Id	Number of occurences	Forms
12058	3	the lands farmed. in response to global change, the imas project focuses on the definition and   f farmer, commercial, and institutional seed systems. the project works in the field on two con  u collections. the proposed methodology is based on the joint construction of innovative tools
13377	3	sub-project 2:research project on conservation and evaluati  anatolia region: almond which pruducted seed propogation that showed rich variations since cent  on is suitable for growing almond there is a genetical variation in southeast anatolia region.
14564	1	the subproject is a part of the fauna iberica viii proyect. the aim is
2160	3	ld atlantic salmon stock fishing sector are included. next, the various values and costs involv  and it will be studied how these values are affected by escaped farmed salmon. both collected d  through stated preferences analysis and market data for fishing permits will be applied.
7114	1	this project. types or traits must also be a centerpiece new diagnostic tools available
7115	7	, the great limestone plateaus where it is slowed down by the persistence of a dynamic agricult   subméditerranéennes limestone barrens, is a laboratory where we can draw general lessons in te  stone barrens, is a laboratory where we can draw general lessons in terms of agriculture / biod   interactions. in this territory, there are many operating systems and many mid closing stages.  d closing stages. moreover, lawns there are colonized by a small number of woody species with r  r, lawns there are colonized by a small number of woody species with rather contrasting ecologi  sting ecological behavior; therefore it is possible to have a process centered on a few species
7119	3	y in agricultural activity. for this we have two complementary sub-objectives: 1 - locally and   cussion. 2 - on the scale of farming we assess the economic, agronomic and social consequences   ity management objectives. we will also discuss the influence of social representations of biod
7122	2	aphids form at the french and european level a very diverse group characterized by substantial  ausible scenarios of climate change and use of space for the coming years to develop hypotheses
7127	10	potential ecological impacts of global change, its consequences for the functioning of species  to changes individually, global changes can lead to the decoupling of the different actors in a  , in the specific and mandatory mutual, lack of ecological redundancy implies a greater risk of  ecological redundancy implies a greater risk of rupture of the interaction and consequently the  ently the loss of biodiversity. we will study the impact of global change on three specific and  ity. we will study the impact of global change on three specific and mandatory mutual insect pl  lative and experimental approaches, and is based on the comparison of three contrasting systems  ypervariable molecular markers, we will study phylogeography to identify the history of each sy  ons to global changes. the experimental approach, focused on plant response to partners increas  e specific mutualisms mandatory, global change
7142	5	terest in studying the impact of global change on ecosystems: it is firstly an important compon  pact of global change on ecosystems: it is firstly an important component of biodiversity, but   rtant component of biodiversity, but it is also an effective bio- indicator of the changes. we   ctive bio- indicator of the changes. we propose to study the impact of climate change on vegeta   the high altitudinal thermal gradient, are the perfect place to detect early effects of global
7186	6	n of phytoplankton species, and pelagic drift system was the main objective of the experimental   experimental mesocosm. all experiments were carried out successfully and provided us a unique   ded us a unique data set, but when this is done, the effects on the ecosystem does not perceive  , the effects on the ecosystem does not perceive quickly. This study provides information on th  vasive phenomena, if Caulerpa taxifolia was erected in an interesting fact the whole society, i  irits throughout the coast of Brittany, is crepidula fornicata the particular case of scientist
7197	3	se spaces, for which three case studies were selected. it is through a combination of case stud  ch three case studies were selected. it is through a combination of case studies, that it will   mbination of case studies, that it will be possible to understand a very different variety of s
7245	6	is, or population viability analysis. * test the predictive ability of stochastic models of pop   the end of the thesis project, we will test the predictive ability of pva models used by conse  in collaboration with david claessen. * use knowledge acquired in the framework of a conservati   a result of these fundamental work, we use the results of a study of biodiversity in seine and  of a study of biodiversity in seine and marl to establish a mapping of the risk of extinction r  k of extinction reptile populations and propose sustainable protective measures.
7264	3	research on phylogenetic structure of biodiversity experiencing unprecedented gr  ng question: at the scale of geological time, how changing the phylogenetic structure of animal  cal time, how changing the phylogenetic structure of animal communities from selected fossil re
7274	3	allee s- effect due to the limitation compatible partners in sel  . its evaluation in natural populations is hampered by the technological barrier formed by the    locus genotyping of difficulty in non- model species. the project aims to test the application
7279	2	ole of papuan karsts on groundwater and surface ichtyodiversité. dip integrates the study of ph  l models through new collaborations and propose a nav in 2011
7285	3	we build a robust phylogeny of the genus leucadendron, fro  rticular species,. . pubescens, we will identify the genetic divergence between populations and  ions will be characterized. finally, we model the evolution of life history traits under differ
7297	7	Electroactive biofilms are the subject of a recent and very active internation  ery active international research. they constitute, in effect, a rough track for producing inex  ugh track for producing inexpensive and stable electricity in time by achieving the microbial f  city in time by achieving the microbial fuel cells. these are systems providing for the direct   ed as a "hot spot" for biodiversity. it is possible to imagine such biodiversity quune in a mac  uch biodiversity quune in a macroscopic sense strongly relies on microscopic communities adapte  ot accessible by conventional crops and create a unique collection of electroactive microorgani
7299	2	plants, for their sessile nature, exhibit great plasticity to adapt to environmental stre  tic stress, the generation of oxidative stress in vivo. this project seeks to highlight, in wil
7312	4	ean project brings together 14 european research institutions. it was designed to investigate t  r 14 european research institutions. it was designed to investigate the ability of different ty   to this end, quantitative methods have been developed to assess the effects of amp. at the end   end of the project, a set of proposals were provided to the eu to develop the amp as fisheries
7363	1	arsénié will be explored by a proteomic approach
7367	1	n each of these registers. in situ part is developed in the current research, ex situ been part
7387	1	tolerate trypanosomiasis. qtl analysis was performed and transcriptomic studies are underway t
7425	1	innovative tool will identify, map and analyze the biodiversity of this territory phytovirale.
7428	8	cereal crops. the use of molluscicides is the most used control technology. however, these pro  ol technology. however, these products, even when used at low doses, are extremely toxic to the   products, even when used at low doses, are extremely toxic to the whole animal. also cases of   l. also cases of direct mortality, they concentrate in food chains and directly affect natural   concentrate in food chains and directly affect natural predators of slugs such as ground beetle   prevent the damage caused by slugs and limit the use of molluscicides. the project is located   t the use of molluscicides. the project is located in the heart of beauce, on a site designated   birds, classified otherwise vulnerable zone under the nitrates directive
7500	5	some soils, said disease resistant, limit their particular microflora by the ability of pat  enic microorganisms to survive and / or infect the plant. the objective is to analyze the genet  ematically included, and they will also be studied by quantitative pcr dna on total soil to val  will for the first time comprehensively characterize genetic resources resistant floors, and id  genetic resources resistant floors, and identify biological indicators to manage the pest soil
7502	2	better understand and characterize the genetic diversity is a key objective t  rsity is a key objective to improve and develop new sires that best meet the needs of the curre
7551	2	and the different insulating sequences are studied on the genomic region. we hope to obtain qu  s are studied on the genomic region. we hope to obtain quantized data to a hierarchy of factors
7552	4	cocotier est une plante pérenne qui ne dispose que d’un seul mode de conservation assuré par l  e d’un seul mode de conservation assuré par le maintien de collection en champ. il est caractér  collection en champ. il est caractérisé par une graine de type « récalcitrant », non dormante,   ucteurs et les prospections. la mise au point d’une technique de cryoconservation du méristème
7558	4	many molecular biology methods have been developed that allow the genetic characterization   enetic variability and its dynamics. we propose to develop a general approach for the character  e of this method in theory to guide and speed up the process at the experimental level, ii and   peed up the process at the experimental level, ii and to have a means to generalize this method
7560	5	varied ecological features both trophic level as their life history traits, they are especially  evel as their life history traits, they are especially important in the soil ecosystem. the str   out to be a relevant indicator for bio-study of environmental change. we propose to couple mol  r bio-study of environmental change. we propose to couple molecular characterization to classic  t of a bio-indicator based on molecular tool for comparative analysis of soil samples nématofau
7566	4	the observed variability in saffron. we study the genetic variability between different geograp  rigins using molecular markers. we also plan to characterize derivatives of saffron and variabi  lel to this project, cultural practices are studied in order to assess the fit between them and  ristics of cultivated material if there is a genetic variability in saffron. otherwise, the div
7576	5	d ways of production and processing. we propose to study in us pushing the network of producers  he network, objectives that each farmer is fixed individually or collectively through conservat  selection of people on the farm we will assess the relevance and effectiveness of this method o  rop biodiversity. the project will also characterize the specific qualities sought by these far  es sought by these farmers and how they are expressed in the manner of cultures
7584	5	es frozen donkey does very occasionally fertilize the anesses despite a satisfactory mobility a   as cryoprotectant. in this project, it is proposed to study other cryoprotectants as glycerol   en added costs of these cryoprotectants is measured. then, after thawing, the mobility and intr   this phenomenon of "toxicity" glycerol may exist, to a much lesser extent in horses. we will t  a much lesser extent in horses. we will try to highlight this phenomenon
7586	4	ce of the National cichorium collection are made by the national network, led by GEVES forefoot  nder the brg. To date, 168 descriptions were performed on 236 accessions. a comparison of pheno  tion. the use of STMS markers will also evaluate the degree of heterozygosity of individuals, t   heterozygosity of individuals, thereby refine the description of the genetic diversity of popu
7609	6	horizontal gene transfer is recognized as a fundamental mechanism of bacterial e   labeled with this dna. this technology is applied specifically to recover the bacteria from th  cules dna marked for identification and even, thanks to new technologies, fully sequenced their  objectives of the project"nanogénomique"are to develop and validate protocols grafting and cell  roject"nanogénomique"are to develop and validate protocols grafting and cell manipulation, firs  in order to increase the efficiency and speed of remediation treatments
7612	6	of these heavy metals. in france there are many sites and soils polluted by metals, mostly due  quantities of sludge polluted by metals are generated annually by the dredging of waterways and  th of france, the volume of sediment to be dredged is thus estimated at three million cubic met  hus have negative aspects, because that can help the spread of contaminants or bioaccumulation.  . further oxygenation dredged sediments may alter the speciation of the metals present. at pres  under the generic term phytoremediation may provide an alternative solution to this problem. th
7614	4	the purifying capacity of the mangrove was supported as part of the tender ie2007, so this is    renewal application for the year 2009, demand in 2008 nayant not retained. the project goal is  communities. an experimental pilot site was equipped to mayotte, other species such as crabs, b  e still little studied. at the societal level, this new mode of treatment requires information
7718	2	motion the project is focused by researchers at inra, cirad and the cemagr  to generate knowledge to understand and report on the conditions of the possible forms and impl
11864	7	ell known as nutrients from fertilisers can enter the water from agricultural land causing plan  of terrestrial material entering a lake can be affected by climate change and land management p  e can be affected by climate change and land management practices. the consumption of terrestri   carbon by species in the lake can also be affected by invasive species such as the zebra musse  ussel which voraciously consumes within-lake carbon and is rapidly spreading through irish and   ciously consumes within-lake carbon and is rapidly spreading through irish and u.k. lakes, caus  ast will investigate this important new field of research to shed light on the complicated food
14269	2	ontinuously increasing socio-economical interest in marine resources urges the need for a decis  ecision making framework to objectively allocate the different user functions at the belgian co
10966	26	speleothems in particular can be related to climatic conditions such as sources o  as sources of moisture, temperature and amount of rainfall above each cave. these oxygen isotop   responds to, and whether the recording is biased or altered during the process of speleothem g  of climate - vegetation - groundwater - cave - speleothem. thus climate reconstruction from spe  ng d18o to other aspects of climate. we aim to accomplish both steps and develop a fully-calibr  te. we aim to accomplish both steps and develop a fully-calibrated climate record from gibralta  s of the last 200,000 years. our recent work in new st michaels cave, located high up in the ro  ars. our recent work in new st michaels cave, located high up in the rock of gibraltar, focused   isotopic composition. from all this we can deduce the causes of the seasonal isotopic and chem  in a recently deposited stalagmite, and relate relevant parts of the seasonal signal to the iso  d relate relevant parts of the seasonal signal to the isotopic composition of rainfall during t  nter months. a key result is that there are specific conditions when speleothems record climate  re specific conditions when speleothems record climate most accurately, and if these are met th  d climate most accurately, and if these are met the isotopic composition of rainfall can be rec  et the isotopic composition of rainfall can be reconstructed. in our new work we shall examine   infall can be reconstructed. in our new work we shall examine the second step - how the modern    of gibraltar s historic climate record can be used to derive a calibrated transfer function re  r function relating d18o to climate. we intend to test this calibration using stalagmite formed  lifted by geological forces, caves have been elevated as speleothem grew. we shall investigate   how the calibration from modern records may have to be adapted for application in more ancient   bration from modern records may have to be adapted for application in more ancient times. to ac  imes. to achieve this last objective we must compare the microclimate, air and water chemistry    must compare the microclimate, air and water chemistry of low and high level caves to understa  ferent altitude. we shall then date and analyse stalagmites formed since the last interglacial    interglacial for their isotope ratios, trace elements and water trapped within the mineral, wh  mates in the western mediterranean, and can be compared directly with computer climate models.
10847	8	sahfos will produce a cd and web-based gridded database of 10 key plankton taxa for   cd and web-based gridded database of 10 key plankton taxa for the north atlantic using continuo   and other variables using state-of-the-art spatial interpolation methods that have been develo  spatial interpolation methods that have been developed at sahfos . the project will also includ  loped at sahfos . the project will also include an update of the north sea database to include   948-2002. plots of annual, seasonal and long-term means can also be easily produced. statistica  , seasonal and long-term means can also be easily produced. statistical tests on the reliabilit  us of a sahfos contribution to the 2004 summer exhibition at the royal society.
10093	6	ys an important role in landscapes that are shaped by wind-driven is limited to descriptive obs  ndscapes that are shaped by wind-driven is limited to descriptive observations and reasoning. t  tions and reasoning. this is especially true for vegetated dune fields on a landscape scale, an  egetation in each cell. these movements are controlled by a set of simple rules that dictate in  tive understanding of vegetated aeolian landscape development to ensure that the model generate  he model is then used to systematically investigate exactly how and why various kinds of plant
14360	5	our environment. remote sensing methods can be utilized to this end but existing data and class  g remote sensing methodologies have not been tested vigorously for operational purposes. the ob  ata. for this, an enhanced state-of-the-art classification framework will be designed and model  ing. the vegetation condition will also be assessed using model inversion. results expected - 6  ng - integrated processing chain for sr image reconstruction including classification framework
12585	12	projects will be presented and we will give recommendations for future set up, management and   ts as well as their long term goals and analyse adaptive management towrads these over the life  se over the lifetime of the project. it is evident that many restoration projects started with   nd as a vehicle to fulfill psa targets, while in recent years the emphasis has shifted to soil   rs the emphasis has shifted to soil and water conservation, enhancement of carbon sequestration  ation for climate change mitigation and flood protection goals. these changing objectives and a  se to new understanding. at a technical level, this project will identify the difficulties that   identify the difficulties that need to be overcome in the use of identified restoration and ma  h project, and on how the projects have been funded. to understand the importance of public fun  refore collate existing information and expertise from existing and planned peat restoration ma  d peat restoration management projects, identify avenues for success as well as problem areas a  or success as well as problem areas and provide guidance for future peat restoration and manage
7633	8	teria directly from the environment and clone the banks to form so-called metagenomic dna. our   eam coordinated a nav ground. "genefish"is indeed based on the concept of inoculation in the so   inoculation in the soil of a bacterial strain specifically constructed to trap genes indigenou  f dna. the principle of this technology is recalled in the following sections and its developme   following sections and its development was made possible, at least partially, due to support o  evelopment, we seek help to exploit and demonstrate that this technology can complement traditi  it and demonstrate that this technology can complement traditional approaches and help to achie  n complement traditional approaches and help to achieve the ultimate goal of"terragenome"which
12716	1	plexity of freshwater alveolates: a new threat to frogs 2. laying the taxonomic foundations for
1973	6	ies to explore processes that expand or reduce reproductive isolation. hybridization between in  pecies has been recently documented and may have significant evolutionary consequences for one   ral species of rocky intertidal shores, are commercially exploited for a variety of products, a  ted for a variety of products, and have been implicated as biodiversity indicators. until now,   ives of the proposed research are to: 1 analyze the structure and dynamics of hybrid zones invo  f hybrid zones involving fucus serratus x f. evanescens, using nuclear and organellar dna polym
11767	5	ms. in terms of ecosystem science, they combine some of the attributes of temperate forests qua  uantify the the effects of temperature, litter quality and rainfall on the decay rates of leaf   itter, woody debris, humic material and soil organic matter, by conducting a translocation expe   where samples of litter, dead wood and soil with be swapped between different elevations along  ples of litter, dead wood and soil with be swapped between different elevations along the trans
11791	4	ms. in terms of ecosystem science, they combine some of the attributes of temperate forests qua  ts quantify the effects of temperature, litter quality and rainfall on organic matter decay rat   where samples of litter, dead wood and soil with be swapped between different elevations along  ples of litter, dead wood and soil with be swapped between different elevations along the trans
9983	5	ms. in terms of ecosystem science, they combine some of the attributes of temperate forests qua  uantify the the effects of temperature, litter quality and rainfall on the decay rates of leaf   itter, woody debris, humic material and soil organic matter, by conducting a translocation expe   where samples of litter, dead wood and soil with be swapped between different elevations along  ples of litter, dead wood and soil with be swapped between different elevations along the trans
11446	4	we propose a study of the structure of the core-mantle bou  se a study of the structure of the core-mantle boundary beneath an active hotspot to test the i  at the thermal buoyancy flux of a plume is fed by a catchment area under the plume centre. this  urce is deep in the mantle, at the core-mantle boundary. the work will involve analysis of diff
10169	6	to the c.214 ma. manicouagan event and is the first such record in world stratigraphy. it is i  t such record in world stratigraphy. it is intended to refine the geochronology, establish the   s intended to refine the geochronology, establish the chronostratigraphy and use a range of ind  y, establish the chronostratigraphy and use a range of indicators to gauge the nature, scale an  t of the environmental catastrophe that can be attributed to one of the planets largest impact   . a highly qualified international team is focused on maximising the information yield, with an
13583	3	all species can be identified by unique dna sequences. dna barcodin   by unique dna sequences. dna barcoding is a global initiative that aims to produce a catalogue  ill allow non-specialists to accurately identify species, and since barcodes work on all life s
10022	15	line for some 20 years, only the recent advance in sequencing technology and bioinformatics has  ormatics tools. in this project we will tackle these issues in one major portion of the tree-of  -of-life, the holometabolan insects. we have already developed a set of bioinformatic scripts f   this here to the analysis of the large number of available data for insects. we will also prov   provide scripts to enable an iterative process to update this database regularly for an ever e  of concatenated data matrices will also be available for download so that members of the resear   that members of the research community may combine them with their data for their own studies.   species and sequences, a pool of large-scale phylogenetic trees representing each individual g  ionally to this the collection of trees can be used to investigate and explore the partially un  of trees can be used to investigate and explore the partially unresolved relationships of the i   systematics by compiling all available sequence information for commonly used genes. finally,   monly used genes. finally, an important function of the database is its use in identifying unkn  ize the increasing amounts of taxonomic sequence data that are now ready for a general synthesi  of taxonomic sequence data that are now ready for a general synthesis and broad scale phylogene  ans and in a short time period, we will be able to make great progress towards building the uni
12421	2	mary objectives: to deliver a flexible, fit-for-purpose monitoring strategy for key parts of uk  it requires comprehensive judgements to be made on a wide range of ecosystem components.
7386	2	n content, major character of the wood, is closely linked to the expression of the gene ccr. th  omic, genetic, statistical modeling and wood chemistry
15023	11	rodents, a group which displays a large size variability, ranging from the smallest species of    100 g of body mass, to capybara, which can attain 60 kg. hystricomorph rodents also shows a ve  ch a way that the mandibular structures are used in important roles others that feeding, and in   feeding, and in some cases those roles are associated to locomotor specializations. for exampl  or example, although in the group there are several families where diggers are present, only in  e present, only in some cases incisives are used for burrowing, while in other cases digging ad  cases incisives are used for burrowing, while in other cases digging adaptation depends only on  ze and function factors. methodology to be used would include classical bivariant and multivari  g of mandibular measurements, oclussive surface, and myological parameters extracted from disse  n the species where in vivo experiments could be done, bite forces would be registered by means  cers. both kind of forces would have to be related. in the cases where the phylogenetic signal
7643	7	nd theories. but so far no research has been undertaken to analyzed how these relationships var  g coral fish communities as a model, we propose to investigate how these relationships may vary  factors ranging from local to regional, panel life traits, this over spatial scales and accordi  ndreds of functional groups. the global decline of coral, a major problem for the future of the  jor problem for the future of the reefs is linked to global change: the proposed modeling shoul  future of the reefs is linked to global change: the proposed modeling should bring answers to t   decline of coral. this work could also draw attention to the enormous potential of data on cor
10029	13	he impacts of global climate change, it is important that we monitor the health of ecosystems o  climate change, it is important that we monitor the health of ecosystems over large areas. remo  empts to improve the resolution of what can be resolved on the ground. this is a complex task,   bed features. research projects usually focus on a specific ecosystem and issue / for example,   aweeds on a reef in bermuda although we may conclude the answer is no , we cannot extrapolate t  h we may conclude the answer is no , we cannot extrapolate that answer elsewhere. this is becau  r elsewhere. this is because we usually do not understand the precise cause of the result. in t  cise cause of the result. in this case, are the colours of bermudian corals and seaweeds too si  r to view the seabed properly to really understand our results / and compare them to others / w   to really understand our results / and compare them to others / we need a generic model of how  sults / and compare them to others / we need a generic model of how remote sensing works in an   as most seabeds are - has only recently been modelled. we achieved this modelling using radiosi  and ecological data. taken together, we can identify the value of acquiring accurate data at ea
11058	13	he impacts of global climate change, it is important that we monitor the health of ecosystems o  climate change, it is important that we monitor the health of ecosystems over large areas. remo  empts to improve the resolution of what can be resolved on the ground. this is a complex task,   bed features. research projects usually focus on a specific ecosystem and issue / for example,   aweeds on a reef in bermuda although we may conclude the answer is no , we cannot extrapolate t  h we may conclude the answer is no , we cannot extrapolate that answer elsewhere. this is becau  r elsewhere. this is because we usually do not understand the precise cause of the result. in t  cise cause of the result. in this case, are the colours of bermudian corals and seaweeds too si  r to view the seabed properly to really understand our results / and compare them to others / w   to really understand our results / and compare them to others / we need a generic model of how  sults / and compare them to others / we need a generic model of how remote sensing works in an   as most seabeds are - has only recently been modelled. we achieved this modelling using radiosi  and ecological data. taken together, we can identify the value of acquiring accurate data at ea
11205	4	viral lysis of marine phytoplankton is recognised as playing a key role in global biogeoche  ith a new toolbox of techniques that we propose to use to investigate the unique life histories  he largest virus genomes known. we will develop an emiliania huxleyi virus microarray and use t   emiliania huxleyi virus microarray and use transcriptomics to determine function of an estimat
10674	2	at the tr/j boundary. in particular, we aim to test the accuracy and utility of vertebrate-base  rtebrate-based biostratigraphies, as it is likely that the widespread, uncritical adoption of s
10807	20	careful observation of fishes will also highlight that each species is more abundant in some pl   like any species, the number of fishes is dictated by rates of births, deaths, immigrations, a  neously. for example, death rates might be affected by the number of fishes being eaten by othe  ght be affected by the number of fishes being eaten by other fishes, the amount of fishing, and  ion with other species or because there is not enough food. furthermore, birth rates are diffic  ate because most fish larvae are small, develop away from reefs, and are hard to count when the  are small, develop away from reefs, and are hard to count when they do arrive at a particular s  efs, and are hard to count when they do arrive at a particular site. despite these problems, if  lar site. despite these problems, if we could make a realistic model of the processes controlli   problems, if we could make a realistic model of the processes controlling the number of fishes  portant insights into reef ecology, and aid conservation work. there have been lots of studies   ing fish populations, and this means it is possible to link them together to construct an overa  rall theoretical model. for example, we know that predation by carnivorous fishes significantly  r of juvenile fishes on a reef. we also know that habitats with more coral will support more fi   will support more fishes because there are more places for fishes to hide and avoid predators.   are more places for fishes to hide and avoid predators. i have developed a theoretical model t  edators. i have developed a theoretical model that summarises all these interactions. structura  effective marine reserves. for example, is it better to place a marine reserve where lots of fi  ive marine reserves. for example, is it better to place a marine reserve where lots of fish lar  s of fish larvae arrive, or where there are large areas of nursery habitat
11001	5	trial, freshwater and marine vertebrate is parasitized by nematodes to examine the origins and   ion of infection. the key challenges to be addressed now are to identify regions of vertebrate    the key challenges to be addressed now are to identify regions of vertebrate and nematode geno  ematode genomes where genetic diversity is maintained through the continued interaction between  ctive processes by which this diversity is maintained.
11003	5	trial, freshwater and marine vertebrate is parasitized by nematodes to examine the origins and   ion of infection. the key challenges to be addressed now are to identify regions of vertebrate    the key challenges to be addressed now are to identify regions of vertebrate and nematode geno  ematode genomes where genetic diversity is maintained through the continued interaction between  ctive processes by which this diversity is maintained.
11199	5	trial, freshwater and marine vertebrate is parasitized by nematodes to examine the origins and   ion of infection. the key challenges to be addressed now are to identify regions of vertebrate    the key challenges to be addressed now are to identify regions of vertebrate and nematode geno  ematode genomes where genetic diversity is maintained through the continued interaction between  ctive processes by which this diversity is maintained.
11517	5	trial, freshwater and marine vertebrate is parasitized by nematodes to examine the origins and   ion of infection. the key challenges to be addressed now are to identify regions of vertebrate    the key challenges to be addressed now are to identify regions of vertebrate and nematode geno  ematode genomes where genetic diversity is maintained through the continued interaction between  ctive processes by which this diversity is maintained.
11790	5	trial, freshwater and marine vertebrate is parasitized by nematodes to examine the origins and   ion of infection. the key challenges to be addressed now are to identify regions of vertebrate    the key challenges to be addressed now are to identify regions of vertebrate and nematode geno  ematode genomes where genetic diversity is maintained through the continued interaction between  ctive processes by which this diversity is maintained.
12596	10	griculture or used for peat extraction, release large quantities of greenhouse gases, particula   restoration of these damaged peatlands is promoted as a means of restarting their carbon sink   their carbon sink function so that they take up or sequester more carbon from the atmosphere in  n sink function so that they take up or sequester more carbon from the atmosphere in the form o  in the form of carbon dioxide than they release to it; that is, so that they act as a brake on   ey release to it; that is, so that they act as a brake on global warming. however, restoration   ioxide, methane is a carbon gas, but it is much more potent as a greenhouse gas. therefore, alt  nhouse gas. therefore, although methane is emitted from peatlands in relatively small quantitie  elatively small quantities, its effects must be considered when judging the success of peatland  thane emissions from restored peatlands compare with those from undamaged peatlands. the study
10072	26	he marine environment, forming the very base of almost all marine food webs. this diverse group  most all marine food webs. this diverse group of organisms are frequently referred to as being   zooplankton are protozooplankton, which are singled celled organisms, mainly consisting of flag  these minute grazers form a key trophic link between organisms at the base of the marine food w  b and larger planktonic predators. they are also critically important as nutrient recyclers wit  rogen. many species of protozooplankton can be considered fussy feeders, preferring certain pre  ve feeding activities, protozooplankton play a highly significant role in shaping the compositi  ant role in shaping the composition and structure of bacterial and phytoplankton communities. b   elements, such as carbon and nitrogen, are cycled within aquatic environments. there is now mu  cled within aquatic environments. there is now much evidence to suggest that protozooplankton c  aquatic environments. there is now much evidence to suggest that protozooplankton can discrimin  idence to suggest that protozooplankton can discriminate between similar-sized prey items based  prey items based on differences in cell-surface chemical composition of their prey. within our   tion of their prey. within our previous grant, we were able to identify a receptor used by one   entify a receptor used by one predatory flagellate species to recognise specific chemicals pres   the receptor resulted in a significant drop in feeding rate of the flagellate predator. intere  od cells within our circulation system, use the same type of receptor in order to recognise and  in our circulation system, use the same type of receptor in order to recognise and destroy pote  e of receptor in order to recognise and destroy potentially harmful micro-organisms which enter  mune system. within this grant, we will develop markers specific to the protozoan feeding recep  protozoan feeding receptor. we can then apply these markers in order to determine how commonly    flagellates and ciliates. we will also use these markers in feeding experiments. through block   through blocking the receptor, we will be able to determine to what extent different species o  t different species of protozooplankton use the lectin in order to recognise their prey. we wil  r to recognise their prey. we will also determine whether expression of the receptor changes, d  through conducting these experiments we aim to progress our understanding of aquatic ecosystems
13819	3	great concern has been expressed in several european countries over drama  ty following fertilisation. the project is divided into sets of field and lab experiments desig   are particularly sensitive to nitrogen may make it possible to suggest ways of balancing optim
15372	9	evolutionary biology. a range boundary may be determined by environmental stress, species inte  dary may be determined by environmental stress, species interactions and dispersal limitations.   to climate change. in this project, we aim to investigate abiotic and biotic causes determinin   these two species differ in their life-cycle traits and in the pattern of geographical distrib  istribution in nw iberian peninsula. we are considering two initial hypotheses: i the geographi   to test our general hypothesis we will develop mechanistic models -mms for these two species a  ogy and will provide a ecophysiological process-based view of the fundamental niche of the spec   our initial hypotheses are correct, we predict that the output of mm for h. elongata will conc  elled for f.serratus will cover a wider range of habitats and areas than the actual species occ
13457	6	and biofuels. an intensified production may impair the carbon sequestration in the soil and inc  wn importance of soil microorganisms we lack knowledge of the mechanisms involved and the genet  arbon cycling in agricultural soils. we propose here a way to develop and use cost efficient me  produced by soil microorganism. we will adopt the sequence capture technique coupled with next   xt generation sequencing to efficiently enrich for genes involved in the degradation of complex  r than conventional technology. we will apply the methods on soils from 25 farms in europe and
11431	1	limate sensitivity to either natural or man-made changes continues to be clouds .
12549	3	bemisia tabaci is a serious threat to the uk horticultural industry, w              bemisia tabaci is a serious threat to the uk horticultural industry, with the most   orted on ornamentals such as poinsettia can infect tomatoes with tomato yellow leaf curl virus
10165	10	e, and commonly occurs as a polymorphic character in birds, i.e. melanic and non-melanic indivi   melanic and non-melanic individuals co-exist in the same population. there are also many cases   co-exist in the same population. there are also many cases where closely related species diffe  ne, the melanocortin-1 receptor we will be able to tell whether the mc1r gene is responsible fo  cases of melanism in birds, and whether dark plumage evolution through species formation has th   through species formation has the same cause as in melanic polymorphisms. other aspects of the   of the project involve seeking genetic evidence for an adaptive benefit of melanism, and looki  eeking genetic evidence for an adaptive benefit of melanism, and looking in detail at the role   ution, such as a switch between red and black plumage. the results will be of broad interest to  ehensible by the broader community, and have the potential to become a classic example of the g
2028	12	zed genotypes and phenotypic plasticity can be exploited to study the effect of individual plan  s the topic of this proposal. food webs are overlaid with infochemical webs that mediate direct  te direct and indirect interactions. it is increasingly clear that indirect interactions can ha  direct interactions. it is increasingly clear that indirect interactions can have important eff  singly clear that indirect interactions can have important effects on community dynamics. infoc   is an active and specific process that is induced by herbivory. the infochemicals attract carn  induced by herbivory. the infochemicals attract carnivores that affect the herbivore population  n. additionally, the infochemicals also affect herbivore behaviour and characteristics of neigh  the effect of the infochemicals on food-web interactions. we will take this ecogenomic approach  icals on food-web interactions. we will take this ecogenomic approach in field and laboratory s  eractions. we will take this ecogenomic approach in field and laboratory studies for a system o  pulate plant infochemical phenotype and investigate its effects on individual interactions in a
2104	10	ceae. in the northern hemisphere, there is a vast number of brown-spored agarics, adapted to a   enetic relationships between the large, brown-spored genera cortinarius, inocybe, hebeloma, gal  nocybe, hebeloma, galerina and pholiota are largely unexplored. the main objective is to accumu  cies and infrageneric units in galerina have hitherto been based on morphological and to a less  generic units in galerina have hitherto been based on morphological and to a less extent ecolog  s extent ecological characters. we will infer the molecular phylogeny and test species boundari   will infer the molecular phylogeny and test species boundaries and character evolution of the   ylogeny and test species boundaries and character evolution of the brown-spored agarics and the  he genus galerina. the project is a dna-sequence-based multi-locus phylogenetic approach. in ad  species complexes in galerina will also be accomplished. the genetic variation will be analyzed
15083	5	and litter are the reservoir of a huge number of microscopic fungi including the hyphomycetes.  mal pathogenic fungi belong to them. it can be estimated that the rich vegetation and the clima  f the spanish microscopic fungi we will develop a study of the soil and litter hyphomycetes div  we will develop a study of the soil and litter hyphomycetes diversity. different geographic are  imately six mycological forays. we will try to isolate a representative number of the fungi gro
14715	5	and litter are the reservoir of a huge number of microscopic fungi including the hyphomycetes.  mal pathogenic fungi belong to them. it can be estimated that the rich vegetation and the clima  f the spanish microscopic fungi we will develop a study of the soil and litter hyphomycetes div  we will develop a study of the soil and litter hyphomycetes diversity. different geographic are  imately six mycological forays. we will try to isolate a representative number of the fungi gro
10883	15	g how our ecosystems and their services are formed, and how natural and anthropogenic factors e   advanced for most fields of animal and plant ecology, the microscopic nature of bacteria means  microscopic nature of bacteria means we have virtually no understanding of what the major group  ps of bacteria, or their distributions, are within great britain. critically, bacteria perform   and biogeochemical nutrient cycling. it is imperative that we understand which major groups are  rient cycling. it is imperative that we understand which major groups are present, what control  em assessments. in this application, we propose to address this shortfall by assessing the occu  survey of 2007. in this globally unique approach, we will detect bacterial groups by high throu   this globally unique approach, we will detect bacterial groups by high throughput molecular bi  e key soil chemistry parameters, and co-analyse these data rich variables to address several ke  everal key hypotheses. further, we will produce high resolution maps of bacterial group distrib  oduce high resolution maps of bacterial group distribution across great britain and couple thes  p distribution across great britain and couple these data to existing publicly available data,   of this investigation, we will form and archive a nationally accessible genome bank for use by    other investigators in order that they may address their own specific hypotheses in relation t
9873	4	ith independent geological evidence. we want to take this now further and apply this method to   e. we want to take this now further and apply this method to key areas of the austrian eastern   ere multiple brittle deformation events are recorded and relatively well-dated via sedimentary   bres on brittle fault planes, start and end of faulting episodes may be datable.
2168	1	rophic food chain with cyanobacteria or green alga d. magna zebrafish danio rerio.
527	1	indigos major objectives are : make the connection between the different spatial scale
15064	6	iability and different patterns that we observe in biological systems and processes. this is no  iological model generally, a good model is considered to be one that is easy to observe and exp  t is easy to observe and experimentally manipulate, and that permits rapid publication of resul  e same species or groups of species. we cannot hope to deeply understand and explain natural di  we cannot hope to deeply understand and explain natural diversity using a narrow range of biolo  r likelihood of extinction. in previous work, we showed how the survival of the reproductive po
10277	10	ces where fossils of megafaunal species are found directly associated with plant remains, notab  ermafrost in which the stomach contents are preserved. we will use these data to construct mode  stomach contents are preserved. we will use these data to construct models relating the megafau   components of their diet. we will then use these models to simulate the changing potential ran  l encompass all of northern eurasia and north america, enabling us to include the complete geog   carnivores and omnivores, we will also examine a comparable range of species that survive to t  ores, we will also examine a comparable range of species that survive to the present day. in th  resent day. in these cases we will also use data recording the species current geographical dis  h extinct and surviving species we will be able to make critical comparisons that will provide    of environmental, especially climatic, change, of the ecological characteristics of the specie
10288	10	ces where fossils of megafaunal species are found directly associated with plant remains, notab  ermafrost in which the stomach contents are preserved. we will use these data to construct mode  stomach contents are preserved. we will use these data to construct models relating the megafau   components of their diet. we will then use these models to simulate the changing potential ran  l encompass all of northern eurasia and north america, enabling us to include the complete geog   carnivores and omnivores, we will also examine a comparable range of species that survive to t  ores, we will also examine a comparable range of species that survive to the present day. in th  resent day. in these cases we will also use data recording the species current geographical dis  h extinct and surviving species we will be able to make critical comparisons that will provide    of environmental, especially climatic, change, of the ecological characteristics of the specie
10531	10	ces where fossils of megafaunal species are found directly associated with plant remains, notab  ermafrost in which the stomach contents are preserved. we will use these data to construct mode  stomach contents are preserved. we will use these data to construct models relating the megafau   components of their diet. we will then use these models to simulate the changing potential ran  l encompass all of northern eurasia and north america, enabling us to include the complete geog   carnivores and omnivores, we will also examine a comparable range of species that survive to t  ores, we will also examine a comparable range of species that survive to the present day. in th  resent day. in these cases we will also use data recording the species current geographical dis  h extinct and surviving species we will be able to make critical comparisons that will provide    of environmental, especially climatic, change, of the ecological characteristics of the specie
2546	13	ers in the world oceans, and seasonally constitute the majority of total pelagic biomass at hig  t productivity of higher trophic levels is limited and contradictory. recent results suggests t  mates, methodological difficulties, and lack of knowledge about the influence of chemical signa  phaeocystis in situ. based on these, we propose to investigate feeding by the dominating micro-  e simultaneously analyzed using cutting-edge metabolomic approaches. the project is based on a   dge metabolomic approaches. the project is based on a close cooperation by an established group  tive fields, and will develop norwegian research skills and expertise through focus on training  l develop norwegian research skills and expertise through focus on training of young scientists  ing of young scientists in state-of-the-art methodology. to achieve a lasting effort towards ge   effort towards gender equality we will promote female candidates combined with national and in   and international network building. we have ambitious publication plans and anticipate conside  we have ambitious publication plans and anticipate considerable national and international inte  the global cycling of climate gases and transfer of energy to higher trophic levels, such as fi
13779	5	boreal stream ecosystems have large intrinsic values but our u  rong climate change effects with likely negative consequences for stream communities and their   owledge seems to suffer especially from being dated and from misconceptions, e.g. that streams    from misconceptions, e.g. that streams are fuelled by detritus generally. the functional feedi  ional feeding group concept . the study is expected to generate useful results for stream manag
14225	2	evolution in insects in a phylogenetic framework, comparing geographically disparate groups, a  rate groups, and therefore an important step towards understanding life history evolution in in
11462	8	molecular systematics has been used to study deep relationships of the tree-of-li  o-called universal markers because they can be sequenced with the same tools across a wide rang  ever, these universal gene markers have been proven to be insufficient for many applications, a  pplications, and hence novel approaches are needed in molecular systematics. here we explore a   eeded in molecular systematics. here we explore a novel strategy, based on the possibility of s  he transcriptome , i.e., the genes that are expressed . hence, a relatively small effort is nee  ssed . hence, a relatively small effort is needed to resolve one of the classical phylogenetic   enetic questions with great confidence, while also testing some critical parameters of implemen
15314	6	phenomena taking place along relatively short periods of time, because once the action of the p  esulting pattern. along this project we propose a new line of work that possibilities the ident  rn. along this project we propose a new line of work that possibilities the identification of p  e processes of evolutionary change . we believe that results of this project are not limited to  to pure scientific conclusions but they could be used as a basic tool in scientific policies si   tool in scientific policies since they intend to promote from the inside the necessary revalor
10340	14	e chemicals in their environment . they use this information for detecting food, avoiding preda  es are unlike other senses in that they require specific receptors for each compound or class o  specific receptors for each compound or class of compounds to which they respond. recently, in    which they respond. recently, in large part through genome sequencing projects, classes of gen  or odorant and gustatory receptors have been identified and their characterisation is now proce  s now proceeding rapidly. they may well be the key to understanding the recognition and process  ugh their functions in both habitat and mate choice, arguably the two primary forms of prematin  citing opportunity to take a systematic approach to the genetic basis of this key component of   ation process. in this project, we will use genomic information and species of the drosophila m  apidly under natural selection. we will test for associations between odorant and gustatory rec  odorant and gustatory receptor loci and key behavioural traits, such as mate and habitat choice   in critical behavioural steps. we will examine gene expression in the same set of strains to t  nctions. this will provide a systematic answer to the longstanding question of the relative rol  a systematic answer to the longstanding question of the relative roles of structural and expres
10994	14	e chemicals in their environment . they use this information for detecting food, avoiding preda  es are unlike other senses in that they require specific receptors for each compound or class o  specific receptors for each compound or class of compounds to which they respond. recently, in    which they respond. recently, in large part through genome sequencing projects, classes of gen  or odorant and gustatory receptors have been identified and their characterisation is now proce  s now proceeding rapidly. they may well be the key to understanding the recognition and process  ugh their functions in both habitat and mate choice, arguably the two primary forms of prematin  citing opportunity to take a systematic approach to the genetic basis of this key component of   ation process. in this project, we will use genomic information and species of the drosophila m  apidly under natural selection. we will test for associations between odorant and gustatory rec  odorant and gustatory receptor loci and key behavioural traits, such as mate and habitat choice   in critical behavioural steps. we will examine gene expression in the same set of strains to t  nctions. this will provide a systematic answer to the longstanding question of the relative rol  a systematic answer to the longstanding question of the relative roles of structural and expres
9967	14	e chemicals in their environment . they use this information for detecting food, avoiding preda  es are unlike other senses in that they require specific receptors for each compound or class o  specific receptors for each compound or class of compounds to which they respond. recently, in    which they respond. recently, in large part through genome sequencing projects, classes of gen  or odorant and gustatory receptors have been identified and their characterisation is now proce  s now proceeding rapidly. they may well be the key to understanding the recognition and process  ugh their functions in both habitat and mate choice, arguably the two primary forms of prematin  citing opportunity to take a systematic approach to the genetic basis of this key component of   ation process. in this project, we will use genomic information and species of the drosophila m  apidly under natural selection. we will test for associations between odorant and gustatory rec  odorant and gustatory receptor loci and key behavioural traits, such as mate and habitat choice   in critical behavioural steps. we will examine gene expression in the same set of strains to t  nctions. this will provide a systematic answer to the longstanding question of the relative rol  a systematic answer to the longstanding question of the relative roles of structural and expres
13742	5	s, and its reintroduction may therefore benefit many other species, too. in the proposed projec   predictions on available stork habitat can be made for this range. thus, it will be possible t  n be made for this range. thus, it will be possible to estimate the total sustainable breeding   tat identified with the model will also be valuable for many other wetland organisms, and hence   wetland organisms, and hence the model can be used to direct conservation and restoration effo
12267	4	udies discount biogenic carbon as there is no net emission between its sequestration and re-rel  discount biogenic carbon as there is no net emission between its sequestration and re-release t  ission between its sequestration and re-release to the atmosphere. both approaches have been re  to the atmosphere. both approaches have been reported here. as with all defra-funded research p
6816	4	during the last decade long-term survival of patients and grafts among renal and li  ncreasing. also considering the age and gender of these patients there is a well recognized inc   age and gender of these patients there is a well recognized increase in the incidence of malig   case special immunosuppressive therapy must be applied.
10575	3	diverse animal taxa. in particular, it is now well established that male investment in the spe  erm competition. however, sperm usually make up only a tiny fraction of total ejaculate volume   jaculate investment strategies, we will determine reproductive success for males mating under c
13712	9	w decades ago, to supplement and partly decrease the need for protected areas. it is today appl  crease the need for protected areas. it is today applied in production forests around the world  and social aspects is still lacking. we are a multidisciplinary team . a professional communica  ll be applicable to the 240 000 swedish forest owners and on the hundreds of thousands of hecta   hundreds of thousands of hectares that are harvested each year. the results will also be of st  vested each year. the results will also be of strategic interest to policy-making since they wi  . the results will also be of strategic interest to policy-making since they will either reject  making since they will either reject or sustain the current swedish forest conservation policy   r reject or sustain the current swedish forest conservation policy with conservation actions ta
12712	2	and distribution data, which will then be used to further support, outside this contract, the    of a targeted review of the current uk network of terrestrial and coastal special protection a
12751	1	n forests under the international redd+ scheme - some of which will be spent on helping reduce
12704	2	ra policy divisions namely sponsorship, landscape, and recreation. the purpose of this review i  monitoring and execution of policy, and make recommendations on the future composition and mana
12455	5	summary objective: review international best practice and appropriate know   review international best practice and appropriate knowledge base and implement appropriate to  anisations , etc. key customer purpose: develop a risk analysis framework for the identificatio  ase our capacity to both understand and incorporate uncertainty and risk when making fisheries   erstand and incorporate uncertainty and risk when making fisheries management decisions.
11313	24	species can differ from one another in many ways but the most i   interesting differences are those that are involved in keeping species apart by preventing gen  . closely related species can sometimes succeed in breeding together, but further genetic mixin  ng together, but further genetic mixing is prevented because hybrid offspring are inviable or s  standing hybrid sterility can therefore explain how species are kept apart, and how they formed  ility can therefore explain how species are kept apart, and how they formed in the first place.  w they formed in the first place. there are several theories about the causes of reproductive i  ristics of larger living things, yet it is much easier to understand and manipulate genetically  yet it is much easier to understand and manipulate genetically. it can mate with closely relate  derstand and manipulate genetically. it can mate with closely related yeast species, but produc  enes from another. this incompatibility could occur when the genes are mixed up by the hybrid t  ompatibility could occur when the genes are mixed up by the hybrid to make its gametes . it cou   by the hybrid to make its gametes . it could make the gametes die, or it could affect the abil   . it could make the gametes die, or it could affect the ability of the gametes to fertilise or  ility of the gametes to fertilise or it could affect the viability or fertility of the resultin   affect hybrid gametes, a genetic trick is used to transfer individual chromosomes one by one f  r. some of the chromosomes have already been transferred, but this proposal aims to transfer al  r all of them. then all the chromosomes can be tested for the presence of genetic incompatibili  sence of genetic incompatibilities that could kill a gamete or the offspring resulting when a g  r the offspring resulting when a gamete is fertilised. if incompatibilities are discovered then  ete is fertilised. if incompatibilities are discovered then the genes responsible can be isolat  e discovered then the genes responsible can be isolated. if no incompatibilities are found then  an be isolated. if no incompatibilities are found then this will give support to alternative ex  nations for reproductive isolation that do not depend on genetics.
10179	6	s act as important drivers of bacterial host evolution, both in terms of predator-prey relation  st evolution, both in terms of predator-prey relationships and in terms of phage conversion. re   remarkable spectrum of bacterial genes can be carried by a small group of phages of mycobacter  cterial genes can be carried by a small group of phages of mycobacteria. in this project we wil  f mycobacteria. in this project we will test the hypothesis that converting phages of gram-nega  pothesis that converting phages of gram-negative bacteria are far more widespread in the enviro
10284	1	we aim to construct a spatial multi-species ecosystem mode
13980	5	animal-breeding perspective since they are likely to be determinants of desirable traits. unti   of data becoming available, we can now take a much more powerful genomic approach to search fo  n now take a much more powerful genomic approach to search for positively selected genes. i pro  onary history of populations from large-scale genotype information. i will focus on locating se  hat deviate from the genome average and use these methods to search for selected genes in the h
12456	4	ry objective: run exisiting species and size-based models in parallel, using common input data,  tudy-specific management scenarios, and evaluate the relative strengths and weakness of each ap  y customer purpose: test and critically evaluate the usefulness of different modelling approach  of uncertainty in fisheries models, and help to predict knock-on, ecosystem implications of fut
14751	2	nursery conditions. in this project it is postulated that optimization of the mycorrhizal stat  ing factors. therefore, ad hoc research is proposed to demonstrate such a hypothesis. mycorrhiz
9828	3	tnt is highly toxic, widespread and persistent and is on th  ly toxic, widespread and persistent and is on the epa priority pollutant list. the aim of this   bations. as part of the process we will develop methodologies for studying the degradative capa
12689	2	venile tortoises which are too small to be fitted with a microchip transponder and contribute s  fitted with a microchip transponder and contribute significantly to the implementation of cites
2088	2	enough material suitable for molecular work most probably will not be available, only morpholo  r molecular work most probably will not be available, only morphological characters will be uti
1979	5	there is an urgent need for tools to predict the effects of h  ity as a useful concept, scientists now agree that in the case of migratory birds the carrying   food density . as the proposed research can build on laborious and time-consuming measurements   sed research can build on laborious and time-consuming measurements and model developments, thi  ous and time-consuming measurements and model developments, this provides a unique opportunity
14509	1	sely related clades populations genetic structure for the neutral markers will follow a pattern
11671	14	is a challenging problem of widespread interest among ecologists, and also of vital importance  veniles and terrestrial adults. we will concentrate on the recruitment of eggs from the terrest  ely that either or both of these stages may act as populations bottlenecks . simply finding a s  finding a suitable location to lay eggs may limit population size. many stream insects lay thei  nt from the water s surface and we will test whether the supply of emergent rocks might limit e  s might limit egg recruitment. further, egg-laying females may be influenced by the spatial arr  ecruitment. further, egg-laying females may be influenced by the spatial arrangement of emergen  rangement of emergent rocks and we will test also how this influences recruitment. once the egg   by measuring neonate movement, we will identify the spatial scale relevant to studies about po   movement, we will identify the spatial scale relevant to studies about population dynamics. al  ly, effects of emergent rock limitation may be overwhelmed by high mortality of eggs or neonate  es, would suggest that populations size is set by different life stages and subsequent research  by different life stages and subsequent research efforts can be directed at those stages. thus,   stages and subsequent research efforts can be directed at those stages. thus, our research wil
10280	6	temperate shelf seas acts as a critical interface in the shelf sea system. it is a physical bar  l interface in the shelf sea system. it is a physical barrier to vertical exchange, controlling  ithin the thermocline . this phenomenon is estimated to account for about half of the annual ca  et the controlling physics is only just being unravelled. the identification and parameterisati  ll be achieved through an observational campaign closely integrated with numerical model predic  paign closely integrated with numerical model predictions using both 1d and 3d numerical models
10553	6	temperate shelf seas acts as a critical interface in the shelf sea system. it is a physical bar  l interface in the shelf sea system. it is a physical barrier to vertical exchange, controlling  ithin the thermocline . this phenomenon is estimated to account for about half of the annual ca  et the controlling physics is only just being unravelled. the identification and parameterisati  ll be achieved through an observational campaign closely integrated with numerical model predic  paign closely integrated with numerical model predictions using both 1d and 3d numerical models
9929	13	the copepod calanus finmarchicus is a key component of the north atlantic ecosystem, for  rth atlantic ecosystem, forming a vital link between primary production and fisheries. calanus   roduces in the surface waters in spring/summer but spends the winter in a dormant state in deep  mmer but spends the winter in a dormant state in deep waters. individuals emerging from diapaus   and temporal variability in the spring/summer abundance of calanus, it is vital to understand    spring/summer abundance of calanus, it is vital to understand factors influencing its survival  much of the north atlantic but does not overwinter at the same depth in all locations. the driv  predators may be one of the factors. we have previously made an extensive study of calanus pred  s. we have previously made an extensive study of calanus predator-prey interactions in the irmi   an extensive study of calanus predator-prey interactions in the irminger basin in the western   during the winter, and have found there is a mismatch between the overwintering depth of the ca   in overwintering depth. ultimately, it may enable us to predict how the north atlantic populat  nus, and its dependent fishery species, may respond to ongoing changes in ocean climate.
10812	20	dartford warblers are rare because they are not suited to the british climate . these are actua  rstand both types of variation but have been forced to consider each in isolation. in my resear  ls that allow both types of question to be addressed within a single framework. for the first t  single framework. for the first time it is possible to model in the same analysis the variation   of multiple species in many places. it is now possible to compare the importance of evolution   h butterflies. mammals are an excellent group on which to conduct studies of this type, because  type, because they are well known, they cover the entire globe, they include both small and lar  nown, they cover the entire globe, they include both small and large animals and they display a  e both small and large animals and they display a great variety of diets and ways of life. butt  hat date back over 20 years. these data were collected by a large volunteer network and have be  types of questions at the same time. we can ask whether large-bodied species always less common  nary factors are important. at the same time, we can ask whether there more animals are found i  ors are important. at the same time, we can ask whether there more animals are found in warm pl  , we can ask whether there more animals are found in warm places compared with cold ones. also,  laces compared with cold ones. also, we can tackle more complicated issues, like why some speci  l to human intervention, whereas others respond poorly. evolutionary and ecological questions l  ogical questions like these have rarely been addressed together. finally, the new approach allo  tions about spatial scale. for example, are species that are locally sensitive to humans more l   of global extinction relatively little is known about whether processes operating at small sca  her processes operating at small scales can account for patterns at larger scales, so the resul
9961	20	dartford warblers are rare because they are not suited to the british climate . these are actua  rstand both types of variation but have been forced to consider each in isolation. in my resear  ls that allow both types of question to be addressed within a single framework. for the first t  single framework. for the first time it is possible to model in the same analysis the variation   of multiple species in many places. it is now possible to compare the importance of evolution   h butterflies. mammals are an excellent group on which to conduct studies of this type, because  type, because they are well known, they cover the entire globe, they include both small and lar  nown, they cover the entire globe, they include both small and large animals and they display a  e both small and large animals and they display a great variety of diets and ways of life. butt  hat date back over 20 years. these data were collected by a large volunteer network and have be  types of questions at the same time. we can ask whether large-bodied species always less common  nary factors are important. at the same time, we can ask whether there more animals are found i  ors are important. at the same time, we can ask whether there more animals are found in warm pl  , we can ask whether there more animals are found in warm places compared with cold ones. also,  laces compared with cold ones. also, we can tackle more complicated issues, like why some speci  l to human intervention, whereas others respond poorly. evolutionary and ecological questions l  ogical questions like these have rarely been addressed together. finally, the new approach allo  tions about spatial scale. for example, are species that are locally sensitive to humans more l   of global extinction relatively little is known about whether processes operating at small sca  her processes operating at small scales can account for patterns at larger scales, so the resul
10522	23	e stability of these ecosystem services can be undermined by the increased demands society make   against such loss of functioning there is in place legally-binding national and european direc  f at best weekly-fortnightly intervals, is sufficient to record seasonal change but cannot reso  ufficient to record seasonal change but cannot resolve the processes driving many aspects of la  function. to resolve these processes we need to hear every note in the full symphony of lake fu   key reflectors of lake functioning. we are fortunate that deployed in eleven lakes across the   altitude, latitude and nutrient status, are basic systems automated to make such measurements,   ations . however at present, most buoys are restricted to a meteorological station and temperat  t these are subject to biofouling which could compromise the data. at present, the data are mai  nly downloaded by telemetry to the host-site via a range of procedures. thus we are not utilisi  site via a range of procedures. thus we are not utilising advances in data-logger-, computer- a  ure automatically at high frequency and hear the full symphony . we propose to change this by i  equency and hear the full symphony . we propose to change this by installing stable, state-of-t  se to change this by installing stable, state-of-the-art sensor technology, with mechanical dev  this by installing stable, state-of-the-art sensor technology, with mechanical devices to minim  o minimise biofouling. further, we will maximise the value of generating this high frequency da  nt from science-driven agendas. we will demonstrate such a network supports these agendas throu   forecasting of lake behaviour: we will incorporate the real-time data available from the senso  behaviour: we will incorporate the real-time data available from the sensor network into a fore  on within lakes: we will track pool and flux variability of dissolved carbon dioxide over daily  asurements to meteorological and within-lake physico-chemical measurements within and between s  rence in sub-seasonal timescales: lakes can show a regionally coherent response e.g. strong lin  north wall of the gulf stream have also been shown to influence directly the regional coherence
10752	23	e stability of these ecosystem services can be undermined by the increased demands society make   against such loss of functioning there is in place legally-binding national and european direc  f at best weekly-fortnightly intervals, is sufficient to record seasonal change but cannot reso  ufficient to record seasonal change but cannot resolve the processes driving many aspects of la  function. to resolve these processes we need to hear every note in the full symphony of lake fu   key reflectors of lake functioning. we are fortunate that deployed in eleven lakes across the   altitude, latitude and nutrient status, are basic systems automated to make such measurements,   ations . however at present, most buoys are restricted to a meteorological station and temperat  t these are subject to biofouling which could compromise the data. at present, the data are mai  nly downloaded by telemetry to the host-site via a range of procedures. thus we are not utilisi  site via a range of procedures. thus we are not utilising advances in data-logger-, computer- a  ure automatically at high frequency and hear the full symphony . we propose to change this by i  equency and hear the full symphony . we propose to change this by installing stable, state-of-t  se to change this by installing stable, state-of-the-art sensor technology, with mechanical dev  this by installing stable, state-of-the-art sensor technology, with mechanical devices to minim  o minimise biofouling. further, we will maximise the value of generating this high frequency da  nt from science-driven agendas. we will demonstrate such a network supports these agendas throu   forecasting of lake behaviour: we will incorporate the real-time data available from the senso  behaviour: we will incorporate the real-time data available from the sensor network into a fore  on within lakes: we will track pool and flux variability of dissolved carbon dioxide over daily  asurements to meteorological and within-lake physico-chemical measurements within and between s  rence in sub-seasonal timescales: lakes can show a regionally coherent response e.g. strong lin  north wall of the gulf stream have also been shown to influence directly the regional coherence
10756	23	e stability of these ecosystem services can be undermined by the increased demands society make   against such loss of functioning there is in place legally-binding national and european direc  f at best weekly-fortnightly intervals, is sufficient to record seasonal change but cannot reso  ufficient to record seasonal change but cannot resolve the processes driving many aspects of la  function. to resolve these processes we need to hear every note in the full symphony of lake fu   key reflectors of lake functioning. we are fortunate that deployed in eleven lakes across the   altitude, latitude and nutrient status, are basic systems automated to make such measurements,   ations . however at present, most buoys are restricted to a meteorological station and temperat  t these are subject to biofouling which could compromise the data. at present, the data are mai  nly downloaded by telemetry to the host-site via a range of procedures. thus we are not utilisi  site via a range of procedures. thus we are not utilising advances in data-logger-, computer- a  ure automatically at high frequency and hear the full symphony . we propose to change this by i  equency and hear the full symphony . we propose to change this by installing stable, state-of-t  se to change this by installing stable, state-of-the-art sensor technology, with mechanical dev  this by installing stable, state-of-the-art sensor technology, with mechanical devices to minim  o minimise biofouling. further, we will maximise the value of generating this high frequency da  nt from science-driven agendas. we will demonstrate such a network supports these agendas throu   forecasting of lake behaviour: we will incorporate the real-time data available from the senso  behaviour: we will incorporate the real-time data available from the sensor network into a fore  on within lakes: we will track pool and flux variability of dissolved carbon dioxide over daily  asurements to meteorological and within-lake physico-chemical measurements within and between s  rence in sub-seasonal timescales: lakes can show a regionally coherent response e.g. strong lin  north wall of the gulf stream have also been shown to influence directly the regional coherence
11807	23	e stability of these ecosystem services can be undermined by the increased demands society make   against such loss of functioning there is in place legally-binding national and european direc  f at best weekly-fortnightly intervals, is sufficient to record seasonal change but cannot reso  ufficient to record seasonal change but cannot resolve the processes driving many aspects of la  function. to resolve these processes we need to hear every note in the full symphony of lake fu   key reflectors of lake functioning. we are fortunate that deployed in eleven lakes across the   altitude, latitude and nutrient status, are basic systems automated to make such measurements,   ations . however at present, most buoys are restricted to a meteorological station and temperat  t these are subject to biofouling which could compromise the data. at present, the data are mai  nly downloaded by telemetry to the host-site via a range of procedures. thus we are not utilisi  site via a range of procedures. thus we are not utilising advances in data-logger-, computer- a  ure automatically at high frequency and hear the full symphony . we propose to change this by i  equency and hear the full symphony . we propose to change this by installing stable, state-of-t  se to change this by installing stable, state-of-the-art sensor technology, with mechanical dev  this by installing stable, state-of-the-art sensor technology, with mechanical devices to minim  o minimise biofouling. further, we will maximise the value of generating this high frequency da  nt from science-driven agendas. we will demonstrate such a network supports these agendas throu   forecasting of lake behaviour: we will incorporate the real-time data available from the senso  behaviour: we will incorporate the real-time data available from the sensor network into a fore  on within lakes: we will track pool and flux variability of dissolved carbon dioxide over daily  asurements to meteorological and within-lake physico-chemical measurements within and between s  rence in sub-seasonal timescales: lakes can show a regionally coherent response e.g. strong lin  north wall of the gulf stream have also been shown to influence directly the regional coherence
7685	7	eveloping countries where a significant proportion of the population relies on marine resources   and for analysis of the short-term and long-term consequences. to anticipate those changes, we  for analysis of the short-term and long-term consequences. to anticipate those changes, we prop  uences. to anticipate those changes, we propose to develop a web-based decision-support tool to  ions and to facilitate negociations and experience-sharing among stakeholders and scientists. t  on tool will be implemented at regional scale in the western indian ocean , ecological niche an  cision-makers to identify, simulate and assess the prospective scenarios. the project outcomes
12027	6	biological diversity is currently being rapidly and dramatically modified by human activi  the spatial heterogeneity, dynamics and decline of biodiversity. in the mediterranean region, a   destroyed and continues to destroy and fragment natural habitat, the abandonment of traditiona  s the context for our interdisciplinary program in association with the norms, values and repre  nstrates the need to further scientific research on the ecological mechanisms underlying biodiv  ool in implementation of scientifically sound policy.
10264	11	dioxide in the atmosphere. because co2 is an acidic gas, and a high proportion of the human em  he atmosphere. because co2 is an acidic gas, and a high proportion of the human emissions event  o limit emissions by setting targets it is vital to predict what effect such acidification will  ocene event. crucially the foraminifera are excellently preserved. in 2008 this site was redril  xcellently preserved. in 2008 this site was redrilled using superior drilling technology and th   to define the rate and magnitude of ph change as well as study the effects on the extraordinar  cation and the ecological responses, we can calibrate the effects. the task is not easy however   calibrate the effects. the task is not easy however; factors other than acidity were involved,  asy however; factors other than acidity were involved, and the background level of acidity befo  of this study with ongoing experimental work by other groups can we aim to provide more accurat  xperimental work by other groups can we aim to provide more accurate predictions of what might
11369	4	abundance in response to environmental change on an ecological time-scale, and to explore the   o environmental change on an ecological time-scale, and to explore the use of relationships bet  ironmental change on an ecological time-scale, and to explore the use of relationships between    between local abundance, occupancy and total population size in assessing population status.
10075	5	already there are reports of ecological change in mature forests, with increasing biomass, grow  g biomass, growth, and dynamics, but it is unclear what factor is accelerating tree growth and   ill contribute the accumulated data and experience of 25 years of monitoring forest plots acros  ing forest plots across the amazon, and access to unique sources of amazon plant ecology in our  nt ecology in our quest to discover and explain biodiversity changes.
11513	5	already there are reports of ecological change in mature forests, with increasing biomass, grow  g biomass, growth, and dynamics, but it is unclear what factor is accelerating tree growth and   ill contribute the accumulated data and experience of 25 years of monitoring forest plots acros  ing forest plots across the amazon, and access to unique sources of amazon plant ecology in our  nt ecology in our quest to discover and explain biodiversity changes.
10451	5	ponses of leaf photosynthesis but often acclimate to longer-term changes in t. acclimation redu  nges in t. acclimation reduces the long-term t sensitivity of p and r. our research will establ  contrasting plant species. it will also establish the underlying mechanisms responsible for tha  wledge gained will enable more accurate process-driven models of p and r to be incorporated int  ate process-driven models of p and r to be incorporated into models of global co2 exchange.
7189	6	ues better and better objectified. they must produce differently, balancing use and preservatio  d preservation of natural resources: it is on this plane that is this project. this trajectory   ons of natural systems is underway, but must continue in particular in situations of severe env  ere environmental constraints. research is requested: 1 to provide relevant modeling methods to  senting transfers in landscape mosaics; assess the environmental impacts of production methods   ental impacts of production methods and landscape management
11330	17	y two thirds of the earth s surface. it is generated at mid-ocean ridges by the solidification   d in the upwelling mantle. these magmas are stored in magma chambers below the ridge axis, wher  ambers below the ridge axis, where they crystallise to yield the lower oceanic crust. the heat   h lithosphere-hydrosphere exchange, and provide energy for chemosynthetic ecosystems. reconstru  to severely limited accessibility. only lower crustal sections from dismembered crust have been  al sections from dismembered crust have been studied to date, and it remains uncertain to which   to understand the formation of a large part of the earth s crust, the recovery of intact lower  e earth s crust, the recovery of intact lower oceanic crust would be a major step forward. scie  wer crust boundary. iodp expedition 335 is set to deepen the hole, recovering the first section   recovering the first section of intact lower oceanic crust. this section will yield an unprece  his section will yield an unprecedented view of lower crustal evolution, from magma chamber pro  i to join expedition 335, where he will serve as igneous petrologist. he will describe and inte  neous petrologist. he will describe and interpret the plutonic rocks, which represent the build   composition and textures to make first-order observations about the magma chamber processes du  crustal accretion. in addition, he will define hypotheses to test during post-cruise research,   o test during post-cruise research, and take the necessary samples to achieve the postcruise re  ssary samples to achieve the postcruise research objectives.
15029	3	derstanding of how ecological processes are affected by global changes is limited by the paucit  rocesses are affected by global changes is limited by the paucity of theory , that could contri  limited by the paucity of theory , that could contribute substantially to generate potential sc
11647	6	be different for another. we will then test the potential of our developed identification syst  rom hickling broad, a shallow, medieval lake in norfolk, uk. hickling broad, a famous stonewort  present at different levels in hickling core it will be possible to directly compare our recons  fferent levels in hickling core it will be possible to directly compare our reconstructed seque  ng core it will be possible to directly compare our reconstructed sequence of change in the sto  which is historically documented and so make a test of our system. if successful the project wi
10031	2	er organic soils provide a major global store of carbon could provide an enhanced sink for atmo   provide a major global store of carbon could provide an enhanced sink for atmospheric co2 sequ
11825	2	er organic soils provide a major global store of carbon could provide an enhanced sink for atmo   provide a major global store of carbon could provide an enhanced sink for atmospheric co2 sequ
15165	5	ell as patterns of scatter-hoarding and cache retrieval, and that these changes in seed shadows  attern of holm oak recruitment. we will test predictions from this main hypothesis by means of   ain hypothesis by means of experimental control of keys of predations risk in field conditions,  g until seedling establishment. we will follow an integrative approach aimed at analysing the j   to current rapid changes in animal and plant communities induced by man-made global changes in
1992	24	al impact and conservation. at the same time it provides a natural laboratory with an ongoing e  pecies thrive in urban settings, others perish, but we often have no clue how or why. the great  n settings, others perish, but we often have no clue how or why. the great tit is an urban surv  ustic signals for territory defence and mate attraction. we have previously shown they have adj  rritory defence and mate attraction. we have previously shown they have adjusted their songs in  ely correlated to the presence of loud, low-pitched traffic noise. this is true at the individu  l across europe in ten independent city-forest comparisons. knowledge about the underlying beha   behavioural mechanism for this species may lead to insight into why others are less successful  ies may lead to insight into why others are less successful breeders in a noisy environment. in  nment. in the proposed project, we will take an experimental approach to test whether adult bir  d project, we will take an experimental approach to test whether adult birds have indeed a shor  whether adult birds have indeed a short-term acoustic flexibility to adjust to local noise cond  to adjust to local noise conditions. we plan to test the impact of masking noise on the acousti  y using playbacks. the results may also generate new insights with respect to the song learning   of unavoidable, masking noise. we will collaborate with established research groups with long-  h established research groups with long-term data on reproduction and survival of two great tit  at tit study populations. again we will take an experimental approach to avoid typical confound  ons. again we will take an experimental approach to avoid typical confounding factors in natura  at in cities or along highways. we will measure the impact of experimentally increased noise le  ng and other territorial behaviour, and assess reproductive success, extra-pair paternity, and    and assess reproductive success, extra-pair paternity, and survival or territory tenure length  ger song playback in the laboratory. we have extensive experience with several species in this   ck in the laboratory. we have extensive experience with several species in this set-up, and, al  s set-up, and, although great tits have been used in operant conditioning experiments, this wou
7460	8	ative methods to the argo system, which cannot be used in ice-covered seas, based on platforms   obal ocean observing system and thereby support the development of geoss. acobar will implement  ature, transports and heat fluxes. long-range acoustic navigation commands will be tested to op  be disseminated to users with near real-time capability, including assimilation in ocean models  in ocean models. acobar will extend and improve methods for underwater data collection that are  ip. the acoustic technologies in acobar aim to be used for transmission of multidisciplinary da   acoustic technologies in acobar aim to be used for transmission of multidisciplinary data from   esonet noe. transfer of technology and know-how from usa to europe will take place, with excha
12747	1	ollation of information arising from on-line consultations.
539	6	, for which we have shown a significant shift of about 30 km for some european and north americ  ft of about 30 km for some european and north american species. among those lepidoptera, genus   s. among those lepidoptera, genus colia is taken as a model to study adaptation to climate vari  eneral evolution of the lepidoptera. we think that a multi-disciplinary and mechanistic approac  at a multi-disciplinary and mechanistic approach of the lepidopteras adaptation to environmenta  epidopteras adaptation to environmental change, particularly to stochasticity and warming, will
211	4	ctly adapted to „natural conditions and may both inhabit and evolve further in human-modified e  daptations of the original community or target species. the main aim is to explore the variatio  ch habitat constraints and at least 2–3 master theses; the main results will be published in in  nal peer-reviewed journals and they can be immediately applied to improve conservation practice
6823	5	gene manipulation techniques and these are grown on even greater areas. as the number of genes  creases, these techniques are likely to be applied on a wider and wider scale. genetic transfor  ansformation allows the desired gene to be introduced directly into the recipient variety. a nu  ransformation, among which the gene gun is used most frequently for the development of transgen  hybridization has the advantage that it can be used to determine the exact location of the intr
11554	11	sts and other animal constructions have been described as extended phenotypic traits / extra-bo  d as extended phenotypic traits / extra-body characteristics that nonetheless reflect the genot  a-body characteristics that nonetheless reflect the genotype of the builder. hence, we might ex  enotype of the builder. hence, we might expect populations of a species living in different env  o the design of animal built structures is shaped by external factors. the ability of individua  ly when faced with environmental change is described as phenotypic plasticity . in this project  c plasticity . in this project, we will investigate adaptive divergence and phenotypic plastici  e sticklebacks because in the kidney to be quantified. our study will be among the first to exa  y in animal construction behaviour, and is unique in incorporating both a behavioural and molec  ent the nest building behaviour of fish is adapted to their local environment, and to what exte  important because, for example, it will help us predict how species introductions and global cl
15015	2	because of global change due to human activities is altering biosphere-le  nd water ecosystems, more investigation is needed to make sound predictions about the future. t
10709	10	there is an emerging consensus that many animal species are r  ing behind climate changes because they are unable to reach new sites beyond the range margin.   species that are lagging behind climate are endangered species of high conservation concern. ev   the earth s climate system. thus there is a commitment to future warming regardless of any mit   mitigation, and so adaptation measures are required urgently. one commonly suggested adaptatio  unsuitable landscapes, and to help them colonise new sites. however, this notion of habitat cre  tion is essentially untested, and there is no comprehensive study of whether such adaptation me   might be successful, or how they might be implemented. the proposed work will provide the firs  about limits to species ranges. it will open up a new avenue of research on the impacts of clim  n biodiversity. conservation strategies must include adaptation strategies, but conservationist
10053	22	the observation that organisms are adapted to their environment is obvious, yet we can  environment is obvious, yet we can only explain how this occurs in extreme scenarios such as th  opulation in an environment to which it is poorly adapted. this stressful environment is usuall   to provoke an observable response, and is also usually static. for example, a plant population  static. for example, a plant population may be transferred from a nutrient-rich environment to   on adapts over time, how many mutations are involved in a typical round of adaptation, and how   ion, and how many different outcomes we expect if the same population adapts to the same stress  e sudden transition from one relatively stable environment to a second, drastically different,   ent to a second, drastically different, stable environment. instead, environments tend to chang  fferent from that of a recent ancestor, even though it may differ substantially from a more dis  at of a recent ancestor, even though it may differ substantially from a more distant ancestor.   e, populations are adapting to a subtle shift in environment, but the environment does not hold  ironment does not hold still while they do it. this suggests that studies of adaptation should   ould incorporate both the magnitude and rate of environmental change. a second consideration is  econd consideration is that populations do not adapt in isolation, but must compete with other   ulations do not adapt in isolation, but must compete with other populations while they are doin  pulations in a changing environment, it is possible that one population excludes the other, but  e population excludes the other, but it is also possible that the populations adapt during this  ond to different rates of environmental change, either alone or in communities. using a microbi  ne or in communities. using a microbial model system allows me to do experiments using very lar  iments using very large populations and span hundreds of generations, which allows the fixation  ion. one of these environmental changes is elevated co2. because laboratory systems are necessa
12738	2	conservation projects that have already been completed or are under way. it would seek to answe  cts that have already been completed or are under way. it would seek to answer a range of quest
14956	1	epletion. although emissions of cfcs it is possible to use the uvb radiation to improve the suc
15053	4	ing the ecology of extreme environments may provide insight into the limits of life and its pos  crobial ecology of extreme environments may provide new information regarding limits of life an  tosynthetic activity of algae, and they are also responsible of the greatest part of biomass. h  groups in ambient less extreme. we also analyse the possible biotechnological and bioremediatio
12148	5	organism to the ecosystem level, which could help to predict invasion outcome. our tasks inclu  ess; and 2 how ecosystem properties and compare it with native noble crayfish. hypothesis propo  cators of good environmental status and serve as fundamental knowledge while building methodolo  knowledge while building methodological background for sustainable environmental management. we  esponsible for new enzyme activities-it could be used for the development of modern technologie
14629	4	s in inland waters system are a serious risk for planktonic photosynthetic microorganisms popul  sms populations, due to their toxicity, even at a micromolar level. this projet is a continuati  continuation of previous . we will also study their adaptative capacity to changes in the physi  ion of these microorganisms. applicated research objectives: 3. build up of sensitive microalga
11353	19	ppered moth, biston betularia, has long been used as a defining, textbook example of a rapid ev   evolutionary response to environmental change, which has served to educate generations of stud  ion. sadly, this classic case study has been neglected by modern advances in genetics. this res  stand what happens to genomes when they undergo rapid evolution, and also to find out whether t  red, speckled form of the peppered moth was known, but in 1848 a black form of the moth was fir  y common, largely replacing the typical form by the late 19th century in industrial parts of br  century in industrial parts of britain; while in rural, pollution free, areas typica remained c  els of atmospheric pollution carbonaria is relatively harder to find than typica and therefore   lanation, as does the parallel rise and fall of a black form of the peppered moth in north amer   other insect groups such as ladybirds, are known to have become darker during the industrial p  e industrial period. in this project we are specifically interested in the molecular genetic id  lution could not have occurred. do they represent ancestral polymorphisms maintained at low fre  prior to industrialization, or did they arise through mutation during the 19th century biston r  bition is to integrate this traditional approach with the modern tools of molecular genetics to  d homology of melanic morphs; molecular evidence of strong selection and its impact on the geno  equences of anthropogenic environmental change on the genetic composition of populations. in pa  anism, which allow organisms to rapidly adapt to environmental change. last, but not least, the  is research will add a revitalising new dimension to the paradigmatic account of evolution in a  ising new dimension to the paradigmatic account of evolution in action , which has recently com
13789	8	f organisms and ecosystems to adapt and evolve rapidly is critical to our future reliance on es   ecosystems to adapt and evolve rapidly is critical to our future reliance on essential ecosyst  unexplored marine environments. we here propose an interdisciplinary research programme that wi  ll integrate, in a novel constellation, expertise from diverse fields within biology to advance  bal change. this programme will greatly expand our knowledge and understanding of mechanisms of  environmental changes. finally, we will produce new models with which the effects of large-scal   models with which the effects of large-scale environmental transitions on distribution and sur  tion and survival of marine populations can be evaluated and predicted.
13737	7	ion rate of leaf litter were indeed not lower in acid than circumneutral sites in the province   sterbotten. these relationships are now being tested at a nationwide scale in streams. response  ps are now being tested at a nationwide scale in streams. responses in streams which are natura  inium content, and in streams which are being limed, are studied in a similar way. we also plan  , and in streams which are being limed, are studied in a similar way. we also plan to investiga  , are studied in a similar way. we also plan to investigate common properties of tolerant speci  mon properties of tolerant species that may explain their prevalence in acid environments in se
12067	4	t more than 90% of the biodiversity and are rapidly loosing forest habitats. landscape modifica  ants to crops constitutes an economical risk that will be taken into consideration. in addition  ct vectors constitutes an epidemiologic risk of the emergence of endemic disease via a domicili  ies on drosophila, which are unequalled model insect species in genetics and evolutionary biolo
2031	5	elation to environmental conditions and compare these rates of adaptation with the predicted ra   in the environment. from this, we will calculate the maximal rate of environmental change that  rom this, we will calculate the maximal rate of environmental change that species can cope with  ulate the maximal rate of environmental change that species can cope with. more severe climatic  te of environmental change that species can cope with. more severe climatic change will have ma
2491	11	ata and de lege ferenda studies it will address the following two general questions which are i  e following two general questions which are interlinked: - what are the legal obligations and p  extreme weather and climate change, and are the rules adequate to effectively meet the challeng  d are the rules adequate to effectively meet the challenges - what are the legal rights and obl  d possibly preventive restrictions, and are the rules adequate and generally fair in analyses o  nd are the rules adequate and generally fair in analyses of possible reforms several theoretica  eral theoretical approaches and methods may be applied. one approach may be to analyse various   ght of economic efficiency theories and apply methods of law-and-economics. approaches inherent  sance doctrine are also relevant. there is considerable international interest and activities i   the project will follow these. it will look into the legal situation and solutions in some oth  ngoing discussions in usa and australia are also relevant. to ensure contact with other discipl
12399	6	ange in the marine environment. it will investigate the extent to which forthcoming and existin  t to future climate change, and it will explore decadal-scale variations in climate change that  ate change, and it will explore decadal-scale variations in climate change that might mask the   tutory instruments and targets that are being introduced under the uk ‘marine & coastal access   her indicators and reference points of ‘good environmental status’ under the forthcoming eu mar  water framework directive might need to be revised in the future.
6875	12	the proposed work is based on a concept which attempts to generalise and   oncept which attempts to generalise and prove the classical picture of competition theory in a   s to generalise and prove the classical picture of competition theory in a well-defined sense:   a of distribution and for the long time-scale, instead of locally in space and time. on this sp  time. on this spatio-temporal scales we ask - which species have a place in the non-equilibrium  um word - what kind of selection regime is generated by the non-equilibrium ecology studied on    the general concept of coexistence, we reinvestigate the mathematical basis of adaptive dynami  ematical basis of adaptive dynamics. it is a direct consequence of this ecological word-view th  a direct consequence of this ecological word-view that selection pressure for speciation emerge  ect consequence of this ecological word-view that selection pressure for speciation emerges und  gically interpretable circumstances. it is debated whether this effect is strong enough to real   this effect is strong enough to really generate a new, properly isolated, species.
13839	6	the definition of neutral markers, they are not exposed to natural - or sexual selection. hence  r sexual selection. hence, such markers can not be used to verify if a population has certain u  ulation has certain unique traits, i.e. being adapted to its local environment. such knowledge   al in fisheries management. however, it is difficult to study local adaptation in nature. in or   whether local populations of sea trout are adapted to their environments, we launched the pres   evolved mainly a neutral manner. there is tendency for home/away effects, i.e. the populations
13780	4	oject behavioural and field experiments are integrated with analyses of oxidative stress and bi   biological ageing, and telomere length is evaluated as a molecular fitness indicator in fish.   cular fitness indicator in fish. we use brown trout and coho salmon as model species to address  centre of aquaculture and environmental research in vancouver, canada.
15364	4	t events related to climate change have been associated to important changes in composition, st  and ecosystem services stability, teher are no reliable projections on the near future of fores  forest ecosystems under probable global change scenarios, due to scientific uncertainties about  , the effect of managing irradiance and water availability, in the field and in incubation cham
2206	2	we aim to develop tools for the management of stream fish   agement of stream fish populations, and study the performance of an adaptive management of stre
15332	1	results of the project might throw new light on the assessment of morphogenetic processes that
13817	6	because: 1 amphibians are declining and are protected by law in sweden, 2 the coast along the b  mine the relationship between molecular are much more relevant. hence we need knowledge about t  ecular are much more relevant. hence we need knowledge about the relationship between fst and q  ill provide such estimates. i will also examine the genetics of phenotypic plasticity in life h  the frog population by testing a recent model on the evolution of phenotypic plasticity. phenot  us how well individuals and populations can respond to environmental changes.
14668	8	capromid rodents. all these structures are linked to special functional demands, which could a  ed to special functional demands, which could act as selective pressures. although the baculum   although the baculum is not a locomotor structure, it must support important bending loads and,  aculum is not a locomotor structure, it must support important bending loads and, consequently,  bending loads and, consequently, it can be a useful element of comparison with bones properly i  spring behaviour during flight that has been observed by cineradiography. it is known that the   as been observed by cineradiography. it is known that the fatigue tests originate an important   ssue, with the presence of an important proportion of secondary osteons .
10435	3	ductive concessions to ensure that they remain in the group and assist in rearing their offspri  nsure that they remain in the group and assist in rearing their offspring or that subordinates   evicting subordinates to dominants that can be used to predict the frequency of subordinate rep
9952	8	ing. however, in most animal societies, subordinate females sometimes breed and, in a few speci  skew has been the focus of considerable research in behavioural ecology for more than twenty ye   more than twenty years, it has not yet been possible to account for the distribution of subord  ductive concessions to ensure that they remain in the group and assist in rearing their offspri  nsure that they remain in the group and assist in rearing their offspring or that subordinates   s received relatively little attention, is that suppressing or evicting subordinate females has  lop generalised game-theory models that can be used to predict the extent to which dominants to  e of reproductive skew and the size and structure of groups in other social vertebrates.
15461	1	sured in a parallel project by the ucla team the first year. the research proposed is completel
15514	11	environmental change across a wide range of temporal and spatial scal  nses to predicted environmental changes are embedded in demographic and evolutionary processes    and interactions between environmental change, demography and evolution taking place in the pa  ting highly heterogeneous environments, are particularly at risk because of the predicted incre  redicted increase in aridity and recent land-use change in this area. it is thus of great inter  recent land-use change in this area. it is thus of great interest to assess the adaptive potent  iterranean species. in this project, we focus more specifically on forest trees as they are eco  re specifically on forest trees as they are ecologically dominant in many ecosystems and, at th  ant in many ecosystems and, at the same time, many of them are also economically important. new  ems and, at the same time, many of them are also economically important. newly developed sequen  s underlying adaptation in an important group of forest trees.
15515	11	environmental change across a wide range of temporal and spatial scal  nses to predicted environmental changes are embedded in demographic and evolutionary processes    and interactions between environmental change, demography and evolution taking place in the pa  ting highly heterogeneous environments, are particularly at risk because of the predicted incre  redicted increase in aridity and recent land-use change in this area. it is thus of great inter  recent land-use change in this area. it is thus of great interest to assess the adaptive potent  iterranean species. in this project, we focus more specifically on forest trees as they are eco  re specifically on forest trees as they are ecologically dominant in many ecosystems and, at th  ant in many ecosystems and, at the same time, many of them are also economically important. new  ems and, at the same time, many of them are also economically important. newly developed sequen  s underlying adaptation in an important group of forest trees.
11615	2	local adaptation to headwaters. here we plan to examine how microevolutionary forces in natural  titative traits. specifically, we will: examine the role of deterministic processes by comparin
10753	12	er ocean supersaturated with methane we know that it is, but do not understand why. evidence sh  rsaturated with methane we know that it is, but do not understand why. evidence shows that a po  ed with methane we know that it is, but do not understand why. evidence shows that a portion of  however that seems to contradict all we know about methanogenesis; a strictly anaerobic process   anaerobic process. this phenomenon has been termed the oceanic methane paradox . if, however,    microsites in the upper ocean, then it is entirely possible that methanogenesis could occur wi  s entirely possible that methanogenesis could occur within them. we now think that marine zoopl  genesis could occur within them. we now think that marine zooplankton, their excreted faecal ma  aterial and other sedimenting particles may provide these anaerobic microsites in pelagic water  up at sams supports this hypothesis. we have now clearly identified the presence of methanogens  ough the work of a tied studentship, we hope to add exciting new aspects to this work including  eas of research with new methodology we hope to start to unravel the ocean methane paradox.
9871	12	er ocean supersaturated with methane we know that it is, but do not understand why. evidence sh  rsaturated with methane we know that it is, but do not understand why. evidence shows that a po  ed with methane we know that it is, but do not understand why. evidence shows that a portion of  however that seems to contradict all we know about methanogenesis; a strictly anaerobic process   anaerobic process. this phenomenon has been termed the oceanic methane paradox . if, however,    microsites in the upper ocean, then it is entirely possible that methanogenesis could occur wi  s entirely possible that methanogenesis could occur within them. we now think that marine zoopl  genesis could occur within them. we now think that marine zooplankton, their excreted faecal ma  aterial and other sedimenting particles may provide these anaerobic microsites in pelagic water  up at sams supports this hypothesis. we have now clearly identified the presence of methanogens  ough the work of a tied studentship, we hope to add exciting new aspects to this work including  eas of research with new methodology we hope to start to unravel the ocean methane paradox.
11737	7	at, contrary to prevailing views, there are pathways for near surface currents around the penin  ence. the adelie project will deploy 20 surface drifters and 4 argo floats near the antarctic p  tarctic peninsula. the surface drifters are designed to follow the ocean current and will telem  te several times a day. the argo floats are designed to float deep in the ocean, at about 1000   suring temperature and salinity as they go, and telemeter their location and the profile data b  emperature and salinity as they go, and telemeter their location and the profile data back via   flows will indicate their locations and quantify their strength. their pathways will be mapped
12063	1	ity and their services and, at the same time, the maintenance of economic activities .
1944	8	inary social- scientific knowledge that may play a role in developing a national policy strateg  y on agro- biodiversity. from the chain/network perspective this programme delivers a multidisc  sition of agro-biodiversity in the food-supply-chain. on the basis of that knowledge the progra   aims to deliver an input to an optimal mix of policy instruments in a national policy strategy  ro- biodiversity. this research project is directed towards the administrative and juridical im  -biodiversity. in this project two oios work together on one integrated dissertation, although   ernance as far as institutional aspects are involved. those opportunities are placed in an ever  pects are involved. those opportunities are placed in an ever changing societal context. this o
14367	5	the hyperforest project – a consortium of k.u.leuven, ugent, vito, gli,  orest vitality, species composition and stand diversity based on airborne hyperspectral and lid  nal effects caused by the heterogeneous character of terrestrial targets, such as forests which  rest vitality, species composition, and stand diversity from remote sensing data. - a successfu  nput data. - the evaluation of the cost-benefit of combining airborne hyperspectral with laser
13608	10	caused by exudates from bacteria-fungi-tree interactions, on macro-scale processes, such as nu  as nutrient cycling in forest soils and tree growth. bacteria that enhance mycorrhiza formation  a that enhance mycorrhiza formation and protect the mycorrhiza from phytopathogen attacks are c  t nutrients from solution and minerals, promote mycorrhizae formation and plant growth, and pro  rals, promote mycorrhizae formation and plant growth, and produce extraordinarily strong comple  rrhizae formation and plant growth, and produce extraordinarily strong complex formers that can  aordinarily strong complex formers that can promote mineral dissolution as part of bacteria-fun  l dissolution as part of bacteria-fungi-tree symbiosis. an increased knowledge regarding the pr  ion of important ligands from mhb-fungi-tree interactions, as well as this interactions effect   his often overlooked triple-interaction could benefit sustainable, environmentally-friendly for
15303	15	f house mouse, mus musculus domesticus, are an excellent scenario to study speciation processes  ario to study speciation processes that are associated with the occurrence of robertsonian fusi  niofacial development, at intraspecific level, which may generate a different morphology, and t  elopment, at intraspecific level, which may generate a different morphology, and to find out ho  and to find out how these modifications can be altered by the effects of rb translocations. sin  tory strain mice with rb fusions it has been found suppression of genetic recombination near th  ion near the centromere in heterozygous state, we aim to perform a comparative analysis of the   he centromere in heterozygous state, we aim to perform a comparative analysis of the maps of ge  ne to three or more rb fusions. we will determine which alterations in genetic recombination re   homozygous and heterozygous rb fusions is associated with a reduced number of germinal cells.   escribed in the preceding paragraph, we intend to detect, describe, and quantify possible alter  eceding paragraph, we intend to detect, describe, and quantify possible alterations of the diff  aph, we intend to detect, describe, and quantify possible alterations of the different cells in   in spermatic maturation. also, we will perform a comparative cytological analysis of the ultra  th the karyotype. additionally, we will create, for the first time from a wild rb population of
15152	2	of these strandings are multiple, among are included fishing nets, military exercises, ship col  luded fishing nets, military exercises, ship collisions and infectious diseases. of the infecti
13979	7	d the economic costs of management, and have thus risked wasting management resources. recent a  r, a highly specialised forest species, is critically endangered in sweden. as part of a broad   r action plans objectives. we will also examine the vulnerability of these recommendations to u  roach and its application will generate/produce an exemplary case-study for application to regi  tion will generate/produce an exemplary case-study for application to regional endangered speci  will generate/produce an exemplary case-study for application to regional endangered species ma  ement, with potentially great strategic impact on biodiversity conservation in general.
7451	9	t of the salmons range, wild salmon now face extinction. this is in spite of unprecedented mana  insight into the spatial and ecological use of the marine environment by different regional and  ferent regional and river stocks, which are known to show variation in marine growth, condition  own to show variation in marine growth, condition, and survival. salmon populations may migrate  ition, and survival. salmon populations may migrate to different marine zones, whose environmen  te it has been impossible to sample and identify the origin of sufficient numbers of wild salmo  wild salmon at sea to enable this vital question to be addressed. salsea-merge will provide the  at sea to enable this vital question to be addressed. salsea-merge will provide the basis for a   advancing our understanding of oceanic-scale, ecological and ecosystem processes. such knowled
6843	8	iguing facet of global biodiversity. it is a really possibility that in the nearby future the w   the importance of the afforestation it is that the biodiversity in the forest–soil is always h  such as productions, nutrient recycling are controlled by the rates at which nutrients are rele  trolled by the rates at which nutrients are released by decomposition in the soil and litter ho  leased by decomposition in the soil and litter horizont. the decomposition process drives compl  od webs with the soil fauna. collembola are ubiquitous members of the soil fauna, often reachin  ity. site description: the study fields are situated in nw–hungary and in the hungarian–plain.   t each site an 5 cm internal diametered steel corer will be used. the soil cores will be wrappe
10708	1	large igneous provinces we propose to apply high-precision ar-ar dating to assess
10688	6	the pattern of senescence in birds. we plan to experimentally uncouple chronological age and r  nce in birds. we plan to experimentally uncouple chronological age and reproductive effort and   logical age and reproductive effort and examine their effects on reproductive performance and l  ctive performance and lifespan. we also plan to examine experimentally how these relationships    experimentally how these relationships are influenced by nutritional conditions during early d  tions during early development. we will combine the organismal fitness measures of lifespan and
10443	5	ng that enable age-specific patterns to be described at the population-level we currently have   terns to be described at the population-level we currently have a very limited idea about the r  ed at the population-level we currently have a very limited idea about the relationship between  life histories respond to environmental change, and a theoretical framework for linking individ  environmental change, and a theoretical framework for linking individual life histories to popu
10177	6	spectacular botanical preservation and long occupation of qasr ibrim make this site archaeobot  ation and long occupation of qasr ibrim make this site archaeobotanically matchless. 600 sample  botanically matchless. 600 samples have been collected over 20 years by the pi and the rr cover  ral new summer crops including sorghum, cotton, lablab and sesame first appear. they are probab  n, lablab and sesame first appear. they are probably associated with new irrigation technology.  e been possible to examine this crucial change archaeologically. this project will allow us to
7051	8	l of pests. the effects of agricultural change on this ecosystem service, however, are not univ  nge on this ecosystem service, however, are not universal and the mechanisms affecting it remai  iversal and the mechanisms affecting it remain to be understood. as biological control is effec  d the mechanisms affecting it remain to be understood. as biological control is effectively the   food web analysis provides a versatile tool to address this gap of knowledge. the proposed pro  ilize a molecular food web approach and examine, for the first time, how changes in plant ferti   how changes in plant fertilisation and landscape complexity affect quantitative aphid-parasito  id control one step further, as it will provide a clearer understanding of how plant fertilizat
13726	1	dscape perspective when such strategies are outlined.
11821	25	agriculture is thought to have begun about 10 000 years ago in the   ost important events in the human past, being the first occasion on which humans broke free fro  ical greece and rome. much research has been devoted to understanding the origin of agriculture  s a rapid or a gradual process. when we consider this question it is important that we make a d  cess. when we consider this question it is important that we make a distinction between cultiva  r this question it is important that we make a distinction between cultivation, which is the de   so that harvesting is easier, can only arise as a result of genetic selection, which requires   hown that if rigorous farming practices are followed, domestication can occur soon after the in  g practices are followed, domestication can occur soon after the initial cultivation, perhaps w  tices are not followed then cultivation can continue for hundreds of years before domestication  riculture, with the transition possibly being driven by a small group of enlightened people. a   sition possibly being driven by a small group of enlightened people. a more gradual transition,  ened people. a more gradual transition, while not precluding an active role for our ancestors,   f the first and most important crops to be domesticated in southwest asia. we discovered that a  ast turkey , the cultivated plants also have genetic features more commonly found in wild popul   from north iraq and northwest iran. we believe that these results can be explained if einkorn   est iran. we believe that these results can be explained if einkorn was cultivated in the ferti  ese results can be explained if einkorn was cultivated in the fertile crescent for a lengthy pe   in the mixed genetic signature that we see today. we now wish to carry out a more sophisticate  tic signature that we see today. we now wish to carry out a more sophisticated project to test   his initial finding. to do this we will study a part of chromosome number 1 of the wheat genome  enome called the 5s-dna-a1 locus, which is made up of a sequence of dna, 360 nucleotides in len  of dna, 360 nucleotides in length, that is repeated approximately 500 times in a head to tail f  es and the ones in wild plants, we will be able to work out exactly which wild populations are   work out exactly which wild populations are related to the cultivated plants, and what the natu
7436	4	ing the vipera berus. these two species were chosen because they are typical of the limestone h  se two species were chosen because they are typical of the limestone hills or alternative envir  e hills or alternative environments and have the potential for different dispersion. the vipera  the establishment of a monitoring long- term population. the project has co-financed by interre
10639	3	ategy. the project will show if biochar soil treatment of uk soils is likely to lead to success   will meet an aim of the nerc strategic plan to enable society to respond urgently to global cl  obal climate change by providing timely evidence-based recommendations to policy makers charged
7430	5	ological awareness has led us to always use innovative agricultural practices and invest oursel  e innovative agricultural practices and invest ourselves in environmental procedures and qualit  ooperative, integrated protection... we are also investing in a biogas plant in aim to capture   in a biogas plant in aim to capture and develop organic fertilizers on our plot. for 2010, we p  c fertilizers on our plot. for 2010, we plan to continue our actions in favor of biodiversity w
7190	6	ue has become part of the environmental dimension of french agriculture. agriculture will have   uickly to ensure its sustainability, ie enhance the functionality of agro-ecosystems while main  omic, organizational, environmental. we can highlight the potential antagonisms between issues,  e potential antagonisms between issues, identify the best compromise between criteria and ident  he best compromise between criteria and identify the characteristics of the most efficient syst   project produce scientific results and may contribute to the current debate on the evolution t
7417	11	bination of trees and crops on the same plot - appears in agricultural policies as an innovativ   agricultural policies as an innovative tool for the preservation of biodiversity and reintegra  f biodiversity and reintegration. it is part of a productive and sustainable agriculture. cerea  riculture. cereals, particularly wheat, are ideal for agroforestry systems. the overall product  s. the overall productivity of land and grain quality are improved. plant diversity introduced    productivity of land and grain quality are improved. plant diversity introduced into the cultu  rees and vegetation of the uncultivated strip, is it purveyor of resources and interests habita  d vegetation of the uncultivated strip, is it purveyor of resources and interests habitats for   s cover on the shaft line. this project is done in partnership with three agroforestry grain of   in partnership with three agroforestry grain of the hérault. research and development partners  nsure a participatory and collaborative approach, innovative and scientifically leading to prop
7111	7	the project is based on two assumptions: 1 / there are interactions   is based on two assumptions: 1 / there are interactions between landscape structure and produc  o manage biodiversity depends, in large part, to their type of production system and the config   second site. the theoretical framework is constructed from our earlier work on the grove, ecol  amework is constructed from our earlier work on the grove, ecological system whose dynamics is   grove, ecological system whose dynamics is controlled by both the landscape structures and dyna  nt of field margins. in perspective, we consider the development of diagnostic methods for envi
7413	5	ent, to regain biodiversity champenoise plain cereal. it is based on the establishment of a net  odiversity champenoise plain cereal. it is based on the establishment of a network of grass str  holders, environmentalists associations are associated with agricultural technical organization  nical organizations and inra scientific partner as recognized by the 2 parts. the civam of the   ilize the necessary resources to global expertise of these developments for concrete recommenda
7703	8	raction between nitrogen metabolism and plant defense mechanisms, choosing the model plant for   , choosing the model plant for cereals, rice, wheat base with the green revolution, and model f  eat base with the green revolution, and model fungus magnaporthe grisea agent most important di   conditions. in the laboratory, it will be possible to identify candidate genes for expression   ed in the defense mechanisms, those who have a major role in this interaction. in the field, mo   cultivars studied cropping systems and provide useful markers for the further development of v   ecological intensification systems. we propose to measure the effects of ecological intensific  ion of resistance to rice m. grisea and identify the mechanisms involved in order to acquire th
523	6	the project is based on two hypotheses : 1/ there are interactions   t is based on two hypotheses : 1/ there are interactions between the structure of landscapes an   the second area. the theoretical frame is based on our previous work on the grove: ecological   oretical frame is based on our previous work on the grove: ecological system in which the growt  : ecological system in which the growth is controlled both by landscape structures and by the d  management of field borders. as a futur prospect, we consider establishing methods for ecologic
13310	6	stem functioning alarm will develop and test methods and protocols for the assessment of large-  d protocols for the assessment of large-scale environmental risks in order to minimise negative  anges in biodiversity and in structure, function, and dynamics of ecosystems. this relates to e  nd use patterns will be assessed. there is an increasing number of case studies on the environm  tems. whereas the knowledge on how they act in concert is poor and alarm will be the first rese  ments in alarm will be hierarchical and examine a range of organisational . alarm encompasses 7
15187	12	bitats along the atlantic and cantabric coast of iberian peninsula. it will establish a florist  ric coast of iberian peninsula. it will establish a floristic, taxonomic and ecologic baseline   has been almost neglected although they make up a considerable portion of the coastline; and th  ed although they make up a considerable portion of the coastline; and they have not been previu  able portion of the coastline; and they have not been previusly studied in the atlantic coast o  ion of the coastline; and they have not been previusly studied in the atlantic coast of iberian   been previusly studied in the atlantic coast of iberian peninsula. algal turfs from sand-rocky  e biodiversity conservation, since they have a high species richness, contain several endemic s  ince they have a high species richness, contain several endemic species and other ones of bioge  ical interest. furthermore, algal turfs can be considered as bioindicators of the increases of   rization of algal turfs from intertidal sand-rocky habitats along the atlantic and cantabric co  bitats along the atlantic and cantabric coast of iberian peninsula, including a taxonomic revis
13593	7	c communities. in this project, we will explore the trophic interactions between three introduc  n ecosystem processes. firstly, we will test the hypothesis that plants from invading populatio  on-garden experiment. secondly, we will use mesocosm experiments and coupled field experiments   mportant ecosystem processes: community-level primary production and the transfer of energy to   xt trophic level. since invasions often result in an increase in local biodiversity, the experi   in local biodiversity, the experiments are constructed to test also the more general hypothesi   affects production and consumption. we expect that the project will contribute to the developm
11101	1	ts of alien of otoliths of pikeperch we aim to obtain a picture of the frequency and extent of
2522	2	introductions of alien species been recognized globally as a major threat to biologica  and introduction pathway of the pacific oyster through genetic studies.this project will provid
14416	3	orestry and human health. nowadays they are recognized as one of the leading threats to biodive  bulgaria published in internet. it will allow modernization of scientific equipment of partners  n of bulgarian scientists into european research area.
12016	7	ocesses. france, although with a unique position in the world – having islands in all oceans –   he biodiversity and the threats upon it are not even well defined in most of these islands. for  amme also participated to establish and consolidate an important network of collaborations and    establish and consolidate an important network of collaborations and partnerships within the w  ies, bringing together scientist, ngos, land managers and various stakeholders involved in isla  nd applied programmes have begun or are being planned, involving the different partners of the   ns project. the programme has therefore been very successful, both in terms of achievements of
13743	5	y. studies have shown that alien plants can replace natives by competition for space and nutrie  ect will investigate how a native flora is affected by the mutualisms established between alien  pped in a habitat that harbours a large amount of alien plant species. this will allow us to in  ator visitation, seed set and seed size is affected in a native target species when it grows in  tions whole pollination networks has to be studied.
7574	2	istance to rice yellow mottle virus and evaluate relations with the resistance to well-characte  the adaptability of the virus will then be tested by serial inoculations on virtually isogenic
176	1	es , which ends in 2004. our hypothesis are based on numerous preliminary experiments and ideas
10823	2	l air-breathing marine animals. we will investigate how size-related differences in the ability  their depth utilisation both while they are in coastal foraging sites and also in the deep sea.
14103	4	rthern europe only in the south-eastern part of sweden; therefore they must be interpreted and   -eastern part of sweden; therefore they must be interpreted and treated in estonia as the respo  ponsibility communities in all-european scale, having a great importance for preserving biodive  e for preserving biodiversity. the same is valid about boreo-nemoral deciduous forests growing
13311	3	and the research it supports, will also facilitate the long-term institutional changes that wil  supports, will also facilitate the long-term institutional changes that will be necessary to ac  ll be necessary to accomplish the alter-net objectives for durable integration.
14510	6	heterogeneous seeds. this heterogeneity can affect not only colour, size, and shape of the seed   this heterogeneity can affect not only colour, size, and shape of the seeds produced by the sa  terogeneity can affect not only colour, size, and shape of the seeds produced by the same indiv  y can affect not only colour, size, and shape of the seeds produced by the same individual, but  study the physiology of the seed, as it can provide us different lots of seeds from the same in  e cause physiology of the gene-r, which was studied in cereals, and which would be of great imp
12355	6	ples for analysis provided to cefas who provide a scientific assessment of the license applicat  ssment of the license application. mceu wish to establish whether there are other commercial la  n. mceu wish to establish whether there are other commercial laboratories who could carry out t  ine samples for the required chemicals, provide satisfactory quality and turnaround times, and   ctory quality and turnaround times, and do this for an acceptable cost per sample. summary obje  naround times, and cost per sample, and identify commercial laboratories potentially capable of
12709	4	ing schemes, which are by their nature, short-term and dispersed. larger, longer-term restorati  hort-term and dispersed. larger, longer-term restoration is more secure in the face of the chan  ng climate. studies of re-wilding, for, have generally identified limited opportunities in the   s of high nature value, such as the new forest or norfolk broads generate significant business
11067	8	climate has often been identified as the main determinant of species rang  nt of species ranges, so climate change is expected to cause changes in species distributions.   pes of distributional shifts has rarely been studied. elevation shifts may have the capacity to  s rarely been studied. elevation shifts may have the capacity to mask latitudinal shifts by del  ve mountain regions along a latitudinal transect in europe, where previous data are available f  h area has increased since the previous survey, whether these changes are as great as would be    taken place, and whether these changes are related to the latitudinal position of the mountain   changes are related to the latitudinal position of the mountain range. finally, i will explore
9965	8	climate has often been identified as the main determinant of species rang  nt of species ranges, so climate change is expected to cause changes in species distributions.   pes of distributional shifts has rarely been studied. elevation shifts may have the capacity to  s rarely been studied. elevation shifts may have the capacity to mask latitudinal shifts by del  ve mountain regions along a latitudinal transect in europe, where previous data are available f  h area has increased since the previous survey, whether these changes are as great as would be    taken place, and whether these changes are related to the latitudinal position of the mountain   changes are related to the latitudinal position of the mountain range. finally, i will explore
12037	14	em goods and services. in the amazonian arc of deforestation, carefully designed legislation to  orestation is inefficient. furthermore, people who live on the mining exploitation of one of th  is inefficient. furthermore, people who live on the mining exploitation of one of the richest n   on earth, especially familiar farmers, are generally poor and with limited access to public he  health, education, formation, energy or transport facilities. the amaz project aimed at identif  ignificant links would appear, we might identify the socioeconomic and/or landscape conditions   ns that would make a most eco efficient use of the land and identify policies to promote them.    most eco efficient use of the land and identify policies to promote them. five disciplinary fi  s among social and economic conditions, landscape composition and structure, biodiversity, agro  c conditions, landscape composition and structure, biodiversity, agrosylvopastoral productions    and ecosystem services, no attempt had been made so far to test this basic hypothesis. to achi   plants and 7 groups of terrestrial and soil animals. covariation among the 14 different tables  bles of data was highly significant. we describe how the socioeconomic types identified manage   est, as a way to halt deforestation and allow local development.
10527	7	ver the largest forested area globally, constitute the largest reservoir of above-ground organi  voir of above-ground organic carbon and are exceptionally species rich. they are under strong h  nd are exceptionally species rich. they are under strong human pressure through logging, forest   strong human pressure through logging, forest to pasture conversion and exploitation of natura  exploitation of natural resources. they face a warming climate and a changing atmospheric envir  er the four-year measurement period. we expect to obtain much better quantification of a major   rge-scale effect. the project will also provide much improved predictions of the response of th
10774	7	ver the largest forested area globally, constitute the largest reservoir of above-ground organi  voir of above-ground organic carbon and are exceptionally species rich. they are under strong h  nd are exceptionally species rich. they are under strong human pressure through logging, forest   strong human pressure through logging, forest to pasture conversion and exploitation of natura  exploitation of natural resources. they face a warming climate and a changing atmospheric envir  er the four-year measurement period. we expect to obtain much better quantification of a major   rge-scale effect. the project will also provide much improved predictions of the response of th
11051	7	ver the largest forested area globally, constitute the largest reservoir of above-ground organi  voir of above-ground organic carbon and are exceptionally species rich. they are under strong h  nd are exceptionally species rich. they are under strong human pressure through logging, forest   strong human pressure through logging, forest to pasture conversion and exploitation of natura  exploitation of natural resources. they face a warming climate and a changing atmospheric envir  er the four-year measurement period. we expect to obtain much better quantification of a major   rge-scale effect. the project will also provide much improved predictions of the response of th
11574	7	ver the largest forested area globally, constitute the largest reservoir of above-ground organi  voir of above-ground organic carbon and are exceptionally species rich. they are under strong h  nd are exceptionally species rich. they are under strong human pressure through logging, forest   strong human pressure through logging, forest to pasture conversion and exploitation of natura  exploitation of natural resources. they face a warming climate and a changing atmospheric envir  er the four-year measurement period. we expect to obtain much better quantification of a major   rge-scale effect. the project will also provide much improved predictions of the response of th
11816	7	ver the largest forested area globally, constitute the largest reservoir of above-ground organi  voir of above-ground organic carbon and are exceptionally species rich. they are under strong h  nd are exceptionally species rich. they are under strong human pressure through logging, forest   strong human pressure through logging, forest to pasture conversion and exploitation of natura  exploitation of natural resources. they face a warming climate and a changing atmospheric envir  er the four-year measurement period. we expect to obtain much better quantification of a major   rge-scale effect. the project will also provide much improved predictions of the response of th
11817	7	ver the largest forested area globally, constitute the largest reservoir of above-ground organi  voir of above-ground organic carbon and are exceptionally species rich. they are under strong h  nd are exceptionally species rich. they are under strong human pressure through logging, forest   strong human pressure through logging, forest to pasture conversion and exploitation of natura  exploitation of natural resources. they face a warming climate and a changing atmospheric envir  er the four-year measurement period. we expect to obtain much better quantification of a major   rge-scale effect. the project will also provide much improved predictions of the response of th
11820	7	ver the largest forested area globally, constitute the largest reservoir of above-ground organi  voir of above-ground organic carbon and are exceptionally species rich. they are under strong h  nd are exceptionally species rich. they are under strong human pressure through logging, forest   strong human pressure through logging, forest to pasture conversion and exploitation of natura  exploitation of natural resources. they face a warming climate and a changing atmospheric envir  er the four-year measurement period. we expect to obtain much better quantification of a major   rge-scale effect. the project will also provide much improved predictions of the response of th
11235	27	oposal is for a 6 month partnership and project development catalyst project to build an interd  build an interdisciplinary research and partner consortium that will involve and support some o  artner consortium that will involve and support some of the most marginalised peoples in their   tant ecosystems of the planet. amazonia is one of earth s most precious ecosystems. as the amaz  he yungas have provided health and well-being for these indigenous peoples via food, medicines,  indigenous peoples via food, medicines, home, culture, and natural resources. these forest bios  nous peoples via food, medicines, home, culture, and natural resources. these forest biospheres  resources. these forest biospheres also provide the world with some of its most important ecosy  bal carbon sink. internationally, there is an urgent need to improve understanding of the impor   biodiversity for human health and well-being particularly for communities directly dependent o  rgent in this fragile and vital region, home to such interdependent biological and cultural div  rant to develop a major partnership and research consortium to lead and manage an amazonia-yung  hip and research consortium to lead and manage an amazonia-yungas observatory on biodiversity a   such an observatory will provide vital evidence on the links of biodiversity and indigenous he  iversity and indigenous health and well-being in the region and internationally, and will be a   ental stakeholder groups. this proposal is led by international and regional scientists from ar  na, peru, brazil, the uk and canada who form an initial interdisciplinary team of biologists, s  a who form an initial interdisciplinary team of biologists, social and environmental epidemiolo  ocial scientists working with a diverse group of local, regional and international actors inclu   international agencies. if awarded, we place a major emphasis on development of partners who w  opment of partners who will support and guide the observatory and who will be major users of th  iversity and indigenous health and well-being 2. to develop a multi-stakeholder network of part  ner organisations committed to develop, support, promote and use findings of the yungas-amazoni  mitted to develop, support, promote and use findings of the yungas-amazonia observatory on biod  iversity and indigenous health and well-being specific objectives: a. to review existing eviden  osed research consortium to discuss and develop a major interdisciplinary proposal for a 5 year  ry including research team and methods; partner organisations; impact plan; environmental offse
10573	8	tropical peatlands are spatially extensive and biogeochemically dynamic en  e biosphere and atmosphere. however, we have relatively few ground-based measurements of greenh  . this makes it difficult to accurately assess the relative contribution of amazonian peatlands  lobal atmospheric budgets. we will also explore the relationships between trace gas fluxes and   ationships between trace gas fluxes and key biophysical drivers , which will help us to better   nd how methane and nitrous oxide fluxes are influenced by ecological processes and environmenta   likely outcome of future environmental change or human disturbance, and will be useful for fut  s and habitat degradation, all of which may act as a positive feedback to climate change.
2204	10	this workpackage is a case study of an introduced alien aquatic organism  n close connection to wp 7 and wp 8 and supply them with data needed for the ecological and the  ng risk and economy already at an early stage of the programme. the experiences derived from th  riences derived from this work can then be utilised when modelling the effects on the organism   t has been intensively studied since it is now quite widespread and has been introduced into ma  ince it is now quite widespread and has been introduced into many european countries and the sp   literature. the main vectors have also been identified and human activities, connected to the   the great economic and social interest, is probably the most important vector. there are, howev  obably the most important vector. there are, however, no ecological models describing the epide  idemiology of the plague. an ecological model that also incorporates human activities and behav
11186	12	tropical climate, in particular as they appear to act as a bell-weather for global warming. in   ticular as they appear to act as a bell-weather for global warming. in 1998, an estimated 16% o  mated 16% of the world s tropical coral were killed in the most destructive and global bleachin  bleaching event documented. at the same time, tropical sea surface temperatures were the highes  modern instrumental record. anomalously warm sea surface temperatures again caused widespread b   2002. the annual growth bands in coral can be used to reconstructed temperature, salinity, oce  fetime. in massive corals these records may span many centuries, and by overlapping these, long  ny centuries, and by overlapping these, long, high resolution chronologies can be constructed.   ese, long, high resolution chronologies can be constructed. intra-crystalline amino acids have    intra-crystalline amino acids have not been investigated before, but pilot data indicate remar  atial behaviour of high-frequency short-term climate fluctuations such as el niño. even more in   is that variation in other amino acids may provide a marked for and a clue to the process of c
10869	5	d on television wildlife programmes. it is seldom evident from such documentaries that these si  sed during decomposition of excreta and use the measurements to produce a map of ammonia concen   this size emits and the area likely to be affected. we will also measure how much ammonia lich  rea likely to be affected. we will also measure how much ammonia lichens have taken up and disc   much ammonia lichens have taken up and discover to what extent this might affect their growth.
14782	1	ion. to attain these objectives we will undertake morphological, ecological and molecular studi
12051	2	ion and growth of juvenile stages. they are determinant for biodiversity conservation purposes.  alysis of reserves of variable size and age, located in france, mauritania and senegal.
15445	11	l the species are subterranean and they are distributed in a wide range of body mass, from 100   aphical distribution, different species can be found from the bolivian plateau to tierra del fu   species can be found from the bolivian plateau to tierra del fuego. given this large distribut  bution, the representative of the genus must dig in very different soil conditions. it is known  g in very different soil conditions. it is known that although limbs are used, jaws are the mai  itions. it is known that although limbs are used, jaws are the main digging tool. it seems that  ng mandible morphology and neurocranium suture complexity, using geometrics morphometrics and f  be due to variations in animal size and soil compactness, but also to phylogenetic reasons, sin  ic reasons, since the different species are grouped in subclades of special cladogenetic affini   structural and behavioural differences were found, in order to explain the possible evolutiona  parting from the epigeous plesiomorphic condition of the group .
12479	21	people, including goods like timber and fish, and services such as purifying water, pollinating   in plantations. other natural services can be valued by considering how much it would cost to    a coastal dune system. ecosystems also contain biodiversity discussed the role of ecosystems a  el. the current study will specifically concentrate on terrestrial ecosystems in england and wi  hich will enable the delivery of defras vision for the natural environment. this vision is of a   to the point where any valuations have been carried out, and there has been limited progress i  ns have been carried out, and there has been limited progress in applying this theory to the ac  gland’s terrestrial ecosystems. it will employ a consultative approach, involving an interdisci  osystems. it will employ a consultative approach, involving an interdisciplinary team, to clari  pproach, involving an interdisciplinary team, to clarify which values are most important and wh  o place values on each service. it will be possible to value some services using the benefits t  efits transfer approach. in addition it is likely that it will not be possible or appropriate t   addition it is likely that it will not be possible or appropriate to quantify some other servi   likely that it will not be possible or appropriate to quantify some other services. however in  es primary data collection and analysis may prove very valuable. a flexible approach will be re  required regarding the precise tools to be used and a decision on this will be made during the    course of stage 1. the study will also provide a methodology for combining and aggregating val   estimates and marginal values. a small number of case studies will be employed to investigate   t any ecosystem services that could not be valued and will identify the most significant uncert  e recommendations for further work that can help us to better understand the value of ecosystem  systems and the goods and services they provide us with.
11861	7	ovel issues. for example the ecological research on gm herbicide tolerant crops were carried ou  research on gm herbicide tolerant crops were carried out after the product had been on the mark   identify issues that could potentially affect uk biodiversity.we have planned a collaboration   rsity in the next 50 years but have not been of importance in the past. we expect this horizon    not been of importance in the past. we expect this horizon scanning exercise to be published i  xpect this horizon scanning exercise to be published in a leading ecological journal. this work  with environmental change programme. it is also likely to be influential in determining the res
11591	7	identify those areas where new policies are needed or where existing policies are not achieving   required results. we will collectively publish the results of the analysis. some of these gaps  need for new policies while others will be a result of gaps in knowledge. we expect that this w  ll be a result of gaps in knowledge. we expect that this work will be influential in identifyin  in identifying areas where new policies are required and areas where there are gaps in knowledg  here are gaps in knowledge that need to be filled by additional science. this will be run joint   andy clements, director of the british trust for ornithology.
12241	22	the last 40 years many experiments have been performed by warwick hri and its collaborators, to  lisers. the data from these experiments was collected at considerable expense in projects funde  periments was collected at considerable expense in projects funded primarily by maff. data from  op new hypotheses, and to calibrate and validate fertiliser-response models, such as those bein  rtiliser-response models, such as those being developed in projects currently being funded by d  e being developed in projects currently being funded by defra . with current constraints on fun   with current constraints on funding it is unlikely that another large-scale experimental progr  nding it is unlikely that another large-scale experimental program could be financed, so it is   nother large-scale experimental program could be financed, so it is essential to preserve the h  mental program could be financed, so it is essential to preserve the historical data in an acce  ve the historical data in an accessible form for the future. when the historical data were coll  or the future. when the historical data were collected, only rudimentary systems of data storag  orage were available, and most datasets were recorded in free format as paper records, on micro  lt to interpret. this situation has not been eased by the decommissioning of the vax computer,   om magnetic tapes. if these data are to be preserved and used in the future it is essential tha   be preserved and used in the future it is essential that they become more accessible. the wide  ecommendation systems, including rb209, could be developed and evaluated, and would be an inval  d evaluated, and would be an invaluable source of information for answering a range of question  rops. such a database system could also be used to collate new data from ongoing research. in s  luence plant growth and development and crop quality, and will ensure better targeting of such   rgeting of such nutrients. it will also assist with developing best practice guidelines for sus   the database on the internet will also be explored to encourage its widespread use.
12672	1	ng on less than $2 a day. to critically evaluate these techniques to ensure information reveale
10444	4	iour of foxes in urban bristol. we will compare gps- and vhf-tracking data in terms of percenta   terms of percentage of fixes obtained, size of location error polygons, size of resultant home  ained, size of location error polygons, size of resultant home range estimates, efficacy of det   philopatry and dispersal. we will then use these data to model the benefits of group living in
11576	13	n from the land surface is an important focus for research into the effects of climate change o   of climate change on weather, climate, water resources, agriculture and ecosystem function. th  and ecosystem function. the evaporative water loss from canopies is comprised of both wet evapo  he evaporative water loss from canopies is comprised of both wet evaporation from the canopy an   covariance observations of evaporative water loss made above plant canopies into their wet eva  canopies into their wet evaporation and plant transpiration components. the methodology turns o  g events cause the observed evaporative water loss to change between these two conditions. this  if the degree of wetness of the surface can be specified. using a simple modelling approach thi   simple modelling approach this wetness is determined by the difference between rainfall inputs   covariance observations of evaporative water loss combined with satellite microwave data which  face wetness. the methodology will then be applied to a wide range of biomes for which eddy cov  s for which eddy covariance evaporative water loss data are held on a central database called f   covariance evaporative water loss data are held on a central database called fluxnet. in doing
10650	14	ns store as much as one-third of global soil carbon and represent a highly important global car   as one-third of global soil carbon and represent a highly important global carbon dioxide sink  tential future response. it has already been shown that changes in the rate of carbon accumulat  carbon accumulation during the medieval warm period and little ice age in raised peat bogs was   position of the peat forming plants. it is therefore vital to reconstruct the local peat formin  n accumulation, but this, unfortunately is not always possible, as plant macrofossils do not pr   peatland ecosystems. given this, there is a pressing need to develop alternative techniques to  sils preserved in peat profiles from uk blanket peat profiles and their timely availability rep  tanical composition. data on the modern/sub-fossil plant wax biochemical markers from known pla  kers from known plant species will then be used in the final proof of concept stage to reconstr  on sequestration rate changes, and also provide proxy-climate data and long-term ecological rec  and also provide proxy-climate data and long-term ecological records to inform conservation pol  lso provide proxy-climate data and long-term ecological records to inform conservation policies  nce themes on biodiversity, sustainable use of natural resources, and knowledge exchange to sta
10342	5	there are at least ten cladistic biogeographic techniques des  estionable, however, because they often produce different results when applied to the same data  e distributional histories of organisms are known . predicted outcomes include: the development  cation of ways in which current methods can be improved; and more rigorous testing of hypothese  ting of hypotheses of global change and earth-life co-evolution.
10079	7	tion ecology in now able to explain and predict pollinator-mediated gene flow. the comprehensiv  ss that strongly influences the genetic structure of many plant species. the model can be appli  ucture of many plant species. the model can be applied to insect-pollinated crops and so yield   plied to insect-pollinated crops and so yield predictions about the level of escape of genetica   transgenes. a preliminary experimental test of the model yielded only partial success, however  y partial success, however. i therefore propose a programme of experiments to evaluate both the  ly unstudied pollination processes that may affect the accuracy of its predictions. the evaluat
10041	17	depend on the presence of bright red or yellow carotenoid pigments in feathers and bills, and t  loration is the major example of honest condition-dependent coloration that functions either as  ither as a signal of attractiveness and mate quality to potential mates or dominance and fighti  oids are not synthesized by birds , but are obtained from their diet, although they may be chem  ined from their diet, although they may be chemically modified. in addition to coloration, they  dified. in addition to coloration, they have important functions as antioxidants, and in the im  oloration have been well-studied, there is almost no information about the genetic factors invo  enetic factors involved, although these must have several important roles in carotenoid convers  eleas, which have many advantages: they show great diversity in the carotenoid patterning and t   carotenoid content and metabolism have been studied in many species; and a robust phylogenetic  sponsible for the enzymatic conversion, transport, and deposition of carotenoids in the feather  . having isolated the relevant genefrom target species, we will then go on to determine the rel  t genefrom target species, we will then go on to determine the relevant roles they play in the   on to determine the relevant roles they play in the coloration of the two sexes, and between du  more distantly related species, we will aim to address a number of important evolutionary quest  rotenoid metabolism and deposition, and are the mechanisms the same for different categories of  tionary geneticists. the work will also provide the basis for future studies on physiological c
152	1	included in the information system and test them on data sets. 6. testing and evaluation of th
13799	2	ze the role of different forms of urban green areas for biodiversity conservation and ecosystem  unty. the study area includes a cicular zone of a radius of 20 km, centered in the national urb
7689	21	implemented across the region provence french riviera. take the role of irrigation canals in e  gical, economic and social agricultural water in the mediterranean: which issues for which serv  l dynamics of the territories that they pass through more knowledge on the contribution of irri  f irrigation channels to ecological and landscape dynamics of this territory. conducting an ana  s between social dynamics, economic and landscape that can support the development of interdisc  l dynamics, economic and landscape that can support the development of interdisciplinary resear  then looks at how the new environmental value of these developments today brings the government  ata collected and generated mapping, we show how the irrigation canals can foster connectivity   ping, we show how the irrigation canals can foster connectivity between farmland and ecological  ctivity between farmland and ecological value areas, on the one hand, and how this recognition   nition of the ecological role that they play in the production of environmentally and socially    charge. requalification of canals role is translated into public action by a double movement:   d management schemes at the territorial level, considering them as a structural element of the   ructural element of the green frame and blue, and secondly by the emergence of new players who   y the emergence of new players who will take over the ecological value of these facilities. the  ayers who will take over the ecological value of these facilities. the central assumption we ma  e facilities. the central assumption we make in this research project is that the irrigation ca  oject is that the irrigation canals now form an aquatic soustrame, in the sense understood by t   the operational committee of green and blue, characteristic of biodiversity in the mediterrane  tion canals, such as the role that they play in the production of landscapes raises questions a  onality and new ways in which they will can be integrated into management decisions implemented
14848	5	uatic ecosystems of the central plateau are included in one of the worlds most disturbed and im  ervation, due to the high anthropogenic pressure, as well as the high level of endemism present  r basins in this megadiverse region. it is needed to propose projects and actions with and inte  rated perspective which reach a broader study of the complexity of these situations. to do it,   lopment and application of the accurate index of biotic integrity to integrate the results in o
11726	7	we have recently begun the first study of fluxes of energy  but lacks the detailed ecophysiological study that is required to understand the system. we pro  he detailed ecophysiological study that is required to understand the system. we propose two sh  s required to understand the system. we propose two short field campaigns at this site, at the    and dry seasons. canopy- and component-scale measurements will be integrated within a state-of  derstanding of the fluxes of energy and mass in a mangrove ecosystem. this is an opportunity to  est, harbours very few tree species and is strongly affected by lunar and tidal cycles.
15017	7	our those signals exhibiting an optimal balance between these two properties. hitherto, studies  dominantly focused on their informative content, and have therefore neglected their efficacy. e  cused on their informative content, and have therefore neglected their efficacy. efficacy of an  al signal in their communities and that may cue on plumage coloration for locating their preys   eir preys and hosts. in this project we aim to study the efficacy of the design of plumage colo  f visual signals in terms of intra- and inter-sexual interactions will be experimentally studie   in one species will for the first time be investigated. finally, while adopting a comparative
10052	15	i-bacterial properties will persist. we have already shown that tio2 nps are toxic to fish, and  st. we have already shown that tio2 nps are toxic to fish, and in this one-year project we are   o fish, and in this one-year project we are concerned about the microbial communities in marine  portant roles in aquatic food webs, and are vital to the integrity and normal nutrient cycling,  istry of sediments. in this proposal we test the hypothesis that engineered nps with known anti  ps with known anti-bacterial properties could alter bacterial communities in aquatic sediments   e field-collected natural sediments and water from coastal marine and freshwater sites, and exp  oastal marine and freshwater sites, and expose these to either nano silver or tio2 np in the la   sites, and expose these to either nano silver or tio2 np in the laboratory. bacterial diversit  ity will be assessed using state-of-the-art molecular techniques involving dna extractions from   monitored. the project brings together expertise on bacteria, sediment/metal chemistry, and th  ogether expertise on bacteria, sediment/metal chemistry, and the ecotoxicology of nanoparticles  iversity during controlled sediment and water exposures to silver and tio2 nps in separate expe  ents. this will provide the first vital proof of principle as to whether or not nps with anti-b  th anti-bacterial properties could also be harmful to microorganisms in the environment.
12703	6	estigations to inform policy making and land management decisions concerning climate change and  of the effects of climate change. there is also a project that is assessing the impacts of clim  cts of climate change on ornithological interest of uk special protection areas. contact detail  l protection areas. contact details and further information will be available from the defra pr  om the defra project officer. tenderers are invited to indicate how they will ensure collaborat  s are invited to indicate how they will ensure collaboration with these projects.
1085	6	sing rapidly. in fact, this problem has been discussed in more than thirty international conven  is a crucially important methodological approach for elucidation of the determinants of invasiv  influence the invasion of mediterranean sand dune ecosystems by alien plants. the current proje   to analyse the diversity of native and alien species in the different plant community types gr  sis of biodiversity could be eventually apply to propose models which can predict the diffusion  ventually apply to propose models which can predict the diffusion of alien species and to analy
14569	2	the ectomycorrhizal fungus pisolithus is the most popular inoculant in forestry. effects of p  ithus inoculation vary wiyh strains and depend on the host plant and soil features. studies on
10232	5	ies at species northern boundaries, and evidence that southern boundaries are also sensitive to  nge margins in relation to climate, and analyse the effects of climate variability on populatio  ility on population dynamics. using new field data, we will model relationships between current  dynamics. using new field data, we will model relationships between current distribution, habit   climate and distribution data. we will attempt to relate species thermal ecology to recent dis
10498	5	ies at species northern boundaries, and evidence that southern boundaries are also sensitive to  nge margins in relation to climate, and analyse the effects of climate variability on populatio  ility on population dynamics. using new field data, we will model relationships between current  dynamics. using new field data, we will model relationships between current distribution, habit   climate and distribution data. we will attempt to relate species thermal ecology to recent dis
11512	5	ies at species northern boundaries, and evidence that southern boundaries are also sensitive to  nge margins in relation to climate, and analyse the effects of climate variability on populatio  ility on population dynamics. using new field data, we will model relationships between current  dynamics. using new field data, we will model relationships between current distribution, habit   climate and distribution data. we will attempt to relate species thermal ecology to recent dis
11613	5	ies at species northern boundaries, and evidence that southern boundaries are also sensitive to  nge margins in relation to climate, and analyse the effects of climate variability on populatio  ility on population dynamics. using new field data, we will model relationships between current  dynamics. using new field data, we will model relationships between current distribution, habit   climate and distribution data. we will attempt to relate species thermal ecology to recent dis
15172	1	le. objetives 1 and 2 will additionally allow to understand the relationships between phylogene
10721	22	evolutionary biologists have long been fascinated by the differences between the sexes. m  es between the sexes. males and females can differ profoundly in appearance and behaviour, in t  ale reproductive roles. females usually produce large and energetically costly eggs. their repr   reproductive performance, or fitness , is therefore limited by their ability to acquire resour  ources and survive. males, in contrast, produce large amounts of tiny and cheap sperm. accordin  y their ability to attract mates, which can involve bright colouration and extravagant displays  d a territory of high quality. while it is understood why the sexes differ, the question of how  f how males and females diverge has not been resolved. the underlying problem is that males and  lying problem is that males and females cannot evolve independently because the sexes generally  dependently because the sexes generally share almost all of their genes. thus, any difference b  r relies on a different subset of genes being used in males and females. however, recent result  that improve performance in males often tend to decrease performance in females and vice versa.  e versa. this data indicates that there are genes that affect male and female performance in op  d sexually antagonistic genes have only been indirectly inferred by comparing the performance o  re members of the same family . nothing is known about the identity of the genes that cause ant  fill this gap in our knowledge. we will identify the genomic regions that have opposite effects  ects on male and female performance and determine where they are located and which genes they c  le performance and determine where they are located and which genes they contain. further, we w  ch genes they contain. further, we will investigate to what extent sexual antagonism can preven  tigate to what extent sexual antagonism can prevent genes that code for high performance in one  fect on the other sex. finally, we will study the patterns of dna evolution of loci involved in   differentially expressed. thus we will deepen our general understanding of how differences bet
7389	2	ced and data used to know the taxonomic position of the initial organization to determine the n  zed by the cloned channel compounds and determine the impact had quont gene transfer to shape t
7380	2	c. . we simulate real situations and mobilizes deducted indicat   evaluations for certain characters. we generate recommendations for the establishment of the c
7596	4	he genome region containing the gene i, head of sustainable resistance to nematodes, has been c  ustainable resistance to nematodes, has been cloned and sequenced from prunus cerasifera. it co  versity within the euprunus section and compare it to the neutral range being analyzed   ion and compare it to the neutral range being analyzed
10960	1	nuous plankton recorder , a more robust picture of the distribution of the key taxa and the pla
6923	10	crown gall caused by agrobacterium is one of the most serious grapevine diseases which sti   the bacterium to the host cell nucleus is determined by bacterial virulence genes, while its i  etermined by bacterial virulence genes, while its integration into the plant genome is coded by  e its integration into the plant genome is coded by host genes. during the last decade several   tumefaciens-induced transformation have been identified in arabidopsis thaliana and nicotiana s  tiana spp. using insertion mutagenesis, yeast-two hybrid system or virus induced gene silencing   aim of this work is to identify in and isolate these genes from vitis genome. than we design s  he rootstock cultivar vitis berlandieri x vitis rupestris richter 110. next the susceptibility   rtant for molecular breeding since they may increase the efficiency grapevine transformation. o  ion. on the other hand, these new tools may help us in engineering new, crown gall resistant li
14536	5	recommendation to aeromonas, because it is a genus with a great ecological diversity and it is   ith a great ecological diversity and it is not well-defined taxonomically. in our opinion, this  he species within it. we will partially sequence ten genes in a representative collection of st   aeromonas species. five of these genes are involved in essential cellular functions . finally,  lular functions . finally, we will also try to apply the biological species concept obtained wi
7529	4	st relevant markers to characterize and develop genetic resources. . macrophylla, a relatively   ion equipment is well characterized. it is also to understand how from wild clones little color  orful, introduced from asia, new colors were obtained. finally, the question is whether intersp  alculation of the coordinates in cielab scale, chromosomal enumeration clones, interspecific hy
15001	2	the project being requested is focused on scrophularia .               the project being requested is focused on scrophularia .
14173	6	ast saccharomyces cerevisiae has widely been used for isolation of genes required for mitochond   maintenance, however relatively little is known about the mechanism of replication and about t  itochondrial dna intermediates. we will perform extensive characterization of mitochondrial dna  romyces cerevisiae using brewer-fangman type 2-dimensional agarose gel electrophoresis. we woul   and if the initiation of dna synthesis is associated with specific structures or sequence elem   associated with specific structures or sequence elements. the pattern of complex dna intermedi
15173	4	picalis due to its advantages, since it is a diploid amphibian model for which a lot of methodo  hich a lot of methodological tools have been developed. regarding to the species b. bufo, as al  n the one hand, in both species we will clone ortholog genes to those with differential express   in this process. on the other, we will search for new genes with differential expression durin
12461	1	t for purpose in the future, and it set out options for improving its operation. it contributed
15038	18	asions are important elements of global change, representing the second threaten for earth biod  th biodiversity in terms of importance, being responsible of the decline and even collapse of s  risk for marine ecosystems, as seaweeds may function as ecosystem engineers, being able to chan  ds may function as ecosystem engineers, being able to change their structure and function, mono  eing able to change their structure and function, monopolizing the space and altering trophic n  present knowledge of seaweeds invasions may be divided in four main questions, which allow reco  recognizing the lacks and endeavours to be faced. this four questions concern the species intro  duction, the mechanisms of the invasive process, the consequences of the invasions and the huma  is to confirm. some of these hypothesis are related to the factors involved in the invasibility  in the invasibility of a taxon, if they are intrinsic factors or factors related to the receive  spect not deeply studied is the genetic base of the invasions, related with the temporal and sp  tic processes related with this genetic base, such as hybridization processes. these latter wou  ionary consequences for the ecosystems, further than the direct impacts by the invasive species  e communities, which until now has only been studied in a reduced number of species and geograp  , for which, recently a useful tool has been proposed: prediction based in biological distribut  ies. until now this methodology has not been applied for seaweeds invasions. with this project   nvasive character. despite this species is considered one of the 100 worst invasive species in   is species is considered one of the 100 worst invasive species in europe and in the mediterrane
14705	8	the histories of grapevine and wine are linked with the history of human cultures throughou  om those eastern populations would have been cloned and spread along the mediterranean area fro   of the actual grapevine cultivars that are grown today. to verify this theory, actually we can  day. to verify this theory, actually we can combine the morphological characterization and the    process of grapevine domestication and compare with the archaeological and paleobotanical find  anical findings that they have done. it is possible to think that again the current theory of g  nteresting for our grapes varieties and vine that it is a deferential components in our winemak  r our grapes varieties and vine that it is a deferential components in our winemaker production
7532	6	to scrapie, a collection of dna rams 29 french sheep breeds was incorporated. it allowed to sho  tion of dna rams 29 french sheep breeds was incorporated. it allowed to show a wide variability  races have similar genetic profiles. we propose to analyze the genetic diversity of 15 of these  se breeds of livestock information, and study genetic distances between them. the distances bet   nei, cavalli - sforza and reynolds and tree representations. analyzes alternatives for simulta  entation of races and alleles will also be used
15143	6	omplexity, at different spatial scales, is also a critical process, accounting for a major decr  rent spatial scales, is also a critical process, accounting for a major decrease of biological   s. a great amount of european diversity is maintained in these landscapes, so it will become ur  imating the effect that small fragments could have on the biological success of particular spec  of particular species. additionally, we pretend to analyze the importance that small fragments   stration agencies with information that could contribute to establish policies related with lan
7371	1	nd enhancement of genetic resources. we intend to invite such work by analyzing the nucleotide
158	1	measuring equipment analysis of the co-influence of different processes by switching them on a
14862	7	gochaetes are frequently and abundantly present in practically every permanent fresh water body  resh water body of this planet and they exert in many cases crucial ecological functions as pri  s and by the little information that we have on some very basic aspects of their biology. the w  c aspects of their biology. the work to be carried out in this project consists in detailed ana  l of the galician oligochaete fauna. we intend to make a qualitative leap forward in the follow  overy of new anatomical structures that can serve as diagnostic characters in the taxonomy of t  ology, ultrastructure, distribution and function of various external ciliated sensory organs pr
10068	2	of different lineages of louse, we will be able to test whether these lineages have responded t   seabird . evolutionary trees will also be used to test whether all the species of louse on the
15424	13	the odonata are a group of 30 families with about 6000 species, ori  e changed slightly since then, but they are not primitive, and for this reason we have selected   new challenges. in this application we use a multidisciplinary perspective to study the evolut  ernative mating tactics. further on, we build on the results of grant cg2008-02799 to propose a  re, despite its numerous costs. here we propose to use ischnura hastata, the only known parthen  ly the red queen hypothesis. i. hastata is also an excellent model to study the nature and sign  thesis. i. hastata is also an excellent model to study the nature and significance of selfish g  l debated, and has generated a fruitful body of research in the last two decades. we will conti  search in the last two decades. we will continue the study of the maintenance of colour morphs   esentative of the polythoridae. we will compare survivorship and resighting rates in polymorphi  n polymorphic species using modern mark-recapture methods. the third goal of this application r  lleagues from around the world, we will be able to obtain at least one representative of each f  pulatory sexual selection processes and map them in the phylogeny.
14166	3	des additional data on stand growth and state which is not available looking directly down. alt  he respective ground truth measurements are needed. at present, such kind of data are sparse, a  rement platform will be a robinson r-22 helicopter or an unmanned aerial vehicle and measuremen
9963	20	rds of zebra, and flocks of birds. much is known about the benefits and costs of living in grou   an animal chooses to join. however, we know very little about the way in which these groups fo  ctions that take place between animals, influence the patterns we see at the group level. for e  ween animals, influence the patterns we see at the group level. for example, although animals a  ear to coordinate their behaviour, they cannot have information on the positions and movement o   other individuals in the group. we now know that the way fish shoals or flocks of birds move t  shoals or flocks of birds move together can be explained by looking at the behaviour of the ind  oal or flock. the movement of the group is coordinated by individuals only paying attention to   heir near neighbours. when many animals are frightened, perhaps because they detect a predator,  ls are frightened, perhaps because they detect a predator, they tend to bunch together tightly.  ps because they detect a predator, they tend to bunch together tightly. this has been called th  end to bunch together tightly. this has been called the selfish herd because each animal tries   ghtly. this has been called the selfish herd because each animal tries to reduce its chance of   ch animal tries to reduce its chance of being captured by the predator by moving in between oth  best place to be is in the middle , and match their behaviour to the predictions of the models.  re ideal for this sort of work, as they live in social groups in the wild, and also swim freely   in social groups in the wild, and also swim freely in open water without seeking protection fr  ction from the walls of an aquarium. it is important for biologists to understand the rules tha   the rules that animals use, so that we can understand how animals aggregate, and how grouping   ing behaviour might evolve. we can then make predictions which may be important in understandin
6918	7	timation, breeding value estimation and mate selection are topics of this project. in order to   y. the genetic improvement of dairy and beef cattle, of sport horses as well as of pig and shee  rses as well as of pig and sheep breeds is aimed during the project including the animal breedi  enetic challenges increases the genetic value of domestic animal populations in the future. the  animal populations in the future. there are, however, some short time effects of this activity   nsequences in high level of the project can be drawn only by the planned scientific and practic  plied research and practical usefulness are amalgamated. the hungarian breeders' associations,
1987	10	reeding grounds via a number of distant stop-over sites. why birds use a particular route and f  s. why birds use a particular route and follow a particular migration schedule and what the imp  ironmental changes along their flyways, have rarely been addressed. however, new theoretical ad  hanges along their flyways, have rarely been addressed. however, new theoretical advances have   and conservation issues. in particular, state-dependent models have proved useful in elucidatin  atory patterns. these models explicitly take into account the state of individuals as a result   cs and the environment. therefore, they can assist in analysing the fitness consequences of ani  uences of animal movements in space and time, integrating existing empirical knowledge and gene  ng animal distributions and numbers. we aim to develop an annual routine model and to obtain ge   general insights into what shapes long-distance migration in birds, to estimate consequences o
13600	5	s question both from a basic ecological point of view as well as in a need-driven approach by o  m to answer the more general ecological question about rain forest ecocsystem response to canop  e to canopy disturbance. the field site is subjected to four different canopy-thinning intensit  ommunity structure of arboreal ants and combine this with spatially explicit epiphyte abundance  lants and shade trees. i will primarily be located at dr. stacy m. philpott´s lab in university
14417	14	it has been reported by nasa experts for considerable reductio  t-b ray,s impact on plants and animals, is a matter of topical significance and is considered t  is a matter of topical significance and is considered to be a wide field for biodiversity and e  investigations. the resistance of algae is connected with the efficiency of their repair system  he fact that man and environment plants are forced to live under deteriorating anthropogenic co  ell defense system changes that have to be predicted. much more significant are the growing que   to be predicted. much more significant are the growing questions concerning the elucidation of  erature stress. some algae remain vital even at highest uv levels, and for that fact their adap  els, and for that fact their adaptation is expected to adjust easily to higher radiations that   adjust easily to higher radiations that may occur in the future. in this aspect, the use of ant  g in various ecological niches and thus being extremely resistible to severe ecological factors  rategies to assess algal resistance. we expect to determine uv stress markers which are to be u  l resistance. we expect to determine uv stress markers which are to be used when screening and   etermine uv stress markers which are to be used when screening and monitoring the environment,
10344	12	n a 50 scientist team to conduct a rare experiment, tied up to a large drifting ice floe in the   the weddell sea, antarctica. they will conduct 50 days of sampling and experimental work to in  ct 50 days of sampling and experimental work to investigate a unique microbial assemblage that   bon to the bacteria and algae, how this is affected by the temperature and saltiness of the bri  ive. the work will, for the first time, try to link the seasonal dynamics of nutrients, photosy  otosynthetic organisms and bacteria and look for specific chemical signatures of the organisms   emical signatures of the organisms that can relate to the chemical environment in which they ha  o bangor. the work is central to global interest in polar systems and in particular microbial d  esses within the oceans. the expedition is organised by the alfred wegener institute, germany,   tion is organised by the alfred wegener institute, germany, but will involve researchers from o   the grant is £327k, however additional support of £23k has been given from other sources and t   however additional support of £23k has been given from other sources and the german hosts are
14366	11	cal analyses: the objecvtive of this wp is to generate 3d-models from a variety of rs sources a  river systems: the major aim of this wp is to automatically extract natural and anthropogenic m  ajor aim of this wp is to automatically extract natural and anthropogenic morphological feature  es in a fluvial landscape. it will also be investigated whether spectral and/or backscatter ima  patial distribution of specific fluvial land morphologies through changes in land cover and und  temporal rs images: the goal of this wp is to assess dune migration rates and directions in the   the coming decades. wp4 archaeological feature detection: the main objective of this wp is to   etection: the main objective of this wp is to test the potential of different data sources for   rent data sources for making a regional inventory of above- and below-ground archaeological rem  ns for the different study areas, which are characterised by variations in the density of archa  n development: the objective of this wp is to study the differential expansion of cities and vi
14708	6	association with a species of bacteria is maintained inside the gland. such bacteria produce b  ances with antimicrobial activity which could provide the bird with defenses against parasites   sites and pathogens. in this project we propose to study the characteristics of the relationshi  ylogeny. finally, since all upupiformes coincide in producing dark secretions during breeding,   ark secretions during breeding, we will check whether all of them host bacteria, and how much v  ding, we will check whether all of them host bacteria, and how much variation exists in the bac
13786	7	in insect immunity little is known about anti-viral immune responses. viral disea  hat hemolin binds to virus, however, it is unknown which part of the protein that could be invo   unknown which part of the protein that could be involved in binding. this will be investigated  from studies of noctuid moths and there are circumstantial evidences for hemolin involvement in  g hemolin from noctuid species, it will be possible to directly investigate if and how hemolin   pecies, it will be possible to directly investigate if and how hemolin interacts with different  ency in biological control. it can also give insights into anti-viral defense mechanisms in ver
14106	3	ess and whether and how these processes are modulated by exogenous and endogenous antioxidants   ndividual infection status. in the same model, the potential of carotenoid-based ornaments in a  cal costs of reproduction and dominance are caused by immune suppression and oxidative stress w
7630	8	357 ha of abandoned industrial orchard were acquired and rehabilitated partly by biodiversity   logical restoration operations are also part of the compensation devices. is meant by ecologica   also part of the compensation devices. is meant by ecological compensation compensation "in ki   the natural environment is statutorily subject to restrictions of use. this principle implies   plies exchanges between nature objects, be substituted for them, must meet equivalence criteria  ature objects, be substituted for them, must meet equivalence criteria. These equivalence crite  erned, the institutions that define and control , terms and expected environmental devices, art   including the different configurations can have strong impacts on the functioning and effectiv
15333	9	any ecosystems, the loss of native ants can have important indirect effects. these include effe  equent recruitment, on pollination, and even on vertebrate fauna. ants are considered to be a c  ion, and even on vertebrate fauna. ants are considered to be a centre of ecological interaction   centre of ecological interactions, and are particularly interesting bioindicators which reflec  dicators which reflect the dynamics and state of ecosystems. indeed, they are widely distribute  s and state of ecosystems. indeed, they are widely distributed, abundant and diverse and relati  ed, abundant and diverse and relatively easy to sample, classify and identify. they play an imp   to sample, classify and identify. they play an important role in nearly all the ecosystems to   ups and individual species. at the same time, will be investigated the impacts of the argentine
14604	3	hat are the most vulnerable to climatic change, considering 1 the temperature effect on locomot  se of amphibian populations to climatic change, and the comparative study between species will   cs of the most vulnerable taxa and thus contribute to the definition of priorities of conservat
10465	16	t temperate terrestrial ecosystems, and include some of the most significant agricultural and f  ultural and forestry pests. it has long been known that nearly all aphids carry a symbiotic bac   depauperate diet. more recently it has been discovered that most aphids also harbour one or mo  s been discovered that most aphids also harbour one or more of a series of other bacteria that   ormance. because these bacteria are not present in every aphid they are called secondary symbio  ria are not present in every aphid they are called secondary symbionts. recent research has sho  dary symbionts can, among other things, increase aphid resistance to parasitic wasps and pathog  o parasitic wasps and pathogenic fungi, help the aphid withstand heat shock, and influence host  mbionts constitute a pool of genes that can help the aphid cope with different environmental ch  challenges. because secondary symbionts can move between aphid clones and species they can be c  e between aphid clones and species they can be called a horizontal gene pool, a term we borrow   alled a horizontal gene pool, a term we borrow from bacterial genetics where plasmids is far le  ow the community of secondary symbionts is structured: what determines the diversity and popula  mathematical model to synthesise all we know about secondary symbiont dynamics and to identify   symbiont interaction where we currently have large gaps in our knowledge. this is the effect of  ity and to test hypotheses about how it is structured.
9887	16	t temperate terrestrial ecosystems, and include some of the most significant agricultural and f  ultural and forestry pests. it has long been known that nearly all aphids carry a symbiotic bac   depauperate diet. more recently it has been discovered that most aphids also harbour one or mo  s been discovered that most aphids also harbour one or more of a series of other bacteria that   ormance. because these bacteria are not present in every aphid they are called secondary symbio  ria are not present in every aphid they are called secondary symbionts. recent research has sho  dary symbionts can, among other things, increase aphid resistance to parasitic wasps and pathog  o parasitic wasps and pathogenic fungi, help the aphid withstand heat shock, and influence host  mbionts constitute a pool of genes that can help the aphid cope with different environmental ch  challenges. because secondary symbionts can move between aphid clones and species they can be c  e between aphid clones and species they can be called a horizontal gene pool, a term we borrow   alled a horizontal gene pool, a term we borrow from bacterial genetics where plasmids is far le  ow the community of secondary symbionts is structured: what determines the diversity and popula  mathematical model to synthesise all we know about secondary symbiont dynamics and to identify   symbiont interaction where we currently have large gaps in our knowledge. this is the effect of  ity and to test hypotheses about how it is structured.
10922	4	nderstand the role of space and spatial structure on the persistence and dynamics of a multi-ho  the persistence and dynamics of a multi-host-parasitoid system. specifically, apparent competit  will be investigated from both long and short-term laboratory studies and complemented by a ran  e investigated from both long and short-term laboratory studies and complemented by a range of
15575	20	plication. agricultural intensification is considered a major driver of global biodiversity los  , but predictive models that explicitly address how land-use affects ecosystem services mediate  d natural enemy attack rates have often been found to be lower in landscapes dominated by agric  , such results are not universal and we know little about the mechanisms behind such landscape-  fects on prey suppression. we also dont know to what extent natural enemy biodiversity can prov   what extent natural enemy biodiversity can provide insurance against fluctuating environmental  ral enemies, pests and alternative prey are determined, can lead to a mechanistic understanding  ts and alternative prey are determined, can lead to a mechanistic understanding of how land-use  sity affects biological control. it has been shown that the structure of host-parasitoid food w   and their alternative prey/hosts as it is difficult to measure these trophic links. in this pr  odiversity, as mediated by agricultural land-use at different scales, and the structure, divers  rsity, as mediated by agricultural land-use at different scales, and the structure, diversity a  a already collected by our team we will analyse how local land use and landscape composition af   we will analyse how local land use and landscape composition affects natural enemy community c   affect biological control. using up-to-date molecular techniques food web interactions will be  etwork analyses to investigate how land-use at different scales affects trophic linking and bio  iological control of cereal aphids, and facilitate valuations of biological control through mon   non-monetary methods. finally, we will map biological control across landscapes in europe and   control across landscapes in europe and test how different future land-use scenarios of changed  rope and test how different future land-use scenarios of changed agricultural intensity and lan
10603	13	teria kilometres deep in the earth have been discovered. these bacteria may represent over 50%   th have been discovered. these bacteria may represent over 50% of all life on earth. but we kno  t over 50% of all life on earth. but we know almost nothing about these bacteria as we can only  ing about these bacteria as we can only grow a tiny fraction of them in the laboratory for stud  n and studied under high pressure. this can be used with a new pressure coring and handling sys  ow deep bacteria not previously seen to be studied. we will investigate these bacteria to find    previously seen to be studied. we will investigate these bacteria to find out what type they a  ese bacteria to find out what type they are, how they survive in their extreme environment and   o find out what type they are, how they survive in their extreme environment and how they might  an be tens of millions of years old and may contain ancient bacteria. they may even be an envir  contain ancient bacteria. they may even be an environment where life on earth might have starte  erstanding these bacteria will not only tell us about life on earth it might also tell us more   ll us about life on earth it might also tell us more about how life began.
10103	13	ceae which, with around 20,000 species, is the largest in the plant kingdom. orchids hold a par   fungi infect the germinating seeds and supply the young plants with carbon and nutrients. this   with carbon and nutrients. this unique form of nutrition continues throughout the lives of ove  s that never develop green pigments and are parasitic upon fungi. whilst this mode of nutrition  ungi. whilst this mode of nutrition has been known for over a century, the details of the chemi  compounds that are characteristic of it are unknown. this project plans to apply a recently dev  veloped technique in which a laser beam is used to vaporise compounds contained in the surface   on and nitrogen containing compounds to be identified and their concentrations determined. by r  arbon and nitrogen-containing compounds can be made in the orchid cells. this approach allows d  n amounts and types of key compounds to be mapped in cells containing the fungal partner, in ad  e mapped in cells containing the fungal partner, in adjacent cells in which carbon is stored by  tner, in adjacent cells in which carbon is stored by the plant and the fungus excluded, and in    fungus excluded, and in plant vascular tissue through which nutrients and carbon pass up into
11558	4	jellyfish . if we are able to reveal an historic link between jellyfish a   . if we are able to reveal an historic link between jellyfish abundance and fish abundance thi  ic link between jellyfish abundance and fish abundance this will be a very useful advance for m  cosystem context. the project will also demonstrate to a wide ecologist audience the power of i
12631	3	best and most versatile /bmv datasets; review of local development framework and planning supp   work, the project team will ultimately develop a technical report which details the current av  current availability and changes in bmv land in england over the past decade, and will summaris
7034	4	terrestrial ecosystem models are designed to assess the flux of energy, water, carbo   designed to assess the flux of energy, water, carbon and nitrogen corresponding to a given veg  valid. if the model behaves unstable it may indicate either a reduced predictability or a reduc  tem. outputs from this research project may have fundamental practical implications allowing us
14695	3	in this proyect, we will develop a set of appropriate microsatellite markers to   ogrammes of the species. first, we will analyze gene diversity in natural populations to evalua  horse in atlantic area. second, we will study family structure, as well as the proper design of
6744	9	only economical, but also environmental point of view. in grape breading near the conventional   ication of molecular markers, the grape can be selected in seedling state, therefore reduce the  e selected in seedling state, therefore reduce the number of plants in the multi-year evaluatio  after the selection and the cross, only long after the juvenil state can be selected. this is t  ross, only long after the juvenil state can be selected. this is time and cost execting. in thi   founded of the research dna, that they are independent by environmental effects. there is a sm  pendent by environmental effects. there is a small percentage of are high resistence followers    most efficient. such a method could it make possible, that the seedling plants can be selected  make possible, that the seedling plants can be selected with small cost and rapidly.
14484	3	the dogs and swine, respectively, have been cited parasitizing human host, suggesting the poss  project are: 1.to clarify the taxonomic position of t. vulpis, t. suis and t. trichiura by usin   in the future, to the epidemiology and control of the trichuriosis affecting to millions of pe
15219	6	eral developmental stages which clearly differ morphologically from those finally reached by th  w species that show direct development, pass through a planktonic larval period with two stages  riptions are only available for a small amount of known brachyuran species, most of them based    is in turn responsible by an important amount of problems encountered by researchers when stud  ng of planktonic trophic webs and hence confirm the phylogeographic interest of the iberian pen  s and hence confirm the phylogeographic interest of the iberian peninsula.
14663	3	een species of the mediterranean forest are subjected to stress periods with high irradiance co  igh irradiance combined with drought or low temperatures. the imbalance between light energy ab  mpare antioxidant systems in winter and summer during holm-oak regeneration by resprouting afte
14203	3	spective horizontal variation and small-scale variation in surface sediments will be estimated.  diments will be estimated. a hypothesis is proposed claiming that the changes of the pore water   ratio of catchment area to lake volume can be attributed to the changes in the autochtonous mi
10821	2	proxy records of past environments they contain to understand better the patterns of environmen  nd better the patterns of environmental change in a major mountain belt.
10862	1	nmental problems. this grant supports 3 full studentships for three years.
11022	24	bones. morganucodon and kuehneotherium are tiny ancestral mammals from these fissures and this  ously quantified modelling approach. we know a lot about certain aspects of the mammalian trans  rstanding of this transition. there are still many things that we do not understand about these  on. there are still many things that we do not understand about these earliest mammals though.   e mother provide milk for the babies we can get some answers to these questions by a study of t  sets of teeth. this keeps the upper and lower teeth in position to process the food efficiently  technological applications to help them interpret fossils. detailed high resolution scans can b  fossils. detailed high resolution scans can be produced using synchrotron radiation. the small    using synchrotron radiation. the small size of morganucodon and kuehneotherium, with teeth bet  rium, with teeth between 1-2mm in size, is here an advantage as they can be accommodated in the  m in size, is here an advantage as they can be accommodated in the high resolution facilities a  facilities at the swiss light source to be tested. the analysis calculates strain and stress wi  ted. the analysis calculates strain and stress within the structure in response to these loadin  iques such as computed tomography scans can be used to generate accurate three-dimensional imag  ages of structures, such as jaws, which are required to form the basis of an accurate finite el  inite element model. tiny early mammals are assumed to be insectivores but this covers a very w  jaws of morganucodon and kuehneotherium are adapted for biting beetles or snapping at passing m  s or snapping at passing moths. it will estimate the force of their bite / e.g. could they pene  e force of their bite / e.g. could they penetrate insect cuticles this is important, as it will   cuticles this is important, as it will inform on feeding specialization and ecological niches.  o the mammalian jaw joint which has not been previously investigated is whether there is a chan  reviously investigated is whether there is a change in priority of the two joints during the gr  f the different jaw bones if so it will help us to understand the mechanism of the transition.   t pattern in these basal mammals and so tell us more about how the transition to a mammalian de
12490	12	management and fertiliser use. ammonia can have a range of impacts on the environment and huma  ia concentrations near point sources; - decrease of species diversity of semi-natural areas due  ling due to ammonium sulphate aerosols; air quality management for ecosystem protection has pri  exceedance of these thresholds have not been fully evaluated. furthermore, the nature of ammoni  losses of nitrogen compounds to air and water from terrestrial systems - so called pollution sw   from the soil to air could potentially lead to the nitrogen emerging as nitrates in water cour  nge. in the uk to date, most effort has been placed in quantifying ammonia emission fluxes and   protocol of the united nations economic commission for europe and the eu national emissions cei  re comprehensively in terms of impacts, value of ecosytem services and links to human well-bein  llution swapping. the project will also identify potential barriers, and their causes, to the i  to evaluate the implications of the new approach, to identify possible solutions to the barrier   to identify how an ecosystems approach could be implemented within current and future policy f
12516	10	low input apple orchards. an ecological approach to orchard floor vegetation management will de  ation management will determine if this can lead to reductions in pest populations. research to  g vegetation, but they may colonise and remain in crops only as a response to high pest numbers  ne to harvest to improve fruit quality, reduce the risk of physiological disorders and prolong   the risk of physiological disorders and prolong storage life. calcium applied to fruit crops in   resistance to fungal rots. more recent research in tropical fruits, and to a lesser extent app  e pathogen. thus calcium, if effective, could be used as part of an integrated approach to cont  f rotting in fruit crops. much work has been published on the effects of calcium on rotting in   search into practical applications that can be integrated into strategies for sustainable manag  rategies for sustainable management and control of rotting in fruit crops will be outlined.
12046	6	there seems to be an unreasonably large number of species, thousands in a single liter: the par  the plankton. protists of the plankton, single-celled organisms, are typical as species richnes   the plankton, single-celled organisms, are typical as species richness is high and each specie  e very widely distributed. arguably, we need to know what exists in the plankton to understand    we established that parasitic protists can persist in the cysts of their host to re-infect the  ersist in the cysts of their host to re-infect the next generation.
12057	2	still missing. the following objectives are proposed for contrasting environments : 1/ experime  tudies on the co-variation of phage and host diversity to test the model. the findings will be
11045	8	shwater . these chemicals are extremely long-lived in the environment and are know to be accumu  that relatively low levels of some bfrs can act as endocrine disruptors by functioning as hormo  l functions of the thyroid hormones and sex steroids. as part of this project we will investiga  eroids. as part of this project we will investigate the potential effects of bfrs on the hormon  on the hormonal regulation of aquaporin function in the european eel as it is possible that del  orin function in the european eel as it is possible that deleterious effects of these toxins on  hese toxins on these water transporters may compromise the successful migration of fish from fw   fish from fw to sw environments and/or reduce the reproductive fecundity of fish returning to
11057	8	shwater . these chemicals are extremely long-lived in the environment and are know to be accumu  that relatively low levels of some bfrs can act as endocrine disruptors by functioning as hormo  l functions of the thyroid hormones and sex steroids. as part of this project we will investiga  eroids. as part of this project we will investigate the potential effects of bfrs on the hormon  on the hormonal regulation of aquaporin function in the european eel as it is possible that del  orin function in the european eel as it is possible that deleterious effects of these toxins on  hese toxins on these water transporters may compromise the successful migration of fish from fw   fish from fw to sw environments and/or reduce the reproductive fecundity of fish returning to
14892	9	macroecology is a relatively new contemporary field in ecology that   ated incorporating a nested taxonomical level in order to assess if community-population richne  ss taxonomical levels. finally, we will explore how neutral and non-neutral processes contribut   and population richness and abundance, site occupancy, niche breadth, spatio-temporal connecti  richness and abundance, site occupancy, niche breadth, spatio-temporal connectivity, and disper   dispersion capabilities. thus, we will bring population genetics to community genetics and how  netics to community genetics and how it is linked to patterns of community composition generall  the objectives proposed in the richabun project, we will have a complete understanding of biodi  oposed in the richabun project, we will have a complete understanding of biodiversity patterns
10238	7	marine biogeochemical cycles are driven by microbes. it is essential to know which o  mical cycles are driven by microbes. it is essential to know which organisms are present and to   are present and to understand how they interact to form a functional community. molecular biol  revolutionised microbial ecology and it is now possible to investigate organisms and processes   enge is to exploit that information and apply the knowledge to environmentally important questi  environmentally important questions. we believe that priority should be given to identifying an  g described functional biodiversity, we aim to develop microarrays that will be the tools for e
10697	7	marine biogeochemical cycles are driven by microbes. it is essential to know which o  mical cycles are driven by microbes. it is essential to know which organisms are present and to   are present and to understand how they interact to form a functional community. molecular biol  revolutionised microbial ecology and it is now possible to investigate organisms and processes   enge is to exploit that information and apply the knowledge to environmentally important questi  environmentally important questions. we believe that priority should be given to identifying an  g described functional biodiversity, we aim to develop microarrays that will be the tools for e
11252	7	marine biogeochemical cycles are driven by microbes. it is essential to know which o  mical cycles are driven by microbes. it is essential to know which organisms are present and to   are present and to understand how they interact to form a functional community. molecular biol  revolutionised microbial ecology and it is now possible to investigate organisms and processes   enge is to exploit that information and apply the knowledge to environmentally important questi  environmentally important questions. we believe that priority should be given to identifying an  g described functional biodiversity, we aim to develop microarrays that will be the tools for e
11262	7	marine biogeochemical cycles are driven by microbes. it is essential to know which o  mical cycles are driven by microbes. it is essential to know which organisms are present and to   are present and to understand how they interact to form a functional community. molecular biol  revolutionised microbial ecology and it is now possible to investigate organisms and processes   enge is to exploit that information and apply the knowledge to environmentally important questi  environmentally important questions. we believe that priority should be given to identifying an  g described functional biodiversity, we aim to develop microarrays that will be the tools for e
11793	7	marine biogeochemical cycles are driven by microbes. it is essential to know which o  mical cycles are driven by microbes. it is essential to know which organisms are present and to   are present and to understand how they interact to form a functional community. molecular biol  revolutionised microbial ecology and it is now possible to investigate organisms and processes   enge is to exploit that information and apply the knowledge to environmentally important questi  environmentally important questions. we believe that priority should be given to identifying an  g described functional biodiversity, we aim to develop microarrays that will be the tools for e
11800	7	marine biogeochemical cycles are driven by microbes. it is essential to know which o  mical cycles are driven by microbes. it is essential to know which organisms are present and to   are present and to understand how they interact to form a functional community. molecular biol  revolutionised microbial ecology and it is now possible to investigate organisms and processes   enge is to exploit that information and apply the knowledge to environmentally important questi  environmentally important questions. we believe that priority should be given to identifying an  g described functional biodiversity, we aim to develop microarrays that will be the tools for e
11803	7	marine biogeochemical cycles are driven by microbes. it is essential to know which o  mical cycles are driven by microbes. it is essential to know which organisms are present and to   are present and to understand how they interact to form a functional community. molecular biol  revolutionised microbial ecology and it is now possible to investigate organisms and processes   enge is to exploit that information and apply the knowledge to environmentally important questi  environmentally important questions. we believe that priority should be given to identifying an  g described functional biodiversity, we aim to develop microarrays that will be the tools for e
9971	7	marine biogeochemical cycles are driven by microbes. it is essential to know which o  mical cycles are driven by microbes. it is essential to know which organisms are present and to   are present and to understand how they interact to form a functional community. molecular biol  revolutionised microbial ecology and it is now possible to investigate organisms and processes   enge is to exploit that information and apply the knowledge to environmentally important questi  environmentally important questions. we believe that priority should be given to identifying an  g described functional biodiversity, we aim to develop microarrays that will be the tools for e
9977	7	marine biogeochemical cycles are driven by microbes. it is essential to know which o  mical cycles are driven by microbes. it is essential to know which organisms are present and to   are present and to understand how they interact to form a functional community. molecular biol  revolutionised microbial ecology and it is now possible to investigate organisms and processes   enge is to exploit that information and apply the knowledge to environmentally important questi  environmentally important questions. we believe that priority should be given to identifying an  g described functional biodiversity, we aim to develop microarrays that will be the tools for e
9986	7	marine biogeochemical cycles are driven by microbes. it is essential to know which o  mical cycles are driven by microbes. it is essential to know which organisms are present and to   are present and to understand how they interact to form a functional community. molecular biol  revolutionised microbial ecology and it is now possible to investigate organisms and processes   enge is to exploit that information and apply the knowledge to environmentally important questi  environmentally important questions. we believe that priority should be given to identifying an  g described functional biodiversity, we aim to develop microarrays that will be the tools for e
9988	7	marine biogeochemical cycles are driven by microbes. it is essential to know which o  mical cycles are driven by microbes. it is essential to know which organisms are present and to   are present and to understand how they interact to form a functional community. molecular biol  revolutionised microbial ecology and it is now possible to investigate organisms and processes   enge is to exploit that information and apply the knowledge to environmentally important questi  environmentally important questions. we believe that priority should be given to identifying an  g described functional biodiversity, we aim to develop microarrays that will be the tools for e
12247	2	eighty percent of our land is farmed and farmland biodiversity has declined signif  ive contributors to the environment and reduce the environmental footprint of food production s
207	1	zal on forest am fungal communities. we aim to conduct the first study of the diversity and com
11863	30	arley and maize have evolved since they were domesticated, including the way in which these pla  the new environments to which they have been taken by humans. ancient dna analysis is relativel  ans. ancient dna analysis is relatively easy with plants that have been preserved by desiccatio  s relatively easy with plants that have been preserved by desiccation, as under these condition  under these conditions the dna does not break down too much. unfortunately, desiccated material  ately, desiccated material is uncommon, being found only in dry environments such as deserts or  lants that became burnt while they were being cooked, or were present in stores that caught fir  chaeological sites, and these sometimes contain ancient dna. the problem is that the dna is onl  ncient dna. the problem is that the dna is only poorly preserved, because the high temperatures  emperatures to which the molecules have been exposed have resulted in them becoming broken down  t fragments. to obtain dna sequences it is first necessary to make copies of the dna molecules   olymerase chain reaction . pcr does not work particularly well with short dna fragments, and at  ancient dna in charred remains have not been very successful. this is frustrating because ancie  ancient dna analysis of charred remains could tell us a great deal about prehistoric agricultur  f charred remains could tell us a great deal about prehistoric agriculture, especially in europ  , especially in europe. for example, we know that barley is nowadays adapted to the cold climat  old climates of northern europe, but we do not know if the genetic changes that resulted in thi  s adaptation occurred as the crops were being moved to these regions by the first farmers, or i  occurred later. we could find out if we could study ancient dna in preserved remains of some of  e of the earliest barley varieties that were grown in northern europe. there might, however, be   northern europe. there might, however, be a solution to the problems that have plagued attempt  ars new methods for dna sequencing have been developed. these next generation methods are ideal   study of short dna molecules, and have been used successfully with ancient dna from neandertha  oolly mammoths. in this project we will test whether these new methods will also work with char  est whether these new methods will also work with charred plant remains. we will try them out w  ork with charred plant remains. we will try them out with wheat grains from a granary at assiro  charred plant remains. we will try them out with wheat grains from a granary at assiros in gree  ng large amounts of charred seeds which were recovered when archaeologists excavated the site i  sts excavated the site in the 1980s. we hope that by using next generation methods we will be a  y using next generation methods we will be able to obtain sequences of wheat genes from the ass
7035	11	streams and rivers have long been considered as pipelines in the landscape that tran  reams and rivers despite the relatively short residence time in these ecosystems. this project   ential question in an interdisciplinary approach that combines novel methods such as metabolomi  treams and large rivers. first, we will study the architecture and composition of these communi  nd composition of these communities and relate them to the geophysical setting in fluvial netwo  al setting in fluvial networks. we will test our hypothesis that biofilms and aggregates are an  sing experimental metagenomics, we will identify populations involved in the metabolism of key   nds of terrestrial origin. we will also test the effect of algal priming and photooxidation by   works. the carbon cycle in these biomes is predicted to be particularly prone to global warming  prone to global warming. this ecosystem-level information, coupled with our mechanistic fine-sc  formation, coupled with our mechanistic fine-scale understanding of processes, will serve to te
10518	12	ulf stream system conveys warm atlantic water into the arctic ocean, hundreds of plumes of bubb  eds of plumes of bubbles of methane gas were discovered in 2008, rising from the seabed at a de  t a depth close to that of the landward limit of the methane hydrate stability zone. methane hy   of release of methane is generally too slow to overcome dissolution and oxidation in the ocean  owever, catastrophic gas venting, which is known to occur elsewhere, could release large amount  ing, which is known to occur elsewhere, could release large amounts of methane over a short per  h venting depends upon the how much gas is stored locally beneath the seabed and the kinds of p   seabed. higher-than-normal resistivity is caused by both gas and hydrate, whereas the presence  l resistivity is caused by both gas and hydrate, whereas the presence of gas reduces seismic ve   it. in combination, the two techniques can distinguish the separate amounts of hydrate and gas   very-high-resolution images and deeper sub-seabed penetration than similar systems mounted on   ill be supplemented by the use of ocean-bottom seismometers to provide precise measurements of
11727	2	s found on coalified upper silurian and lower devonian mesofossils including spores, cuticles a  of techniques to determine whether they are biological and, if so, the timing of the colonisati
10183	4	of most of the marine bacterioplankton is unknown. the study of obligate intracellular bacteri  osal will determine if bacterioplankton comprise bacteria that form important endocellular symb  e foodwebs, the global carbon cycle and represent a key life-stage of many benthic species the   l carbon cycle and represent a key life-stage of many benthic species the determination of bact
11453	2	the genera cephalanihera and epipactis is dependent upon colonisation by ectomycorrhizal rathe  ectomycorrhizal rather than rhizoctonia-type fungi and that the symbionts of these helleborine
11663	5	background the u.k. is faced with an ever-increasing number of emerging pat  disease is spreading and if that spread is mediated by human activities is a fundamental compon   dispersal mediated by human activities can proceed in a disorganized and irregular pattern, in   leaps followed by expansion from a new focus of introduction, rather than a wave-like pattern.  , and ran at queen mary. they currently have two joint phd students who have developed the tech
11785	10	the number of taxa that have currently been assigned as species is approximately 1.5 million,    million, although the total number has been estimated at between 10 and 100 million. thus, a h  e of species diversity, but also, there is an extreme negative correlation between taxon body s  larger and popular fauna and flora have been described, other important groups such as nematode  important groups such as nematodes have been neglected. nematodes are the most abundant multice  lticellular organisms on earth and they are found in all habitats, but notably in marine sedime   notably in marine sediments where they can make up between 50-90% of the multicellular fauna.   marine sediment ecosystem processes and comprise the majority of the productive and saprophytic   the productive and saprophytic trophic base upon which macroorganisms rely. despite their pivo  ittoral communities of uk nematodes and extrapolate this information to estimates of regional a
11636	21	of microorganisms. these microorganisms are required for soil formation and for the many biolog   past decade, molecular techniques have been used to characterise soil microbial communities. t   amplification of 16s rrna genes, which are cloned and sequenced sequences are used for phyloge  hich are cloned and sequenced sequences are used for phylogenetic analysis to determine identit  ntative. non-thermophilic crenarchaeota exemplify this situation. they belong to the archaea, o  rchaeota exemplify this situation. they belong to the archaea, one of the three major lineages   ree major lineages of life, but archaea are traditionally associated with extreme environments,  rature. non-thermophilic crenarachaeota are abundant and ubiquitous in temperate soils but, bec  perate soils but, because none has ever been cultivated, we have no information on their physio  cause none has ever been cultivated, we have no information on their physiological characterist  their physiological characteristics. it is therefore not possible to determine their role in so   of non-thermophilic crenarchaeota have been found on sections of environmental dna that also c  sections of environmental dna that also contain genes isotope c or with labelled organic compou  ith labelled organic compounds known to be converted by ammonia monooxygenase. nucleic acids in  nd 12c-labelled nucleic acids will then be separated by density gradient centrifugation. the di  ine whether the crenarchaeal amoa genes were expressed when ammonia was added and not expressed   amoa genes were expressed when ammonia was added and not expressed in the presence of nitrific  s. the project therefore will therefore determine whether this abundant group of microorganisms  erefore determine whether this abundant group of microorganisms contributes to an important soi  roorganisms contributes to an important soil ecosystem process, soil nitrification.   to an important soil ecosystem process, soil nitrification.
10070	14	ss to plant organic carbon. however, we know surprisingly little about how the availability of   ngs in natural environments. heathlands are unique ecosystems that are threatened worldwide by   . heathlands are unique ecosystems that are threatened worldwide by ectomycorrhizal tree invasi  threatened worldwide by ectomycorrhizal tree invasion. the trees shade out native heath shrubs   dland. in the british isles, heathlands are a cherished component of the landscape and they are  hed component of the landscape and they are high-profile habitats for biodiversity and conserva  nent of the landscape and they are high-profile habitats for biodiversity and conservation. low  ands have experienced the most dramatic decline in the last century, largely due to birch and p   last century, largely due to birch and pine invasion, both of which are obligately ectomycorrh  mycorrhizal fungi in lowland heaths and unravel the initial symbiotic events involved with tree  volved with tree establishment. we will rely heavily on molecular ecology approaches because ec  asons at different locations, they will be amenable to comparison with other heathland systems,  for performing ecologically-significant work in the future aimed at addressing ectomycorrhizal   ure aimed at addressing ectomycorrhizal tree invasion of heathlands.
10429	4	es . the proposed research will greatly advance our understanding of ch4 and n2o emissions for   from upland andean ecosystems will also help us evaluate whether other tropical uplands are lik  ikely to be sources of ch4 and n2o, and assess their potential contributions to the global atmo   of mathematical models that accurately simulate tropical ch4 and n2o fluxes will allow us to p
10967	4	es . the proposed research will greatly advance our understanding of ch4 and n2o emissions for   from upland andean ecosystems will also help us evaluate whether other tropical uplands are lik  ikely to be sources of ch4 and n2o, and assess their potential contributions to the global atmo   of mathematical models that accurately simulate tropical ch4 and n2o fluxes will allow us to p
11699	4	es . the proposed research will greatly advance our understanding of ch4 and n2o emissions for   from upland andean ecosystems will also help us evaluate whether other tropical uplands are lik  ikely to be sources of ch4 and n2o, and assess their potential contributions to the global atmo   of mathematical models that accurately simulate tropical ch4 and n2o fluxes will allow us to p
11362	2	we propose to develop a behavioural bioassay using ethovis  s, and/or the adult-associated biofilm, release a cue into the water column that primes the cyp
14952	4	of the global environmental change and are viewed as one of the most important determinants of  s of change in biodiversity at a global scale, usually with harmful ecological and economic eff  by being ever-present and by their huge number, have established a wide array of relationships   ent types of soil use, recent fires and land-uses, models for the expansion process will be pro
14540	1	thonous strains of brine shrimp artemia strain artemia franciscana, original from america, whic
14638	1	p artemia and their consequences, which are involved in the persistence of the brine shrimp pop
7151	13	f. excelsior is classified by forest as valuable hardwood and has a   luable hardwood and has a high economic value because of its rapid growth, the light color and   properties of the wood. f. angustifolia is a second shaft so very magnitude smaller dimensions    common ash. in france, f. angustifolia is not considered an essence of good quality and there   ed an essence of good quality and there is no known economic uses of its wood. both species, fr  h wood because if the wood f. excelsior is wanted for numerous mechanical and aesthetic qualiti   mechanical and aesthetic qualities, it is not so nen to f. angustifolia which presents some in  d in loire valley and saone valley quen be there in a few years this prediction is a real threa  pure common ash. issues that concern us are related to the process of colonization, local adapt  asurements in sympatric populations and pure for both species. for the experimental part will r  ip between sympatric one mixed zone and pure websites. a theoretical study accompanies the expe  mpanies the experimental section. it is clear that understanding the dynamic of the hybridizati  al aspect of this study is that it will allow to better understand the dynamics of post- coloni
13875	8	rosa rugosa from ne asia is an invasive exotic species in n europe and ne north   asive exotic species in n europe and ne north america. it constitutes a major concern for natur  osa become invasive two kinds of causes may be distinguished, evolution and ecology. a genetic   nge since the introduction and may have been caused by altered selective pressure in the new en  ies , which limit population growth and plant vigour in its native range. circumstantial eviden  cological factors, but rigorous testing is needed. we need to know the relative merits of these  ors, but rigorous testing is needed. we need to know the relative merits of these factors, in t   of r. rugosa and in general, should we be able to prevent further spread of this particular sp
14583	3	thic marine communities. concretely, we propose a method of restoration of the main vegetal spe  some of the fleshy species that usually live in it belonging to the orders halimedales, rhodyme  laces where due to the human activities is damaged or it is disappearing, and b to promote its
12590	14	n which evidence-based policy decisions can be made. recent evidence suggests that carbon is be  recent evidence suggests that carbon is being lost from soils in england and wales, but the cau   of this loss is unclear. therefore, it is likely that the impacts of any specific mitigation m  ic mitigation measures cannot currently be quantified. it is the belief of both policymakers an  ures cannot currently be quantified. it is the belief of both policymakers and uk soil scientis   the belief of both policymakers and uk soil scientists that sufficient information already exi  ng government policies on soc losses to be examined. however, it also widely recognised that in  m a broad representative base of the uk soil community, was convened, through the auspices of p  entative base of the uk soil community, was convened, through the auspices of previous defra pr   auspices of previous defra project . • use of this decision tool to provide an understanding o  an understanding of the effects of land/use management on processes driving the spatial and tem  tep should be readily interpretable and provide robust evidence to policymakers through which a  eadily interpretable and provide robust evidence to policymakers through which an understanding  of the impact of policies on soc losses can be gained.
14480	2	n intraguild predation and mesopredator release, it could be predicted that lynx presence would   predation and mesopredator release, it could be predicted that lynx presence would act positiv
10163	6	dwide from a combination of natural and man-made causes. in the caribbean, for example, we foun  hanges, combined with fishing pressure, are expected to have had a considerable impact on reef   are expected to have had a considerable impact on reef fish communities. the aim of this projec  of change in abundance of reef fish and relate these to changes in habitat and fishing pressure  xamined. this study will yield a unique picture of the large-scale ecological changes that have  ill yield a unique picture of the large-scale ecological changes that have occurred on caribbea
10190	1	anges in growth rate, and thus fitness, may be discriminated using competition analysis in chem
10998	1	anges in growth rate, and thus fitness, may be discriminated using competition analysis in chem
12342	3	catch, have increased the incidence and level of discarding. a proportion of discarded skates w  lth and potential. in addition, it will benefit the development of any proposed recovery plans   arch would highlight where improvements could be made to fishing practices to reduce discard mo
14373	3	g countries in particular. it will also incorporate data collected in the field using modern de  using modern devices that would greatly enhance the data collection capacity, its interactivity  apacity, its interactivity and ease and speed of transfer. ------------------------------------
12291	15	30 years, agricultural weed control has been dominated by the use of herbicides. herbicides are  se of the most hazardous herbicides. it is envisaged that recent further changes in eu legislat  ntly registered pesticides. at the same time as herbicide regulations are tightening, there is   ready prevalent in weed populations, it is likely that new regulations will remove some importa  ategies will need to integrate a larger number of practices, that do not rely solely on herbici  rate a larger number of practices, that do not rely solely on herbicides, in order to deliver s  icides, in order to deliver sustainable control of weeds. a key objective of this research is t  able cropping rotations. as it will not be possible to consider all weeds, we have chosen to fo  d species in the uk. once the model has been used to demonstrate the impacts of changing pestic  rformed to consider how weed management can change in the future to compensate for herbicide lo  eed management strategies are likely to be required in future, the project will help to direct   iology of weeds, so that this knowledge can be used to inform their control. the second element  ive and introduced ranges in europe and north america are increasing their incidence and distri  he uk and will consider how this spread may be exacerbated by climate and environmental change.  de for further research to quantify and mitigate future risks of invasion.
10840	5	, exhibiting a range of trophic states, have already been cored and the sediments analysed phys  a range of trophic states, have already been cored and the sediments analysed physically, geoch   no biological analyses have previously been undertaken on the sediments. chironomid communitie   depending upon lake typology and hence can be used to reconstruct phosphorus, dissolved oxygen   of response in different lake types to be elucidated.
11610	2	tion will be undertaken in the tropical north atlantic as part of meteor cruise 55 are limited   th atlantic as part of meteor cruise 55 are limited by different nutrients.
15438	2	onse to global change. therefore, there are a high demand of investigations aimed to extent our  ion between global . this working-group is composed of very young researchers and international
10973	3	ill design sequence-specific probes and immobilize them on dna arrays . dna extracted from prev  om previously unsampled sites will then be used to probe the phylochips. the methodology, once   e optimised, will allow rapid and large-scale biodiversity and ecological studies of planktonic
13794	5	nued support to extend my post doctoral fellowship at mcgill university, montreal, canada, for   ndscape analyze of ecosystem services , trade-offs between bundles of services, multifunctional  e. the capacity to deal with change and continue to develop. i have also through collaborations  l. to be able to finalize this work and participate in the development of a regional model of t  cipate in the development of a regional model of the agricultural peri-urban region in southern
7485	19	the escape of fish from sea-cage aquaculture is perceived as a serious threat to na  scape of fish from sea-cage aquaculture is perceived as a serious threat to natural biodiversit  e aquaculture is perceived as a serious threat to natural biodiversity in europes marine waters   in europes marine waters. escaped fish may cause undesirable genetic effects in native populat  s. cages break down in storms, wear and tear of the netting causes holes, and operational accid  l accidents lead to spills of fish. sea-cage equipment is marketed and used across europe, thus  d to spills of fish. sea-cage equipment is marketed and used across europe, thus knowledge rele  umerous species in diverse environments is required to produce robust equipment and implement r  prevent escape project will conduct and integrate biological and technological research on a pa   integrate biological and technological research on a pan-european scale to improve recommendat  echnological research on a pan-european scale to improve recommendations and guidelines for aqu   and their immediate surrounds, we will assess technical and operational causes of escape incid  operational causes of escape incidents, assess the extent of escapes of reproductive gametes an   of escapes of reproductive gametes and fish, determine the inherent behaviours that pre-dispos  capes of reproductive gametes and fish, determine the inherent behaviours that pre-dispose cert  ermine the inherent behaviours that pre-dispose certain species of fish towards a higher probab  s a higher probability of escaping, and document the dispersal of escapees to develop and test   ndards for the design, construction and use of aquaculture equipment. these key pieces of infor  entable measures to prevent escapes and mitigate the effects of escapees. if prevention and mit
11635	3	ss from female to son and daughter, and kill the sons during embryogenesis. in this project, we  embryogenesis. in this project, we will establish whether this biodiverse set of insect pathoge  ence mechanisms. in particular, we will establish the relative roles of apoptosis induction and
12469	1	uk fishing industry as part of a defra impact assessment on european legislation. key customer
14109	7	fts, which decrease species fitness and increase species vulnerability to environmental changes  n contemporary agricultural landscapes, field boundaries and other semi-natural elements are ex  ndaries and other semi-natural elements are expected to counteract the negative effects of frag  s a common tool in habitat restoration, while the genetic consequences of this measure on the n  enting the group of species, which have been shown to be most vulnerable to fragmentation, and   ture on the gene flow. using artificial dye to mimic pollen, i will study how effective is gene  e is gene flow by pollen and whether it is influenced by habitat connectivity. i will set up an
12168	1	populations, the extent to which these are influenced by landscape context and some indication
12550	6	produce honey and wax. the honey bee , are known to assist colony recovery. alternatively in c  ases of higher disease levels, the only course of action is to destroy the colony by burning. a  own as the shook swarm. shook swarm has been developed as an alternative to the use of antibiot  visional results have shown shook swarm can offer higher levels of success with lower levels of  d disease, within colonies prior to and post the shook swarm treatment. lightly and heavily inf  nitored over one year. sampling pre and post treatment during the active season followed by a f
10865	7	tudent will be trained by a supervisory team that is world-leading in ecosystem based ocean aci  alcified algae, foraminifera and corals can adapt their mineralogy depending on the amounts of   n in bijma s bioacid group using atomic force- and raman-microscopy to study the impact on the   study the impact on the fine- and ultra-structure of calcified organisms that grew at high co2.   oa effects. the range of hypotheses to be tested are not too ambitions for doctoral research,   octoral research, given our supervisory track-record, preliminary surveys of vulcano and pantel  l research, given our supervisory track-record, preliminary surveys of vulcano and pantelleria
14816	6	oration of a quantitative biogeographic study within the framework of a programme that joins to  e dependent on the environment, we will build predictive models of future distributions in a cl  a climate change scenario. we will also extract the pertinent conclusions for the conservation   bution types, depending on whether they are more conditioned by historical or by ecological fac  factors. the present moment is probably appropriate to carry out this kind of analysis, as the   s of all vertebrate groups on the utm 10x10-km grid.
11012	9	n interactions are dynamic systems that are influenced by factors that act on both interacting   ple, changes in temperature or habitats can alter distributions of hosts and pathogens and thus  butions of hosts and pathogens and thus bring new combinations of organisms into contact but ca   of organisms into contact but can also change the virulence of pathogens or the responses of h  have focused on how direct interactions are altered by respective changes in immune recognition  ompetition environments so we will also question whether exposure to pathogens hosted by other   her species, such as a. thaliana, might be involved in limiting their distributions and whether  ure to the albugo pathogen. finally, we hope to uncover the genes responsible for regulating in  ctions between a. lyrata and albugo and establish whether the same resistance mechanisms operat
11524	9	n interactions are dynamic systems that are influenced by factors that act on both interacting   ple, changes in temperature or habitats can alter distributions of hosts and pathogens and thus  butions of hosts and pathogens and thus bring new combinations of organisms into contact but ca   of organisms into contact but can also change the virulence of pathogens or the responses of h  have focused on how direct interactions are altered by respective changes in immune recognition  ompetition environments so we will also question whether exposure to pathogens hosted by other   her species, such as a. thaliana, might be involved in limiting their distributions and whether  ure to the albugo pathogen. finally, we hope to uncover the genes responsible for regulating in  ctions between a. lyrata and albugo and establish whether the same resistance mechanisms operat
12171	8	rsity, particularly birds, for which it can provide valuable foraging habitat in summer and win  valuable foraging habitat in summer and winter, as well as breeding habitat for some ground-nes  es suggests that, on average, set-aside can support 6-8 times higher densities of key declining  racterise valuable foraging habitat and inform the sorts of habitat features that could potenti  habitat features that could potentially be promoted as field-edge mitigation measures for the l   could potentially be promoted as field-edge mitigation measures for the loss of set-aside. the  rends of farmland birds. they will also provide a basis for the development of possible options  f field edge management approaches that may be implemented alongide other agri-environment meas
10311	7	f global climate change. whether or not long-term climate change is already involved the curren  bal climate change. whether or not long-term climate change is already involved the current eve  e is already involved the current event can help us evaluate how humid forest, deciduous forest  nt event can help us evaluate how humid forest, deciduous forests and savanna ecosystems and sp  zon climate dries. our team has a large network of on-the-ground sample plots in the region, an   plots in the region, and because these are standardised they represent an excellent opportunit  and because these are standardised they represent an excellent opportunity to measure the actua
9953	4	been extreme drought in amazonia. this may be related to warming of the north atlantic and gul  ed to warming of the north atlantic and gulf of mexico, the same feature that helped generate u  h atlantic and gulf of mexico, the same feature that helped generate unusually violent hurrican  l year following the drought so that we can understand in more detail how amazon forests recove
9985	4	been extreme drought in amazonia. this may be related to warming of the north atlantic and gul  ed to warming of the north atlantic and gulf of mexico, the same feature that helped generate u  h atlantic and gulf of mexico, the same feature that helped generate unusually violent hurrican  l year following the drought so that we can understand in more detail how amazon forests recove
2182	2	ecent version of the norwegian red list was published in 2006. jan mayen and its adjacent water   of the fish stock around jan mayen and enhance the information of the norwegian marine fish di
10858	3	ulations of leatherback turtle may soon be extinct due to man s activities and so time is runni  mation that may be vital for their long-term survival. this proposal will investigate whether s  investigate whether satellite telemetry can be used to quantify two important components of the
10067	2	e kidney disease and will significantly contribute to fundamental knowledge of the evolutionary  nditions promote the development of pkd is poorly understood but such understanding is crucial
10156	23	tion within each host, indeed there may be a vast network of interactions between them. these i  ctions between them. these interactions may arise through direct competition between parasites   rasites within each host. however, they may also be indirect, possibly through competition for   ithin each host. however, they may also be indirect, possibly through competition for shared re  es raised against one parasite may also affect other co-infecting parasite species. alternative   host is combating one parasite type it may not be able to mount an effective response against    combating one parasite type it may not be able to mount an effective response against another.  se against another. therefore there may be a complex network of subtle, and difficult to detect  ly, understanding how these communities are shaped is vital for the design of truly effective a  ol programs. if control approaches only consider one parasite species there may be unpredictabl  consider one parasite species there may be unpredictable consequences for disease caused by oth  n about their strength or existence. we propose to adopt a new, direct way of measuring interac  r existence. we propose to adopt a new, direct way of measuring interactions using classical co  he remaining parasite species - if they increase after the target parasites have been removed t  ncrease after the target parasites have been removed then this suggests that the target species  in parasite groups in the wood mice, we can build a more complete picture of how these parasite  cture of how these parasite communities are shaped by the interactions between species. putting  en these within host network approaches may provide a vital tool for developing long-term disea   network approaches may provide a vital tool for developing long-term disease control strategie  rovide a vital tool for developing long-term disease control strategies in other host species,   o extinction by infectious diseases. it is gradually being realised that parasite co-infections  by infectious diseases. it is gradually being realised that parasite co-infections play an impo  diseases around the globe, it has never been more pressing to develop a genuine understanding o
11676	23	tion within each host, indeed there may be a vast network of interactions between them. these i  ctions between them. these interactions may arise through direct competition between parasites   rasites within each host. however, they may also be indirect, possibly through competition for   ithin each host. however, they may also be indirect, possibly through competition for shared re  es raised against one parasite may also affect other co-infecting parasite species. alternative   host is combating one parasite type it may not be able to mount an effective response against    combating one parasite type it may not be able to mount an effective response against another.  se against another. therefore there may be a complex network of subtle, and difficult to detect  ly, understanding how these communities are shaped is vital for the design of truly effective a  ol programs. if control approaches only consider one parasite species there may be unpredictabl  consider one parasite species there may be unpredictable consequences for disease caused by oth  n about their strength or existence. we propose to adopt a new, direct way of measuring interac  r existence. we propose to adopt a new, direct way of measuring interactions using classical co  he remaining parasite species - if they increase after the target parasites have been removed t  ncrease after the target parasites have been removed then this suggests that the target species  in parasite groups in the wood mice, we can build a more complete picture of how these parasite  cture of how these parasite communities are shaped by the interactions between species. putting  en these within host network approaches may provide a vital tool for developing long-term disea   network approaches may provide a vital tool for developing long-term disease control strategie  rovide a vital tool for developing long-term disease control strategies in other host species,   o extinction by infectious diseases. it is gradually being realised that parasite co-infections  by infectious diseases. it is gradually being realised that parasite co-infections play an impo  diseases around the globe, it has never been more pressing to develop a genuine understanding o
12341	17	tlantic stocks of porbeagle and spurdog are listed as critically endangered under the iucn red    iucn red list. currently, these sharks are caught in target fisheries and as a bycatch in long  d gillnet fisheries. reduced quotas and size restrictions will be introduced in 2009, and there  l be introduced in 2009, and there have been discussions at a european level on setting a zero   ere have been discussions at a european level on setting a zero tac. further mitigation measure  ures, or technical measures to limit by-catch, are also possible. however, limited knowledge of  r technical measures to limit by-catch, are also possible. however, limited knowledge of the mo   other potential management measures it is necessary to collect evidence on the risk of capture  agle and spurdog. to do so, information is required on the geographic and seasonal overlap of p  required on the geographic and seasonal overlap of porbeagle and spurdog and the fisheries that  ies that exploit them. this information can be used to identify the times of year or particular  capture. this understanding should then be combined with assessments of the survivorship of por  ivorship of porbeagle and spurdog after being discarded to develop a qualitative assessment of   ontrol on by-catch. the data could also be used in discussions we fishermen to provide informat  nal commitments to shark management are being met, and the potential risks to those commitments  information will enable negotiations to be conducted with greater confidence and to ensure that  fidence and to ensure that new policies are founded on a good understanding of the resource and
12615	16	y designed to prevent new contamination is centred on a risk based framework, recognising that    policy is clear that the risks need to be addressed on a site-by-site basis, due to the differ  risks need to be addressed on a site-by-site basis, due to the different circumstances and risk   due to the different circumstances and risk scenarios at each site. it is therefore the case t  ces and risk scenarios at each site. it is therefore the case that the extent of remediation wi  ociated use of land. the information to be gathered through this project is not readily availab  rom local planning authorities as there is not currently a statutory requirement to specificall  a statutory requirement to specifically collect such information. it may be that some local aut  ically collect such information. it may be that some local authority contaminated land officers  hrough the planning regime. however, it is likely that any such information would be stored in   e consuming to retrieve and collate. it is also possible that there are issues related to data   the various methods used to collect and record it. in view of these difficulties and to avoid t  re and extent of the main survey. there is also the option of holding regional workshops to get  l aspects of the project as well as to ‘test the initial findings from the quantitative portion   initial findings from the quantitative portion of the main survey. the research will gather da  research will gather data which has not been collated in this way before and will present a pic
10992	12	e, this project aims to provide a small-scale microsampling technique for the thorough identifi  n of fragmented vertebrate remains that could be applied to all future archaeological and palae   on a single archaeologically-important site, pin hole cave, creswell crags, derbyshire spannin   has had a recent from the recent small-scale excavations at pin hole cave. the sampling will b  s information obtained from the earlier full-scale excavation to evaluate the potential of smal  ormation obtained from the earlier full-scale excavation to evaluate the potential of small-sca  tion to evaluate the potential of small-scale excavations that are comprehensively analysed. re  ly analysed. reducing the need for full-scale excavation would minimise site destruction and al  ion would minimise site destruction and allow for better preservation of cave assemblages for f  future research. such a project has not been possible until the recent introduction of mass spe  can be routinely extracted from british middle pleistocene bone analysis of selected specimens   tracted from british middle pleistocene bone analysis of selected specimens from various britis
11214	14	rtant zooplankton in the north atlantic is calanus finmarchicus, a primarily herbivorous crusta  ood resource for commercially important fish such as haddock, herring and mackerel. however, th  teadily over the last 40 years - and we need to understand why. potential reasons for this incl  tion of their food; primarily the small single-celled and free-floating microscopic plants, the  ; primarily the small single-celled and free-floating microscopic plants, the phytoplankton. fr  uises to the ne atlantic during winter, spring, summer and autumn of 2001/2 we gathered informa  t amounts of phytoplankton are actually present in the water column. to do this, we will need t  n the water column. to do this, we will need to measure various indices of phytoplankton abunda  abundance and activity in the water and relate this to satellite observations. from this we can  bservations. from this we can initially calculate phytoplankton biomass and then use measured r   estimated from space will then need to be validated with phytoplankton productivity measured i  tablished reliable year-round and basin-scale phytoplankton production, this will provide an es  the available food for calanus. we will use this information to assess whether the abundance of  assess whether the abundance of calanus is controlled by the available food or by other mechani
11754	6	e will be available for fish stocks, we need to understand the population dynamics and producti  n which they feed. calanus finmarchicus is a dominant large copepod species and source of food   is a dominant large copepod species and source of food for fish in the north atlantic. the stud  lt and time consuming. however, we will measure the activity of enzymes related to growth and p  tivity of enzymes related to growth and perform growth experiments combined with enzyme activit   activity assays on board. we will also examine these relationships using animals in laboratory
419	8	the potential impacts of these changes could have tragic consequences on the preservation of m  f many ecosystems and species. a strong research effort to determine the past and coming effect  e the past and coming effects of global change over the mediterranean must be supported to eval  of global change over the mediterranean must be supported to evaluate the risks incurred by the  ents: epizootic diseases and mortality, change in the geographical and/or bathymetric distribut   species. by using a multi-disciplinary approach, the project also seeks to study the mechanism  , jointly with some economists, we will conduct a reflection on the patrimonial value of the st  conduct a reflection on the patrimonial value of the studied communities.
7136	5	e. the potential impacts of this change could have dramatic consequences for the conservation o  earch past and future effects of global change in the mediterranean should be supported to asse  sciplinary approach the mechanisms that can lead to changes in the coastal marine biodiversity,  ependent human activities. it will then be possible to propose a mediterranean marine biodivers  nally, together with economists we will lead a reflection on the heritage of the communities st
12272	14	diseases and pests in winter wheat and winter oilseed rape and cabbage stem weevil. a final as   pod ripening to measure stem, root and pod disease levels. as for the wheat survey, a question  e to climate and agronomic practice and provide data to assist in risk analyses for mycotoxin c  generated from these annual surveys now provide defra with statistically sound data sources tha  ys now provide defra with statistically sound data sources that have the resolution and flexibi   now and for the future. the historical reference datasets identified are used and quoted widel  istorical reference datasets identified are used and quoted widely across government, academia   s government, academia and industry and form a reliable evidence base to inform defra initiativ   defra initiatives. in line with defras need, this evidence base is dynamic, changing as resear  only impartial and statistically robust source of evidence for policy making which aims to miti  cator species. most recently these data were used to examine the impacts of revisions to direct  rietal resistance, pathogen resistance, land management and economics on wheat and oilseed rape  e production. samples or data will also be provided to support monitoring for food safety, deve  sting and identification of sustainable crop management strategies for the industry.
7457	9	ed to project the influence of climatic change on the major determinants of river discharge at   ipitation and temperature patterns, and snow, ice, and biosphere models will feed into hydrolog  ion and temperature patterns, and snow, ice, and biosphere models will feed into hydrological m  r to assess the changes in seasonality, amount, and incidence of extreme events in various catc  ging water quality. attention will also be devoted to the interactions between land use/land co  mic conditions and political structures may compromise capacities to respond and adapt, such as  ay compromise capacities to respond and adapt, such as the andes and central asia where complex  plex problems resulting from asymmetric power relations and less robust institutions arise. met  works will identify vulnerabilities and be used to evaluate a range of policy options.
12295	11	dentify gaps in data coverage, depth or detail, including technical barriers to synthesis of co   one map. 6. recommend future work that could aid in the development of a land use framework. s  e framework. such suggested future work could include the creation of a synthesised land use ty  nd patterns of land use at a meaningful level for policy making. during the project a desk-base   data. where the resolution of the data is deemed insufficient, or the detail of the data is re  insufficient, or the detail of the data is recognised as not sufficiently useful to decision ma  seful to decision makers this will also be recorded. additionally, perceived gaps in the domain  ture/ urban greenspaces; • agricultural land – arable/horticultural/grassland; • land with desi  and – arable/horticultural/grassland; • land with designated status – aonbs/national parks/natu  priateness of defra taking each dataset forward in a land use framework. recommendations will b  mmendations will be made for additional work that would aid the development of such a framework
14981	2	abiotic, of river ecosystems, but less is known about the effects on the river function, and m  o disturbances affecting rivers. so, it is a functional indicator of changes in ecological rive
14979	2	abiotic, of river ecosystems, but less is known about the effects on the river function, and m  o disturbances affecting rivers. so, it is a functional indicator of changes in ecological rive
14980	2	abiotic, of river ecosystems, but less is known about the effects on the river function, and m  o disturbances affecting rivers. so, it is a functional indicator of changes in ecological rive
14978	2	abiotic, of river ecosystems, but less is known about the effects on the river function, and m  o disturbances affecting rivers. so, it is a functional indicator of changes in ecological rive
7370	4	t and conservation collections, we will develop an approach for evaluating the diversity of lan  quantify the evolution of diversity and evaluate the effectiveness of active management to pres  ctive management to preserve diversity, maintain the adaptive potential and preserve wild biodi  ty, maintain the adaptive potential and preserve wild biodiversity associated
7191	7	mpas review of marine reserves governance implications of la  serves governance implications of large scale in national and international waters. we will app  ional and international waters. we will apply these methods in three different systems, the gul  dian ocean, which contain high economic value species and / or species suffering from bycatch t  e three regions have expressed a strong interest in pursuing a scientific review of the potenti  trong interest in pursuing a scientific review of the potential effects of amp. through this co  p. through this comprehensive study, we aim to provide the information management authorities n
14649	1	cial value to society since they supply water for human consumption and other services with bio
12252	20	tprint concept provides us with a stark example of this concern, where it has been calculated t  k example of this concern, where it has been calculated that if everyone lived as we do in the   calculated that if everyone lived as we do in the uk we would need three planets, clearly somet  ex. agricultural activities consume and utilise materials and energy like any other production   oduction processes, but this production is carried out in the environment itself causing point   ronment itself causing point source and diffuse pollution and impacting on habitats and biodive  environmental burdens and to devise and develop an innovative environmental management system t  the following overview describes how we propose to undertake this work: a comprehensive review   e this work: a comprehensive review and critique of the whole farm and targeted systems current  echanisms by which different approaches can influence environmental outcomes will be identified  using a scoring and ranking approach to be developed specifically for this purpose. this will,   ally for this purpose. this will, thus, allow the relative/likely effectiveness of targeted ver  argeted versus whole farm approaches to be evaluated. whole farm systems will be compared to su  out positive environmental outcomes. it is envisaged that whatever system is developed, it will  s. it is envisaged that whatever system is developed, it will not duplicate what is already in   atever system is developed, it will not duplicate what is already in existence and will integra  mmediate benefits for those farmers who access the tool. it would aim to provide the industry w  ely and relevant guidance / tools which are needed to help the industry develop and evolve in a  needed to help the industry develop and evolve in a more sustainable direction. the combination  on of valuable information to defra and support to the farming industry will also help meet spe
7666	2	global change is expected to progressively drive crop genetic resourc  -banks to mal-adaptation, and therefore impair their value for breeding programs. in-situ manag
14674	3	enefit biodiversity. these schemes have been applied in europe throughout the last decade, yet   ing of their effectiveness. in a recent review, kleijn & sutherland , of demographic parameters  havioural parameters habitat selection, diet- of great bustards, with complementary data from o
12153	15	mmunal grazing. initially, sheep had to be kept in an unfenced area of land by constant shepher  ge of where optimal grazing and shelter can be found throughout the year. on many tenanted farm   the year. on many tenanted farms there is a ‘landlord’s flock, which goes with the farm whenev  which goes with the farm whenever there is a change of tenant. this ensures that the land conti  ticularly well known for hefting but it is also practised on common grazings in other areas of   the snowdonia mountains of wales. there are regional differences in the way hefting is carried   regional differences in the way hefting is carried out and the times when stock may be removed   is carried out and the times when stock may be removed from the heft are important consideratio  e management tool self contained flocks are required. anecdotal evidence suggests that hefting   necdotal evidence suggests that hefting can increase biodiversity with sheep, having an improve  n of sheep relative to seasons can also be greatly beneficial to both sheep welfare and shepher  his will include scientific literature, grey literature, personal technical and practical exper  basic costings which could subsequently be used as a bench mark for the practise. the resulting  t will identify regional variations and quantify any positive and negative effects of hefting o   livestock performance, animal welfare, farm economics, environmental impact and landscape. the
12646	2	to review and assess the level of compliance, and hence the effective   improve compliance if current practice is shown to be insufficient to meet the aims and object
15465	9	tion, unquestionable from an ecological point of view, will have important implications for the   for cetaceans of the gulf of cadiz has been limited by methodological questions, and was based  imited by methodological questions, and was based mainly on the analysis of stomach contents fr   studies provide crucial data, but they produce only a snapshot of prey preferences and trophic  napshot of prey preferences and trophic niche of each species. our main goal with this project   late these two parameters for blood and skin of a group of bottlenose dolphins kept in captivit  ent of information that will allow us a correct interpretation of the results obtained. the gen  ies that evaluate the effects of glogal change or intend to use these species as indicators of   valuate the effects of glogal change or intend to use these species as indicators of changes oc
7667	2	or several decades, research teams have been interested in the impacts of human activities on f  ontries. among the works on this field, is distinguished team of nowak .
13778	4	tained is generally applicable. we will sample the fjord to cover seasonal dynamics, and jellyf  uring blooms. in the laboratory we will combine traditional approaches with novel isotope trace  sured in relation to prey abundance and prey species. the project will contribute considerable   edators in general. most likely it will change our current view of the effect of gelatinous pre
7619	2	a european level appears to be a strong challenge, allowing one hand to bring the french experi  es, the other to pool the knowledge and know-how various countries to a more universal use of p
7426	2	f wheat, varietal resistances available are partial and often circumvented. chemical control is   dispersion of the parasite by rain and level of culture components resistance
13941	15	we will study the coordinated expression of genes causing assor  sing assortative mating in the european corn borer ostrinia nubilalis , an important insect pes  ork of contemporary speciation. the ecb is polyphagous and thrives on a large number of host pl  b is polyphagous and thrives on a large number of host plants. at the same time its sex pheromo  arge number of host plants. at the same time its sex pheromone system is polymorphic. in spite   is polymorphic. in spite of significant cross attraction and the formation of fertile hybrids u  the different host races display almost complete reproductive isolation in the field. we hypoth  reproductive isolation in the field. we hypothesize that male-produced courtship pheromones pla  e acceptance of courting males and thus limit gene flow between the races. we will identify the  it gene flow between the races. we will identify these male pheromones, determine their role in  we will identify these male pheromones, determine their role in mate choice, reconstruct the bi  s, determine their role in mate choice, reconstruct the biosynthetic pathways leading to their   athways leading to their production and dissect the genetics of pheromone differences between t  y, an attempt will be made to sequence, clone, and functionally express the fatty acid reductas  de to sequence, clone, and functionally express the fatty acid reductase gene previously demons
14699	3	ate and public ones. those reasons also make species to be commonly mentioned in faunistic stud  ion of burnets species distribution has been made within the spanish territory to date. the obj  t group and also phenology, ecology and establish the basics for their preservation.
6757	7	al gene expression. they simultaneously regulate the expression of several bacterial phenotypic  investigations on the global regulatory function of leux, rfah, reca and rpos loci of extra int   the appearance of virulence properties may reveal if regulatory mutants could serve as the mea  erties may reveal if regulatory mutants could serve as the means for specific prevention. namel  amely, whether these regulatory mutants may provide a new approach for developing stable vaccin  se regulatory mutants may provide a new approach for developing stable vaccine candidate strain   stable vaccine candidate strains which are attenuated in virulence but still capable to evoke
10191	14	species and are mating compatible they respond antagonistically with the production of extrace  sted as bright pigments in mycelium and culture substratum. many invertebrates are highly attra   zones. for example, mycetophilid flies are attracted to, and lay eggs in, the interaction regi  lia of wood decay fungi, and collembola are attracted to, and preferentially feed in, interacti  ble on these interactions means that we do not even know what the chemical attractants are, or    interactions means that we do not even know what the chemical attractants are, or why inverteb  l attractants are, or why invertebrates are attracted. we assume that the invertebrates are pro   or why invertebrates are attracted. we assume that the invertebrates are provided with a highl  acted. we assume that the invertebrates are provided with a highly nutritious food source. what  us food source. whatever the reasons it is obvious that the ecology of both organisms is dramat  st step in attempting to understand and explain interaction-zone interactions. as well as provi  g to understand and explain interaction-zone interactions. as well as providing us with a basic  interaction, our observations will also aid the understanding of fungal community development a  ing of fungal community development and soil invertebrate population biology. such knowledge pr
12652	2	l responsibility for non-native species is spread across various departments and agencies. with  ernmental organisations to identify and describe their responsibilities relating to this subjec
11040	4	cannot be directly diagnosed by a human may be dealt with in some way. as instrumentation and e  osis, and the facilities to support it, grow greater. in this work we will develop and integrat  will develop and integrate state of the art automated fault detection and diagnosis techniques   e reliability of this platform and thus make it more effective in playing its role in helping u
10002	5	hat even larger animals in the deep sea can vary in density by orders of magnitude, with concur  these variations are widely believed to be linked to climate-driven variation in the food suppl  or more, the abundance of deep-sea life is related to surface productivity in the waters above.  ility to understand these links further is thought to be limited by sampling error from undetec  stand these links further is thought to be limited by sampling error from undetected habitat he
13501	2	he relative importance of bottom-up and top-down forces in food-web ecology.   f bottom-up and top-down forces in food-web ecology.
12608	4	rship project which aims to protect and enhance peat soils by reducing the volume of peat used   ver and growing media market to be peat-free by 2010 and is also considering future measures /   edia market to be peat-free by 2010 and is also considering future measures / targets that will   media manufacturers in the uk and also key suppliers / importers of peat alternative materials
15370	4	general, and hole nests in particular, constitute also an ideal microecosystem for the develop  f potentially pathogenic organisms . we expect with these studies to obtain a better understand   our group. this improved understanding may have wide theoretical and practical ramifications w  tical and practical ramifications which can be applied to the conservation of threatened specie
14507	4	t has been recently proposed that avian egg coloration is a post-mating sexually selected signa  on to colour intensity. this hypothesis is based on the fact that pigments used by females to c  s. by testing these hypotheses, we will be able to know the importance of egg coloration in pos  ting sexual selection, and we will also explore sexual selection processes in females, which ar
2121	8	global change is expected to result in changes in the mean, and incre  ations will respond to such changes, it is crucial to first understand the responses of these s  lly occurring fluctuations. predictions can be derived from general life-history theory as to w  two approaches, analysis of demographic time series, and interspecific comparisons of manipulat  utilise exhaustive data bases that have been assembled in pre-projects. the first dataset conta  es of seabirds, which are comparatively long-lived species. the second dataset contains the res  ns of life-history characters that have been performed on birds. both approaches are carried ou  een performed on birds. both approaches are carried out in a phylogenetic-comparative framework
10285	3	l peace prize winning intergovernmental panel on climate change. it will be accompanied by a 2-  ers of the ukcip08 user group will also be consulted. information will be disseminated also via  minated also via journal papers, unfccc side-events, and 2 stakeholder workshops.
14784	4	ll as of the soil biochemical activity, is essential to understand the influence of the agricul  f soil, and the relation with short and long-term productivity functions in the agroecosystem 4  l, and the relation with short and long-term productivity functions in the agroecosystem 4. con  erent agricultural managements, able to be used as indicator of agricultural sustainability in
11743	1	aring the same host plant or parasitoid is predicted to be more similar than expected by chance
12463	8	of total catch in terms of species and size composition 2. the development of indicators of di  . key customer purpose: in the eu there is intensive data collection of bycatch and discard onb  ntensive data collection of bycatch and discard onboard commercial vessels but until now there   ercial vessels but until now there have been few attempts to describe the general patterns in t  the general patterns in these data, and still less to understand the factors that determine wha  actors that determine what and how much is discarded. this is key if we are to develop operatio  ow much is discarded. this is key if we are to develop operational indicators and propose mitig  e to develop operational indicators and propose mitigation tools for fisheries management.
15153	8	sitive interactions between plants have been incorporated to the mainstream of plant community   id and semi-arid climates. considerable advance in this topic is being achieved by combining ob  . considerable advance in this topic is being achieved by combining observations on actual rege  stable communities and the phylogenetic structure of local and regional species pool. in this c  nditions for seedling regeneration, has been proposed as a fundamental mechanism of community a   of desert, arid or harsh mediterranean type climates, the regeneration niche of old plant lian  he vast biodiversity of the region and, second, facilitation seems to operate as fundamental me  under harsh abiotic conditions. we will investigate communities under different constraining me
400	11	has thus far mostly focused on species-level biodiversity, but new research suggests genetic b  ch populations of key ecosystem species are known to be genetically unique in many cases. the b   the baltgene project will identify and map baltic sea genetic biodiversity and experimentally   genetic biodiversity and experimentally test its importance to the functioning and the resilien  ce of the ecosystem. baltgene will also assess the potential threats to the unique diversity fr  fisheriesinduced selection is a serious threat that might lead to lower fish production if mana   fish production if management does not take the demographic and genetic structure of fish popu  es not take the demographic and genetic structure of fish populations into account. genetic bio  the capacity of organisms to evolve and adapt to new environmental conditions, and critical iss  ed oceanic currents. baltgene will also assess how current governance structure, policies and l  netic biodiversity, and following this, investigate possible new ways to incorporate genetic bi
15214	2	this project is aimed at the study of the barcoding of different ins   this new conceptual and methodological framework, setting the foundations for a new objective
7572	4	rticulture. in the pyrenees, has. majus is represented by two morphologically distinct subspeci  ng a genetic map and a qtl analysis, we propose to look for genomic regions under selection and  for genomic regions under selection and determine if genes explain the phenotypic differences b  the phenotypic differences between taxa are selected. this project provides an excellent opport
14482	1	l and paleontological data. finally, it is expected to calibrate a molecular clock and to date
6872	11	lant of great traditions in hungary. it is known world-wide as an hungaricum which was supporte  known world-wide as an hungaricum which was supported by the intensive scientific activities ca  ungary. the results of these activities were summarised in camomile volume as a part of the ser  ion of camomile no considerable results were achieved in hungary. in contrast, many new interna  t, many new international projects have been started recently, to discover new chemical compoun  lations of camomile became a limitative factor for firms and individual persons being intereste  factor for firms and individual persons being interested in collection of plant. based on the n  ntensive selection work on camomile has been started in many countries, including germany, aust   austria, slovakia and poland. projects were oriented to get new chemotypes, isolate compounds   m of plants. by this present project we want to widen our knowledge on this species again. our   on and reservation of hungarian genetic background of camomile.
12595	19	aterials by 2010. it follows an earlier target of 40% by 2005, that was successfully reached. i  2005, that was successfully reached. it is important for our biodiversity because slightly less  ss than half of the peat used in the uk is taken from our own lowland raised bogs. while the ta  aised bogs. while the target might also have potential benefits for a range of ecosystem servic  es under the eus landfill directive, it is important to be clear about the consequences reachin  bog biodiversity. the project will also consider what other consequences might arise in countri  c of ireland from which peat is already being sourced for uk horticultural use. the peat reduct  . the conditions needed for these to re-establish on cessation are precise and it is important   tablish on cessation are precise and it is important to understand the relationship between the  e relationship between the way the peat is taken out and the subsequent suitability of the post  -extractive surface for restoration. it is also important to understand that each peat bog is p   on world and continental scales, so it is important to consider the effect displaced' peat ext  r the effect displaced' peat extraction may have on the world's biodiversity. the project looks  e project looks in detail at where peat is sourced in the uk and abroad, describing the effect   consents for extraction, as far as they are known. the part played by working and after-use pla  ernative scenarios. peat extraction has been curtailed on a number of key sites in the uk at co   of key sites in the uk at considerable expense to the uk taxpayer. the project will document t  ising from these examples. it will also look at initiatives around the country adopting a lands  peat, and how any effects on employment can be mitigated through the development of peat altern
10461	7	he survival rates of wild animals, data are collected from previously marked individuals. coupl  with appropriate probability models and appropriate statistical methods, it is possible to use   and appropriate statistical methods, it is possible to use the data to estimate the desired sur   methods used are classical , and there is a need for the approaches to be updated, to include   d there is a need for the approaches to be updated, to include modern bayesian procedures. in t  esian methods for such data. there will be several practical sessions, where the workshop parti  ng the new techniques. by this means we hope to improve the statistical methods used in this ve
10281	4	vels combined with increased storminess is expected to enhance coastal erosion. in england alon  ts £600 million per year, a figure that is expected to increase significantly over the next dec  m of protection against erosion as they form a natural buffer against incoming wave energy, hen  eaches will ensure significant advances are made in our ability to predict beach erosion and ac
6753	2	time specialized dairy and beef breeds were imported. the number of beef cattle increased, att  attle breeding methods research have to be continued for more theoretical and practical knowled
15563	5	the european beech has the crucial task of synthesising and inter- and transdisciplinarily  as the crucial task of synthesising and inter- and transdisciplinarily evaluating the results o  tific stakeholders, which will produce, inter alia, a comprehensive policy paper as well as int  project is to incite the policy-science-interface by involving politics and policy related inst  der changing climatic conditions, multi-level governance of beech forests in europe, and valuat
13482	11	n pelagic food webs and to the downward flux of organic matter. behavior and sensory functions   d sensory functions of zooplankton thus play fundamental roles for structuring and functioning   r growth and predation risk and that it can be altered instantaneously and continuously, there   instantaneously and continuously, there are few quantitative data on zooplankton behavioral pla  ticity, and the optimality and adaptive value of plastic behavior is rarely considered in model  ly considered in model studies. here we aim at quantifying the degree of flexibility in the beh  cked in models and experiments. we will quantify behavior and behavioral plasticity in response  -models and dynamic programming we will explore optimal behavioral strategies, including flexib  ased understanding of zooplankton small scale behavioral processes is needed for a comprehensiv  ankton small scale behavioral processes is needed for a comprehensive understanding of pelagic   their biodiversity, and necessary if we are to manage marine resources wisely while confronted
15487	3	nest predation and inter-specific brood parasitism are mayor selective for  story traits in birds. recently, it has been suggested that, apart from lethal effects of preda  o quantify the effects of predation and brood parasitism risk on reproductive success and survi
10599	21	er species to rearing their brood. they are found in a wide range of animals including fish, bi  ich is often similar in size, shape and colour to the host s eggs to fool the host parents. aft  en reared by the host adults despite it been very different. as in all parasitic relationships   cuckoo, benefits since the host parents are prevented from rearing any of their own offspring.    where the host is trying to detect and destroy any cuckoo eggs, while the cuckoo is trying to    to detect and destroy any cuckoo eggs, while the cuckoo is trying to lay eggs which are not de  o lay eggs which are not detected. they can do this either by making their eggs look like eggs   ten thousands of individual workers. it is now know that at least in some species of ants, soci  usands of individual workers. it is now know that at least in some species of ants, social wasp  social wasps and social bees the adults can detect chemical differences between the types of eg   however, which chemicals are important is not yet known, since there are a wide range of chemi  important is not yet known, since there are a wide range of chemicals on the eggs surface of wh  mportant. understanding which chemicals are used by insects to communicate information is an im  communicate information is an important field of study, just as understanding the various langu   understanding the various languages we use to communicate to each other. using the ability of   g the ability of the cuckoos to copy or interfere with this communication system gives us a uni  k point by either copying the important egg recognition chemicals so their eggs look, chemicall  se of the host, or choosing hosts which cannot detect large chemical differences between eggs i  p use to start to understand the oldest form of language, that of chemical communication. this   cal communication. this will ultimately help us control, conserve and utilise the insects, one   ltimately help us control, conserve and utilise the insects, one of the most successful groups
9972	21	er species to rearing their brood. they are found in a wide range of animals including fish, bi  ich is often similar in size, shape and colour to the host s eggs to fool the host parents. aft  en reared by the host adults despite it been very different. as in all parasitic relationships   cuckoo, benefits since the host parents are prevented from rearing any of their own offspring.    where the host is trying to detect and destroy any cuckoo eggs, while the cuckoo is trying to    to detect and destroy any cuckoo eggs, while the cuckoo is trying to lay eggs which are not de  o lay eggs which are not detected. they can do this either by making their eggs look like eggs   ten thousands of individual workers. it is now know that at least in some species of ants, soci  usands of individual workers. it is now know that at least in some species of ants, social wasp  social wasps and social bees the adults can detect chemical differences between the types of eg   however, which chemicals are important is not yet known, since there are a wide range of chemi  important is not yet known, since there are a wide range of chemicals on the eggs surface of wh  mportant. understanding which chemicals are used by insects to communicate information is an im  communicate information is an important field of study, just as understanding the various langu   understanding the various languages we use to communicate to each other. using the ability of   g the ability of the cuckoos to copy or interfere with this communication system gives us a uni  k point by either copying the important egg recognition chemicals so their eggs look, chemicall  se of the host, or choosing hosts which cannot detect large chemical differences between eggs i  p use to start to understand the oldest form of language, that of chemical communication. this   cal communication. this will ultimately help us control, conserve and utilise the insects, one   ltimately help us control, conserve and utilise the insects, one of the most successful groups
2053	10	most birds are classified as socially monogamous, yet they frequen  ocially monogamous, yet they frequently engage in extrapair copulations. in the bluethroat, fem  the result that around 30% of offspring are sired extrapair. the bluethroat is one of the few b  species in the world in which a genetic benefit to female extra-pair copulation has been identi  which a genetic benefit to female extra-pair copulation has been identified, viz. an enhanced c  fit to female extra-pair copulation has been identified, viz. an enhanced cellular immunocompet  ales seek fertilizations with malesthat have a genotype compatible to their own, rather than wi  s and the extent to which female choice is influenced by male advertisement behaviour. the simi  ll be performed to reveal whether there is a behavioral or a postcopulatory mechanism, which al  extrapair sires . the project will also manipulate male advertisement behaviour to assess its i
14152	9	nes in response to variety of stressors may have profound impact on individual fitness. however  ual fitness. however, relatively little is known about the development of physiological and beh  opment of physiological and behavioural stress responses in developing young of wild birds. thu   their effects on offspring quality, it is important to understand the sources of variation in    variation in them. in this project, we plan to investigate the development of behavioural and   pment of behavioural and adrenocortical stress responses, its environment-dependent variability  mental and correlative methods, we will test the following hypotheses: repeated stress influenc   nestlings’ immune function, growth and post-fledging mortality. the results of the project can  bsequent fitness. this project can also provide practical implications to conservation biologis
13503	6	hin and between populations of eurasian perch, perca fluviatilis l. furthermore, connections be  a common environment, and physiological stress response, will be studied. the perch has lately   or fish farming. performance in culture is assumed to be connected with innate traits in indivi  g. performance in culture is assumed to be connected with innate traits in individual fish, whi  te traits in individual fish, which has been found in salmonid fishes. the knowledge about the   already found between individual perch, are inherited or due to previous experience are crucial
11602	3	we propose to use novel data loggers, already designed and  the southern ocean. the study will also supply valuable information on many physiological aspec   foraging behaviour of marine birds and contribute to our understanding on how these birds are
14717	14	behavioral flexibility has long been hypothesized to be an important driver of evolutio  s to novel environmental conditions and may thus favour selection on morphological, physiologic  l environmental conditions and may thus favour selection on morphological, physiological and be  avioral characters. however, there have been few empirical tests of this hypothesis and the mec  ology and ecology within a phylogenetic framework, so one can understand how animals interact w  within a phylogenetic framework, so one can understand how animals interact with their environm  fects such relationships. here, we will use this integrative approach to investigate the role o  ips. here, we will use this integrative approach to investigate the role of behavior on process  ptive diversification in birds. we will use a three-levels approach. first, we will use a globa  a three-levels approach. first, we will use a global phylogenetic comparative analysis to valid  tised to reduce this risk, we will also test whether or not flexible clades are less prone to e  vironmental changes. second, because we are concerned with mechanisms and that requires examina  ry events, where evolutionary processes can be detected more clearly, we will run more detailed  es despite behavioral adjustments there is selection on morphological traits. the integration o
14974	5	terations in their environment, animals can avoid extinction through the development of behavio   in the form of innovation or learning, can help animals survive in novel environments, for exa   predators. despite the progress, there are two major questions that are insufficiently underst  ons of foraging stress. second, we will use a comparative approach to explore how behaviour fle  ange. using this two-level approach, we hope to clarify the importance of behavioural flexibili
14278	2	ative of the belgian science policy. it is an integrated network of members posted in federal a   members posted in federal and regional research institutions. * promoting belgian biodiversity
14338	3	beldiva is aimed at sampling representative habitats of the fam  first description of pristine areas and assess their significance and originality. this informa  cance and originality. this information can be used to describe new aspas in the region, or sel
14329	5	methods are most suitable and how do we deal with spatial and temporal aspects in the valuation  spects in the valuation of es how do we value biodiversity and the option value of potential es  ational trade of es. mostly unaware, we are all intensive users of es that procure from elsewhe  h and policy development. what research is needed and for what policy how can es contribute to   economic and juridical barriers need to be overcome in order to implement the es-concepts in th
14304	2	ch project in the framework of the 'second multiannual scientific support plan for a sustai   development policy ' spsd ii ' part 3: supporting actions' of the belgian federal
2212	10	rpose of this project is to address and analyze adaptive management of fish and game resources   analyze adaptive management of fish and game resources from a welfare economic point of view, t   game resources from a welfare economic point of view, taking into account both the social, or   ironment. our main objectives are to: • increase the conceptual knowledge and to put forward a   or welfare based management of fish and game resources. • empirically assess benefits and costs  y assess benefits and costs of fish and game resources, and use this as inputs in dynamic manag  d costs of fish and game resources, and use this as inputs in dynamic management models. • enha   inputs in dynamic management models. • enhance knowledge about the efficient of different regu  haracteristics of specific resources. • scrutinize how different property right regimes affect   fficient regulations/incentives schemes may be designed.
12718	1	litatively, the contribution that sssis make to the delivery of ecosystem goods and services bo
11319	4	are centres of biological diversity and are ecological hotspots in the deep ocean but their ina  ges for research. in consequence, there are conspicuous sampling gaps of which the equatorial r  he most extensive. the southwest indian ridge on the swir in which no bottom trawling will take  covery following cessation of fisheries can be assessed.
11320	4	are centres of biological diversity and are ecological hotspots in the deep ocean but their ina  ges for research. in consequence, there are conspicuous sampling gaps of which the equatorial r  he most extensive. the southwest indian ridge on the swir in which no bottom trawling will take  covery following cessation of fisheries can be assessed.
11585	4	are centres of biological diversity and are ecological hotspots in the deep ocean but their ina  ges for research. in consequence, there are conspicuous sampling gaps of which the equatorial r  he most extensive. the southwest indian ridge on the swir in which no bottom trawling will take  covery following cessation of fisheries can be assessed.
10200	3	we propose a study of eocene to miocene benthic foraminife   and palaeoceanographic indicators, and test the idea of using morphogroups to provide a proxy   diversity and origin of polar dwaf, and provide essential biostratigraphic information for futu
2476	6	years as a basis for the selection and further development of benthic indicator organisms for   e barents sea. these findings will then be assessed within the context of a changing barents se  ormation to evaluate how future changes may affect the validity of indicators developed for the  tatus of a changing barents sea. ecobar is only achievable through synergistic linkages to seve  ects on the barents sea ecosystem which are led by or have significant participation by scienti  rents sea ecosystem which are led by or have significant participation by scientists from ecoba
10744	2	interdisciplinary benthic process study is proposed for surficial sediments across the oxygen m   on the pakistan margin. a quantitative study of benthic communities will be combined with comp
11255	2	interdisciplinary benthic process study is proposed for surficial sediments across the oxygen m   on the pakistan margin. a quantitative study of benthic communities will be combined with comp
11259	2	interdisciplinary benthic process study is proposed for surficial sediments across the oxygen m   on the pakistan margin. a quantitative study of benthic communities will be combined with comp
11356	2	interdisciplinary benthic process study is proposed for surficial sediments across the oxygen m   on the pakistan margin. a quantitative study of benthic communities will be combined with comp
10450	3	echniques for waters that have recently been in contact with sediments will provide a time-fram  tact with sediments will provide a time-frame for the dispersion of water and fate of iron in t  e-frame for the dispersion of water and fate of iron in the water.
12606	4	aim of this project is to review recent research on practices for managing soil organic matter   s of each practice identified will also be considered and highlighted. additionally, the potent  tice, the project will explore how this can be translated into advice for farmers and land mana   translated into advice for farmers and land managers, and incorporated into current cross comp
10988	1	g improved implementation of the thames plan i.e. above the 26% predicted good status by 2015.
14297	2	contextthe substrate of the belgian part of the north sea consists, for the vast majority,    surface, such as trawls, box cores and van veen grabs
11595	21	nd to the ability of the organisms they infect to stop parasites from propagating. forty years   rom propagating. forty years ago, leigh van valen produced a theory as to why genes involved in  es involved in parasite infectivity and host resistance should evolve more quickly than others.  st infection by parasites, so parasites must adapt to circumvent this resistance runs rapidly w  e virulence evolve quickly. however, it is possible that it is only a partial explanaiton. this  uickly. however, it is possible that it is only a partial explanaiton. this proposal seeks to t   occurs quite commonly in parasites. we have all heard about it- hiv moved from primates into h  ing from pigs and birds into humans. it is likely that host switching by a parasite represents   s likely to perform poorly. thus, there is great scope for adaptation of the parasite to its ne  to perform poorly. thus, there is great scope for adaptation of the parasite to its new host, a  r adaptation of the parasite to its new host, and it must rapidly evolve to better exploit the   te to its new host, and it must rapidly evolve to better exploit the host. it is clear that par  volve to better exploit the host. it is clear that parasites do switch hosts quite commonly, an  ts quite commonly, and very likely this is accompanied by a bout of strong natural selection th  a bout of strong natural selection that may explain why parasite virulence genes evolve rapidly  volve rapidly. in this project, we will test the theory that host shifts drive fast parasite ev  ve host into a new foreign one. we will leave this bacterium in its new host species for a year  we will leave this bacterium in its new host species for a year, and then recover it. we will i  or a year, and then recover it. we will investigate whether the host shift has resulted in the   o prosper in its new host. we will also examine the diversity of the bacterium across host spec  se following laboratory host shifts, we can ask if natural diversity is likely driven by the ho
7260	1	gent model using game theory and viable control theory. it offers an empirical application on i
14997	7	we will perform a molecular genetic analysis of phlebotomus ari  s from southesthern spain. we will also finish the study of p. perniciosus. the two genetic lin  be cultivated in laboratory and we will try the crossing between them, to observe if they are t  ossing between them, to observe if they are the same or different species. besides we will do t  . sergenti that exist in spain. we will perform a study of corology of phlebotomine sandflies i  ce and density of phlebotomine. also we catch sandflies in the burrows of rodents to see p. lan  ts to see p. langeroni. finally we will study the vectorial role of the differents species obta
14996	9	ncreased in the last years. one exemple is the leishmaniosis transmited by the bite of sand fli  osis between the different islands and, even, within a same island. a delimitant factor of this  ven, within a same island. a delimitant factor of this heterogenous distribution is the sand fl  e sand flies. on the other hand, it has been predicted that, as a result of the heating of the   rs, as much in latitude as in altitude, reason why the sand flies could be seen affected by thi   in altitude, reason why the sand flies could be seen affected by this phenomenon. for that rea  ed by this phenomenon. for that reason, is also tried the study of the distribution and biology  studied in detail. with this project it is tried to obtain new data about the activity, surviva   to serve in future studies in which it is tried to carry out risk maps and epidemiological sur
2472	11	scapes aims at understanding how to bio-engineer livestock production landscapes in nicaragua,   e. how to exploit new opportunities and solve problems within the domain of a multifunctional s  t the farm and landscape level. we will assess the multiple functions and services that sp can   multiple functions and services that sp can provide in two study areas with different climate,   s choice of sp species. second, we will link these services to sp species functional attributes  to sp species functional attributes and assess which species combinations can best serve multi-  ecies combinations can best serve multi-function sps at the farm and landscape scale, analyzing   take into account uncertainty, we will analyze the consequences of the farmers preferences on   rvices at farm and landscape levels and make recommendations on which mechanisms can be used to  ake recommendations on which mechanisms can be used to improve the benefits obtained from silvo  he benefits obtained from silvopastoral practice in the region.
7249	8	jectives the objectives of the european framework directive on water to achieve good ecological  hemical measurements of micropollutants do not allow to evaluate a potential impact on organism  pact on organisms in so far as sampling can not reflect the temporal variability of contaminati  tamination, invasive species now widely present in temperate aquatic environments and resistant  aromatic hydrocarbons, which are strong diffuse contamination of urban environments. this proje  s of urban development in ile de france network of r2ds. sisteo the project aims to analyze the  , sources of micro and ecotoxicological impact on hydrosystems. the work proposed here is part   t sisteo. it aims to develop a relevant tool for the link between the assessment of chemical co
15342	3	in the present project we intend to examine and to describe different aspects of   e different aspects of the bioacustical character diversity present on an insect group, as well  uses of that information, also valid to be employed with other sound producer zoological groups
14200	2	toxicity are very important, since they give the scientific basis for realistic risk assessment  give the scientific basis for realistic risk assessment of hazards of chemicals for aquatic eco
15347	7	e mankind artistic representations have been preserved in caves, tombs and crypts. the cultural   vestige of palaeolithic art. other sub-surface representations are present in egyptian, etrusc   etruscan and roman necropolises, which are formed by a number of hypogean tombs carved in a so  nd development of phototrophic biofilms can be observed which are the ones involved in biodeter  s involved in biodeterioration. we will try to associate the metabolic profiles obtained with a  bolic profiles obtained with a reactome array with the enzymes and pathways in order to get a g  niques will be also used to isolate and characterise the main members of the communities and to
12044	3	e plot and regional level. we will also aim to validate, test and predict the consequences that   we will also aim to validate, test and predict the consequences that different scenarii of lan  versity in agroecosystems. this project is organised in four complementary and interdependent w
12015	15	ment. to achieve these ends instruments must be elaborated and implemented to recognise the val  ognise the value of local knowledge and know-how, in order to strengthen the bonds between loca  mony have been widely studied in recent research that aims to elucidate the motivations, strate  ications of these trends. this work has been carried out in france, and to a lesser extent in e  , from bourbon vanilla to millet beers, illustrate the multiple possibilities and promising per  isms into merchandise. the biodivalloc* programme, focussing on south countries, queries the ar  im to manage biodiversity. these issues are examined in an interdisciplinary context, calling u  y-driven claims. while at this stage it is difficult to draw up a quantitative assessment of th  lisation of certain actors. at the same time there are new opportunities: market expansion and    certain actors. at the same time there are new opportunities: market expansion and segmentatio   same time there are new opportunities: market expansion and segmentation; recognition of the v  on of biological and cultural resources must be reconciled via bottom-up structures that are pr  y accepted. these structures explicitly link sustainable production modes, the intrinsic and ex  se approaches depends on consumers, who are called upon to act as informed customers and as res  ntext of protecting local resources and know-how. they made recommendations for adapting these
13335	10	ddressing them and providing scientific support to policy requires a coherent research framewor  . building on the experience of the era-net biodiversa, but with a wider, more balanced network  ersity science. the objectives are to: -develop an efficient agenda-setting mechanism for joint   national and institutional priorities -instate a recurrent and visible funding opportunity for  ational biodiversity research projects -play an active role in the processes and interfaces to    interfaces to inform policy and users -prepare the establishment of a sustainable, independent  lls. wp2 will analyse the landscape and cooperate with stakeholders identifying research needs,  produce a roadmap for joint funding and implement 3 calls within the project timespan. these ac  espan. these activities will ultimately create the conditions for the network to become a susta  e fostered by wp4. wp5 will develop and implement a communication strategy and enhance project
13312	13	biodiversa is an era net involving 15 countries and 19 major resea  water and marine biodiversity. most era-net members are represented on other fora which discuss  rine biodiversity. most era-net members are represented on other fora which discuss and recomme  esented on other fora which discuss and recommend requirements for european biodiversity resear  funding agencies. the aim of biodiversa is to contribute to setting up such a mechanism, and it  its objective for the period 2004- 2008 is to achieve an efficient trans-national research co-o  gencies to collate existing activities, compare future strategies and recommendations of consul  consultative bodies, and systematically explore opportunités for future collaboration. biodiver  ure collaboration. biodiversa will also contribute to better coherence and inceased synergies b  rsa will proceed through seven stages: -inventory, description and classification of biodiversi   and reserach funding programmes of era-net members; -information gathering and linkage of era-  nformation gathering and linkage of era-net members funding programmes with developing countrie  s; -identification of best practices to be compared, shared and implemented among the participa
2492	5	bal temperatures have led to widespread concern for the survival of many mammal species in euro  heir distributions accordingly. here we propose a novel and multi-disciplinary approach to inve   propose a novel and multi-disciplinary approach to investigate the underlying mechanisms that   t tracking in european mammals. we will combine recently developed ancient dna approaches with   g forecasting models to more accurately predict future responses.
2493	13	collapsed into low amplitude dynamics, while in south europe population outbreak cycles have r  e recently emerged. these events, which are suspected to originate from change in land use and   te from change in land use and climate, have the potential to lead to ecosystem re-organisation  ecosystem re-organisation and therefore represent a challenge for the conservation of biodivers  impact of the rodent cycle is likely to be transmitted to other components of the food web owin   with outstanding issues of theoretical interest in population and food web ecology, a main obj  this european collaborative project has been designed around five nested work packages progress  in the first four work packages we will test the following nested set of hypotheses: 1. that th  nested set of hypotheses: 1. that there is currently a geographically extensive syndrome of env  hat these demographic changes, in turn, impact directly on population viability of predators; 4  ability of predators; 4. and indirectly influence other species in the food web through cascadi  st work package, we will systematically explore the conservation corollaries of the hypotheses   t pertain to the impacts of climate and land-use changes on biodiversity and to the conservatio
12676	14	defra contribution to a common call to be administered by biodiversa. http://www.nerc.ac.uk/re  events/ao-biodiversa.asp defra and nerc are uk partners in the european research area network .  nd nerc are uk partners in the european research area network . there are 19 partners from 14 m   european research area network . there are 19 partners from 14 ms in total. the aims of biodiv   14 ms in total. the aims of biodiversa are to improve the co-ordination of biodiversity resear  evelop a ‘common call’ for research. it is envisaged that the common call for research would ad  ism for such a common call has still to be determined, but it is likely that national research   call has still to be determined, but it is likely that national research funders would be respo  supplement ms funding. the arrangements are complicated but there is significant potential for    arrangements are complicated but there is significant potential for defra to obtain added valu  the common call. total budgets have not been finalised but could be in the range of 5-15m euro    the range of 5-15m euro pa. the topics being considered for a common call are: 1. understand a  or a common call are: 1. understand and predict consequences of biodiversity changes on ecosyst  ecies and community level in europe and provide wide access to this information 3. scientific c
7104	10	there are two main ways of managing biodiversity in agricultu  he rest for biodiversity management. it is the policy of parks and reserves associated with the   of the sixties to eighty in france and is often advocated for developing countries. we find th   advocated for developing countries. we find the spirit in devices such as wildlife fallow. it    in devices such as wildlife fallow. it is no obviously not in any ranking. we know the balance   is no obviously not in any ranking. we know the balance of pnr and have often taken as a model  ranking. we know the balance of pnr and have often taken as a model. it seems to us important t  for exclusion from human impacts are to be reconsidered in the banal spaces, since the environm  ortant. the debate focuses so often, we believe, around the lethal effects of human impact on t  al development. attempt to methodically examine different situations anthropization. methods of
516	12	there are mainly two methods for biodiversity management in a  m the sixties up until the eighties and is often recommended in developing countries. one finds  vices such as the fallow wild fauna. it is of course not a question of ranking. we are familiar  of course not a question of ranking. we are familiar with the pnr report and have often used is  we are familiar with the pnr report and have often used is as model. what we find important to   nd have often used is as model. what we find important to highlight is that the zone measures f  ial development. trying to methodically examine different situations of anthropization within a  xt of decrease in agricultural areas it is suitable to provide oneself with means to evaluate t  iodiversity often has a vague sense and may refer to: the functional diversity evaluated either   preservation of species on a worldwide level, due to the fact that they are more or less confi  ldwide level, due to the fact that they are more or less confined to this area and that they ar  ess confined to this area and that they are rare and endangered the emblematic biodiversity, wh
11505	6	material provisioning--of genes, food, fuel, and medicine * cultural provisioning--of spiritua  trategies used to optimize the economic use of biodiversity whilst mitigating the effects of en  mitigating the effects of environmental change 3. economic and social exchanges of products wit  ershed intensified, with fair trade and value-added strategies adopted by value-chain actors 4.  value-added strategies adopted by value-chain actors 4. macrolevel ecosystem management strateg  integrated andean-amazon approaches and benefit-sharing agreements with local communities 5. na
10877	2	more, as wcmc is part of the un, whilst being strongly involved with international ngos, collab  nt policy needs, and important findings are taken up by key decision makers
11619	5	n all environments carbon and nutrients are recycled by organisms that decompose dead plants li  ls and plants. our research should also tell us whether some of them are more important quantit  hould also tell us whether some of them are more important quantitatively than others in soil b  important quantitatively than others in soil biology, which may be important for understanding   be important for understanding the long-term health of the soil under modern methods of farming
11234	7	loss of ecosystem services and of poor people s livelihoods. the shift to an enclosed to build  ders at all levels, through networking, field consultation, workshops, and media outputs, from   t to beyond project end. best will also share knowledge and build capacity across the whole par  end. best will also share knowledge and build capacity across the whole partnership and beyond,  side major extant datasets, and a cross-border comparative analysis encompassing three of the p  ations and engagement, with significant research, policymaker and practitioner networks. uk and  also to ensure those findings and tools are embedded into policymaking and practice.
10724	2	dvanced the evolutionary and ecological study of microbial eukaryotes under which nrra are most  f microbial eukaryotes under which nrra are most diverse and abundant. these results combined w
451	4	preservation and training the maldives is a nation composed of 25 atolls. the economy of this   g a long latitudinal gradient of 800 km are situated in between the western indian ocean and as  teresting region from a biogeographical point of view when identifying local/regional factors c  an the specific richness of these areas be compared to that observed in the indian ocean and in
14677	1	termine the diversity, distribution and space-time structure as well as the functional stabilit
11774	1	al impacts of climate change, which has been identified as a major stressor for freshwaters ove
10746	3	cosystem function relationship have not been addressed. this project will examine the role of h  n integrated modelling and experimental approach in an estuarine system. mesocosm experiments w   will be used to parameterise a spatial patch-based model. model predictions will be tested aga
11442	3	cosystem function relationship have not been addressed. this project will examine the role of h  n integrated modelling and experimental approach in an estuarine system. mesocosm experiments w   will be used to parameterise a spatial patch-based model. model predictions will be tested aga
11508	3	cosystem function relationship have not been addressed. this project will examine the role of h  n integrated modelling and experimental approach in an estuarine system. mesocosm experiments w   will be used to parameterise a spatial patch-based model. model predictions will be tested aga
532	3	al activity. to reach this goal we will pursue two complementary sub-objectives : 1- at a local  iscussion. 2 - at farming level we will assess the economical, agricultural and social conseque  r biodiversity management. we will also study the influence that social portrayals of farmers'
7216	4	p of fish. also the inventory missions, monitor the post- larval recruitment estuary in the thr  alyzes of population dynamics and large-scale remote sensing will help to clarify the operation  ons, the role quy holds madagascar, and interpret the freshwater biodiversity of the islands of  . this project is an opportunity to co- supervise a phd thesis between the fishing tuléar insti
14418	4	gations of forest insect pest pathogens are expected to: • record new pathogens of forest insec  nsect pest pathogens are expected to: • record new pathogens of forest insects for bulgaria and  rest insects for bulgaria and europe; • obtain new information about species composition and bi  and biodiversity of insect pathogens; • obtain new data on the biology, morphology, ultrastruct
14846	13	archaea are prokaryotic microorganims that constitute the third  domain of life. up to recently, archaea were thought to be mostly restricted to extreme environ  xtreme environments but it has recently been established that the biodiversity abundance, and m  pabilities of the kingdom crenarchaeota is substantially larger than previously assumed. recent  ical cycling in aquatic ecosystems that may act as chemoautotrophs, oxidizing ammonia to nitrat  bon in the dark. in addition, they also seem to be an important source of organic carbon in the  tion, they also seem to be an important source of organic carbon in the sediments of aquatic sy   of aquatic systems. the project crenyc is continuation of the previously funded project viarc   y and traditional microbiology. we will use isotopic labeling of single cells and stable isotop  e isotopic labeling of single cells and stable isotopic probing on nucleic acids. we will also    probing on nucleic acids. we will also combine this methodologies with metagenomic technologie  present day world-wide distribution. it is foreseen that crenyc will result in a substantially   iogeochemical cycling of this enigmatic group of aquatic prokaryotes.
14845	14	archaea are prokaryotic microorganisms that constitute the thir  domain of life. up to recently, archaea were thought to be mostly restricted to extreme environ  xtreme environments but it has recently been established that the biodiversity, abundance and m  pabilities of the kingdom crenarchaeota is substantially larger than previously assumed. recent  ical cycling in aquatic ecosystems that may act as chemoautotrophs, oxidizing ammonia to nitrat  bon in the dark. in addition, they also seem to be an important source of organic carbon in the  tion, they also seem to be an important source of organic carbon in the sediments of aquatic sy   of aquatic systems. the project crenyc is a continuation of the previously funded project viar  iously funded project viarc and it will focus on the biodiversity and functional role of crenar  y and traditional microbiology. we will use isotopic labeling of single cells and stable isotop  e isotopic labeling of single cells and stable isotopic probing on nucleic acids. we will also    probing on nucleic acids. we will also combine this methodologies with metagenomic technologie  present day world-wide distribution. it is foreseen that crenyc will result in a substantially   iogeochemical cycling of this enigmatic group of aquatic prokaryotes.
14804	12	in spain, and all over the world, there is a wide number of natural and artificial subterranean   ecosystems worth of study because they contain an interesting variety of biofilms, provide an   ain an interesting variety of biofilms, provide an important number of new species of microorga  riety of biofilms, provide an important number of new species of microorganisms and animals who  isms and animals whose interactions and function in the ecosystem is unknown. complex bacterial  ute a largely unexplored habitat and it is needed a clearer understanding of the microbial dive   this purpose, a must is to develop and test new analytical methods for the study. herein, we p  tical methods for the study. herein, we propose the use of molecular techniques, some of them r  esigned by our team, and some others to be designed along this project. in general, they will c  ong this project. in general, they will cover methods for the extraction and amplification of 1  ences with the purpose of taxonomically classify the bacterial sequences found. metabolically a   from extracts of total rna essentially reflect the metabolically active fraction of the commun
409	4	of forestland for biodiversity purposes is made at widely differing scales, from single trees t  sity level of non set-aside forest . we use different analytical tools, mainly *reserve selecti  use different analytical tools, mainly *reserve selection methods* including linear programming  emporal dynamic aspects of biodiversity are considered through modelling approaches.
11514	3	it is now well recognised that humans activities are leadi  ng to a global loss of biodiversity and concern regarding the impact of such loss on the functi  marine environment by using a tractable model system-tide pools on rocky shores. these pools ac
9925	3	it is now well recognised that humans activities are leadi  ng to a global loss of biodiversity and concern regarding the impact of such loss on the functi  marine environment by using a tractable model system-tide pools on rocky shores. these pools ac
1977	2	we propose to perform a comparative study on the biodivers  sources will show, whether this mystery can be explained by a strong benthic pelagic coupling o
6891	14	the great hungarian plain is characterised by both unique natural values and inte  uture land-use changes may considerably affect ecological integrity, thus a further decline in   urther decline in biodiversity can only be avoided if nature conservation and socio-economic pr  servation and socio-economic priorities are considered together. the overall objective of the p  o assess the relationships between land-use, biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. in a colla  an research centers of botany, zoology, soil science, and agro-environmental research we plan t  y, soil science, and agro-environmental research we plan to regionalise our results to the whol  nce, and agro-environmental research we plan to regionalise our results to the whole great hung  based on data from a habitat mapping to be finished in 2005. the major outcome of the project w  e expert sytem on landscape ecology and land-use, which provides recommendations on rural devel  ert sytem on landscape ecology and land-use, which provides recommendations on rural developmen  ns on rural development and sustainable land-use. the expert sytems will integrate hundreds of    high-resolution maps, dynamic modells, land management protocols, and thus make scientific res  ls, land management protocols, and thus make scientific results widely available and applicable
396	11	pes the effects on diversity are small, while it has larger effects in intensively farmed lands  farmed landscapes. however, one crucial factor - the time since transition from organic to conv  ganic to conventional farming - has not been controlled in earlier studies. it is likely that,    been controlled in earlier studies. it is likely that, depending on the traits and dispersal a  anisms and on the landscape context, it may take a decade or even more for effects of changes i  dscape context, it may take a decade or even more for effects of changes in farming systems to    previous and ongoing projects, we will examine this problem based on recent developments in me  ecent developments in metacommunity and landscape ecology. we will examine plants, soil animals  dscape ecology. we will examine plants, soil animals, predatory insects, pollinators and two ec  nsition gradient crossed with the large-scale gradient in landscapes established in our previou   in our previous projects. we will also arrange a workshop with swedish stakeholders on organic
11310	9	all environments. unlike bacteria, they possess a nucleus, making them part of eukaryotes, the   ia, they possess a nucleus, making them part of eukaryotes, the group of living organisms to wh  the second and key interest of apusozoa is their pivotal importance for understanding the evolu  bosomal rna comparisons imply that they do not belong to any of the six major assemblages of eu  s defined up to now. rather, they might form an independent group very close to the last common  ey might form an independent group very close to the last common ancestor of all eukaryotes. us  00 protein gene sequences, we will also construct a better evolutionary tree independent of tha  hether the different lineages that have been suggested to belong to apusozoa truly form a coher  n suggested to belong to apusozoa truly form a coherent evolutionary unit, and what their exact
15337	15	papillomaviruses are dsdna viruses that infect stratified epithelia in v  ratified epithelia in vertebrates. they are causative agents of benign and malignant proliferat  nsformation in skin. certain animal pvs can infect distantly related hosts, and the infection m  tantly related hosts, and the infection may be transmitted by arthorpods as vectors. in endange  y and epidemiology of these viruses has been provided thus far. our knowledge on pv evolution i  idence, e.g. species specificity, virus-host cospeciation, low mutation rate. our previous resu  s specificity, virus-host cospeciation, low mutation rate. our previous results stress the conc  nt biological properties that might not be directly extrapolated from the results of a human-ba   africa. after the first three years it is our aim to have identified and fully sequenced ca. t  s information as starting point we will perform phylogenetic, biogeographical and evolutionary   geographical and evolutionary analysis, address the virus potential for host switch, will aim t  s to be empirically studied will surely provide us not only with a broader knowledge of papillo  onomic and ecological importance. if we can explain how pvs have evolved, then we may be able t  plain how pvs have evolved, then we may be able to explain the differences between human and an  al and cutaneous pvs, and we might also be able to understand what makes certain pvs to trigger
7021	10	s of reproductive strategies of bryozoa are not only of theoretical interest. types and number   only of theoretical interest. types and number of eggs, details of brooding, types of larvae ,   ons of bryozoan faunas from the miocene being at our disposal, only rather limited supplementar  of bryozoan material from the early and middle miocene of the paratethys, from western europe,   nean, and the qom-formation of the iran are to be expected. these studies should also explain t  nd the qom-formation of the iran are to be expected. these studies should also explain the evid   be expected. these studies should also explain the evident faunal differences between bryozoan   bryozoan faunas from early miocene and middle miocene in central europe. cross-linking of biol  aleontological investigations will thus result in an essential contribution to our knowledge of  ological studies our research will also contribute to a detailed knowledge of the development o
14795	3	he nitrogen oxides gases, including n2, being released into the atmosphere. marshes are very pr   most importants wetlands in europe. it is considered an unesco man and biosphere reserve, and   ese features make the park an excellent site to explore the biodiversity, structure and dinamic
11750	2	hall also sequence and phylogenetically analyse two or three heat-shock proteins from each fami  logenetically analyse two or three heat-shock proteins from each family.
12518	4	there is a growing awareness of the beneficial effects of org  nvironment recommendation that research be conducted into the impact on biodiversity of organic  entify features of organic systems that are associated with biodiversity benefits in the hills   nds, and to quantify the socio-economic impact of organic conversion in these areas.
13729	4	system resilience in managed landscapes is linked to socio-economic processes driving how natur  processes driving how natural resources are managed. biodiversity is viewed as a key natural re  ral resources are managed. biodiversity is viewed as a key natural resource for maintaining eco  ions. * to synthesize these results and develop strategies for biodiversity monitoring and mana
13947	7	n and fragmentation of natural habitats is predicted to cause unprecedented rates of species ex  nction in the near future. here we will investigate the robustness of fragmented ecological com  oject is to investigate how the trophic structure of local communities, spatial structure of la  structure of local communities, spatial structure of landscapes and dispersal patterns of speci  osses of species. to accomplish this we develop a meta-community viability analysis that genera  e local or global loss of a species. we believe that the new approaches to be developed here ho  . we believe that the new approaches to be developed here hold great promise for identifying vu
14186	3	little is known about selection mechanism occurring in microbi  better knowledge of the parameters that may lead to variation among microbial sourdough associa  d stability of lactic acid bacteria and yeast population of sourdoughs in different estonian ba
12650	2	tion of marine biodiversity. the report is intended to outline the importance of the uks marine  amples to detail the current status and provide an indication of the likely consequences of any
520	4	ry fields and spatiotemporal scales. we propose to approach the question from geographical, eco  uctures. in this first approach we will try to analyze the links between agricultural practices  territory. in a second approach we will study the innovative initiative taken by the aoc viticu  n this territory. in the end, this work could constitute the basis of an observatory that will
7108	3	aims to implement an interdisciplinary approach to study interactions between farming and biod  fferent spatial and temporal scales. we propose to approach the issue of geographical angles, e   landscapes. in this first approach, we attempt to analyze the linkages between agricultural pr
521	3	process and the implementation of a new register for justification defined on preservation stak  evels of diversity. this tool will also be mobilized to define how farmers perceive the biodive  odiversity. nevertheless they must also be recreated in the historical, social, economic, insti
7674	5	versity conservation in protected areas is linked to ecological trade-offs between various comp  protected areas is linked to ecological trade-offs between various components of this diversity  ng time scale . in this project we will simulate elephant abundance scenarios and their effects  ter will be conducted to assess whether recharge from rainfall is occurring and pumping sustain  orkshop for stakeholders, who will then be engaged in a companion modelling exercise to model t
7109	1	f emergence and implementation of a new register of justification set around conservation issue
14114	5	apid and intense environmental changes, is crucial to understanding the origin of present-day e  project will elucidate how biodiversity is affected by environmental changes in space and time   d by environmental changes in space and time by the detailed case study of one group of abundan  tal, lifestyle and biodiversity changes can be used as indicators in predicting future patterns  early silurian based on a huge untapped cache of material especially from baltoscandia.
437	7	this project aimed to increase and use archaeozoological data to improve knowledge about t  ty at a century and millenium scale. it was developed in four directions: . the history of the   se mouse in the mediterranean basin has been elucidated and the origin of the domestic cat has    and the origin of the domestic cat has been found much earlier as expected. in addition, proce  processes of biodiversity decrease have been described in several of the studied areas, and the  the studied areas, and their natural or man-made origin is discussed. clear cut answers are rar  s, and their natural or man-made origin is discussed. clear cut answers are rarely available, b
7158	3	predicting the effects of global change on biodiversity at large spatial scales. from pr  these include assessing whether, as one can predict the variability of species richness and ext  mportant to assess the impact of global change on biodiversity dynamics.
442	3	nd that not only local species richness can be affected by landscape structure, but it can also  by landscape structure, but it can also affect the local temporal dynamics of communities. high  ates of local extinctions and turnovers were recorded on smaller patches provide a framework of
13942	8	the break-down of phytodetritus throgh deposit-feeding animals at the bottom of the sea, which  nts, while producing fish food. we will test four main hypotheses: 1. the rate of mineralizatio  larin and bmaa in cyanobacterial blooms can accumulate in and reduce diversity, growth and surv  obacterial blooms can accumulate in and reduce diversity, growth and survival of deposit-feedin  l of deposit-feeding invertebrates, and be transferred to their fish predators. the results can  ed to their fish predators. the results can be used to evaluate the likely effects of changes i  om fauna and toxin transfer up the food-chain from increased cyanobacterial blooms can also be   ncreased cyanobacterial blooms can also be evaluated.
7567	1	del p. expansum producer of patulin, we analyze the evolution of the production during growth a
7283	2	late at the international, european and french, science and public decision making biodiversity  ns for better supervision of scientific expertise
463	1	e to characterize this biodiversity and assure its consistency. the project will attempt to est
7412	2	on of animals considered long as little interest in agriculture involves the ability of agricul  ure to consider a new social demand and integrate it into sustainable and economically viable a
7422	3	biodiversity on wheat productivity and grain quality. this work will lay a solid foundation fo  of mycorrhiza in wheat farming and thus contribute to the emergence of new eco-compatible and e  o-compatible and economically efficient crop management
7281	2	of the implementation of the green and blue urban context. it documents the biodiversity areas  ory"actions and actors". finally, there is the opportunity to bring together a team of research
14821	8	mediterranean coastal wetlands are considered ecosystems that deserve to be protected   e considered ecosystems that deserve to be protected in a european context due to their transit  tropical affinity to grow. this wetland is considered a refuge of biodiversity for its richness  erent aquatic habitats. algae, however, are very precise ecological indicators and are widely u  atic habitats. algae, however, are very precise ecological indicators and are widely used, alon   very precise ecological indicators and are widely used, alone or together with other organisms  te no algal- based biological index has been proposed for these transitional waters, partly due  l quality of transitional waters, which could be applied to other areas.
456	3	follow-up of the inventory of estuarial post-larva in three types of system will be set up. the  is of population dynamics and the large-scale satellite sensing will make it possible to clarif  this project will be the occasion to co-frame a thesis between the fishery institute of toliara
7262	5	wood deep marine environment has always been perceived as a zoological curiosity. sunken wood a  the objective of the project is biowood explore the diversity of the fauna associated with sunk  e fauna associated with sunken wood and identify new model organisms to understand in an evolut  iated with sunken wood and identify new model organisms to understand in an evolutionary light,  anisms to understand in an evolutionary light, deep marine biodiversity
9933	8	phication is perhaps the most important threat to european biodiversity. a major source of nutr  nts have suggested that these nutrients may reduce species richness.however, until very recentl  odiversity reduction caused by regional air pollution was actually occurring. stevens et al. pr  al brings together an interdisciplinary team of leading ecologists, biogeochemists and atmosphe  and atmospheric chemists to develop and extend this approach. they aim to determine whether n-d   develop and extend this approach. they aim to determine whether n-deposition is seriously impa  y impacting species richness on a wider scale across european grasslands and to elucidate the m   elucidate the mechanism responsible.we plan to use a multinational and multidisciplinary appro
7467	16	scientists and water managers have collected a vast amount of data on   ata on freshwater organisms, and yet it is rarely possible to describe the geographic range of   ely possible to describe the geographic range of an organism. why is this it is because the dat  ic range of an organism. why is this it is because the data are dispersed in many locally-manag  ism. why is this it is because the data are dispersed in many locally-managed databases, many o  cally available. the bits of the puzzle are scattered, and it is difficult even to find them. w  its of the puzzle are scattered, and it is difficult even to find them. what story might they t  zzle are scattered, and it is difficult even to find them. what story might they tell if they w  ven to find them. what story might they tell if they were combined and easily accessible to sci  hem. what story might they tell if they were combined and easily accessible to scientists, poli  ch an integrated and accessible dataset could be used not only to help to protect and take bett  conservation. biofresh, a major new fp7 project, will design and provide a single point of acce   major new fp7 project, will design and provide a single point of access to the extensive infor   scientists and planners to complement, integrate, and analyse quantitative data to discover, e   planners to complement, integrate, and analyse quantitative data to discover, evaluate and exa  and examine patterns that will shed new light on how freshwater biodiversity responds to global
2137	7	ified at high northern latitudes. there is therefore an immediate and pressing need to develop   al change. the benthic biodiversity has been hypothesized to be closely related with variables   temperature for which a strong gradient is seen along the norwegian coastal shelf. these two bi  rivers are highly climate-dependent and are expected to change with the predicted warming. this  ut the norwegian coastal shelf. we will tackle this objective using historical and recent exist  al scales, and will develop theoretical framework of the impacts of the global warming on the s  pacts of the global warming on the soft-bottom marine biodiversity in the norwegian continental
474	4	or protists. marine protists typically live in huge populations with rapid turnover. they may   e populations with rapid turnover. they may build complex , biomarks will provide baseline data  ge-base. finally biomarks will actively promote the diffusion of its data and new methods to a   search programs on marine biodiversity, major genetic databases and protist culture collections
7030	6	the project is addressed to the main questions in ciliate alpha-tax  n of the biogeography of a species-rich group of marine plankton protists, i.e., the tintinnids   a unique opportunity for a synergistic study, connecting morphological, genetical, biochemical  taxonomy as a distinct scientific field is threatened by extinction because the number of alpha  fore, the present project will not only strengthen austria as a hot-spot for ciliate taxonomy,   ll not only strengthen austria as a hot-spot for ciliate taxonomy, but will also enable trainin
1930	1	cultural landscapes, space and finances must be divided over different functions in nature area
7583	2	roject are: i study through a molecular approach, biodiversity toxigenic molds to dry at room t  erile sand. . strains of the collection can be used in high throughput screening in the search
7050	2	protozoa or infusionstierchen, that is, single-celled organisms of microscopic size , mainly to   single-celled organisms of microscopic size , mainly to finance a postdoc, a graduate student,
14419	8	nges heighten the urgency with which we must discover, understand and protect biodiversity. put   which we must discover, understand and protect biodiversity. put simply, biodiversity is ‘life  l and biotechnological importance: they are primary drivers of the global carbon cycle and they  ers of the global carbon cycle and they belong to the most valuable microorganisms for industri  e rich biological diversity of bulgaria is due to its substantial forest area. pirin, rodopi an  ystems have attracted little systematic research in bulgaria. the primary objective of our stud  olates using modern taxonomic tools and establish their phylogenetic relatedness. we will analy  their phylogenetic relatedness. we will analyze morphologic, metabolic and genomic properties o
7008	9	stigation of biodiversity of yeasts and yeast-like fungi isolated from gut of insects. these ha   are widely unexplored and therefore it is supposed that new yeast species and genera can be de  d and therefore it is supposed that new yeast species and genera can be detected. especially pe  posed that new yeast species and genera can be detected. especially pests living on fusarium-co  s living on fusarium-contaminated grain are interested in the course of this project since thes  roorganisms in the intestine could have been evolved. at least 25% of the world's food crops ar   at least 25% of the world's food crops are contaminated with mycotoxins will provide informati  ses the whole sequences of the 18s rdna are needed to perform phylogenetic analyses. further ai  ted for their potential to transform or degrade mycotoxins.
7286	4	we want to test the hypothesis that biodiversity can compe  o test the hypothesis that biodiversity can compensate through biotic interactions, the negativ  ontinuum to their displacement. it thus promote gene flow between fragmented populations and ma  flow between fragmented populations and maintain genetic diversity within them
7153	1	pic. ten case studies, mostly original, serve as bases to a synthetic reflection of the group,
7211	10	conservation and training. the maldives is a nation of 25 atolls. the economy of this country i   25 atolls. the economy of this country is based entirely on the coral ecosystem and ocean. ato  ng a latitudinal gradient along 800 km, are located halfway between the systems of the western   es: • what is the habitat diversity and structure of coral communities encountered on protected  protected sites outside of maldives and is it necessary to increase the extent of marine protec  species richness of these sites does it compare with that observed in the western indian ocean   ndo-pacific in general what conclusions can be drawn on endemism and evolution of marine specie  ficiently preserved atolls intra-larval flow between atolls and they allow the renewal of these  tra-larval flow between atolls and they allow the renewal of these resources in sites operated   e resources in sites operated technical inventory of coral biodiversity nétant not completely m
429	5	lopped on neutral soils in the lorraine plateau, small as well as cannabis indicates that the c  was a pond. throughout the middle ages, tree pollen decreases while the proportion of cereal sh  roportion of cereal shows that the area was cultivated. tree pollen increases since the xiv th   ably in relation with the need for fuel-wood by the local salt industry. this investigation sug  these small cavities in present forests were made by man, or at least used by man in a cultivat
14716	6	ation, identification and bioecological study of some of these organisms could lead to the deve  ogical study of some of these organisms could lead to the development of new technologies. the   rains of entomopathogenic nematodes and evaluate there efficiency as an alternative technology   t the same time avoiding the ecological risk of introducing epn strains from other countries. t  n the national program of biodiversity, earth sciences and global change in the national subpro  biodiversity, earth sciences and global change in the national subprograme of biodiversity cont
2499	7	of theoretical and applied interest and cover several subprograms within the purview of the pro  view of the program havet og kysten. we believe there is an urgent need for applied research re  ogram havet og kysten. we believe there is an urgent need for applied research regarding utiliz  cisions concerning capelin, herring and cod in the barents sea, one of the most productive ocea  imensional bioeconomic decision process may be used to produce economic sound and informational   ecosystem models which, by themselves, lack the ability to determine optimal policies. the mod  rtunities for novel research of cutting-edge academic quality beyond the ph.d. level. a success
10969	13	bacterial biofilms play a significant role in biofouling in the marine env  d medical microbiology. it has recently been found that establishment and maintenance of biofli  tablishment and maintenance of bioflims is regulated by cell-cell signalling processes such as   blocking communication between bacteria may provide a new strategy to prevent bioflim formation  rategy to prevent bioflim formation. it is also probable that aquatic bacteria have evolved mec  val strategy. although this has not yet been documented, we have recently found that this form   gh this has not yet been documented, we have recently found that this form of competition occur  erial competition on biofilm disruption were carried out. a mature micrococcus biofllm grown on  ompletely disrupted by addition of cell-free supernatant from cultures of marine bacillus liche  ltures of marine bacillus licheniformis strain el-34-6 and b. subtilis strain sfp. disruption o  niformis strain el-34-6 and b. subtilis strain sfp. disruption of the mature biofilm, which was  n bacteria were viable, could therefore be an active physiologically mediated process. this pro  ition amongst marine bacteria will also be investigated.
13336	16	scientists and water managers have collected a vast amount of data on   ata on freshwater organisms, and yet it is rarely possible to describe the geographic range of   ely possible to describe the geographic range of an organism. why is this it is because the dat  ic range of an organism. why is this it is because the data are dispersed in many locally-manag  ism. why is this it is because the data are dispersed in many locally-managed databases, many o  cally available. the bits of the puzzle are scattered, and it is difficult even to find them. w  its of the puzzle are scattered, and it is difficult even to find them. what story might they t  zzle are scattered, and it is difficult even to find them. what story might they tell if they w  ven to find them. what story might they tell if they were combined and easily accessible to sci  hem. what story might they tell if they were combined and easily accessible to scientists, poli  ch an integrated and accessible dataset could be used not only to help to protect and take bett  conservation. biofresh, a major new fp7 project, will design and provide a single point of acce   major new fp7 project, will design and provide a single point of access to the extensive infor   scientists and planners to complement, integrate, and analyse quantitative data to discover, e   planners to complement, integrate, and analyse quantitative data to discover, evaluate and exa  and examine patterns that will shed new light on how freshwater biodiversity responds to global
12026	1	aims – in this project, we explore the roles of trophic interactions, vertical div
2511	12	biotic metabolic pathways in eukaryotic host cells. in plants, maintenance of the cells metabol  ts, maintenance of the cells metabolism is compartmentalized. the metabolic stage of a family o  ism is compartmentalized. the metabolic stage of a family of plastid organelles defines the met  les defines the metabolic developmental stage of the plant. in this respect, the light driven e  m of the photoautotrophic developmental state of the plant. however, hardly anything is known a   of the plant. however, hardly anything is known about the biogenesis of photoautotrophy and of  photoautotrophy and of chloroplasts. we have therefore established an experimental system to ch   the processes in vivo and in vitro. we propose to study the identification and characterizatio  associated with the biogenesis. we will characterize the cytb6f/pchl//chl and lil3/chl complexe  3/chl complexes detected by us. we will resolve the type of electron transfer chains that plast  ains that plastids utilize in darkness, differentiate the function of pigmentation changes in t  tion changes in the cytb6f complex, and resolve the function of chlorophyll binding to the lil3
13485	1	coming eutrophicated, which p compounds are involved in this process and where they origin.
10561	3	ly understood, since these environments were believed to be devoid of life until recently. sign  ations of micro-organisms have recently been found beneath ice masses , and may be used to help  tly been found beneath ice masses , and may be used to help determine whether life is possible
15346	1	esent and the future. glovocs will also work on the interface between academic and applied scie
15436	1	alysis of lake dated sediment cores. we plan to identify similarities and differences in the se
11672	10	ocesses, driven by microorganisms, also contribute to the formation of nitrogen gases, some of   global warming. while a lot of work has been done to measure these processes in temperate coast  ses in temperate coastal regions, there is little known about how they occur in the tropical co  s, there is little known about how they occur in the tropical coastal zone nor whether the micr   how they occur in the tropical coastal zone nor whether the microorganisms bringing about the   ent information suggests that there may be significant differences between these regions which   ferences between these regions which we need to know about if we are to be able to understand t  gions which we need to know about if we are to be able to understand their importance globally.  nderstand their importance globally. we intend to measure the rates of these important processe  tope tracers of n. in addition, we will apply the techniques of molecular microbiology of n cyc
11794	10	ocesses, driven by microorganisms, also contribute to the formation of nitrogen gases, some of   global warming. while a lot of work has been done to measure these processes in temperate coast  ses in temperate coastal regions, there is little known about how they occur in the tropical co  s, there is little known about how they occur in the tropical coastal zone nor whether the micr   how they occur in the tropical coastal zone nor whether the microorganisms bringing about the   ent information suggests that there may be significant differences between these regions which   ferences between these regions which we need to know about if we are to be able to understand t  gions which we need to know about if we are to be able to understand their importance globally.  nderstand their importance globally. we intend to measure the rates of these important processe  tope tracers of n. in addition, we will apply the techniques of molecular microbiology of n cyc
10920	4	. in terms of total volume, the largest fraction predictive modelling of the cdz, which will ti  on contaminant mobility across the cdz, improve confidence in the safety of geological disposal  afety of geological disposal, and hence assist the uk in the crucial task of disposing of radio   and hence assist the uk in the crucial task of disposing of radioactive wastes.
11710	4	. in terms of total volume, the largest fraction predictive modelling of the cdz, which will ti  on contaminant mobility across the cdz, improve confidence in the safety of geological disposal  afety of geological disposal, and hence assist the uk in the crucial task of disposing of radio   and hence assist the uk in the crucial task of disposing of radioactive wastes.
11811	4	. in terms of total volume, the largest fraction predictive modelling of the cdz, which will ti  on contaminant mobility across the cdz, improve confidence in the safety of geological disposal  safety of geological disposal and hence assist the uk in the crucial task of disposing of radio   and hence assist the uk in the crucial task of disposing of radioactive wastes.
11812	4	. in terms of total volume, the largest fraction predictive modelling of the cdz, which will ti  on contaminant mobility across the cdz, improve confidence in the safety of geological disposal  afety of geological disposal, and hence assist the uk in the crucial task of disposing of radio   and hence assist the uk in the crucial task of disposing of radioactive wastes.
9904	4	. in terms of total volume, the largest fraction predictive modelling of the cdz, which will ti  on contaminant mobility across the cdz, improve confidence in the safety of geological disposal  afety of geological disposal, and hence assist the uk in the crucial task of disposing of radio   and hence assist the uk in the crucial task of disposing of radioactive wastes.
9954	4	. in terms of total volume, the largest fraction predictive modelling of the cdz, which will ti  on contaminant mobility across the cdz, improve confidence in the safety of geological disposal  afety of geological disposal, and hence assist the uk in the crucial task of disposing of radio   and hence assist the uk in the crucial task of disposing of radioactive wastes.
7273	1	ential for maintaining biodiversity. we propose to develop a non - lethal technique for identif
10398	2	line aquifer in eastgate, weardale, and conduct microbiological and geochemical analyses on the   define the geochemical environment and process measurements coupled with analysis of the bacte
11449	1	l goal is to quantify the magnitude and control of biogeochemical and physical fluxes in margue
15206	6	vibrio parahaemolyticus is an emerging human pathogen of marine origin that is   tage will be investigated by multilocus sequence analysis and for presence of hypervariable gen   determining the presence of pathogenic island characteristics of v. parahaemolyticus. the stra  s of v. parahaemolyticus in galicia and allow for the identification of the habitats and enviro  ence. furthermore, these data will also be critical in determining the population structure and   as pathogens in the marine environment could be assessed, allowing for an evaluation of the cu
14853	5	ation of salinibacter ruber as a unique type of prokaryote within the domain bacteria. studies   natural habitat. however, and as it has been observed, salinibacter appears widely spread on ea  inibacter evolves slowly, or that there may exist dispersion and survival mechanisms hitherto u  own. the idea of the current subproject is the exploration of the presence of salinibacter behi  nts below the crystallizers. finally it is intended to analyze its biogeographical diversity by
11782	29	saccharomyces cerevisiae is the species of yeast that puts the alcohol into sake  he alcohol into sake, wine and beer and is used to make bread. some s. cerevisiae strains also    bread. some s. cerevisiae strains also live independently of humans in the bark of oak trees a   soil around them. partly because sake, wine, beer and bread are so interesting and partly beca   yet has much in common with animal and plant cells, researchers have studied it in the laborat  boratory for decades. now s. cerevisiae is probably better understood at the cellular and molec  nderstood at the cellular and molecular level than any animal, plant or other fungus, yet littl  ar and molecular level than any animal, plant or other fungus, yet little is known about its ec  imal, plant or other fungus, yet little is known about its ecology. this study will lead to a b   in europe and how far they migrate and mix with their relatives in different habitats and geog  geographic locations. s. cerevisiae has been discovered in the bark of oak trees in north ameri   various other parts of the world, they have also been found in soils from holland and finland,  ther parts of the world, they have also been found in soils from holland and finland, but they   oils from holland and finland, but they have not yet been discovered in the oaks of europe. in   land and finland, but they have not yet been discovered in the oaks of europe. in a recent stud  ered in the oaks of europe. in a recent study, scientists in north america discovered that pret  ca discovered that pretreating bark and soil with alcohol and sugar led to the isolation of s.    led to the isolation of s. cerevisiae, even though their occurrence in bark and soil would oth  in bark and soil would otherwise rarely be noticed. the use of this technique is likely to lead  . in this study, small amounts of soil, bark or grapes will be taken back to the lab and analys  s. the dna sequences of the yeasts that are discovered in this way are studied for signs of gen   yeasts that are discovered in this way are studied for signs of genetic subdivision. if there   no admixture between these sites now or even in the last few thousand years. the level of diffe   the dna sequences from different sites can lead to an estimate of approximately how long it ha  y the most rapidly evolving type of dna sequence in yeasts - the centromere - something that ch   and so will minimise the amount of dna sequence necessary to spot differences. though useful f  role in any kind of cell division. they form the points at which the cell s machinery attaches   that certain types of change to the dna sequence of a centromere resulted in various types of f  e isolation between species i will also use the data from the investigation into yeast ecology
182	8	al and global scales. to study this, we use dna sequences from fruit bodies and from ectomycorr   in plant-fungus compatibility. here we use predominantly sequences from root tips where the ho  ces from root tips where the host plant is determined. we plan to study the population genetics   where the host plant is determined. we plan to study the population genetics and autecology, i  tella radiosa and thelephora terrestris form resupinate and stipitate fruit bodies, respectivel  xa are conspecific based on unpublished sequence data. the factors affecting their fruit body t  eir fruit body type will be studied. we study population genetics and the means of dispersal in  sp. in transects will be studied and we elaborate microsatellite markers to distinguish the ind
10249	16	the nearby vent site with the ship, and undertake the first ever rov dives at a deep-sea vent o  volutionised ideas about how ecosystems can be supplied with energy, and even provided clues to  ed clues to the origins of life. but we have yet to understand what controls the global distrib   life at vents, where different species are found at vents in different regions. these province   are not yet understood. deep-sea vents are dotted along the mid-ocean ridge, a 65000 km chain   d along the mid-ocean ridge, a 65000 km chain of undersea volcanoes. some sections of the mid-o  lcanically active than others. the swir is an ultraslow-spreading ridge, where there is less vo   ultraslow-spreading ridge, where there is less volcanic activity and the plates of the earth s  eading ridges, such as the mid-atlantic ridge, vents are hundreds of kilometres apart. this dif  ds of kilometres apart. this difference may influence which species are found at vents, as the    difference may influence which species are found at vents, as the larvae of some species are m  e at deep-sea vents. as much of what we know about the dispersal of deep-sea species in general  ata collected by the rov will therefore test the hypothesis that there is a new province of ven  herefore test the hypothesis that there is a new province of vent biology in the southern hemis  or the marine biotechnology sector, and share its discoveries with the public through outreach   vent on the swir represents exceptional value for nerc science. by answering a key question in
14706	9	e geographical history of taxa can only be established by indirect means. one approach for terr  edge of datable marine barriers . if we can demonstrate the differentiation is approximately ti  te the differentiation is approximately time-related, as it often is with dna sequences, this p  approximately time-related, as it often is with dna sequences, this provides a potent means of   barriers concerned. in this project, we propose to use these methods of inference, combining mo  5 biodiversity hot-spots of the planet, is ideal for such a project as a number of well-dated m  ain objectives of this proposal are 1.- infer the geographical history and evolution of the rep  diterranean basin; 2.- characterize and compare the molecular evolutionary rates of reptiles an  g conservation priorities. it will also make an excellent historical, systematic and comparativ
14505	11	ular plants, a high number of endemisms are found. based on molecular data, many of them are no  . based on molecular data, many of them are not relict species but seem to have evolved after t  tes is quite different and only a small number of endemisms is found. one explication might be   nt and only a small number of endemisms is found. one explication might be that bryophytes are    very ancient. alternatively, the small size of the spores or propagules might allow large dist   spores or propagules might allow large distance dispersal at a higher frequency than that obse  an that observed in vascular plants. we pretend to study with dna based methods the population   idely distributed species. if there are major obstacles to gene flow due to the situation on is  low due to the situation on islands, we expect highly structered populations with marked differ  ental populations. furthermore, we will compare widespread species with endemisms in order to t  re slowly than vascular plants, we will apply a molecular clock in order to estimate the time o
14601	12	ular plants, a high number of endemisms are found. based on molecular data, many of them are no  . based on molecular data, many of them are not relict species but seem to have evolved after t  tes is quite different and only a small number of endemisms is found. one explication might be   nt and only a small number of endemisms is found. one explication might be that bryophytes are    very ancient. alternatively, the small size of the spores or propagules might allow large dist   spores or propagules might allow large distance dispersal at a higher frequency than that obse  an that observed in vascular plants. we pretend to study with dna based methods the population   ophytes of the macaronesian islands and seven closely related but widely distributed species. i  idely distributed species. if there are major obstacles to gene flow due to the situation on is  low due to the situation on islands, we expect highly structered populations with marked differ  ental populations. furthermore, we will compare widespread species with endemisms in order to t  re slowly than vascular plants, we will apply a molecular clock in order to estimate the time o
14937	8	the geographic structure of biodiversity is primarily determined by sp  distributions, but at the intraspecific scale it is fine tuned by population differentiation. e  h parasites, vectors and reservoirs are being transported worldwide due to global trade and cli  teractions using the blackcap . we will test predictions derived from each scenario. then, we w  rived from each scenario. then, we will examine to what extent parasite distribution drives the  eographic scales, by placing geographic structure of mhc variation in the context of the geogra   parasites. the results of this project are expected to have a high impact in the fields of eco  ll also allow training phd students and reinforce our ongoing international collaborations.
15129	1	cape verde archipelago and the african north western coast : 625-659. 2007 on the phytogeograf
6808	1	hibernation strategies. these processes were correlated with the emergence of the himalaya and
11728	2	biohopanoids, which are synthesised by many bacteria and preserved in sedim  ny bacteria and preserved in sediments, have enormous potential as marker compounds for present
14115	4	but this extinction is also an indirect threat to future human well-being because of loss of bi  an indirect threat to future human well-being because of loss of biodiversity, particularly of   irective etc. objectives: 1.develop and implement methods of biomonitoring for evaluation of ai   pollution distribution . 2.develop and implement biological indication methods in remote and u
15264	8	active stranding, individual or massive is an unnatural situation in all cetacean species. acti   all cetacean species. active stranding is defined as an alive cetacean strand on the coast, re  tself for this kind of organism that it is not anatomical and physiologically adaptated to a fi  ild terrestrial animals. these injuries can appear as the only findings or as a get over from p  rity and consequences of these injuries can cause death of the animal or to aggravate seriously   the stranded animals, at the time that can determine the later rehabilitation, causing a failu  r interaction with the human beings. we propose specific targets for our study: creation of a r  s for our study: creation of a regional bank of tissues for the accomplishment of future studie
1101	6	from protein structure-function studies are coordinated and lead to a national bioinfomatics po  re-function studies are coordinated and lead to a national bioinfomatics portal where the devel  l professor of bioinformatics will also allow us to develop a multimedia package in support of   port material for training. the project is structured into 5 work packages: wp1. biological dat  m divided in 3 activities as follows: - design of the architecture of a national bioinformatics  l bioinformatics portal architecture; - design of the support material to bioinformatics traini
12036	1	ed to infer the routes of invasion have been developed and made available to the public. thanks
7642	3	ironments in which they live. secondly, soil invertebrates heavily involved in the operation of  etsi the project aims to synthesize and organize the information on biological and ecological f  ing tools specific to the compartment ' soil ' ecosystems
15074	21	f immigration on its demographic future must be considered. moreover, maternal origin may relat  e considered. moreover, maternal origin may relate to the newborn weight and to other biologica   continue elevated. the present project is intended to establish, besides maternal age, parity   intended to establish, besides maternal age, parity and pregnancy duration, a possible effect o  ossible effect of late reproduction and sub-fertility treatments on the incidence of prematurit  munities, and rural-urban environments, justify the achievement of a geographical analysis whic  ability. the objectives proposed are: 1-analyze for the period 1983-2007 the evolution of the n   be accomplished regarding the maternal age distribution and newborn weight. 2- identify territ  age distribution and newborn weight. 2- identify territorial variations responding to heterogen  o heterogeneity for observed values. 3- identify relevant factors, such as sex, origin, number    relevant factors, such as sex, origin, number of newborns per delivery and province and provid  second stage curves for the whole spain are to be obtained. 4- relate the number of births at t  stage curves for the whole spain are to be obtained. 4- relate the number of births at term or    the whole spain are to be obtained. 4- relate the number of births at term or pre-term to fact  ate the number of births at term or pre-term to factors such as mothers nationality, age and pa  mothers nationality, age and parity. 5- establish the possible relationship between late matern  relationship between late maternity and weight at birth as well between the later and still bir  hs throughout the period considered. 6- compare spanish to non spanish women with respect to th  ts obtained for the above variables. 7- determine for multiple deliveries their possible associ  nd low and very low weight at birth. 8- apply a data projection in order to estimate the number  vince and per autonomous community that could require special neonatal care.
14743	2	invasive species can pose a major threat to the biotic diversity and int  ches to the study of this issue are to: assess the habitat use and movement patterns in several
15120	12	c factors determine the composition and structure of the communities, and the food web organiza  onds or confinement in coastal lagoons, are determinant for the community structure in mediterr  he community structure in mediterranean shallow lentic ecosystems. the effects of the physical   o their biological tolerance range, and act also indirectly due to changes in the food web orga  op predators explains these changes and could imply a modification of the predation pressure on  s, characteristics of these ecosystems, modify or regulate the predation effects. in order to r  eristics of these ecosystems, modify or regulate the predation effects. in order to reach this   n order to reach this objective we will study two shallow lentic ecosystems: temporary ponds, w  iability of nutrient input and salinity are reported. these studies take into account different   as field studies in sites with high or low predation density, in which we will compare the com  low predation density, in which we will compare the community structure. in all the studies we   y structure. in all the studies we will perform, the community structure will be analysed by me
11185	1	analysis system that will substantially increase productivity and to cover voyage-participation
10129	8	functional diversity carbon isotope and trace where that carbon is used and emitted - ie how mu  bon isotope and trace where that carbon is used and emitted - ie how much labeled co2 is emitte  d and emitted - ie how much labeled co2 is emitted and which organisms use it in their metaboli  n to inform our analysis of the data we get from field measurements. in our analysis we will st  . in our analysis we will statistically examine what microbes/root functions are most important  soil respiration to climatic change and use our laboratory data to provide mechanistic interpre   statistical analysis. combined we will develop a new understanding of the response by soil res  iration to climatic warming and we will test how important biological diversity is for controll
10417	8	functional diversity carbon isotope and trace where that carbon is used and emitted - ie how mu  bon isotope and trace where that carbon is used and emitted - ie how much labeled co2 is emitte  d and emitted - ie how much labeled co2 is emitted and which organisms use it in their metaboli  n to inform our analysis of the data we get from field measurements. in our analysis we will st  . in our analysis we will statistically examine what microbes/root functions are most important  soil respiration to climatic change and use our laboratory data to provide mechanistic interpre   statistical analysis. combined we will develop a new understanding of the response by soil res  iration to climatic warming and we will test how important biological diversity is for controll
11411	8	functional diversity carbon isotope and trace where that carbon is used and emitted - ie how mu  bon isotope and trace where that carbon is used and emitted - ie how much labeled co2 is emitte  d and emitted - ie how much labeled co2 is emitted and which organisms use it in their metaboli  n to inform our analysis of the data we get from field measurements. in our analysis we will st  . in our analysis we will statistically examine what microbes/root functions are most important  soil respiration to climatic change and use our laboratory data to provide mechanistic interpre   statistical analysis. combined we will develop a new understanding of the response by soil res  iration to climatic warming and we will test how important biological diversity is for controll
9891	8	functional diversity carbon isotope and trace where that carbon is used and emitted - ie how mu  bon isotope and trace where that carbon is used and emitted - ie how much labeled co2 is emitte  d and emitted - ie how much labeled co2 is emitted and which organisms use it in their metaboli  n to inform our analysis of the data we get from field measurements. in our analysis we will st  . in our analysis we will statistically examine what microbes/root functions are most important  soil respiration to climatic change and use our laboratory data to provide mechanistic interpre   statistical analysis. combined we will develop a new understanding of the response by soil res  iration to climatic warming and we will test how important biological diversity is for controll
13943	1	n biological diversity . recent reserch stress the insufficient connection that exist between g
14420	4	on the flood plane of the lower danube concentrate a huge biological diversity. they are a sou  trate a huge biological diversity. they are a source of significant biological resource and pla   of significant biological resource and play an important role as a functional component of the  nable ecosystem functioning and optimal use of their biological resources. for the purposes of
14533	2	in this project, we propose the genetic analysis of two ancient neolithic p  haracterized in their regional context, is the only element that will enable us to solve the co
12681	3	of native species and in the extent and condition of semi-natural habitats. the project will re  t vulnerable to climate change. it will identify, develop and update indicators of climate chan  e change. it will identify, develop and update indicators of climate change induced trends whic
14703	7	s, mainly in low and mid-order reaches, are submitted to drastic discharge variations. such nat  order reaches, are submitted to drastic discharge variations. such natural variations can be ac  rge variations. such natural variations can be accentuated because of climate change effects. d  nging their intensity and relevance. it is then necessary to know the function of the biologica  h changing periods, or during the inter-phase periods. this knowledge is even more necessary fo   river is flowing through the microbial loop, becoming the clue of the self-depuration fluvial    . to achieve these three objectives it is important to know the quantity and quality of organi
2550	5	source. methylacidiphilum kamchatkense, strain kam1, which my lab isolated from an acidic hot s  h as substrate limitation and available copper, on the expression of pmo operons will be assess  anisms are of particular interest; they may represent a novel subcellular micro-compartment for  nique intracellular structures may also play a role in detoxification and/or carbon assimilatio  from other geothermal regions will also be explored, in part, through international collaborati
14702	6	in biofilms of fluvial systems and they form the global food web in streams. the trophic struct  global food web in streams. the trophic structure of fauna, from protozoa to macroinvertebrates  in biofilm structure. benthic organisms are organized in base to material availability and thei  terranean streams these characteristics are submitted to important fluctuations. dry and flood   tted to important fluctuations. dry and flood periods besides changes on light intensity and te  cal process. the aim of this subproject is focused on interactions between fauna and other biof
14558	4	, galemys pyrenaicus. from a scientific point of view, the pyrenean desman represents one of th  l contribute to characterise the actual state of pyrenean populations. analyses of use of habit  ill allow, respectively, to clarify and establish precisely the environmental requisites of the   that will be useful for the design and implement management and conservation plans for the spe
14421	14	invasive alien species . bulgaria is among the countries in euro        invasive alien species . bulgaria is among the countries in europe with rather insufficie  y and paths of invasion of the invasive alien species in the bulgarian flora and contribute to   lien species in the bulgarian flora and contribute to minimising their negative effects on the   ms. the following methods will be used: field observation, karyological, molecular, embryologic   of ias, past and current distribution, plant communities susceptible for particular ias, chrom  umbers, genome size, population genetic structure, fungal and pest diseases and effectiveness o  e methods of mitigation and control. it is expected that at the and of the project the followin  rsity. 3. identified trends of invasive alien vascular plant species in bulgaria. 4. significan  ified trends of invasive alien vascular plant species in bulgaria. 4. significant enlargement o  enlargement of the database on invasive alien vascular plants. 5. measures for mitigation and c   plants. 5. measures for mitigation and control of worst ias tested. 6. parameters from the nat  pecies in the bulgarian flora. 9. a web-site for the invasive and potentially invasive species   acity to address various ias issues and fulfil bulgarias obligations to international conventio
14965	3	us population that adquires the islamic culture or an alocthonous human group. under these hypo  up. under these hypothesis we must also consider the existence of gene flow, that could affect   nsider the existence of gene flow, that could affect the female and/or male lineages. the possi
7610	5	entative of a major class of eukaryotic plant pathogens, oomycetes. the main purpose is to puri  rify for the first time in a eukaryotic plant pathogen, phytophthora parasitica, type autoinduc  lant pathogen, phytophthora parasitica, type autoinducer molecules responsible for the formatio   for the formation of microcolonies and characterize molecular markers of induced cellular resp   define the scientific and experimental framework for their operation
15280	7	archaea are a common component of prokaryotic freshwater plankt  me archaeal halophiles and thermophiles were described long ago with their functions, roles and  logical methods and bioinformatic tools can be utilized. for instance, recent studies indicate   e that ubiquitous pelagic crenarchaeota play an essential role in biogeochemical cycling in aqu  nitrificant bacteria. however, there is still a lack of basic knowledge on both archaeal biolog  atural abundances of uncultured archaea range between 1-40% of total bacterioplankton . we plan  en 1-40% of total bacterioplankton . we plan in situ studies along contrasted gradients as comp
15281	6	archaea are a very recent common component of lake plankton has  ies, optimal physiological activity and function in the ecosystem. only combining advanced mole  amics of these groups in lakes banyoles lake system characterized by a very active sulfureta an   the low cultivability of lake archaea, explore new strategies for isolation and obtain relevan  xplore new strategies for isolation and obtain relevant data about their metabolic potential al  emical cycles operating in the lake and determine their role in the ecosystem functioning
14575	3	of the global environmental change and are viewed as one of the most important determinants of  s of change in biodiversity at a global scale, usually with harmful ecological and economic eff  by being ever-present and by their huge number, have established a wide array of relationships
14951	3	ants have been described as centre of ecological interactions. by  supercolony of lasius neglectus that is being surveyed since 1999, and allow the completion of    that is being surveyed since 1999, and allow the completion of the map of the iberian distribu
13732	12	recent advances in gene technology have been applied to create fast-growing transgenic fish, wh  plied to create fast-growing transgenic fish, which are of great commercial interest to shorten  terest to shorten production cycles and increase food production. however, there is growing con   escaped growth hormone transgenic fish may have on the natural environment. to predict these r   environment. to predict these risks it is crucial to obtain data on the relative fitness of tr  itness of transgenic and non-transgenic fish under nature-like conditions. empirical data on th  cking at present. since transgenic fish cannot be released to the wild, studies on these fish m  ased to the wild, studies on these fish must be carried out in specially contained laboratory f  questions of why growth in nature often is below that physiologically possible. by comparing th  rmance of transgenic and non-transgenic fish at different life-stages and under various environ  t of the relative success of transgenic fish under natural conditions can be made.   ransgenic fish under natural conditions can be made.
15026	5	tii y p. umbilicalis, up to date, there are not detailed studies about the most of them. firstl  e iberian peninsula. afterwards we will be able to compare them with the rest of the sequences   scribe the iberian porphyra species and compare them with the rest of porphyra inhabiting in ot  ing in other areas. in addition we will delimitate the differences and similitude between the a  c and mediterranean species and we will be able to describe possible cryptic species. finally w
14494	15	et experience in the manage to which we spend the two years in order to initiate in the third y  pecies in farming. with this project we try to increase the knowledge about h. elisae which inh   earthworms such as sandy, degraded and low nutrient soils where commonly this species develops  cies develops adaptative features which could allow us to understand the soil fauna biology in   at sort of environments. furthermore it is not as well to forget that it seems to approach a cl  seems to approach a climate change that could involve an increase of the surface of arid and po  rmation about their function in iberian soil, including agriculture ones where they are very of  , including agriculture ones where they are very often dominant species. must point out the int  ming or minimum intervention ones start being a clear option of future. taking as a starting po  ch as feeding and reproduction and also depend on the adaptation to environmental conditions. a  established the following objectives we try to study the infiltration rate, water retention and   we try to study the infiltration rate, water retention and loss of soil. on the biological pro  production in laboratory microcosms and jail microcosms at field, the third year the work at fa  ll be studied also. in h. elisae the we try to investigate the transformations of organic matte   cycles. in a. caliginosa an d a. rosea soil selection, gut transit time, gut content and event
14788	5	re efficient accumulators of metals and respond to pollution in a sensitive and measurable mann  s. several authors suggested that slugs can be used in soil health assessment in the manner tha   manner that mussels and other molluscs are used in marine pollution monitoring programs to des  nitoring programs to design a worldwide slug-watch program based on the biomarker approach for   ug-watch program based on the biomarker approach for soil pollution monitoring.
15564	4	or protists. marine protists typically live in huge populations with rapid turnover. they may   e populations with rapid turnover. they may build complex , biomarks will provide baseline data  ge-base. finally biomarks will actively promote the diffusion of its data and new methods to a   search programs on marine biodiversity, major genetic databases and protist culture collections
11506	1	appropriate research, communication and impact strategies for their different contexts. innovat
11601	11	to improve our knowledge on how global change, including climate change and human modification   biological and anthropogenic processes are intertwined in this global integrated system. among  formation suitable for carbon cycle and earth system models does not exist, nor do we have the    cycle and earth system models does not exist, nor do we have the global, consistent, accurate   earth system models does not exist, nor do we have the global, consistent, accurate and frequen  system models does not exist, nor do we have the global, consistent, accurate and frequently up   and change needed for biodiversity and forest management investigations. this need is urgent a  or any other data source. the biomass p-band radar will provide a unique, major contribution to  ass p-band radar will provide a unique, major contribution to meeting this need. it will signif  eeting this need. it will significantly improve our ability to quantify the terrestrial compone  ystems, and will help to fill a crucial gap in the data requirements for coupled models of the
11467	4	sibility of applying cutting edge micro-helicopter surveillance technology to glacial research.  essary to achieve this. this system has been used to carry out environmental survey of mudflats  as been used to carry out environmental survey of mudflats and we will now apply this technolog  ntal survey of mudflats and we will now apply this technology to glaciology for the first time.
6917	7	neages. the achievements of the surveys can result in several new insights in the bottom-up phy  ailed survey of the following questions is planned: 1. can we support the direct connection bet  llowing questions is planned: 1. can we support the direct connection between the increase of t  nd with the sperm competition 2. can we detect the principle of parsimony in the morphological   ther the similar functional constraints can lead to similar morphological solutions in the lock  y distant groups in which processes one can discover some basic biomechanical principles. the m  cal principles. the material of surveys is supplied mostly by our own former taxonomical revisi
14901	3	tural aggregates. in particular we will try to distinguish those aspects of the microstructure   ose aspects of the microstructure which can be explained by crystal growth processes constitute  ses constitute the purely morphological section of this project.
14924	7	ism has been extensively studied, it is still unknown the bacterial role on vaterite, the less   carbonates. based on our experience, we intend in the present project to study in detail bacter   mail goals of this project is a deeper study of bacterially-induced vaterite precipitation, in  lcium carbonate polymorph. moreover, we intend to study the ultrastructure of bacterial vaterit  the end of establishing biomarkers that can be used to recognize bacterial activity in a wide r  logical records. regarding dolomite, we intend to study dolomite induce precipitation by m. xan  ns. so far, dolomite formation has only been studied in hipersaline environments, remaining sti
10797	21	common in the past in britain. poverty, drug resistance, the hiv, and migration are key factors  rs in its occurrence today. the disease can be caused by any one of five related bacteria known  losis and mycobacterium bovis. m. bovis can infect many different animals, including cows, and   ected by drinking milk, which is why it is pasteurised in britain. today, most tb infections oc  fections occur in the lungs, because it is transmitted via coughing, but other parts of the bod  g, but other parts of the body can also be infected, especially if the disease is caught by eat   be infected, especially if the disease is caught by eating or drinking infected foods. if left  isual examination of skeletons does not reveal which bacterium has caused the infection, nor wh  es is present. we would like to be able identify species and strains because this would enable   o trace the origin of tb in britain. we think tb came to britain from the mediterranean region   nes from southern europe. similarly, we believe that there were changes in the frequencies of d  , and changes in the environment. there are also interesting questions about the evolution of t   with europeans. all of these questions could be addressed if we could identify the particular   hese questions could be addressed if we could identify the particular strains of mycobacterium   tly, this was impossible, but now there are techniques for studying the small amounts of ancien  g the small amounts of ancient dna that are preserved in some archaeological skeletons. we will  aeological skeletons. we will therefore extract ancient dna from a variety of skeletons that sh  he bone changes associated with tb, and use dna sequencing to determine which mycobacterium str  europe. our project partners in arizona state university are doing similar work with bones from  zona state university are doing similar work with bones from north america, and by comparing ou  mparing our two sets of results we will be able to study the impact that contact had on tb in t
11565	21	common in the past in britain. poverty, drug resistance, the hiv, and migration are key factors  rs in its occurrence today. the disease can be caused by any one of five related bacteria known  losis and mycobacterium bovis. m. bovis can infect many different animals, including cows, and   ected by drinking milk, which is why it is pasteurised in britain. today, most tb infections oc  fections occur in the lungs, because it is transmitted via coughing, but other parts of the bod  g, but other parts of the body can also be infected, especially if the disease is caught by eat   be infected, especially if the disease is caught by eating or drinking infected foods. if left  isual examination of skeletons does not reveal which bacterium has caused the infection, nor wh  es is present. we would like to be able identify species and strains because this would enable   o trace the origin of tb in britain. we think tb came to britain from the mediterranean region   nes from southern europe. similarly, we believe that there were changes in the frequencies of d  , and changes in the environment. there are also interesting questions about the evolution of t   with europeans. all of these questions could be addressed if we could identify the particular   hese questions could be addressed if we could identify the particular strains of mycobacterium   tly, this was impossible, but now there are techniques for studying the small amounts of ancien  g the small amounts of ancient dna that are preserved in some archaeological skeletons. we will  aeological skeletons. we will therefore extract ancient dna from a variety of skeletons that sh  he bone changes associated with tb, and use dna sequencing to determine which mycobacterium str  europe. our project partners in arizona state university are doing similar work with bones from  zona state university are doing similar work with bones from north america, and by comparing ou  mparing our two sets of results we will be able to study the impact that contact had on tb in t
15087	9	a quantitative risk assessment based only on exposure and toxicity is   mpossible; however, all exposure routes are integrated when field studies and biomarkers are em  rated when field studies and biomarkers are employed in higher-tier testing associated to backg  y of wild bird species, firstly raptor, are scarcely or null. this knowledge could allow us to   r, are scarcely or null. this knowledge could allow us to detect early warning for to point tow  ld be useful in exposure assessment and risk prediction in populations of raptors. in the secon   areas of known environmental pollution could allow us to identify exposure ranges and their re  , etc. long-term studies could not only allow us to detect environmental exposure tendencies ti  , protected areas or endangered species must be taken. in the third place, this study will try
7613	6	to environmental impacts. a significant fraction of these pollutants is hydrophobic but also on  iquid organic pollutants, and therefore are not accessible to chemical measurements. on the oth  and composition of the pollutants, they do not predict the ecosystem's ability to degrade the.   ion. these indicators may be biosensors consist of a bacterial strain engineered to respond to   to respond to a pollutant or biomarkers consist of genes whose presence and expression in an en  e presence of a pollutant. such systems could be designed by exploiting the natural functions o
12048	2	new caledonia is an old and remote island with amazing specific richn  ific richness and endemism. the project is aimed at investigating the relationships of the ende
14954	6	and plants active in pah bioremediation influence the bioaccssibility of contaminants, and poss  ating their complete mineralization. we propose a progressive approach in which a previous stud  rogressive approach in which a previous study of representative bacteria will be performed, in   ubstrates and cultures . target pahs to be used as model compounds will be naphthalene, phenant  e, pyrene and fluoranthene, all of them present in creosote, that will be taken as model pah mi  ll be taken as model pah mixture. also, part of this study will be performed with contaminated
13313	13	monitoring progress in achieving the eu target to halt the loss of biodiversity by 2010 is the   o halt the loss of biodiversity by 2010 is the recently endorsed set of eu headline biodiversit  2010 is the recently endorsed set of eu headline biodiversity indicators. a requirement by the   ity indicators. a requirement by the eu is to complement the indicator set and the development   ed community policies as well as the eu headline biodiversity indicators. this tool will be app  rnet. the specific objectives are to: - assemble the necessary knowledge-base for developing th   to: - assemble the necessary knowledge-base for developing the tool; - build a cost-effective   owledge-base for developing the tool; - build a cost-effective impact assessment tool in the fo  ies database with sensitivity scores; - apply the tool for the purpose of assessing the impacts  rivers and pressures on biodiversity; - apply the tool for analysing the effectiveness of europ  iveness of european policy responses; - apply the tool for modelling european-wide scenarios fo  -wide scenarios for selected drivers; - integrate the knowledge into a common monitoring framew  f selected pressures on biodiversity; - propose incentives for a wide uptake of the tool.
14331	3	owadays, is today established that tropical forests are disappea  at tropical forests are disappearing or being degraded at worrying rates. the main threat for t  eforestation. yet, more than just logs, forest ecosystems produce many other services of prime
15126	12	the ecological group of trichomycetes includes filamentous protozoans    filamentous protozoans spain, which we include basically for monitoring selected populations t  tions to perform ecological studies and explore specific undocumented regions of biological int  nd biogeographic history. trichomycetes are cosmopolitan in their distribution, evidencing the   llions of years of connivance: they are present wherever their hosts live, and may provide stab   present wherever their hosts live, and may provide stability to the arthropod communities, and  ccording to previous experiences, there is a high potentiality for inestimable species diversit  ries landscape. new taxa are certain to be discovered in new geographic areas and new habitats.   concerning host biodiversity will also increase our understanding of co-speciation processes,   iation processes, and the ecologic data may allow another potential area of research to be deve  w another potential area of research to be developed in the future: the use of these fungi as w   ion concentrations that could possibly be correlated to water quality standards.
10618	6	portant features of leaf morphology and stem anatomy with angiosperms but virtually nothing is    with angiosperms but virtually nothing is known regarding their climatic significance. this in  ssess if angiosperm-based methodologies can be used to obtain palaeoclimatic signals from catha  c signals from cathaysian gigantopterid leaf assemblages. gigantopterid data will be compared w  allow models of past atmospheric co2 to be constrained by fossil plant evidence. this will also  y fossil plant evidence. this will also test the hypothesis that gigantopterid gymnosperms may
13314	6	main the main objective of biostrat is to support the further development of a european bio  dge on the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity. this strategy is intended to suppo  able use of biodiversity. this strategy is intended to support the decision-making process rega  ort to epbrs to develop and continually revise the eu biodiversity research strategy - includin  ding the multi-stakeholder consultative process of the paris conference,the millenium ecosystem  illenium ecosystem assessment, the 2010 target, esri, gti, gbif, cbd, diversitas
10459	12	ed section. i observed a massive faunal change among the agglutinated benthic foraminifera over  y contrast, display lower diversity and are made up of environmentally tolerant, stratigraphica  ronmentally tolerant, stratigraphically long-ranging forms. the benthic foraminiferal extinctio  as as well. this event has never before been documented in the arctic ocean. the fauna from hol  c ocean to this rapid warming event. we propose to study the benthic foraminifera from hole m00  drilled in august 2004 on the lomonosov ridge, to document the taxonomy and investigate the res  sov ridge, to document the taxonomy and investigate the response of the benthic foraminifera to  water depth and oxygen content. we will make comparisons with benthic foraminiferal faunas desc  and western siberia. therefore, it will be necessary to attend the international workshop on ag  d in the arctic. as the lomonosov ridge was attached to spitsbergen during the cretaceous and e  cretaceous and early paleocene, it will be useful to make direct comparisons with paleogene fau  ge models will be published in the iodp volume, and the detailed taxonomy will be submitted to
15409	2	sent project is innovative, although it is based on the deep knowledge we have acquired of the   case groups and the techniques. we will investigate several cases of radiation , testing them w
15410	2	sent project is innovative, although it is based on the deep knowledge we have acquired of the   case groups and the techniques. we will investigate several cases of radiation , testing them w
12030	2	west indian ocean and related databases are shared among partner institutions and are made avai  e shared among partner institutions and are made available in national and international databa
15180	1	onducted. in addition to its scientific interest, this project has an important applied aspect
1083	15	the evolution of life on earth can be reconstructed using the fossil record and, there  enous processes operating at short- and long-time scales. a high-priority issue in earth scienc   while biota reactions to environmental short-term changes are detectable and modelled in extan  able and modelled in extant ecosystems, long-term variations in the biosphere, usually expresse  and modelled in extant ecosystems, long-term variations in the biosphere, usually expressed by   inction rates, turnovers and stability, require investigations of paleobiotic modifications tha  tions of paleobiotic modifications that are preserved only in geological archives. the links be  n years time-slices compared with large scale events such as climate and sea level changes. how  ses and turnovers and to precisely date/correlate paleobiological and geological events. the oc  astal areas to open ocean settings, and are the most effective producers of calcite on earth. t  eous plankton is of particular interest being characterised by a long, complex history punctuat  extinction rates, turnovers, relatively long intervals of stability and major changes in abunda  e. pelagic sequences offer an excellent archive to study evolutionary processes and their timin  e of environmental changes: continuous, complete, carbonate sections recovered at dsdp hydrosph  ered at dsdp hydrosphere and atmosphere may reveal casual rather than causal relationships.
11242	35	e groups, such as birds and mammals, we know where species live and can identify biodiversity h  mammals, we know where species live and can identify biodiversity hotspots - areas of the world  biodiversity will be affected by global change we need to understand the evolutionary processes  ty will be affected by global change we need to understand the evolutionary processes that gene  rocesses that generate it. yet, species do not evolve in isolation: they evolve together in the  pecies do not evolve in isolation: they evolve together in the context of communities or ecosys  imited resource. can the two species co-exist one might think not - they are in competition wit  ies co-exist one might think not - they are in competition with one another and for one species   and for one species to succeed then it must do so at the expense of the other. this may often    use the resource in different ways, or even to use a different resource altogether. the finche  islands, made famous by charles darwin, reveal both of these outcomes of competition: where two  round finch and the small ground finch, occur together on the same island they can be easily di  round finch, occur together on the same island they can be easily distinguished by differences   ur together on the same island they can be easily distinguished by differences in beak size, bu  in such cases the two species typically have similar, intermediate, beak sizes. so the interact  the two species typically have similar, intermediate, beak sizes. so the interactions between s  act over generations within communities can influence the evolution of biodiversity over thousa  rsity through time in the fossil record be attributed to competition my solution to understandi  that mimic competitive interactions and generate predictions of evolutionary change among compe  ng a range of evolutionary scenarios we can generate predictions of how species change over lon  lter biodiversity. more importantly, we can compare our predictions with real data from living    the importance of species interactions is influenced by other factors. if there is ecological   s influenced by other factors. if there is ecological opportunity such as the chance to occupy   ion will change. ecological opportunity could arise due to environmental change, the evolution   tunity could arise due to environmental change, the evolution of a key innovation or a host of   partly due to the evolution of a unique toe-pad. this type of ecological opportunity may even l   hummingbirds are one such group. there are 330 hummingbird species that feed primarily on nect   species that feed primarily on nectar, occupy diverse habitats across their geographic range,   iverse habitats across their geographic range, and display several feeding behaviours. in short  tats across their geographic range, and display several feeding behaviours. in short, they prov  eral feeding behaviours. in short, they provide an exceptional group to test the relative impor  . in short, they provide an exceptional group to test the relative importance of competition an  ecological opportunity in driving large-scale evolution change. by combining this real-world da  l provide new insight into how past and present-day biological diversity is generated and maint  st and present-day biological diversity is generated and maintained.
10977	23	could be up to 120 metres lower than it is today; then, when the climate warmed, the sea would   rming trend. the impact of such changes was felt most strongly on islands. many island features  rongly on islands. many island features are linked with sea level - they become larger and clos  nd closer to the mainland , and we will use this as a marker for evolutionary change. until now  ontext of climate change, because there are few reliable dates to tell us when these species ev  phants preserved in museums. we already have similar data on mainland species, and the comparis  e percentage reduction in body size and weight, and more detailed features of the teeth and bon  ronments. secondly, we will use cutting-edge techniques to determine the geological age of the    techniques to determine the geological age of the dwarf species. we will employ four different  gical age of the dwarf species. we will employ four different methods of dating that between th  ethods of dating that between them will allow us to determine ages within a narrow range of err  diments from the deposits in which they were found, and also require measurements to be taken a  sits in which they were found, and also require measurements to be taken at the sites. to this   found, and also require measurements to be taken at the sites. to this end we will visit a numb  taken at the sites. to this end we will visit a number of key localities on sicily, malta, cret  s where remains of dwarf elephants have been found, and conduct small excavations to produce fr  of dwarf elephants have been found, and conduct small excavations to produce fresh material for  s to plot maps of the changing size and shape of the islands and, in the case of sicily and mal  g together these three strands, we will be able to determine how global changes impacted the ev   of dwarfing influenced by island size, time of separation, or other factors such as available   ide a microcosm of the impact of global change on mammal evolution. it will also help explain a  t of island dwarfing. it will, finally, refine methods and produce data of broader application,  g. it will, finally, refine methods and produce data of broader application, especially in the
11166	23	could be up to 120 metres lower than it is today; then, when the climate warmed, the sea would   rming trend. the impact of such changes was felt most strongly on islands. many island features  rongly on islands. many island features are linked with sea level - they become larger and clos  nd closer to the mainland , and we will use this as a marker for evolutionary change. until now  ontext of climate change, because there are few reliable dates to tell us when these species ev  phants preserved in museums. we already have similar data on mainland species, and the comparis  e percentage reduction in body size and weight, and more detailed features of the teeth and bon  ronments. secondly, we will use cutting-edge techniques to determine the geological age of the    techniques to determine the geological age of the dwarf species. we will employ four different  gical age of the dwarf species. we will employ four different methods of dating that between th  ethods of dating that between them will allow us to determine ages within a narrow range of err  diments from the deposits in which they were found, and also require measurements to be taken a  sits in which they were found, and also require measurements to be taken at the sites. to this   found, and also require measurements to be taken at the sites. to this end we will visit a numb  taken at the sites. to this end we will visit a number of key localities on sicily, malta, cret  s where remains of dwarf elephants have been found, and conduct small excavations to produce fr  of dwarf elephants have been found, and conduct small excavations to produce fresh material for  s to plot maps of the changing size and shape of the islands and, in the case of sicily and mal  g together these three strands, we will be able to determine how global changes impacted the ev   of dwarfing influenced by island size, time of separation, or other factors such as available   ide a microcosm of the impact of global change on mammal evolution. it will also help explain a  t of island dwarfing. it will, finally, refine methods and produce data of broader application,  g. it will, finally, refine methods and produce data of broader application, especially in the
9890	23	could be up to 120 metres lower than it is today; then, when the climate warmed, the sea would   rming trend. the impact of such changes was felt most strongly on islands. many island features  rongly on islands. many island features are linked with sea level - they become larger and clos  nd closer to the mainland , and we will use this as a marker for evolutionary change. until now  ontext of climate change, because there are few reliable dates to tell us when these species ev  phants preserved in museums. we already have similar data on mainland species, and the comparis  e percentage reduction in body size and weight, and more detailed features of the teeth and bon  ronments. secondly, we will use cutting-edge techniques to determine the geological age of the    techniques to determine the geological age of the dwarf species. we will employ four different  gical age of the dwarf species. we will employ four different methods of dating that between th  ethods of dating that between them will allow us to determine ages within a narrow range of err  diments from the deposits in which they were found, and also require measurements to be taken a  sits in which they were found, and also require measurements to be taken at the sites. to this   found, and also require measurements to be taken at the sites. to this end we will visit a numb  taken at the sites. to this end we will visit a number of key localities on sicily, malta, cret  s where remains of dwarf elephants have been found, and conduct small excavations to produce fr  of dwarf elephants have been found, and conduct small excavations to produce fresh material for  s to plot maps of the changing size and shape of the islands and, in the case of sicily and mal  g together these three strands, we will be able to determine how global changes impacted the ev   of dwarfing influenced by island size, time of separation, or other factors such as available   ide a microcosm of the impact of global change on mammal evolution. it will also help explain a  t of island dwarfing. it will, finally, refine methods and produce data of broader application,  g. it will, finally, refine methods and produce data of broader application, especially in the
2196	7	ls are key species in the baltic and it is expected that they have an important structuring rol  the baltic and it is expected that they have an important structuring role for biodiversity and   ecosystem function. the aim of this wp is to use experimental approaches to address some impor  l density and meta population structure may influence the biodiversity of the associated flora   forming macro algae. these interactions may lead to dramatic ecosystem changes and flips and to  fferent scales i.e. local, regional and include a comparison between baltic and west coast ecos  en baltic and west coast ecosystems. it is also expected that under this wp a scientific synthe
12017	11	coccolithophores are pelagic calcifying microalgae that are heavily impl   active gas dimethylsulfide. coccoliths exhibit remarkable morphological diversity and are cons   remarkable morphological diversity and are conserved in arguably the most continuous and compl  ved in arguably the most continuous and complete fossil record covering the last 220 myr, a uni  ord covering the last 220 myr, a unique tool for studying long-term changes in climate and biod  ain effects of rising anthropogenic co2 is rapid acidification of the oceans, and in particular  ifiers within decades. coccolithophores play a duel role as both actors in, and witnesses of, t  ecular complexity of biomineralization, is strikingly lacking, strongly limiting interpretation  on potentials to oceanic ph changes. we propose a pluridisciplinary approach involving 7 europe  tner to assess the degree, evolutionary pace, and acclimation/adaptation potentials of species-  mation/adaptation potentials of species-level diversity and functional diversity of biominerali
10571	5	topics for scientific research. we are still a long way from solving these ancient murder myst  uence of major changes in deep time, we can gain a unique perspective on current-day climate ch  an-triassic . all of these methods have been used successfully before, but have never been appl  sed successfully before, but have never been applied to studies of the boreal realm. ultimately  xtinctions during the permian can truly be considered global. the results will be publicised to
14594	3	s in mediterranean streams. at the same time, the presence of dissolved microcystins in running  issolved microcystins in running waters was recorded, with maximum levels near 4 ppb evaluate t  ecorded, with maximum levels near 4 ppb evaluate the role of cyanobacteria biofilms on the ecol
12442	6	summary objective: – map potential vmes which may occur in the nafo regulato  y objective: – map potential vmes which may occur in the nafo regulatory area at depths less th  tory area at depths less than 2000 m. – study the distribution of fishing effort in the nafo re  g effort in the nafo regulatory area. – propose the closure of sensitive areas to bottom fisher  dy aimed to map the potential vmes that may exist in the nafo regulatory area at depths shallow  er than 2000 m. embarking on scientific research in this area would enhance our international r
11456	7	by amazon rain forest to el niño events can switch the region from a carbon sink to a source. h   a carbon sink to a source. however, we do not understand the mechanisms underlying these respo  n forest-atmosphere interactions. there is an added need to advance this understanding given th  change by rain forest during an el niño do not yet exist. clear predictions for a 2002/3 el niñ  r predictions for a 2002/3 el niño have been made recently. we wish to make use of this event t  2/3 el niño have been made recently. we wish to make use of this event to make measurements of   scales at an e. amazonian site. we will use the new data in combination with a modelling framew
10859	6	st african streams spend a considerable amount of time on land, although whether this is stimul   of time on land, although whether this is stimulated by foraging or seeking refugia is unknown   if they feed extensively on land, they may actively transport large amounts of energy from lan   extensively on land, they may actively transport large amounts of energy from land to freshwat  tic environments, and by analysing mark-recapture information, use of the terrestrial environme  y analysing mark-recapture information, use of the terrestrial environment by this freshwater t
11035	8	es to species and populations to genes, is critical for ecosystem health. it is essential, ther  s, is critical for ecosystem health. it is essential, therefore, to provide a robust framework   sential, therefore, to provide a robust framework to understand mechanisms that promote or cons  o understand mechanisms that promote or constrain adaptive divergence and potential response to  these processes within species. we will do this by employing an interdisciplinary approach that   this by employing an interdisciplinary approach that provides a unique examination of the inte   of the interplay between landscape and key demographic parameters that drive adaptive divergen  ive divergence: gene flow whether there are fundamental differences between protist and metazoa
6971	6	ucts. a new form of utilisation has now been conceived for the results achieved by american bio  logical companies, such as monsanto and dow: new genes are not only incorporated into their own  ese new biotechnological results are to be exploited in maize breeding, it will be necessary to  be exploited in maize breeding, it will be necessary to create an infrastructure that allows th  frastructure that allows these genes to be incorporated into local breeding stock at a high tec  vironment. in this way new inbred lines could be developed in far less time than using conventi
14592	1	the little bustard tetrax tetrax is polygynous steppe bird declining all over its distri
6919	10	ods of screening and resistance testing are evaluated, now the task is their massive use for br  valuated, now the task is their massive use for breeding more resistant cultivars resisting als   a result, the release of new cultivars is planned and new candidates for state trials will be   nificant improvement of the phenotyping is the task, as present methods are often not reliable.  be questionable, too. the anti fusarium effect of the trangenes aldose and ferritine reductases  dose and ferritine reductases will also be tested. they are important is stress resistance, so   ne reductases will also be tested. they are important is stress resistance, so an antifungal ef  ess resistance, so an antifungal effect can be supposed. the organization of the production of   quality will be also a highly important task of the project. of course, the yielding ability wi   course, the yielding ability will also be seriously considered.
6728	5	the pea varieties cultivated in hungary have not yet such complex resistance. in drought the wa   fusarium named debreceni galamb and it can be utilised for feeding the birds. from 1998 it beg  gan the breeding program to improve new green pea varieties utilised for fresh markets. it has   th resistance to fusarium pathogens. we investigate the agronomic traits and nutritive quality   rance of these breeding lines have also been tested.
6927	5	c conditions, lodging-resistance, above-average drought resistance, early ripening, excellent y  t resistance, early ripening, excellent yield potential, good malt and brewery quality will be   n of the new varieties, and undoubtedly better marketable goods are produced increasing the pro  and undoubtedly better marketable goods are produced increasing the profitability of the produc  two variety-candidates, variety, patent is planned a year in our program.
10395	2	richest botanical sites in britain, and is internationally important for its sorbus diversity,    6. calculate pollen neighbourhoods and predict densities of s. aria required to effect seed pr
14798	2	med polyploids avoids hybridization and may counteract the tendency to be excluded by diploids   tion and may counteract the tendency to be excluded by diploids to study whether populations of
12032	2	f this study was also to bring together research efforts on plant biodiversity in french guiana   date, five papers are in review, and 6 are in preparation.
14899	5	several selective pressures can account for patterns of sexual size dimorphism . we  ures can account for patterns of sexual size dimorphism . we will also implement a spatially-ex  f sexual size dimorphism . we will also implement a spatially-explicit individual-based model t  tive evolution of male morphologies. we hope that this project will substantially contribute to  pe that this project will substantially contribute to push forward the research on sexual selec
11738	4	pond to environmental change. but there is a fundamental problem in the study of speciation: fi  m on a fishes teeth as it feeds we will be able to interpret the dietary preferences and feedin  d feeding ecology of fossil fishes, and test the hypothesis that speciation and evolutionary ch  that speciation and evolutionary change were driven by shifts in feeding and competition for fo
13572	4	water color and doc in surface waters, is a large-scale environmental problem, probably caused  r and doc in surface waters, is a large-scale environmental problem, probably caused by climate  bably caused by climate change. we will analyze the magnitude, time course, cause records of la  of runoff, doc-losses from soils and in-lake doc processing.
14117	6	stopping global decrease of biological diversity is nowadays one of the  comprise globally only 22%. at the same time the biological diversity may have increased due to  ibution areas and overall diversity. it is yet not known which conditions lead to fatal impover  tant and vulnerable species to a region can serve as flagship species to certain groups of enda  . if the reason for their vulnerability is explained, conservation of many more species will be  and analytic methods. special attention is directed to the ascertainment of the biology and eco
6909	4	ophytes and fungi dwelling on dead logs were surveyed in near-natural beech woods between 2000   we would like to analyze these data and publish the results in international scientific journal  sts stands of high stand structural and tree species diversity managed by tree selection loggin  ing or shelter wood systems. in 2004 we plan preliminary field trips and the selection of sites
15430	12	e since climatic conditions drastically change over short distances. bryophytes constitute an i  ces. bryophytes constitute an important part of the biodiversity in land ecosystems with approx  change: because of their poikilohiydric condition they are very sensitive to macro- and microcl   of their poikilohiydric condition they are very sensitive to macro- and microclimate variation  le to climate change, in addition, they have rapid responses under environmental changes and th  nder environmental changes and they are fast-growing organisms. for genetic studies, bryophytes  ophytes, one included in this proposal, can perform homologous recombination of dna using an ar  of vital importance. nevertheless, they have not been used frequently due to lack of data such   importance. nevertheless, they have not been used frequently due to lack of data such as distri  e to the biodiversity of the planet, we propose to study the following aspects of the biology o  ence-absence of a specific genotype and check for the reliability and generality of the models   ven that wide morphological variability is observed in both species.
12417	7	summary objective: there is a need to expand the range in which fulmars are coll  ed to expand the range in which fulmars are collected from around the coast in the uk. key cust  e: the current study depends on a small number of people who arrange the collection of fulmar c  depends on a small number of people who arrange the collection of fulmar corpses washed up on t   extracted and the contents sent to jan van franeker in the netherlands as part of a project in  annual report on the data collected and make recommendations of how the scheme can be made more   make recommendations of how the scheme can be made more effective.
15582	1	opment of many countries. however, they are amongst the areas of the world experiencing the hig
11064	25	s to develop a user-friendly model that can be used to predict how environmental change influen   specialist model that has to date only been used within the scientific modelling community. th  ons that feed in these areas, and hence advise coastal policy and management for these species.  gement for these species. the model has been used to advise management of coastal shellfisherie  nsuring that bird populations that also consume shellfish are not adversely affected. it has be  fish are not adversely affected. it has been used to predict the effect of habitat loss through  habitat creation schemes. the model has been used in the marine environment to predict the rela  rms on populations of diving ducks, and identify the developments that have the minimum effect   d understanding its output, it has only been used by specialist modellers within the scientific  atisfactory, as this tool should really be accessible to those who have a direct interest in co  hould really be accessible to those who have a direct interest in coastal management and policy   abundance of shellfish from which they need to set quotas for the amount of shellfish that can  quotas for the amount of shellfish that can be removed, whilst leaving enough to ensure the sur  l of co-dependent bird populations, and could do this in-house with a suitable model. likewise,   bird populations, and could do this in-house with a suitable model. likewise, the model could   h a suitable model. likewise, the model could be used by developers to compare the ecological i  eps to develop a model for a system and define the required outputs. the new user-friendly mode   predicting the effect of environmental change on coastal birds, and with whom the research tea  olvement in the project, and ultimately obtain the tool they require. although, during the proj  structed in a general way, such that it is not restricted to these systems, and can be applied   is not restricted to these systems, and can be applied to a wider range of systems in the futur   systems, and can be applied to a wider range of systems in the future. these priority systems   m to advertise the existence of the new model as a tool for addressing environmental conflicts   ms. additionally, to allow the model to be distributed as widely as possible, and to ensure tha  as possible, and to ensure that updates can be made available after the end of the project, a w
12722	5	in cites bulbs from turkey and georgia is the highest unit trade in cites plants or animals -   llion bulbs/year. little or no work has been done to assess the impact of cites regulations on    regulations on the livelihoods of the ‘harvest families. this project will assess and model th   families. this project will assess and model that impact, review possible incentives, explore   ject will assess and model that impact, review possible incentives, explore links to the cites
10675	2	that variations exist with latitude. it is therefore likely that identification of resin transp  pic signature will be possible. we will measure both bulk pinus sp. resin lining roman amphorae
15221	9	s for this decline are largely unknown, even though these insects play a key role in plant repr  ion crisis. in principle, global change is held responsible for this decline, particularly due   in the uses of the land, which directly affect species distribution ranges and resource availab  on ranges and resource availability. it is mandatory to know which species are more likely to s  se scenarios of change, and why. it has been suggested that those species with narrower climate  effects of global change. this proposal is based in the cantabrian mountains to analyze the eff  d outcome is to ascertain whether there is a significant decline of bumblebees in the cantabria  scertain whether there is a significant decline of bumblebees in the cantabrian range and which  e suffering it. from a more theoretical point of view, the main contribution of the proposal wo
10643	21	modern marine ecosystems were established during the early palaeozoic radiations  s only a fraction of ancient diversity, while famous soft-bodied biotas such as the burgess sha  s by exploiting a new, largely untapped source of palaeontological data: burgess shale-type mic  of palaeontological data: burgess shale-type microfossils. like their macroscopic counterparts   iomineralizing organisms, but they also extend the view to include previously unrecorded forms    quite common - to the extent that they can begin to be used to test macroevolutionary hypothes   - to the extent that they can begin to be used to test macroevolutionary hypotheses. systemati  s. systematic analysis of burgess shale-type microfossils through the middle to late cambrian w  late cambrian will shed fundamental new light on early evolutionary patterns, not least the poo   and macroecology, this study will also provide a unique, evolutionary view of how modern marin  ill also provide a unique, evolutionary view of how modern marine ecosystems function. this stu  0 km in the subsurface, where they have been penetrated by hundreds of petroleum exploration bo  n boreholes. these subsurface materials are housed in state-of-the-art storage facilities in ca  ce materials are housed in state-of-the-art storage facilities in calgary, alberta and regina,   y, alberta and regina, saskatchewan and offer a unique opportunity to sample systematically thr  -late cambrian, and across an expansive shallow-water platform into continental-margin environm  mbrian, and across an expansive shallow-water platform into continental-margin environments exp  shallow-water platform into continental-margin environments exposed in the rocky mountains. pre  preliminary work in both subsurface and outcrop occurrences has identified an exquisite range o  ied an exquisite range of burgess shale-type microfossils. more comprehensive sampling and anal  ampling and analysis will substantially advance our understanding of early palaeozoic diversity
6916	8	en recently excavated in the bükkábrány open-pit coal mine in hungary. fifteen baldcypress tree  o the original forest structure. sudden raise of lake pannon drowned the forest and subsequent   nt forest of this size and preservation is known anywhere on earth. trees have been removed to    is known anywhere on earth. trees have been removed to museums for conservation. the proposed   axonomic determination of tree species, tree-ring studies for climate reconstruction, stable is  ing studies for climate reconstruction, stable isotope study of the wood, and description of as  od, and description of associated leaf, fruit, and pollen flora. sedimentological investigation  analysed. exact age of the forest is to be determined by correlation with well-logs and seismic
14294	2	ontinuously increasing socio-economical interest in marine resources urges the need for a decis  ecision making framework to objectively allocate the different user functions at the belgian co
12666	5	of cetaceans during fishing activities, is thought to be the major threat to the conservation o  n of small cetaceans. the uk government is committed to reducing bycatch levels and was instrum  ation of small cetaceans of the baltic, north east atlantic, irish and north seas have been ado   baltic, north east atlantic, irish and north seas have been adopted, which require certain lev  ast atlantic, irish and north seas have been adopted, which require certain levels of monitorin
12419	1	or space between maritime sectors there is a clear need for a more integrated approach.
12059	4	there is little dispute that global climates are changing, an                          there is little dispute that global climates are changing, and that thi   will foster the exchange of scientific expertise between research institutions in france, our   mote the conservation and the efficient use of natural resources, helping to reconcile human ne
14764	3	we intend to improve the research that we are carrying out  and functioning - direct effects of co2 increase on the ecosystems - biogenic volatile organic   s - chemical ecology of plant-plant and plant-animal relationships. - ecophysiological effects
15290	6	tioning of the agroecosystems as it has been recognised by the new cap. hedgerows contribute to  ultural landscapes. hedgerow vegetation can be made of forests, grasslands or ruderal. neverthe   arable lands. on the other hand, there is a scale factor that determines that plant compositio  nds or forests. c dynamics in hedgerows can be determined by the organic matter quality associa  tation types . for this purpose we will use organic and mineral fertilisers labelled with 15n t  p edges and hedgerows. finally, we will study the forms of n recently fixed in soils by using d
9865	6	out 10,000 years ago, and of industrial scale food production, starting about 100 years ago. mi  d its products remains a very important part of our diet, and also provides our major source of   only for the people and areas where it was developed in prehistoric times , as this also can t  ped in prehistoric times , as this also can tell us about the influences for human population g  . an exciting prospect is that it might be applicable to studying the development of early man   le to studying the development of early man in africa . other plans include seeing if the metho
11116	17	precipitation for western uganda. if we can show that these biological, chemical or physical si  nges in climate in the region that have been documented, we can apply these methods to go back   he region that have been documented, we can apply these methods to go back further in time with   look at climate in periods where there are no written records, and provide a long-term history  where there are no written records, and provide a long-term history of environmental change, an   no written records, and provide a long-term history of environmental change, and its variabili  de a long-term history of environmental change, and its variability, for this region. we can al  riability, for this region. we can also compare the history of the three diseases in the region  of the three diseases in the region and examine if there are relationships between lake sedimen  ases in the region and examine if there are relationships between lake sediment proxies and dis  ent proxies and disease incidence, that may be related to climate, or vegetation, for example.   r vegetation, for example. in this way, lake sediments may also have a role in providing a long  e. in this way, lake sediments may also have a role in providing a long-term perspective on dis  ay also have a role in providing a long-term perspective on diseases in the region. evidence of  disease and human society may therefore be extremely relevant to debates on how natural systems  w natural systems, and human societies, may be affected by environmental change in the future.   eties, may be affected by environmental change in the future.
1093	9	ution among lineages. many factors have been pointed as among the most likely sources of among-  etabolic rate, generation time, and dna repair efficiency heterogeneity. a further complication  y heterogeneity. a further complication is represented by the difficulty to calibrate the const  he difficulty to calibrate the constant-rate hypothesis against absolute time, which requires t  munities in which population parameters may be considered as relatively stable over time, as a   ameters may be considered as relatively stable over time, as a response to the stability of cav  and reproduction.in particular, we will investigate several genera of insects and crustaceans w  ocene, late oligocene-early miocene and even earlier, to the breakout of the pangea. these pale   methods will be used, which assume and do not assume constancy of rates among lineages. the se
11244	14	sediments are still accumulating. there are many features of the sediments, which provide infor   past climates, one important component being fossilised diatoms. diatoms are a group of algae   ms have shells, called frustules, which are made of silica. the chemical abbreviation for silic  ion for silica is sio2, meaning that it is comprised of silicon . when diatoms die, their silic  e elements that combine to make silica, have several isotopes / meaning that their atoms can ha  ral isotopes / meaning that their atoms can have different masses and still be chemically recog  and 28si respectively. because they are lighter, 16o and 28si are more volatile than their heav  ier counterparts. environmental changes can affect the relative proportion of heavy and light o  ct the relative proportion of heavy and light oxygen and silicon isotopes in water. for example   more of the lighter, more volatile 16o is removed. as a consequence, the remaining water conta  iatoms take silica from the water, they assimilate more of the lighter 28si, increasing the rat  itions in which the diatoms lived. this can be used as a tool to infer the environmental condit  ns of the past. at present, very little is known about the precise relationship between isotope  onditions and therefore how useful they are to infer past environments. this will enable scient
11321	14	sediments are still accumulating. there are many features of the sediments, which provide infor   past climates, one important component being fossilised diatoms. diatoms are a group of algae   ms have shells, called frustules, which are made of silica. the chemical abbreviation for silic  ion for silica is sio2, meaning that it is comprised of silicon . when diatoms die, their silic  e elements that combine to make silica, have several isotopes / meaning that their atoms can ha  ral isotopes / meaning that their atoms can have different masses and still be chemically recog  and 28si respectively. because they are lighter, 16o and 28si are more volatile than their heav  ier counterparts. environmental changes can affect the relative proportion of heavy and light o  ct the relative proportion of heavy and light oxygen and silicon isotopes in water. for example   more of the lighter, more volatile 16o is removed. as a consequence, the remaining water conta  iatoms take silica from the water, they assimilate more of the lighter 28si, increasing the rat  itions in which the diatoms lived. this can be used as a tool to infer the environmental condit  ns of the past. at present, very little is known about the precise relationship between isotope  onditions and therefore how useful they are to infer past environments. this will enable scient
10569	8	ose particular individuals as mates and avoid others are fundamental questions in evolutionary   r individuals as mates and avoid others are fundamental questions in evolutionary biology. howe  only make mate-choice decisions that we can not explain with existing theory, and inconsistenci  birds may be a prominent example. birds are known to have a sense of taste, but the traditional  e a sense of taste, but the traditional view that they are microsmatic . this is an entirely ne  ste, but the traditional view that they are microsmatic . this is an entirely new field of rese  e microsmatic . this is an entirely new field of research with enormous potential for discoveri  enormous potential for discoveries that could revolutionise our understanding of avian behaviou
1970	10	we will examine whether developmental mechanisms can bias the p  xamine whether developmental mechanisms can bias the paths followed during evolutionary change   espots on a wing of a butterfly usually have a similar colour composition. in bicyclus anynana,  g of a butterfly usually have a similar colour composition. in bicyclus anynana, eyespots all h  size. the results here will, therefore, be compared in detail with a recent study where eyespot  re, be compared in detail with a recent study where eyespot size responded in a remarkably unco  upled and uncoupled directions. we will contrast the behaviour of the two eyespot features and   haviour of the two eyespot features and make a direct comparison of the two sets of genes invol  ction responses. thus, we will not only examine potentials for evolutionary change in different  ation on which the changes in phenotype are based. the work will further integrate the fields o
7025	11	carbon and nutrients. while material is being transported downstream, organic matter is produce   transported downstream, organic matter is produced and degraded. this matter carries the finge  n nitrogen cycling. within the riverine landscape these processes are strongly associated with   tal principles regulate the cycling and transfer of carbon and nitrogen in river ecosystems: i   ii increasing contact between water and soil or sediment increases nitrogen retention and proce  oughts are natural events that strongly influence pathways of carbon and nitrogen cycling. thes  s as well as their ability to cycle and mitigate nutrient fluxes originating from upstream and   g restoration of landscape dynamics and key ecosystem processes such as carbon and nutrient ret   cycling capacity, and ii to accurately estimate the rates of these biogeochemical processes un  ental principles are the methodological approach to investigate the regulation of nitrogen and   tion of nitrogen and carbon cycling and transfer at the sediment/water interface in retention a
11198	4	ers between highly interfertile species are maintained. in two long-lived rhododendron hybrid z  t-f1s, the proportion of parent, fl and post-fl genotype classes in the seed rain and the adult  lculated, and from this plus the above, mean lifetime fitness will be determined. the differenc   sites, expected to be large, will then be computed to test whether extrinsic selection removes
1963	9	there is a plethora of research showing that herbivorous arth  y metabolites. however, plants can also use secondary metabolites in indirect defences. plants   etabolites in indirect defences. plants may produce volatile compounds in response to herbivory  onse to herbivory plants and herbivores are involved in an arms-race leading to gene-for-gene c  ading to gene-for-gene co-evolution. we intend to test one of the assumptions underlying this h  a given genotype of tomato plants. this is done by artificial selection of isofemale lines of h  iffer in the degree and/or the way they modify hipv release and are maintained by mating virgin  or the way they modify hipv release and are maintained by mating virgin spider-mite females wit  response to selection, but we will also attempt to test simple models on mode of inheritance ag
13710	8	osses caused by changes in agricultural land-use have negatively affected many plants and anima  , i will examine whether the widespread decline of shorebirds is caused by on-going, large-scal  er the widespread decline of shorebirds is caused by on-going, large-scale changes in the envir  ct builds on a comparison with a unique reference material collected 10-30 years ago, encompass  ude food supply for breeders, egg size, start of breeding, sex ratio, and cellular/physiologica   breeders, egg size, start of breeding, sex ratio, and cellular/physiological stress levels as   ndangered group of birds, and generally advance our understanding of the impact of large-scale   ur understanding of the impact of large-scale environmental changes on biodiversity.
11102	7	theory has been controversial. while it is accepted generally that many small animals, such as   l mammals show metapopulation dynamics, plant ecologists are divided about the utility of the c  tapopulation dynamics, plant ecologists are divided about the utility of the concept. this cont  ation processes, such as seed movement, long-term survival of seed in the soil, and characteris   processes, such as seed movement, long-term survival of seed in the soil, and characterising h   and characterising habitat patches. we propose a study in which we will collect appropriate da  ropose a study in which we will collect appropriate data at the landscape scale for two contras
10632	5	le for most of the biodiversity that we see around us. it occurs when a single species invades   local adaptation. however species often acquire new parasites when they invade new environments  s often acquire new parasites when they invade new environments, but the role of parasites in d  tes in driving local adaptation has not been examined. in this project i will explore whether a  aracterised in western canada and there are excellent facilities at ubc for carrying out my exp
11670	12	interpreting past environmental change from lake sediments is becoming increasingly imp  and rates of environmental and climatic change, and compare findings from different sedimentary   environmental and climatic change, and compare findings from different sedimentary sources acc   currently most lake sediment sequences are dated by radiocarbon. these dates can be subject to  ge errors and dating different material can give different ages. thus these uncertainties are c  ifferent ages. thus these uncertainties are carried forward into interpretation of the environm  f the environmental reconstructions. we aim to reduce these uncertainties. radiocarbon dating m  ke from surrounding soils. we therefore need to find a method whereby this is minimised or elim  fore need to find a method whereby this is minimised or eliminated entirely. one potential meth   radiocarbon date chironomid the likely value of chironomid dating against other forms of radio  diocarbon dating for lake sediments. it is hypothesised that careful dating using these new pro  ls will provide an important innovative approach to deriving chronologies from a wide range of
13777	4	strategies to adapt to a warmer climate are needed, but methods are lacking. ecological restora  , which depend on recurrent floods, and plant species from the upper and lower ends are at risk  ct which species that will increase and decrease with a future climate. to evaluate if restorat  st changes in habitat availability, and compare projections of future habitat availability to r
14271	1	budgeting of marine systems and in data-bank management.
10045	32	we regularly hear about tropical forests in the media. documentary p  iversity - more than 50% of all species are found in these ecosystems - or their importance as   mportance as a store of carbon, as they contain 60% of all carbon found on land. however, we al   carbon found on land. however, we also hear about their destruction: how economic pressures an  pansion drives their clearance by small-scale farmers, how large agribusinesses convert vast ar  d how pressures to extract minerals and oil from tropical forest regions is increasing as the p  emissions by humans. many attempts have been made to derive economic benefits from tropical for  y creating a market and giving economic value to the environmental benefits or ecosystem servic  orage that tropical forests provide, it is possible to obtain money to protect standing forest.  nding forest. in theory, these payments could be used to address the poverty that is widespread  ute in many tropical forest regions and is an important cause of deforestation. one mechanism f  ical forest regions and is an important cause of deforestation. one mechanism for how these pay  nism for how these payments might work, is that projects and countries that reduce rates of def  ough bilateral agreements. this idea is being promoted as a component of an international agree  voluntary markets. governments and ngos are also actively developing schemes to fund projects t   schemes to fund projects that directly help to preserve other attributes of tropical forests,   pical forests, such as biodiversity. it is this broad concept of payments for ecosystem service  uce the rate of tropical deforestation, conserve carbon stocks and biodiversity, and alleviate   rve carbon stocks and biodiversity, and alleviate poverty through a single mechanism, is very a  ate poverty through a single mechanism, is very attractive. however, the details of how these s  tant issues surround how to measure and monitor the carbon or biodiversity that a project claim   protect, the appropriate institutional framework in regions where property titles are often un  re often unclear, how payments actually reach local communities and whether they achieve the go  each local communities and whether they achieve the goal of poverty alleviation in an equitable   requires an interdisciplinary team. we have therefore assembled a broad range of university, n  d government institutions with relevant expertise to identify the research and training that is  identify the research and training that is required to develop such projects, with a focus on t  th a focus on the peruvian amazon. peru is a particularly good place for this kind of project a   face increasing pressure from logging, oil exploration and from rising levels of access due to  local poverty. the strong links that we have with these organisations means that our results wi  xisting protected areas. as a result we aim to create a blueprint for how these projects could   eate a blueprint for how these projects could work both in peru and in the wider amazonian regi
15422	6	oss in marine ecosystems. alien species are considered invasive when they negatively affect to   onsidered invasive when they negatively affect to establishement and survival of native species  is the main cause. in this sense, spain is especially threatened by this problem, being located   especially threatened by this problem, being located on the main routes of ships through the s   galician costa de la muerte. caprellis are small peracaridean crustaceans with an important ro  arine ecosystems . furthermore, we will work with the life stories of the species under laborat
11162	3	ble the efficient sharing of documents, draft text and ideas, and team members will be encourag  of documents, draft text and ideas, and team members will be encouraged to enable inter-discipl  ogether into a clear research proposal, meet with potential research users to incorporate their
7251	4	els like the model used by orchid ipsl, simulate the carbon balance of forests relatively simpl  relatively simply. indeed, these models do not take into account the effects of forest manageme  cts of forest management, although they are important to our latitudes. this project therefore   ry management module to an age class; * use of the module for simulations by age classes; * val
13605	6	microfibrillated cellulose from wood or plant cell walls represent key nano-scale components fo   or plant cell walls represent key nano-scale components for reinforcing new biomaterials. carb  n. in the longer perspective, materials can be envisioned that replace current petrochemical-ba  petrochemical-based materials in larger scale applications such as functional textiles or struc  tirely bio-based materials is that they are sustainable throughout their entire life cycle, fro  sh biotechnology transfer companies and direct bi-lateral industrial interactions.
13454	4	by filamentous, n2-fixing cyanobacteria are dominated by nodularia sp., aphanizomenon sp., and   nisms responsible for n2-fixation and n-release in the baltic sea. small-scale c- and n-fluxes    and n-release in the baltic sea. small-scale c- and n-fluxes associated with the different n2-  sea will be quantified during bloom and decay, and their respective contributions to overall c-
14612	7	ariability of ecosystem fluxes. we will investigate aspects related to vegetation and soil such  igate aspects related to vegetation and soil such as plant biomass, spatial variability, and ca   importance at determining the sink and source capacity at ecosystem level. finally, we will in  ty at ecosystem level. finally, we will integrate these data into models in order to describe t  t climate change scenarios. at the same time, we will explore the integration of the expected r  ge scenarios. at the same time, we will explore the integration of the expected results into cu  cation models, in such a way that these could be used to improve current desertification models
11204	2	we hypothesise that arbuscular mycorrhizal mycelium in upl  ons of soil micro-organisms. novel soil-core systems controlling the presence and absence of am
10939	3	be combined with sedimentology, faunal range data, sediment geochemistry and framboid size ana  ata, sediment geochemistry and framboid size analysis to reconstruct events at this interval an  reconstruct events at this interval and assess different models for mass extinction at this tim
12717	2	co-benefits for environment. they will identify any gaps in the delivery of biodiversity or de  versity or developmental objectives and provide recommendations for more effective delivery of
11297	5	a significant fraction of the organic material produced or imported t  roduced or imported to our coastal seas is degraded within the sea-bed, a process mediated by i   retained in the sediment record versus being degraded, regulates the co2 and o2 concentration   ration of our oceans that generally not are assessable for chamber and microprofiling equipment  equipment to, for the first time, fully include these common, but rarely studied environments i
201	9	combustion of fossil fuels is caused elevation of co2 concentration in the atmosph  ich leads to global climate warming. it is very important, globally and regionally, to reduce c  in estonia, several investigations have been carried out for adequate estimation of the potenti  s showed that young silver birch stands may have higher productivity than it is assumed and yie  ds may have higher productivity than it is assumed and yield tables for birch may show lower va  rch may show lower values of growth and yield, specially at fertile sites. also our purpose is   nd their carbon sequestration potential can be considered novel information. new data about the  ormation. new data about the growth and yield of silver birch stands are of essential practical  days management and planning of forests are based on a computer system, by using different grow
7663	4	position 15n and 18o nitrates. stages - stage 1 2008-2009: samples and measurements at each sit  measurements at each site - available 1 draft a publication on the historical evolution of the   ion measurements for the site mailly. - step 2 2009-2010: sampling and measurements - available  turnover of organic matter with depth - step 3 2010-2011 samples and measurements - 3 available
14873	11	as main aim to analyze how climate and land-use changes interact on agro-pastoral ecosystems i   soil carbon. results from the previous project carbopas suggest that management modifies the a  ults from the previous project carbopas suggest that management modifies the ability of pasture  ns within the system soil-microorganism-plant-animal, affecting the c and n cycles. more detail  and more specific at the regional scale are needed to confirm the meaning of the patterns found  the patterns found. to this purpose, we propose a to complete the existing database on c conten  me-based forage swards linked to the eu project carboeurope and the integrated action cost 852   d the fact that many of these processes must be understood in the context of the above trophic   ood in the context of the above trophic web, recommend the development of the project by a mult  n the context of the above trophic web, recommend the development of the project by a multidisc  ject by a multidisciplinary team, as it is proposed in carboagropas. the results will be useful
14874	11	as main aim to analyze how climate and land-use changes interact on agro-pastoral ecosystems i   soil carbon. results from the previous project carbopas suggest that management modifies the a  ults from the previous project carbopas suggest that management modifies the ability of pasture  ns within the system soil-microorganism-plant-animal, affecting the c and n cycles. more detail  and more specific at the regional scale are needed to confirm the meaning of the patterns found  the patterns found. to this purpose, we propose a to complete the existing database on c conten  me-based forage swards linked to the eu project carboeurope and the integrated action cost 852   d the fact that many of these processes must be understood in the context of the above trophic   ood in the context of the above trophic web, recommend the development of the project by a mult  n the context of the above trophic web, recommend the development of the project by a multidisc  ject by a multidisciplinary team, as it is proposed in carboagropas. the results will be useful
10243	6	incorporation of carbon at the sourhope soil biodiversity field site from atmospheric carbon di   introduction and monitoring of a 13co2 label in the field and will investigate the role played  ed by individual plant, mycorrhizal and soil faunal species in in situ c transfers at sourhope.  n situ c transfers at sourhope. we will determine the extent to which plant, microbial and faun  roups working in a closely co-ordinated programme of research at sourhope, using the same plots  arch at sourhope, using the same plots, plant species and pulse labelling experiments.
11005	6	incorporation of carbon at the sourhope soil biodiversity field site from atmospheric carbon di   introduction and monitoring of a 13co2 label in the field and will investigate the role played  ed by individual plant, mycorrhizal and soil faunal species in in situ c transfers at sourhope.  n situ c transfers at sourhope. we will determine the extent to which plant, microbial and faun  roups working in a closely co-ordinated programme of research at sourhope, using the same plots  arch at sourhope, using the same plots, plant species and pulse labelling experiments.
11216	6	incorporation of carbon at the sourhope soil biodiversity field site from atmospheric carbon di   introduction and monitoring of a 13co2 label in the field and will investigate the role played  ed by individual plant, mycorrhizal and soil faunal species in in situ c transfers at sourhope.  n situ c transfers at sourhope. we will determine the extent to which plant, microbial and faun  roups working in a closely co-ordinated programme of research at sourhope, using the same plots  arch at sourhope, using the same plots, plant species and pulse labelling experiments.
14118	6	ructure formation and changes in it. it is expected, that with future climate change the freque  orest fires and the recovery from there are important regional carbon storage because carbon lo  e changing climate. soil is the largest stock of organic carbon, but the related processes chan  odel to below-ground processes such as: soil organic matter decomposition, turnover of carbon c  pounds of different chemical fractions, soil nitrogen/protein pools, root and rhizosphere respi  tion results will be compared to actual field measurements. with help of field measurements dat
2124	5	ecologists have for a long time been interested in how negative plant-animal interactio  mal interactions, such as herbivory and seed predation affect the population dynamics of plant   agmatic grounds pollinators conceivably play a fundamental role for plant community composition  lebees within the pollinator assemblage may affect the frequency of pollination-specialised pla  bee pollination, within communities. it is conceivable, but hereto completely unknown, that the
10891	5	f species extinction has led to a large research effort in recent years to determine how ecosys  ecent years to determine how ecosystems are affected by species loss. most of these studies hav  stems, species at higher trophic levels are manipulated independently. the experiment will dete  od chain to affect herbivore, plant and soil microbe biomass. it will also test whether herbivo   and soil microbe biomass. it will also test whether herbivore species number, or the pattern o
12710	5	scape and assesses the practicality and value of proposed landscape scale adaptation measures o  uidance for policy makers, planners and land managers to help them to plan, create, maintain an  and land managers to help them to plan, create, maintain and adaptively manage landscapes that   vide a short best practice guidance and short policy guidance note. the case study will form th  form the final report, but key elements must be drawn out to produce a short document of stand-
12723	5	scape and assesses the practicality and value of proposed landscape scale adaptation measures o  uidance for policy makers, planners and land managers to help them to plan, create, maintain an  and land managers to help them to plan, create, maintain and adaptively manage landscapes that   vide a short best practice guidance and short policy guidance note. the case study will form th  form the final report, but key elements must be drawn out to produce a short document of stand-
12481	2	policy and planning decisions must also take into account an ecosystem-based approach can be de  nto account an ecosystem-based approach can be developed and built into the planning process.
12480	14	ds and services, including for example, air, food, drinking water, landscape, recreation space.  for example, air, food, drinking water, landscape, recreation space. the concept of ecosystem s  . the concept of ecosystem services has been developed internationally by the millenium ecosyst  mme has already undertaken considerable work in this area, for example on developing inventorie  . the purpose of this project, however, is to assess the types of ecosystem services provided w  ve urban regeneration and how best they can be evaluated within current land use planning and d  rameworks. the case study area selected is kent thameside, a key development area of the thames  ater resource availability, flood risk, air quality, transport and biodiversity. however, there  nsport and biodiversity. however, there are extensive areas of brownfield and use of a speciali  e are extensive areas of brownfield and use of a specialist modelling software tool called stel  olicy options on ecosystem services, or impact of development on local ecosystem services. in d  ogies tested by this research will also provide a means of integrating the concept of ecosystem  services provide a different conceptual approach to evaluating sustainability, not so much in m   services, so that plans and programmes could be assessed against the areas ability to deliver
15192	2	social insects are characterised by the lost of direct reproduction of  me species show different morphological sub-castes , the caste system plasticity will be tested
11744	3	we have recently proposed that there is a need for a new d     we have recently proposed that there is a need for a new data standard to describe complete   migs reports would provide an extensive amount of novel data and a powerful new research tool.
2154	12	the saccharina project is based on the dramatic decline in the sugar kelp fore  harina project is based on the dramatic decline in the sugar kelp forest along the coast of sou   areas of the sheltered archipelago and are replaced by total dominance of a carpet of silty tu  by total dominance of a carpet of silty turf algae. this event has been given great attention b  pet of silty turf algae. this event has been given great attention by scientists and environmen  es and several possible hypotheses have been suggested, including eutrophication and climatic e  f the main processes that are likely to be involved in the observed large-scale shift in vegeta  arge-scale shift in vegetation. it will be difficult to find or test what actually caused the r  tation. it will be difficult to find or test what actually caused the reduction of the sugar ke  elp forests in order to support coastal zone management decisions and ecologically based techni  y a team of participants from norwegian institute for water research, institute of marine resea  norwegian institute for water research, institute of marine research, university of bergen, uni
14928	12	ive in the new region. invasive species may monopolize local resources and outcompete native sp  cies may monopolize local resources and outcompete native species; they may alter inter-species  e last decades it has been an important advance on the first question; however, many of the bio  pagation potential of invasive species, while less attention has been paid to the ability of su  asive species, while less attention has been paid to the ability of successful establishment of  ding the vulnerability of ecosystems to be invaded, literature shows that environmental scenari   their canopies. the main hypotheses to be tested are: 1 alien species whose phenological patte  the main hypotheses to be tested are: 1 alien species whose phenological pattern differs from t  of the local community may successfully occupy non-saturated temporal niches. 2 successful inva  ive plants to the local environment and create opportunities for alien plants to get establishe  otheses will be tested on a list of 100 alien invasive species of the iberian peninsula, while   asive species of the iberian peninsula, while the remaining hypotheses will be checked for part
2538	8	, i.e. the process by which individuals are sorted according to their differences in fitness, i  ording to their differences in fitness, is the major force for causing evolution of phenotypic    diversity at all organismic levels, it is therefore surprising that we still lack understandin  t to a fluctuating environment. here we examine the relationship between the magnitude of envir  strength of fluctuating selection in 18 island populations of house sparrows. two alternative h   a relationship: a negative relatioship is likely if fluctuations in the environment produce la  tuations in age structure. here we will use a novel modelling framework based on the concept of  structure. this represents an important advance because it allows to introduce stochastic fluct
11338	8	bacteria are commonly found in insects, being passed from a female to her offspring inside eggs  n of the host sex ratio, whereas others are more benign. in addition, the sex ratio distortion   e sex ratio distortion they produce has been suggested as driving the ecology and evolution of    sometimes benign rather than parasitic is unknown. further, the extent to which insect reprodu  the extent to which insect reproduction is affected by these bacteria is unknown. we will inves  d by these bacteria is unknown. we will investigate these questions in the butterfly, hypolimna  rium varies over space. sometimes it is present in nearly all individuals assess the degree to   teria and their host vary. it will also allow us to assess their potential use in control of in
10687	21	om episodes of extensive glaciation and sub-freezing temperatures, to periods when there was li  . extreme as these different conditions may appear, earth s climate has nevertheless remained w   these different conditions may appear, earth s climate has nevertheless remained within the bo  cent research has shown that there have been a number episodes in the past when temperatures wo  dual, million-year changes. but we also know that many of these sudden episodes of severe globa   suddenly died out. equally, there have been relatively short periods when the earth suddenly c  ut. equally, there have been relatively short periods when the earth suddenly cooled and there   pose of our study is twofold. first, we want to understand why the earth abruptly flipped from   m one state to another, from relatively warm to relatively cold. and second, we want to use thi  relatively warm to relatively cold. and second, we want to use this example of global cooling t  warm to relatively cold. and second, we want to use this example of global cooling to examine h   responded at that time. how do we find out this information, and where is it recorded the sedi  where is it recorded the sediments that are deposited in the world s oceans are derived from th  hat are deposited in the world s oceans are derived from the continents and from the remains of  g environmental conditions. we can thus use the chemistry of marine sediments as proxies for se  osition across a section of sedimentary rock, which represents a slice of time, we can then inf  represents a slice of time, we can then infer how temperature and weathering have varied over t  g period about 14 million years ago. we have already completed a successful pilot study that ha   astronomical clock , so we can readily locate our position in absolute time. our objective now  ion in absolute time. our objective now is to determine which mechanism caused the earth to coo  ences were then. at the present day, we face a major challenge in predicting the future course
10356	1	uggests that development and physiology must be considered explicitly when characterising the m
14792	4	plants. until recently, this trait has been considered as fairly constant within species, as t   seed size among individual plants, and are involved in several interactions with other species   intraspecific variability in seed size is expected, due to the multifunctionality of cotiledon  ariability confers resistance to global change, either climatic or due to changes in land use.
2085	4	such external environmental influences are moulded by state of the individuals within the popu  ed herds for which the fates of a large number of individuals are known for up to 10 years and    fates of a large number of individuals are known for up to 10 years and ~1aughterhouse data ga  use data gathered at a large geographic scale, will be used to answer the following questions:
10731	12	r. larger body size reduces the risk of being consumed by predators, and can also lead to an in  ing consumed by predators, and can also lead to an increase in the number of offspring that an   g evidence suggests that most organisms do not grow at the maximum rates that are physiological  hysiologically possible, and that there may actually be significant costs associated with rapid  y possible, and that there may actually be significant costs associated with rapid growth. comp  rmance later in life. while such a cost could have an important influence on both survival and   ile such a cost could have an important influence on both survival and reproductive success, th  imming ability is not understood. there is also nothing known about individual variation in the  shes, and the extent to which the costs may differ between individuals. overall, our lack of kn  ledge makes it impossible to accurately predict the consequences of compensatory growth for the  tructure, biochemistry, metabolism, and swim performance in individual fish to gain insights in  r the trade-off between growth rate and swim performance. additional laboratory studies will be
10015	1	relationships between warning signals, signal mimicry and the evolution of secondary defences.
9910	1	relationships between warning signals, signal mimicry and the evolution of secondary defences.
14819	9	es that integrate soil genesis aspects, soil degradation and its use with the biodiversity them  versity thematic. particularly relevant are the possible relations among the loss of organic ma  lost a great part of their biodiversity is needed an appropriate handling of the organic materi  anic material, to introduce energy that could maintain the soilsystem, and in such a way, to re  he heavy metal accumulation or the pest-control substance persistence diminish directly the soi  nish directly the soil biodiversity and could affect the ecosystem functioning. the main target  y known accumulation and the continuous use of the post-control substances on agroecosystems wi  tion and the continuous use of the post-control substances on agroecosystems with intense agric  nse agricultural activity are specially emphasize on this study. this projects is suitable for
10236	8	many tropical caves are inhabited by bats and birds that feed on insects in   guano at least 40,000 years ago. there is very little information about the vegetation and cli  l sundaland from east to west. in stark contrast, other models predict that rainforests contrac  isolated pockets in borneo and sumatra, while savannas and woodlands expanded over most of the    during the last ice-age will therefore improve our understanding and modelling of global clima   global climate changes in the past and provide vital information on the ice-age environments t  nd provide vital information on the ice-age environments that early humans and other animals en   to adapt to in order to survive in and migrate through this biogrographically important region
9812	8	many tropical caves are inhabited by bats and birds that feed on insects in   guano at least 40,000 years ago. there is very little information about the vegetation and cli  l sundaland from east to west. in stark contrast, other models predict that rainforests contrac  isolated pockets in borneo and sumatra, while savannas and woodlands expanded over most of the    during the last ice-age will therefore improve our understanding and modelling of global clima   global climate changes in the past and provide vital information on the ice-age environments t  nd provide vital information on the ice-age environments that early humans and other animals en   to adapt to in order to survive in and migrate through this biogrographically important region
14273	3	the ocean constitutes a large sink for anthropogenic co2 and thus plays a significant  icant role in the global biogeochemical cycle of carbon and its perturbations. there remain, ho   of carbon and its perturbations. there remain, however, large uncertainties concerning the upt
7671	1	nd where potential new suitable habitat may develop with climate change. the models output will
12383	13	48 days of research vessel time. defra must pay for these rv days, even if they are not used.   time. defra must pay for these rv days, even if they are not used. this project will account fo  ust pay for these rv days, even if they are not used. this project will account for any unused   roject costs will vary any time rv days are added or subtracted elsewhere in the programme thro  the year. r&d rv capital costs of £329k are paid under the non r&d budget line and remain uncha  d. in fy05/06, from the £480k, £90k has been transferred to cover replacement charter days to c  e of the corystes: ae1225: 2 days + mob/demob of charter time = £15k ae1148: 14 days + mob/demo  arter time = £15k ae1148: 14 days + mob/demob of charter time = £75k. revised rv ringfenced cha  rter time = £75k. revised rv ringfenced charge therefore = £329k capital charge + = £719k for f   = £719k for fy05/06, the r&d programme is required to contribute £390k of rv fixed costs which  equivalent of 39 days, but only 18 days are planned, therefore defra need to fund a shortfall o  ly 18 days are planned, therefore defra need to fund a shortfall of 21 days @ £10k per day = £2  10k per day = £210k. currently r/v days are allocated as such: fy05/06 fy06/07 fy07/08 fy08/09
10370	5	through selective feeding, protists play a fundamental role in structuring marine bacterial  recent evidence indicates that protists can select food based on the cell surface properties of  cellular recognition. initially we will investigate ligands and receptors involved in cellular   lar recognition of prey by protozoa and determine to what extent these effect feeding behaviour  eeding behaviour. experiments will then be conducted within coastal waters in order to assess t
13853	1	diseases of forest trees. to do this we focus on the root rot fungus heterobasidion annosum, a
13749	8	tilization, including n amendments, has been proposed as a mean to sequester c in forest ecosys  ver, on a longer term increased n input may result in n saturation with n leaching and deterior  tion of the forest as a c sink. we will use a combination of different approaches – from detail  at carry out c and n turnover in soils, characterize some of these processes at molecular level  hese processes at molecular levels, and identify how they are regulated under different environ  molecular levels, and identify how they are regulated under different environmental scenarios.   nt environmental scenarios. on a larger scale, we will use a network of sites in northern europ  l scenarios. on a larger scale, we will use a network of sites in northern europe. our research
13848	2	in the baltic sea. in the wake of large-scale consequences for biodiversity and ecosystem proce  e pelagic food web suggest that trophic position of herring in the coastal areas of the norther
15267	4	lands marine ecosystem. however, little is known about the biologic composition and oceanograph  er for the occidental islands. cetacean are considered indicator species in the marine ecosyste  nature 200 network. in this context, it is important that there is an initiative to declare a m  his context, it is important that there is an initiative to declare a marine protected area aro
12642	4	an atlantic waters. abundance will also be estimated for other delphinid species found primaril  nd primarily offshore, such as atlantic white-sided dolphin and striped-dolphin. these abundanc  ch in european atlantic waters and also allow the impact of seismic and sonar activities on cet  ivities on cetacean species offshore to be addressed.
10788	8	the antarctic is a uniquely important natural laboratory for examinin  tem responses to climate change, and it is vital that the biological changes being observed the  it is vital that the biological changes being observed there are properly understood. its uniqu  biological changes being observed there are properly understood. its uniqueness comes from a co  ific forms of nitrogen. in addition, we want to find out whether these forms of organic nitroge  itrogen dynamics of antarctic soils. we hypothesize that our research may offer an explanation   soils. we hypothesize that our research may offer an explanation for recent expansions in vascu  ation for recent expansions in vascular plant populations on the antarctic continent. the work
10804	8	the antarctic is a uniquely important natural laboratory for examinin  tem responses to climate change, and it is vital that the biological changes being observed the  it is vital that the biological changes being observed there are properly understood. its uniqu  biological changes being observed there are properly understood. its uniqueness comes from a co  ific forms of nitrogen. in addition, we want to find out whether these forms of organic nitroge  itrogen dynamics of antarctic soils. we hypothesize that our research may offer an explanation   soils. we hypothesize that our research may offer an explanation for recent expansions in vascu  ation for recent expansions in vascular plant populations on the antarctic continent. the work
12014	12	those due to climate change could then be altered. changes in the composition of the catches o  composition of the catches of fisheries are explained by these ecosystem effects , but also by   ture regimes, a 1°c sea surface warming was observed during the last two decades. changes of th  last two decades. changes of the ground-fish community structure were observed and interpreted    of the ground-fish community structure were observed and interpreted as combined effects of fi  ses. greater impacts in the biscay case could be explained by heavier exploitation and/or lower  xplained by heavier exploitation and/or lower resistance of the low diversity system as compare  observed in the south-morroco community could be attributed only to fishing impacts as the temp  e temporal variability of the upwelling may hide the warming effects. facing ecosystem effects   e studied fisheries were able to partly adapt their strategies. however, public policy appeared   to integrated approaches for fisheries were organised by the teams involved in the project dur  d significant multi-disciplinary papers were published.
440	7	biological traits are assumed to control the distribution of species acro   a data base, plantraits, with which it is possible to link the presence of species at particul  those locations and species. plantraits is an executable windows® software, developed with the   , taken on 2685 species among which 45% are tropical species. those traits were measured at one   45% are tropical species. those traits were measured at one or more of 319 locations worldwide  kness to include plantraits in a global network of data bases, including worldwide bases of cli  ncluding worldwide bases of climate and soil properties. this will contribute to the emerging f
528	7	the closure of landcape is without any doubt the major threat to biodiversity i  moors, the region of the grands causses is also a laboratoy where one can obtain general inform  s causses is also a laboratoy where one can obtain general information in terms of interactions  n this area, several farming systems co-exist with various stages of environment closures. furt  ures. furthermore, the grasslands there are colonized by a small number of ligneous species dis  asslands there are colonized by a small number of ligneous species displaying ecological behavi  haviors that are quite contrasting : it is hence possible to have an approach focused on some s
14883	1	nce of a mediterranean freshwater marsh is tackled too.
11294	2	grazing and burning treatments. we will manipulate vegetation of different management systems t  ycling in peatland. to do this, we will use novel pulse labelling approaches which allow us to
11305	2	grazing and burning treatments. we will manipulate vegetation of different management systems t  ycling in peatland. to do this, we will use novel pulse labelling approaches which allow us to
14949	11	l climatic models for the next decades, have on plant communities and soil. the short period of  rimentation and monitoring. in this new phase we want to address the effects of climatic change  on and monitoring. in this new phase we want to address the effects of climatic change on soil   want to address the effects of climatic change on soil microbes, particularly mycorrhiza and ba  larly mycorrhiza and bacteria, which we expect to respond earlier to manipulations. we want to   to respond earlier to manipulations. we want to see the effects of precipitation changes on soi  itation changes on soil respiration and soil carbon accumulation, and relate these changes to m  ation and soil carbon accumulation, and relate these changes to microbial communities assessed   niques. most research on this topic has been carried out in n europe, the us and the arctic. bu  predicted by current models of climatic change, as we propose here.   urrent models of climatic change, as we propose here.
15388	1	mining function in relation with global change in this type of ecosystems are relatively scarce
7150	6	niger. agro ecosystems in this country are exposed to profound changes in environmental, socia  in a limited area of southwestern niger suggest that the changes in farmers' practices, flows r  resulting from deficient seed crops and seed system are the source of significant disturbances   varieties. no precise study on a larger scale on the development of agro-biodiversity of millet  theses on the role of these factors. we propose in this project: • characterize changes in the   this project is first based on data and plant material collected during surveys conducted in 19
14175	10	micropalaeontology and biostratigraphy play vital roles for deciphering the stratigraphic reco  , changes in their location in time and space, and trends in abundance and diversity variations  ental history of a basin. the strata to be studied during this project correspond to telychian   ls are good stratigraphical markers and can be traced in all environments recognized. in sense   interest corresponds to the adavere and lower jaani stages. lithologically, these strata consis  of relatively high sea level. still, we assume that sedimentation in the baltic silurian palaeo  the baltic silurian palaeobasin was not even in the telychian–early sheiwoodian time but its ra  even in the telychian–early sheiwoodian time but its rate varied in great deal due to fluctuati  based on macrolithological data only we think that they still affected distribution of faunas a  ill affected distribution of faunas and can be traced via detailed studies of conodont assembla
6945	1	ition of microbial communities can also be a good indicator of degradation of karst environment
10499	1	ssion and phenotypic evolution, we will compare these processes in both natural of parental and
10699	1	ssion and phenotypic evolution, we will compare these processes in both natural of parental and
7156	6	we hypothesize that the species that thrive in a particula  her than their taxonomic identity which may explain their differential response to environmenta   in an easily searchable and analyzable form, quantified information on functional traits varia   the evolution of plant communities and provide in significant data collection. this database i  nificant data collection. this database is intended to enrich the information still being colle  ntended to enrich the information still being collected and information present on many other s
11062	17	lems, based upon the principle that you are what you eat . evidence from isotopic analyses of h  human remains suggests that coastal and island mesolithic people did utilise marine foods but t  adoption of farming, foods from the sea were abandoned. these data suggest that farmers through  se interpretations have noted that they are at odds with the archaeological evidence for the co  hey are at odds with the archaeological evidence for the continued exploitation of marine resou  g the atlantic seaboard of europe. this may signify that collagen isotope analysis is not sensi  sumption of marine protein, nor will it detect the exploitation of marine fats and oils. theref  fabric; these ancient residues can then be extracted and characterised thousands of years later  e very rapidly upon burial. however, we have recently identified several new classes of highly   sist over archaeological timescales. we have also shown that amino acids surviving in pottery c  he origins of these novel compounds and develop a highly sensitive method for detecting them at  itive method for detecting them at very low concentrations in archaeological pottery. we will t  in archaeological pottery. we will then use these biomarker compounds to track prehistoric patt  possibly at a lower level. we will also investigate pottery from neolithic mainland coastal and  lithic through to the medieval periods, offer opportunities for this part of the investigation.  is part of the investigation. likewise, long-lived mainland sites exist in ireland and the iber   new marine biomarker proxies therefore offer the potential for new insights into changing patt
10349	4	have changed in the late 20th century - long-term forest plots show increased biomass and rates  of these changes are not understood. we propose a world-wide effort to extend, qualitatively an  , the network of tropical forest plots, integrate it with soil and climate data, then creativel   soil and climate data, then creatively use this data to identify the mechanism involved will h
11786	4	have changed in the late 20th century - long-term forest plots show increased biomass and rates  of these changes are not understood. we propose a world-wide effort to extend, qualitatively an  , the network of tropical forest plots, integrate it with soil and climate data, then creativel   soil and climate data, then creatively use this data to identify the mechanism involved will h
6832	8	the research project is based on a hypotheses published by the principal inv  es for molecular chaperones. chaperones may participate in the organization of the cytoplasm an  n the organization of the cytoplasm and buffer several mutations in living cells by correcting   oteins become abundant, and efficiently compete with the silent mutations. the following resear  mutations. the following research areas are planned to be investigated: 1. we will elucidate th  following research areas are planned to be investigated: 1. we will elucidate the role of chape   planned to be investigated: 1. we will elucidate the role of chaperones in cytoplasmic organiz  r the selective inhibition of the hsp90 chaperone at its novel nucleotide binding site discover
13393	2	local varieties were collected and sent to aegean agricultural research   physiological characteristics of types were determined.
11463	6	rsity, particularly archaeal diversity, is poorly characterised and we have little understandin  versity, is poorly characterised and we have little understanding of their ecological role. cul  their ecological role. cultured archaea are all extremophiles despite archaea being present in   rom the colne estuary. group 1 isolates can grow at seawater salinities and we hypothesis that   to allow these organisms to survive and grow under non-extreme conditions. we will study under   w under non-extreme conditions. we will study under varying salinities and temperatures growth
11802	6	rsity, particularly archaeal diversity, is poorly characterised and we have little understandin  versity, is poorly characterised and we have little understanding of their ecological role. cul  their ecological role. cultured archaea are all extremophiles despite archaea being present in   rom the colne estuary. group 1 isolates can grow at seawater salinities and we hypothesis that   to allow these organisms to survive and grow under non-extreme conditions. we will study under   w under non-extreme conditions. we will study under varying salinities and temperatures growth
11013	4	en biogeochemical cycling of carbon and water in semi-arid regions of the western u.s comprisin  f reactive carbon gases from plants and soil, and wind transport of primary carbonaceous partic   as spores, pollen and bacterial cells, lead to the formation of cloud condensation nuclei bact  rmer supercooled temperatures, and thus may play an especially important role in modestly super
11461	7	s licheniformis produces compounds that can elicit the synthesis of antibiotic. this secondary    metabolite is only produced when cells are grown at an air-solid interface, and not in submerg  ed bioflims. planktonically grown cells do not produce antibiotic. however, addition of compoun  s released from the bioflim grown cells can induce antibiotic production in planktonic cells. c   and a marine bacillus pumilus can also induce antibiotic production in b. licheniformis cell s  is cell suspensions. we will chemically characterise the communication molecules responsible fo  cules responsible for these effects and investigate the mechanism of their action.
9937	7	s licheniformis produces compounds that can elicit the synthesis of antibiotic. this secondary    metabolite is only produced when cells are grown at an air-solid interface, and not in submerg  ed bioflims. planktonically grown cells do not produce antibiotic. however, addition of compoun  s released from the bioflim grown cells can induce antibiotic production in planktonic cells. c   and a marine bacillus pumilus can also induce antibiotic production in b. licheniformis cell s  is cell suspensions. we will chemically characterise the communication molecules responsible fo  cules responsible for these effects and investigate the mechanism of their action.
12514	3	sk study is to characterise the organic market in the uk. it follows on from a recommendation b  ion, consumption, the retail market and access to organic food. in addition, the response of di  tion and the penetration of the organic market into urban versus rural areas will be investigat
10818	4	soil usually possesses a microbiotic crust at the surface, which is biologically formed and   e layers form at the soil surface, they have considerable importance in determining water infil   guidelines to assess the environmental fate of crop protection products the studentship provid  isors have an established collaborative programme, with bending, schafer and marshall already c
11476	12	omide is an ozone-depleting atmospheric gas that is both produced and consumed in the marine en   consumed in the marine environment. we have recently isolated a number of novel mebr-degrading   methyltransferase enzymes. very little is known about the exact role of microorganisms in cycl  reakdown of mebr in the environment, we propose to characterise these new mebr utilising bacter   molecular level. in particular we will focus on the methyltransferase enzymes they contain and  hyltransferase enzymes they contain and examine the biocatalytic properties of these enzymes wi  to determine if these types of bacteria can be exploited as biocatalysts. we will use both bioc  n be exploited as biocatalysts. we will use both biochemical and molecular biological technique  mes will be identified by the use of in-house proteomics facilities. the biotransformation pote  ated substrates in oxygen electrode and gas chromatography experiments. if time permits, we wil  y experiments. if time permits, we will clone the genes encoding the most versatile methyltrans  nzymes from selected mebr utilisers and attempt to express them in heterologous hosts such as e
10743	1	ated using hplc. measurements will also be made of organic n in the aerosol and gas phase, to d
11755	1	ated using hplc. measurements will also be made of organic n in the aerosol and gas phase, to d
9974	1	ated using hplc. measurements will also be made of organic n in the aerosol and gas phase, to d
12185	8	n grasslands as an important issue that may threaten the achievement of agri-environment scheme   objectives in england and wales. there is, therefore, a need to improve our understanding of s  ction in grasslands and to identify and evaluate mitigation methods that will enhance the abili  ion in grasslands. we will identify and visit 300 grassland fields covering improved, semi-impr  d and unimproved grassland pastures and hay meadows; fields within and without agri-environment  vey and a final report on the plot- and field-scale experiments, including an assessment of the  , images and technical information that could underpin the production of a technical advice not  y based soil workshops for advisers and land managers via visits to the four experimental platf
10228	2	p models that predict establishment and impact from the characteristics of the initial introduc  sses essential to invasion success that can be used to underpin current preventative, remediati
11625	3	ity is difficult to estimate because it is controlled by processes that may vary considerably i  ause it is controlled by processes that may vary considerably in space and time. existing wind   sting wind erosion models cannot easily be applied over several scales. remote sensing data has
13465	7	role in plant pollination. however, it is threatened by several factors, including pathogens,   bees, and the plants that rely on them, are in decline, incurring major ecological and economic  cological and economic costs. honeybees are grouped into a number of subspecies, which are esti  uped into a number of subspecies, which are estimated to have diverged and spread across africa  nd gentleness. to achieve this, we will survey genetic variation across the entire genome in po  ion sequencing technology. we will then scan these fine-scale patterns of genetic variation for  hreats to honeybees. the data will also enable us to quantify the role of positive selection in
13359	3	forage crops to be grown very variable climate and soil conditions are   ry variable climate and soil conditions are required both rehabilitation of pastures and evalua  nd marginal land. forage legume species are used utilization and rehabilitation of agricultural
14514	1	ex situ reproduction for species which are endangered or in danger of extinction. related to t
1096	6	tly, in wood and fed acorn. in vita and post mortem determinations will be the same in the two   mprehensive of the subcutaneous fat and skin, the sample joint will be dissected in its tissue   sue components. on longissumus lumborum muscle the following determinations will be carried out  sual statistical analyses; it will also be employed multivariate analysis. the more innovative   nternational symposium of mediterranean pig, that will be held in sicily in the 2007, whom orga  cily in the 2007, whom organization has be assigned to the local ru.
15217	2	which not only the biological diversity is considered but its functional relationship with the   l2006-02534, more than 40 publications, back up the interest of the model and the convenience o
14749	3	roject deals with the global systematic study of the tinto river extreme ecosystem with the aim  which not only the biological diversity is considered but its relationship with the mineral sub  ling stations and their different fases underline the interest of the model system and the conv
15181	11	racterize the pestivirus since 2001. it is a virus never described before in this species that,  that, with the greatest probability, it is thought to be the cause of the severe disease that a  he severe disease that affects pyrenean chamois populations. mortality associated to this virus  nd 83%, which has lead to a demographic collapse of some populations. epidemiological, clinical   and pathological aspects are currently being studied. since 2001, severe outbreaks of disease    2001, severe outbreaks of disease have been reported in three important protected areas, while  ted in three important protected areas, while in other areas, we have not observed the disease   otected areas, while in other areas, we have not observed the disease or there have been only i   not observed the disease or there have been only isolated cases of disease. we have studied mo  acteristics of this virus. we will also continue with the epidemiological surveillance of the d   the virus from the different areas and study the relationship between the antigenic and molecu
7509	4	i strains have a variety which does not allow to precisely characterize the outside of disease   riety which does not allow to precisely characterize the outside of disease reproduction toxici  irulence genes have shown, however quon could classify the majority of apec strains in 4 groups   apec by answering two questions: there are several strains pathotypes among apec apec how to d
7501	1	species of mushroom paris, has recently been proposed. against all odds, the xanthodermie secti
15334	7	the present research proposal is intended as a contribution to the knowledge of self-  n of pseudo-self-compatibility. we make use of the sonchus pustulatus / s. fragilis taxonomic c   asteraceae , who proposed a predictive model for gen s diversity in steady panmictic populatio  so depending on mutation rates, hard to be checked. a crosses program has also been planned in    be checked. a crosses program has also been planned in order to analyze divergence concerning   nd other forthcoming data will probably provide a credible estimation for the evolutionary rate  the diversity in incompatibility groups may show conservation implications. in small population
7510	3	e ecosystems and their biotechnological interest, the order heterotrophic thermococcales consti   the order heterotrophic thermococcales constitute a priority target. hyperthermophilic methano  occus of the family methanocaldococcus, analyze the potential for discrimination to inter and i
7508	1	t s'insère dans le volet génétique d'un programme de recherches de l'oncfs sur les perdrix du g
13395	1	this study was carried out from 2006 to 2008 to determine morpholo
7384	1	mpared, in time, in space, in that they are located in a chromosomal region known to be subject
7625	9	he shear strength of the soil, but they do not take into account the architectural complexity o  of the root system of trees. so we will endeavor us to evaluate the effects of architectural tr   of interest for soil reinforcement and integrate these effects in slope stability models. the   in slope stability models. the approach is based on the embodiment 1 of soil shear tests reinfo  mplementation of a digital experimental design to quantify the influence of root traits on soil  ment. the use of vegetation, especially forest ecosystems, with a view to ensuring a protective  e mountains is a common practice. there is, in most alpine areas, silviculture guides pir ecolo   mountain forests. the major scientific latch on improving these tools lies in the taking into   on between the root system of trees and soil
14588	8	ve orchard agroecosystem in extremadura must be protected because of the ecological importance   , as soils in many zones of extremadura are in precarious state, due to low ph and soil develop   zones of extremadura are in precarious state, due to low ph and soil development, under extrem   in precarious state, due to low ph and soil development, under extreme temperature and drought   different zones. however, most of them have not been addecuately characterized with dna marker  t zones. however, most of them have not been addecuately characterized with dna markers. this r  lisment of the sustained and ecological culture of olive orchards need a good mycorrhization. i  uate fungus for every olive variety and zone of extremadura.
213	1	zymes, 2,5oligoadenylate . we will also develop the method for the isolation of sponge chromoso
157	4	f algae in the total flux of energy and matter of the coastal ecosystem. being a quite unique a  osystem. being a quite unique and small group of macroalgae in estonian coastal sea the total i  en heavily underestimated so far. small amount of information about charophytes in estonian coa  arophytes in estonian coastal sea areas is caused mainly by taxonomic problems and development
14858	4	as financed the project biogeographycal study of the flora of n morocco . once the project ende  orocco . once the project ended, it has been verified that on spite of the previous preparation  ation of a guide to contributors, there is a wide heterogeneity among the contributions from di  used in the identification keys. it has been estimated in two year the time needed for the team
12404	3	eview existing research and techniques, fill knowledge gaps and plan for the future in relation  and techniques, fill knowledge gaps and plan for the future in relation to chemical hazards and  onal and international commitments . it is recognised that chemicals, both known and as yet uni
15147	9	particularly important when visual cues are limited, as is the case in aquatic ecosystems. furt   those ecosystems, chemicals cues often mediate the communication among organisms, which use ch  ncluding invertebrates and vertebrates, show specific anti-predator responses to chemical alarm  fluence prey to use different habitats, forage at different times, change their activity levels  nt habitats, forage at different times, change their activity levels or otherwise alter their f  ange their activity levels or otherwise alter their foraging behavior. therefore, chemical pred  herefore, chemical predator recognition may elicit avoidance responses that significantly affec  fully characterized in terms of origin, release, olfactory detection, and prey responses. the p  igin, release, olfactory detection, and prey responses. the principal goals of this project are
11191	2	small particles found in the bottom ice may interact with the ice during laboratory procedures.  reasons for any chemical variation that cannot be explained otherwise.
13530	8	ankton, so called harmful algal blooms, are natural phenomena in marine environments, but durin  ity of inorganic nutrients cannot fully account for the formation of many blooms, especially di  lative maximal growth rate is generally lower for dinoflagellates than for other phytoplankton   mical defenses and allelopathic agents, are important in explaining the competitive ability of   is a continuation of my previous formas-project on the chemical ecology of toxic dinoflagellate  . using the same procedure we will also aim to identify the unknown allelopathic compounds that  nknown allelopathic compounds that have been shown to be exuded from dinoflagellates, with stro  athic compounds that have been shown to be exuded from dinoflagellates, with strong negative ef
10478	5	the face of gene flow, differentiation is expected to be variable across the genome reflecting  ogress is difficult in many systems. we argue that a candidate gene approach can significantly   ndidate gene approach can significantly advance this field. we propose to study sequence and ex  an significantly advance this field. we propose to study sequence and expression divergence for  fferent levels of divergence, excellent background information and a sequenced genome. this all
11703	5	the face of gene flow, differentiation is expected to be variable across the genome reflecting  ogress is difficult in many systems. we argue that a candidate gene approach can significantly   ndidate gene approach can significantly advance this field. we propose to study sequence and ex  an significantly advance this field. we propose to study sequence and expression divergence for  fferent levels of divergence, excellent background information and a sequenced genome. this all
10316	13	we propose an analysis of the chemosynthetic ecosystems in  ctica south of the polar front. we will conduct a detailed investigation and analysis of four c  those associated with high-temperature, bare-rock hydrothermal vents isis to dive on, sample an   associated with high-temperature, bare-rock hydrothermal vents isis to dive on, sample and cha  ermal vents isis to dive on, sample and characterise the biological and physical environment su  se, using the rov isis to dive upon and examine hydrothermal and cold seep environments both no  nts both north and south of king george island, antarctic peninsula. subsequent analysis will c  lysis will compare the hydrothermal and seep chemistry among these four sites. we will use morp  emistry among these four sites. we will use morphological, molecular, lipid and stable isotope   use morphological, molecular, lipid and stable isotope analyses of microbial and metazoan popul  mine the phylogeography of species, and understand the food web processes. our programme will d  f chemosynthetically-driven ecosystems, is driven by oceanographic or tectonic processes or whe  cesses or whether any site is, instead, host to completely isolated evolution.
10551	13	we propose an analysis of the chemosynthetic ecosystems in  ctica south of the polar front. we will conduct a detailed investigation and analysis of four c  those associated with high-temperature, bare-rock hydrothermal vents isis to dive on, sample an   associated with high-temperature, bare-rock hydrothermal vents isis to dive on, sample and cha  ermal vents isis to dive on, sample and characterise the biological and physical environment su  se, using the rov isis to dive upon and examine hydrothermal and cold seep environments both no  nts both north and south of king george island, antarctic peninsula. subsequent analysis will c  lysis will compare the hydrothermal and seep chemistry among these four sites. we will use morp  emistry among these four sites. we will use morphological, molecular, lipid and stable isotope   use morphological, molecular, lipid and stable isotope analyses of microbial and metazoan popul  mine the phylogeography of species, and understand the food web processes. our programme will d  f chemosynthetically-driven ecosystems, is driven by oceanographic or tectonic processes or whe  cesses or whether any site is, instead, host to completely isolated evolution.
10781	13	we propose an analysis of the chemosynthetic ecosystems in  ctica south of the polar front. we will conduct a detailed investigation and analysis of four c  those associated with high-temperature, bare-rock hydrothermal vents isis to dive on, sample an   associated with high-temperature, bare-rock hydrothermal vents isis to dive on, sample and cha  ermal vents isis to dive on, sample and characterise the biological and physical environment su  se, using the rov isis to dive upon and examine hydrothermal and cold seep environments both no  nts both north and south of king george island, antarctic peninsula. subsequent analysis will c  lysis will compare the hydrothermal and seep chemistry among these four sites. we will use morp  emistry among these four sites. we will use morphological, molecular, lipid and stable isotope   use morphological, molecular, lipid and stable isotope analyses of microbial and metazoan popul  mine the phylogeography of species, and understand the food web processes. our programme will d  f chemosynthetically-driven ecosystems, is driven by oceanographic or tectonic processes or whe  cesses or whether any site is, instead, host to completely isolated evolution.
11308	13	we propose an analysis of the chemosynthetic ecosystems in  ctica south of the polar front. we will conduct a detailed investigation and analysis of four c  those associated with high-temperature, bare-rock hydrothermal vents isis to dive on, sample an   associated with high-temperature, bare-rock hydrothermal vents isis to dive on, sample and cha  ermal vents isis to dive on, sample and characterise the biological and physical environment su  se, using the rov isis to dive upon and examine hydrothermal and cold seep environments both no  nts both north and south of king george island, antarctic peninsula. subsequent analysis will c  lysis will compare the hydrothermal and seep chemistry among these four sites. we will use morp  emistry among these four sites. we will use morphological, molecular, lipid and stable isotope   use morphological, molecular, lipid and stable isotope analyses of microbial and metazoan popul  mine the phylogeography of species, and understand the food web processes. our programme will d  f chemosynthetically-driven ecosystems, is driven by oceanographic or tectonic processes or whe  cesses or whether any site is, instead, host to completely isolated evolution.
11568	13	we propose an analysis of the chemosynthetic ecosystems in  ctica south of the polar front. we will conduct a detailed investigation and analysis of four c  those associated with high-temperature, bare-rock hydrothermal vents isis to dive on, sample an   associated with high-temperature, bare-rock hydrothermal vents isis to dive on, sample and cha  ermal vents isis to dive on, sample and characterise the biological and physical environment su  se, using the rov isis to dive upon and examine hydrothermal and cold seep environments both no  nts both north and south of king george island, antarctic peninsula. subsequent analysis will c  lysis will compare the hydrothermal and seep chemistry among these four sites. we will use morp  emistry among these four sites. we will use morphological, molecular, lipid and stable isotope   use morphological, molecular, lipid and stable isotope analyses of microbial and metazoan popul  mine the phylogeography of species, and understand the food web processes. our programme will d  f chemosynthetically-driven ecosystems, is driven by oceanographic or tectonic processes or whe  cesses or whether any site is, instead, host to completely isolated evolution.
11828	13	we propose an analysis of the chemosynthetic ecosystems in  ctica south of the polar front. we will conduct a detailed investigation and analysis of four c  those associated with high-temperature, bare-rock hydrothermal vents isis to dive on, sample an   associated with high-temperature, bare-rock hydrothermal vents isis to dive on, sample and cha  ermal vents isis to dive on, sample and characterise the biological and physical environment su  se, using the rov isis to dive upon and examine hydrothermal and cold seep environments both no  nts both north and south of king george island, antarctic peninsula. subsequent analysis will c  lysis will compare the hydrothermal and seep chemistry among these four sites. we will use morp  emistry among these four sites. we will use morphological, molecular, lipid and stable isotope   use morphological, molecular, lipid and stable isotope analyses of microbial and metazoan popul  mine the phylogeography of species, and understand the food web processes. our programme will d  f chemosynthetically-driven ecosystems, is driven by oceanographic or tectonic processes or whe  cesses or whether any site is, instead, host to completely isolated evolution.
15320	7	come to the aquatic systems, where they exercise its toxic action on microalgae, which are in t  e, which are in the base of the trophic chain; this alteration carries effects of long scope on  tuation of stress provoked for triazine-type herbicides. there will be evaluated the short-term  e evaluated the short-term changes that are produced in these cells, in the moment in which the  s, in the moment in which the herbicide is added to the medium and up to a maximum of 24 hours,  mic techniques, that have developed and been applied in our laboratory during the development o  f the microalgal cells at the molecular level, from the optics of the alteration of the metabol
14316	5	holera is one of the deadliest diseases in africa. cholera out  s reappeared in the area of the african rift in the late 70s while strong signals of climate ch  while strong signals of climate changes were noted can be of use for representing past cholera   g past cholera outbreaks and, possibly, predict future ones. for the first time, a interdiscipl   with climate change and global indices could help in designing early warning methods.
6866	5	piled on the basis of this research has been prepared in hungary so far. thus the knowledge on   ess of the flora of a given grid square can be modelled on the basis of the species composition  the species composition. the results to be expected will help the professional botanic, landsca  ted will help the professional botanic, landscape history, nature conservation, geographic util  on, geographic utilization, furthermore give information to several experts working in forestry
11673	9	although the origin of species was published almost 150 years ago, we still understand  ublished almost 150 years ago, we still understand little about how new species are formed. in   understand little about how new species are formed. in mammals, many closely related species di  differ in chromosome number , and there is no difficulty in finding genes at various positions   positions on mouse chromosomes, that we can use to distinguish between our two models. to exami  en the races and what happens when they hybridise, we will collect mice from natural areas of h  at happens when they hybridise, we will collect mice from natural areas of hybridisation. much   or our two models. in this way, we will be able to decide what may be promoting species-formati  ecies-formation in the house mouse, and give us valuable insight into this process for mammals
15090	4	ntegrative evaluation of the ecological state of the water bodies requires the recognition of t  pounds reach to high concentrations and may persist during longer periods of time. the inclusio  lative to chemistry and composition and structure of benthic communities makes possible a diagn  es possible a diagnostic on the cause / effect relationships of the contaminants on the biota.
9843	4	ts incorporation into the proto-pacific margin of gondwana. to this end we will use well-tried   ution ion microprobe . they should also reveal the ages and source regions of provenance, cruci   . they should also reveal the ages and source regions of provenance, crucial to unravelling th  including the extent to which patagonia was formed through the collision-accretion of exotic te
14187	5	ystems. in shallow eutrophic and turbid lake võrtsjärv the microbial loop prevails over the cla  ns. ciliate community in lake võrtsjärv is extremely rich and usually its biomass exceeds that    webs in that lake. the following goals are addressed in the project 1. to quantify the trophic   the project 1. to quantify the trophic link between ciliates and metazooplankton in shallow eu  ce of ciliate – metazooplankton trophic link to food web functioning in shallow eutrophic and t
13439	7	phytoplankton community in the past and present, and how predictions for the 21st century will   mental friendly protein source. we will define the long-term effects of the environmental chang  basis, and the groups will subsequently be analyzed as functions of selected hydrographic param  cal-biological model to investigate and characterize the environmental variables that correlate  t of harmful phytoplankton species, and challenge the models with simulated atmospheric/oceanog  as the most promising will subsequently be tested and validated in manipulated mesocosm experim  fforts in harmful algal monitoring, and provide a model for climate impact on tropical ecosyste
7036	19	organisms for monitoring environmental change, yet little is known about their worldwide diver  toring environmental change, yet little is known about their worldwide diversity patterns. in h  atterns of tertiary diversification and range fragmentation and pleistocene extinctions and ran  atterns and world diversity hotspots we know today. it might be assumed that tree-dwelling lich  ersity hotspots we know today. it might be assumed that tree-dwelling lichen species follow sim   not always the case. in particular, we note that while there are many lichen species that occu  s the case. in particular, we note that while there are many lichen species that occur in east   in particular, we note that while there are many lichen species that occur in east asia and eas  ies that occur in east asia and eastern north america , there are also many species that occur    asia and eastern north america , there are also many species that occur in western north ameri  en treated as a distinct distributional type because they are found in all four regions, but it  stinct distributional type because they are found in all four regions, but it is possible that   y are found in all four regions, but it is possible that they conceal similar patterns of diver  r regions, but it is possible that they conceal similar patterns of diversification in their dn  their dna. we propose examining genetic structure within a model species of the boreal forest,   s range: east asia, western and eastern north america, and europe. specifically we will examine  erica, and europe. specifically we will examine whether relationship patterns are congruent wit  terns are congruent with the east-east, west-west distribution types of many lichen species and   are congruent with the east-east, west-west distribution types of many lichen species and to w
12658	2	t findings under cites. in addition, it is intended that this project provide an element of cap  es authorities. the project should also provide a contribution to the understanding of the orni
14157	8	out by urbanisation cause a significant increase in environmental pressures, which has not been   environmental pressures, which has not been fully surveyed, in particular using life cycle ass  ives. the total growth of environmental load of city dwellers is expressed in the increase of e   of environmental load of city dwellers is expressed in the increase of ecological footprint, s  s as sensitive places have to adapt and mitigate to the changing climate and contribute to the   nd mitigate to the changing climate and contribute to the decrease in greenhouse gas emissions.  se gas emissions. the impact of spatial structure of settlements and buildings on land use and   ion of urban environment, also needs to be elaborated. the objective of the research project is
230	13	of the lepidopterous family geometridae is traditional, the last global review written by l.b.p  r on, only the subfamily sterrhinae has been revised on global scale, and regional reviews of s  y sterrhinae has been revised on global scale, and regional reviews of some other groups are pu  d regional reviews of some other groups are published during the last decade. geometrid moths a  t decade. geometrid moths as a speciose group, which is distributed worldwide, is a good object  metrid moths as a speciose group, which is distributed worldwide, is a good object for molecula   group, which is distributed worldwide, is a good object for molecular systematicists. however,   a system of geometridae based on up-to-date morphological treatment and analysis. molecular sy   and analysis. molecular systematicists use cladistic treatment of data, therefore a cladistic   reatment of data, therefore a cladistic review of moths' morphology on global scale will be opt  ogeographical regions. these materials, being in process of scientific identification, serve as  n process of scientific identification, serve as a database for the proposed project. the revie  idae, as well as it enables synthetical approach in phylogeography, problems of genesis of faun
14313	4	cape modifications that can potentially affect global climate via their effects on surface albe  es on natural ecosystems in east africa was limited, due to very low mean population density de  ter-quality losses due to siltation and excess nutrient input directly linked to deforestation   d to those associated with natural long-term hydrological change.
2079	3	, the norwegian spring spawning herring was driven almost to extinction in the early 1970s, wit  from those prior to the collapse. there is provisional evidence for a link between the stock co  g and climate, and develop state-of-the-art mathematical models to aid prediction of the conseq
10494	4	imate system and tropical vegetation it is necessary to examine past records of vegetation chan  , and chronologically well constrained, lake sediments. however, few fossil pollen lake records  m the tropics which cover one, or more, complete glacial-interglacial cycle. pollen records doc  change in the lowland tropics of africa are particularly scarce with only three records from te
2013	11	within the deforestation process, fire is used as a cheap tool to eliminate biomass, releasing  re dry enough to burn, so fire can only be used on a large scale when there is a distinct dry s  rn, so fire can only be used on a large scale when there is a distinct dry season. on an annual  nly be used on a large scale when there is a distinct dry season. on an annual basis, deforesta   socio-economic factors that ultimately drive deforestation. here i show however, how climate m  ation. here i show however, how climate may play an under-appreciated role in controlling defor  r investigate links between climate and fire-driven deforestation using satellite measurements   rements of fires and precipitation, and assess how regional deforestation rates and practices m  ional deforestation rates and practices may change in the future as a result of changing precip  of the proposed research will therefore address relations between precipitation characteristics  the second part will i examine how this may change in the future. the main objective will be to
2030	4	distributions towards the pole, but it is unclear why some species become extremely abundant i  tats and others not. plant invasiveness may be caused by a variety of factors. from the perspec  o explain invasiveness. plant abundance can be controlled by both above- and belowground enemie  n species in new and original habitats, are caused by differences in mobility between plants, t
13615	7	plant species will shift from presently warm to previously cold climate regions. invasive plant  eviously cold climate regions. invasive plant species may become serious pests in their new env  ests in their new environments, if they are released from their herbivores. root-feeding nemato   experiments, i will compare growth and plant defences between plants of the same species from   will investigate if the plants exude or emit substances that attract the antagonists in trials   the abundance of root-feeding nematodes is controlled in natural ecosystems may help to improve  des is controlled in natural ecosystems may help to improve the biological control of nematodes
9835	4	n. to make such models useful tools, it is then necessary to integrate them with models of clim  lack-tailed godwits, for which is there is a long-term marking programme enabling analyses of i   movement patterns, and for which there are established links between habitat quality and demog  he resulting population model will then be used within a fuzzy-logic based coastal simulator mo
10007	13	ter than present, there was very little ice at the poles, and global sea levels were much highe  egan to cool dramatically and extensive ice-sheets began to grow on antarctica, taking the firs  ntervals and times of possible icesheet cover on both hemispheres, in particular between 38 and  ma shells surrounding their cells which are preserved as minute fossils in huge numbers in seaf  chemical composition of their shells we can determine how warm, how acidic and how salty the oc  middle eocene climate we will, firstly, determine exactly how old the sediments are that record  are that record climate change. we will do this by looking at the magnetic properties of the se  e foraminifera and the species present, act like a fingerprint indicating a specific age. secon  indicating a specific age. secondly, we want to document the detailed changes in environmental    global climate through time. third, we want to use this information to understand the effect r  spheric co2, like that occurring today, have on ocean acidity and in turn on carbonate-producin  base of the global marine foodchain, we need to know how they will respond. the research will b  al intervals of climate change. we will collaborate with scripps institution of oceanography, u
13785	4	ects with well known ecology i.e. large blue butterflies investigate ecosystem functioning and   sects in an ecological and evolutionary framework on interactions between hostplants-insects-pa  r general knowledge of how such systems are influenced by accelerating changes needs to be impr  uenced by accelerating changes needs to be improved.
12190	1	environmental stewardship was introduced to build on the already successful envir
1105	5	in the carbon cycle that carry out and control the carbon cycle. a simulation model of the car  her available data. cartographic themes can be identified and may indicate suitable decisions t  rtographic themes can be identified and may indicate suitable decisions to be made in controlli   and may indicate suitable decisions to be made in controlling the greenhouse effect via the in  large and diverse audience. the project is divided into four research lines: 1. productive agro
10850	4	interaction between two or more species can be bought about either as direct responses of speci  st these alternative causal mechanisms, being easily censused and directly competing for space.  cles in sw england to determine whether direct or indirect mechanisms better predict responses   year period will be used to develop and test the models.
10476	5	mentation in marine systems have barely been considered. there are several reasons for this inc  tems have barely been considered. there are several reasons for this including difficulties in   ntation in marine systems have recently been lifted. the research team is multi-disciplinary an   those found in the field. if the grant is funded by nerc, the university of exeter has committ  o extend the analyses over a continuous range of emission scenarios
13755	3	face ice on fish. the project will also identify the channel topography that is optimal for avo  hat is optimal for avoiding destructive ice formation and prepare recommendations for proactive   avoiding destructive ice formation and prepare recommendations for proactive restoration metho
2006	10	ir high number of species. samples have been taken over more than 100 years resulting in valuab  cator taxa, a solid historical baseline is needed. this may be achieved by the compilation of r  lid historical baseline is needed. this may be achieved by the compilation of reliable and vali  ndonesian biodiversity data from as far back in time as possible. model taxa are selected, base  ar back in time as possible. model taxa are selected, based on their representation in museum a  . next to data base comparison, we will analyse caco3 secreting organisms, such as corals and m  ected in the course of the 20th century can be compared. fluorescent banding, correlated with r  cent banding, correlated with rainfall, is exposed with the help of uv-light. small samples of   elp of uv-light. small samples of caco3 can be taken from the bands with the help of a computer  tion / evaporation changes and can thus be used as a reference for observed changes in floral /
10044	12	there is considerable uncertainly regarding the influence of    to safeguarding ecosystem function. we propose to investigate climatic influence on spatial an  ion. we propose to investigate climatic influence on spatial and temporal structure of the nort   the northeast atlantic marine demersal fish assemblage. using collated data from uk government  ta from uk government survey trawls, we aim to 1 investigate whether there is a northeast atlan  k government survey trawls, we aim to 1 investigate whether there is a northeast atlantic signa  , we aim to 1 investigate whether there is a northeast atlantic signature of diversity change l  the same magnitude across the region. 2 test if individual species show similar abundance trend  throughout their geographic ranges, and identify ecological and life-history species traits lin  e, growth rates and trophic level and 3 test the reliability of climate-envelope predictions of  ecies distributions and abundances, and compare these to predictions made using models incorpor   underpinning predictions of ecological change during forecasted 2 to 4 c rises in mean annual
10895	4	change with a predicted rise in global average temperatures of 2-5c over the next 50 years. am  ty in many mobile animal taxa. however, long-lived plants, including keystone forest trees, dis  lants, including keystone forest trees, disperse slowly cannot adapt to rapid climate change wi   keystone forest trees, disperse slowly cannot adapt to rapid climate change within the lifespa
11708	4	change with a predicted rise in global average temperatures of 2-5 deg c over the next 50 year  ty in many mobile animal taxa. however, long-lived plants, including keystone forest trees, dis  lants, including keystone forest trees, disperse slowly cannot adapt to rapid climate change wi   keystone forest trees, disperse slowly cannot adapt to rapid climate change within the lifespa
7479	14	although there is no certainty regarding the precise nature and rate o  tainty regarding the precise nature and rate of future climate change, even the most moderate s  ture and rate of future climate change, even the most moderate scenarios predict a continuing c  he last years, much new information has been gathered in large eu-funded research, but to date   h, but to date this information has not been synthesized nor has it become an important part of  thesized nor has it become an important part of public knowledge. the aim of this proposal is t  projects and research networks, we will produce a state-of-the-art overview of european researc  etworks, we will produce a state-of-the-art overview of european research results on the effect   change on marine environment. an up-to-date overview of public knowledge and perception on the   be used to identify the main issues to be addressed and the best practices to be used during t   be addressed and the best practices to be used during the outreach activities. enhancement of   innovative tools such as an interactive pan-european conference at the end of 2010 and a high-q  reach activities will build upon recent experience as has been gathered within eu-funded resear  ill build upon recent experience as has been gathered within eu-funded research to communicate
12660	8	r killing; and to facilitate their long-term survival by endeavouring to remove obstacles that   remove obstacles that hinder migration; protect habitats; and lessen the impact of non-indigeno  hinder migration; protect habitats; and lessen the impact of non-indigenous species. migratory   n-indigenous species. migratory species are considered important as they can act as linkages be  pecies are considered important as they can act as linkages between ecosystems, and therefore c  ch on the subject. a copy of the report can be located at http://defraweb/wildlife-countryside/  port recommended that indicator species be identified to provide information on the condition o  reements, their party states and others play a more active part in addressing the threats to mi
13773	5	phenotypic plasticity in their breeding-time to allow them to co-ordinate breeding with seasona  urces. although plasticity allows short-term adjustment to temperature changes, large-scale dis  djustment to temperature changes, large-scale disruptions to these patterns , and assess whethe  ale disruptions to these patterns , and assess whether climate variables can limit the success    , and assess whether climate variables can limit the success of species translocation programs
2000	9	forming peat, bogs serve as significant long-term sinks for atmospheric carbon dioxide. climati  spheric carbon dioxide. climatic change could bring about changes in the biodiversity and speci  es composition of these ecosystems that could have important repercussions for global carbon cy  l carbon cycling. experiments that have been carried out so far were too short to study the res  t have been carried out so far were too short to study the response of these ecosystems to glob  ems to global change. virtually nothing is known about how climate change and changes in atmosp  es in species composition during longer time periods, since the peat forms a natural archive of  d conditions. more specifically we will attempt:· to reconstruct the historic changes in sphagn  storic changes in sphagnum and vascular plant species composition and carbon sequestration in b
14737	9	lant and animal physiology, more effort is needed to investigate the impacts at community level  l, particularly in forests. at regional scale, climate change may produce modifications in spec  ests. at regional scale, climate change may produce modifications in species distribution, acco  ial climatic niche. in this project, we propose to develop statistical models of potential dist  ential distribution of the main spanish forest species under different climatic scenarios. sinc  from one of these experiments, and they suggest that abrupt changes may appear after drought th  s, and they suggest that abrupt changes may appear after drought thresholds are achieved. these  ges may appear after drought thresholds are achieved. these experiments will also allow the spe  e achieved. these experiments will also allow the species characterisation according to morphol
14823	5	currently it is considered by several studies that ecotones are very  may cause changes in the timberline and be of enormous ecological significance. the alpine timb   in winter. due to its high altitude it is also exposed to exceptionally high radiation. in thi  ly high radiation. in this proposal, it is intended to monitor the physiological performance of  n other parts of the earth. in this way is intended to amplify a base of knowledge for better m
482	4	insects react rapidly to environmental change: for example, regional extinction rates of europ  rder of magnitude in recent decades. we have also shown that butterflies are accurate indicator  lies were by the many species that also depend on ants species across the climatic gradient, us  c gradient, using national and european time series and atlas datasets available to the consort
12592	6	climate change has been identified by the draft soil strategy for england    current climate projections for the uk suggest scenarios of warming leading to hotter and drie  ils and the soil biota, and potentially affect the ability of soils to maintain delivery of the   including carbon and nutrient cycling, soil structural dynamics, detoxifying pollutants and su  ood. some studies have shown that there are complex relationships between belowground biodivers  he ability of the soil to withstand and recover from perturbations.
7673	1	clim-fabiam is a basic research program relying on a long lasting p
11758	1	changes in whole plant carbon balances may have important consequences for seedling growth and
9996	1	changes in whole plant carbon balances may have important consequences for seedling growth and
10889	7	birds and is affecting the geographical range of species as warm temperate species advance nort  ortant implications for zooplankton and fish assemblages and indeed the whole marine food web.   loom as a result of climate change have been demonstrated and shown to have significant effects  intertidal barnacles have made a superb model organism for studies of larval transport and supp  dies of larval transport and supply and are also sensitive indicators of climate change. their   are either boreal . in this way we will improve our understanding of how hydroclimatic factors   gues at sams as part of a previous nerc grant to understand effects of climate change on adult
10950	4	n glacier equilibrium line altitude and summer temperature. we will investigate whether glacier  ltitude and summer temperature. we will investigate whether glacier retreat during the yd resul  in snowfall or climate warming. we will compare midge-inferred july temperatures with the grip   rd to determine whether the grip record can be used as a proxy for summer temperature in the ne
13587	4	esulting depression of their algal food is considered the main mechanism leading to a cwp. usin  ation of historical data from two large north american lakes, i will test the hypothesis that c  els describing and predicting herbivore-plant interactions with effects at the ecosystem scale   rity and quality during late spring and summer in lakes gained in the project will be of great
2056	5	iversity perspective because this biome is dominated by specialists that have through evolution  ures and long winters -specialists that are found nowhere else on earth. polar bears induced ch   and interactions of these two species, identify critical habitat features and develop a predic   identify critical habitat features and develop a predictive model to assess the impact of futu  bitat features and develop a predictive model to assess the impact of future climate change on
1997	16	we will base our study on climate induced biodiversity shifts i  tic ecosystems. climate change can thus be expected to affect biodiversity by changing the dist  internally driven oscillations may also be critical for maintaining biodiversity. according to   rnative stable state hypothesis', lakes can switch in an abrupt way between alternative stable   versity. climate change may potentially push these ecosystems to another stable state and may t   ecosystems to another stable state and may therefore have a large effect on aquatic biodiversi   another stable state and may therefore have a large effect on aquatic biodiversity. we will re  le state and may therefore have a large effect on aquatic biodiversity. we will review, test an  effect on aquatic biodiversity. we will review, test and apply each of these theories in two cl   biodiversity. we will review, test and apply each of these theories in two closely linked proj  ionally carry out simulations with full-scale ecosystem models. these two alw-funded researcher  ayers in the field of water quality and water management. the anticipated results will provide   n aquatic biodiversity. the integrative approach of the programme will contribute to a better u  of the mechanisms by which biodiversity is obtained, which is essential for the development of   ble management strategies. it will also contribute to a better prediction of the effects of glo  ter prediction of the effects of global change for aquatic biodiversity.
1999	13	ecosystems to tackle this question, we base our work on three influential theories: - the inte  odiversity hypothesis - the alternative-stable-state hypothesis interestingly, these three theo  ity hypothesis - the alternative-stable-state hypothesis interestingly, these three theories se  aquatic biodiversity in more detail, we propose to test specific hypothesis generated from thes  eories experimentally in microcosms and do additional analysis using electronic cosms'. the mic  tions. in different experiments we will manipulate the composition of the phytoplankton or the    zooplankton community and additionally impose different temperature and light regimes to study  onally impose different temperature and light regimes to study climatic effects on biotic inter  on organisms with long generation times cannot be studied experimentally, we will make use of a  an existing general lake model. we will use this full-scale ecosystem model as an electronic co  neral lake model. we will use this full-scale ecosystem model as an electronic cosm, focusing o  m, focusing on the same questions as we do in the experimental microcosms. the findings from th  the results obtained by time series and model analysis in the companion project of this researc
1998	7	we address the question how global change will affect the   odiversity hypothesis - the alternative-stable-state hypothesis interestingly, these three theo  ity hypothesis - the alternative-stable-state hypothesis interestingly, these three theories se  aquatic biodiversity in more detail, we propose to use time series analysis and model analysis.  propose to use time series analysis and model analysis. the time series analysis will focus on    qualitative understanding, and we will use the climatic variability observed in the time serie  he findings from the model analysis and time series analysis will be compared with experimental
2179	14	orest that sometimes leads to extensive forest death. we have recently made two discoveries tha  mes leads to extensive forest death. we have recently made two discoveries that suggest that di  n outbreaks restricted to low-altitude, coast-near forest in nw norway, has expanded its outbre  rrita autumnata as to cause intense and long-lasting defoliation leading to extensive forest de  asting defoliation leading to extensive forest death. secondly, during the last 3 years, a nove   forest in troms county. a. aurantiaria is known as a forest pest species further south in euro   species further south in europe and it may thus represent a putative new pest in the sub-arcti  further south in europe and it may thus represent a putative new pest in the sub-arctic birch f  iod of increasingly earlier springs. we hypothesize that the earlier springs have provided a sp   have provided a spreading phenological match between the geometrids and their food resource or  ape from regulatory mechanisms. here we propose to test this match-mismatch hypothesis in a foo  sms. here we propose to test this match-mismatch hypothesis in a food web perspective, combinin   small-scale process studies with large-scale, pattern oriented approaches. through these studi  d approaches. through these studies, we aim to provide means of forecasting the further develop
14665	3	onal climate zones where climate change may have the greatest effects. in the areas where rainf  or gcm for mediterranean areas where we expect an increasing aridity in the near future and con  c data base for the whole mediterranean coast of spain. approximately 1600 series with differen
15005	3	ally within short ranges . an important part of the biodiversity existing in terrestrial ecosys  nge. as a contribution to this goal, we propose to study the following aspects of bryophyte bio  ophyte biology with the global climatic change as a reference: 1. to deepen the knowledge of th
2078	8	tion as a response to climate change it is important to consider comparable information on dyna  roups oforganisms in time and space. it is known that climate changes will have a strong effect  that climate changes will have a strong effect on species-distribution and species-composition   rder. these biological transition zones can be detected as regions with unusually high species-  nes. the project focuses on the rate-of-change in species-composition for different organisms a  temporal history of species-turnover to be addressed. with a new statistical procedure for ecot  e for ecotone detection the ecotone and inter-ecotone species-turnover will be quantified in bo  ng the effect of climate conditions and change on dynamic biodiversity, and testing if the grou
424	1	the mediterranean is an area considered as a hotspot of biodiversity . th
6861	8	since representants of this group often react sensitively for slight climatic/ enviromnental ch  t climatic/ enviromnental changes, they may be used as indicators of microclimatic fluctuations  f leaves in particular species, climate-plant relation can be studied. statistical and taphonom  ticular species, climate-plant relation can be studied. statistical and taphonomical analysis h  uct the fossilization circumstances and confirm the rule of pteridophytes in liassic assemblage  with other elements of vegetation , and compare data with other known european lower jurassic f   compare data with other known european lower jurassic floras we can recreate ecology of liassi  known european lower jurassic floras we can recreate ecology of liassic subtropical delta-plain
2109	11	and the low alpine areas cover a large proportion of the norwegian land surface. the predicted  predicted anthropogenic climate changes are supposed to have large influences in these areas du  their internal competition. the changes are supposed to be slow, and the efforts to quantify th  h existing survey methods. we therefore look for the use of more easy accesible methods as lida  etermination of resources. we will also use past vegetation and soil registrations for analysin  s. we will also use past vegetation and soil registrations for analysing the development of the  ue to a detailed mapping of vegetation, soil properties and timberline position in 1932-1936. t  n in 1932-1936. the field registrations were done in permanently marked plots positioned in a r  analysed with respect to vegetation and soil, and the information will be included in a digital   analysed with respect to changes which can be related to climatic fluctuations. changes in tim  ture climate change in this ecotone. we plan to provide information from the project in co-oper
13612	7	there is currently widespread concern for the survival of man            there is currently widespread concern for the survival of many mammal species in euro   change will cause habitats to shift or contract northwards, and will result in high rates of e  heir distributions accordingly. here we propose a novel and multi-disciplinary approach to inve   propose a novel and multi-disciplinary approach to investigate the underlying mechanisms that   t tracking in european mammals. we will combine recently developed ancient dna approaches with   g forecasting models to more accurately predict future responses.
15565	7	there is currently widespread concern for the survival of man            there is currently widespread concern for the survival of many mammal species in euro   change will cause habitats to shift or contract northwards, and will result in high rates of e  heir distributions accordingly. here we propose a novel and multi-disciplinary approach to inve   propose a novel and multi-disciplinary approach to investigate the underlying mechanisms that   t tracking in european mammals. we will combine recently developed ancient dna approaches with   g forecasting models to more accurately predict future responses.
10413	4	insects react rapidly to environmental change: for example, regional extinction rates of europ  rder of magnitude in recent decades. we have also shown that butterflies are accurate indicator  r species in their environment. here we propose to measure the combined impacts of human-induce  d objectives of this extensive proposal can be found in the main proposal on vr and in a shorte
13747	5	insects react rapidly to environmental change: for example, regional extinction rates of europ  rder of magnitude in recent decades. we have also shown that butterflies are accurate indicator  ies are accurate indicators of w,\ ilii change in less conspicuous invertebrate taxa, including  multiple group members: thus in | ||jij practice, the greatest recorded declines among butterfl  lies were by the many species that also depend on ants species across the climatic gradient,
15566	4	insects react rapidly to environmental change: for example, regional extinction rates of europ  rder of magnitude in recent decades. we have also shown that butterflies are accurate indicator  lies were by the many species that also depend on ants species across the climatic gradient, us  c gradient, using national and european time series and atlas datasets available to the consort
14140	2	lf of finland in summer reveals a three-layer vertical structure with ooccasionally occurring a  conditions in the near bottom layer. we assume that, besides the physical processes, the biolog
6736	8	cardiomyopathy . all of these disorders are associated with symptoms limiting the quality of li  ent cardiac arrhythmias and an incresed risk of sudden cardiac death. the genetic research on c   our thinking on hcm. although much has been clarified regarding the pathologic base of these d  been clarified regarding the pathologic base of these diseases, many open questions remained. t  y the involved genes, but to completely understand the molecular pathogenesis of the disease. h  sociations, and to establish whether it is possible to determine the clinical course of a given  t is possible to determine the clinical course of a given genotype. to establish such an associ   association would represent invaluable tool in risk stratification, which is incomplete at the
11439	6	scientists now believe that the very future of human life on the plane  anet earth is closeley linked to how we alter the global carbon cycle. the rate at which we are   and altering land use ; however, if we get the carbon cycle slightly out of balance the plants  er, if we get the carbon cycle slightly out of balance the plants and animals die fairly quickl  d animals die fairly quickly. we really need to know the rules for keeping these closed systems  e are proposing uses one of the largest plant-growth experimental....
11106	2	we aim to analyse bacterial communities in orographic clou  ragment length polymorphism , will also be investigated in 3 ways - in vitro measurement of the
14266	2	uild a baseline on which other projects can be developed. interaction with other projects – alt  its within the framework of the spsd-ii research action of the .
12588	12	climate change are highly uncertain, so evidence-based policy setting is extremely difficult. r  t. this would enable a clear picture to be gained of the current state of uk soil carbon and th  to be gained of the current state of uk soil carbon and the processes driving change, and infor  thermore, gaps in these data could then be identified and a programme of work developed to addr  ienced and recognised members of the uk soil science community who have the broad range of skil  rs of the uk soil science community who have the broad range of skills required to tackle this   ailability and provenance of data on uk soil carbon stocks, fluxes and land use influences. 2.   potential limitations of these data and draw conclusions on how these limitation may be reduced  raw conclusions on how these limitation may be reduced. 3. establish the data and research requ  y be reduced. 3. establish the data and research requirements to deliver better and more certai  is project will be a brief review of uk soil carbon data sources and shortfalls in these data.   y makers in relation to soil carbon and land management. tasks for a second phase of work will
14958	10	s comprise over 2000 known species, and further species are continually being discovered. many   es, and further species are continually being discovered. many belong to fungal genera which on  many belong to fungal genera which only include lichenicolous species. these fungi are extremel   and many are evidently ancient and not easy to place in the overall classification of fungi. i  ystematic placement of these fungi have been frustrated by the difficulty of securing sufficien  this project will build on the previous experience of the principal investigator in developing   shly collected material. the systematic position of the fungi will be explored using molecular    genera of lichenicolous fungi have yet been the subject of such studies. in many lichenicolous  aterial from different host lichens has been used to recognize different species. the project w  ent species. the project will therefore examine material of selected genera from different host
10137	8	n as ocean acidification . an important facet of ocean acidification is a decline in the concen   ocean, a form of dissolved carbon that is depleted in the acidification reaction when co2 is a   in the acidification reaction when co2 is added to seawater. this is critical, because the she   and skeletons of many marine organisms are made of calcium carbonate to constrain the swarm of  h. the outcome of our work will firstly be a better understanding of the modern ocean carbon cy  worrying about the future. we will also make predictions about the range of changes in ocean ca   in ocean carbon and nutrient cycles we can expect in the future and how the ocean may affect t   expect in the future and how the ocean may affect the degree of future warming by emitting mor
11019	8	n as ocean acidification . an important facet of ocean acidification is a decline in the concen   ocean, a form of dissolved carbon that is depleted in the acidification reaction when co2 is a   in the acidification reaction when co2 is added to seawater. this is critical, because the she   and skeletons of many marine organisms are made of calcium carbonate to constrain the swarm of  h. the outcome of our work will firstly be a better understanding of the modern ocean carbon cy  worrying about the future. we will also make predictions about the range of changes in ocean ca   in ocean carbon and nutrient cycles we can expect in the future and how the ocean may affect t   expect in the future and how the ocean may affect the degree of future warming by emitting mor
15028	3	her hand, this intense fishing activity may have multiple effects over the exploited species an  to conduct an integrated socio-economic study of the artisanal and recreational anglers, the fi  oid the collapse of the populations and maintain the resiliency of the coastal ecosystems, the
11490	4	the ecosystem services of deltas often support high population densities - estimated at over 5   coming years and decades including and refine the research questions identified to develop a p  2010 submission. in particular, it will allow us to embed the research in the ganges-brahmaputr   that would emerge if the full proposal was funded.
14317	10	erstood simplbecause it has only seldom been studied, and only for very specific aspects. so fa  plinary studies on the congo river have been carried out, such an approach is the prerequisite   n approach is the prerequisite to fully understand the biodiversity and functioning of an aquat  ioning of an aquatic ecosystem. a large number of conceptual models have been developed over th   large number of conceptual models have been developed over the past decades to describe the ov  e of longitudinal and lateral gradients were underlined, with contrasting importance of autocht  ales. unfortunately, all these concepts were validated through observations in temperate or sub  g fish. therefore, in this proposal, we aim to link terrestrial inputs, primary producers . in   nvolving multiple partners will greatly benefit from the unique experience of boyekoli ebale co  rs will greatly benefit from the unique experience of boyekoli ebale congo 2010, the congo 2010
14318	6	this proposal is situated in the context of the united nations collab  ext of the united nations collaborative programme on reducing emissions from deforestation and   ducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation in developing countries program. un-  ion in developing countries program. un-redd+ will create a financial value for sustainable for  reate a financial value for sustainable forest management actions that enhance carbon storage i  l forests of d.r. congo as a study area is inspired by five main reasons: .
13315	4	to stop biodiversity declines and meet future challenges, a better understanding is neede  ture challenges, a better understanding is needed on how biodiversity is affected by historic a  rstanding is needed on how biodiversity is affected by historic and current land use changes. i  n critical for the development of large scale, general predictions of biodiversity effects on l
13823	11	we will test developments within the geographic mosaic theory o  test developments within the geographic mosaic theory of coevolution that have led to predictio  atial and temporal scales. for this, we need to establish the ratio of parasite to host migrati  ratio of parasite to host migration and determine the genetic nature of resistance and virulenc  three parasites. the sterilising anther-smut fungus, microbotryum violaceum disperses on a simi  iolaceum disperses on a similar spatial scale to its host, but invades host populations long af  nvades host populations long after they are formed. caryocolum viscariella, a parasitic moth, a   root maggot, destroy flowering shoots, may disperse slightly further than their hosts, but ent  flowering shoots, may disperse slightly further than their hosts, but enter host populations sh  ter host populations shortly after they are formed. our goal is to show that the genetic mosaic  g populations, including the parasites, is a more efficient way to maintain the evolutionary pr
14549	3	relevant contributions finally, we will try to detect and prove adaptations in fledgling cuckoo  ions finally, we will try to detect and prove adaptations in fledgling cuckoos in order to expl  red in different nests join flocks that are fed by groups of magpies.
14127	3	tly in an operational mode but needs to be expanded and equipped with tools for analysis, prima  tic analysis, molecular clustering, dna sequence manipulation, and data export facilities. desi  processing sequences from the massively parallel dna sequencing system roche gs flx will be dev
11545	2	chips, upon which we can simultaneously measure the rate of expression of every gene in the gen  on of every gene in the genome. we will test if parasites that struggle to survive in drosophil
11678	2	chips, upon which we can simultaneously measure the rate of expression of every gene in the gen  on of every gene in the genome. we will test if parasites that struggle to survive in drosophil
14940	6	atterns, especially the colonization or host-switching through food webs. this task will requir  biogeographical data. secondly, we will address the coadaptation basis that allowed the diversi  ment which, in turn, will constraint or facilitate colonization of hosts and/or intestinal habi  nomical diversity. for the coadaptation study we will describe, for the first time in paleoacan  ity. for the coadaptation study we will describe, for the first time in paleoacanthocephalans,   ontrolling for phylogenetic effects. we expect the project to add significant knowledge from ta
6767	1	ain aim is studying diatom habitats not subject of current biomonitoring activity. during the 3
15583	10	in shelter an exceptional biodiversity, provide critical ecosystem services and support the liv  provide critical ecosystem services and support the livelihood of vulnerable communities. under  forestation, and degradation critically influence their biodiversity, in turn affecting the fun  fecting the functions and services they provide, at local, regional and global scales. the purp  global scales. the purpose of cofortips is to foster better management of the congo basin fores   systems . by adopting a participatory, cross-sectoral, and multidisciplinary approach, we will  and multidisciplinary approach, we will ensure that our results and scenarios are embedded in t  l ensure that our results and scenarios are embedded in the policy making process, paying close  eaders at every step of the project and secure a clear and direct communication of the research  p of the project and secure a clear and direct communication of the research results among the
13455	8	sh stocks. in sweden and norway a large proportion of natural reefs have been damaged by trawli   large proportion of natural reefs have been damaged by trawling, and ocean acidification is a   fs below 600 m. in swedish waters there is only one small live reef left while 6 previously kno  bably a necessity. with this project we aim to provide essential knowledge to aid in the preser  in the national park and skagerrak, and investigate in vitro and in situ hydrodynamic driving f  riving forces to be able to develop and improve the efficacy of the methods above. all necessar   and a network of international experts is established for support with elaborate methods. we e   for support with elaborate methods. we expect this project to be a milestone in rehabilitation
12715	9	en and critical levels for ammonia, and are predicted to continue to do so despite reductions i   of reactive nitrogen gases. there have been a considerable number of research studies focussed  n gases. there have been a considerable number of research studies focussed on detailed site ba  sed analysis and modelling. however, it is not clear the extent to which elevated nitrogen is i  lysis and modelling. however, it is not clear the extent to which elevated nitrogen is impactin  countryside survey and various vascular plant, bryophyte and lichen distribution datasets. it w  d various vascular plant, bryophyte and lichen distribution datasets. it will correlate spatial  d lichen distribution datasets. it will correlate spatial and temporal changes to nitrogen depo  site condition or species status trends can be linked to n-deposition.
13388	3	ination of nutritional contents of knot-grass, eastern borage and mallow species which grow nat   region, consumed fondly by the public, have medicinal and aromatic value is aimed.   blic, have medicinal and aromatic value is aimed.
13386	5	tant forage crop specie and no work has been conducted on it at molecular level. in this study,  t at molecular level. in this study, it is aimed to collect and identify the gene sources of th   this study, it is aimed to collect and identify the gene sources of this crop of the lotus spe   will be determined. characteristics to be determined in this study will be used as selection c  enotypes suitable for rangelands and/or hay production will be utilized in the continuing breed
14190	1	ed data. growing and propagating larger number of local cultivars in the botanical garden.
14192	1	sses, legumes, oil crops and vegetables are maintained at the genebank in 2010. main genebank a
14191	4	vitro the varieties, breeding material, land-races, clones and forms of the most important agri  orms of the most important agricultural plant species; •to characterize and evaluate the charac  ral plant species; •to characterize and evaluate the characteristics of accessions; •to analyze  ons; •to evaluate the influence of long-term preservation in vitro as meristem plants on the ge
13382	2	ctive of this project is to collect and identify some important forage grass species from natur  ies from natural areas in eskisehir and search for the possibility of using them in breeding.
13394	1	this study was undertaken to collect erzincan vegetable genetic so
13578	4	urther reduce their abundance. the long-term survival of these forestry-sensitive species is af  val of these forestry-sensitive species is affected by factors in the forest landscapes, but al   on old, non-isolated and large islands may need active help to disperse and establish new popu  ds may need active help to disperse and establish new populations. departing from these results
13462	5	dscapes dominated by forestry. the long-term survival of these species is affected by factors i  the long-term survival of these species is affected by factors in the forest landscapes, but al   epiphytic lichens. colonizing capacity is inferred from species patterns of occupancy on young  ely old, non-isolated and large islands may need active help to disperse and establish new popu  ds may need active help to disperse and establish new populations. departing from the results o
15321	15	e lack of liquid water. some cells also have to withstand lethal uv radiation, extremely low or  ithstand lethal uv radiation, extremely low or high temperatures and their fluctuations, oligot   in large measure depend on an adequate structure of the colony of microorganisms but also on t  water in the form of vapour has not yet been addressed. our working hypothesis for this project  ability of water vapour that may either be imbibed directly by the microorganisms and serve to   ibed directly by the microorganisms and serve to hydrate the substrate. our study was designed   rve to hydrate the substrate. our study was designed to examine the microbial ecosystems of end  ur planet. moreover, these environments can be considered terrestrial analogues of the conditio   of possible life on mars. we will also characterize the biodiversity, structure and organizati  ithobionts of the negev desert. we also propose to identify and assess the activity of photosyn  desert. we also propose to identify and assess the activity of photosynthetic pigments and meas  activity of photosynthetic pigments and measure the photosynthetic response shown by endolithic  nmental factors. from our data, we will infer the role played by water vapour on the colonizati  ithic organisms. this project will also enable us to determine possible biosignatures left behi  ic ecosystems in the atacama desert and dry valleys of antarctica. similarly, the investigation
12146	5	colony changes of vegetation, fungi and soil biota take place. nature and dynamics of these cha  e. nature and dynamics of these changes must be investigated in order to understand resilience   nts of ecosystem – mammals, insects and wood-inhabiting fungi. other aim is to evaluate dynamic  aluate dynamics of the colony edges and rate of forest disturbances linking them with expansion  cal and biological composition of soil, structure of various groups of mycobiota, formation of
15339	10	s. this suggests that each insect group could see the world in different shapes and colours, a   erent shapes and colours, a result that could have important implications for the ecology and e  ity of visiting such flowers when there is competition for resources. differences in visual sys  ences in visual systems could therefore trigger resource partitioning and allow flowers some co  linator for which the visual system has been studied in any depth is the honey bee, apis mellif  th is the honey bee, apis mellifera, we propose to study the visual system of three different s  moth, macroglossum stellatarum. we will determine the ability of these species to detect object  een background and object. we will also study how these species perceive colour differences. ba   in perceptual abilities of pollinators can lead to resource partitioning. this information is    to predict the extent to which flowers can advertise their reward to certain pollinators while
15327	7	the recent intergovernmental panel on climate change report predicted large temperat  tressors of ecosystems will most likely lead to the resilience of these ecosystems being exceed  d to the resilience of these ecosystems being exceeded. research and conservation attention nee  gism of several pressures that together are likely to be the greatest challenge to biodiversity  s on stream ecosystems will most likely interact with climate warming, with combined effects th  y, and ecosystem services to humans. we predict that climate warming will exacerbate the curren   results will determine whether climate-change-related increased temperatures are likely to agg
9857	18	it is very important for us to find out how climate change  hanged in the past. without knowing, we cannot predict how the future climate might behave. glo  rements of climatic variables have only been collected over the last few decades but we need to  lected over the last few decades but we need to know how it varied through longer periods of ti  longer periods of time. we particularly need to know about this in the north atlantic shelf sea  keletons of microscopic organisms which can provide information about past climate. benthic for  udes of the northeast atlantic. we will sample these with the help of our four project partners  rtners from norway and iceland. we also have to bear in mind that these regions experience a wi  from regions where seasonal studies are being carried to find out whether different genotypes a  n of shell shape to find out whether we can find subtle differences to help recognise the new g  t importantly, in the fossil record. we hope to genetically and morphologically define all impo  hope to genetically and morphologically define all important benthic morphospecies used for pas  m our high resolution sampling, we will be able to produce a new bioprovince distribution map f   day northeast atlantic/arctic. we will discover whether generalist species really occupy diffe  cover whether generalist species really occupy different bioprovinces or represent a series of   really occupy different bioprovinces or represent a series of different cryptic species with di  rent cryptic species appear in the same place as the seasons change their recognition would all  ents affect the survival of species and drive their evolution through time.
9892	18	it is very important for us to find out how climate change  hanged in the past. without knowing, we cannot predict how the future climate might behave. glo  rements of climatic variables have only been collected over the last few decades but we need to  lected over the last few decades but we need to know how it varied through longer periods of ti  longer periods of time. we particularly need to know about this in the north atlantic shelf sea  keletons of microscopic organisms which can provide information about past climate. benthic for  udes of the northeast atlantic. we will sample these with the help of our four project partners  rtners from norway and iceland. we also have to bear in mind that these regions experience a wi  from regions where seasonal studies are being carried to find out whether different genotypes a  n of shell shape to find out whether we can find subtle differences to help recognise the new g  t importantly, in the fossil record. we hope to genetically and morphologically define all impo  hope to genetically and morphologically define all important benthic morphospecies used for pas  m our high resolution sampling, we will be able to produce a new bioprovince distribution map f   day northeast atlantic/arctic. we will discover whether generalist species really occupy diffe  cover whether generalist species really occupy different bioprovinces or represent a series of   really occupy different bioprovinces or represent a series of different cryptic species with di  rent cryptic species appear in the same place as the seasons change their recognition would all  ents affect the survival of species and drive their evolution through time.
14149	8	baltic sea. among abiotic processes we study mechanical disturbance, current flow, water strat  y mechanical disturbance, current flow, water stratification, sedimentation, oxygen deficiency,   processes the introduction of invasive alien species, primary and secondary production, benthi  ses on marine ecosystems. meta-analyses are used to compare results from different regions, sub  compare results from different regions, sub-regions, ecosystems or habitats. therefore the resu  lts of this project will be generic and can be applied at least at pan-european scale. the aim   status of currently damaged ecosystems, highlight those under threat and therefore support impl  hlight those under threat and therefore support implementation of the eu water framework and ha
15077	1	the y-chromosome genetic diversity has been shown to be useful to ascertain phylogenetic relat
14898	12	d habitat alteration and fragmentation, are widely used as bioindicators. however, the knowledg  obable disappearance of populations and even species, and a basic dna barcoding characterisatio  omical issues. the groups to study have been selected according to their endemicity, risk of ex  selected according to their endemicity, risk of extinction, unresolved taxonomy, and possible e  ccording to the preliminary results and experience of the collaborating researchers. these grou  r i. debilitata will be studied. iolana is cataloged as under risk of extinction in spain. 3. p  ninsula will be tested and whether they are typical p. alveus and p. bellieri or not. 4. coenon  specific with the european ones or they represent an endemic species will be studied. each case  ng program and the researchers involved are specified in the following pages. this study will b  tudy will be innovative because it will integrate biological, morphological, cytological and mo  ssary outgrups. more precisely, we will study the external and internal morphology, the karyoty  oblems will result in a more funded and precise estimation of the number of rhopalocera species
13976	11	biodiversity in the baltic archipelago is affected by human activities, and use this knowledge  go is affected by human activities, and use this knowledge as a basis to evaluate legal aspects  es should be constructed to efficiently preserve biodiversity and benefit development of the so  o efficiently preserve biodiversity and benefit development of the society. we will use ecologi  fit development of the society. we will use ecological biodiversity analysis to investigate how   investigate how breeding coastal birds are affected by shore exploitation, nature reserves and  nd boat traffic. the analysis will also consider the significance of different ecological facto   for biodiversity. the legal scientific part of the project aims at finding instruments that ca  roject aims at finding instruments that can result in a balance between the interests of preser  reserving biodiversity and maintain and develop human activities in the society. this will enco  n on how to adapt existing respectively find new instruments for sustainable development in the
2150	20	concerns have been raised about the impact of bottom trawling on the   thic community. in norway, considerable damage to deep-water coral reefs by trawlers have led t   in norway, considerable damage to deep-water coral reefs by trawlers have led to the closure o  f areas and initiated mapping of larger bottom areas of the barents sea. in this project we wil  he barents sea. in this project we will explore the implications of shifting effort from bottom  a trawl fishery for cod and haddock but was prohibited in 1974 due to reports of large catches   tches of juvenile fish. to use midwater trawl to catch gadoids catch rates being taken by midwa  ater trawl to catch gadoids catch rates being taken by midwater trawls must be commercially via  nd, the catch of juvenile fish must not be higher than for bottom trawling and finally fish tha  er than for bottom trawling and finally fish that are sorted out/escape must survive. the proje  r bottom trawling and finally fish that are sorted out/escape must survive. the project will ma  e must survive. the project will mainly focus on these two first topics. in addition, the passa  topics. in addition, the passage of non-target pelagic species will be studied in order to eval  n order to evaluate if survival studies are warranted. behavioural studies of both target and n  avioural studies of both target and non-target species is essential in developing an efficient   developing an efficient and species and size selective trawl. to develop suitable methodology t  itable methodology to study species and size specific behaviour during midwater trawling is a m   the quotas for cod, haddock and saithe can be caught effectively by midwater trawl without neg  e can be caught effectively by midwater trawl without negatively affecting the exploitation pat  e exploitation patter of target and non-target species, the overall impact of bottom trawling w
11119	7	udy of plant-invertebrate relations has been dominated by antagonistic interactions, specifical  ntagonistic interactions, specifically, plant defence against herbivory. in contrast, cooperati  hemical signals to promote pollination, seed dispersal, and protection from herbivores. we prop  sal, and protection from herbivores. we propose to investigate the sensory landscape that under  . we propose to investigate the sensory landscape that underlies the cooperative and parasitic    ants living symbiotically with the ant-plant cordia nodosa. the approach will be to collect pl  avioural assays. gas chromatography and mass spectrometry will be used to match plant chemistry
11836	11	aters flow from hot springs. the latter is particularly important because eruptions cause flood  g plants but also animals and microbes, even whole ecosystems in situ. such occurrences are rar  ings e.g. yellowstone, usa and iceland, demonstrate that the plants from the various types of r  ants from the various types of rock and estimate the degree to which the hot spring ecosystems   detailed anatomical description we will detect any modifications at the cellular level which ar  etect any modifications at the cellular level which are indicative of adaptation to water stres   water stress/physiological drought, or are connected with withstanding heavy metal toxicity. s  nd physiological responses in disparate plant lineages. particularly exciting is the prospect o   at the chinese locality, dongfanghong, part of an extensive gold field situated within the sam  ive gold field situated within the same lower cretaceous province and close to localities that    the same lower cretaceous province and close to localities that have yielded the earliest semi
10402	6	many insects are infected by microorganisms, including bacteria call  ia called wolbachia and cardinium, that are passed from a mother to its offspring. these bacter  are severe. some of these bacteria have been proposed as a means by which harmful insects could  sed as a means by which harmful insects could be controlled. however, to plan for use of such a   to plan for use of such approaches, we need to know if the bacteria involved can jump . the pr  two groups have exchanged bacteria, and test several hypotheses about which type of interaction
10333	3	experimental landscape ecology is possible using natural micro-ecosy  mining local species richness . here we propose to use this micro-ecosystem to test the effect   h for the emerging fields of macro- and landscape ecology and the maintenance of biodiversity a
10729	4	my proposed research is designed to assess the causes and consequences of sp  x landscapes of the imperilled atlantic forest of são paulo, brazil the minimum area requiremen   population biology, community ecology, landscape ecology, and multivariate statistics. therefo  nd will generate solid predictions that can be used for building objective and accurate conserv
9936	9	at present it is unclear whether carbon-flow pathways to ch4 in fresh  at present it is unclear whether carbon-flow pathways to ch4 in freshwater and marine systems a  to ch4 in freshwater and marine systems are controlled by direct environmental effects or via d  fermentation and h2/co2, methanogenesis dominate, respectively, in freshwater and marine system  freshwater and marine systems has never been rigorously tested, yet it forms the basis for stab  ation. this investigation will directly link methanogen and acetogen biodiversity, as determine  l lipids, to ecosystem function. carbon-flow pathways to ch4 in freshwater, marine and estuarin  . these data will be used to rigorously test the validity of a stable isotope proxy model that   l that is commonly used to study carbon-flow pathways in freshwater and marine environments.
10701	9	at present it is unclear whether carbon-flow pathways to ch4 in fresh  at present it is unclear whether carbon-flow pathways to ch4 in freshwater and marine systems a  to ch4 in freshwater and marine systems are controlled by direct environmental effects or via d  fermentation and h2/co2, methanogenesis dominate, respectively, in freshwater and marine system  freshwater and marine systems has never been rigorously tested, yet it forms the basis for stab  ation. this investigation will directly link methanogen and acetogen biodiversity, as determine  l lipids, to ecosystem function. carbon-flow pathways to ch4 in freshwater, marine and estuarin  . these data will be used to rigorously test the validity of a stable isotope proxy model that   l that is commonly used to study carbon-flow pathways in freshwater and marine environments.
15252	2	els and their latitudinal variation. we intend to examine the prediction that tropical amphibia  te species. to test this prediction, we select three larval amphibian communities along a latit
6834	2	alvia, stachys, balota and vitex are to be tested for chemical constituents, characteristic of    period . the data, obtained could well be used in the future too, if the plants in question we
15499	14	ts, archaeologists, and agronomists. we want to test the broad idea that, along with the evolut  ation syndrome, life history theory and plant physiological ecology would predict the parallel   laxed selection under cultivation. this may include traits linked to water and nutrient use eff  ects on soil function through microbial use of leaf litter and dead roots. we have some scatter  l use of leaf litter and dead roots. we have some scattered and case-study based evidence suppo   dead roots. we have some scattered and case-study based evidence supporting the view that cert  tiple interacting traits. here, we will use comparative ecology to identify plant strategies ev  thesis that domestication has generally lead to a shift in species ecological strategies, from   g strategies of domesticated lines, and assess whether this has consequences over biotic intera  roperties. in this specific project, we want to answer the following questions: 1 if present, w  rient richer litter and dead roots, and trigger faster litter and root decomposition rates than  ad roots, and trigger faster litter and root decomposition rates than their wild ancestors we w  on gardens, microbial inoculations, and litter decomposability assays, and will screen traits i   and evolutionary theory, but will also contribute technological information of high relevance
15403	11	atory role. thus the current vegetation could absorb the impact of the introduction of domestic  ir ecological niche is similar and thus provide essential information for the conservation of t   have occupied and expanded the trophic niche of myotragus in pretalaiotic times and for reason  reasons of genetic isolation would have been differentiated from the current domestic goat. mor  would be competing for the same trophic niche than the wild goat, threatening the survival of t   impact on vegetation. in particular it is intended, by the microhistological analysis of copro  histological analysis of coprolites and fresh faeces, characterize and compare the diet of exti  ites and fresh faeces, characterize and compare the diet of extinct myotragus balearicus and ma  us and mallorcan wild goat. at the same time, it is intended to determine the availability of f  llorcan wild goat. at the same time, it is intended to determine the availability of food, anim  hem. the information obtained will also determine which plant species may be more browsed, with
10195	8	lla, orangutan and man. the project has been designed to reveal the changes in genome architect  nome architecture and organisation that are believed to play a key role in speciation. we will    play a key role in speciation. we will use a uniquely appropriate technique to construct, for   e in speciation. we will use a uniquely appropriate technique to construct, for the first time,  hromosomal rearrangements. we will also survey the genomes for duplications, and correlate thes  urvey the genomes for duplications, and correlate these with differential gene expression. our   . our findings will both complement and support genome sequencing projects, and are of direct r  support genome sequencing projects, and are of direct relevance to basic biology, to biodiversi
13709	10	wolbachia is an intracellular bacterium that infects many species  les in a population since the infection is transferred maternally. because of the ability to sp  rapidly in an uninfected population and induce reproductive failure in crosses between uninfect  on of cytoplasmic incompatibility , and investigate the mechanisms and rates of evolution in wo  sed for genome sequencing all naturally infect drosophila and have been chosen based on their p  ll naturally infect drosophila and have been chosen based on their phylogenetic relationships a  s in their hosts. since wolbachia can´t be grown outside the host, standard genetic analyses ca  ide the host, standard genetic analyses cannot be applied, and comparative genome analyses of c  ters. the proposed project will greatly influence the research field, as the mechanism of ci an  he evolutionary properties of wolbachia are the main interests in both basic and applied wolbac
10525	31	bacteria could do amazing things. they could degrade crude oil. they could live in hot springs  ngs. they could degrade crude oil. they could live in hot springs, or places with extreme salt    with extreme salt concentrations. they could adapt to virtually everything, and make a living   ould adapt to virtually everything, and make a living there. this makes them a crucial part of   living there. this makes them a crucial part of the processes in the natural environment, and a  rces of new capabilities. bacteria also are a very important part of animal life. our digestive  ies. bacteria also are a very important part of animal life. our digestive function is changed    of animal life. our digestive function is changed by probiotics, indicating bacteria are impor  tant in good digestive health. in cows, gut bacteria are of vital importance in making the nutr  n some circumstances-for instance, they increase resistance to pathogens and parasites. c paras  t functions for the insect-and how they manipulate their biology-are issues that are important    not well resolved. in this project, we examine how bacteria that are beneficial and parasitic   teria that are beneficial and parasitic differ, examining the genomes of two different bacteria   genomes of two different bacteria that are related, but have very different interactions with   st. one of these-arsenophonus nasoniae, is a parasite, and has been sequenced previously. in th  phonus nasoniae, is a parasite, and has been sequenced previously. in this project, we will seq  ed previously. in this project, we will sequence arsenophonus triatominarum, a bacterium that l  cking bug, triatoma infestans, where it is a beneficial passenger. first, we will complete the    a beneficial passenger. first, we will complete the genome sequence of a. triatominarum, using  echnology based on firefly enzymes that can produce a draft genome in just one or two weeks. we   in just one or two weeks. we will then compare its genome to a. nasoniae. this comparison will  oniae. this comparison will immediately highlight genes of importance. genes that are shared by  ghlight genes of importance. genes that are shared by the two bacteria but have diverged signif  acteria but have diverged significantly are likely essential to many host-bacteria interactions   interactions. the subset of genes that are found in one but not the other, represent those lik  hat are found in one but not the other, represent those likely to be important in parasitism/ho   sequence of a. triatominarum will also be of direct interest, as its host-the bug triatoma inf   as its host-the bug triatoma infestans-is a vector of chagas disease, transferring disease cau  standing the partners of the triatomine bug more fully, we may be able to devise new methods to  f the triatomine bug more fully, we may be able to devise new methods to control the triatomine  trol the triatomine population size, or curtail its ability to transmit pathogens.
15233	7	stutzeri strains demonstrate that they belong to the same branch, together with related specie  emonstrate that they belong to the same branch, together with related species within the genus.  d species within the genus. however, it is one of the most genetically diverse species describe  , including the human body. p. stutzeri is involved in environmental relevant metabolic activit  ese biotechnological properties are not present in all members of the species, but only in spec  ctively, several strains of p. stutzeri are known for their natural transformation ability, and   in the genus pseudomonas, will greatly increase our knowledge on the evolution of the species,
14220	9	biodiversity research. differences have been noted in temporal abundance patterns of insects be  mperate and tropical habitats. however, while we have a fair understanding of what drives tempe  nd tropical habitats. however, while we have a fair understanding of what drives temperate inse  tion dynamics, this issue is still very open in the tropics where most species occur. in contra  revious studies in the tropics, we will supplement our time series data with studies of spatial  patial congruence and life history, and take a phylogenetic comparative perspective. using a co  i include 11 years of monthly trapping, mark-recapture, and caterpillar rearing in a tropical f  lude 11 years of monthly trapping, mark-recapture, and caterpillar rearing in a tropical forest  unity structure in tropical forests and provide the necessary background for biodiversity studi
14131	4	stems. until now, very few studies have been published in this field and this is especially tru  ed in this field and this is especially true for the widely-distributed mammal fauna of eurasia  arctic area and reveal refuge areas and post-glacial migration patterns, we have chosen for com  n mammal species including brown bears, grey wolves identify significant population units for c
14813	8	bjective of the project proposed herein is to investigate the comparative phylogeography of spe   of ecologic and economic interest have been selected for their use in restoring ornamental and  r their use in restoring ornamental and wood ecosystems, these being: arbutus unedo l., celtis   the chosen markers are cpssr since they are of monoparental heredity, suitable to learn the geo  heir genetic variability, and they also present high levels of variability. with the purpose of  ns as far as aspects of forest interest are concerned, such as the germination capacity of seed  s the germination capacity of seeds and plant survival, tests will be conducted under homogeneo  cies. with the results obtained we will try to know if the phylogeographic patterns of the stud
6913	7	analysis and ecophysiological research are aimed at investigating the agronomic and ecophysiol   the plant stand, individual plant, and plant organ levels. the experiments will take the form   ficant differences in yield, but little is yet known of the agronomic, ecological and physiolog   to maize plants and the photosynthetic yield, and between the par and the yield. scientific co  f. roderick hunt will play an important part in the ecophysiological studies and growth analysi   project. a book on growth analysis and yield formation and papers in scientific journals are p  ation and papers in scientific journals are planned as the result of the project.
10008	27	nt venoms. a pair of strong venom claws is located just behind the head, and they house large v   located just behind the head, and they house large venom glands that contain complex cocktails  t behind the head, and they house large venom glands that contain complex cocktails of venom co  s of venom components. unfortunately we know almost nothing about the make-up of centipede veno  de venom, which leaves not only a large hole in our understanding of an ecologically important   erstanding of an ecologically important group, but it also compromises our general understandin  enoms. this project will take a genetic approach, and will characterize the toxin profiles from   of centipedes. these five species have been chosen to represent all major groups of centipedes  equences across the selected species we can start to address important questions relating to th  organisms. the most basic question that can be answered is simply: what toxins are expressed in   can be answered is simply: what toxins are expressed in the venom glands of centipedes the ans  h the venoms of other groups we already know from previous research that different groups of ve  er groups we already know from previous research that different groups of venomous animals can   at different groups of venomous animals can recruit many similar toxins into their venom. they   y similar toxins into their venom. they do this by taking a gene coding for a normal body prote  create changes in the protein, and this can change the protein s function to be more effective   ver, has suggested that centipede venom may contain many toxins not found in other groups. this  ue to them. another major question that can be addressed with the new data is whether the diver  f the toxin genes and the centipedes we can infer whether particular episodes in the evolution   episodes in the evolution of centipedes are associated with bouts of toxin evolution as well. w  of toxin evolution as well. we can also infer, by incorporating data from other venomous and no  data available till now, we can broadly reassess our current understanding of the pattern of to  xin in evolution across all animals. we can use the new data also to ask what kinds of processe  e factor that is likely to be important is the range of different kinds of prey the centipede e   species tackling a broad range of prey may be expected to have a greater diversity of toxins t  ity of prey identified in their guts we can begin to answer this question. lastly, by looking a  quences, and in which parts of them, we can infer the types and intensities of selection pressu
15137	5	ive phylogeography with 6 mediterranean scrub characteristics by means of chloroplast microsate  on of genetic variability and, usually, present high levels of variability. for the purpose of   n the mediterranean region whether they coincide with or differ from each other as well as with  an region whether they coincide with or differ from each other as well as with previous data of  uropean temperate species, whether they provide data that identify areas of special interest fo
10792	4	bsolute rock volume. as a result we now know that the rock record over the continental shelf is  r precise timing differs slightly. they arise in response to major global tectonic cycles of pl  as derived from land-based outcrops, we hope to be able to show whether the 30-myr cyclicity is  ing high sea-level stands. we will also compare the nature of the deep-sea sedimentary rock and
11569	4	bsolute rock volume. as a result we now know that the rock record over the continental shelf is  r precise timing differs slightly. they arise in response to major global tectonic cycles of pl  as derived from land-based outcrops, we hope to be able to show whether the 30-myr cyclicity is  ing high sea-level stands. we will also compare the nature of the deep-sea sedimentary rock and
7662	13	s, the vulnerability of aquatic species is observed in estuarine and continental environments s  s, the vulnerability of aquatic species is observed in estuarine and continental environments s  ialization and increasing urbanization, is a factor that threatens the maintenance of aquatic e  exerted during embryonic development or germ cells. genotoxicity ecological relevance therefore  gical evolution of the organization and repair of DNA. repair of DNA strongly influences the st  ity expressed by organizations is often lower than the genotoxicity of the aquatic environment.  toxicity would in fact only the visible part of a genotoxic potential higher and therefore more  and genotoxicity of the environment, we must determine what are the repair capabilities of DNA   what are the biotic and abiotic factors may change genotoxic response, and finally evaluate the   change genotoxic response, and finally evaluate the genotoxicity of bioavailable contaminants   and particle-bound. in this project, we propose to develop a tool for measuring the effects of   or measuring the effects of chronic low-dose chemical substance in an urban environment in a fr  otoxicity of bioavailable contaminants, provide a basis for tracing the genotoxicity studies of
2478	14	natural and anthropogenic forcing that may cause substantial change to the structure and funct  substantial change to the structure and function of these ecosystems. society has recognized th  wegian and barents seas. in menu ii, we plan to extend these comparative studies by using sever   several different ecosystem models and expand the geographic coverage to include the northern   rn new england, and the middle atlantic bight in the us and the north sea off norway. we will a  s and the north sea off norway. we will apply four different modeling approaches and compare th   four different modeling approaches and compare the structure and functioning of the ecosystems  ls, biophysical models and the atlantis end-to-end system model. for the two former models ther  physical models and the atlantis end-to-end system model. for the two former models there will   l. for the two former models there will be very little developments needed, but the atlantis mo   needed, but the atlantis model has not been set up for norwegian waters, and developing an atl  gian waters, and developing an atlantis model for the barents sea will be a major part of the p   characteristics of the system. we will use indicators 1 for comparing models and ecosystems, 2  observations. indicators will therefore be the key metric for comparison between ecosystems as
10091	5	understanding the structure and function of microbial communities is the fundamental pr  lt. this proposal seeks to contrast and compare three methods that are commonly used to analyse  orescent in situ hybridisation and real-time pcr. the accuracy, precision and detection limits   an artificial mixture of target and non-target organisms as well as samples taken from the estu  . overall costs, including lab-time and ease of use will be assessed in the final analysis and
12617	6	s of land use, a link to climate change was suggested. subsequent studies have shown climate ch  f grassland to crops after the war, and land drainage schemes. whatever the reasons, such a lar  esults from the countryside survey have been reported by ceh, and these fail to detect the chan  ficance of the earlier nsi findings, it is important to understand what is behind the differenc  ences, and which survey gives the truer picture of events. this project will provide an indepen  ngs of the two surveys by a statistical expert from a leading swiss university, eth zurich, tog
14202	1	foci • identification of tbp competent host reservoirs in local estonian foci • genetic charac
10595	1	it has long been accepted that individuals should behave more altru
14656	9	al and local character. local phenomena do not seem, however, to be sufficient to produce this   ecline and in recent years interest has been directed to global phenomena. one of the principal  the principal expressions of the global change that affects the planet is the increase in the i  olet b radiation on the amphibians have been demonstrated in different works; however, it is ha  strated in different works; however, it is hardly known how this contamination may affect sensi   is hardly known how this contamination may affect sensitivity to uv-b. to know exactly the mea  rated that slightly saline environments can protect from the toxic effects of nitrite and ammon  mmonium. nevertheless, certain salinity can increase the penetration of ruv-b in water. therefo  ration of ruv-b in water. therefore, we propose to test the effect of low levels