshop feedback, but we shall also agree a criterion of success with each research collabo  r organisation. these criteria can then be used as the touchstone of impact. it is an expected   be used as the touchstone of impact. it is an expected outcome of wd-nace that the conceptual f  g such a model, we would expect that it could be applied to a range of settings such as by poli
10658	11	des. windermere, comprising two basins, is england s largest lake and one of the best studied i  rked deterioration in water quality has been observed in the last 10 to 15 years despite contin  astewater treatment works. for example, summer algal blooms have increased and concentrations o  e and protected fish, the arctic charr, have also declined dramatically in recent years. these   ies, the roach. in this project we will test the hypotheses that the roach expansion is a resul  m control by their grazer. we will also test whether the decline in arctic charr numbers result   since both feed on the zooplankton. we are in a unique position to assess the long term ramifi   on the zooplankton. we are in a unique position to assess the long term ramifications of multi  targeted, detailed analysis of the long-term data, analysis of the historical archived fish and  sues such as the importance of top-down-control, the effects of multiple stressors and possible  species invasion. the results will also be highly relevant to the management of lakes since if
9901	11	des. windermere, comprising two basins, is england s largest lake and one of the best studied i  rked deterioration in water quality has been observed in the last 10 to 15 years despite contin  astewater treatment works. for example, summer algal blooms have increased and concentrations o  e and protected fish, the arctic charr, have also declined dramatically in recent years. these   ies, the roach. in this project we will test the hypotheses that the roach expansion is a resul  m control by their grazer. we will also test whether the decline in arctic charr numbers result   since both feed on the zooplankton. we are in a unique position to assess the long term ramifi   on the zooplankton. we are in a unique position to assess the long term ramifications of multi  targeted, detailed analysis of the long-term data, analysis of the historical archived fish and  sues such as the importance of top-down-control, the effects of multiple stressors and possible  species invasion. the results will also be highly relevant to the management of lakes since if
11367	8	conservation significance, but we still have only a poor understanding of the genetic mechanism   mechanisms involved. in particular, it is not known whether inbreeding depression is generated  not known whether inbreeding depression is generated by the effects of a few or many loci. we w   effects of a few or many loci. we will provide a rigorous test of this issue using data from a  r many loci. we will provide a rigorous test of this issue using data from a wild bird populati  gests that a few key loci significantly affect survival in this population, but the current pro  will combine genotypes at a much larger number of microsatellite loci . we will also quantify t  r of microsatellite loci . we will also quantify the degree of association between different lo
10122	6	overview: we propose a comprehensive analysis of metabolic processes  ferent coccolithophore strains, we will assess diversity in the response of calcifying and non-   global carbon cycle and climate change may have a significant impact on this process. however,  d climate change may have a significant impact on this process. however, the biological functio  ns unclear. various physical roles have been proposed, including protection from grazers, incre  ological role of calcification, we will examine metabolic processes in calcifying and non-calci
10355	9	otential as sinks of carbon dioxide. we have recently discovered that mature tropical forests i  s work has opened up several questions: do the western forests grow faster because they photosy  estern forests grow faster because they photosynthesise at higher rates or do they photosynthes  they photosynthesise at higher rates or do they photosynthesise at similar rates, but have to s  tosynthesise at higher rates or do they photosynthesise at similar rates, but have to spend hig  er amounts of carbon on respiration, or allocate more to fine roots, leaving less available for  ss available for above-ground growth we propose to directly answer these questions by conductin  ve-ground growth we propose to directly answer these questions by conducting a suite of above-g  f the amazon. at one site, we will also attempt to measure nutrient demand within the soil, to
10747	9	otential as sinks of carbon dioxide. we have recently discovered that mature tropical forests i  s work has opened up several questions: do the western forests grow faster because they photosy  estern forests grow faster because they photosynthesise at higher rates or do they photosynthes  they photosynthesise at higher rates or do they photosynthesise at similar rates, but have to s  tosynthesise at higher rates or do they photosynthesise at similar rates, but have to spend hig  er amounts of carbon on respiration, or allocate more to fine roots, leaving less available for  ss available for above-ground growth we propose to directly answer these questions by conductin  ve-ground growth we propose to directly answer these questions by conducting a suite of above-g  f the amazon. at one site, we will also attempt to measure nutrient demand within the soil, to
9976	9	otential as sinks of carbon dioxide. we have recently discovered that mature tropical forests i  s work has opened up several questions: do the western forests grow faster because they photosy  estern forests grow faster because they photosynthesise at higher rates or do they photosynthes  they photosynthesise at higher rates or do they photosynthesise at similar rates, but have to s  tosynthesise at higher rates or do they photosynthesise at similar rates, but have to spend hig  er amounts of carbon on respiration, or allocate more to fine roots, leaving less available for  ss available for above-ground growth we propose to directly answer these questions by conductin  ve-ground growth we propose to directly answer these questions by conducting a suite of above-g  f the amazon. at one site, we will also attempt to measure nutrient demand within the soil, to
15440	7	interspecific variation, evolution, and function of the foot-shaking displays of lizards belong  omplementary approaches. first, we will conduct a multispecies comparative study, which will in  ine if the interspecifc patterns we see are in whole or in part due to phylogenetic history or   ective pressures. specifically, we will use available lacertid phylogenies and comparative phyl   foot-shaking displays. second, we will conduct a detailed study of the function of foot-shakin  atory experiments. in addition, we will test whether motion characteristics of the foot-shaking  ents. in addition, we will test whether motion characteristics of the foot-shaking displays are
11814	25	ls mate once in their life while others mate with many males each day. this results in enormous   behaviour, to how their social systems are arranged. many animals are highly adapted to a syst   mate frequently. a male will generally have fewer offspring if a female he mates with goes on    on to mate with another male, who will father some of her offspring. this evolutionary pressur  ome of her offspring. this evolutionary pressure on males has caused the evolution of male trai  ort to block her reproductive tract and prevent her mating with other males. females in turn ha  eece remate, whereas those from england do not. fortunately, the flies are reproductively compa  nerations. this will mix the genes they carry each generation, resulting in many lines of flies  om mix of greek and english dna. then i can test these flies for willingness to remate. some wi   remate despite inheriting only a small amount of dna from the greek population. this will tell  nes important for willingness to remate must be found in that section of dna. i can work out wh  a. i can work out which sections of dna are greek and which are english by looking at tiny diff  mportant in controlling remating. if we can understand which genes cause remating, this will he  nd consequences better. moreover, if we can use this knowledge to develop ways to prevent remat  mosome called srs. normal x chromosomes are passed on to half a male s offspring, while the oth  e passed on to half a male s offspring, while the other half inherits his y chromosome. but whe  and all their offspring inherit the srs x chromosome. this allows the srs chromosome to spread   lows the srs chromosome to spread as it is passed on to more offspring that the normal x, but i  ut it also causes male carriers to only have daughters, and to produce less sperm than normal m  duce less sperm than normal males. this can cause populations to mostly consist of females, and  s. this can cause populations to mostly consist of females, and potentially could wipe entire p  tly consist of females, and potentially could wipe entire populations out due to a total lack o  annot spread. but in d. subobscura, srs is only found in the southern populations where females  n populations where females remate, and is never found in the northern populations where female   under which srs can spread, and why it is not found in the northern single mating populations.
13560	7	reases soil moisture retention; we will determine the response of n fixation to soil moisture s  by investigating these three factors we believe that we will be in a strong position to underst  e three factors we believe that we will be in a strong position to understand the mechanisms by   we believe that we will be in a strong position to understand the mechanisms by which n fixati  tand the mechanisms by which n fixation is promoted during long-term succession, and thus devel  hich n fixation is promoted during long-term succession, and thus develop an improved knowledge  d during long-term succession, and thus develop an improved knowledge on what determines n avai
11121	6	canary island lizard, gallotia galloti is characterised on tenerife by east-west mitochondrial  ti is characterised on tenerife by east-west mitochondrial lineages reflecting historical proce  ngs on the trunk and shoulder. a recent study of nuclear markers found gene flow was associated  tudy of nuclear markers found gene flow was associated with uv markings rather than phylogeogra  ms to determine whether the uv markings are involved in sexual selection; specifically whether   as potential as a precursor to a larger study of the role of sexual selection in generating bio
12162	5	rity and health of soil resource. there is therefore a need to identify opportunities for simul  e benefits from es agreements. there is evidence that increases in plant diversity can deliver   dence that increases in plant diversity can deliver a range of benefits including grassland fau  al diversity and abundance enhancement, soil structural amelioration and nutrient retention and  on and nutrient retention and agronomic value in terms of forage quality. this project will pro
14468	9	ize the genetic resources of wild small fruit species /blueberry-black and red, raspberry and s  phytopathological evaluation, metabolic profile, dna analysis, microbiological analyses in orde  tudy of genetic diversity in wild small fruit species through dna markers will allow a selectio   genotypes, showing a different genetic profile with a view to limiting the reduction of biodiv  nt activity of extracts from wild small fruit species, their activity against viruses from diff  f the metabolite profiles of wild small fruit species which are rich source of phenol compounds  wild small fruit species which are rich source of phenol compounds /in particular flavonoids /w  of the complex assessment of wild small fruit species will be created a unique collection of ge  otypes with valuable characteristics to be used as a resource in agriculture, pharmacy, medicin
2213	5	fferent monitoring methods and how this is related the life history traits of different species  s of the ecosystem. the goals are to: • examine the idea of dynamic monitoring systems, i.e. th  the status and trends of the species. • evaluate the willingness by stakeholders to perform dif  perform different monitoring methods. • test the precision of catch-per-unit effort and hunters  as, together with harvest and impact. • develop guidelines for wildlife manager
10066	7	by 2020, 15% of the uk s energy is to be generated from renewable sources, according to the g   and siting of turbines, and on pre-and post-construction monitoring protocols will be produced  ction of turbines which could otherwise be prevented. methods this project will use methods dev  nd bats to evaluate mortality rates and bat activity levels. in addition, we will investigate w  t activity levels. in addition, we will investigate whether there are behavioural differences i  tion, we will investigate whether there are behavioural differences in bats at wind turbine and  n mitigation and and protocols for pre-/post-construction monitoring
11679	20	natural diamonds are formed at high pressures and temperatures deep with  ch fluids in the mantle, they sometimes encapsulate small pieces of the minerals that occur at   ccur at great depth in the earth. these are called mineral inclusions. the diamonds are then tr  e mineral inclusions are very rare, and offer a truly unique glimpse into what is an otherwise   are very rare, and offer a truly unique glimpse into what is an otherwise inaccessible portion    into what is an otherwise inaccessible portion of the earth. they are very important for study  inaccessible portion of the earth. they are very important for studying the types of materials   near the earth s surface. from this, we can conclude that surface materials can be transported    we can conclude that surface materials can be transported to great depth, helping to constrain  a whole-mantle process or whether there are discrete convecting regimes in the mantle. if diamo  ting regimes in the mantle. if diamonds can be identified that have mineral inclusions that for  at formed in earth s lower mantle, this can give considerable support to a whole-mantle convect  ower mantle, this can give considerable support to a whole-mantle convection model. some very r  an give considerable support to a whole-mantle convection model. some very rare inclusions seem  tion about their mantle protoliths, and constrain the conditions of diamond formation and the d  t which kimberlite magmas form. we have been fortunate to obtain a large suite of diamonds from  - perhaps in the lower mantle. here, we propose a two-year project for a comprehensive geochemi  erimental investigation of these unique diamond inclusions. by analyzing their chemical and iso  l and isotopic composition in detail we can obtain important information about how the diamonds  ns through high pressure experiments we can place constraints on the depths of origin of the ma
12695	1	how adverse effects posed by windfarms can be minimised.
11122	1	such as ice crystals and glacial flour can be ruled out. a researcher will bring back water sa
13483	4	uitment variation. variations in winter/ice-cover conditions have large impact on individuals a   winter/ice-cover conditions have large impact on individuals and aquatic ecosystems by changin   in winter conditions on top consumers –fish in laboratory, estimating foraging abilities, diet   production on fish population dynamics is analysed using models parameterized for arctic char
2060	2	d to central and northern fennoscandia, is generally labelled as vulnerable, but with distinct   egian wolverine population, the project is designed to enable predictability of the impact wolv
12025	1	sity of woody plants, from various life-form from climbers to trees, and different functional g
11590	6	ogical impacts of development in the uk is under detailed evaluation by defra, natural england,  fra, natural england, conservationists, land owners and developers. to assist with finding an e  ill address some of the most urgent and cross-cutting challenges for the potential large scale   ting challenges for the potential large scale implementation of biodiversity offsetting in the   orkshops 2 and 3 will involve a similar mix of scientists and end users.. all events will be fo  involve a similar mix of scientists and end users.. all events will be followed by reports to d
7228	1	we propose to operate a laboratory exceptional both in ter
6883	7	there are 67 genera and 551 species known in eriococcidae fam  nd 1990 7 new genera and 80 new species were described in the world. this trend similar till no  n regions. in the world 15% new species were described between 1981 and 1990. in our region 26%  and 1990. in our region 26% new species were found after 1960. the members of this family are k   after 1960. the members of this family are known all over the world. the most detailed informa  . in the last years several new species were described in different parts of the world. to unde  lier data show that a lot of new result could be expected in this family. our preliminary studi
12284	7	ulture also generates external costs or negative public goods; specifically, diffuse pollution   or negative public goods; specifically, diffuse pollution to air and water. mitigating greenhou   production per unit food produced that could be attributed to genetic improvement. this study   hat further reductions in ghg emissions could be achieved via genetic selection based on curren  current indices and that this reduction could be increased if livestock breeding goals changed   nd profitability. the project will also examine how indices would change if the breeding goal s  e subsequent environmental and economic impact on the system. finally, the project will examine
13842	6	acilite the use of these markers on non-model organisms. in this project we propose the use of   non-model organisms. in this project we propose the use of such markers for the study of wild a  nd females play in populations. we will use y chromosome sequences to assess the phylogenetic r  th the mitochondrial phylogeny. we will develop snp markers to study the relationship between t  study the relationship between european wolf populations and to assess the frequency of their h  . finally, these last markers will also be used to assess the biases in the contribution of the
14815	3	the future. 30 wild plant species have been chosen , total protein, fat, minerals, vitamins an  0 wild plant species have been chosen , total protein, fat, minerals, vitamins and other antiox  ecies have been chosen , total protein, fat, minerals, vitamins and other antioxidants will be
12170	2	sources and nest sites in summer. there is now growing concern that set-aside loss will have de  ventional cropped farmland habitats and land under agri-environment scheme options in both summ
2072	6	, where vast areas of savannah annually are flooded and set under shallow water, is among the m  re flooded and set under shallow water, is among the most diverse ecosystems on earth. crucial   ional biodiversity are the complex land-water interactions, where terrestrial and aquatic ecosy  s. most of these interactions have only been superficially investigated. several anthropogenic   osystem level research project, it will improve our understanding of highly diverse tropical ec  gement in the future. the study is a co-project of the university of oslo , in co-operation wit
190	9	mesozooplankton is an essential component of the pelagic food-web of in  essential component of the pelagic food-web of intermediate and upper trophic levels of marine   n zooplankton studies has been its long-term dynamics and identification of factors responsible  antic region. although plankton may not be the best indicator for tracking the effects of eutro  mical composition of the sea water have been found to be mirrored in the mesozooplankton variab  ion of the sea water have been found to be mirrored in the mesozooplankton variability. one of   atic sea, herring and sprat, can mostly be attributed to changes in their food resource – mesoz   general objective of the proposed sudy is identification of the long-term dynamics in phenolog  osed sudy is identification of the long-term dynamics in phenology, diversity and abundance/bio